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{ "aliases": [ "Addams Family, The", "The Addams Family", "The addams family", "Adam's Family", "Addam's Family", "The Addams", "Pubert", "The new Addams Family", "The Addams Family (1992)", "The Addams Family (1973)", "0001 Cemetery Ridge", "Addams Family", "The Addams Family (1964)", "The Beinekes", "Addams family" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "addams family", "new addams family", "addams family 1973", "adam s family", "0001 cemetery ridge", "beinekes", "addam s family", "addams family 1964", "addams family 1992", "pubert", "addams" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "addams family", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Addams Family" }

[ { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "Cousin Itt is a fictional character in the Addams Family series. A short being whose entire body is shrouded by long hair, the unnamed character was mostly seen in the background of the original work of cartoonist Charles Addams, who debuted The Addams Family in 1938. The Cousin Itt name, along with a more interactive participation, was introduced by producer David Levy in the 1964 television series The Addams Family.", "precise_score": -6.353610038757324, "rough_score": -3.516165256500244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "The Addams", "passage": "Itt Addams is the cousin of Gomez Addams. He is a short being whose entire body is shrouded by long hair. When Gomez asks Cousin Itt what is underneath all the hair, Cousin Itt replies, \"Roots\" (\"The Winning of Morticia Addams\"). His hair color changed throughout the years, but in the 1998 The New Addams Family TV series his hair color was blond. He usually wears sunglasses, a derby hat, and gloves. He speaks in a high-pitched (with a slight British accent) gibberish language which the other members of the family can understand though it is incomprehensible to anyone else. The Addams find nothing odd about Itt's appearance, and in one episode of the series, Gomez is surprised by the idea that other people could not understand Itt's speech (\"My Fair Cousin Itt\"). Itt is often celebrated by the family as being \"full of talent\" in areas such as acting, singing, and marriage counseling (though he once accidentally separated Gomez and Morticia while trying to practice). He is also known to have an extremely high IQ of over 300 (as explained by Gomez), shown when he guesses every Rorschach Test correctly, places all of the boxes in the correct slots, and in other ways (\"Cousin Itt and the Vocational Counselor\"). In one episode, Cousin Itt took elocution lessons and developed a (dubbed) voice with a mellifluous, mid-Atlantic accent; this voice did not survive into future episodes.", "precise_score": -9.652831077575684, "rough_score": -5.801220893859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "In the movie, The Addams Family (1991), Cousin Itt (here spelled \"Cousin It\" ) had an affair with Margaret Alford, the mistreated wife of Tully Alford, the corrupt lawyer trying to get his hands on the Addams' money. In the sequel, Addams Family Values (1993), Margaret and It are married (as Tully had been buried alive by Pugsley and Wednesday) and have a baby (a miniature version of It), aptly named \"What.\" Margaret explains that \"What!\" was the first word out of the obstetrician's mouth upon seeing the baby. Oddly, even before Itt marries Margaret, she is shown to understand his speech, suggesting that they were meant to be. In the movies, his hair is straighter and his voice is squeakier and more gibberish than in the TV series.", "precise_score": -7.760226726531982, "rough_score": -3.0045406818389893, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "Cousin Itt made a cameo appearance at the beginning of Act II in the Addams Family Musical on Broadway.", "precise_score": -7.135145664215088, "rough_score": -5.859142780303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "Addams Family", "passage": "The television series featured a memorable theme song, written and arranged by longtime Hollywood composer Vic Mizzy. The song's arrangement was dominated by a harpsichord and featured finger snaps as percussive accompaniment. Actor Ted Cassidy, in his \"Lurch\" voice, punctuated the lyrics with words like neat, sweet, and petite. Mizzy's theme was popular enough to enjoy a release as a 45 rpm single, though it failed to make the national charts. The song was revived for the 1990s animated series, as well as in 2007 for a series of Addams Family television commercials for M&M's candies.", "precise_score": -8.929397583007812, "rough_score": -6.0085320472717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Lurch (played by Ted Cassidy) – Lurch is the household butler. Morticia and Gomez summon him by means of a bell pull in the form of a hangman's noose, which rings the massive bell located in the mansion's bell tower (the resulting gong shakes the entire house when the noose is pulled). When Lurch appears (usually immediately thereafter), he responds in a very deep bass voice, \"You rang?\" According to IMDb, Lurch was intended to be a non-speaking part, as the Charles Addams cartoon character was silent. However, Cassidy improvised the line during his audition, and it was well received and incorporated into the show. When questions are posed to Lurch his primary response is a deep annoyed grunt, from which the family glean complex meanings. He is superhumanly strong and often plays the harpsichord (the music is actually played by The Addams Family composer Vic Mizzy) which had previously been owned by Cousin Crimp. Lurch is very high-minded about visitors. When an undercover operative named Mr. Hollister (played by George Neise) visited the family, Lurch patted him down and regarded him suspiciously when he found his gun. Mr. Hollister showed Lurch his badge, whereupon Lurch returned the gun. Also, when announcing the arrival of visitors in the foyer of the Addams' home, the towering servant invariably grabs and crushes any hats being worn by male guests in his attempts to care for them. Lurch at times regards his employers' activities with some dubiousness much like a servant expressing disdain for the idle rich; and on those occasions when he feels overworked or stressed, he, like Uncle Fester, seeks therapeutic relief by being stretched on the family's torture rack. Ted Cassidy made a cameo appearance as Lurch on an episode of the Batman TV series, and on TV music shows while promoting the pop song \"The Lurch\" (and the dance which it accompanied).", "precise_score": -4.495670318603516, "rough_score": -6.048826694488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams", "passage": "Cousin Itt did not live in the mansion with the main characters, although he made frequent guest appearances when he would visit them. He was therefore a recurring character, not a main character. Although known to spend time in the chimney, through which he enters and exits the house by sliding down and usually emerging in chimney soot, Itt has his own room in the mansion, furnished in proportion to his size and with a low ceiling. He is depicted as a carefree bachelor with an extravagant lifestyle and is renowned among the Addamses for his many female companions. He had an on-again/off-again relationship with Morticia's sister Ophelia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.96428918838501, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "The Addams", "passage": "Cousin Itt later appears in the direct-to-video Addams Family Reunion (1998), where he is first shown staying with Grandmama Addams at the Addams mansion while the rest of the family is away at a family reunion. Later, after the family returns, Itt is attacked by Butcher, a dog invented by Uncle Fester who, upon hearing the words \"good boy\", transforms into a hulking, mutated brute and eats the human hair of anything in sight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.1109185218811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "Addams Family", "passage": "Itt was portrayed in the first two movies by John Franklin, and in Addams Family Reunion by Phil Fondacaro.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.6295166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cousin Itt" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "The Addams Family is an American television series based on the characters in Charles Addams' New Yorker cartoons. The 30-minute series was shot in black-and-white and aired for two seasons on ABC from September 18, 1964, to April 8, 1966, for a total of 64 episodes. It is often compared to its CBS rival, The Munsters, which ran for the same two seasons and achieved somewhat higher Nielsen ratings. The show is the first adaptation of the Addams family characters to feature The Addams Family Theme.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.205530166625977, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "The Addams Family was originally produced by Filmways, Inc. at General Service Studios in Hollywood, California. Successor company MGM Television (via The Program Exchange for broadcast syndication and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment for home video/DVD) now owns the rights to the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.107316970825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams", "passage": "The Addamses are a close-knit extended family with decidedly macabre interests and supernatural abilities. No explanation for their powers is explicitly given in the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358795166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams", "passage": "Much of the humor derives from their culture clash with the rest of the world. They invariably treat normal visitors with great warmth and courtesy, though some of their guests often have bad intentions. They are puzzled by the horrified reactions to their own good-natured and normal behavior, since the family is under the impression that their tastes are shared by most of society. Accordingly, they view \"conventional\" tastes with generally tolerant suspicion. For example, Fester once cites a neighboring family's meticulously maintained petunia patches as evidence that they are \"nothing but riffraff\". A recurring theme in the epilogue of many episodes was the Addamses getting an update on the most-recent visitor to their home, either via mail, something in the newspaper, or a phone call. Invariably, as a result of their visit to the Addamses, the visitor would be institutionalized, change professions, move out of the country, or suffer some other negative life-changing event. The Addamses would always misinterpret the update and see it as good news for their most-recent visitor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.271081924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "The tone was set by series producer Nat Perrin, who was a close friend of Groucho Marx and writer of several Marx Brothers films. Perrin created story ideas, directed one episode, and rewrote every script. As a result, Gomez, with his sardonic remarks, backwards logic, black mustache and ever-present cigar (pulled from his breast pocket already lit), is comparable to Groucho Marx. The series often employed the same type of zany satire and screwball humor seen in the Marx Brothers films. It lampooned politics (\"Gomez, The Politician\" and \"Gomez, The People's Choice\"), the legal system (\"The Addams Family in Court\"), rock n' roll and Beatlemania (\"Lurch, The Teenage Idol\"), and Hollywood (\"My Fair Cousin Itt\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.868316650390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Addams Family", "passage": "Addams Family", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.069209098815918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "*Gomez Addams (played by John Astin) – Gomez is passionately in love with his wife, often referring to her in Spanish as \"Querida\" and \"Cara Mia\". His ardor is greatly intensified when she speaks French (a quirk that first appears in the eleventh episode, \"The Addams Family Meet the V.I.P.s\"). Before that his ardor was aroused when she called him \"Bubbeleh\", a German-Bavarian and Yiddish [http://koshernosh.com/Yiddish.htm Yiddish Expressions][http://ukraine-observer.com/articles/194/357 Reminiscing 'Bout Bubba and others] word meaning \"darling\" or \"sweetie\". Gomez is very wealthy as a result of owning numerous companies and stocks (in a pre-debut promotional spot, Gomez tells an interviewer that the family is independently wealthy, having \"made a killing in the stock market, back in 1929\" (a reference to the Wall Street Crash of 1929). He does not seem to regard money itself as a priority and squanders money in a cavalier manner while remaining wealthy. Gomez spends a great deal of time with his family and does not go out to work. Even at home he consistently dresses in a dark, double-breasted, pin-striped suit and a black tie. He keeps a pair of thick-lensed reading glasses (pince-nez) on a black fabric lanyard in his coat's left inside breast pocket. In the outer breast pocket, he stores lit cigars and a watch linked to a long gold chain that is attached to the coat's left lapel. Occasionally, when his family ventures outdoors at night to frolic in the nearby swamp or to \"moon bathe\" in their home's front yard, Gomez does change his clothing. He either dons safari outfits or wears a striped full-torso swimsuit, the type once worn by men in the 1890s and early 1900s. With regard to his personal genealogy, he refers to Spain as his \"ancestral home\" with his family background referenced as \"Castilian\", and at times he uses Spanish words and phrases. Gomez can perform rapid and complicated calculations in his head. He is remarkably acrobatic and can easily dismount from a trampoline or from a hanging position upon a chandelier. One of his hobbies is Zen-Yogi, apparently a weird blend of acrobatics and yoga. Another hobby consists of gleefully dynamiting model trains as they are about to collide with each other, by using a hand detonator. In \"The Addams Family in Court,\" it is revealed that Gomez works as a lawyer yet has not won a case in his career.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.215001106262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Addams Family", "passage": "Addams Family pets", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098411560058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Kitty Kat – The Addams Family's pet lion. In \"The Addams Family Tree,\" it is mentioned by Gomez that Kitty \"can't stand the taste of people.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.310264587402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Tristan and Isolde – The Addams Family's pet piranhas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.321829795837402, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Arthur J. Henson (played by Parley Baer) – Arthur Henson is an insurance executive in the town that the Addams Family reside in. In \"Progress and the Addams Family,\" he became the City Commissioner. In \"Gomez, the People's Choice,\" he competes against Gomez to become the town's new mayor. He supervises a charity auction in \"Morticia's Favorite Charity.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.838807106018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Sam L. Hilliard (played by Allyn Joslyn) – A truant officer who is scared to death of the Addams Family. He ran for city council in the episode \"Gomez the Politician.\" In the same episode, his middle name is given as \"Lucifer\" much to the family's delight (Sam Hill is an older American euphemism for Satan). He later became headmaster of a private school that Gomez subsequently buys in \"Addams Cum Laude\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.155352592468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Mr. Briggs (played by Rolfe Sedan) – A postman who delivers the mail to the Addams Family. The movie Addams Family Reunion opens with a mailman nervously delivering mail to the family who may be Mr. Briggs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15029525756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "* Sam Picasso (played by Vito Scotti) – An artist from Spain that the Addams Family would turn to for artistic advice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317821502685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "The Addams Family airs on the This TV network Saturday and Sunday mornings between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m., and Sundays between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48422908782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The new Addams Family", "passage": "A reunion TV film, Halloween with the New Addams Family, aired on NBC in October 1977 and starred most of the original cast, except for Blossom Rock (Grandmama) who was very ill at the time and was replaced by Phyllis actress Jane Rose. Elvia Allman portrayed Grandma Hester \"Franny\" Frump, whom Margaret Hamilton had played in the original series. Veteran character actors Parley Baer and Vito Scotti, who both had recurring roles in the original series, also appeared in the movie. The film also featured extended family members created specifically for this production, such as Gomez's brother Pancho (played by Henry Darrow) and two additional children, Wednesday Jr. and Pugsley Jr. The later two were portrayed as near carbon copies of the original children, now known as Wednesday Sr. and Pugsley Sr., who were once again played respectively by Lisa Loring and Ken Weatherwax, the original Wednesday and Pugsley in the series. Vic Mizzy rewrote and conducted his Addams Family Theme with a slightly different melody for the reunion movie. It was intended as a pilot for a new series, but no other episodes were ordered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.605985641479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The new Addams Family", "passage": "In 1998–2000, The New Addams Family appeared on the Fox Family Channel (formerly FAM) where some of the episodes are remakes of the classic episodes with some episodes exclusive to the TV series. John Astin appeared in the series as Grandpapa Addams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.074269771575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" }, { "answer": "The Addams Family", "passage": "As of May 2009, the show can be purchased on iTunes, and can be streamed in the US on Netflix, IMDb, YouTube, and Hulu, and minisodes are available on Crackle. MGM Home Entertainment has released The Addams Family on DVD in Region 1, 2 and 4 in three volume sets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017690658569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Addams Family (1964 TV series)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Arthurian legend", "King Arthur's family tree", "Arthur Pendragon", "Arthur Legend", "Arthurian Legend", "Arthurian legends", "King Arthur's Family Tree", "King arthur", "Arthur Eld", "The Arthurian Legend", "Arthuriad", "Arthurian Legends", "King Arthur", "Legend of King Arthur", "Arthurian", "Arthurian lore", "Arthur of Britain" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "arthur legend", "arthurian lore", "arthurian legends", "king arthur s family tree", "arthurian legend", "arthur of britain", "arthur eld", "legend of king arthur", "arthur pendragon", "arthuriad", "arthurian", "king arthur" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "king arthur", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "King Arthur" }

[ { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Uther Pendragon (; or King Uther ) is a legendary king of sub-Roman Britain and the father of King Arthur. A few minor references to Uther appear in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), and Geoffrey's account of the character was used in most later versions.", "precise_score": 3.274425983428955, "rough_score": 4.112215042114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Uther Pendragon" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "He is a fairly ambiguous individual throughout the literature, but is described as a strong king and a defender of the people. According to Arthurian Legend, Merlin magically disguises Uther to look like his enemy Gorlois, enabling Uther to sleep with Gorlois' wife Lady Igraine. Thus Arthur, \"the once and future king,\" is an illegitimate child (though later legend, as found in Malory, emphasizes that the conception occurred after Gorlois's death and that he was legitimated by Uther's subsequent marriage to Igraine ). This act of conception occurs the very night that Uther's troops dispatch Gorlois. This theme of illegitimate conception is repeated in Arthur's siring of Mordred by his own half-sister Morgause in the later prose romances. It is Mordred who mortally wounds King Arthur in the Battle of Camlann.", "precise_score": -0.08368740975856781, "rough_score": -1.511022686958313, "source": "wiki", "title": "Uther Pendragon" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "Uther Pendragon remains a widely used character in modern Arthurian literature. In T.H. White's The Once and Future King, Uther the Conqueror is the Norman King of England. Mary Stewart's first two books in her Arthurian saga, The Crystal Cave and The Hollow Hills, feature Uther Pendragon as Merlin's uncle, Merlin being his brother Ambrosius' illegitimate son. Uther is depicted as a mostly decent but rather oversexed character, who becomes impotent in later life because of a groin injury, a Fisher King figure. In Bernard Cornwell's The Warlord Chronicles, Uther is the King of Dumnonia as well as the High King of Britain. In Jack Whyte's The Camulod Chronicles, Uther is King of the Pendragon, the Celtic people of South Cambria, cousin to Caius Merlyn Britannicus and Ambrose Ambrosianus Britannicus. Whyte's novel \"Uther\", written in 2000, revolves around a fictionalized version of Uther's life. In contrast to traditional versions, Stephen R. Lawhead's Pendragon Cycle makes Uther's brother Aurelius, whose widow (Ygerna) he marries, Arthur's true father. In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Mists of Avalon, Uther is the nephew of Aurelianus instead of his brother; while Aurelianus is the son of a Roman Emperor, Uther has no Roman blood. In Valerio Massimo Manfredi's The Last Legion, Uther is himself the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus. While the real Romulus Augustus disappeared from history after being deposed by Goths, in the novel he escapes to Britain, where he adopts the name Pendragon and eventually sires Arthur. In D. J. MacHale's Pendragon series, the main character, Bobby Pendragon, is the reincarnation of either Uther or his son Arthur.", "precise_score": 3.1188549995422363, "rough_score": 5.322800636291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Uther Pendragon" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in Arthurian legend. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written c. 1136, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures. Geoffrey combined existing stories of Myrddin Wyllt (Merlinus Caledonensis), a North Brythonic prophet and madman with no connection to King Arthur, with tales of the Romano-British war leader Ambrosius Aurelianus to form the composite figure he called Merlin Ambrosius (). He is allegedly buried in the Broceliande forest, near Paimpont in Brittany.", "precise_score": 0.8307100534439087, "rough_score": 5.843908309936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Arthurian legend", "passage": "Though the Welsh tradition of the Arthurian legend is fragmentary, some material exists through the Welsh Triads and various poems. Uther appears in these fragments, where he is associated with Arthur and, in some cases, even appears as his father.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.226258754730225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Uther Pendragon" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "He is mentioned in the circa-10th century Arthurian poem \"Pa gur yv y porthaur?\" (\"What man is the gatekeeper?\"), where it is only said of him that Mabon son of Modron is his servant. He is also memorialized with \"The Death-song of Uther Pen\" from the Book of Taliesin. The latter includes a reference to Arthur, so the marginal addition of \"dragon\" to Uther's name is probably justified. \"The Colloquy of Arthur and the Eagle,\" a poem contemporary with but independent of Geoffrey, mentions another son of Uther named Madoc, the father of Arthur's nephew Eliwlod.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8921804428100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Uther Pendragon" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "In medieval chivalric romance, the wizard often appears as a wise old man and acts as a mentor, with Merlin from the King Arthur stories representing a prime example. Other magicians, such as Saruman, from Lord of the Rings series, can appear as villains who are hostile to the heroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.557972431182861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magician (fantasy)" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "Both of these roles have been used in fantasy. Wizards such as Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings and Albus Dumbledore from the Harry Potter books are featured as mentors, and Merlin remains prominent as both an educative force and mentor in modern works of Arthuriana. Evil sorcerers, acting as villains, were so crucial to pulp fantasy that the genre in which they appeared was dubbed \"sword and sorcery\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.973707675933838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magician (fantasy)" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "The appearance of wizards in fantasy art, and description in literature, is uniform to a great extent, from the appearance of Merlin in Arthurian-related texts to those of Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings. The association with age means that wizards are often depicted as old, white-haired, and with long white beards so majestic as to occasionally become host to lurking woodland creatures. It predates the modern fantasy genre, being derived from the traditional image of wizards such as Merlin. Some theorize the look of the wizard is modeled after the Germanic god Wōden or Odin, who was described in his wanderer guise as being an old man with a long gray beard, baggy robes, a wide-brimmed hat and walking with the aid of a staff; Odin has been postulated as the main influence for Tolkien's Gandalf. Women, especially those termed \"enchantresses,\" are the more likely to appear young, though often through the use of magic to make them so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.631748676300049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Magician (fantasy)" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Geoffrey's Prophetiae do not reveal much about Merlin's background. He included the prophet in his next work Historia Regum Britanniae, supplementing the characterisation by attributing to him stories about Aurelius Ambrosius, taken from Nennius' Historia Brittonum. According to Nennius, Ambrosius was discovered when the British king Vortigern was trying to erect a tower. The tower always collapsed before completion, and his wise men told him that the only solution was to sprinkle the foundation with the blood of a child born without a father. Ambrosius was rumoured to be such a child but, when brought before the king, he revealed the real reason for the tower's collapse: below the foundation was a lake containing two dragons who fought a battle representing the struggle between the Saxons and the Britons, which suggested that the tower would never stand under the leadership of Vortigern, but only under that of Ambrosius. (This is why Ambrosius is 'given' the kingdom or the 'tower' -- he tells Vortigern to go elsewhere and says 'I will stay here'. The tower is metaphorically the kingdom, which is the notional ability to beat the Saxons.) Geoffrey retells this story in Historia Regum Britanniæ with some embellishments, and gives the fatherless child the name of the prophetic bard Merlin. He keeps this new figure separate from Aurelius Ambrosius and, with regard to his changing of the original Nennian character, he states that Ambrosius was also called 'Merlin'—that is, 'Ambrosius Merlinus'. He goes on to add new episodes that tie Merlin into the story of King Arthur and his predecessors, such as bringing the stones for Stonehenge from Preseli Hills in south-west Wales and Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.781278133392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Geoffrey dealt with Merlin again in his third work Vita Merlini. He based the Vita on stories of the original 6th-century Myrddin, set long after his time frame for the life of \"Merlin Ambrosius\". He tries to assert that the characters are the same with references to King Arthur and his death, as told in the Historia Regum Britanniae.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.101086139678955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "The Prose Merlin later came to serve as a sort of prequel to the vast Lancelot-Grail, also known as the Vulgate Cycle. The authors of that work expanded it with the Vulgate Suite du Merlin (Vulgate Merlin Continuation), which describes King Arthur's early adventures. The Prose Merlin was also used as a prequel to the later Post-Vulgate Cycle, the authors of which added their own continuation, the Huth Merlin or Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.576909065246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "These works were adapted and translated into several other languages. The Post-Vulgate Suite was the inspiration for the early parts of Sir Thomas Malory's English language Le Morte d'Arthur. Many later medieval works also deal with the Merlin legend. Italy's The Prophecies of Merlin contains long prophecies of Merlin (mostly concerned with 13th-century Italian politics), some by his ghost after his death. The prophecies are interspersed with episodes relating Merlin's deeds and with various Arthurian adventures in which Merlin does not appear at all. The earliest English verse romance concerning Merlin is Arthour and Merlin, which drew from the chronicles and the French Lancelot-Grail.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.036282539367676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Arthurian", "passage": "As the Arthurian myths were retold and embellished, Merlin's prophetic aspects were sometimes de-emphasised in favour of portraying him as a wizard and elder advisor to Arthur. On the other hand, in the Lancelot-Grail it is said that Merlin was never baptized and never did any good in his life, only evil. Medieval Arthurian tales abound in inconsistencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.506608486175537, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Llamrei was a mare owned by King Arthur, according to the Welsh tale \"Culhwch and Olwen\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.70625114440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Llamrei" }, { "answer": "King Arthur", "passage": "Close to Llyn Barfog in Wales is a hoof-print etched deep into the rock \"Carn March Arthur\", or the \"Stone of Arthur's Horse\", which was supposedly made by King Arthur's mount, Llamrai, when it was hauling the terrible Addanc, or \"afanc\" monster, from the lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.208127975463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Llamrei" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Shah-en-shah", "Shah-i-Bangalah", "Shah family", "Shah Bahadur", "Shah-en-Shah", "Shāhanshāh", "Shahs", "Shahanshahs", "Khudavendigar", "Shahzadi", "Shah-an-Shah", "Choresmshah", "Shahanshah", "Shah (royal title)", "Shah-i-Buland Iqbal", "Shah", "Huenkar", "Shāh", "Shah-an-shah" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "shah shah", "shahanshah", "shah", "choresmshah", "shāhanshāh", "huenkar", "shah bahadur", "shah en shah", "shahs", "shahanshahs", "khudavendigar", "shāh", "shah i bangalah", "shah family", "shahzadi", "shah royal title", "shah i buland iqbal" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "shah", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Shah" }

[ { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi ( Mohammad Rezâ Šâhe Pahlavi; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980) was the Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979. He took the title Shāhanshāh (\"Emperor\" or \"King of Kings\") on 26 October 1967. He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi of the Iranian monarchy. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi held several other titles, including that of Āryāmehr (Light of the Aryans) and Bozorg Arteshtārān (Head of the Warriors). ", "precise_score": 8.748058319091797, "rough_score": 9.361759185791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi came to power during World War II after an Anglo-Soviet invasion forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah. During Mohammad Reza's reign, the Iranian oil industry was briefly nationalized, under the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, until a US and UK-backed coup d'état deposed Mosaddegh and brought back foreign oil firms. Iran marked the anniversary of 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great during his reign, at which time he also changed the benchmark of the Iranian calendar from the hegira to the beginning of the Persian Empire, measured from Cyrus the Great's coronation. As ruler, he introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social and political reforms with the proclaimed intention of transforming Iran into a global power and modernising the nation by nationalising certain industries and granting women suffrage.", "precise_score": 2.137408494949341, "rough_score": 3.048666477203369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Several other factors contributed to strong opposition to the Shah among certain groups within Iran, the most significant of which were US and UK support for his regime, clashes with Islamists and increased communist activity. By 1979, political unrest had transformed into a revolution which, on 17 January, forced him to leave Iran. Soon thereafter, the Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Facing likely execution should he return to Iran, he died in exile in Egypt, whose President, Anwar Sadat, had granted him asylum. Due to his status as the last de facto Shah of Iran, he is often known as simply \"the Shah\". His eldest son, Reza Pahlavi, currently heads National Council of Iran, a government in exile of Iran.", "precise_score": -0.161177396774292, "rough_score": -0.8006151914596558, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Born in Tehran to Reza Pahlavi and his second wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, Reza Shah, and the third of his eleven children. He was born with a twin sister, Ashraf Pahlavi. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, and their older half-sister, Fatemeh, were born as non-royals, as their father did not become Shah until 1925. Nevertheless, Reza Shah was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam (bird of good omen). ", "precise_score": 3.7746357917785645, "rough_score": 5.559633255004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Much of the credit for orchestrating a smooth transition of power from the King to the Crown Prince was due to the efforts of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Suffering from angina, a frail Foroughi was summoned to the Palace and appointed Prime Minister when Reza Shah feared the end of the Pahlavi dynasty once the Allies invaded Iran in 1941. When Reza Shah sought his assistance to ensure that the Allies would not put an end to the Pahlavi dynasty, Foroughi put aside his adverse personal sentiments for having been politically sidelined since 1935. The Crown Prince confided in amazement to the British Minister that Foroughi \"hardly expected any son of Reza Shah to be a civilized human being\", but Foroughi successfully derailed thoughts by the Allies to undertake a more drastic change in the political infrastructure of Iran. ", "precise_score": -1.3066965341567993, "rough_score": 2.442776918411255, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "On 26 October 1967, twenty-six years into his reign as Shah (\"King\"), he took the ancient title Shāhanshāh (\"Emperor\" or \"King of Kings\") in a lavish coronation ceremony held in Tehran. He said that he chose to wait until this moment to assume the title because in his own opinion he \"did not deserve it\" up until then; he is also recorded as saying that there was \"no honour in being Emperor of a poor country\" (which he viewed Iran as being until that time). ", "precise_score": 2.0986008644104004, "rough_score": 1.2340779304504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In October 1971, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy. The New York Times reported that $100 million was spent. Next to the ancient ruins of Persepolis, the Shah gave orders to build a tent city covering 160 acre, studded with three huge royal tents and fifty-nine lesser ones arranged in a star-shaped design. French chefs from Maxim's of Paris prepared breast of peacock for royalty and dignitaries around the world, the buildings were decorated by Maison Jansen (the same firm that helped Jacqueline Kennedy redecorate the White House), the guests ate off Limoges porcelain and drank from Baccarat crystal glasses. This became a major scandal as the contrast between the dazzling elegance of celebration and the misery of the nearby villages was so dramatic that no one could ignore it. Months before the festivities, university students went on strike in protest. Indeed, the cost was so sufficiently impressive that the Shah forbade his associates to discuss the actual figures. However he and his supporters argued that the celebrations opened new investments in Iran, improved relationships with the other leaders and nations of the world, and provided greater recognition of Iran. ", "precise_score": 0.6938408017158508, "rough_score": 3.1542840003967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi died from complications of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma) on 27 July 1980, aged 60. Egyptian President Sadat gave the Shah a state funeral. In addition to members of the Pahlavi family, Anwar Sadat, Richard Nixon and Constantine II of Greece attended the funeral ceremony in Cairo. ", "precise_score": -0.10076674818992615, "rough_score": 0.07466346025466919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is buried in the Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, a mosque of great symbolic importance. The last royal rulers of two monarchies are buried there, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran and King Farouk of Egypt, his former brother-in-law. The tombs lie to the left of the entrance. Years earlier, his father and predecessor, Reza Shah had also initially been buried at the Al Rifa'i Mosque.", "precise_score": 2.3767285346984863, "rough_score": 3.331317901611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's father, the government supported advancements by women against child marriage, polygamy, exclusion from public society, and education segregation. However, independent feminist political groups were shut down and forcibly integrated into one state-created institution, which maintained many paternalistic views. Despite substantial opposition from Shiite religious jurists, the Iranian feminist movement, led by activists such as Fatemah Sayyeh, achieved further advancement under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. His regime's changes focused on the civil sphere, and private-oriented family law remained restrictive, although the 1967 and 1975 Family Protection Laws attempted to reform this trend. Specifically, women gained the right to become ministers such as Farrokhroo Parsa and judges such as Shirin Ebadi, as well as any other profession regardless of their gender.", "precise_score": -1.8746190071105957, "rough_score": 0.44995713233947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mustafa Kemal Ataturk suggested to Reza Shah during the latter's visit to Turkey that a marriage between the Iranian and Egyptian courts would be beneficial for the two countries and their dynasties. In line with this suggestion, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Princess Fawzia married. Dilawar Princess Fawzia of Egypt (5 November 1921 – 2 July 2013), a daughter of King Fuad I of Egypt and Nazli Sabri, was a sister of King Farouk I of Egypt. They married on 15 March 1939 in the Abdeen Palace in Cairo. Reza Shah did not participate in the ceremony. They were divorced in 1945 (Egyptian divorce) and in 1948 (Iranian divorce). Together they had one child, a daughter, HIH Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (born 27 October 1940).", "precise_score": 1.2671548128128052, "rough_score": 5.590790748596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "His second wife was Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari (22 June 1932 – 26 October 2001), a half-German half-Iranian woman and the only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany, and his wife, the former Eva Karl. They married on 12 February 1951, when Soraya was 18 according to the official announcement; however, it was rumoured that she was actually 16, the Shah being 32. As a child she was tutored and brought up by Frau Mantel, and hence lacked proper knowledge of Iran, as she herself admits in her personal memoirs, stating, \"I was a dunce—I knew next to nothing of the geography, the legends of my country, nothing of its history, nothing of Muslim religion.\" The Shah and Soraya's controversial marriage ended in 1958 when it became apparent that, even through help from medical doctors, she could not bear children. Soraya later told the New York Times that the Shah had no choice but to divorce her, and that he was heavy-hearted about the decision. ", "precise_score": -4.474306106567383, "rough_score": -0.3275167644023895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's third and final wife was Farah Diba (born 14 October 1938), the only child of Sohrab Diba, a captain in the Imperial Iranian Army (son of an Iranian ambassador to the Romanov Court in Moscow, Russia), and his wife, the former Farideh Ghotbi. They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created specially for her in 1967. Previous royal consorts had been known as \"Malakeh\" (Arabic: Malika), or Queen. The couple remained together for twenty one years, until the Shah's death. Farah Diba bore him four children:", "precise_score": 3.479687452316284, "rough_score": 6.70374059677124, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi inherited the wealth built by his father Reza Shah who preceded him as king of Iran and became known as the richest person in Iran during his reign, with his wealth estimated to be higher than 600 million rials and including vast amounts of land and numerous large estates especially in the province of Mazandaran obtained usually at a fraction of its real price. Reza Shah, facing criticism for his wealth, decided to pass on all of his land and wealth to his eldest son Mohammad Reza in exchange for a sugar cube, known in Iran as habbe kardan. However shortly after obtaining the wealth Mohammad Reza was ordered by his father and then king to transfer a million tooman or 500,000 dollars to each of his siblings. By 1958 it was estimated that the companies possessed by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi had a value of $157 million (in 1958 USD) with an estimated additional 100 million saved outside Iran. The rumours and constant talk of his, and his family's corruption greatly damaged his reputation and led to the creation of the Pahlavi Foundation in the same year and the return to the people of some 2,000 villages inherited by his father, often at very low and discount prices. It can be argued, however, that this was too little too late, as the royal family's wealth and corruption can be seen as one of the factors behind the Iranian revolution in 1979. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's wealth was even considerable during his time in exile. While staying in the Bahamas he offered to purchase the island that he was staying on for $425 million (in 1979 USD), however his offer was rejected by the Bahamas claiming that the island was worth far more. On 17 October 1979, again in exile and perhaps knowing the gravity of his illness, he split up his wealth between his family members, giving 20% to Farah, 20% to his eldest son Reza, 15% to Farahnaz, 15% to Leila, 20% to his younger son, in addition to giving 8% to Shahnaz and 2% to his granddaughter Mahnaz Zahedi.", "precise_score": 1.8134287595748901, "rough_score": 0.45213356614112854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "* House of Pahlavi: 2nd Sovereign Knight of the Imperial Family Decoration of Emperor Reza Shah I ", "precise_score": -0.6723938584327698, "rough_score": 1.0964993238449097, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "* House of Pahlavi: Sovereign Recipient of the [http://irancollection.alborzi.com/RezaShahorder/pages/Service-2.htm Emperor Reza Shah I Coronation Medal]", "precise_score": -0.10161130130290985, "rough_score": 0.4200422465801239, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1921, the Qajar Dynasty was overthrown by Reza Khan of the Pahlavi Dynasty, who was the Prime Minister of Iran and the former general of the Persian Cossack Brigade, and he became the new Shah.", "precise_score": 1.6410841941833496, "rough_score": 4.1782026290893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1941, Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and established the Persian Corridor, a massive supply route that would last until the end of the ongoing war. The presence of so many foreign troops in the nation also culminated in the Soviet-backed establishment of two puppet regimes in the nation; the Azerbaijan People's Government, and the Republic of Mahabad. As the Soviet Union refused to relinquish the occupied Iranian territory, the Iran crisis of 1946 was followed, which particularly resulted in the dissolution of both puppet states, and the withdrawal of the Soviets.", "precise_score": -0.9767155647277832, "rough_score": 3.223626136779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Later that year British and Soviet forces occupied Iran in a military invasion, forcing Reza Shah to abdicate. Mohammad Reza replaced him on the throne on 16 September 1941. Subsequent to his succession as king, Iran became a major conduit for British and, later, American aid to the USSR during the war. This massive supply effort became known as the Persian Corridor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9950439929962158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "A general amnesty was issued two days after Mohammad Reza Shah's accession to the throne on 19 September 1941. All political personalities who had suffered disgrace during his father's reign were rehabilitated, and the forced unveiling policy inaugurated by his father in 1935 was overturned. Despite the young king's enlightened decisions, the British Minister in Tehran reported to London that \"the young Shah received a fairly spontaneous welcome on his first public experience, possibly rather [due] to relief at the disappearance of his father than to public affection for himself\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8164560794830322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Despite his public professions of admiration in later years, Mohammad Reza had serious misgivings about not only the coarse and roughshod political means adopted by his father, but also his unsophisticated approach to the affairs of the state. The young Shah possessed a decidedly more refined temperament, and among the unsavory developments that \"would haunt him when he was king\" were the political disgrace brought by his father on Teymourtash; the dismissal of Foroughi by the mid-1930s; and Ali Akbar Davar's decision to commit suicide in 1937. An even more significant decision that cast a long shadow was the disastrous and one-sided agreement his father had negotiated with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) in 1933, one which compromised the country's ability to receive more favourable returns from oil extracted from the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.566988468170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Despite the high-level coordination and planning, the coup initially failed, causing the Shah to flee to Baghdad, and then to Rome. After a brief exile in Italy, he returned to Iran, this time through a successful second attempt at a coup. A deposed Mosaddegh was arrested and tried. The king intervened and commuted the sentence to three years, to be followed by life in internal exile. Zahedi was installed to succeed Mosaddegh.Pollack, The Persian Puzzle (2005), pp. 73–2", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.558801651000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Before the first attempted coup, the American Embassy in Tehran reported that Mosaddegh's popular support remained robust. The Prime Minister requested direct control of the army from the Majlis. Given the situation, alongside the strong personal support of Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for covert action, the American government gave the go-ahead to a committee, attended by the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles, Kermit Roosevelt, Henderson, and Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Kermit Roosevelt returned to Iran on 13 July 1953, and again on 1 August 1953, in his first meeting with the king. A car picked him up at midnight and drove him to the palace. He lay down on the seat and covered himself with a blanket as guards waved his driver through the gates. The Shah got into the car and Roosevelt explained the mission. The CIA bribed him with $1 million in Iranian currency, which Roosevelt had stored in a large safe – a bulky cache, given the then exchange rate of 1,000 rial to 15 dollars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.474266052246094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Communists staged massive demonstrations to hijack Mosaddegh's initiatives. The United States actively plotted against him. On 16 August 1953, the right wing of the Army attacked. Armed with an order by the Shah, it appointed General Fazlollah Zahedi as prime minister. A coalition of mobs and retired officers close to the Palace executed this coup d'état. They failed dismally and the Shah fled the country in humiliating haste. Even Ettelaat, the nation's largest daily newspaper, and its pro-Shah publisher, Abbas Masudi, were against him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.011651039123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "During the following two days, the Communists turned against Mosaddegh. Opposition against him grew tremendously. They roamed Tehran, raising red flags and pulling down statues of Reza Shah. This was rejected by conservative clerics like Kashani and National Front leaders like Hossein Makki, who sided with the king. On 18 August 1953, Mosaddegh defended the government against this new attack. Tudeh partisans were clubbed and dispersed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.417725563049316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Tudeh party had no choice but to accept defeat. In the meantime, according to the CIA plot, Zahedi appealed to the military, and claimed to be the legitimate prime minister and charged Mosaddegh with staging a coup by ignoring the Shah's decree. Zahedi's son Ardeshir acted as the contact between the CIA and his father. On 19 August 1953, pro-Shah partisans – bribed with $100,000 in CIA funds – finally appeared and marched out of south Tehran into the city centre, where others joined in. Gangs with clubs, knives, and rocks controlled the streets, overturning Tudeh trucks and beating up anti-Shah activists. As Roosevelt was congratulating Zahedi in the basement of his hiding place, the new Prime Minister's mobs burst in and carried him upstairs on their shoulders. That evening, Henderson suggested to Ardashir that Mosaddegh be not harmed. Roosevelt gave Zahedi US$900,000 left from Operation Ajax funds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.818986415863037, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The second attempt on the Shah's life occurred on 10 April 1965. A soldier shot his way through the Marble Palace. The assassin was killed before he reached the royal quarters. Two civilian guards died protecting the Shah.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.384420394897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "According to Vladimir Kuzichkin – a former KGB officer who defected to the SIS – the Shah was also allegedly targeted by the Soviet Union, who tried to use a TV remote control to detonate a bomb-laden Volkswagen Beetle. The TV remote failed to function. A high-ranking Romanian defector Ion Mihai Pacepa also supported this claim, asserting that he had been the target of various assassination attempts by Soviet agents for many years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.039379119873047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Pahlavi imperial family employed rich heraldry to symbolize their reign and ancient Persian heritage. The imperial crown image was included in every official state document and symbol—from the badges of the armed forces to paper money and coinage. The crown image was naturally the centerpiece of the imperial standard of the Shah (Shāhanshāh).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.789597988128662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The personal standards—for the Shāhanshāh, for his wife the Shahbānū (Shahbanu) and for the eldest son who was his designated successor (Crown Prince)—had a field of pale blue (the traditional colour of the Iranian Imperial Family) at the centre of which was placed the heraldic motif of the individual. The Imperial Iranian national flag was placed in the top left quadrant of each standard. The appropriate Imperial standard was flown beside the national flag when the individual was present.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.569106101989746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Shah supported the Yemeni royalists against republican forces in the Yemen Civil War (1962–70) and assisted the sultan of Oman in putting down a rebellion in Dhofar (1971).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.21304988861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Concerning the fate of Bahrain (which Britain had controlled since the 19th century, but which Iran claimed as its own territory) and three small Persian Gulf islands, the Shah negotiated an agreement with the British, which, by means of a public consensus, ultimately led to the independence of Bahrain (against the wishes of Iranian nationalists). In return, Iran took full control of Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa in the Strait of Hormuz, three strategically sensitive islands which were claimed by the United Arab Emirates.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.149637222290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "During this period, the Shah maintained cordial relations with the Persian Gulf states and established close diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.052315711975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Relations with Iraq, however, were often difficult due to political instability in the latter country. Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was distrustful of both the Socialist government of Abd al-Karim Qasim and the Arab nationalist Baath party. In April 1969, he abrogated the 1937 Iranian-Iraqi treaty over control of the Shatt al-Arab, and as such, Iran ceased paying tolls to Iraq when its ships used the Shatt al-Arab. He justified his move by arguing that almost all river borders all over the world ran along the thalweg (deep channel mark), and by claiming that because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian, the 1937 treaty was unfair to Iran. Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but when on 24 April 1969 an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships sailed down the Shatt al-Arab, Iraq being the militarily weaker state did nothing. The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975. He financed Kurdish separatist rebels, and to cover his tracks, armed them with Soviet weapons which Israel had seized from Soviet-backed Arab regimes, and then handed over to Iran at the Shah's behest. The initial operation was a disaster, but the Shah continued attempts to support the rebels and weaken Iraq. Then in 1975, the countries signed the Algiers Accord, which granted Iraq equal navigation rights in the Shatt al-Arab river, while Mohammad Reza Pahlavi agreed to end his support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels. The Shah also maintained close relations with King Hussein of Jordan, Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and King Hassan II of Morocco. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9559017419815063, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah's diplomatic foundation was the United States' guarantee that they would protect him, which was what enabled him to stand up to larger enemies. While the arrangement did not preclude other partnerships and treaties, it helped to provide a somewhat stable environment in which Pahlavi could implement his reforms. Another factor guiding Pahlavi in his foreign policy was his wish for financial stability which required strong diplomatic ties. A third factor in his foreign policy was his wish to present Iran as a prosperous and powerful nation; this fuelled his domestic policy of Westernisation and reform. A final component was his promise that communism could be halted at Iran's border if his monarchy was preserved. By 1977, the country's treasury, Pahlavi's autocracy, and his strategic alliances seemed to form a protective layer around Iran. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.466613292694092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In July 1964, the Shah, Turkish President Cemal Gürsel and Pakistani President Ayub Khan announced in Istanbul the establishment of the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) organisation to promote joint transportation and economic projects. It also envisioned Afghanistan's joining some time in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72553539276123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah of Iran was the first regional leader to recognise the State of Israel as a de facto state, although when interviewed on 60 Minutes by reporter Mike Wallace, he criticised American Jews for their presumed control over US media and finance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.772007942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Although the United States was responsible for putting the Shah in power, he did not always act as a close US ally. In the early 1960s, when a policy planning staff that included William R. Polk encouraged the Shah to spread around Iran's growing revenues more equitably, slow the rush toward militarisation, and open the government to political processes, he became furious and identified Polk as \"the principal enemy of his regime.\" The US-Iran relationship grew more contentious when the US became dependent on him to be a stabilising force in the Middle East. When Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger visited Tehran in May 1972, the Shah convinced him to take a larger role in what had, up to then, been a mainly Israeli-Iranian operation to aid Iraqi Kurds in their struggles against Iraq, against the warnings of the CIA and State Department that the Shah would ultimately betray the Kurds. He did this in March 1975 with the signing of the Algiers Accord that settled Iraqi-Iranian border disputes, an action taken without prior consultation of the US, after which he cut off all aid to the Kurds and prevented the US and Israel from using Iranian territory to provide them assistance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.800741195678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah also manipulated America's dependence of Middle Eastern oil; although Iran did not participate in the 1973 oil embargo, he purposely increased production in its aftermath to capitalise on the higher prices. In December 1973, only two months after oil prices were raised by 70 percent, he urged OPEC nations to push oil prices even higher, which they agreed to and more than doubled the price. Oil prices increased 470 percent over a 12-month period, which also increased Iran's GDP by 50 percent. Upon personal pleas from President Richard Nixon, the Shah ignored any complaints, claimed the US was importing more oil than any time in the past, and proclaimed that \"the industrial world will have to realise that the era of their terrific progress and even more terrific income and wealth based on cheap oil is finished.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365389823913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "With Iran's great oil wealth, the Shah became the pre-eminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled \"Guardian\" of the Persian Gulf. In 1961, he defended his style of rule, saying \"when Iranians learn to behave like Swedes, I will behave like the King of Sweden\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.68626880645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "During the last years of his government, the Shah's government became more centralised. In the words of a US Embassy dispatch, \"The Shah's picture is everywhere. The beginning of all film showings in public theaters presents the Shah in various regal poses accompanied by the strains of the National anthem...The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases of social affairs...there is hardly any activity or vocation which the Shah or members of his family or his closest friends do not have a direct or at least a symbolic involvement. In the past, he had claimed to take a two-party system seriously and declared, \"If I were a dictator rather than a constitutional monarch, then I might be tempted to sponsor a single dominant party such as Hitler organised\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.741643905639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "By 1975, he abolished the multi-party system of government in favour of a one-party state under the Rastakhiz (Resurrection) Party. Mohammad Reza Shah's own words on its justification was; \"We must straighten out Iranians' ranks. To do so, we divide them into two categories: those who believe in Monarchy, the constitution and the Six Bahman Revolution and those who don't...A person who does not enter the new political party and does not believe in the three cardinal principles will have only two choices. He is either an individual who belongs to an illegal organisation, or is related to the outlawed Tudeh Party, or in other words a traitor. Such an individual belongs to an Iranian prison, or if he desires he can leave the country tomorrow, without even paying exit fees; he can go anywhere he likes, because he is not Iranian, he has no nation, and his activities are illegal and punishable according to the law\". In addition, the Shah had decreed that all Iranian citizens and the few remaining political parties become part of Rastakhiz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.825320720672607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In his \"White Revolution\" starting in the 1960s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi made major changes to modernise Iran. He curbed the power of certain ancient elite factions by expropriating large and medium-sized estates for the benefit of more than four million small farmers. He took a number of other major measures, including extending suffrage to women and the participation of workers in factories through shares and other measures. In the 1970s the governmental program of a free of charge nourishment for children at school known as Taghziye Rāyegan (Persian:تغذیه رایگان) was implemented. Under the Shah's reign, the national Iranian income showed an unprecedented rise for an extended period.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2959117889404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Improvement of the educational system was made through new elementary schools and additionally literacy courses were set up in remote villages by the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, this initiative being called \"Sepāh-e Dānesh\" (Persian:سپاه دانش) meaning \"Army of Knowledge\". The Armed Forces were also engaged in infrastructural and other educational projects throughout the country \"Sepāh-e Tarvij va Ābādāni\" (Persian:سپاه ترویج و آبادانی) as well as in health education and promotion \"Sepāh-e Behdāsht\" (Persian:سپاه بهداشت). The Shah instituted exams for Islamic theologians to become established clerics. Many Iranian university students were sent to and supported in foreign, especially Western countries and the Indian subcontinent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.862628936767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "As to infrastructural and technological progress, the Shah continued and developed further the policies introduced by his father. As part of his programs, projects in several technologies, such as steel, telecommunications, petrochemical facilities, power plants, dams and the automobile industry may be named. The Aryamehr University of Technology was established as a major new academic institution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165037155151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In terms of cultural activities, international cooperations were encouraged and organised, such as the Shiraz Arts Festival. As part of his various financial support programs in the fields of culture and arts, the Shah, along with King Hussein of Jordan donated an amount to the Chinese Muslim Association for the construction of the Taipei Grand Mosque. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.328362464904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1978 the deepening opposition to the Shah erupted in widespread demonstrations and rioting. Recognising that even this level of violence had failed to crush the rebellion, the Shah abdicated the Peacock Throne and fled Iran on 16 January 1979. Despite decades of pervasive surveillance by SAVAK, working closely with CIA, the extent of public opposition to the Shah, and his sudden departure, came as a considerable surprise to the US intelligence community and national leadership. As late as 28 September 1978 the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Shah \"is expected to remain actively in power over the next ten years.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.327199935913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "International policies pursued by the Shah in order to increase national income by remarkable increases of the price of oil through his leading role in the Organization of the Oil Producing Countries (OPEC) have been stressed as a major cause for a shift of Western interests and priorities and for an actual reduction of their support for him reflected in a critical position of Western politicians and media, especially of the administration of US President Jimmy Carter, regarding the question of human rights in Iran, and in strengthened economic ties between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145012855529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Other actions that are thought to have contributed to his downfall include antagonising formerly apolitical Iranians — especially merchants of the bazaars — with the creation in 1975 of a single party political monopoly (the Rastakhiz Party), with compulsory membership and dues, and general aggressive interference in the political, economic, and religious concerns of people's lives; and the 1976 change from an Islamic calendar to an Imperial calendar, marking the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus as the first day, instead of the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. This supposed date was designed that the year 2500 would fall on 1941, the year when his own reign started. Overnight, the year changed from 1355 to 2535. During the extravagant festivities to celebrate the 2500th anniversary, the Shah was quoted as saying at Cyrus's tomb: \"Rest in peace, Cyrus, for we are awake\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.783185958862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Some achievements of the Shah—such as broadened education—had unintended consequences. While school attendance rose (by 1966 the school attendance of urban seven- to fourteen-year-olds was estimated at 75.8%), Iran's labor market could not absorb a high number of educated youth. In 1966, high school graduates had \"a higher rate of unemployment than did the illiterate\", and educated unemployed often supported the revolution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.097512245178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah-centred command structure of the Iranian military, and the lack of training to confront civil unrest, was marked by disaster and bloodshed. There were several instances where army units had opened fire, the most notorious one being the events of 8 September 1978. On this day, which later became known as \"Black Friday\", thousands had gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration. With people refusing to recognise martial law, the soldiers opened fire, killing and seriously injuring a large number of people. Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalising the protest movement. This massacre seriously reduced the chances for reconciliation to the level that Black Friday is referred to as point of no return for the revolution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.605026245117188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The overthrow of the Shah came as a surprise to almost all observers. The first militant anti-Shah demonstrations of a few hundred started in October 1977, after the death of Khomeini's son Mostafa. A year later strikes were paralysing the country, and in early December a \"total of 6 to 9 million\"—more than 10% of the country—marched against the Shah throughout Iran. On 2 October 1978, the Shah declared and granted an amnesty to dissidents living abroad, including Ayatollah Khomeini.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.31184196472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "During his second exile, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi traveled from country to country seeking what he hoped would be temporary residence. First he flew to Aswan, Egypt, where he received a warm and gracious welcome from President Anwar El-Sadat. He later lived in Marrakesh, Morocco as a guest of King Hassan II, as well as in Paradise Island, in the Bahamas, and in Cuernavaca, Mexico, near Mexico City, as a guest of José López Portillo. Richard Nixon, the former president, visited the Shah in summer 1979 in Mexico. The Shah suffered from gallstones that would require prompt surgery. He was offered treatment in Switzerland, but insisted on treatment in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8952049016952515, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "On 22 October 1979, President Jimmy Carter reluctantly allowed the Shah into the United States to undergo surgical treatment at the New York–Weill Cornell Medical Hospital. While in Cornell Medical Center, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi used the name \"David D. Newsom\", Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs that time, as his temporary code name, without Newsom's knowledge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4902164936065674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah was taken later by U.S. Air Force jet to Kelly Air Force Base in Texas and from there to Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. It was anticipated that his stay in the United States would be short; however, surgical complications ensued, which required six weeks of confinement in the hospital before he recovered. His prolonged stay in the United States was extremely unpopular with the revolutionary movement in Iran, which still resented the United States' overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh and the years of support for the Shah's rule. The Iranian government demanded his return to Iran, but he stayed in the hospital. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824628829956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "There are claims that this resulted in the storming of the US Embassy in Tehran and the kidnapping of American diplomats, military personnel, and intelligence officers, which soon became known as the Iran hostage crisis.Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA, ISBN 978-0307389008, p. 274. In the Shah's memoir, Answer to History, he claimed that the United States never provided him any kind of health care and asked him to leave the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35010814666748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "He left the United States on 15 December 1979 and lived for a short time in the Isla Contadora in Panama. This caused riots by Panamanians who objected to the Shah being in their country. The new government in Iran still demanded his and his wife's immediate extradition to Tehran. A short time after Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's arrival in Panama, an Iranian ambassador was dispatched to the Central American nation carrying a 450-page extradition request. That official appeal alarmed both the Shah and his advisors. Whether the Panamanian government would have complied is a matter of speculation among historians.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9566564559936523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "After that event, the Shah again sought the support of Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat, who renewed his offer of permanent asylum in Egypt to the ailing monarch. He returned to Egypt in March 1980, where he received urgent medical treatment, including a splenectomy performed by Michael DeBakey. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351228713989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1969, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. He stated in part, \"we pray the Almighty God to guide mankind towards ever increasing success in the establishment of culture, knowledge and human civilisation\". The Apollo 11 crew visited Mohammad Reza Shah during a world tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0247482061386108, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Shortly after his overthrow, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi wrote an autobiographical memoir Réponse à l'histoire (Answer to History). It was translated from the original French into English, Persian (Pasokh be Tarikh), and other languages. However, by the time of its publication, the Shah had already died. The book is his personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the Iranian Revolution and Western foreign policy toward Iran. He places some of the blame for the wrongdoings of SAVAK, and the failures of various democratic and social reforms (particularly through the White Revolution), upon Amir Abbas Hoveyda and his administration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7317728996276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Recently, the Shah's reputation has experienced something of a revival in Iran, with some people looking back on his era as a time when Iran was more prosperous and the government less oppressive. Journalist Afshin Molavi reported that some members of the uneducated poor—traditionally core supporters of the revolution that overthrew the Shah—were making remarks such as, \"God bless the Shah's soul, the economy was better then\", and found that \"books about the former Shah (even censored ones) sell briskly\", while \"books of the Rightly Guided Path sit idle\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.86481761932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The Shah's writings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15067195892334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "*The Shah's Story (1980)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988691329956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "However, even after the marriage, it is reported that the Shah still had great love for Soraya, and it is reported that they met several times after their divorce and that she lived her post-divorce life comfortably as a wealthy lady, even though she never remarried; being paid a monthly salary of about $7,000 from Iran. Following her death in 2001 at the age of 69 in Paris, an auction of the possessions included a three-million-dollar Paris estate, a 22.37 carat diamond ring and a 1958 Rolls-Royce. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.087141990661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "On 14 January 1979, an article titled \"Little pain expected in exile for Shah\" by The Spokesman Review newspaper found that the Pahlavi dynasty had amassed one of the largest private fortunes in the world; estimated then at well over $1 billion. A list submitted to the ministry of justice in protest of the royal family's penetration of every corner of the nation's economy detailed that the then Pahlavi dynasty dominated the economy of Iran. The list showed that the Pahlavi dynasty had interests in, amongst other things, 17 banks and insurance companies, including a 90 percent ownership in the nation's third-largest insurance company, 25 metal enterprises, 8 mining companies, 10 building materials companies, including 25 percent of the largest cement company, 45 construction companies, 43 food companies, and 26 enterprises in trade or commerce, including a share of ownership in almost every major hotel in Iran. According to another source, the Pahlavis owned 70 percent of the then hotel capacity in the country. Much of the Pahlavi dynasty fortune was required to be transferred to the \"Pahlavi Foundation\", a charitable organisation and the families' trust. The organisation refuses to give any value of its assets or an annual income but a published book in Iran by Robert Graham, a British journalist, calculates that on the basis of its known holdings, the then foundation assets totalled over $2.8 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.982634544372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was also known for his interest in cars and had a personal collection of 140 classic and sports cars including a Mercedes-Benz 500K Autobahn cruiser, one of only six ever made. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2745819091796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "* House of Pahlavi: Sovereign Recipient of the [http://www.ordersandmedals.net/World/Iran/iran.htm Emperor Reza Shah I Centennial Medal]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.119450092315674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Beginning in 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Sunni Islam. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. The rise of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501 led to the establishment of Twelver Shia Islam as the official religion of Iran, marking one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, and under Nader Shah briefly possessed what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. Through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislative body, the Majles. Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became closely aligned with the United States and the rest of the West but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.331093788146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, \"At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country.\" Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.60700798034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3702802658081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Nader Shah invaded India and sacked far off Delhi by the late 1730s. His territorial expansion, as well as his military successes, went into a decline following the final campaigns in the Northern Caucasus. The assassination of Nader Shah sparked a brief period of civil war and turmoil, after which Karim Khan of the Zand Dynasty came to power in 1750, bringing a period of relative peace and prosperity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.876813888549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Between 1872 and 1905, a series of protests took place in response to the sale of concessions to foreigners by Nasser od Din and Mozaffar od Din shahs of Qajar, and led to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. The first Iranian Constitution and the first national parliament of Iran were founded in 1906, through the ongoing revolution. The Constitution included the official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities, namely Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews, which has remained a basis in the legislation of Iran since then.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.631901741027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia.Richard G. Hovannisian. [https://books.google.nl/books?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.380743503570557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "After the coup, the Shah became increasingly autocratic and sultanistic, and Iran entered a phase of decades long controversial close relations with the United States and some other foreign governments. While the Shah increasingly modernized Iran and claimed to retain it as a fully secular state, arbitrary arrests and torture by his secret police, the SAVAK, were used to crush all forms of political opposition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.374021530151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became an active critic of the Shah's White Revolution, and publicly denounced the government. Khomeini was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months. After his release in 1964, Khomeini publicly criticized the United States government. The Shah sent him into exile. He went first to Turkey, then to Iraq, and finally to France.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.049317359924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Due to the 1973 spike in oil prices, the economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency, which caused inflation. By 1974, the economy of Iran was experiencing double digit inflation, and despite many large projects to modernize the country, corruption was rampant and caused large amounts of waste. By 1975 and 1976, an economic recession led to increased unemployment, especially among millions of youth who had migrated to the cities of Iran looking for construction jobs during the boom years of the early 1970s. By the late 1970s, many of these people opposed the Shah's regime and began to organize and join the protests against it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The 1979 Revolution, later known as the Islamic Revolution, began in January 1978 with the first major demonstrations against the Shah. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352224349975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition, as well as of those Islamists who were not considered radical enough. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.582262992858887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Iran is divided into five regions with thirty one provinces (ostān), each governed by an appointed governor (ostāndār). The provinces are divided into counties (shahrestān), and subdivided into districts (bakhsh) and sub-districts (dehestān).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430032730102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Since the 1979 Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, military vessels, guided missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes. In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 and Sejjil missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560232162475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Isfahan Royal Mosque entrance.JPG|Entrance of the Shah Mosque", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312325477600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the main collection of the mythology of Iran, which draws heavily on the stories and characters of Zoroastrianism, from the texts of Avesta, Denkard, and Bundahishn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.185469627380371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Xenophon's Cyropaedia refers to a great number of singing women at the court of the Achaemenid Iran. Athenaeus of Naucratis states that, by the time of the last Achaemenid king, Artashata (336–330 BC), Achaemenid singing girls were captured by the Macedonian general, Parmenion. Under the Parthian Empire, a type of epic music was taught to youth, depicting the national epics and myths which were later represented in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.838369369506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "The opera Rostam o Sohrab, based on the epic of Rostam and Sohrab from Shahnameh, is an example of opera performances in the modern-day Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.692733764648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "By the early 20th century, the five-year-old modern industry of cinema came to Iran. The first Iranian filmmaker was Mirza Ebrahim Khan (Akkas Bashi), the official photographer of Mozaffar od Din Shah of Qajar. He obtained a camera and filmed the Shah's visit to Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.760837554931641, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" }, { "answer": "Shah", "passage": "Most of the newspapers published in Iran are in Persian. The most widely circulated periodicals of the country are based in Tehran. Iran's widespread daily and weekly newspapers include Ettela'at, Kayhan, Hamshahri and Resalat. Tehran Times, Iran Daily, and Financial Tribune are among the English language newspapers based in Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.178016662597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "By 1916, Dale was able to rent Carnegie Hall itself for a lecture to a packed house. Carnegie's first collection of his writings was Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men (1926), later entitled Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business (1932). His crowning achievement, however, was when Simon & Schuster published How to Win Friends and Influence People. The book was a bestseller from its debut in 1936, in its 17th printing within a few months. By the time of Carnegie's death, the book had sold five million copies in 31 languages, and there had been 450,000 graduates of his Dale Carnegie Institute. It has been stated in the book that he had critiqued over 150,000 speeches in his participation in the adult education movement of the time. ", "precise_score": 6.459783554077148, "rough_score": 6.2973551750183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "Published in 1936, How to Win Friends and Influence People is still a popular book in business and business communication skills. Dale Carnegie's four part book contains advice on how to create success in business and personal lives. How to Win Friends and Influence People is a tool used in Dale Carnegie Training and includes the following parts:", "precise_score": 8.026776313781738, "rough_score": 7.225198745727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "How to Win Friends and Influence People is one of the first best-selling self-help books ever published. Written by Dale Carnegie (1888-1955) and first published in 1936, it has sold over 30 million copies world-wide, and went on to be named #19 on Time Magazines list of 100 most influential books in 2011. ", "precise_score": 8.28491497039795, "rough_score": 8.19742488861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "In 2011, a 3rd edition was released, titled \"How to Win Friends and Influence People in the Digital Age\". This edition was written by Dale Carnegie & Associates. It takes Carnegie's time-tested prescription for relationship and business success, and applies them to the digital age.", "precise_score": 5.052348613739014, "rough_score": 5.381636142730713, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "Dale Harbison Carnegie (; spelled Carnagey until c. 1922; November 24, 1888 – November 1, 1955) was an American writer and lecturer and the developer of famous courses in self-improvement, salesmanship, corporate training, public speaking, and interpersonal skills. Born into poverty on a farm in Missouri, he was the author of How to Win Friends and Influence People (1936), a bestseller that remains popular today. He also wrote How to Stop Worrying and Start Living (1948), Lincoln the Unknown (1932), and several other books.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.037688732147217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "How to Win Friends and Influence People", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1632661819458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "* 1926: Public Speaking: a Practical Course for Business Men. Later editions and updates changed the name of the book several times: Public Speaking and Influencing Men in Business (1937 revised), How to Develop Self-Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking (1956) and Public Speaking for Success (2005). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47233772277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "* 1936: How to Win Friends and Influence People. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.962329149246216, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dale Carnegie" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "# Increase your influence, your prestige, your ability to get things done.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.403115272521973, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "# Begin in a friendly way. \"A drop of honey can catch more flies than a gallon of gall.\" If we begin our interactions with others in a friendly way, people will be more receptive. Even if we are greatly upset, we must be friendly to influence people to our way of thinking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397065162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "# Make the other person happy about doing what you suggest. People will most often respond well when they desire to do the behavior put forth. If we want to influence people and become effective leaders, we must learn to frame our desires in terms of others' desires.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236425399780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "Before How to Win Friends and Influence People was released, the genre of self-help books largely did not exist. Dale Carnegie began his career not as a writer, but as a teacher of public speaking. He started out teaching night classes at a YMCA in New York and his classes became wildly popular and highly attended. The success of the classes in New York prompted YMCAs in Philadelphia and Baltimore to begin hosting the course as well. After even greater success, Carnegie decided to begin teaching the courses on his own at hotels in London, Paris, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Because he could not find any satisfactory handbook already in publication, Carnegie originally began writing small booklets to go along with his courses. After one of his 14-week courses, he was approached by publisher Leon Shimkin of the publishing house Simon & Schuster. Shimkin urged Carnegie to write a book, but he was not initially persuaded. Shimken then hired a stenographer to type up what he heard in one of Carnegie's long lectures and presented the transcript to Carnegie. Dale Carnegie liked the transcript so much he decided to edit and revise it into a final form. He wanted it to be extremely practical and interesting to read. To market the book, Shimkin decided to send 500 copies of the book to former graduates of the Dale Carnegie Course, with a note that pointed out the utility of the book for refreshing students with the advice they had learned. The 500 mailed copies brought orders for over 5,000 more copies of the book and Simon & Schuster had to increase the original print order of 1,200 quickly. Shimkin also ran a full page ad in the New York Times complete with quotes by Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller on the importance of human relations. Originally published in November 1936, the book reached the New York Times best-seller list by the end of the year, and did not fall off for the next two years. Simon & Schuster continued to advertise the book relying heavily on testimonials as well as the testable approach the book offered. Carnegie had created a new kind of book, one that was not read with passive interest, but rather a manual of active participation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.630136489868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "How to Win Friends and Influence People became one of the most successful books in American history. It went through 17 print editions in its first year of publishing and sold 250,000 copies in the first three months. The book has sold over 30 million copies worldwide since and yearly sells copies in the six-figure range. A recent Library of Congress survey ranked Carnegie's volume as the seventh most influential book in American history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6261557340621948, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "Although How to Win Friends and Influence People ascended quickly on best-seller lists, the New York Times did not review it until February 1937. They offered a balanced critique arguing that Carnegie indeed offered insightful advice in dealing with people, but that his wisdom was extremely simple and should not overrule the foundation of actual knowledge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8636491298675537, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "Despite the lack of attention in academic circles, How to Win Friends and Influence People was written for a popular audience and Carnegie successfully captured the attention of his target. The book experienced mass consumption and appeared in many popular periodicals, including garnering 10 pages in the January 1937 edition of Reader's Digest. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9805001020431519, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "How to Win Friends and Influence People continues to have success even into the 21st century. The book ranks as the 11th highest selling non-fiction book on Amazon of all time and shows no signs of slowing down. The combination of Carnegie's mid-west charm and the drive of the American dream have created an environment in which the book has flourished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.556797504425049, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "* Warren Buffett took the Dale Carnegie course \"How to Win Friends and Influence People\" when he was 20 years old, and to this day has the diploma in his office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.545190691947937, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "* The title of Lenny Bruce's autobiography, How to Talk Dirty and Influence People is a parody of the title of this book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.613919258117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "* English rock band Terrorvision titled their second album How to Make Friends and Influence People in reference to the book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766849517822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" }, { "answer": "Influence", "passage": "*Season 7 episode 9 of Supernatural is titled \"How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters\", in reference to the title of the book.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.446638584136963, "source": "wiki", "title": "How to Win Friends and Influence People" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Liberty, Statue of", "Statue of liberty", "Fort Wood National Monument", "Staute of Liberty", "Statue of Liberty", "Azadliq Statue", "Freiheitsstatue", "Liberty Enlightening the World", "Statue of Liberty, USA", "Statue Of Liberty", "Liberty enlightening the world", "Statue Liberty", "Mother of Exiles", "The Statue of Liberty", "Frederick R. Law", "🗽", "The Liberty Statue", "Free woman" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "statue of liberty", "free woman", "frederick r law", "freiheitsstatue", "mother of exiles", "statue liberty", "azadliq statue", "liberty statue", "staute of liberty", "liberty enlightening world", "statue of liberty usa", "🗽", "liberty statue of", "fort wood national monument" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "statue of liberty", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Statue of Liberty" }

[ { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, a French sculptor, was built by Gustave Eiffel and dedicated on October 28, 1886. It was a gift to the United States from the people of France. The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess, who bears a torch and a tabula ansata (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "precise_score": -0.5696988701820374, "rough_score": -5.569512367248535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "Liberty Enlightening the World", "passage": "By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support. In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World. The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal. The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia. French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life. Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde, the French version of the statue's announced name.", "precise_score": -9.956748008728027, "rough_score": -8.455408096313477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight. Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled,", "precise_score": -7.89497184753418, "rough_score": -8.772354125976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it. Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.", "precise_score": -10.251678466796875, "rough_score": -8.937722206115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "*In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus's sonnet, \"The New Colossus\" (1883), was presented by friends of the poet. Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum, in the base. ", "precise_score": -9.88543701171875, "rough_score": -8.573381423950195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a conversation between Édouard René de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor in mid-1865. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: \"If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations.\" The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870. In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, \"With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.818451881408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870. The son of a friend of Bartholdi's, American artist John LaFarge, later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France. He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort, a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort, which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion, 73 ft long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.980926513671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "Statue of liberty", "passage": "Bartholdi's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor's mother, but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact.Interviewed for Watson, Corin. Statue of Liberty: Building a Colossus (TV documentary, 2001) He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose. Bartholdi wrote of his technique:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936626434326172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Liberty Statue", "passage": "The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three-and-a-half decades to complete. There was criticism both of Bartholdi's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue. There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works—the selection of Italian-born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen. Harper's Weekly declared its wish that \"M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had 'gone the whole figure' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once.\" The New York Times stated that \"no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances.\" Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.991737365722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Hunt's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture. The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue. In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 ft square at the base and at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 U.S. states), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises. According to author Louis Auchincloss, the pedestal \"craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty\". The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work. Construction on the 15 ft foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal's cornerstone was laid in 1884. In Hunt's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 ft thick, faced with granite blocks. This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut. The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.002634048461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue's frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121127045537/http://www.structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14216423034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money-raising events. As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue. The resulting sonnet, \"The New Colossus\", including the iconic lines \"Give me your tired, your poor/Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free\", is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.290779113769531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère, laden with the Statue of Liberty, reached the New York port safely. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue, as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.602880477905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "Liberty Enlightening the World", "passage": "\"Liberty enlightening the world,\" indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the \"liberty\" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the \"liberty\" of this country \"enlightening the world,\" or even Patagonia, is ridiculous in the extreme.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92359733581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as \"more like a glowworm than a beacon.\" Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel's design. In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue's transfer to the War Department, as it had proved useless as a lighthouse. A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.002437591552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, \"Lady, you're such a beautiful! You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America.\" And always that statue was on my mind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182853698730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca, to raise the funds needed to complete the work. Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty–Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350 million in donations. The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.491106986999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "Statue of liberty", "passage": "The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011 for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was closed to the public until October 28, 2012. A day after the reopening, the statue closed again due to Hurricane Sandy. Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done. Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be \"optimistically ... months\" before the island was reopened to the public. The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013. Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013. For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other federally funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.692368507385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2960205078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923912048339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye—are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.622833251953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO \"Statement of Significance\" describes the statue as a \"masterpiece of the human spirit\" that \"endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.049972534179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide. A smaller version of the statue, one-fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister. A replica 30 ft tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum. In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949–1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 in in height, to states and municipalities across the United States. Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions—the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty. Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.696349143981934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York's 2001 entry in the state quarters series. An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins. Two images of the statue's torch appear on the current ten-dollar bill. The statue's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.087358474731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "answer": "The Statue of Liberty", "passage": "Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted [E]arth—giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction's pessimistic view of the future.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.15938663482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Statue of Liberty" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bart Simpsons", "Bart Simpson (I)", "Don't have a cow", "Bart (devil)", "El Barto", "Bartholomew J Simpson", "Eat My Shorts", "B.J. Simpson", "%22¡Ay, caramba!%22", "Bartmania", "Bartholomew J. Simpson", "Eat my shorts!", "Bartholomew Jo Jo Simpson", "Bart (Simpsons)", "El barto", "Brat Simpson", "Aye karumba", "Bartholemew Jojo Simpson", "Bart Jo-Jo Simpson", "Bartholomew J.", "Don't have a cow, man", "Have a cow", "Bartholomew Jo-Jo Simpson", "Bart (The Simpsons)", "Cupcake Kid", "Bartholomew Jay Simpson", "Bart simpson", "Bartholomew Simpson", "Bart Simpson", "Eat my shorts", "The Simpsons/Bart", "Bartman (The Simpsons)", "Don't have a cow!", "Bartholemew Simpson", "Had a cow", "Bart JoJo Simpson", "Don't Have A Cow", "Having a cow", "Bart Jo Jo Simpson", "Mort Simpson" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "mort simpson", "bartholomew j", "bart simpson i", "have cow", "brat simpson", "bartmania", "simpsons bart", "cupcake kid", "bart simpsons", "bartholomew jo jo simpson", "bart jojo simpson", "don t have cow", "bartholomew jay simpson", "aye karumba", "bart devil", "don t have cow man", "bartholemew jojo simpson", "having cow", "eat my shorts", "b j simpson", "bartholomew j simpson", "bartholomew simpson", "bart simpson", "bartman simpsons", "bart jo jo simpson", "22¡ay caramba 22", "el barto", "bartholemew simpson", "had cow" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bart simpson", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bart Simpson" }

[ { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "Nancy Jean Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American voice actress, film and television actress, and comedian. She is known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, and Database.", "precise_score": 9.660682678222656, "rough_score": 9.323467254638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "Cartwright is best known for her role as Bart Simpson on the long-running animated television show The Simpsons. On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright auditioned for a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show, a sketch comedy program. Cartwright originally intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the eldest daughter. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Creator Matt Groening let her try out for Bart, and gave her the job on the spot. Bart's voice came naturally to Cartwright, as she had previously used elements of it in My Little Pony, Snorks, and Pound Puppies. Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform compared with other characters. The recording of the shorts was often primitive; the dialog was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio above the bleachers on the set of the The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright, the only cast member to have been professionally trained in voice acting, described the sessions as \"great fun\". However, she wanted to appear in the live-action sketches and occasionally showed up for recording sessions early, hoping to be noticed by a producer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.19896863400936127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Eat My Shorts", "passage": "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", since she is rarely recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks [them] out\". Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.146790504455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "In January 2009, Cartwright used Bart's voice in an automated telephone message to Scientologists, inviting them to an event in Hollywood, California. She opened the message in Bart's voice, saying \"Yo, what's happenin' man, this is Bart Simpson [laugh]\", then used her normal voice in most of the remaining message. In a 2000 interview, Cartwright explained that a character's voice is copyrighted and she can use Bart's voice in public but cannot record original dialogue without approval. Al Jean, executive producer of The Simpsons, said that the calls had not been \"authorized by us\", while The Simpsons creator Matt Groening commented that the issue had been \"blown up beyond what was intended\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.006044387817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Miranda Veracruz de la Hoya Cardenal", "List of Running Gags on Married... with Children", "Married… With Children", "Married ... with Children", "Married...With Children", "Married with children", "Married With Children", "Married… with Children", "Married ... With Children", "National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood", "Married...with children", "Married...with Children", "Bračne vode", "Married... With Children", "M...WC", "No Ma'am", "Luke Ventura", "Marcy Rhoades D'Arcy", "Bundys", "Bobrooney", "Married with kids", "Married: With Children", "Married... with Children", "Married, with Children", "Psycho Dad", "Married with Children" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "married with children", "marcy rhoades d arcy", "national organization of men against amazonian masterhood", "list of running gags on married with children", "bundys", "bračne vode", "no ma am", "bobrooney", "married with kids", "miranda veracruz de la hoya cardenal", "m wc", "psycho dad", "married… with children", "luke ventura" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "married with children", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Married...with children" }

[ { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "This is a list of characters in Married... with Children. The show revolves around Al Bundy, his wife Peggy, children Kelly and Bud, their next-door neighbor Marcy, and her husband Steve Rhoades—who leaves in Season 4 and is eventually replaced by Jefferson D'Arcy.", "precise_score": 5.764069557189941, "rough_score": 5.924794673919678, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Initially during the first few seasons, Marcy was a sweet, wholesome newlywed, but years of living next to the Bundys apparently transformed her into a warped character almost as outrageous and vicious as them. She contemptuously bickered with Al, and reveled in his misery. One of the main reasons for her hatred of Al is his chauvinistic and misogynistic view of women. However, Marcy, in fact, unbeknownst to herself, is a lot like Al: she is also chauvinistic towards men and is the founder and leader of an anti-man support group called \"F.A.N.G.\" (Feminists Against Neanderthal Guys). Marcy seemed to have a dark side, and enjoys sharing her past memories with Peggy, but often tends to get lost in them. At various points in the series, she is identified as a Republican who looks down on the lower-class Bundy clan, she is also a feminist and environmentalist. Al's most frequent targets are Marcy's tiny chest and her chicken-like stance when she gets annoyed. In season 6 Marcy claimed she was pregnant, though this was later written out of the show as part of Al's dream. Marcy had a loud, piercing laugh, which she usually displayed whenever Al suffered some misfortune. Though she would often make disparaging remarks about Kelly (for her stupidity) and Bud (for his lack of chances to get a date) she did not seem to hold the contempt for them that she did for Al, possibly because she realized that the Bundy children could not help their behavior due to their upbringing.", "precise_score": 2.395437717437744, "rough_score": -1.611113429069519, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Buck (played by Michael, trained by Steven Ritt ) was the first family dog, a Briard. Voice-over by writer/producer Kevin Curran, who appeared briefly onscreen during the end sequence of the sixth season episode \"Psychic Avengers\" where Buck is turned into a human. In some episodes, Buck is voiced by Cheech Marin. From season eight on, Buck's voice was provided by staff member Kim Weiskopf. He is often \"heard\" by the audience through voice-overs that tell what is on his mind. Like the human Bundys, he is just as lazy, insulting and sarcastic to the rest of the family, making snide remarks about Kelly's intelligence and Bud's inability to find a date. In spite of this, Peggy dotes on him, sometimes even cooking for him. Though extremely lazy, Buck has a huge, insatiable sexual appetite, having at one point impregnated all the female dogs in the neighborhood.", "precise_score": -2.1811716556549072, "rough_score": -2.2060439586639404, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "* Peggy's mother, heard only in voice-overs by Kathleen Freeman and ground-shaking gags (making her an unseen character), she lives with the Bundys in Season 10, when she separates from Peggy's father. There are vague and comical references to her gigantic weight, which is alleged to be more than 1,000 pounds. This woman is mostly the victim of Al's abrasive, behind-the-back insults. ", "precise_score": 1.1492910385131836, "rough_score": 0.5276989936828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "* Seven (Shane Sweet) Peggy's cousins (played by Bobcat Goldthwait and Linda Blair) drop off their six-year-old son and leave him behind for the Bundys to take care of. His parents explain that his name comes from the fact that they had \"one, two, three, four, five, seven kids.\" He appeared on the seventh season of Married... with Children in a handful of episodes, then disappeared without any explanation other than a quick mention by the D'Arcys, who claim that he has turned up in their house and will not leave. They consider renaming him, and possibly begin taking care of him, but that's the last time he is mentioned by another character. He was an extremely unpopular character with the fans.[http://www.amazon.com/Married-Children-Complete-Seventh-Season/product-reviews/B000SSQ7J2/refcm_cr_dp_all_helpful?ie", "precise_score": -1.885457158088684, "rough_score": -1.8142896890640259, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The first season of Married... with Children introduces the major characters: Al, Peg, Kelly and Bud Bundy, along with their neighbors, Steve and Marcy Rhoades. The first season is the only one in which Al and Peg are regularly intimate, to the point of Al initiating the sessions. It is also the only one where Peg can be seen doing housework under normal circumstances, and she even has her own car (as seen in \"Sixteen Years and What Do You Get\"). In \"Thinergy,\" Bud mentions that Kelly had been held back a year in school. Al's dislike of the French is first shown in this season and it is also the first time that he calls Marcy a \"chicken.\" It also contains the first mention of Peg's family being \"hillbillies\" from the fictional Wanker County, Wisconsin. ", "precise_score": 5.37611198425293, "rough_score": 2.772467851638794, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "At the beginning of the second season, Kelly is portrayed as a girl of reasonable intelligence (though she is often teased by Bud for her promiscuity and bleached hair). By the end, however, her character obtains her trademark stupidity that will become both a plot device and comic focus for the rest of the series. This season also contains the first use of the \"Bundy Cheer\" and the first instance of the Bundys leaving Chicago. Additionally, it marked the beginning of the \"Thank your father, kids\" running gag. Although Buck is portrayed in later seasons as having been with the Bundys since he was a pup, it's implied by Peg that they've had him for only three years and Al states that he's actually Bud's pet; he even \"speaks\" once (\"Buck Can Do It\"), something that becomes a regular feature beginning in the fourth season. Michael Faustino (David's younger brother), makes the first of five guest appearances during the course of the series.", "precise_score": 3.091087818145752, "rough_score": 2.4457473754882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "\"Al Bundy, Shoe Dick\", it was revealed that the women's pregnancies were merely part of one of Al's nightmares. This season also saw Steve Rhoades return for one episode, Kelly becoming the \"Verminator,\" the Bundys traveling to England. Additionally, this season introduced Bud's hip hop-inspired alter ego \"Grandmaster B\", concocted to help him with women, which continued after the dream revelation by having Al ask Bud about the nickname and Bud deciding that he likes it enough to use it.", "precise_score": 2.687680721282959, "rough_score": -2.0801000595092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "In the seventh season, the writers introduced Seven (played by Shane Sweet) in an attempt to give the Bundys a third child. When the audience was unreceptive, he was removed from the series with no explanation other than being left at the D'Arcys' (Seven was last seen being told a bedtime story in \"Peggy and the Pirates\"). There is, however, a subtle reference to him in Season 8, episode 22, when he appears as the missing child on a carton of milk. Bud also loses his virginity during this season and he makes his first appearance with a beard (which was mistaken for dirt in the episode where Bud first notices he's growing a beard). Steve Rhoades also makes another guest appearance during this season, also Dan Castellaneta, as does Michael Faustino.", "precise_score": 0.975147008895874, "rough_score": 0.30974945425987244, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "The tenth season saw the death of family pet Buck and his subsequent reincarnation into the body of Lucky, the Bundys' next dog. The season also marks the first appearances of Peggy's father Ephraim (played by Tim Conway) and Peggy's mother, who moves in with the Bundys (although she is never seen, only heard). Also, Peg leaves Al and goes on a search for her father.", "precise_score": 0.9362905025482178, "rough_score": -1.9625763893127441, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "* Peggy Bundy (Katey Sagal)—Al's wife who is always on his case about money and refuses to clean or cook. She is a lazy, big-haired redhead who spends most of her time parked in front of the TV watching talk shows such as Oprah or robbing Al blind to go shopping; a famously inattentive mother and nagging wife who uses every opportunity to humiliate Al about his job, his meager earnings, and even sexual abilities. Her big taste for things like clothes and male strippers have run Al into debt on numerous occasions. A recurring joke in the series is Al's regret of having married Peggy in the first place; the union was forced on him at shotgun-point. Peggy's best friend is Marcy, with whom she occasionally conspires against Al. Her family is a stereotypical backwoods clan of degenerates whom she often forces the other Bundys to endure, especially her morbidly obese mother whom Al finds intolerable.", "precise_score": 1.810943841934204, "rough_score": 1.4677033424377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Catherine Louise \"Katey\" Sagal (born January 19, 1954) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is best known for her role as Peggy Bundy, Al's sarcastic, lazy, bon-bon-eating wife, on Married... with Children and for her role as Gemma Teller Morrow on the FX series Sons of Anarchy. Sagal is also known for voicing the character Leela on the animated science fiction series Futurama from 1999 to 2003, then from 2008 to 2013, as well as for starring on the show 8 Simple Rules in the role of Cate Hennessy. In the latter role, she worked with John Ritter until his death, leading to Sagal's taking over as the series lead for the remainder of the show's run.", "precise_score": 0.0626019537448883, "rough_score": 1.9761985540390015, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Sagal graduated from California Institute of the Arts and began her acting career in Hollywood, appearing in several made for TV movies between 1971 and 1975, including a small role as a receptionist in the Columbo installment \"Candidate for Crime\" (directed by her father). Sagal's first major role was as a newspaper columnist in the series Mary starring Mary Tyler Moore. This led to her being cast as Peggy Bundy on the sitcom Married... with Children (1987–1997); she portrayed the lower-class, sex-starved, free spending wife of shoe salesman Al Bundy. Sagal brought her own red bouffant wig to audition for the role, and with the producers' approval, the look transitioned into the show. The series ran for ten years. It was acknowledged in a 1991 New York Times article that the show drew inspiration from Norman Lear's 1970's sitcom All In The Family. ", "precise_score": 1.6113983392715454, "rough_score": 0.6280128955841064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "In January 2009, Sagal reunited with her TV son David Faustino (Bud Bundy from Married... with Children) for an episode of Faustino's show Star-ving. In 2010, she appeared twice more on Lost. In 2009, she starred in the film House Broken with Danny DeVito. In 2010, she returned to the stage in Randy Newman's musical Harps & Angels. ", "precise_score": -2.126585006713867, "rough_score": -1.621734619140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5, 1987, inaugurating its Sunday night lineup with the premieres of the sitcom Married... with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the next several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street, and comedies Mr. President and Duet completing its Sunday schedule. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the supernatural drama series Werewolf, which began with a two-hour pilot movie event. Three other series were added to the Saturday lineup over the next three weeks: comedies The New Adventures of Beans Baxter, Karen's Song and Down and Out in Beverly Hills (the latter being an adaptation of the film of the same name). Both Karen's Song and Down and Out in Beverly Hills were canceled by the start of the 1987–88 television season, the network's first fall launch, and were replaced by the sitcoms Second Chance and Women in Prison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.477172374725342, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "In regards to its late night lineup, Fox had already decided to cancel The Late Show, and had a replacement series in development, The Wilton North Report, when the former series began a ratings resurgence under its final guest host, comedian Arsenio Hall. Wilton North lasted just a few weeks, however, and the network was unable to reach a deal with Hall to return as host when it hurriedly revived The Late Show in early 1988. The Late Show went back to featuring guest hosts, eventually selecting Ross Shafer as its permanent host, only for it to be canceled for good by October 1988, while Hall signed a deal with Paramount Television to develop his own syndicated late night talk show, The Arsenio Hall Show. Although it had modest successes in Married... with Children and The Tracy Ullman Show, several affiliates were disappointed with Fox's largely underperforming programming lineup during the network's first three years; KMSP-TV (channel 9) in Minneapolis-St. Paul and KPTV (channel 12) in Portland, Oregon, both owned at the time by Chris-Craft Television, disaffiliated from Fox in 1988 (with KITN (channel 29, now WFTC) and KPDX (channel 49) respectively replacing those stations as Fox affiliates), citing that the network's weaker program offerings were hampering viewership of their stronger syndicated slate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.627849578857422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The network added a third night of programming, on Mondays, at the start of the 1989–90 television season, a season that heralded the start of a turnaround for Fox. That season saw the debut of a midseason replacement series, The Simpsons, an animated series that originated as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show; ranked at a three-way tie for 29th place in the Nielsen ratings, it became a breakout hit and was the first Fox series to break the Top 30. The Simpsons, at 27 years as of 2016, is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009, it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American scripted primetime television series. That year, Fox also first introduced the documentary series Cops and crime-focused magazine program America's Most Wanted (the latter of which debuted as a half-hour series as part of the network's mainly comedy-based Sunday lineup for its first season, before expanding to an hour and moving to Fridays for the 1990–91 season). These two series, which would become staples on the network for just over two decades, would eventually be paired to form the nucleus of Fox's Saturday night schedule beginning in the 1994–95 season. Meanwhile, Married... with Children – which broke ground from other family sitcoms of the period as it centered on a dysfunctional lower-middle-class family, whose patriarch often openly loathed his failures and being saddled with a wife and two children – saw viewer interest substantially increase beginning in its third season after, in an ironic twist, Michigan homemaker Terry Rakolta lodged a boycott to force Fox to cancel the series after objecting to risque humor and sexual content featured in a 1989 episode. Married...s newfound success led it to become the network's longest-running live-action sitcom, airing for 11 seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4199724197387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "An attempt to make a larger effort to program Saturday nights by moving Married... with Children from its longtime Sunday slot and adding a new but short-lived sitcom (Love and Marriage) to the night at the beginning of the 1996–97 season backfired with the public, as it resulted in a brief cancellation of America's Most Wanted that was criticized by law enforcement and public officials, and was roundly rejected by viewers, which brought swift cancellation to the newer series. Married... quickly returned to Sundays (before moving again to Mondays two months later); both it and Martin would end their runs at the end of that season. The Saturday schedule was revised in November 1996, to feature one new and one encore episode of Cops, and the revived America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back. Cops and AMW remained the anchors of Fox's Saturday lineup, making it the most stable night in American broadcast television for over 14 years; both shows eventually were among the few first-run programs remaining on Saturday evenings across the four major networks after decreasing prime time viewership – as more people opted to engage in leisure activities away from home rather than watch television on that night of the week – led ABC, NBC and CBS to largely abandon first-run series on Saturdays (outside of newsmagazines, sports and burned off prime time shows that failed on other nights) in favor of reruns and movies by the mid-2000s. America's Most Wanted ended its 22-year run on Fox in June 2011, and was subsequently picked up by Lifetime (before being cancelled for good in 2013); Cops, in turn, would move its first-run episodes to Spike in 2013 after 23 seasons (ending its original run on Fox as the network's longest-running prime time program), leaving sports and repeats of reality and drama series as the only programs airing on Fox on Saturday evenings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295638084411621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The Parents Television Council has also criticized many popular Fox shows for perceived indecent content, such as American Dad!, Arrested Development, The Simpsons, Family Guy, Hell's Kitchen, Married... with Children, Prison Break and That '70s Show. The Council sometimes has gone even as far as to file complaints with the Federal Communications Commission regarding indecent content within Fox programming, having done so for That '70s Show and Married by America, having successfully been able to get the FCC to fine the network nearly $1 million for its airing of the latter program. That fine was reduced to $91,000 in January 2009 after an appeal of the fine by Fox was granted as a result of its earlier discovery that the FCC originally claimed to have received 159 complaints regarding the content in Married by America; it later admitted to only receiving 90, which came from only 23 people. A study of the complaints by blogger Jeff Jarvis deduced that all but two were virtually identical to each other, meaning that the $1.2 million judgment was based on original complaints written by a total of only three people. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.944798469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company" }, { "answer": "National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood", "passage": "The creators of the show named the \"Bundy\" family after their favourite professional wrestler King Kong Bundy, though some fans mistakenly believed that the name was derived from serial killer Ted Bundy.[http://www.bundyology.com/bundy.html Bundyology - Other Bundys] King Kong Bundy once appeared on the show as Peggy's hick inbred uncle Irwin, and again appeared as his wrestling persona, since \"NO MA'AM\" (National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood, a fictional club depicted on the show) were big fans of the wrestler.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7720322608947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Psycho Dad", "passage": "Al's favorite television series, the fictional Western show Psycho Dad, was a source of joy and entertainment that Al seemingly, at times, wanted to emulate. He would hum the words to the theme song, and pretend to \"shoot\" his fictional gun while watching the show. Much like Al, the character of \"Psycho Dad\" was tormented by his family, and was stated to kill his wife and get revenge on his children in the opening credits and during various fictional \"airings\" of the episode, though no video was ever shown. His other joys were Westerns, often John Wayne films, most notably \"Hondo\", until Peggy's family ruined his recording of the movie by taping over it with a song dedicated to her. He has also referenced \"Shane\" when the clan ruined his enjoyment of that movie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.252034664154053, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Al also owns a \"faithful\" 1974 Dodge that invariably had failed brakes, constant breakdowns and numerous other problems associated with its age and mileage. At the time of the fourth season at least, Al was still paying it off, despite it being well over 20 years old. By the eighth season, the Dodge had passed one million miles. Al's Dodge actually appears to be a 1972 Plymouth Duster in one early episode, however it is only referred to as \"The Dodge\" and is supposedly constructed of the various parts of other wrecked and mangled Dodges. After winning a game show, the Bundys added a Ford Mustang to their fleet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.827855587005615, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Married with children", "passage": "Her family, the Wankers, hail from the fictitious rural Wanker County, Wisconsin, where \"As Einstein put it, everyone's relative.\" At Peggy and Al's high school reunion, her rival greeted her with \"Peg...Peggy Wanker...don't bother to thank her.\"[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0642328/quotes \"Married with Children\" Married... with Prom Queen: The Sequel (1989) - Memorable quotes] What is never made clear is how she managed to go to high school in Chicago with Al when her parents apparently never left Wanker County.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.035879135131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Of the Bundys, Bud seems to be the most ashamed of the family; he often pretends not to know them, even scheming against them on occasion. He is especially cruel to Kelly, ridiculing her as a promiscuous dimwit, and, earlier in the series, even going so far as to blackmail her for having fake ID's. Although he quite frequently uses her ignorance to his benefit, he seems obliged to defend her when others exploit her foolishness. Toward the end of the series, Bud is Kelly's agent, but he is more motivated by selfish ambitions than his sister's career, and she fires (and rehires) him multiple times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.396625280380249, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Steven \"Steve\" Bartholomew Rhoades (David Garrison) is Marcy's first husband. Much like the name \"Bundy\" the creators chose the surname \"Rhoades\" after professional wrestler Dusty Rhodes. He is a banker who seems unfazed by his lower position than Marcy at the city bank. (When Marcy moves up to a high position at another bank, he gets her former job.) Steve initially condescends to the Bundys, but eventually becomes more like them, and generally turns to Al for male-bonding. Marcy was initially attracted to him because of his self-centered materialism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.453906059265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "Steve seemed to be a fairly demure and buttoned-down character, compared to his wife and the Bundys, although he did show a dark side. As a banker, Steve took sadistic pleasure in humiliating people who bullied him in high school by making his former tormentors (many of whom were stuck in poor, dead end jobs similar to Al's) grovel for bank loans, which he flatly refused. Steve eventually gets a job as Dean of Bud's college by blackmailing the man who employed him as a chauffeur.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.203469276428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "In the sixth season episode \"The Egg and I\", Steve returns to Chicago in attempts to reclaim his old life and settle back into his yuppie lifestyle with Marcy. However, after learning that she remarried to Jefferson, he confronts the Bundys for not telling him about it. Soon the FBI is on to Steve as he stole a rare egg that belongs to Yosemite and the Bundy family harbors him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.3433198928833, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "Jefferson is a member of \"NO MA'AM\" along with Al, wearing the trademark T-shirt, but he always keeps a clean \"YES MA'AM\" T-shirt on underneath, which he quickly reveals if Marcy is about to bust one of \"NO MA'AMs activities. He seems very afraid of provoking his wife's anger, and his fear is justified—in one episode, after he angered Marcy, she kicked him in the behind so hard he had to go to the hospital to get her boot removed from his rectum. But in spite of his fear of her wrath, he constantly engages in activities that he surely knows she would not approve of.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.945025444030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "He is easily the most financially scheming character of the show — even more than the Bundys. Often, when Al stumbles into a unique lucrative opportunity, Jefferson typically persuades Al to take advantage of it. When Al was robbed in his shoe store, Jefferson convinced him to sue the mall while feigning psychological trauma. When Al discovered hidden shoes that he stocked away in the 1970s, Jefferson convinced him to use the shoes as a new gimmick for the store by taking advantage of the old shoes' popularity. When discovering Al's boss, Gary, was using illegal sweatshops to manufacture the shoes, Jefferson assists Al in a search for incriminating evidence. When Bud was involved in a romantic relationship with the (surprising to the characters) female Gary (Janet Carroll), Jefferson convinced Al to permit the relationship, so Al can milk Gary out of her money through his son. After discovering that they were in possession of private pictures of Shannon Tweed in sexually provocative manners, Jefferson convinced Al to sell it to the media. During a rare time in which Al is struck with good luck, Jefferson persuades him into a high-stakes poker game with a group of ex-criminals. Jefferson also convinced Al to go home to have sex with his wife, so Al could win a radio contest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.583113670349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "During the course of the series, it is revealed that Jefferson spent time in prison for selling contaminated land as a vacation spot to several people, including Al. He also used to be in the CIA and still has connections there. For example, he was able to go to Cuba and meet Fidel Castro to get a part for Al's Dodge and got NO MA'AM a meeting in front of Congress about the cancellation of \"Psycho Dad\". In one episode that aired in 1994 (\"The D'Arcy Files\") a man approaches Al in his shoe shop to inform him that Jefferson was in fact an ex-spy, and offers Al a hefty reward for turning him in (which he doesn't take). After Jefferson tells Al it was all a practical joke, he says: \"If I were really a spy, I wouldn't have to worry about you turning me in; I could just have the guy whacked.\" Moments later, an announcer on a baseball game in the background screams that the man in question just fell out of his booster box. Jefferson looks menacingly at the camera just before the credits roll.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.503466606140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "Members of NO MA'AM/Al's friends", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.457454681396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Griff (Harold Sylvester) – First appears early in Season 9, and is a friend and coworker of Al at the shoe store. He is also a member of Al's \"NO MA'AM\" organization. A divorcee, he shares many of Al's characteristics as far as work ethic and views on women go. However, Griff is not quite as impolite and outspoken to their customers, or to their boss, Gary. He is also less callous; occasionally he feels uneasy when going along with one of Al or Jefferson's many schemes. Griff drives a GEO Metro with vanity plates reading 'PO BOY', and is often mocked for this. However, Griff is happy because it is still more reliable than Al's 1970s Dodge (and is easier to push uphill), though Griff did mention a fond memory of being a passenger in the Dodge, while he and Al tried to run over Griff's ex-wife (she was able to outrun the Dodge). Griff's first appearance was in the episode \"Naughty But Niece\" when Bud goes to the shoe store to study for a college scholarship, he first meets Griff who introduces himself claiming that Al recently hired him, and Bud says Al never mentioned having a co-worker, and Griff says that Al never mentioned having a son, a daughter, or a living wife, but had already annoyed him with all the times he mentioned scoring four touchdowns in one football game for Polk High.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.859682083129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Bob Rooney (E. E. Bell) – One of Al's friends from the neighborhood, and treasurer of \"NO MA'AM.\" He works as a butcher, has a wife named Louise (who is a friend of Peggy), and played on the same football team as Al at Polk High. He is always called by both his first and last name, even by his wife, and it is spelled as one word on his bowling shirt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.124334335327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Officer Dan (Dan Tullis, Jr.) – A friend of Al's who is also in \"NO MA'AM\" and works full-time as a Chicago uniformed police officer. Surprisingly, though he is part of \"NO MA'AM,\" he often arrests them for their illegal antics. However, he does admit to his friends that he is a corrupt officer, which indicates he does help out the group now and then. In one of the times he was about to arrest them, he changes his mind and joins them when he learns they're trying to bring back \"Psycho Dad\". Though he was usually a cop, in season 6 Officer Dan arrives at the Bundy front door as an FBI agent looking for Steve Rhoades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.50694751739502, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Ike (Tom McCleister) – Another member of \"NO MA'AM\" and another friend of Al's. He is the Sergeant at Arms of the organization. He works as an auto mechanic and has a wife named Frannie (also a friend of Peggy's). Somewhat insecure, he believes Elvis is still alive. The character was named after producer Kim Weiskopf's best friends's son. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.392926216125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Barney (Steve Susskind) – A friend of Al's who appeared as early as Episode 8 (\"The Poker Game\") and occasionally thereafter, up until the foundation of \"NO MA'AM.\" Steve Susskind made one subsequent appearance in the 8th season (as Stan) in \"The Legend of Ironhead Haynes.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.224884033203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Luke Ventura", "passage": "* Luke Ventura (Ritch Shydner) – A coworker at the shoe store early in the series in Season 1. He was a sly womanizer who was always seducing beautiful women and stealing Al's sales. Peggy hated him while Al tolerated him. He disappears from the show after the first season, but is mentioned again in the ninth season episode \"Pump Fiction,\" when Al learns from the shoe industry publication \"Shoe News\" that Luke is being given an award. Though he was portrayed to be a friend of Al's in the beginning of the series, after his disappearance, he had been spoken of as if he had since become Al's rival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.184539794921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Miranda Veracruz de la Hoya Cardenal", "passage": "* Miranda Veracruz de la Hoya Cardenal (Teresa Parente) – Latina local news reporter originally from Ecuador who is typically assigned to cover the pathetic news stories in which the Bundys inevitably involve themselves. She often laments the sad state of her career on air. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40442180633545, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "* Psycho Dad (Andrew Prine) – A fictitious character and television show on Fox, that Al and the members of \"NO MA'AM\" (except for Griff) idolize. The show was abruptly cancelled after complaints from women's group due to its high content of violence. \"NO MA'AM\" went to Washington D.C. to have Psycho Dad put back on the air but were unsuccessful. In one episode, Peg watched a similar show called Psycho Mom, possibly a spin off. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.85648250579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Married...with children", "passage": "bySubmissionDateDescending Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Married...with Children: The Complete Seventh Season][http://www.bundyology.com/oseven.html Bundyology - Seven][http://www.tv.com/shane-sweet-board/seven-killed-andquotmarried-with-childrenandquot.../topic/80968-527566/msgs.html TV Forum: Shane Sweet Board - Seven Killed \"Married With Children\"][http://listoftheday.blogspot.com/2009/03/12-kids-who-killed-tv-shows.html List Of The Day: 12 Kids Who Killed TV Shows] The only other allusions to Seven in the series include a Season 8 episode where Kelly, cramming for a quiz-show appearance, forgets about Seven (among other things) once her brain is full. The final reference is a scene where a carton of milk is held up at the Bundys' breakfast table and a picture of Seven is shown on the carton under the heading \"Missing,\" but the Bundys do not seem to notice, or care. This moment was ranked 73rd in TV Guide and TV Land's The 100 Most Unexpected TV Moments. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.000566482543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "* Father Guido Sarducci (Don Novello) appears in just one episode (\"Requiem for a Dead Briard,\" Season 10) to conduct a seance for the Bundys' \"dear\" departed pet Buck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.229843139648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children characters" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The Fox sitcom Married... with Children aired its pilot on April 5, 1987, and its series finale aired on May 5, 1997, with the episode \"The Desperate Half-Hour (Part 1)\" and \"How to Marry a Moron (Part 2)\". A total of 259 original episodes aired during the program's run. Currently, all eleven seasons are available on DVD, in Region 1. The list is ordered by the episodes' original air dates. Specials that aired during a regular season run are highlighted in yellow in the list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.410760879516602, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The fifth season marked the introduction of Jefferson D'Arcy (Ted McGinley), as Marcy's new husband. The series reached its 100th episode this season, the 100th episode being the pilot for the spin-off Top of the Heap, the first of three spinoffs from Married... with Children. Al's favorite show Psycho Dad is also first referred to in this season, along with his first mention of scoring four touchdowns in one high school football game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195859909057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "No Ma'am", "passage": "The eighth season introduces many of Al's friends, including Aaron, Bob Rooney and Officer Dan (even though Officer Dan wasn't a character in the earlier seasons, the actor who played him also appeared in \"Rock 'n Roll Girl\" as the sheriff who issued Al a ticket for an insulting bumper sticker, \"Weenie Tot Lovers and Other Strangers\" as the police officer who arrested Al, and \"The Egg and I\" as the FBI agent searching for Steve). Al, Jefferson, Bob Rooney and Officer Dan (along with Griff and Ike, who are introduced in Season 9) all become members of NO MA'AM in the episode where the men fight back against a talk show host (played by Jerry Springer) known as \"The Masculine Feminist\". This is also the season where Bud joins a fraternity. And the closest we get to an explanation for Seven's mysterious disappearance 14 months before is in the episode \"Ride Scare,\" where a closeup on a carton of milk reveals a picture of Seven with the words \"Missing.\" Al's plus-sized model friends simply look at it without comment before helping themselves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.776136875152588, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Psycho Dad", "passage": "The ninth season rounds out the cast of Al's friends by introducing Griff, who works at Gary's Shoes with Al, and Ike. Steve Rhoades also makes his final two appearances during this season. The season also includes the cancellation of Psycho Dad, Bud getting a job as a driving examiner and the first appearances of shoe store owner Gary (who turns out to be a woman), Marcy's niece Amber and reporter Miranda Veracruz de la Jolla Cardinal. Michael Faustino makes his fifth and final guest appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.315139770507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The eleventh season was the final season of Married... with Children. Fox moved the show's time slot several times throughout the course of the season, which cost the show ratings. Rising production costs and decreasing viewer shares led to the show's cancellation in April 1997, after the final taping for Season 11. Due to this decision, there is no official \"final\" episode of Married... with Children. While \"How to Marry a Moron\" was the final episode to be shot, \"Chicago Shoe Exchange\" was the last episode that Fox broadcast. This was the only season to feature teaser scenes before the opening credits and a few episodes during this season also featured tag scenes just before the closing credits. For this season, the still of Al and Peggy sitting on the couch was dropped from the closing credits, which for this season are shown against a black background and in a separate card format, instead of scrolling. The opening theme was also greatly shortened, dropping the highway scenes taken from National Lampoon's Vacation, as well as the scene where Al hands every member of his family money. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.157734870910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Married... with Children episodes" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Married... with Children is an American sitcom that aired for 11 seasons. It featured a dysfunctional family living in a fictional Chicago suburb. The show, notable for being the first prime-time television series to air on Fox, ran from April 5, 1987, to June 9, 1997. It was created by Michael G. Moye and Ron Leavitt. Drawing inspiration from Norman Lear's 1970s sitcom All In the Family, the show was known for handling nonstandard topics for the time period, which garnered the then-fledgling Fox network a standing alongside the Big Three television networks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.256709575653076, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Psycho Dad", "passage": "* Al Bundy (Ed O'Neill)—the head of the Bundy household; afflicted by the \"Bundy curse\" that consigns him to an unrewarding career selling women's shoes and a life with a family that mocks and disrespects him, but who still enjoys the simple things in life. He constantly attempts to relive his high-school Big Man On Campus days, when he was the \"All State Fullback\". His most noted achievement was having scored four touchdowns in a single game for Polk High. His favorite things in life are the local nudie bar, his collection of \"BigUns\" magazine, his television, his Dodge car with almost 1 million miles on the odometer, and a television show called \"Psycho Dad.\" Despite his family's contempt for him, and his for them, Al is always ready to defend Bundy honor (often with his fists), and he is fiercely protective of daughter Kelly, his \"little girl\" who rarely had a boyfriend Al didn't beat up.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.034639358520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "* Kelly Bundy (Christina Applegate)—the Bundys' firstborn; a stereotypical dumb blonde who is often derided as promiscuous and dates men who get under Al's skin to the point of him physically assaulting them. Her stupidity manifests in many ways, from forgetting ideas on the spot to mispronouncing or misspelling simple words. Like her mother, she is quick to steal Al's money for expensive things. Her favorite hobby is belittling her lonely and sexless brother, though she stands up for him against anyone outside the family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3024098873138428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood", "passage": "* Marcy (Rhoades) D'Arcy (Amanda Bearse)—the Bundys' next-door neighbor; Peggy's best friend and Al's nemesis; an educated banker, but also a feminist and environmentalist who often protests Al's schemes with his NO MA'AM (National Organization of Men Against Amazonian Masterhood) group. Marcy is chauvinistic and the founder and leader of an anti-man support group called \"FANG\" (Feminists Against Neanderthal Guys). Despite her political correctness and structured life, Marcy harbors a dark, somewhat sexually deviant side, which comes up when she reminisces over events in her past. Al is repulsed by Marcy and frequently belittles her, likening her to a chicken, and mockingly confusing her for an adolescent male. At the outset of the show, Marcy is married to Steve Rhoades. After Steve is written off the show during the fourth season, he is replaced by Jefferson D'Arcy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.571227788925171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Bundys", "passage": "* Buck (portrayed by Buck Bundy, originally named \"Mike\", voiced by Cheech Marin, Kevin Curran, and Kim Weiskopf) - The Bundys' wisecracking dog, who insults his family and is punished upon his death by being reincarnated as Lucky, the dog the Bundys acquire to replace Buck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4485673904418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married ... with Children", "passage": "During its 11-season run on the Fox network, Married ... with Children aired 258 episodes. A 259th episode, \"I'll See You in Court\" from season 3, never aired on Fox (see below), but premiered on FX and has since been included on DVD and in syndication packages. The episode counts in the chart below include it. Three specials also aired following the series' cancellation, including a cast reunion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.038521766662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married ... with Children", "passage": "Despite the show's enduring popularity and loyal fanbase, Married ... with Children was never a huge ratings success. Part of the reason was the simple fact that Fox, being a new startup network, did not have the affiliate base of the Big Three television networks, thus preventing the series from reaching the entire country. In an interview for a special commemorating the series' 20-year anniversary in 2007, Katey Sagal stated that part of the problem the series faced was that many areas of the country were able to get Fox only through low-quality UHF channels well into the early 1990s, while some areas of the country did not receive the new network at all, a problem not largely rectified until the 1994 United States broadcast TV realignment which brought the NFC football rights to the network.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.952152252197266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married ... with Children", "passage": "Another problem lay in the fact that many of the newly developed series on Fox were unsuccessful, which kept the network from building a popular lineup to draw in a larger audience. In its original airing debut, Married ... with Children was part of a Sunday lineup that competed with the popular Murder, She Wrote and Sunday-night movie on CBS. Fellow freshman series included The Garry Shandling Show, Duet, and The Tracey Ullman Show, which were canceled in 1988, 1989, and 1990 respectively. The success of The Simpsons, which debuted on The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987, helped draw some viewers over to Fox, allowing Married ... with Children to sneak into the top 50 of television shows for seasons 3 through 8 doing its best overall rating at number 8 for its third and tenth season. Although these ratings were somewhat small in comparison with the other three networks, they were good enough for Fox to keep renewing the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.491405487060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married ... with Children", "passage": "After advertisers began dropping their support for the show and while Rakolta made several appearances on television talk shows demanding the show's cancellation, Fox executives refused to air the episode titled \"I'll See You in Court\". This episode would become known as the \"Lost Episode\" and was aired on FX on June 18, 2002, with some parts cut. The episode was packaged with the rest of the third season in the January 2005 DVD release (and in the first volume of the Married ... With Children Most Outrageous Episode DVD set) with the parts cut from syndication restored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.526636123657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The conservative Parents Television Council named Married... with Children the worst show of both the 1995–96 and 1996–97 television seasons in its first two years in operation. In 1996, the organization called the show the \"crudest comedy on prime time television...peppered with lewd punch lines about sex, masturbation, the gay lifestyle, and the lead character's fondness for pornographic magazines and strip clubs.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.775757789611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all eleven seasons of Married... with Children on DVD in Regions 1, 2, & 4. On December 12, 2010, Sony released a complete series set on DVD in Region 1. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286153793334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the home media rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Married... with Children with the original theme song \"Love and Marriage\" sung by Frank Sinatra. They have subsequently re-released the 11 seasons on DVD. A complete series DVD set was re-released on July 7, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699751853942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Married... with Children was adapted into a comic book series by NOW Comics in 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026150703430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married with children", "passage": "*Married With Children: Act Like...Think Like...Be Like a...Bundy, 1990, Galoob ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.836857795715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married with children", "passage": "In Bulgaria a remake is airing from March 26, 2012 with the name Женени с деца в България (Zheneni s detsa v Bulgaria) (Married with children in Bulgaria). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805204391479492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Bračne vode", "passage": "In Croatia a remake called Bračne vode was broadcast from September 2008 until November 2009 on Nova TV channel. The characters based on the Bundys were called Zvonimir, Sunčica, Kristina and Boris Bandić while the ones based on Marcy and Steve were called Marica and Ivan Kumarica. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1388018131256104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married with children", "passage": "In 2006, Hungarian TV network TV2 purchased the license rights including scripts and hired the original producers from Sony Pictures for a remake show placed in Hungarian environment. It was entitled ' (in English: Married with children in Budapest, loan translation: A gruesomely decent family in Budapest). The main story began with the new family called the Bándis inherit an outskirt house from their American relatives the Bundys. They filmed a whole season of 26 episodes, all of them being remade versions of the plots of the original first seasons. It was the highest budget sitcom ever made in Hungary. First it was aired on Tuesday nights, but was beaten by a new season of ER, then placed to Wednesday nights. The remake lost its viewers, but stayed on the air due to the contract between Sony and TV2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.390026092529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "The Original Married... With Children ran on DTV for almost three years, on a daily basis, broadcasting the episodes from seasons 1–10. The show later aired on Domashniy TV. However, for unknown reasons, most episodes from season 11 were not shown. A Russian adaptation, titled Happy Together (Sсhastlivy Vmeste; Happy Together), is now airing on TNT channel across the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.644486427307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "Distributed by Columbia Pictures Television Distribution (now Sony Pictures Television Distribution), Married... with Children debuted in off-network syndication in the fall of 1991. The series later began airing on cable on FX from September 1998 until 2007. In June 2002, FX became the first television network to air the controversial, previously banned episode \"I'll See You in Court\", albeit in an edited format. The fully uncensored version of \"I'll See You in Court\" can only be seen on the DVD release Married... with Children: The Most Outrageous Episodes Volume 1. The version found on the Third Season DVD set is edited. In 2008, the Spike network reportedly paid US$12 million for broadcast rights to every episode including the unedited version of the infamous episode, \"I'll See You in Court\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059086799621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married...with children", "passage": "Married...with Children has also been a ratings success in other countries around the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.417941093444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Married... with Children" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "After the end of Married... with Children, several more television films followed; she also contributed to the children's cartoon Recess as the voice of Spinelli's mother. In 1998, Matt Groening cast her as the purple-haired, cyclopian spaceship captain, Leela, in his science fiction animated comedy Futurama. The show developed a cult following but was cancelled after four seasons. However, airings in syndication on Adult Swim and Comedy Central increased the show's popularity and led Comedy Central to commission a season of Futurama direct-to-DVD films, which the network later rebroadcast as 16 episodes, season five. She", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.253157615661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" }, { "answer": "Married with children", "passage": "On September 9, 2014, Sagal received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on which most of the Married with Children cast – including Ed O'Neill, Christina Applegate and David Faustino – were present to celebrate the actor's recognition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.231689453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" }, { "answer": "Married... With Children", "passage": "In 1991, while working on Married... with Children, Sagal learned that she was pregnant. This was unexpected, so the pregnancy was written into the storyline of the show. In October 1991, however, she had to have an emergency Caesarean section in her seventh month of pregnancy, ending in the stillbirth of a daughter. The pregnancy on the show was then regarded as a \"dream\", which was mentioned only briefly at the end of the episode \"Al Bundy, Shoe Dick\". Sagal and White eventually had two children — a daughter, Sarah Grace, in 1994 and a son, Jackson James, in 1996. The writers of Married... with Children deliberately did not write Sagal's two later pregnancies into the show due to the earlier stillbirth, opting instead to write off her absences in a subplot in which Peg is traveling the world to reunite her redneck parents. In scenes where Peg was shown, Sagal had her midsection obscured, such as in a taxicab or at a craps table in Las Vegas, and was often seen or heard talking to family members over the phone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.149388790130615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Katey Sagal" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Dionis Baynbrigge", "Guido Fawkes", "Guy Fawks", "Guy Falkes", "Guy Faukes", "Guy Fox", "Guy fawkes", "Guy Falks", "Guy foxe", "Guy Fawkes", "Guy faux", "Ian Gunpowder", "Iain Gunpowder" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "guy falkes", "guy faukes", "guy fawks", "guy fawkes", "guy foxe", "guy faux", "iain gunpowder", "guido fawkes", "dionis baynbrigge", "ian gunpowder", "guy falks", "guy fox" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "guy fawkes", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Guy Fawkes" }

[ { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes Night, also known as Guy Fawkes Day, Bonfire Night and Firework Night, is an annual commemoration observed on 5 November, primarily in Great Britain. Its history begins with the events of 5 November 1605, when Guy Fawkes, a member of the Gunpowder Plot, was arrested while guarding explosives the plotters had placed beneath the House of Lords. Celebrating the fact that King James I had survived the attempt on his life, people lit bonfires around London, and months later the introduction of the Observance of 5th November Act enforced an annual public day of thanksgiving for the plot's failure.", "precise_score": 0.5622926950454712, "rough_score": -1.8165035247802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "William III's birthday fell on 4 November, and for orthodox Whigs the two days therefore became an important double anniversary. William ordered that the thanksgiving service for 5 November be amended to include thanks for his \"happy arrival\" and \"the Deliverance of our Church and Nation\". In the 1690s he re-established Protestant rule in Ireland, and the Fifth, occasionally marked by the ringing of church bells and civic dinners, was consequently eclipsed by his birthday commemorations. From the 19th century, 5 November celebrations there became sectarian in nature. Its celebration in Northern Ireland remains controversial, unlike in Scotland, where bonfires continue to be lit in various Caledonian cities. In England though, as one of 49 official holidays, for the ruling class 5 November became overshadowed by events such as the birthdays of Admiral Edward Vernon, or John Wilkes, and under George II and George III, with the exception of the Jacobite Rising of 1745, it was largely \"a polite entertainment rather than an occasion for vitriolic thanksgiving\". For the lower classes, however, the anniversary was a chance to pit disorder against order, a pretext for violence and uncontrolled revelry. At some point, for reasons that are unclear, it became customary to burn Guy Fawkes in effigy, rather than the pope. Gradually, Gunpowder Treason Day became Guy Fawkes Day. In 1790 The Times reported instances of children \"...begging for money for Guy Faux\", and a report of 4 November 1802 described how \"a set of idle fellows ... with some horrid figure dressed up as a Guy Faux\" were convicted of begging and receiving money, and committed to prison as \"idle and disorderly persons\". The Fifth became \"a polysemous occasion, replete with polyvalent cross-referencing, meaning all things to all men\". Lower class rioting continued, with reports in Lewes of annual rioting, intimidation of \"respectable householders\" and the rolling through the streets of lit tar barrels. In Guildford, gangs of revellers who called themselves \"guys\" terrorised the local population; proceedings were concerned more with the settling of old arguments and general mayhem, than any historical reminiscences. Similar problems arose in Exeter, originally the scene of more traditional celebrations. In 1831 an effigy was burnt of the new Bishop of Exeter Henry Phillpotts, a High Church Anglican and High Tory who opposed Parliamentary reform, and who was also suspected of being involved in \"creeping popery\". A local ban on fireworks in 1843 was largely ignored, and attempts by the authorities to suppress the celebrations resulted in violent protests and several injured constables.", "precise_score": 1.5299733877182007, "rough_score": -2.628150463104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "One notable aspect of the Victorians' commemoration of Guy Fawkes Night was its move away from the centres of communities, to their margins. Gathering wood for the bonfire increasingly became the province of working-class children, who solicited combustible materials, money, food and drink from wealthier neighbours, often with the aid of songs. Most opened with the familiar \"Remember, remember, the fifth of November, Gunpowder Treason and Plot\". The earliest recorded rhyme, from 1742, is reproduced below alongside one bearing similarities to most Guy Fawkes Night ditties, recorded in 1903 at Charlton on Otmoor:", "precise_score": 3.590010404586792, "rough_score": 2.595829725265503, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Historians have often suggested that Guy Fawkes Day served as a Protestant replacement for the ancient Celtic and Nordic festivals of Samhain, pagan events that the church absorbed and transformed into All Hallow's Eve and All Souls' Day. In The Golden Bough, the Scottish anthropologist James George Frazer suggested that Guy Fawkes Day exemplifies \"the recrudescence of old customs in modern shapes\". David Underdown, writing in his 1987 work Revel, Riot, and Rebellion, viewed Gunpowder Treason Day as a replacement for Hallowe'en: \"just as the early church had taken over many of the pagan feasts, so did Protestants acquire their own rituals, adapting older forms or providing substitutes for them\". While the use of bonfires to mark the occasion was most likely taken from the ancient practice of lighting celebratory bonfires, the idea that the commemoration of 5 November 1605 ever originated from anything other than the safety of James I is, according to David Cressy, \"speculative nonsense\". Citing Cressy's work, Ronald Hutton agrees with his conclusion, writing, \"There is, in brief, nothing to link the Hallowe'en fires of North Wales, Man, and central Scotland with those which appeared in England upon 5 November.\" Further confusion arises in Northern Ireland, where some communities celebrate Guy Fawkes Night; the distinction there between the Fifth, and Halloween, is not always clear. Despite such disagreements, in 2005 David Cannadine commented on the encroachment into British culture of late 20th-century American Hallowe'en celebrations, and their effect on Guy Fawkes Night:", "precise_score": -4.020909309387207, "rough_score": -2.721174955368042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "In Britain, 5 November has variously been called Guy Fawkes Night, Guy Fawkes Day, Plot Night and Bonfire Night; the latter can be traced directly back to the original celebration of 5 November 1605. Bonfires were accompanied by fireworks from the 1650s onwards, and it became the custom to burn an effigy (usually the pope) after 1673, when the heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, made his conversion to Catholicism public. Effigies of other notable figures who have become targets for the public's ire, such as Paul Kruger and Margaret Thatcher, have also found their way onto the bonfires, although most modern effigies are of Fawkes. The \"guy\" is normally created by children, from old clothes, newspapers, and a mask. During the 19th century, \"guy\" came to mean an oddly dressed person, but in American English it lost any pejorative connotation, and was used to refer to any male person. ", "precise_score": -0.17624913156032562, "rough_score": -2.9276254177093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Within a few decades Gunpowder Treason Day, as it was known, became the predominant English state commemoration, but as it carried strong Protestant religious overtones it also became a focus for anti-Catholic sentiment. Puritans delivered sermons regarding the perceived dangers of popery, while during increasingly raucous celebrations common folk burnt effigies of popular hate-figures, such as the pope. Towards the end of the 18th century reports appear of children begging for money with effigies of Guy Fawkes and 5 November gradually became known as Guy Fawkes Day. Towns such as Lewes and Guildford were in the 19th century scenes of increasingly violent class-based confrontations, fostering traditions those towns celebrate still, albeit peaceably. In the 1850s changing attitudes resulted in the toning down of much of the day's anti-Catholic rhetoric, and the Observance of 5th November Act was repealed in 1859. Eventually the violence was dealt with, and by the 20th century Guy Fawkes Day had become an enjoyable social commemoration, although lacking much of its original focus. The present-day Guy Fawkes Night is usually celebrated at large organised events, centred on a bonfire and extravagant firework displays.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.423703193664551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Settlers exported Guy Fawkes Night to overseas colonies, including some in North America, where it was known as Pope Day. Those festivities died out with the onset of the American Revolution. Claims that Guy Fawkes Night was a Protestant replacement for older customs like Samhain are disputed, although another old celebration, Halloween, has lately increased in popularity, and according to some writers, may threaten the continued observance of 5 November.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.901460647583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes Night originates from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, a failed conspiracy by a group of provincial English Catholics to assassinate the Protestant King James I of England and replace him with a Catholic head of state. In the immediate aftermath of the 5 November arrest of Guy Fawkes, caught guarding a cache of explosives placed beneath the House of Lords, James's Council allowed the public to celebrate the king's survival with bonfires, so long as they were \"without any danger or disorder\". This made 1605 the first year the plot's failure was celebrated. The following January, days before the surviving conspirators were executed, Parliament passed the Observance of 5th November Act, commonly known as the \"Thanksgiving Act\". It was proposed by a Puritan Member of Parliament, Edward Montagu, who suggested that the king's apparent deliverance by divine intervention deserved some measure of official recognition, and kept 5 November free as a day of thanksgiving while in theory making attendance at Church mandatory. A new form of service was also added to the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, for use on that date. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.386434078216553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes Day ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.046107292175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy faux", "passage": " The fifth of November, since I can remember,Was Guy Faux, Poke him in the eye,Shove him up the chimney-pot, and there let him die.A stick and a stake, for King George's sake,If you don't give me one, I'll take two,The better for me, and the worse for you,Ricket-a-racket your hedges shall go. (1903)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.812816858291626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Organised entertainments also became popular in the late 19th century, and 20th-century pyrotechnic manufacturers renamed Guy Fawkes Day as Firework Night. Sales of fireworks dwindled somewhat during the First World War, but resumed in the following peace. At the start of the Second World War celebrations were again suspended, resuming in November 1945. For many families, Guy Fawkes Night became a domestic celebration, and children often congregated on street corners, accompanied by their own effigy of Guy Fawkes. This was sometimes ornately dressed and sometimes a barely recognisable bundle of rags stuffed with whatever filling was suitable. A survey found that in 1981 about 23 percent of Sheffield schoolchildren made Guys, sometimes weeks before the event. Collecting money was a popular reason for their creation, the children taking their effigy from door to door, or displaying it on street corners. But mainly, they were built to go on the bonfire, itself sometimes comprising wood stolen from other pyres; \"an acceptable convention\" that helped bolster another November tradition, Mischief Night. Rival gangs competed to see who could build the largest, sometimes even burning the wood collected by their opponents; in 1954 the Yorkshire Post reported on fires late in September, a situation that forced the authorities to remove latent piles of wood for safety reasons. Lately, however, the custom of begging for a \"penny for the Guy\" has almost completely disappeared. In contrast, some older customs still survive; in Ottery St Mary men chase each other through the streets with lit tar barrels, and since 1679 Lewes has been the setting of some of England's most extravagant 5 November celebrations, the Lewes Bonfire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.925780773162842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Generally, modern 5 November celebrations are run by local charities and other organisations, with paid admission and controlled access. In 1998 an editorial in the Catholic Herald called for the end of \"Bonfire Night\", labelling it \"an offensive act\". Author Martin Kettle, writing in The Guardian in 2003, bemoaned an \"occasionally nannyish\" attitude to fireworks that discourages people from holding firework displays in their back gardens, and an \"unduly sensitive attitude\" toward the anti-Catholic sentiment once so prominent on Guy Fawkes Night. David Cressy summarised the modern celebration with these words: \"the rockets go higher and burn with more colour, but they have less and less to do with memories of the Fifth of November ... it might be observed that Guy Fawkes' Day is finally declining, having lost its connection with politics and religion. But we have heard that many times before.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.917901992797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Gunpowder Treason Day was exported by settlers to colonies around the world, including members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and various Caribbean nations. The day is still marked in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and in Saint Kitts and Nevis, but a fireworks ban by Antigua and Barbuda during the 1990s reduced its popularity in that country. In Australia, Sydney (founded as a penal colony in 1788) saw at least one instance of the parading and burning of a Guy Fawkes effigy in 1805, while in 1833, four years after its founding, Perth had Gunpowder Treason Day listed as a public holiday. By the 1970s, Guy Fawkes Night had become less common in Australia. Some measure of celebration remains in New Zealand, Canada and South Africa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.326478004455566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes Night" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes (; 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606), also known as Guido Fawkes, the name he adopted while fighting for the Spanish, was a member of a group of provincial English Catholics who planned the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.646631240844727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes was born in 1570 in Stonegate, York. He was the second of four children born to Edward Fawkes, a proctor and an advocate of the consistory court at York, and his wife, Edith. Guy's parents were regular communicants of the Church of England, as were his paternal grandparents; his grandmother, born Ellen Harrington, was the daughter of a prominent merchant, who served as Lord Mayor of York in 1536. Guy's mother's family were recusant Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest. Guy was an uncommon name in England, but may have been popular in York on account of a local notable, Sir Guy Fairfax of Steeton. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8419189453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Dionis Baynbrigge", "passage": "In 1579, when Guy was eight years old, his father died. His mother remarried several years later, to the Catholic Dionis Baynbrigge (or Denis Bainbridge) of Scotton, Harrogate. Fawkes may have become a Catholic through the Baynbrigge family's recusant tendencies, and also the Catholic branches of the Pulleyn and Percy families of Scotton, but also from his time at St. Peter's School in York. A governor of the school had spent about 20 years in prison for recusancy, and its headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants, the Pulleyns of Blubberhouses. In her 1915 work The Pulleynes of Yorkshire, author Catharine Pullein suggested that Fawkes's Catholic education came from his Harrington relatives, who were known for harbouring priests, one of whom later accompanied Fawkes to Flanders in 1592–1593. Fawkes's fellow students included John Wright and his brother Christopher (both later involved with Fawkes in the Gunpowder Plot) and Oswald Tesimond, Edward Oldcorne and Robert Middleton, who became priests (the latter executed in 1601).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.572901725769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "James's admiration did not, however, prevent him from ordering on 6 November that \"John Johnson\" be tortured, to reveal the names of his co-conspirators. He directed that the torture be light at first, referring to the use of manacles, but more severe if necessary, authorising the use of the rack: \"the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]\". Fawkes was transferred to the Tower of London. The King composed a list of questions to be put to \"Johnson\", such as \"as to what he is, For I can never yet hear of any man that knows him\", \"When and where he learned to speak French?\", and \"If he was a Papist, who brought him up in it?\" The room in which Fawkes was interrogated subsequently became known as the Guy Fawkes Room.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.935239791870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, supervised the torture and obtained Fawkes's confession. He searched his prisoner, and found a letter, addressed to Guy Fawkes. To Waad's surprise, \"Johnson\" remained silent, revealing nothing about the plot or its authors. On the night of 6 November he spoke with Waad, who reported to Salisbury \"He [Johnson] told us that since he undertook this action he did every day pray to God he might perform that which might be for the advancement of the Catholic Faith and saving his own soul\". According to Waad, Fawkes managed to rest through the night, despite his being warned that he would be interrogated until \"I had gotton the inwards secret of his thoughts and all his complices\". His composure was broken at some point during the following day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.588558197021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guido Fawkes", "passage": "The trial of eight of the plotters began on Monday 27 January 1606. Fawkes shared the barge from the Tower to Westminster Hall with seven of his co-conspirators. They were kept in the Star Chamber before being taken to Westminster Hall, where they were displayed on a purpose-built scaffold. The King and his close family, watching in secret, were among the spectators as the Lords Commissioners read out the list of charges. Fawkes was identified as Guido Fawkes, \"otherwise called Guido Johnson\". He pleaded not guilty, despite his apparent acceptance of guilt from the moment he was captured.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.423534393310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "William Harrison Ainsworth's 1841 historical romance Guy Fawkes; or, The Gunpowder Treason portrays Fawkes in a generally sympathetic light, and transformed him in the public perception into an \"acceptable fictional character\". Fawkes subsequently appeared as \"essentially an action hero\" in children's books and penny dreadfuls such as The Boyhood Days of Guy Fawkes; or, The Conspirators of Old London, published in about 1905. According to historian Lewis Call, Fawkes is now \"a major icon in modern political culture\", whose face has become \"a potentially powerful instrument for the articulation of postmodern anarchism\" in the late 20th century, exemplified by the mask worn by V in the comic book series V for Vendetta, who fights against a fictional fascist English state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.799062728881836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" }, { "answer": "Guy Fawkes", "passage": "Guy Fawkes is sometimes toasted as \"the last man to enter Parliament with honest intentions\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.403637886047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guy Fawkes" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ruben", "רְאוּבֵן", "Ruben (disambiguation)", "A Reuben", "Reuben", "Rueben", "Ruben (name)", "Reubien", "Reuben (given name)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "rueben", "ruben disambiguation", "רְאוּבֵן", "reubien", "reuben", "reuben given name", "ruben name", "ruben" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "reuben", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "A Reuben" }

[ { "answer": "Reuben", "passage": "Corned beef is often purchased ready to eat in delicatessens. It is the key ingredient in the grilled Reuben sandwich, consisting of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Thousand Island or Russian dressing on rye bread.", "precise_score": 6.115002155303955, "rough_score": 7.220998764038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Corned beef" }, { "answer": "A Reuben", "passage": "In the 1950s, Thousand Island dressing became a standard condiment, used on sandwiches and salads alike. It is widely used in fast-food restaurants and diners in the United States of America, where it is often referred to as \"Special Sauce\" or \"Secret Sauce\". An example of this is In-N-Out Burger's \"Spread\", served on their burgers and several \"Secret Menu\" items; despite its name, it is basically a variation of Thousand Island dressing. Thousand Island dressing is also often used as an ingredient in a Reuben sandwich in place of Russian dressing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1466455459594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Thousand Island dressing" }, { "answer": "Reuben", "passage": "Among the many varieties of sandwich popular in the United States are the BLT, cheese sandwich, Club sandwich, Dagwood, French dip, hamburger, Monte Cristo, Muffuletta, pastrami on rye, peanut butter and jelly sandwich, cheesesteak, pilgrim, Po' boy, Reuben, sloppy joe, and submarine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1787054538726807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandwich" }, { "answer": "Ruben", "passage": "File:Ruben sandwich.jpg|Reuben sandwich", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748479843139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sandwich" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Webster Count", "Bridge (game)", "Bridge (card game)", "Bridge game", "Contract bridge", "Cards bridge", "Ordinary bridge", "Card game bridge", "Bridge (cards)", "Ordinary Bridge", "Quick trick", "Game of bridge", "Contract Bridge" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "game of bridge", "webster count", "contract bridge", "ordinary bridge", "bridge game", "cards bridge", "bridge cards", "card game bridge", "bridge card game", "quick trick" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "contract bridge", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Contract Bridge" }

[ { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "A trick-taking game is a card game or tile-based game in which play of a \"hand\" centers on a series of finite rounds or units of play, called tricks, which are each evaluated to determine a winner or \"taker\" of that trick. The object of such games then may be closely tied to the number of tricks taken, as in plain-trick games such as Whist, Contract Bridge, Spades, Napoleon, Euchre, Rowboat, Clubs and Spoil Five, or on the value of the cards contained in taken tricks, as in point-trick games such as Pinochle, the Tarot family, Rook, All Fours, Manille, Briscola, and most \"evasion\" games like Hearts. The domino game Texas 42 is an example of a trick-taking game that is not a card game.", "precise_score": 2.1265740394592285, "rough_score": 1.7606806755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick-taking game" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "In baseball, a grand slam is a home run hit with all three bases occupied by baserunners (\"bases loaded\"), thereby scoring four runs—the most possible in one play. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge, in which a grand slam involves taking all the possible tricks. The word slam, by itself, usually is connected with a loud sound, particularly of a door being closed with excess force; thus, slamming the door on one's opponent(s), in addition to of course the bat slamming the ball into a home run. The term was extended to various sports, such as golf and tennis, for sweeping a sport's major tournaments.", "precise_score": -2.5314855575561523, "rough_score": -0.6728025078773499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Grand slam (baseball)" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "In auction games, bidding players are competing against each other for the right to attempt to make the contract. In a few games, the contract is fixed (normally a simple majority, less often based on certain cards captured during play) and players' bids are a wager of game points to be won or lost. In others, the bid is a number of tricks or card points the bidder is confident that they or their partnership will take. Either of these can also include the suit to be used as trumps during the hand. The highest bid becomes the contract and the highest bidder is the contractor, known in some games as the declarer or taker, who then plays either with or without a partner. The other players become opponents, whose main goal is to prevent the contract being met. Popular examples include Contract bridge, Pinochle, tarot games, Skat, Belote and Twenty-Eight. In many auction games the eldest hand leads to the first trick, regardless of who won the auction, but in some, such as Contract Bridge, the first lead is made by the player next in rotation after the contractor, so that the contractor plays last to that trick.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8383259773254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick-taking game" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "The invention of bidding for a trump suit is credited to Ombre, the most popular card game of the 17th-century. Rather than having a randomly selected trump suit, players can now hold an auction for it. The most popular games of the 18th-century was tarot which experience a great revival. During this time, many tarot games borrowed bidding over the stock (taroc-l'hombre). During the 19th-century, tarot was driven to terminal decline in many countries by Whist. In the 20th-century, Whist (now with bidding and the dummy hand) developed into Contract bridge, the last global trick-taking game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.388006687164307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trick-taking game" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "Bridge scoring is keeping score in contract bridge. There are two main categories of scoring: duplicate and rubber scoring. While based upon the same basic elements of scoring, they differ in how the elements are applied to individual deals and in how these are then totaled. Chicago, being a variant of rubber bridge, uses an adaptation of rubber bridge scoring. Duplicate bridge has many variations for scoring, comparing and ranking the relative performance of partnerships and teams playing the same deals as their competitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.130656242370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bridge scoring" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "The following terms and concepts, defined in the glossary of contract bridge terms, are essential to understanding bridge scoring:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.239442825317383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bridge scoring" }, { "answer": "Contract Bridge", "passage": "Note 1: using American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) methods, scoring is one point for each pair beaten, and one-half point for each pair tied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.6036958694458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bridge scoring" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Dennis miller show", "Dennis Miller (comedian)", "Denis miller", "Den Miller", "Dennis Miller", "The Dennis Miller Show", "Black and White (Dennis Miller)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "black and white dennis miller", "dennis miller comedian", "dennis miller", "dennis miller show", "den miller", "denis miller" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dennis miller", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Dennis Miller" }

[ { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "The Doumanian-era cast faced immediate comparison to the beloved former cast and were not received favorably. Ebersol fired the majority of her hires, except for two unknown comedians: Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo. Talent coordinator Neil Levy claimed Murphy contacted and pleaded with him for a role on the show, and after seeing him audition, Levy fought with Doumanian to cast him instead of Robert Townsend. Doumanian wanted only one black cast member and favored Townsend, but Levy convinced her to choose Murphy. Doumanian, however, also claimed credit for discovering Murphy and fighting with NBC executives to bring him onto the show. Even so, Murphy would languish as a background character until Ebersol took charge, after which Murphy was credited with much of that era's success. Murphy's star exploded, and he quickly appeared in films such as 48 Hrs. and Trading Places, before leaving for his film career in early 1984. Much of the Ebersol cast departed after the 1983–84 season and were replaced with established comedians who could supply their own material, but at an inflated cost; Billy Crystal and Martin Short were paid $25,000 and $20,000 per episode respectively, a far cry from earlier salaries. Michaels' return in 1985 saw a cast reset that featured established talent such as Robert Downey Jr., Jon Lovitz and Dennis Miller. The season was poorly received, and another reset followed in 1986. Learning his lesson from the previous season, Michaels avoided known talent in favor of actual ability. He kept Lovitz, Miller and Nora Dunn, and brought in new, untested talent such as Dana Carvey, Phil Hartman, and Jan Hooks, who together would define a new era on the show into the early 1990s. The cast continued on for the next decade with the addition of new talent such as Mike Myers, Adam Sandler, and Chris Farley.", "precise_score": -5.542247295379639, "rough_score": -7.57480001449585, "source": "wiki", "title": "Saturday Night Live" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "Dennis Miller (born November 3, 1953) is an American stand-up comedian, talk show host, political commentator, sports commentator, actor, television personality, and radio personality.", "precise_score": -4.9785614013671875, "rough_score": -6.526726722717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "In 1988, Miller released a stand-up comedy CD, The Off-White Album, derived from an HBO special titled Mr. Miller Goes to Washington, which drew heavily from the observational and metaphor-driven style he was known for on Saturday Night Live, and showed glimpses of the political humor that would influence his later work. A well-received HBO special, Dennis Miller: Black and White, aired shortly after the release of the CD.", "precise_score": -9.033879280090332, "rough_score": -8.389998435974121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "The Dennis Miller Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089337348937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "In 1992, following his departure from Saturday Night Live, Miller launched a late-night TV talk show, The Dennis Miller Show, syndicated by Tribune Entertainment. The Dennis Miller Show continued in the tradition of \"alternative\" talk shows, which started with the Late Night with David Letterman show, which debuted on NBC in 1982. Nick Bakay was the announcer, and Andy Summers, formerly of the band The Police, led the house band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.129169464111328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "Dennis Miller Live", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.200657844543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "Beginning in 1994, Miller hosted Dennis Miller Live, a half-hour talk show on HBO. The show's theme song was the Tears for Fears hit \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\", and also utilized a snippet of the song \"Civilized\" by the Rollins Band.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555880546569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "In 2003, Miller provided short-lived regular commentary for the Fox News show Hannity & Colmes before moving on to do a prime-time political show on CNBC in early 2004 called, simply, Dennis Miller. The hour-long show contained a daily news segment called \"The Daily Rorschach\", which was reminiscent of his Weekend Update segments. He also had a chimpanzee, as a nod to the early days of the Today show and their mascot J. Fred Muggs. The show also featured a panel discussion dubbed \"The Varsity\", which offered a wide variety of political viewpoints on current topics. Frequent \"Varsity\" panelists included Ed Schultz, Gloria Allred, Willie Brown, David Horowitz, Mickey Kaus, Steven Katz, Lawrence O'Donnell, Phil Hendrie, and Harry Shearer. CNBC canceled the show in May 2005 due to declining viewership. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.030058860778809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "The Dennis Miller Show", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089337348937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "The Dennis Miller Show, a weekday three-hour talk radio program. The program debuted on March 26, 2007, and ran through February 27, 2015. The show's website provided a live stream of the broadcast. The site also made archives of all shows available in MP3 format. The live feed was free, but a subscription to the Dennis Miller Zone (DMZ) was required in order to access archived broadcasts. The show aired on 250+ stations, many of which (especially in the major markets at the time of the show's launch) are owned by Salem Communications, airing on tape delay on some of those stations between 6–9 pm ET and 9 pm-12 am ET. Salem stations also aired a \"best of\" Miller show on Saturdays. His on-air sidekick \"Salman\" (David S. Weiss) also wrote for Dennis Miller Live. His producer Christian Bladt previously appeared on-camera as dozens of different characters during the \"Daily Rorschach\" segment on his CNBC television show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.024531364440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "According to Talkers Magazine, as of spring 2011, Miller's show has an estimated 2,250,000 weekly listeners. Miller and Dial Global signed an agreement in early 2012 to continue his show for three years. Miller ended the radio show after his current contract expired on March 27, 2015.[http://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/92131/dennis-miller-to-end-syndicated-show/ \"Dennis Miller To End Syndicated Show\"] from Radio Insight (February 27, 2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983816146850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "On his podcast \"The PO'D Cast\" with Adam Carolla and Dennis Miller. Miller stated that one of the factors was watching Democrats mock and ridicule former VP candidate James Stockdale. He quips how that Stockdale who \"tapped out Morse Code prayers with American POWs so they wouldn't kill themselves, is getting hammered because he isn't good on TV.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.191924095153809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" }, { "answer": "Dennis Miller", "passage": "* Dennis Miller: All In (2006)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23241901397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dennis Miller" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "H-4 Hercules Flying Boat", "Hughes H-4", "Hughes H-4 Hercules", "HK-1", "H-4 Hercules", "NX37602", "Spruce goose", "Hughes H4 Hercules", "Hughes spruce goose", "Spruce Goose", "Hughes Hercules", "Hughes H4", "The Spruce Goose", "Spruce Moose" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "spruce moose", "hughes h 4 hercules", "hughes h4 hercules", "h 4 hercules flying boat", "hughes hercules", "hughes h 4", "hughes h4", "h 4 hercules", "hughes spruce goose", "nx37602", "hk 1", "spruce goose" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "spruce goose", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "The Spruce Goose" }

[ { "answer": "Hughes H-4", "passage": "The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the \"Spruce Goose\"; registration NX37602) is a prototype strategic airlift flying boat designed and built by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Intended as a transatlantic flight transport for use during World War II, it was not completed in time to be used in the war. The aircraft made only one brief flight on November 2, 1947, and the project never advanced beyond the single example produced. Built from wood because of wartime restrictions on the use of aluminium and concerns about weight, it was nicknamed by critics the \"Spruce Goose\", although it was made almost entirely of birch. The Hercules is the largest flying boat ever built and has the largest wingspan of any aircraft in history. It remains in good condition and is on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon, United States. ", "precise_score": 7.20991849899292, "rough_score": 7.6518049240112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hughes H-4", "passage": "The Hughes H-4 Hercules, in development in the U.S. during the war, was even larger than the BV 238 but it did not fly until 1947. The \"Spruce Goose\", as the 180-ton H-4 was nicknamed, was the largest flying boat ever to fly. Carried out during Senate hearings into Hughes use of government funds on its construction, the short hop of about a mile at 70 ft above the water by the \"Flying Lumberyard\" was claimed by Hughes as vindication of his efforts. Cutbacks in expenditure after the war and the disappearance of its intended mission as a transatlantic transport left it no purpose. ", "precise_score": 5.106841087341309, "rough_score": 4.1499457359313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flying boat" }, { "answer": "HK-1", "passage": "The aircraft was the brainchild of Henry J. Kaiser, a leading Liberty ship builder. He teamed with aircraft designer Howard Hughes to create what would become the largest aircraft built at that time. It was designed to carry 150,000 pounds, 750 fully equipped troops or two 30-ton M4 Sherman tanks. The original designation \"HK-1\" reflected the Hughes and Kaiser collaboration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.734184265136719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "HK-1", "passage": "The HK-1 contract was issued in 1942 as a development contract and called for three aircraft to be constructed in two years for the war effort. Seven configurations were considered, including twin-hull and single-hull designs with combinations of four, six, and eight wing-mounted engines. The final design chosen was a behemoth, eclipsing any large transport then built. It would be built mostly of wood to conserve metal (its elevators and rudder were fabric-coveredWinchester 2005, p. 113.), and was nicknamed the \"Spruce Goose\" (a name Hughes hated) or the Flying Lumberyard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.383759021759033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "HK-1", "passage": "While Kaiser had originated the \"flying cargo ship\" concept, he did not have an aeronautical background and deferred to Hughes and his designer, Glenn Odekirk. Development dragged on, which frustrated Kaiser, who blamed delays partly on restrictions placed for the acquisition of strategic materials such as aluminum, and partly on Hughes' insistence on \"perfection\". Construction of the first HK-1 took place 16 months after the receipt of the development contract. Kaiser then withdrew from the project. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46976375579834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "H-4 Hercules", "passage": "Hughes continued the program on his own under the designation \"H-4 Hercules\", signing a new government contract that now limited production to one example. Work proceeded slowly, and the H-4 was not completed until well after the war was over. It was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company at Hughes Airport, location of present-day Playa Vista, Los Angeles, California, employing the plywood-and-resin \"Duramold\" process – a form of composite technology – for the laminated wood construction, which was considered a technological tour de force. The specialized wood veneer was made by Roddis Manufacturing in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Hamilton Roddis had teams of young women ironing the (unusually thin) strong birch wood veneer before shipping to California. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.015464782714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "The Spruce Goose", "passage": "After the first two taxi runs, four reporters left to file stories, but the remaining press stayed for the final test run of the day. After picking up speed on the channel facing Cabrillo Beach, the Hercules lifted off, remaining airborne at 70 ft off the water at a speed of 135 mph for around a mile (1.6 km). At this altitude, the aircraft still experienced ground effect. The brief flight proved to detractors that Hughes' (now unneeded) masterpiece was flight-worthy—thus vindicating the use of government funds. However, the Spruce Goose never flew again. Its lifting capacity and ceiling were never tested. A full-time crew of 300 workers, all sworn to secrecy, maintained the aircraft in flying condition in a climate-controlled hangar. The company reduced the crew to 50 workers in 1962, and then disbanded it after Hughes' death in 1976. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.121307849884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hughes H-4 Hercules" }, { "answer": "Hughes H-4", "passage": "*Aircraft: Hughes H-4 Hercules \"Spruce Goose\" – ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.057375431060791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wingspan" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Chinin", "Quinine", "Chinine", "Kinine", "Qualaquin", "Coco-Quinine", "Aflukin", "Quinnine", "Quinine powder", "ATC code P01BC01", "Legatrin" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "chinin", "kinine", "aflukin", "atc code p01bc01", "coco quinine", "chinine", "legatrin", "quinine", "qualaquin", "quinnine", "quinine powder" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "quinine", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Quinine" }

[ { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Originally used as a prophylactic against malaria, tonic water usually now has a significantly lower quinine content and is consumed for its distinctive bitter flavour. It is often used in mixed drinks, particularly in gin and tonic.", "precise_score": 1.0667482614517212, "rough_score": -0.9074239730834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The drink gained its name from the effects of its bitter flavouring. The quinine was added to the drink as a prophylactic against malaria, since it was originally intended for consumption in tropical areas of South Asia and Africa, where the disease is endemic. Quinine powder was so bitter that British officials stationed in early 19th Century India and other tropical posts began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858. The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with gin. ", "precise_score": 1.687829852104187, "rough_score": 1.6549482345581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm (83 mg per liter if calculated by mass), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2100 mg daily for a 70 kg adult). Still, it is often recommended as a relief for leg cramps, but medical research suggests some care is needed in monitoring doses. Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using \"off-label\" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps. ", "precise_score": -1.8124319314956665, "rough_score": -0.909010648727417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Recommended treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs. For severe malaria, parenteral artesunate was superior to quinine in both children and adults. In another systematic review, artemisinin derivatives (artemether and arteether) were as efficacious as quinine in the treatment of cerebral malaria in children. Treatment of severe malaria involves supportive measures that are best done in a critical care unit. This includes the management of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring for poor breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium.", "precise_score": -2.8988866806030273, "rough_score": -2.4415781497955322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control fever. Its effectiveness against malaria was found and the Jesuits introduced the treatment to Europe around 1640; by 1677, it was included in the London Pharmacopoeia as an antimalarial treatment. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by the French chemists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.", "precise_score": 2.2665977478027344, "rough_score": -0.48336851596832275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine became the predominant malarial medication until the 1920s, when other medications began to be developed. In the 1940s, chloroquine replaced quinine as the treatment of both uncomplicated and severe malaria until resistance supervened, first in Southeast Asia and South America in the 1950s and then globally in the 1980s.", "precise_score": -0.7588282227516174, "rough_score": -1.662977933883667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "According to tradition, the bitter taste of anti-malarial quinine tonic led British colonials in India to mix it with gin, thus creating the iconic gin and tonic cocktail, which is still popular today in many parts of the world, especially the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In those countries and in Egypt and South Africa, quinine is an ingredient in both tonic water and bitter lemon. In the US, quinine is listed as an ingredient in some Diet Snapple flavors, including Cranberry-Raspberry.", "precise_score": -1.116854190826416, "rough_score": -0.5557531118392944, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "It was the first effective treatment for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, appearing in therapeutics in the 17th century. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs, such as chloroquine, that have fewer side effects replaced it. Since then, many effective antimalarials have been introduced, although quinine is still used to treat the disease in certain critical circumstances, such as severe malaria, and in impoverished regions, due to its low cost. Quinine is also present (in minute quantities) in various beverages. It is a white crystalline alkaloid.", "precise_score": 2.1649229526519775, "rough_score": 2.277341604232788, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Though Legatrin was banned by the FDA for the treatment of leg cramps, the drug manufacturer URL Mutual has branded a quinine-containing drug named Qualaquin. It is marketed as a treatment for malaria and is sold in the United States only by prescription. In 2004, the CDC reported only 1,347 confirmed cases of malaria in the United States. ", "precise_score": -2.97080659866333, "rough_score": -1.8386590480804443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine content ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340802192687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Medicinal tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine. However, most tonic water today contains a less significant amount of quinine, and is thus used mostly for its flavor. As a consequence, it is less bitter, and is also usually sweetened, often with high fructose corn syrup or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or slimline) tonic water, which may contain artificial sweeteners such as aspartame. Traditional-style tonic water with little more than quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter flavor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.12822961807251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Tonic water will fluoresce under ultraviolet light, owing to the presence of quinine. In fact, the sensitivity of quinine to ultraviolet light is such that it will appear visibly fluorescent in direct sunlight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.928016662597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tonic water" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water. Several medications are available to prevent malaria in travellers to areas where the disease is common. Occasional doses of the medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. Despite a need, no effective vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing. The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination of antimalarial medications that includes an artemisinin. The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine along with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not available. It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance among the parasites has developed to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in some parts of Southeast Asia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9733052253723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Simple or uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug component. These additional antimalarials include: amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Another recommended combination is dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine. ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO recommends the use of quinine plus clindamycin early in the pregnancy (1st trimester), and ACT in later stages (2nd and 3rd trimesters). In the 2000s (decade), malaria with partial resistance to artemisins emerged in Southeast Asia. Infection with P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae usually do not require hospitalization. Treatment of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) and clearance of liver forms with primaquine. Treatment with tafenoquine prevents relapses after confirmed P. vivax malaria. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5225157737731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Significant financial investments have been made to procure existing and create new anti-malarial agents. During World War I and World War II, inconsistent supplies of the natural anti-malaria drugs cinchona bark and quinine prompted substantial funding into research and development of other drugs and vaccines. American military organizations conducting such research initiatives include the Navy Medical Research Center, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, and the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases of the US Armed Forces.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.882535457611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Malaria" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria and to treat babesiosis. This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available. While used for restless legs syndrome, it is not recommended for this purpose. It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously. Malaria that is resistant to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.259068489074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of the cinchona tree. Extracts from the bark have been used to treat malaria since at least 1632. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. The wholesale price in the developing world is about US$1.70 to $3.40 per course of treatment. In the United States a course of treatment is more than $200.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6606037616729736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "As of 2006, it is no longer recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization) as a first-line treatment for malaria, and it should be used only when artemisinins are not available. Quinine is also used to treat lupus and arthritis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5644001960754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "In the past, quinine was frequently prescribed in the US as an off-label treatment for nocturnal leg cramps, but this has become less prevalent due to a Food and Drug Administration statement warning against the practice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1265459060668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine is a basic amine and is usually provided as a salt. Various existing preparations include the hydrochloride, dihydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate and gluconate. In the United States, quinine sulfate is commercially available in 324-mg tablets under the brand name Qualaquin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.79648208618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "All quinine salts may be given orally or intravenously (IV); quinine gluconate may also be given intramuscularly (IM) or rectally (PR). The main problem with the rectal route is that the dose can be expelled before it is completely absorbed; in practice, this is corrected by giving a further half dose. No injectable preparation of quinine is licensed in the US; quinidine is used instead. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.08331298828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Bromo Quinine were brand name cold tablets containing quinine, manufactured by Grove Laboratories. They were first marketed in 1889 and at least available until the 1960s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.54179573059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine is a flavour component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. On the soda gun behind many bars, tonic water is designated by the letter \"Q\" representing quinine. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.339306831359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "In France, quinine is an ingredient of an apéritif known as quinquina or \"Cap Corse\". In Spain, quinine (\"Peruvian bark\") is sometimes blended into sweet Malaga wine, which is then called \"Malaga Quina\". In Italy, the traditional flavoured wine Barolo Chinato is infused with quinine and local herbs and is served as a digestif. In Canada and Italy, quinine is an ingredient in the carbonated chinotto beverages Brio and San Pellegrino. In Scotland, the company A.G. Barr uses quinine as an ingredient in the carbonated and caffeinated beverage Irn-Bru. In Uruguay and Argentina, quinine is an ingredient of a PepsiCo tonic water named Paso de los Toros. In Denmark, it is used as an ingredient in the carbonated sports drink Faxe Kondi made by Royal Unibrew. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.738662242889404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "In some areas, non-medical use of quinine is regulated. For example, in the United States and Germany, quinine is limited to between 83 and 85 parts per million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.865506172180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine (and quinidine) are used as the chiral moiety for the ligands used in Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation as well as for numerous other chiral catalyst backbones. Because of its relatively constant and well-known fluorescence quantum yield, quinine is used in photochemistry as a common fluorescence standard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.478123664855957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine can cause abnormal heart rhythms, and should be avoided if possible in patients with atrial fibrillation, conduction defects, or heart block. Quinine can cause hemolysis in G6PD deficiency (an inherited deficiency), but this risk is small and the physician should not hesitate to use quinine in patients with G6PD deficiency when there is no alternative. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.10287857055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine in some cases can lead to constipation, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, and/or vivid dreams. The New York Times Magazine described a case presenting with fever, hypotension, and blood abnormalities mimicking septic shock, which was judged to be an adverse reaction to quinine. Quinine can also cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms can be severe enough to require hospitalization and platelet transfusion, with several cases known to have resulted in death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.695716857910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine can, in therapeutic doses, cause cinchonism; in rare cases, it may even cause death (usually by pulmonary edema). The development of mild cinchonism is not a reason for stopping or interrupting quinine therapy, and the patient should be reassured. Blood glucose levels and electrolyte concentrations must be monitored when quinine is given by injection. The patient should ideally be in cardiac monitoring when the first quinine injection is given (these precautions are often unavailable in developing countries where malaria is endemic).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.889867782592773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Cinchonism is much less common when quinine is given by mouth, but oral quinine is not well tolerated (quinine is exceedingly bitter and many patients will vomit after ingesting quinine tablets): Other drugs, such as Fansidar (sulfadoxine with pyrimethamine) or Malarone (proguanil with atovaquone), are often used when oral therapy is required. Quinine ethyl carbonate is tasteless and odourless, but is available commercially only in Japan. Blood glucose, electrolyte and cardiac monitoring are not necessary when quinine is given by mouth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2358880043029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved. The most widely accepted hypothesis of its action is based on the well-studied and closely related quinoline drug, chloroquine. This model involves the inhibition of hemozoin biocrystallization in Heme Detoxification pathway, which facilitates the aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing their deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.797749996185303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The UV absorption of quinine peaks around 350 nm (in UVA). Fluorescent emission peaks at around 460 nm (bright blue/cyan hue). Quinine is highly fluorescent (quantum yield ~0.58) in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.617938995361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Cinchona trees remain the only economically practical source of quinine. However, under wartime pressure, research towards its synthetic production was undertaken. A formal chemical synthesis was accomplished in 1944 by American chemists R.B. Woodward and W.E. Doering. Since then, several more efficient quinine total syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. The first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesize quinine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.747681617736816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The bark of Remijia contains 0.5–2% of quinine. The bark is cheaper than bark of Cinchona, and as it has an intense taste it is used for making tonic water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.835136413574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine was used as a muscle relaxant, by the Quechua, who are indigenous to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador to halt shivering due to low temperatures. The Quechuas would mix the ground bark of cinchona trees with sweetened water to offset the bark's bitter taste, thus producing tonic water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.718397617340088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The Jesuits were the first to bring cinchona to Europe. The Spanish were aware of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark by the 1570s or earlier: Nicolás Monardes (1571) and Juan Fragoso (1572) both described a tree that was subsequently identified as the cinchona tree and whose bark was used to produce a drink to treat diarrhea. Quinine has been used in unextracted form by Europeans since at least the early 17th century. It was first used to treat malaria in Rome in 1631. During the 17th century, malaria was endemic to the swamps and marshes surrounding the city of Rome. Malaria was responsible for the deaths of several popes, many cardinals and countless common Roman citizens. Most of the priests trained in Rome had seen malaria victims and were familiar with the shivering brought on by the febrile phase of the disease. The Jesuit brother Agostino Salumbrino (1564–1642), an apothecary by training who lived in Lima, observed the Quechua using the bark of the cinchona tree for that purpose. While its effect in treating malaria (and hence malaria-induced shivering) was unrelated to its effect in controlling shivering from rigors, it was still a successful medicine for malaria. At the first opportunity, Salumbrino sent a small quantity to Rome to test as a malaria treatment. In the years that followed, cinchona bark, known as Jesuit's bark or Peruvian bark, became one of the most valuable commodities shipped from Peru to Europe. When King Charles II was cured of malaria at the end of the 17th Century with quinine, it became popular in London. It remained the antimalarial drug of choice until the 1940s, when other drugs took over. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7314565181732178, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "The form of quinine most effective in treating malaria was found by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1737. Quinine was isolated and named in 1820 by French researchers Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou. The name was derived from the original Quechua (Inca) word for the cinchona tree bark, quina or quina-quina, which means \"bark of bark\" or \"holy bark\". Prior to 1820, the bark was first dried, ground to a fine powder, and then mixed into a liquid (commonly wine) which was then drunk. Large-scale use of quinine as a prophylaxis started around 1850.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.577554225921631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine also played a significant role in the colonization of Africa by Europeans. Quinine had been said to be the prime reason Africa ceased to be known as the \"white man's grave\". A historian has stated, \"it was quinine's efficacy that gave colonists fresh opportunities to swarm into the Gold Coast, Nigeria and other parts of west Africa\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.172102928161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "To maintain their monopoly on cinchona bark, Peru and surrounding countries began outlawing the export of cinchona seeds and saplings beginning in the early 19th century. The Dutch government persisted in its attempt to smuggle the seeds, and by the 1930s Dutch plantations in Java were producing 22 million pounds of cinchona bark, or 97% of the world's quinine production. During World War II, Allied powers were cut off from their supply of quinine when the Germans conquered the Netherlands and the Japanese controlled the Philippines and Indonesia. The United States had managed to obtain four million cinchona seeds from the Philippines and began operating cinchona plantations in Costa Rica. Nonetheless, such supplies came too late; tens of thousands of US troops in Africa and the South Pacific died due to the lack of quinine. Despite controlling the supply, the Japanese did not make effective use of quinine, and thousands of Japanese troops in the southwest Pacific died as a result. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.579499244689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "From 1969 to 1992, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received 157 reports of health problems related to quinine use, including 23 which had resulted in death. In 1994, the FDA banned the marketing of over-the-counter quinine as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps. Pfizer Pharmaceuticals had been selling the brand name Legatrin for this purpose. Also sold as a Softgel (by SmithKlineBeecham) as Q-vel. Doctors may still prescribe quinine, but the FDA has ordered firms to stop marketing unapproved drug products containing quinine. The FDA is also cautioning consumers about off-label use of quinine to treat leg cramps. Quinine is approved for treatment of malaria, but is also commonly prescribed to treat leg cramps and similar conditions. Because malaria is life-threatening, the risks associated with quinine use are considered acceptable when used to treat that affliction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5744688510894775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine is sometimes detected as a cutting agent in street drugs such as cocaine and heroin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.898712158203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" }, { "answer": "Quinine", "passage": "Quinine is used as a treatment for Cryptocaryon irritans (commonly referred to as white spot, crypto or marine ich) infection of marine aquarium fish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.939046859741211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Quinine" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "J. Gordon Whitehead", "Jocelyn Gordon Whitehead", "Hudini", "Ehrich Weiss", "Houdiniesque", "Erik Weisz", "Houdini", "Harry Hudini", "Marie H. Blood", "The Houdini", "Weisz Erik", "Harry Houdini", "Erik Weiss", "Weiss Erik", "Hoodini", "Houdini, Harry", "Erich Weiss" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "weisz erik", "marie h blood", "houdiniesque", "houdini", "erik weisz", "harry hudini", "houdini harry", "erich weiss", "ehrich weiss", "harry houdini", "j gordon whitehead", "jocelyn gordon whitehead", "hoodini", "hudini", "weiss erik", "erik weiss" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "harry houdini", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Harry Houdini" }

[ { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was an American illusionist and stunt performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted notice in vaudeville in the US and then as \"Harry Handcuff Houdini\" on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to escape from and hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.", "precise_score": 2.930788993835449, "rough_score": 4.5976948738098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Ehrich Weisz was born in Budapest to a Jewish family. His parents were Rabbi Mayer Sámuel Weisz (1829–1892) and Cecília Steiner (1841–1913). Houdini was one of seven children: Herman M. (1863–1885) who was Houdini's half-brother, by Rabbi Weisz's first marriage; Nathan J. (1870–1927); Gottfried William (1872–1925); Theodore (1876–1945); Leopold D. (1879–1962); and Carrie Gladys (1882–1959), who was left almost blind after a childhood accident. ", "precise_score": 0.15949375927448273, "rough_score": 4.40815544128418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "According to the 1880 census, the family lived on Appleton Street.1880 US Census with Samuel M. Weiss, Cecelia (wife), Armin M., Nathan J., Ehrich, Theodore, and Leopold. On June 6, 1882, Rabbi Weiss became an American citizen. Losing his tenure at Zion in 1887, Rabbi Weiss moved with Ehrich to New York City, where they lived in a boarding house on East 79th Street. He was joined by the rest of the family once Rabbi Weiss found permanent housing. As a child, Ehrich Weiss took several jobs, making his public début as a 9-year-old trapeze artist, calling himself \"Ehrich, the Prince of the Air\". He was also a champion cross country runner in his youth. When Weiss became a professional magician he began calling himself \"Harry Houdini\", after the French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, after reading Robert-Houdin's autobiography in 1890. Weiss incorrectly believed that an i at the end of a name meant \"like\" in French. In later life, Houdini claimed that the first part of his new name, Harry, was an homage to Harry Kellar, whom he also admired. ", "precise_score": -9.802643775939941, "rough_score": -6.6713480949401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The magician Joseph Rinn had coached Houdini as a teenager at the Pastime Athletic Club. ", "precise_score": -5.481728553771973, "rough_score": -6.96430778503418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After much research, Houdini wrote a collection of articles on the history of magic, which were expanded into The Unmasking of Robert-Houdin published in 1908. In this book he attacked his former idol Robert-Houdin as liar and a fraud for having claimed the invention of automata and effects such as aerial suspension, which had been in existence for many years. Many of the allegations in the book were dismissed by magicians and researchers who defended Robert-Houdin. Magician Jean Hugard would later write a full rebuttal to Houdini's book. ", "precise_score": -8.996635437011719, "rough_score": -7.528791904449463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "For most of his career, Houdini was a headline act in vaudeville. For many years, he was the highest-paid performer in American vaudeville. One of Houdini's most notable non-escape stage illusions was performed at the New York Hippodrome, when he vanished a full-grown elephant from the stage. He had purchased this trick from the magician Charles Morritt. In 1923, Houdini became president of Martinka & Co., America's oldest magic company. The business is still in operation today.", "precise_score": -8.686195373535156, "rough_score": -7.165627479553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "He also served as President of the Society of American Magicians (aka S.A.M.) from 1917 until his death in 1926. Founded on May 10, 1902, in the back room of Martinka's magic shop in New York, the Society expanded under the leadership of Harry Houdini during his term as National President from 1917 to 1926. Houdini was magic's greatest visionary. He sought to create a large, unified national network of professional and amateur magicians. Wherever he traveled, Houdini gave a lengthy formal address to the local magic club, made speeches, and usually threw a banquet for the members at his own expense. He said \"The Magicians Clubs as a rule are small: they are weak...but if we were amalgamated into one big body the society would be stronger, and it would mean making the small clubs powerful and worth while. Members would find a welcome wherever they happened to be and, conversely, the safeguard of a city-to-city hotline to track exposers and other undesirables.\"", "precise_score": -5.761741638183594, "rough_score": -3.2001028060913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "By the end of 1916, magicians' clubs in San Francisco and other cities that Houdini had not visited were offering to become assemblies. He had created the richest and longest-surviving organization of magicians in the world. It now embraces almost 6,000 dues-paying members and almost 300 assemblies worldwide. In July 1926, Houdini was elected for the ninth successive time President of the Society of American Magicians. Every other president has only served for one year. He also was President of the Magicians' Club of London. ", "precise_score": -6.201718807220459, "rough_score": -5.547310829162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In the final years of his life (1925/26), Houdini launched his own full-evening show, which he billed as \"Three Shows in One: Magic, Escapes, and Fraud Mediums Exposed\". ", "precise_score": -8.136531829833984, "rough_score": -8.019444465637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's final buried alive was an elaborate stage escape that featured in his full evening show. Houdini escaped after being strapped in a straitjacket, sealed in a casket, and then buried in a large tank filled with sand. While posters advertising the escape exist (playing off the Bey challenge by boasting \"Egyptian Fakirs Outdone!\"), it is unclear whether Houdini ever performed buried alive on stage. The stunt was to be the feature escape of his 1927 season, but Houdini died on October 31, 1926. The bronze casket Houdini created for buried alive was used to transport Houdini's body from Detroit to New York following his death on Halloween. ", "precise_score": -7.616789817810059, "rough_score": -7.891523838043213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In the 1920s, Houdini turned his energies toward debunking psychics and mediums, a pursuit that inspired and was followed by latter-day stage magicians. ", "precise_score": -7.437445163726807, "rough_score": -7.032453536987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The tradition of holding a séance for Houdini continues, held by magicians throughout the world. The Official Houdini Séance was organized in the 1940s by Sidney Hollis Radner, a Houdini aficionado from Holyoke, Massachusetts. Yearly Houdini séances are also conducted in Chicago at the Excalibur nightclub by \"necromancer\" Neil Tobin on behalf of the Chicago Assembly of the Society of American Magicians; and at the Houdini Museum in Scranton by magician Dorothy Dietrich, who previously held them at New York's Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographers Walter B. Gibson and Milbourne Christopher. Gibson was asked by Bess Houdini to carry on the original seance tradition. After doing them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House, before he died, Walter passed on the tradition of conducting of the Original Seances to Dorothy Dietrich.", "precise_score": -9.40198802947998, "rough_score": -4.978684902191162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Ehrich Weiss", "passage": "Unlike the image of the classic magician, Houdini was short and stocky and typically appeared on stage in a long frock coat and tie. Most biographers give his height as , but descriptions vary. Houdini was also said to be slightly bow-legged, which aided in his ability to gain slack during his rope escapes. In the 1997 biography Houdini!!!: The Career of Ehrich Weiss, author Kenneth Silverman summarizes how reporters described Houdini's appearance during his early career:", "precise_score": -9.250056266784668, "rough_score": -7.291781425476074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini made the only known recordings of his voice on Edison wax cylinders on October 29, 1914, in Flatbush, New York. On them, Houdini practices several different introductory speeches for his famous Chinese water torture cell. He also invites his sister, Gladys, to recite a poem. Houdini then recites the same poem in German. The six wax cylinders were discovered in the collection of magician John Mulholland after his death in 1970. They are part of the David Copperfield collection. ", "precise_score": -8.228880882263184, "rough_score": -7.2645745277404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Harry Houdini died of peritonitis, secondary to a ruptured appendix at 1:26 p.m. on October 31, 1926 in Room 401 at Detroit's Grace Hospital, aged 52. In his final days, he optimistically held to a strong belief that he would recover, but his last words before dying were reportedly, \"I'm tired of fighting.\" Eyewitnesses to an incident at Houdini's dressing room in the Princess Theatre in Montreal gave rise to speculation that Houdini's death was caused by a McGill University student, J. Gordon Whitehead, who delivered a surprise attack of multiple blows to Houdini's abdomen.", "precise_score": 1.512289047241211, "rough_score": 5.75023889541626, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's funeral was held on November 4, 1926, in New York City, with more than 2,000 mourners in attendance. He was interred in the Machpelah Cemetery in Glendale, Queens, with the crest of the Society of American Magicians inscribed on his grave site. A statuary bust was added to the exedra in 1927, a rarity, because graven images are forbidden in Jewish cemeteries. In 1975, the bust was destroyed by vandals. Temporary busts were placed at the grave until 2011 when a group who came to be called The Houdini Commandos from the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania placed a permanent bust with the permission of Houdini's family and of the cemetery. The Society of American Magicians took responsibility for the upkeep of the site, as Houdini had willed a large sum of money to the organization he had grown from one club to 5,000-6,000 dues-paying membership worldwide. The payment of upkeep was abandoned by the society's dean George Schindler, who said “Houdini paid for perpetual care, but there’s nobody at the cemetery to provide it,” adding that the operator of the cemetery, David Jacobson, “sends us a bill for upkeep every year but we never pay it because he never provides any care.” The Society tidies the grave themselves. ", "precise_score": -5.824312210083008, "rough_score": -5.818581581115723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": " Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz have been caring for the escape artist’s Queens grave over the years. “This is a monument where people go and visit on a daily basis,” said Dietrich who is spearheading restoration efforts. \"The nearly 80-year-old popular plot at the Machpelah Cemetery has fallen into disrepair over the years.\" \"The Houdini Museum has teamed with The Society of American Magicians, one of the oldest fraternal magic organizations in the world, to give the beloved site a facelift.\" The organization has a specific Houdini gravesite committee made up of nine members headed up by President elect David Bowers who brought this project to the Society’s attention. Kenrick “Ice” McDonald, the current president of the Society of American Magicians said “You have to know the history. Houdini served as President from 1917 until his death in 1926. Houdini’s burial site needs an infusion of cash to restore it to its former glory.\" Magician Dietrich said the repairs could cost “tens of thousands of dollars,” after consulting with glass experts and grave artisans. “It’s a wonderful project, but it’s taken a lifetime to get people interested,” she said. “It’s long overdue, and it’s great that it’s happening.” Houdini was a living superhero,” Dietrich said. “He wasn’t just a magician and escape artist, he was great humanitarian.”", "precise_score": -8.353222846984863, "rough_score": -7.131679534912109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "More than half of Houdini's archival estate holdings and memorabilia were willed to his fellow magician and friend, John Mulholland (1898–1970). In 1991, illusionist and television performer David Copperfield purchased all of Mulholland's Houdini holdings from Mulholland's estate. These are now archived and preserved in Copperfield's warehouse at his headquarters in Las Vegas. It contains the world's largest collection of Houdini memorabilia, and preserves approximately 80,000 items of memorabilia of Houdini and other magicians, including Houdini's stage props and material, his rebuilt water torture cabinet and his metamorphosis trunk. It is not open to the public, but tours are available by invitation to magicians, scholars, researchers, journalists and serious collectors.", "precise_score": -8.982720375061035, "rough_score": -7.159290313720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In a posthumous ceremony on October 31, 1975, Houdini was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7001 Hollywood Blvd. ", "precise_score": -8.3377046585083, "rough_score": -7.461731910705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1904, thousands watched as he tried to escape from special handcuffs commissioned by London's Daily Mirror, keeping them in suspense for an hour. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface, emerging in a state of near-breakdown. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who imitated his escape stunts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.208902359008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini made several movies, but quit acting when it failed to bring in money. He was also a keen aviator, and aimed to become the first man to fly a plane in Australia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.169898986816406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini was an active Freemason and was a member of St. Cecile Lodge #568 in New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.660531044006348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1918, he registered for selective service as Harry Handcuff Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.172823905944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "He began his magic career in 1891, but had little success. He appeared in a tent act with strongman Emil Jarrow. He performed in dime museums and sideshows, and even doubled as \"The Wild Man\" at a circus. Houdini focused initially on traditional card tricks. At one point, he billed himself as the \"King of Cards\". He soon began experimenting with escape acts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.433525085449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1893, while performing with his brother \"Dash\" (Theodore) at Coney Island as \"The Brothers Houdini,\" Harry met a fellow performer, Wilhelmina Beatrice \"Bess\" Rahner. Bess was initially courted by Dash, but she and Houdini married in 1894, with Bess replacing Dash in the act, which became known as \"The Houdinis.\" For the rest of Houdini's performing career, Bess worked as his stage assistant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78028392791748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's big break came in 1899 when he met manager Martin Beck in St. Paul, Minnesota. Impressed by Houdini's handcuffs act, Beck advised him to concentrate on escape acts and booked him on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit. Within months, he was performing at the top vaudeville houses in the country. In 1900, Beck arranged for Houdini to tour Europe. After some days of unsuccessful interviews in London, Houdini's British agent Harry Day helped him to get an interview with C. Dundas Slater, then manager of the Alhambra Theatre. He was introduced to William Melville and gave a demonstration of escape from handcuffs at Scotland Yard. He succeeded in baffling the police so effectively that he was booked at the Alhambra for six months. His show was an immediate hit and his salary rose to $300 a week. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941503524780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini became widely known as \"The Handcuff King.\" He toured England, Scotland, the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Russia. In each city, Houdini challenged local police to restrain him with shackles and lock him in their jails. In many of these challenge escapes, Houdini was first stripped nude and searched. In Moscow, Houdini escaped from a Siberian prison transport van. Houdini claimed that, had he been unable to free himself, he would have had to travel to Siberia, where the only key was kept. In Cologne, he sued a police officer, Werner Graff, who alleged that he made his escapes via bribery. Houdini won the case when he opened the judge's safe (he later said the judge had forgotten to lock it). With his new-found wealth, Houdini purchased a dress said to have been made for Queen Victoria. He then arranged a grand reception where he presented his mother in the dress to all their relatives. Houdini said it was the happiest day of his life. In 1904, Houdini returned to the U.S. and purchased a house for $25,000, a brownstone at 278 W. 113th Street in Harlem, New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.731281280517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1906, Houdini created his own publication, the Conjurers' Monthly Magazine. It was a competitor to The Sphinx, but was short-lived and only two volumes were released until August of 1908. Magic historian Jim Steinmeyer has noted that \"Houdini couldn't resist using the journal for his own crusades, attacking his rivals, praising his own appearances, and subtly rewriting history to favor his view of magic.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.05616283416748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "From 1907 and throughout the 1910s, Houdini performed with great success in the United States. He freed himself from jails, handcuffs, chains, ropes, and straitjackets, often while hanging from a rope in sight of street audiences. Because of imitators, on January 25, 1908, Houdini put his \"handcuff act\" behind him and began escaping from a locked, water-filled milk can. The possibility of failure and death thrilled his audiences. Houdini also expanded his repertoire with his escape challenge act, in which he invited the public to devise contraptions to hold him. These included nailed packing crates (sometimes lowered into water), riveted boilers, wet sheets, mail bags, and even the belly of a whale that had washed ashore in Boston. Brewers in Scranton, Pennsylvania and other cities challenged Houdini to escape from a barrel after they filled it with beer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.968387603759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Many of these challenges were arranged with local merchants in one of the first uses of mass tie-in marketing. Rather than promote the idea that he was assisted by spirits, as did the Davenport Brothers and others, Houdini's advertisements showed him making his escapes via dematerializing, although Houdini himself never claimed to have supernatural powers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842107772827148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Whilst on tour in Europe in 1902, Houdini visited Blois with the aim of meeting the widow of Emile Houdin, the son of Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin for an interview and permission to visit his grave. He did not receive permission but still visited the grave. Houdini believed that he had been treated unfairly and later wrote a negative account of the incident in his magazine claiming he was \"treated most discourteously by Madame W. Emile Robert-Houdin.\" In 1906, he sent a letter to the French magazine L'Illusionniste stating \"You will certainly enjoy the article on Robert Houdin I am about to publish in my magazine. Yes, my dear friend, I think I can finally demolish your idol, who has so long been placed on a pedestal that he did not deserve.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.638927459716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1913, Houdini introduced perhaps his most famous act, the Chinese Water Torture Cell, in which he was suspended upside-down in a locked glass-and-steel cabinet full to overflowing with water. The act required that Houdini hold his breath for more than three minutes. Houdini performed the escape for the rest of his career. During his career, Houdini explained some of his tricks in books written for the magic brotherhood. In Handcuff Secrets (1909), he revealed how many locks and handcuffs could be opened with properly applied force, others with shoestrings. Other times, he carried concealed lockpicks or keys. When tied down in ropes or straitjackets, he gained wiggle room by enlarging his shoulders and chest, moving his arms slightly away from his body. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.9894437789917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "His straitjacket escape was originally performed behind curtains, with him popping out free at the end. Houdini's brother, (who was also an escape artist, billing himself as Theodore Hardeen), discovered that audiences were more impressed when the curtains were eliminated so they could watch him struggle to get out. On more than one occasion, they both performed straitjacket escapes while dangling upside-down from the roof of a building in the same city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079399108886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "For most of 1916, while on his vaudeville tour, Houdini, at his own expense, had been recruiting local magic clubs to join the S.A.M. in an effort to revitalize what he felt was a weak organization. Houdini persuaded groups in Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Kansas City to join. As had happened in London, Houdini persuaded magicians to join. The Buffalo club joined as the first branch, (later assembly) of the Society. Chicago Assembly No. 3 was, as the name implies, the third regional club to be established by the S.A.M., whose assemblies now number in the hundreds. In 1917, he signed Assembly Number Three's charter into existence, and that charter and this club continue to provide Chicago magicians with a connection to each other and to their past. Houdini dined with, addressed, and got pledges from similar clubs in Detroit, Rochester, Pittsburgh, Kansas City, Cincinnati and elsewhere. This was the biggest movement ever in the history of magic. In places where no clubs existed, he rounded up individual magicians, introduced them to each other, and urged them into the fold.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.0823392868042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1904, the London Daily Mirror newspaper challenged Houdini to escape from special handcuffs that it claimed had taken Nathaniel Hart, a locksmith from Birmingham, five years to make. Houdini accepted the challenge for March 17 during a matinée performance at London's Hippodrome theater. It was reported that 4000 people and more than 100 journalists turned out for the much-hyped event. The escape attempt dragged on for over an hour, during which Houdini emerged from his \"ghost house\" (a small screen used to conceal the method of his escape) several times. On one occasion he asked if the cuffs could be removed so he could take off his coat. The Mirror representative, Frank Parker, refused, saying Houdini could gain an advantage if he saw how the cuffs were unlocked. Houdini promptly took out a pen-knife and, holding the knife in his teeth, used it to cut his coat from his body. Some 56 minutes later, Houdini's wife appeared on stage and gave him a kiss. Many thought that in her mouth was the key to unlock the special handcuffs. However, it has since been suggested that Bess did not in fact enter the stage at all, and that this theory is unlikely due to the size of the 6-inch key Houdini then went back behind the curtain. After an hour and ten minutes, Houdini emerged free. As he was paraded on the shoulders of the cheering crowd, he broke down and wept. Houdini later said it was the most difficult escape of his career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.844077110290527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After Houdini's death, his friend Martin Beck was quoted in Will Goldston's book, Sensational Tales of Mystery Men, as admitting that Houdini was bested that day and had appealed to his wife, Bess, for help. Goldston goes on to claim that Bess begged the key from the Mirror representative, then slipped it to Houdini in a glass of water. It was stated in the book The Secret Life of Houdini that the key required to open the specially designed Mirror handcuffs was 6 inches long, and could not have been smuggled to Houdini in a glass of water. Goldston offered no proof of his account, and many modern biographers have found evidence (notably in the custom design of the handcuffs) that the Mirror challenge may have been arranged by Houdini and that his long struggle to escape was pure showmanship. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.220484733581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "This escape was discussed in depth on the Travel Channel's Mysteries at the Museum in an interview with Houdini expert, magician and escape artist Dorothy Dietrich of Scranton's Houdini Museum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.582911491394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "A full-sized design of the same Mirror Handcuffs, as well as a replica of the Bramah style key for it, is on display to the public at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. This set of cuffs is believed to be one of only six in the world, some of which are not on display. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734991073608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1908, Houdini introduced his own original act, the milk can escape. In this act, Houdini was handcuffed and sealed inside an over-sized milk can filled with water and made his escape behind a curtain. As part of the effect, Houdini invited members of the audience to hold their breath along with him while he was inside the can. Advertised with dramatic posters that proclaimed \"Failure Means A Drowning Death,\" the escape proved to be a sensation. Houdini soon modified the escape to include the milk can being locked inside a wooden chest, being chained or padlocked. Houdini performed the milk can escape as a regular part of his act for only four years, but it has remained one of the acts most associated with him. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, continued to perform the milk can escape and its wooden chest variant into the 1940s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.89724063873291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The American Museum of Magic has the milk can and overboard box used by Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83013916015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Around 1912, the vast number of imitators prompted Houdini to replace his milk can act with the Chinese water torture cell. In this escape, Houdini's feet were locked in stocks, and he was lowered upside down into a tank filled with water. The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks were locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain concealed his escape. In the earliest version of the torture cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult - the cage prevented Houdini from turning - the cage bars also offered protection should the front glass break. The original cell was built in England, where Houdini first performed the escape for an audience of one person as part of a one-act play he called \"Houdini Upside Down.\" This was so he could copyright the effect and have grounds to sue imitators, which he did. While the escape was advertised as \"The Chinese Water Torture Cell\" or \"The Water Torture Cell,\" Houdini always referred to it as \"the Upside Down\" or \"USD\". The first public performance of the USD was at the Circus Busch in Berlin, on September 21, 1912. Houdini continued to perform the escape until his death in 1926.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.87183952331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "One of Houdini's most popular publicity stunts was to have himself strapped into a regulation straitjacket and suspended by his ankles from a tall building or crane. Houdini would then make his escape in full view of the assembled crowd. In many cases, Houdini drew tens of thousands of onlookers who brought city traffic to a halt. Houdini would sometimes ensure press coverage by performing the escape from the office building of a local newspaper. In New York City, Houdini performed the suspended straitjacket escape from a crane being used to build the New York subway. After flinging his body in the air, he escaped from the straitjacket. Starting from when he was hoisted up in the air by the crane, to when the straitjacket was completely off, it took him two minutes and thirty-seven seconds. There is film footage in the Library of Congress of Houdini performing the escape. Films of his escapes are also shown at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA. After being battered against a building in high winds during one escape, Houdini performed the escape with a visible safety wire on his ankle so that he could be pulled away from the building if necessary. The idea for the upside-down escape was given to Houdini by a young boy named Randolph Osborne Douglas (March 31, 1895 – December 5, 1956), when the two met at a performance at Sheffield's Empire Theatre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.932991981506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Another of Houdini's most famous publicity stunts was to escape from a nailed and roped packing crate after it had been lowered into water. Houdini first performed the escape in New York's East River on July 7, 1912. Police forbade him from using one of the piers, so Houdini hired a tugboat and invited press on board. Houdini was locked in handcuffs and leg-irons, then nailed into the crate which was roped and weighed down with two hundred pounds of lead. The crate was then lowered into the water. Houdini escaped in 57 seconds. The crate was pulled to the surface and found still to be intact, with the manacles inside. Houdini performed this escape many times, and even performed a version on stage, first at Hamerstein's Roof Garden where a tank was specially built, and later at the New York Hippodrome. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.707629203796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini performed at least three variations on a buried alive stunt during his career. The first was near Santa Ana, California in 1915, and it almost cost Houdini his life. Houdini was buried, without a casket, in a pit of earth six feet deep. He became exhausted and panicked while trying to dig his way to the surface and called for help. When his hand finally broke the surface, he fell unconscious and had to be pulled from the grave by his assistants. Houdini wrote in his diary that the escape was \"very dangerous\" and that \"the weight of the earth is killing.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.849227905273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's second variation on buried alive was an endurance test designed to expose mystical Egyptian performer Rahman Bey, who had claimed to use supernatural powers to remain in a sealed casket for an hour. Houdini bettered Bey on August 5, 1926, by remaining in a sealed casket, or coffin, submerged in the swimming pool of New York's Hotel Shelton for one and a half hours. Houdini claimed he did not use any trickery or supernatural powers to accomplish this feat, just controlled breathing. He repeated the feat at the YMCA in Worcester, Massachusetts on September 28, 1926, this time remaining sealed for one hour and eleven minutes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.656963348388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1906, Houdini started showing films of his outside escapes as part of his vaudeville act. In Boston, he presented a short film called Houdini Defeats Hackenschmidt. Georg Hackenschmidt was a famous wrestler of the day, but the nature of their contest is unknown as the film is lost. In 1909, Houdini made a film in Paris for Cinema Lux titled Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris (Marvellous Exploits of the Famous Houdini in Paris). It featured a loose narrative designed to showcase several of Houdini's famous escapes, including his straitjacket and underwater handcuff escapes. That same year Houdini got an offer to star as Captain Nemo in a silent version of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but the project never made it into production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.881912231445312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "It is often erroneously reported that Houdini served as special-effects consultant on the Wharton/International cliffhanger serial, The Mysteries of Myra, shot in Ithaca, New York, because Harry Grossman, director of The Master Mystery also filmed a serial in Ithaca at about the same time. The consultants on the serial were pioneering Hereward Carrington and Aleister Crowley. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.252702713012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1918, Houdini signed a contract with film producer B.A. Rolfe to star in a 15-part serial, The Master Mystery (released in January 1919). As was common at the time, the film serial was released simultaneously with a novel. Financial difficulties resulted in B.A. Rolfe Productions going out of business, but The Master Mystery led to Houdini being signed by Famous Players-Lasky Corporation/Paramount Pictures, for whom he made two pictures, The Grim Game (1919) and Terror Island (1920). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11156177520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Grim Game was Houdini's first full-length movie and is reputed to be his best. Because of the flammable nature of nitrate film and the inherent chemical instability of the acetate \"safety\" film that supplanted it, only 10 percent of old silent movies exist. Film historians considered the film lost. One copy did exist hidden in the collection of a private collector only known to a tiny group of magicians that saw it. Dick Brookz and Dorothy Dietrich of The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania had seen it twice on the invitation of the collector. After many years of trying, they finally got him to agree to sell the film to Turner Classic Movies who restored the complete 71-minute film. The film, not seen by the general public for 96 years was shown by TCM on March29, 2015, as a highlight of their yearly 4-day festival in Hollywood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.090167045593262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "While filming an aerial stunt for The Grim Game, two biplanes collided in mid-air with a stuntman doubling Houdini dangling by a rope from one of the planes. Publicity was geared heavily toward promoting this dramatic \"caught on film\" moment, claiming it was Houdini himself dangling from the plane. While filming these movies in Los Angeles, Houdini rented a home in Laurel Canyon. Following his two-picture stint in Hollywood, Houdini returned to New York and started his own film production company called the \"Houdini Picture Corporation\". He produced and starred in two films, The Man from Beyond (1921) and Haldane of the Secret Service (1923). He also founded his own film laboratory business called The Film Development Corporation (FDC), gambling on a new process for developing motion picture film. Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, left his own career as a magician and escape artist to run the company. Magician Harry Kellar was a major investor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.721592903137207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Neither Houdini's acting career nor FDC found success, and he gave up on the movie business in 1923, complaining that \"the profits are too meager\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.563008308410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In April 2008, Kino International released a DVD box set of Houdini's surviving silent films, including The Master Mystery, Terror Island, The Man From Beyond, Haldane of the Secret Service, and five minutes from The Grim Game. The set also includes newsreel footage of Houdini's escapes from 1907 to 1923, and a section from Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris, although it is not identified as such. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.561192512512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1909, Houdini became fascinated with aviation. He purchased a French Voisin biplane for $5,000 and hired a full-time mechanic, Antonio Brassac. After crashing once, he made his first successful flight on November 26 in Hamburg, Germany. The following year, Houdini toured Australia. He brought along his Voisin biplane with the intention to be the first person in Australia to fly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301156997680664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In 1965, aviation journalist Stanley Brogden formed the view that the first powered flight in Australia took place at Bolivar in South Australia; the aircraft was a Bleriot monoplane with Fred Custance as the pilot. The flight took place on March 17, 1910. The next day when Houdini took to the air, the Herald newspaper reported Custance's flight, stating it had lasted 5 minutes 25 seconds at a height of between 12 and 15 feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671762466430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "In 2010, Australia Post issued stamps commemorating Colin Defries, Houdini and John Robertson Duigan, crediting only Defries and Duigan with historical firsts. Duigan was an Australian pioneer aviator who built and flew the first Australian-made aircraft. Australia Post did acknowledge the part Houdini played (Harry Houdini can't escape being part of Australia's history) but did not attribute any record to him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352591514587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After completing his Australia tour, Houdini put the Voisin into storage in England. He announced he would use it to fly from city to city during his next Music Hall tour, and even promised to leap from it handcuffed, but he never flew again. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.47637939453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's training in magic allowed him to expose frauds who had successfully fooled many scientists and academics. He was a member of a Scientific American committee that offered a cash prize to any medium who could successfully demonstrate supernatural abilities. None was able to do so, and the prize was never collected. The first to be tested was medium George Valiantine of Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. As his fame as a \"ghostbuster\" grew, Houdini took to attending séances in disguise, accompanied by a reporter and police officer. Possibly the most famous medium whom he debunked was Mina Crandon, also known as \"Margery\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.673819541931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Joaquín Argamasilla known as the \"Spaniard with X-ray Eyes\" claimed to be able to read handwriting or numbers on dice through closed metal boxes. In 1924, he was exposed by Houdini as a fraud. Argamasilla peeked through his simple blindfold and lifted up the edge of the box so he could look inside it without others noticing. Houdini also investigated the Italian medium Nino Pecoraro who he considered to be fraudulent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.23519229888916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's exposing of phony mediums has inspired other magicians to follow suit, including The Amazing Randi, Dorothy Dietrich, Penn & Teller, and Dick Brookz. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.445755958557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini chronicled his debunking exploits in his book, A Magician Among the Spirits, co-authored with C. M. Eddy, Jr., who was not credited. These activities cost Houdini the friendship of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle, a firm believer in spiritualism during his later years, refused to believe any of Houdini's exposés. Doyle came to believe that Houdini was a powerful spiritualist medium, and had performed many of his stunts by means of paranormal abilities and was using these abilities to block those of other mediums that he was \"debunking\". This disagreement led to the two men becoming public antagonists and led Sir Arthur to view Houdini as a dangerous enemy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28295612335205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Before Houdini died, he and his wife agreed that if Houdini found it possible to communicate after death, he would communicate the message \"Rosabelle believe\", a secret code which they agreed to use. Rosabelle was their favorite song. Bess held yearly séances on Halloween for ten years after Houdini's death. She did claim to have contact through Arthur Ford in 1929 when Ford conveyed the secret code, but Bess later said the incident had been faked. The code seems to have been such that it could be broken by Ford or his associates using existing clues. Evidence to this effect was discovered by Ford's biographer after he died in 1971. In 1936, after a last unsuccessful séance on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel, she put out the candle that she had kept burning beside a photograph of Houdini since his death. In 1943, Bess said that \"ten years is long enough to wait for any man.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.836935043334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "In 1926, Harry Houdini hired H. P. Lovecraft and his friend C. M. Eddy, Jr., to write an entire book about debunking religious miracles, which was to be called The Cancer of Superstition. Houdini had earlier asked Lovecraft to write an article about astrology, for which he paid $75. The article does not survive. Lovecraft's detailed synopsis for Cancer does survive, as do three chapters of the treatise written by Eddy. Houdini's death derailed the plans, as his widow did not wish to pursue the project. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.937417030334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The eyewitnesses, students named Jacques Price and Sam Smilovitz (sometimes called Jack Price and Sam Smiley), proffered accounts of the incident that generally corroborated one another. Price describes Whitehead asking Houdini \"if he believed in the miracles of the Bible\" and \"whether it was true that punches in the stomach did not hurt him\". He then delivered \"some very hammer-like blows below the belt\". Houdini was reclining on a couch at the time, having broken his ankle while performing several days earlier. Price states that Houdini winced at each blow and stopped Whitehead suddenly in the midst of a punch, gesturing that he had enough, and adding that he had no opportunity to prepare himself against the blows, as he did not expect Whitehead to strike him so suddenly and forcefully. Had his ankle not been broken, he would have risen from the couch into a better position to brace himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.652034759521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Throughout the evening, Houdini performed in great pain. He was unable to sleep and remained in constant pain for the next two days, but did not seek medical help. When he finally saw a doctor, he was found to have a fever of 102 °F and acute appendicitis, and advised to have immediate surgery. He ignored the advice and decided to go on with the show. When Houdini arrived at the Garrick Theater in Detroit, Michigan, on October 24, 1926, for what would be his last performance, he had a fever of 104 F. Despite the diagnosis, Houdini took the stage. He was reported to have passed out during the show, but was revived and continued. Afterwards, he was hospitalized at Detroit's Grace Hospital.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.621993064880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "It is not entirely clear what relationship the encounter in the dressing room had on Houdini's eventual death. As Snopes points out, the relationship between blunt trauma and appendicitis is not clear. One theory suggests that Houdini was unaware that he was suffering from appendicitis. If he had not realized that his stomach pains were symptomatic of appendicitis, he would not have appreciated the potentially critical effect of the blows to his abdomen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984949111938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "After taking statements from Price and Smilovitz, Houdini's insurance company concluded that the death was due to the dressing-room incident and paid double indemnity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228679656982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini grave site", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.388513565063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "Machpelah Cemetery operator Jacobson said, they \"never paid the cemetery for any restoration of the Houdini family plot in my tenure since 1988,\" claiming that the money came from the cemetery's dwindling funds. The granite monuments of Houdini's sister, Gladys, and brother, Leopold were also destroyed by vandals. For many years, until recently, The Houdini grave site has been only cared for by Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Society of American Magicians, at its National Council Meeting in Boca Raton, Florida, in 2013, under the prompting of The Houdini Museum's Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz, voted to assume the financial responsibilities for the care and maintenance of the Houdini Gravesite. In MUM Magazine, the Society's official magazine, President Dal Sanders announced \"Harry Houdini is an icon as revered as Elvis Presley or Marilyn Monroe. He is not only a magical icon; his gravesite bears the seal of The Society of American Magicians. That seal is our brand and we should be proud to protect it. This gravesite is clearly our responsibility and I’m proud to report that the National Council unanimously voted to maintain Houdini’s final resting place.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.782578468322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "The Houdini Gravesite Restoration Committee under the Chairmanship of National President David Bowers, is working closely with National President Kenrick \"Ice\" McDonald to see this project to completion. Bowers said it is a foregone conclusion that the Society will approve the funding request, because “Houdini is responsible for the Society of American Magicians being what it is today. We owe a debt of gratitude to him.” Like Bowers, McDonald said the motivation behind the repairs is to properly honor the grave of the “Babe Ruth of magicians.” “This is hallowed ground,” he said. “When you ask people about magicians, the first thing they say is Harry Houdini.” While the actual plot will remain under the control of Machpelah Cemetery management, the Society of American Magicians, with the help of the Houdini Museum in Pennsylvania, will be in charge of the restoration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.948182106018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "To this day, the Society holds a broken wand ceremony at the grave every November. Houdini's widow, Bess, died of a heart attack on February 11, 1943, aged 67, in Needles, California while on a train en route from Los Angeles to New York City. She had expressed a wish to be buried next to her husband, but instead was interred 35 miles due north at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Westchester County, New York, as her Catholic family refused to allow her to be buried in a Jewish cemetery. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.694429397583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "On March 22, 2007, Houdini's grand-nephew (the grandson of his brother Theo), George Hardeen, announced that the courts would be asked to allow exhumation of Houdini's body, to investigate the possibility of Houdini being murdered by spiritualists, as suggested in the biography The Secret Life of Houdini. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.219152450561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "In a statement given to the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the family of Bess Houdini opposed the application and suggested it was a publicity ploy for the book. The Washington Post stated that the press conference was not arranged by the family of Houdini. Instead, the Post reported, it was orchestrated by authors Kalush and Sloman, who hired the PR firm Dan Klores Communications to promote their book. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62697696685791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini's brother, Theodore Hardeen, who returned to performing after Houdini's death, inherited his brother's effects and props. Houdini's will stipulated that all the effects should be \"burned and destroyed\" upon Hardeen's death. Hardeen sold much of the collection to magician and Houdini enthusiast Sidney Hollis Radner during the 1940s, including the water torture cell. Radner allowed choice pieces of the collection to be displayed at The Houdini Magical Hall of Fame in Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1995, a fire destroyed the museum. The water torture cell's metal frame remained, and it was restored by illusion builder John Gaughan. Many of the props contained in the museum such as the mirror handcuffs, Houdini's original packing crate, a milk can, and a straitjacket, survived the fire and were auctioned in 1999 and 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.553608894348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini was a \"formidable collector,\" and bequeathed many of his holdings and paper archives on magic and spiritualism to the Library of Congress, which became the basis for the Houdini collection in cyberspace. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.183140754699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, bills itself as \"the only building in the world entirely dedicated to Houdini\". It is open to the public year round by reservation. It includes Houdini films, a guided tour about Houdini's life and a stage magic show. Magicians Dorothy Dietrich and Dick Brookz opened the facility in 1991.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545621871948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "The Magic Castle, a nightclub for magicians and magic enthusiasts, as well as the clubhouse for the Academy of Magical Arts, features Houdini séances performed by magician Misty Lee.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.996460914611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (1953)—played by Tony Curtis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.46977710723877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* The Great Houdini aka The Great Houdinis (1976)—played by Paul Michael Glaser (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23279857635498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Harry Houdini", "passage": "* Young Harry Houdini (1987)—played by Wil Wheaton & Jeffrey DeMunn (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.656828880310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (1998)—played by Johnathon Schaech (TV movie)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.323602676391602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini (2014)—played by Adrien Brody (TV miniseries) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.562562942504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Houdini and Doyle (2016)—played by Michael Weston (TV series)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.932194709777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "Houdini published numerous books during his career (some of which were written by his good friend Walter B. Gibson, the creator of The Shadow): ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.840401649475098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/1920HoudiniMiracleMongers Miracle Mongers and Their Methods] (1920)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.439297676086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/houdinispaperma00houdgoog Houdini's Paper Magic] (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.317683219909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/1924HoudiniAMagicianAmongTheSpirits A Magician Among the Spirits] (1924) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.31578540802002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [https://archive.org/details/BostomMediumMargery Houdini Exposes the Tricks Used by the Boston Medium \"Margery\"] (1924)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354460716247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "12&query=%22How%20I%20do%20My%22%20Houdini How I do My \"Spirit Tricks\"], article for Popular Science (December, 1925)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16630744934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* [http://www.britannica.com/topic/Harry-Houdini-on-conjuring-1973131 Conjuring] (1926), article for the Encyclopædia Britannica's 13th edition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92526626586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Merveilleux Exploits du Célébre Houdini à Paris—Cinema Lux (1909)—playing himself", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.462072372436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* The Man from Beyond—Houdini Picture Corporation (1922)—playing Howard Hillary", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.942033767700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" }, { "answer": "Houdini", "passage": "* Haldane of the Secret Service—Houdini Picture Corporation/FBO (1922)—playing Heath Haldane", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383021354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry Houdini" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is a state in the Western region of the United States. The state's name is derived from the Spanish word (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including \"Big Sky Country\" and \"The Treasure State\", and slogans that include \"Land of the Shining Mountains\" and more recently \"The Last Best Place\". Montana has a 545 mi border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and Idaho to the west and southwest. Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total, 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains.", "precise_score": -6.498593807220459, "rough_score": -3.803645372390747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "With a total area of 147040 sqmi, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California; the largest landlocked U.S. state; and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545 mi border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the only state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south and Idaho to the west and southwest.", "precise_score": -10.772171020507812, "rough_score": -9.632925987243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana contains Glacier National Park, \"The Crown of the Continent\"; and portions of Yellowstone National Park, including three of the park's five entrances. Other federally recognized sites include the Little Bighorn National Monument, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Big Hole National Battlefield, and the National Bison Range. Approximately 31300000 acres, or 35 percent of Montana's land is administered by federal or state agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service administers 16800000 acre of forest land in ten National Forests. There are approximately 3300000 acres of wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System established by the Wilderness Act of 1964. The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management controls 8100000 acre of federal land. The U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service administers 110000 acre of 1.1 million acres of National Wildlife Refuges and waterfowl production areas in Montana. The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation administers approximately 300000 acres of land and water surface in the state. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks operates approximately 275265 acre of state parks and access points on the state's rivers and lakes. The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation manages 5200000 acres of School Trust Land ceded by the federal government under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted statehood. These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state.", "precise_score": -10.742639541625977, "rough_score": -10.350290298461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, and the climate is, therefore, equally varied. The state spans from below the 45th parallel (the line equidistant between the equator and North Pole) to the 49th parallel, and elevations range from under 2000 ft to nearly 13000 ft above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large valleys. Eastern Montana comprises plains and badlands, broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges, and has a semi-arid, continental climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The Continental Divide has a considerable effect on the climate, as it restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east, and drier continental air from moving west. The area west of the divide has a modified northern Pacific coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind and a longer growing season. Low clouds and fog often form in the valleys west of the divide in winter, but this is rarely seen in the east.", "precise_score": -10.888949394226074, "rough_score": -10.219428062438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The land in Montana east of the continental divide was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Subsequent to and particularly in the decades following the Lewis and Clark Expedition, American, British and French traders operated a fur trade, typically working with indigenous peoples, in both eastern and western portions of what would become Montana. These dealings were not always peaceful, and though the fur trade brought some material gain for indigenous tribal groups it also brought exposure to European diseases and altered their economic and cultural traditions. Until the Oregon Treaty (1846), land west of the continental divide was disputed between the British and U.S. and was known as the Oregon Country. The first permanent settlement by Euro-Americans in what today is Montana was St. Mary's (1841) near present-day Stevensville. In 1847, Fort Benton was established as the uppermost fur-trading post on the Missouri River. In the 1850s, settlers began moving into the Beaverhead and Big Hole valleys from the Oregon Trail and into the Clark's Fork valley.", "precise_score": -10.898805618286133, "rough_score": -10.190214157104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The first gold discovered in Montana was at Gold Creek near present-day Garrison in 1852. A series of major mining discoveries in the western third of the state starting in 1862 found gold, silver, copper, lead, coal (and later oil) that attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area. The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch, where the town of Virginia City was established. Other rich placer deposits were found at Last Chance Gulch, where the city of Helena now stands, Confederate Gulch, Silver Bow, Emigrant Gulch, and Cooke City. Gold output from 1862 through 1876 reached $144 million; silver then became even more important. The largest mining operations were in the city of Butte, which had important silver deposits and gigantic copper deposits.", "precise_score": -10.960236549377441, "rough_score": -10.350614547729492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Before the creation of Montana Territory (1864–1889), various parts of what is now Montana were parts of Oregon Territory (1848–1859), Washington Territory (1853–1863), Idaho Territory (1863–1864), and Dakota Territory (1861–1864). Montana became a United States territory (Montana Territory) on May 26, 1864. The first territorial capital was at Bannack. The first territorial governor was Sidney Edgerton. The capital moved to Virginia City in 1865 and to Helena in 1875. In 1870, the non-Indian population of Montana Territory was 20,595. The Montana Historical Society, founded on February 2, 1865, in Virginia City is the oldest such institution west of the Mississippi (excluding Louisiana). In 1869 and 1870 respectively, the Cook–Folsom–Peterson and the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expeditions were launched from Helena into the Upper Yellowstone region and directly led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park in 1872.", "precise_score": -9.681686401367188, "rough_score": -8.778785705566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and the Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. The treaty was ratified in 1859. While the treaty established what later became the Flathead Indian Reservation, trouble with interpreters and confusion over the terms of the treaty led whites to believe that the Bitterroot Valley was opened to settlement, but the tribal nations disputed those provisions. The Salish remained in the Bitterroot Valley until 1891.", "precise_score": -10.836617469787598, "rough_score": -9.869712829589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke in 1866, on the Missouri River, to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.", "precise_score": -10.842629432678223, "rough_score": -9.365236282348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873, a financial crisis that delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.", "precise_score": -11.058067321777344, "rough_score": -10.20689582824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Tracks of the Great Northern Railroad (GNR) reached eastern Montana in 1887 and when they reached the northern Rocky Mountains in 1890, the GNR became a significant promoter of tourism to Glacier National Park region. The transcontinental GNR was completed on January 6, 1893, at Scenic, Washington.", "precise_score": -10.911186218261719, "rough_score": -10.288147926330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In 1881, the Utah and Northern Railway a branch line of the Union Pacific completed a narrow gauge line from northern Utah to Butte. A number of smaller spur lines operated in Montana from 1881 into the 20th century including the Oregon Short Line, Montana Railroad and Milwaukee Road.", "precise_score": -10.991095542907715, "rough_score": -10.298446655273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.", "precise_score": -4.524744033813477, "rough_score": -4.976842880249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "When the U.S. entered World War II on December 8, 1941, many Montanans already had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and over 57,000 joined up before the war ended. These numbers constituted about 10 percent of the state's total population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. Many Native Americans were among those who served, including soldiers from the Crow Nation who became Code Talkers. At least 1500 Montanans died in the war. Montana also was the training ground for the First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\" a joint U.S-Canadian commando-style force that trained at Fort William Henry Harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment. Air bases were built in Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow, some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the Soviet Union. During the war, about 30 Japanese balloon bombs were documented to have landed in Montana, though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them.", "precise_score": -10.681365966796875, "rough_score": -9.292248725891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "During World War II, the planned battleship USS Montana was named in honor of the state. However, the battleship was never completed. Montana is the only one of the first 48 states lacking a completed battleship being named for it. Alaska and Hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them. Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor. However, in August 2007 Senator Jon Tester made a request to the Navy that a submarine be christened USS Montana. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 3, 2015 that Virginia Class attack Submarine SSN-794 will bear the state's namesake. This will be the second commissioned warship to bear the name Montana. ", "precise_score": -10.437716484069824, "rough_score": -10.124484062194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In the post-World War II Cold War era, Montana became host to U.S. Air Force Military Air Transport Service (1947) for airlift training in C-54 Skymasters and eventually, in 1953 Strategic Air Command air and missile forces were based at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls. The base also hosted the 29th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, Air Defense Command from 1953 to 1968. In December 1959, Malmstrom AFB was selected as the home of the new Minuteman I ballistic missile. The first operational missiles were in-place and ready in early 1962. In late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st Strategic Missile Wing would play a major role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. When the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba, President John F. Kennedy said the Soviets backed down because they knew he had an \"Ace in the Hole,\" referring directly to the Minuteman missiles in Montana. Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering 23500 sqmi.", "precise_score": -11.094624519348145, "rough_score": -10.257861137390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Approximately 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. Stemming from multiple treaties and federal legislation, including the Indian Appropriations Act (1851), the Dawes Act (1887), and the Indian Reorganization Act (1934), seven Indian reservations, encompassing eleven federally recognized tribal nations, were created in Montana. A twelfth nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a \"landless\" people headquartered in Great Falls; it is recognized by the state of Montana but not by the U.S. government. The Blackfeet nation is headquartered on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation (1851) in Browning, Crow on the Crow Indian Reservation (1851) in Crow Agency, Confederated Salish and Kootenai and Pend d'Oreille on the Flathead Indian Reservation (1855) in Pablo, Northern Cheyenne on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (1884) at Lame Deer, Assiniboine and Gros Ventre on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation (1888) in Fort Belknap Agency, Assiniboine and Sioux on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (1888) at Poplar, and Chippewa-Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (1916) near Box Elder. Approximately 63% of all Native people live off the reservations, concentrated in the larger Montana cities, with the largest concentration of urban Indians in Great Falls. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana.", "precise_score": -10.779034614562988, "rough_score": -9.219857215881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.", "precise_score": -10.8672456741333, "rough_score": -10.02879524230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In 1914 Montana granted women the vote and in 1916 became the first state to elect a woman, Progressive Republican Jeannette Rankin, to Congress.", "precise_score": -10.67320442199707, "rough_score": -9.330829620361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Historically, Montana is a swing state of cross-ticket voters who tend to fill elected offices with individuals from both parties. Through the mid-20th century, the state had a tradition of \"sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena.\" Between 1988 and 2006, the pattern flipped, with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices. There have also been long-term shifts of party control. From 1968 through 1988, the state was dominated by the Democratic Party, with Democratic governors for a 20-year period, and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature. This pattern shifted, beginning with the 1988 election, when Montana elected a Republican governor for the first time since 1964 and sent a Republican to the U.S. Senate for the first time since 1948. This shift continued with the reapportionment of the state's legislative districts that took effect in 1994, when the Republican Party took control of both chambers of the state legislature, consolidating a Republican party dominance that lasted until the 2004 reapportionment produced more swing districts and a brief period of Democratic legislative majorities in the mid-2000s.", "precise_score": -10.981101036071777, "rough_score": -10.30583667755127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though the state has voted for the Republican candidate in all but two elections from 1952 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.", "precise_score": -10.561213493347168, "rough_score": -8.107026100158691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for \"Gold and Silver\", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. The design was only slightly modified after Montana became a state and adopted it as the Great Seal of the State of Montana, enacted by the legislature in 1893. The state flower, the bitterroot, was adopted in 1895 with the support of a group called the Floral Emblem Association, which formed after Montana's Women's Christian Temperance Union adopted the bitterroot as the organization's state flower. All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001, and the state lullaby, \"Montana Lullaby\", adopted in 2007.", "precise_score": -10.247502326965332, "rough_score": -7.178921699523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The state song was not composed until 21 years after statehood, when a musical troupe led by Joseph E. Howard stopped in Butte in September 1910. A former member of the troupe who lived in Butte buttonholed Howard at an after-show party, asking him to compose a song about Montana and got another partygoer, the city editor for the Butte Miner newspaper, Charles C. Cohan, to help. The two men worked up a basic melody and lyrics in about a half-hour for the entertainment of party guests, then finished the song later that evening, with an arrangement worked up the following day. Upon arriving in Helena, Howard's troupe performed 12 encores of the new song to an enthusiastic audience and the governor proclaimed it the state song on the spot, though formal legislative recognition did not occur until 1945. Montana is one of only three states to have a \"state ballad\", \"Montana Melody\", chosen by the legislature in 1983. Montana was the first state to also adopt a State Lullaby.", "precise_score": -10.826583862304688, "rough_score": -9.857218742370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition. Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931. Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin. The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.", "precise_score": -10.716399192810059, "rough_score": -9.76236629486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning \"mountain\", or more broadly, \"mountainous country\". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had \"no meaning\". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.851950645446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The topography of the state is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montana's 100 or more named mountain ranges are concentrated in the western half of the state, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south-central part of the state are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the north-central portion of the state, and there are a number of isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state. About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840991020202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.333191871643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Hell Creek Formation in Northeast Montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils. Paleontologist Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman brought this formation to the world's attention with several major finds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485116958618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana contains thousands of named rivers and creeks, 450 mi of which are known for \"blue-ribbon\" trout fishing. Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286856651306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "West of the divide, the Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River) rises near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula, where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River. Farther downstream, it is joined by the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River, which flows to the Pacific Ocean—making the 579 mi long Clark Fork/Pend Oreille (considered a single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains. The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state. The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.148148536682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks, flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir. The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976. The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union, having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82000 sqmi). Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.671455383300781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Yellowstone River rises on the continental divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness. It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. It then flows northeasterly across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney. The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States, and drains about a quarter of Montana (36000 sqmi).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577672004699707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith, Milk, Marias, Judith, and Musselshell Rivers. Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the Roe River, just outside Great Falls. Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206327438354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283326148986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "There are at least 3,223 named lakes and reservoirs in Montana, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world. Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2399320602417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116167068481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile and 427 bird species. Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states. Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx and bull trout. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish including seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf and bighorn sheep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302584648132324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Average daytime temperatures vary from 28 °F in January to in July. The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature. The highest observed summer temperature was 117 °F at Glendive on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Throughout the state, summer nights are generally cool and pleasant. Extremely hot weather is less common above 4000 ft. Snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the more mountainous areas of central and western Montana, though it is rare in July and August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092994689941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the entire contiguous U.S. On January 20, 1954, was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass. Temperatures vary greatly on such cold nights, and Helena, 40 mi to the southeast had a low of only on the same date, and an all-time record low of . Winter cold spells are usually the result of cold continental air coming south from Canada. The front is often well defined, causing a large temperature drop in a 24-hour period. Conversely, air flow from the southwest results in \"chinooks\". These steady 25 – (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially areas just to the east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50 – for periods of ten days or longer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343216896057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.456886291503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The table below lists average temperatures for the warmest and coldest month for the seven largest cities in Montana. The coldest month varies between December and January depending on location, although figures are similar throughout.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51483154296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is one of only two continental US states (along with Colorado) which is antipodal to land. The Kerguelen Islands are antipodal to the Montana–Saskatchewan–Alberta border. No towns are precisely antipodal to Kerguelen, though Chester and Rudyard are close.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284164428710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Various indigenous peoples lived in the territory of the present-day state of Montana for thousands of years. Historic tribes encountered by Europeans and settlers from the United States included the Crow in the south-central area; the Cheyenne in the southeast; the Blackfeet, Assiniboine and Gros Ventres in the central and north-central area; and the Kootenai and Salish in the west. The smaller Pend d'Oreille and Kalispel tribes lived near Flathead Lake and the western mountains, respectively.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664718627929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana territory", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407296180725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Simultaneously with these conflicts, bison, a keystone species and the primary protein source that Native people had survived on for centuries were being destroyed. Some estimates say there were over 13 million bison in Montana in 1870. In 1875, General Philip Sheridan pleaded to a joint session of Congress to authorize the slaughtering of herds in order to deprive the Indians of their source of food. By 1884, commercial hunting had brought bison to the verge of extinction; only about 325 bison remained in the entire United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.470991134643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Cattle ranching has been central to Montana's history and economy since Johnny Grant began wintering cattle in the Deer Lodge Valley in the 1850s and traded cattle fattened in fertile Montana valleys with emigrants on the Oregon Trail. Nelson Story brought the first Texas Longhorn cattle into the territory in 1866. Granville Stuart, Samuel Hauser and Andrew J. Davis started a major open range cattle operation in Fergus County in 1879. The Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site in Deer Lodge is maintained today as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century. Operated by the National Park Service, it is a 1900 acre working ranch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.455159187316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and \"prove-up\" 160 acre of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.864949226379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Desert Land Act of 1877 was passed to allow settlement of arid lands in the west and allotted 640 acre to settlers for a fee of $.25 per acre and a promise to irrigate the land. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. This act brought mostly cattle and sheep ranchers into Montana, many of whom grazed their herds on the Montana prairie for three years, did little to irrigate the land and then abandoned it without paying the final fees. Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03054428100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In the early 1900s, James J. Hill of the Great Northern began promoting settlement in the Montana prairie to fill his trains with settlers and goods. Other railroads followed suit. In 1902, the Reclamation Act was passed, allowing irrigation projects to be built in Montana's eastern river valleys. In 1909, Congress passed the Enlarged Homestead Act that expanded the amount of free land from 160 to per family and in 1912 reduced the time to \"prove up\" on a claim to three years. In 1916, the Stock-Raising Homestead Act allowed homesteads of 640 acres in areas unsuitable for irrigation. This combination of advertising and changes in the Homestead Act drew tens of thousands of homesteaders, lured by free land, with World War I bringing particularly high wheat prices. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Homesteaders arriving in this period were known as \"Honyockers\", or \"scissorbills.\" Though the word \"honyocker\", possibly derived from the ethnic slur \"hunyak,\" was applied in a derisive manner at homesteaders as being \"greenhorns\", \"new at his business\" or \"unprepared\", the reality was that a majority of these new settlers had previous farming experience, though there were also many who did not.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846081733703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana and World War I", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.370333671569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "As World War I broke out, Jeannette Rankin, the first woman in the United States to be a member of Congress, was a pacifist and voted against the United States' declaration of war. Her actions were widely criticized in Montana, where public support for the war was strong, and wartime sentiment reached levels of hyper-patriotism among many Montanans. In 1917–18, due to a miscalculation of Montana's population, approximately 40,000 Montanans, ten percent of the state's population, either volunteered or were drafted into the armed forces. This represented a manpower contribution to the war that was 25 percent higher than any other state on a per capita basis. Approximately 1500 Montanans died as a result of the war and 2437 were wounded, also higher than any other state on a per capita basis. Montana's Remount station in Miles City provided 10,000 cavalry horses for the war, more than any other Army post in the US. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber and farming interests as demand for war materials and food increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.530675888061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55013656616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Montanans who opposed U.S. entry into the war included certain immigrant groups of German and Irish heritage as well as pacifist Anabaptist people such as the Hutterites and Mennonites, many of whom were also of Germanic heritage. In turn, pro-War groups formed, such as the Montana Council of Defense, created by Governor Samuel V. Stewart as well as local \"loyalty committees.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298439979553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "War sentiment was complicated by labor issues. The Anaconda Copper Company, which was at its historic peak of copper production, was an extremely powerful force in Montana, but also faced criticism and opposition from socialist newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members. In Butte, a multi-ethnic community with significant European immigrant population, labor unions, particularly the newly formed Metal Mine Workers' Union, opposed the war on grounds that it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests. In the wake of ramped-up mine production and the Speculator Mine disaster in June 1917, Industrial Workers of the World organizer Frank Little arrived in Butte to organize miners. He gave some speeches with inflammatory anti-war rhetoric. On August 1, 1917, he was dragged from his boarding house by masked vigilantes, and hanged from a railroad trestle, considered a lynching. Little's murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the National Guard being sent to Butte to restore order. Overall, anti-German and anti-labor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the Montana Sedition Act the following February. In addition, the Council of Defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the Act. The Council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of German in public.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.541500091552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In the wake of the legislative action in 1918, emotions rose. U.S. Attorney Burton K. Wheeler and several District Court Judges who hesitated to prosecute or convict people brought up on charges were strongly criticized. Wheeler was brought before the Council of Defense, though he avoided formal proceedings, and a District Court judge from Forsyth was impeached. There were burnings of German-language books and several near-hangings. The prohibition on speaking German remained in effect into the early 1920s. Complicating the wartime struggles, the 1918 Influenza epidemic claimed the lives of over 5,000 Montanans. The period has been dubbed \"Montana's Agony\" by some historians due to the suppression of civil liberties that occurred.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975691795349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "An economic depression began in Montana after WWI and lasted through the Great Depression until the beginning of World War II. This caused great hardship for farmers, ranchers, and miners. The wheat farms in eastern Montana make the state a major producer; the wheat has a relatively high protein content and thus commands premium prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308675765991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana and World War II", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323610305786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "In 1940, Jeannette Rankin was again elected to Congress. In 1941, as she had in 1917, she voted against the United States' declaration of war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Hers was the only vote against the war, and in the wake of public outcry over her vote, Rankin required police protection for a time. Other pacifists tended to be those from \"peace churches\" who generally opposed war. Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753182411193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Cold War Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.465190887451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,032,949 on July 1, 2015, a 4.40% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 43,534 people, or 4.40 percent, since 2010. During the first decade of the new century, growth was mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the highest percentage growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32 percent increase in its population from 2000-2010. The city seeing the largest percentage growth was Kalispell with 40.1 percent, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000-2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.221287727355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "On January 3, 2012, the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million population mark sometime between November and December 2011. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 1,005,141 on July 1, 2012, a 1.6 percent increase since the 2010 United States Census.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286728858947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "According to the 2010 Census, 89.4 percent of the population was White (87.8 percent Non-Hispanic White), 6.3 percent American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.9 percent Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 0.6 percent Asian, 0.4 percent Black or African American, 0.1 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6 percent from Some Other Race, and 2.5 percent from two or more races. The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0 percent), Irish (14.8 percent), English (12.6 percent), Norwegian (10.9 percent), French (4.7 percent) and Italian (3.4 percent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.419271469116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168718338012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth highest percentage of all 50 states. Montana has three counties in which Native Americans are a majority: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. Other counties with large Native American populations include Blaine, Cascade, Hill, Missoula, and Yellowstone counties. The state's Native American population grew by 27.9 percent between 1980 and 1990 (at a time when Montana's entire population rose just 1.6 percent), and by 18.5 percent between 2000 and 2010. As of 2009, almost two-thirds of Native Americans in the state live in urban areas. Of Montana's 20 largest cities, Polson (15.7 percent), Havre (13.0 percent), Great Falls (5.0 percent), Billings (4.4 percent), and Anaconda (3.1 percent) had the greatest percentage of Native American residents in 2010. Billings (4,619), Great Falls (2,942), Missoula (1,838), Havre (1,210), and Polson (706) have the most Native Americans living there. The state's seven reservations include more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.568307876586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2693452835083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Hutterites, an Anabaptist sect originally from Switzerland, settled here, and today Montana is second only to South Dakota in U.S. Hutterite population with several colonies spread across the state. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the state also saw an influx of Amish, who relocated to Montana from the increasingly urbanized areas of Ohio and Pennsylvania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958264350891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana's Hispanic population is concentrated around the Billings area in south-central Montana, where many of Montana's Mexican-Americans have been in the state for generations. Great Falls has the highest percentage of African-Americans in its population, although Billings has more African American residents than Great Falls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.382747650146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Chinese in Montana, while a low percentage today, have historically been an important presence. About 2000–3000 Chinese miners were in the mining areas of Montana by 1870, and 2500 in 1890. However, public opinion grew increasingly negative toward them in the 1890s and nearly half of the state's Asian population left the state by 1900. Today, there is a significant Hmong population centered in the vicinity of Missoula. Montanans who claim Filipino ancestry amount to almost 3,000, making them currently the largest Asian American group in the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.467926979064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "According to the Pew Forum, the religious affiliations of the people of Montana are as follows: Protestant 47%, Catholic 23%, LDS (Mormon) 5%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and Non-Religious at 20%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34643268585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The largest denominations in Montana as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 127,612 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 46,484 adherents, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 38,665 adherents, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 27,370 adherents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188586235046387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana's Constitution specifically reads that \"the state recognizes the distinct and unique cultural heritage of the American Indians and is committed in its educational goals to the preservation of their cultural integrity.\" It is the only state in the U.S. with such a constitutional mandate. The Indian Education for All Act (IEFA) was passed in 1999 to provide funding for this mandate and ensure implementation. It mandates that all schools teach American Indian history, culture, and heritage from preschool through college. For kindergarten through 12th-grade students, an \"Indian Education for All\" curriculum from the Montana Office of Public Instruction is available free to all schools. The state was sued in 2004 because of lack of funding, and the state has increased its support of the program. South Dakota passed similar legislation in 2007, and Wisconsin was working to strengthen its own program based on this model - and the current practices of Montana's schools. Each Indian reservation in the state has a fully accredited tribal colleges. The University of Montana \"was the first to establish dual admission agreements with all of the tribal colleges and as such it was the first institution in the nation to actively facilitate student transfer from the tribal colleges\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973475456237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": " The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Montana's total state product in 2014 was $44.3 billion. Per capita personal income in 2014 was $40,601, 35th in the nation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740407943725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is a relative hub of beer microbrewing, ranking third in the nation in number of craft breweries per capita in 2011. There are significant industries for lumber and mineral extraction; the state's resources include gold, coal, silver, talc, and vermiculite. Ecotaxes on resource extraction are numerous. A 1974 state severance tax on coal (which varied from 20 to 30 percent) was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, 453 U.S. 609 (1981). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205629348754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1 percent to 6.9 percent. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.545443534851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Many well-known artists, photographers and authors have documented the land, culture and people of Montana in the last 100 years. Painter and sculptor Charles Marion Russell, known as \"the cowboy artist\" created more than 2,000 paintings of cowboys, Native Americans, and landscapes set in the Western United States and in Alberta, Canada. The C. M. Russell Museum Complex located in Great Falls, Montana houses more than 2,000 Russell artworks, personal objects, and artifacts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975500106811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Evelyn Cameron, a naturalist and photographer from Terry documented early 20th century life on the Montana prairie, taking startlingly clear pictures of everything around her: cowboys, sheepherders, weddings, river crossings, freight wagons, people working, badlands, eagles, coyotes and wolves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.143896102905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Many notable Montana authors have documented or been inspired by life in Montana in both fiction and non-fiction works. Pulitzer Prize winner Wallace Earle Stegner from Great Falls was often called \"The Dean of Western Writers\". James Willard Schultz (\"Apikuni\") from Browning is most noted for his prolific stories about Blackfeet life and his contributions to the naming of prominent features in Glacier National Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.298784255981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana hosts numerous arts and cultural festivals and events every year. Major events include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.495013236999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Bozeman was once known as the \"Sweet Pea capital of the nation\" referencing the prolific edible pea crop. To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners began a \"Sweet Pea Carnival\" that included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful sweet pea flower as an emblem of the celebration. In 1977 the \"Sweet Pea\" concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration, growing into a three-day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.916892051696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Montana Shakespeare in the Parks has been performing free, live theatrical productions of Shakespeare and other classics throughout Montana since 1973. The Montana Shakespeare Company is based in Helena.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43044376373291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. The first schools were subscription schools that typically held in the teacher's home. The first formal school on record was at Fort Owen in Bitterroot valley in 1862. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. The first school term started in early winter and only lasted until February 28. Classes were taught by Mr. Robinson. Another early subscription school was started by Thomas Dimsdale in Virginia City in 1863. In this school students were charged $1.75 per week. The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. Madison County was the first to take advantage of the newly authorized taxes and it formed fhe first public school in Virginia City in 1886. The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. The first school year ran through the summer and didn't end until August 17. One of the first teachers at the school was Sarah Raymond. She was a 25-year-old woman who had traveled to Virginia City via wagon train in 1865. To become a certified teacher, Raymond took a test in her home and paid a $6 fee in gold dust to obtain a teaching certificate. With the help of an assistant teacher, Mrs. Farley, Raymond was responsible for teaching 50 to 60 students each day out of the 81 students enrolled at the school. Sarah Raymond was paid at a rate of $125 per month, and Mrs. Farley was paid $75 per month. There were no textbooks used in the school. In their place was an assortment of books brought in by various emigrants. Sarah quit teaching the following year, but would later become the Madison County superintendent of schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.684606552124023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "There are no major league sports franchises in Montana due to the state's relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of minor league teams play in the state. Baseball is the minor-league sport with the longest heritage in the state, and Montana is currently home to four Minor League Baseball teams, all members of the Pioneer Baseball League: Billings Mustangs, Great Falls Voyagers, Helena Brewers, and Missoula Osprey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165249824523926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "All of Montana's four-year colleges and universities field intercollegiate sports teams. The two largest schools, the University of Montana and Montana State University, are members of the Big Sky Conference and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Six of Montana's smaller four-year schools are members of the Frontier Conference. One is a member of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.071222305297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "A variety of sports are offered at Montana high schools. Montana allows the smallest—\"Class C\"—high schools to utilize six-man football teams, dramatized in the independent 2002 film, The Slaughter Rule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.480262756347656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "There are junior ice hockey teams in Montana, five of which are affiliated with the North American 3 Hockey League: Billings Bulls, Bozeman Icedogs, Glacier Nationals, Great Falls Americans, and Helena Bighorns. Others are in the Western States Hockey League: Butte Cobras and the Whitefish Wolverines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.222846984863281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "*Montana has produced two U.S. champions and Olympic competitors in men's figure skating, both from Great Falls: John Misha Petkevich, lived and trained in Montana before entering college, competed in the 1968 and 1972 Winter Olympics. Scott Davis, also from Great Falls, competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405336380004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montanans have been a part of several major sporting achievements:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.422386169433594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "*In 1889, Spokane became the first and only Montana horse to win the Kentucky Derby. For this accomplishment, the horse was admitted to the Montana Cowboy Hall of Fame in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.369626998901367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana provides year-round recreation opportunities for residents and visitors. Hiking, fishing, hunting, watercraft recreation, camping, golf, cycling, horseback riding, and skiing are popular activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387091636657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana has been a destination for its world-class trout fisheries since the 1930s. Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. The state has robust recreational lake trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in the west, walleye can be found in many parts of the state, while northern pike, smallmouth and largemouth bass fisheries as well as catfish and paddlefish can be found in the waters of eastern Montana. Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127371788024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37432861328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Both downhill skiing and cross-country skiing are popular in Montana, which has 15 developed downhill ski areas open to the public, including;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.36736011505127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Bear Paw Ski Bowl near Havre, Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557145118713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Great Divide near Helena, Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.377035140991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Lookout Pass off Interstate 90 at the Montana-Idaho border", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332489013671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Lost Trail near Darby, Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472944259643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Maverick Mountain near Dillon, Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478574752807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "* Showdown Ski Area near White Sulphur Springs, Montana", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57266902923584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana also has millions of acres open to cross-country skiing on nine of its national forests plus in Glacier National Park. In addition to cross-country trails at most of the downhill ski areas, there are also 13 private cross-country skiing resorts. Yellowstone National Park also allows cross-country skiing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.467557907104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Snowmobiling is popular in Montana which boasts over 4000 miles of trails and frozen lakes available in winter. There are 24 areas where snowmobile trails are maintained, most also offering ungroomed trails. West Yellowstone offers a large selection of trails and is the primary starting point for snowmobile trips into Yellowstone National Park, where \"oversnow\" vehicle use is strictly limited, usually to guided tours, and regulations are in considerable flux.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436060905456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Snow coach tours are offered at Big Sky, Whitefish, West Yellowstone and into Yellowstone National Park. Equestrian skijoring has a niche in Montana, which hosts the World Skijoring Championships in Whitefish as part of the annual Whitefish Winter Carnival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.482691764831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana does not have a Trauma I hospital, but does have Trauma II hospitals in Missoula, Billings, and Great Falls. In 2013 AARP The Magazine named the Billings Clinic one of the safest hospitals in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428336143493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is ranked as the least obese state in the U.S., at 19.6%, according to the 2014 Gallup Poll. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.157654762268066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "As of 2010, Missoula is the 166th largest media market in the United States as ranked by Nielsen Media Research, while Billings is 170th, Great Falls is 190th, the Butte-Bozeman area 191st, and Helena is 206th. There are 25 television stations in Montana, representing each major U.S. network. As of August 2013, there are 527 FCC-licensed FM radio stations broadcast in Montana, with 114 such AM stations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1600980758667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "During the age of the Copper Kings, each Montana copper company had its own newspaper. This changed in 1959 when Lee Enterprises bought several Montana newspapers. Montana's largest circulating daily city newspapers are the Billings Gazette (circulation 39,405), Great Falls Tribune (26,733), and Missoulian (25,439).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.262972831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport is the busiest airport in the state of Montana, surpassing Billings Logan International Airport in the spring of 2013. Montana's other major Airports include Billings Logan International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396026611328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Historically, U.S. Route 10 was the primary east-west highway route across Montana, connecting the major cities in the southern half of the state. Still the state's most important east-west travel corridor, the route is today served by Interstate 90 and Interstate 94 which roughly follow the same route as the Northern Pacific. U.S. Routes 2 and 12 and Montana Highway 200 also traverse the entire state from east to west.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.017191886901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana's only north-south Interstate Highway is Interstate 15. Other major north-south highways include U.S. Routes 87, 89, 93 and 191. Interstate 25 terminates into I-90 just south of the Montana border in Wyoming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408706665039062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road. Highway 212, the primary paved route between the two, passes through the northeast corner of Wyoming between Montana and South Dakota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349468231201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The current Governor is Steve Bullock, a Democrat elected in 2012 and sworn in on January 7, 2013. His predecessor in office was two-term governor, Brian Schweitzer. Montana's two U.S. senators are Jon Tester (Democrat) and Steve Daines (Republican). The state's congressional representative is currently Republican Ryan Zinke.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.888442993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana is an Alcoholic beverage control state. It is an equitable distribution and no-fault divorce state. It is one of five states to have no sales tax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261006355285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana currently has only one representative in the U.S. House, having lost its second district in the 1990 census reapportionment, which makes it the poorest-represented U.S. state in the House (see List of U.S. states by population). Montana's population grew at about the national average during the 2000s, and it failed to regain its second seat in 2010. Like other states, Montana has two senators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.115985870361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "An October 2013 Montana State University Billings survey found that 46.6 percent of Montana voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 42.6 percent opposed it and 10.8 percent were not sure. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.277503967285156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 \"places\", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties. Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.210664749145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre. These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the \"big 7\" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Montana's seven most populous cities, in rank order, are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell. Based on 2013 census numbers, they collectively contain 35 percent of Montana's population. and the counties containing these communities hold 62 percent of the state's population. The geographic center of population of Montana is located in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480265617370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" }, { "answer": "Montana", "passage": "Various community civic groups also played a role in selecting the state grass and the state gemstones. When broadcaster Norma Ashby discovered there was no state fish, she initiated a drive via her television show, Today in Montana, and an informal citizen's election to select a state fish resulted in a win for the blackspotted cutthroat trout after hot competition from the Arctic grayling. The legislature in turn adopted this recommendation by a wide margin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.570133209228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Montana" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Bridges", "Bridge railing styles", "Bridge building", "🌉", "Bridge abutments", "Railroad Bridge", "Railroad bridge", "Road bridges", "Bridge Building", "Bridge (engineering)", "Double-deck bridge", "Railway bridges", "Types of bridges", "Railway bridge", "Bridge (structure)", "Bridge railing", "Bridge railing style", "Brigecraft", "Road bridge", "Bridgecraft", "Bridge", "Road Bridge", "Bridge failure", "Rail bridge", "Railway Bridge", "Bidge", "Bridge failures" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "double deck bridge", "bidge", "railroad bridge", "railway bridge", "bridge failures", "bridge railing styles", "bridge railing", "bridge building", "types of bridges", "🌉", "bridgecraft", "brigecraft", "railway bridges", "bridge railing style", "bridge engineering", "bridges", "bridge structure", "bridge", "road bridge", "rail bridge", "road bridges", "bridge abutments", "bridge failure" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "bridge", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Bridge" }

[ { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Fixed prosthodontics is the area of prosthodontics focused on permanently attached (fixed) dental prostheses. Such dental restorations, also referred to as indirect restorations, include crowns, bridges (fixed dentures), inlays, onlays, and veneers. Prosthodontists are specialist dentists who have undertaken training recognized by academic institutions in this field. Fixed prosthodontics can be used to restore single or multiple teeth, spanning areas where teeth have been lost. In general, the main advantages of fixed prosthodontics when compared to direct restorations is the superior strength when used in large restorations, and the ability to create an aesthetic looking tooth. As with any dental restoration, principles used to determine the appropriate restoration involves consideration of the materials to be used, extent of tooth destruction, orientation and location of tooth, and condition of neighboring teeth.", "precise_score": 3.96461820602417, "rough_score": 4.830297946929932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fixed prosthodontics" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "A bridge is used to span, or bridge, an edentulous area (space where teeth are missing), usually by connecting to fixed restorations on adjacent teeth. The teeth used to support the bridge are called abutments. A bridge may also refer to a single-piece multiple unit fixed partial denture (numerous single-unit crowns either cast or fused together). The part of the bridge which replaces a missing tooth and attaches to the abutments is known as a \"pontic.\" For multiple missing teeth, some cases may have several pontics.", "precise_score": 5.527919292449951, "rough_score": 7.3380537033081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fixed prosthodontics" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Maximum preservation and protection of natural teeth is best for eating and chewing; however, there are three basic ways to replace a missing tooth or teeth, including a fixed dental bridge, dentures, and dental implants. Each alternative has its own benefits and drawbacks. It is important to consider a patient's medical, financial, and emotional situation. It is recommended that a patient experiencing tooth loss visits a dentist to discuss which replacement method is best suited for his or her situation. It has been shown that a non-removable replacement, such as a bridge or implant appears to provide patients with the best sense of security and well-being. ", "precise_score": 1.4412853717803955, "rough_score": 5.1260666847229, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tooth loss" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Traditionally more than one visit is required to complete crown and bridge work, and the additional time required for the procedure can be a disadvantage; the increased benefits of such a restoration, however, will generally offset these considerations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65598201751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fixed prosthodontics" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Bridge ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32556438446045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fixed prosthodontics" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "In this technique the restoration is fabricated outside of the mouth using the dental impressions of the prepared tooth. Common indirect restorations include inlays and onlays, crowns, bridges, and veneers. Usually a dental technician fabricates the indirect restoration from records the dentist has provided of the prepared tooth. The finished restoration is usually bonded permanently with a dental cement. It is often done in two separate visits to the dentist. Common indirect restorations are done using gold or ceramics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6953474283218384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Another fabrication method is to import STL and native dental CAD files into CAD/CAM software products that guide the user through the manufacturing process. The software can select the tools, machining sequences and cutting conditions optimized for particular types of materials, such as titanium and zirconium, and for particular prostheses, such as copings and bridges. In some cases, the intricate nature of some implants requires the use of 5-axis machining methods to reach every part of the job. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.215234756469727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "These casting alloys are mostly used for making crowns, bridges and dentures. Titanium, usually commercially pure but sometimes a 90% alloy, is used as the anchor for dental implants as it is biocompatible and can integrate into bone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.876530170440674, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Another type is known as porcelain-fused-to-metal, which is used to provide strength to a crown or bridge. These restorations are very strong, durable and resistant to wear, because the combination of porcelain and metal creates a stronger restoration than porcelain used alone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.737906455993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "One of the advantages of computerized dentistry (CAD/CAM technologies) involves the use of machinable ceramics which are sold in a partially sintered, machinable state that is fired again after machining to form a hard ceramic. Some of the materials used are glass-bonded porcelain (Viablock), \"lithium disilicate\" glass-ceramic (a ceramic crystallizing from a glass by special heat treatment), and phase stabilized zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO2). Previous attempts to utilize high-performance ceramics such as zirconium-oxide were thwarted by the fact that this material could not be processed using the traditional methods used in dentistry. Because of its high strength and comparatively much higher fracture toughness, sintered zirconium-oxide can be used in posterior crowns and bridges, implant abutments, and root dowel pins. Lithium disilicate (used in the latest Chairside Economical Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics CEREC product) also has the fracture resistance needed for use on molars. Some all-ceramic restorations, such as porcelain-fused-to-alumina set the standard for high aesthetics in dentistry because they are strong and their color and translucency mimic natural tooth enamel. Not as aesthetic as porcelain-fused-to-ceramic, many dentists will not use new machine-made \"monolithic\" zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns on anterior (front) teeth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.249640464782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Cast metals and porcelain-on-metal are currently the standard material for crowns and bridges. The demand for full ceramic solutions, however, continues to grow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106328010559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Bridge", "passage": "Dental implants are anchors placed in bone, usually made from titanium or titanium alloy. They can support dental restorations which replace missing teeth. Some restorative applications include supporting crowns, bridges, or dental prostheses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.957106113433838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "Motown is both a style of music and an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12, 1959, and incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960, in Detroit, Michigan. The name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including Tamla Motown, the brand used outside the US) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company: 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. ", "precise_score": 7.683825969696045, "rough_score": 8.130001068115234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s, and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles. The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972, with a number of artists, among them Martha Reeves, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and Motown's Funk Brothers studio band, either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons. By re-locating, Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion-picture industry, and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit-vehicles for Diana Ross: the Billie Holiday biographical film Lady Sings the Blues (1972), and Mahogany (1975). Other Motown films would include Scott Joplin (1977), Thank God It's Friday (1978), The Wiz (1978) and The Last Dragon (1985). Ewart Abner, who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s, became its president in 1973.", "precise_score": 4.620662689208984, "rough_score": 5.79949951171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilson's single \"Lonely Teardrops\", written by Gordy, became a huge success, but Gordy did not feel he made as much money as he deserved from this and other singles he wrote for Wilson. He realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032299041748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordy's sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records. Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12, 1959, he started Tamla Records, with an $800 loan from his family and royalties earned writing for Jackie Wilson. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy and the Bachelor, in which Reynolds also starred. When he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamla's first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnson's \"Come to Me\" in 1959 (released nationally on United Artists). Its first hit was Barrett Strong's \"Money (That's What I Want)\" (1959), which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts (released nationally on Anna Records).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677345275878906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "Gordy's first signed act was the Matadors, who immediately changed their name to the Miracles. (They were not the Matadors who recorded for Sue.) Their first release, \"Got a Job\", was an answer record to the Silhouettes' \"Get a Job\" (issued on George Goldner's End Records). The Miracles' first, minor hit was their fourth single, 1959's \"Bad Girl\", released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint, and nationally on the Chess label. (Most early Motown singles were released through other labels, such as End, Fury, Gone and Chess.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.132597923278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "Detroit: 1959–1972", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213445663452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "In 1967 Berry Gordy purchased what is now known as Motown Mansion in Detroit's Boston-Edison Historic District as his home, leaving his previous home to his sister Anna and then husband Marvin Gaye (where photos for the cover of his album What's Going On were taken). In 1968, Gordy purchased the Donovan building on the corner of Woodward Avenue and Interstate 75, and moved Motown's Detroit offices there (the Donovan building was demolished in January 2006 to provide parking spaces for Super Bowl XL). In the same year Gordy purchased Golden World Records, and its recording studio became \"Studio B\" to Hitsville's \"Studio A\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.084228038787842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "The Motown production process has been described as factory-like. The Hitsville studios remained open and active 22 hours a day, and artists would often go on tour for weeks, come back to Detroit to record as many songs as possible, and then promptly go on tour again. Berry Gordy held quality control meetings every Friday morning, and used veto power to ensure that only the very best material and performances would be released. The test was that every new release needed to fit into a sequence of the top five selling pop singles of the week. Several tracks that later became critical and commercial favorites were initially rejected by Gordy; the two most notable being the Marvin Gaye songs \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" and \"What's Going On\". In several cases, producers would re-work tracks in hopes of eventually getting them approved at a later Friday morning meeting, as producer Norman Whitfield did with \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" and The Temptations' \"Ain't Too Proud to Beg\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.526432037353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" }, { "answer": "Detroit", "passage": "The style created by the Motown musicians was a major influence on several non-Motown artists of the mid-1960s, such as Dusty Springfield and the Foundations. In the United Kingdom, the Motown Sound became the basis of the northern soul movement. Smokey Robinson said the Motown Sound had little to do with Detroit:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.006483554840088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motown" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. Its species name refers to its camel-like shape and its leopard-like colouring. Its chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi. The nine subspecies are distinguished by their coat patterns.", "precise_score": 0.4946735203266144, "rough_score": 2.0472145080566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The species name camelopardalis is from Latin. \"Camelopard\" is an archaic English name for the giraffe deriving from the Ancient Greek for camel and leopard, animals which the giraffe was thought to resemble. ", "precise_score": 4.937032699584961, "rough_score": 5.249074935913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The elongation of the neck appears to have started early in the giraffe lineage. Comparisons between giraffes and their ancient relatives suggest that vertebrae close to the skull lengthened earlier, followed by the elongation of vertebrae further down. One early giraffid ancestor was Canthumeryx which has been dated variously to have lived 25–20 million years ago (mya), 17–15 mya or 18–14.3 mya and whose deposits have been found in Libya. This animal was medium-sized, slender and antelope-like. Giraffokeryx appeared 15 mya in the Indian subcontinent and resembled either an okapi or a small giraffe, and had a more elongated neck and similar ossicones. Giraffokeryx may have shared a clade with more massively built giraffids like Sivatherium and Bramatherium.", "precise_score": -9.437010765075684, "rough_score": -9.433357238769531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffids like Palaeotragus, Shansitherium and Samotherium appeared 14 mya and lived throughout Africa and Eurasia. These animals had bare ossicones and small cranial sinuses and were more elongated with broader skulls. Paleotragus resembled the okapi and may been its ancestor. Others find that the okapi linage diverged earlier, before Giraffokeryx. Samotherium was a particularly important transitional fossil in the giraffe linage as its cervical vertebrae was intermediate in length and structure between a modern giraffe and an okapi, and was oriented more vertically than the latter. Bohlinia, which first appeared in southeastern Europe and lived 9–7 mya was likely a direct ancestor of the giraffe. Bohlinia closely resembled modern giraffes, having a long neck and legs and similar ossicones and dentition. ", "precise_score": -8.783676147460938, "rough_score": -9.031217575073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Bohlinia entered China and northern India in response to climate change. From here, the genus Giraffa evolved and, around 7 mya, entered Africa. Further climate changes caused the extinction of the Asian giraffes, while the African ones survived and radiated into several new species. G. camelopardalis arose around 1 mya in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene. Some biologists suggest the modern giraffe descended from G. jumae; others find G. gracilis a more likely candidate. The former was larger and more heavily built while the latter was smaller and more lightly built. The main driver for the evolution of the giraffes is believed to have been the changes from extensive forests to more open habitats, which began 8 mya. Some researchers have hypothesised that this new habitat coupled with a different diet, including acacia species, may have exposed giraffe ancestors to toxins that caused higher mutation rates and a higher rate of evolution. The coat patterns of modern giraffes may also have coincided with these habitat changes. Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had more okapi-like colourations.", "precise_score": -7.2418212890625, "rough_score": -7.582706928253174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe was one of the many species first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. He gave it the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis. Morten Thrane Brünnich classified the genus Giraffa in 1772. In the early 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed the giraffe's long neck was an \"acquired characteristic\", developed as generations of ancestral giraffes strove to reach the leaves of tall trees. This theory was eventually rejected, and scientists now believe the giraffe's neck arose through Darwinian natural selection—that ancestral giraffes with long necks thereby had a competitive advantage that better enabled them to reproduce and pass on their genes.", "precise_score": -5.91504430770874, "rough_score": -4.604430198669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes have an unusually long lifespan compared to other ruminants, up to 25 years in the wild. Because of their size, eyesight and powerful kicks, adult giraffes are usually not subject to predation. However, they can fall prey to lions and are regular prey for them in Kruger National Park. Nile crocodiles can also be a threat to giraffes when they bend down to drink. Calves are much more vulnerable than adults, and are additionally preyed on by leopards, spotted hyenas and wild dogs. A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood.", "precise_score": -10.139887809753418, "rough_score": -8.648809432983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe was also known to the Greeks and Romans, who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a camel and a leopard and called it camelopardalis. The giraffe was among the many animals collected and displayed by the Romans. The first one in Rome was brought in by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and exhibited to the public. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the housing of giraffes in Europe declined. During the Middle Ages, giraffes were known to Europeans through contact with the Arabs, who revered the giraffe for its peculiar appearance. ", "precise_score": 3.1291778087615967, "rough_score": 2.7058756351470947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Individual captive giraffes were given celebrity status throughout history. In 1414, a giraffe was shipped from Malindi to Bengal. It was then taken to China by explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo. The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people, who associated it with the mythical Qilin. The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de' Medici in 1486. It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence. Another famous giraffe was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift from Muhammad Ali of Egypt to Charles X of France. A sensation, the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or \"giraffanalia\".", "precise_score": -9.562582015991211, "rough_score": -9.195770263671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The constellation of Camelopardalis, introduced in the seventeenth century, depicts a giraffe. The Tswana people of Botswana saw the constellation Crux as two giraffes – Acrux and Mimosa forming a male, and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female. ", "precise_score": -3.7989280223846436, "rough_score": -5.208050727844238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The leopard is a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from 10 –. A study noted that prey animals in this weight range tend to occur in dense habitat, form small herds and can be easily captured by the leopard; on the other hand, animals that prefer open areas and have developed significant anti-predator strategies are hardly preferred. Prey as heavy as 150 kg (such as greater kudu and giraffe) may be hunted if larger carnivores such as lions are absent; the largest prey killed by a leopard was reportedly a 900 kg male eland. Leopards can feed on a broad variety of prey, mainly antelopes, deer and rodents; these include: cattle, chital, duiker, dung beetle, hartebeest, hyrax, impala, muntjac, nyala, porcupine, primates, rat, reedbuck, springbok, squirrel, waterbuck, warthog and wildebeest. Mothers primarily target smaller prey.", "precise_score": -6.30314826965332, "rough_score": -6.934202194213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leopard" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe's scattered range extends from Chad in the north to South Africa in the south, and from Niger in the west to Somalia in the east. Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs, grasslands, and open woodlands. Their primary food source is acacia leaves, which they browse at heights most other herbivores cannot reach. Giraffes are preyed on by lions; their young are also targeted by leopards, spotted hyenas, and African wild dogs. Giraffe are gregarious and may gather in large aggregations. Males establish social hierarchies through \"necking\", which are combat bouts where the neck is used as a weapon. Dominant males gain mating access to females, which bear the sole responsibility for raising the young.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.733831405639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern, for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Least Concern, but has been extirpated from many parts of its former range, and three subspecies are classified as Endangered. Nevertheless, giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.801913261413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The name \"giraffe\" has its earliest known origins in the Arabic word zarafah (زرافة), perhaps borrowed from an the animal's Somali name geri. The Arab name is translated as \"fast-walker\". There were several Middle English spellings, such as jarraf, ziraph, and gerfauntz. The Italian form giraffa arose in the 1590s. The modern English form developed around 1600 from the French girafe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.954179763793945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe belongs to the suborder Ruminantia. Many ruminants have been described from the mid-Eocene in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and North America. The ecological conditions during this period may have facilitated their rapid dispersal. The giraffe is one of only two living species of the family Giraffidae, the other being the okapi. The family was once much more extensive, with over 10 fossil genera described. Their closest known relatives are the extinct deer-like climacocerids. They, together with the family Antilocapridae (whose only extant species is the pronghorn), belong to the superfamily Giraffoidea. These animals may have evolved from the extinct family Palaeomerycidae which might also have been the ancestor of deer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92363166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. 19.4% of proteins in giraffe and okapi genes are identical. The two species are equally distantly related to cattle, suggesting the giraffe's unique characteristics are not because of a faster rate of evolution. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya. A small group of regulatory genes in the giraffe appear to be responsible for the animal's stature and associated circulatory adaptations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.798349380493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Up to nine subspecies of giraffe are recognised (with population estimates ):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168123245239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "A 2007 study on the genetics of six subspecies—the West African, Rothschild's, reticulated, Masai, Angolan, and South African giraffe—suggests they may, in fact, be separate species. The study deduced from genetic drift in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that giraffes from these populations are reproductively isolated and rarely interbreed, though no natural obstacles block their mutual access. This includes adjacent populations of Rothschild's, reticulated, and Masai giraffes. The Masai giraffe may also consist of a few species separated by the Rift Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.491730690002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Reticulated and Masai giraffes have the highest mtDNA diversity, which is consistent with giraffes originating in eastern Africa. Populations further north are more closely related to the former, while those to the south are more related to the latter. Giraffes appear to select mates of the same coat type, which are imprinted on them as calves. The implications of these findings for the conservation of giraffes were summarised by David Brown, lead author of the study, who told BBC News: \"Lumping all giraffes into one species obscures the reality that some kinds of giraffe are on the brink. Some of these populations number only a few hundred individuals and need immediate protection.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7238187789917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The West African giraffe is more closely related to Rothschild's and reticulated giraffes than to the Kordofan giraffe. Its ancestor may have migrated from eastern to northern Africa and then to its current range with the development of the Sahara Desert. At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene (before 5000 BC).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805035591125488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Fully grown giraffes stand tall, with males taller than females.Nowak, R. M. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373809814453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "false Giraffe] Pages 1086–1089 in Walker's Mammals of the World. Volume 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA and London, UK. The tallest recorded male was and the tallest recorded female was tall.Dagg, A.I. and J. B. Foster (1976/1982): The Giraffe. Its Biology, Behavior, and Ecology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida (Reprint 1982 with updated supplementary material.) The average weight is 1192 kg for an adult male and 828 kg for an adult female with maximum weights of 1930 kg and 1180 kg having been recorded for males and females, respectively. Despite its long neck and legs, the giraffe's body is relatively short. Located at both sides of the head, the giraffe's large, bulging eyes give it good all-round vision from its great height. Giraffes see in colour and their senses of hearing and smell are also sharp. The animal can close its muscular nostrils to protect against sandstorms and ants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.716365814208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe's prehensile tongue is about 45 cm long. It is purplish-black in colour, perhaps to protect against sunburn, and is useful for grasping foliage, as well as for grooming and cleaning the animal's nose. The upper lip of the giraffe is also prehensile and useful when foraging. The lips, tongue, and inside of the mouth are covered in papillae to protect against thorns.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802517890930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The coat has dark blotches or patches (which can be orange, chestnut, brown, or nearly black in colour) separated by light hair (usually white or cream in colour). Male giraffes become darker as they age. The coat pattern serves as camouflage, allowing it to blend in the light and shade patterns of savannah woodlands. While adult giraffes standing among trees and bushes are hard to see at even a few metres' distance, when moving about to gain the best view of an approaching predator, they rely on their size and ability to defend themselves rather than on camouflage, which appears to be more important for calves. The skin underneath the dark areas may serve as windows for thermoregulation, being sites for complex blood vessel systems and large sweat glands. Each individual giraffe has a unique coat pattern.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.337108612060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The skin of a giraffe is mostly gray. Its thickness allows the animal to run through thorn bush without being punctured. The fur may serve as a chemical defence, as its parasite repellents give the animal a characteristic scent. At least 11 main aromatic chemicals are in the fur, although indole and 3-methylindole are responsible for most of the smell. Because the males have a stronger odor than the females, the odor may also have sexual function. Along the animal's neck is a mane made of short, erect hairs. The one-metre (3.3-ft) tail ends in a long, dark tuft of hair and is used as a defense against insects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.596626281738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Both sexes have prominent horn-like structures called ossicones, which are formed from ossified cartilage, covered in skin and fused to the skull at the parietal bones. Being vascularized, the ossicones may have a role in thermoregulation, and are also used in combat between males. Appearance is a reliable guide to the sex or age of a giraffe: the ossicones of females and young are thin and display tufts of hair on top, whereas those of adult males end in knobs and tend to be bald on top. Also, a median lump, which is more prominent in males, emerges at the front of the skull. Males develop calcium deposits that form bumps on their skulls as they age. A giraffe's skull is lightened by multiple sinuses. However, as males age, their skulls become heavier and more club-like, helping them become more dominant in combat. The upper jaw has a grooved palate and lacks front teeth. The giraffe's molars have a rough surface.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.063414573669434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The front and back legs of a giraffe are about the same length. The radius and ulna of the front legs are articulated by the carpus, which, while structurally equivalent to the human wrist, functions as a knee. It appears that a suspensory ligament allows the lanky legs to support the animal's great weight. The foot of the giraffe reaches a diametre of 30 cm, and the hoof is 15 cm high in males and 10 cm in females. The rear of each hoof is low and the fetlock is close to the ground, allowing the foot to provide additional support to the animal's weight. Giraffes lack dewclaws and interdigital glands. The giraffe's pelvis, though relatively short, has an ilium that is outspread at the upper ends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.699913024902344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "A giraffe has only two gaits: walking and galloping. Walking is done by moving the legs on one side of the body at the same time, then doing the same on the other side. When galloping, the hind legs move around the front legs before the latter move forward, and the tail will curl up. The animal relies on the forward and backward motions of its head and neck to maintain balance and the counter momentum while galloping. The giraffe can reach a sprint speed of up to 60 km/h, and can sustain 50 km/h for several kilometres. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07708740234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs. To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body. To get back up, it first gets on its knees and spreads its hind legs to raise its hindquarters. It then straightens its front legs. With each step, the animal swings its head. In captivity, the giraffe sleeps intermittently around 4.6 hours per day, mostly at night. It usually sleeps lying down, however, standing sleeps have been recorded, particularly in older individuals. Intermittent short \"deep sleep\" phases while lying are characterised by the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh, a position believed to indicate paradoxical sleep. If the giraffe wants to bend down to drink, it either spreads its front legs or bends its knees. Giraffes would probably not be competent swimmers as their long legs would be highly cumbersome in the water, although they could possibly float. When swimming, the thorax would be weighed down by the front legs, making it difficult for the animal to move its neck and legs in harmony or keep its head above the surface.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266079902648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe has an extremely elongated neck, which can be up to 2 - in length, accounting for much of the animal's vertical height. The long neck results from a disproportionate lengthening of the cervical vertebrae, not from the addition of more vertebrae. Each cervical vertebra is over 28 cm long. They comprise 52–54 per cent of the length of the giraffe's vertebral column, compared with the 27–33 percent typical of similar large ungulates, including the giraffe’s closest living relative, the okapi. This elongation largely takes place after birth, as giraffe mothers would have a difficult time giving birth to young with the same neck proportions as adults. The giraffe's head and neck are held up by large muscles and a strengthened nuchal ligament, which are anchored by long dorsal spines on the anterior thoracic vertebrae, giving the animal a hump.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.55484390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints. In particular, the atlas–axis joint (C1 and C2) allows the animal to tilt its head vertically and reach more branches with the tongue. The point of articulation between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae of giraffes is shifted to lie between the first and second thoracic vertebrae (T1 and T2), unlike most other ruminants where the articulation is between the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) and T1. This allows C7 to contribute directly to increased neck length and has given rise to the suggestion that T1 is actually C8, and that giraffes have added an extra cervical vertebra. However, this proposition is not generally accepted, as T1 has other morphological features, such as an articulating rib, deemed diagnostic of thoracic vertebrae, and because exceptions to the mammalian limit of seven cervical vertebrae are generally characterised by increased neurological anomalies and maladies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.97404670715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "There are several hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origin and maintenance of elongation in giraffe necks. The \"competing browsers hypothesis\" was originally suggested by Charles Darwin and challenged only recently. It suggests that competitive pressure from smaller browsers, such as kudu, steenbok and impala, encouraged the elongation of the neck, as it enabled giraffes to reach food that competitors could not. This advantage is real, as giraffes can and do feed up to high, while even quite large competitors, such as kudu, can feed up to only about 2 m high. There is also research suggesting that browsing competition is intense at lower levels, and giraffes feed more efficiently (gaining more leaf biomass with each mouthful) high in the canopy. However, scientists disagree about just how much time giraffes spend feeding at levels beyond the reach of other browsers,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769696235656738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "and a 2010 study found that adult giraffes with longer necks actually suffered higher mortality rates under drought conditions than their shorter-necked counterparts. This study suggests that maintaining a longer neck requires more nutrients, which puts longer-necked giraffes at risk during a food shortage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033570289611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Another theory, the sexual selection hypothesis, proposes that the long necks evolved as a secondary sexual characteristic, giving males an advantage in \"necking\" contests (see below) to establish dominance and obtain access to sexually receptive females. In support of this theory, necks are longer and heavier for males than females of the same age, and the former do not employ other forms of combat. However, one objection is that it fails to explain why female giraffes also have long necks. It has also been proposed that the neck serves to give the animal greater vigilance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.378168106079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "In mammals, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right; in the giraffe it is over 30 cm longer. These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal; the left nerve is over 2 m long. Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve, then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have a length of nearly 5 m in the largest giraffes. The structure of a giraffe's brain resembles that of domestic cattle. It is kept cool by evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages. The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass. Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space, in spite of its narrow windpipe. These factors increase the resistance to airflow. Nevertheless, the animal can still supply enough oxygen to its tissues and it can increase its respiratory rate and oxygen diffusion when running.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.59592056274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The circulatory system of the giraffe has several adaptations for its great height. Its heart, which can weigh more than 25 lb and measures about 2 ft long, must generate approximately double the blood pressure required for a human to maintain blood flow to the brain. As such, the wall of the heart can be as thick as . Giraffes have unusually high heart rates for their size, at 150 beats per minute. When the animal lowers its head the blood rushes down fairly unopposed and a rete mirabile in the upper neck prevents excess blood flow to the brain. When it raises again, the blood vessels constrict and direct the blood into the brain so the animal doesn't faint. The jugular veins contain several (most commonly seven) valves to prevent blood flowing back into the head from the inferior vena cava and right atrium while the head is lowered. Conversely, the blood vessels in the lower legs are under great pressure because of the weight of fluid pressing down on them. To solve this problem, the skin of the lower legs is thick and tight; preventing too much blood from pouring into them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.875885009765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes have oesophageal muscles that are unusually strong to allow regurgitation of food from the stomach up the neck and into the mouth for rumination. They have four chambered stomachs, as in all ruminants, and the first chamber has adapted to their specialised diet. The intestines of an adult giraffe measure more than 70 m in length and have a relatively small ratio of small to large intestine. The liver of the giraffe is small and compact. A gallbladder is generally present during fetal life, but it may disappear before birth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884182929992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes usually inhabit savannahs, grasslands and open woodlands. They prefer Acacieae, Commiphora, Combretum and open Terminalia woodlands over denser environments like Brachystegia woodlands. The Angolan giraffe can be found in desert environments. Giraffes browse on the twigs of trees, preferring trees of the subfamily Acacieae and the genera Commiphora and Terminalia, which are important sources of calcium and protein to sustain the giraffe's growth rate. They also feed on shrubs, grass and fruit. A giraffe eats around 34 kg of foliage daily. When stressed, giraffes may chew the bark off branches. Although herbivorous, the giraffe has been known to visit carcasses and lick dried meat off bones.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901744842529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "During the wet season, food is abundant and giraffes are more spread out, while during the dry season, they gather around the remaining evergreen trees and bushes. Mothers tend to feed in open areas, presumably to make it easier to detect predators, although this may reduce their feeding efficiency. As a ruminant, the giraffe first chews its food, then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half-digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again. It is common for a giraffe to salivate while feeding. The giraffe requires less food than many other herbivores because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a more efficient digestive system. The animal's faeces come in the form of small pellets. When it has access to water, a giraffe drinks at intervals no longer than three days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75049114227295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes have a great effect on the trees that they feed on, delaying the growth of young trees for some years and giving \"waistlines\" to trees that are too tall. Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime. Between these hours, giraffes mostly stand and ruminate. Rumination is the dominant activity during the night, when it is mostly done lying down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120753288269043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes are usually found in groups. Traditionally, the composition of these groups has been described as open and ever-changing. Giraffes were thought to have few social bonds and for research purposes, a \"group\" has been defined as \"a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction.\" More recent studies have found that giraffes do have long-term social associations and may form groups or pairs based on kinship, sex or other factors. These groups may regularly associate with one another in larger communities or sub-communities within a fission–fusion society. The number of giraffes in a group can range up to 44 individuals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793357849121094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffe groups tend to be sex-segregated although mixed-sex groups made of adult females and young males are known to occur. Particularity stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young, which can last weeks or months. Social cohesion in these groups is maintained by the bonds formed between calves. Female association appears to be based on space-use and individuals may be matrilineally related. Young males also form groups and will engage in playfights. However, as they get older males become more solitary but may also associate in pairs or with female groups. Giraffes are not territorial, but they have home ranges. Male giraffes occasionally wander far from areas that they normally frequent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298042297363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Although generally quiet and non-vocal, giraffes have been heard to communicate using various sounds. During courtship, males emit loud coughs. Females call their young by bellowing. Calves will emit snorts, bleats, mooing and mewing sounds. Giraffes also snore, hiss, moan, grunt and make flute-like sounds, and possibly communicate over long distances using infrasound —though this is disputed. During nighttime, giraffes appear to hum to each other above the infrasound range for purposes which are unclear. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.808736801147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Reproduction in giraffes is broadly polygamous: a few older males mate with the fertile females. Male giraffes assess female fertility by tasting the female's urine to detect oestrus, in a multi-step process known as the flehmen response. Males prefer young adult females over juveniles and older adults. Once an oestrous female is detected, the male will attempt to court her. When courting, dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay. During copulation, the male stands on his hind legs with his head held up and his front legs resting on the female's sides.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821298599243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffe gestation lasts 400–460 days, after which a single calf is normally born, although twins occur on rare occasions. The mother gives birth standing up. The calf emerges head and front legs first, having broken through the fetal membranes, and falls to the ground, severing the umbilical cord. The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up. A newborn giraffe is tall. Within a few hours of birth, the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one-week-old. However, for the first 1–3 weeks, it spends most of its time hiding; its coat pattern providing camouflage. The ossicones, which have lain flat while it was in the womb, become erect within a few days.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.163979530334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Mothers with calves will gather in nursery herds, moving or browsing together. Mothers in such a group may sometimes leave their calves with one female while they forage and drink elsewhere. This is known as a \"calving pool\". Adult males play almost no role in raising the young, although they appear to have friendly interactions. Calves are at risk of predation, and a mother giraffe will stand over her calf and kick at an approaching predator. Females watching calving pools will only alert their own young if they detect a disturbance, although the others will take notice and follow. The bond a mother shares with her calf varies, though it can last until her next calving. Likewise, calves may suckle for only a month or as long as a year. Females become sexually mature when they are four years old, while males become mature at four or five years. However, males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297900199890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat, a behaviour known as \"necking\". Necking is used to establish dominance and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success. This behaviour occurs at low or high intensity. In low intensity necking, the combatants rub and lean against each other. The male that can hold itself more erect wins the bout. In high intensity necking, the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other, attempting to land blows with their ossicones. The contestants will try to dodge each other's blows and then get ready to counter. The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing. A necking duel can last more than half an hour, depending on how well matched the combatants are. Although most fights do not lead to serious injury, there have been records of broken jaws, broken necks, and even deaths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.677249908447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "After a duel, it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other. Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling. In one study, up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males. The proportion of same-sex activities varied from 30–75 percent. Only one percent of same-sex mounting incidents occurred between females. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.727553367614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Some parasites feed on giraffes. They are often hosts for ticks, especially in the area around the genitals, which has thinner skin than other areas. Tick species that commonly feed on giraffes are those of genera Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus. Giraffes may rely on red-billed and yellow-billed oxpeckers to clean them of ticks and alert them to danger. Giraffes host numerous species of internal parasite and are susceptible to various diseases. They were victims of the (now eradicated) viral illness rinderpest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.799266815185547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Humans have interacted with giraffes for millennia. The San people of southern Africa have medicine dances named after some animals; the giraffe dance is performed to treat head ailments. How the giraffe got its height has been the subject of various African folktales, including one from eastern Africa which explains that the giraffe grew tall from eating too many magic herbs. Giraffes were depicted in art throughout the African continent, including that of the Kiffians, Egyptians and Meroë Nubians. The Kiffians were responsible for a life-size rock engraving of two giraffes that has been called the \"world's largest rock art petroglyph\". The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own hieroglyph, named 'sr' in Old Egyptian and 'mmy' in later periods. They also kept giraffes as pets and shipped them around the Mediterranean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.911722183227539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes continue to have a presence in modern culture. Salvador Dalí depicted them with conflagrated manes in some of his surrealist paintings. Dali considered the giraffe to be a symbol of masculinity, and a flaming giraffe was meant to be a \"masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster\". Several children's books feature the giraffe, including David A. Ufer's The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights, Giles Andreae's Giraffes Can't Dance and Roald Dahl's The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me. Giraffes have appeared in animated films, as minor characters in Disney's The Lion King and Dumbo, and in more prominent roles in The Wild and in the Madagascar films. Sophie the Giraffe has been a popular teether since 1961. Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys \"R\" Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.887861251831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe has also been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries. Scientists have looked at the properties of giraffe skin when developing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs. Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using reaction–diffusion mechanisms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997611999511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Giraffes were probably common targets for hunters throughout Africa. Different parts of their bodies were used for different purposes. Their meat was used for food. The tail hairs served as flyswatters, bracelets, necklaces and thread. Shields, sandals and drums were made using the skin, and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons. The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of Buganda to treat nose bleeds. The Humr people of Sudan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh; which is created from the liver and marrow of giraffes. Umm Nyolokh often contains DMT and other psychoactive substances from plants the giraffes eat such as Acacia; and is known to cause hallucinations of giraffes, believed to be the giraffes' ghosts by the Humr. [http://www.cracked.com/article/81_6-animals-that-can-get-you-high/ 6 Animals That Can Get You High | Cracked.com] In the 19th century, European explorers began to hunt them for sport. Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe, too: in the Sahel, the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to deforestation. Normally, giraffes can coexist with livestock, since they do not directly compete with them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.047904968261719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "The giraffe species as a whole is assessed as Least Concern from a conservation perspective by the IUCN, as it is still numerous. However, giraffes have been extirpated from much of their historic range including Eritrea, Guinea, Mauritania and Senegal. They may also have disappeared from Angola, Mali, and Nigeria, but have been introduced to Rwanda and Swaziland. Two subspecies, the West African giraffe and the Rothschild giraffe, have been classified as Endangered, as wild populations of each of them number in the hundreds. In 1997, Jonathan Kingdon suggested that the Nubian giraffe was the most threatened of all giraffes; , it may number fewer than 250, although this estimate is uncertain. Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa. Giraffe Manor is a popular hotel in Nairobi that also serves as sanctuary for Rothschild's giraffes. The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. It is the national animal of Tanzania, and is protected by law. Unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment. In 1999, it was estimated that over 140,000 giraffes existed in the wild, but estimates in 2010 indicate that fewer than 80,000 remain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.084573745727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "answer": "Giraffe", "passage": "Small kills are eaten immediately, while larger carcasses are dragged over several hundred metres and safely cached to be consumed later on trees, in bushes or even caves. The way the kill is stored to be consumed later depends on the local topography and individual preferences; while trees are preferred in Kruger National Park, bushes are preferred in the plain terrain of the Kalahari. Kills are cached up to apart. Although they are smaller than most other members of its genus, leopards are able to take large prey due to their massive skulls that facilitate powerful jaw muscles. Leopards are strong enough to drag carcasses heavier than themselves up trees; an individual was seen to haul a young giraffe, nearly 125 kg, up into a tree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.073569297790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leopard" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tom Dewey", "Thomas E. Dewey", "Thomas Dewey", "Thomas E Dewey", "Thomas Edward Dewey", "Governor Dewey", "Thomas Edmund Dewey" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "thomas edmund dewey", "governor dewey", "thomas dewey", "thomas edward dewey", "thomas e dewey", "tom dewey" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "thomas e dewey", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Thomas E. Dewey" }

[ { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "The United States presidential election of 1948 was the 41st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. Incumbent President Harry S. Truman, the Democratic nominee, who had succeeded to the presidency after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, successfully ran for election for a full term against Thomas E. Dewey, the Republican nominee.", "precise_score": 3.879389762878418, "rough_score": 5.833432674407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1948" }, { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, California Governor Earl Warren, General Douglas MacArthur, and Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in 1944, was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's eastern establishment. In 1946 he had been re-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many New Deal welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the United Nations. Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election. ", "precise_score": -2.4700613021850586, "rough_score": 0.3634125888347626, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1948" }, { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "Truman's nomination was dubbed the \"Second Missouri Compromise\" and was well received. The Roosevelt–Truman ticket achieved a 432–99 electoral-vote victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York and running mate Governor John Bricker of Ohio. Truman was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.43094325065612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Thomas Dewey", "passage": "The large, mostly spontaneous gatherings at Truman's whistle-stop events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps. It continued reporting Republican Thomas Dewey's apparent impending victory as a certainty. One reason for the press' inaccurate projection was that polls were conducted primarily by telephone, but many people, including much of Truman's populist base, did not yet own a telephone. This skewed the data to indicate a stronger support base for Dewey than existed. An unintended and undetected projection error may have contributed to the perception of Truman's bleak chances. The three major polling organizations stopped polling well before the November 2 election date—Roper in September, and Crossley and Gallup in October—thus failing to measure the period when Truman appears to have surged past Dewey.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.758116722106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Harry S. Truman" }, { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "File:ThomasDewey.png|Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.624401092529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1948" }, { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining. Though Truman lost all nine of the Gallup Poll's post-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to 9 points in mid-October to just 5 points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. On September 9 - nearly two months before election day - pollster Elmo Roper announced that \"Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected...I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck-and-neck race.\" Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he took another poll. It showed \"a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.519275665283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States presidential election, 1948" }, { "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey", "passage": "Starting in the 1930s a number of Northeastern Republicans took liberal positions regarding labor unions, spending and New Deal policies. They included Mayor Fiorello La Guardia in New York City, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, Governor Earl Warren of California, Senator Clifford P. Case of New Jersey, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts, Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut (father and grandfather of the two Bush presidents), Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York, Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania, and Governor George W. Romney of Michigan. The most notable of them all was Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York. They generally advocated a free-market, but with some level of regulation. Rockefeller required employable welfare recipients to take available jobs or job training. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.2501630783081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "answer": "Thomas Dewey", "passage": "Roosevelt alienated many conservative Democrats, in 1937, by his unexpected plan to \"pack\" the Supreme Court via the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Following a sharp recession that hit early in 1938, major strikes all over the country, the CIO and AFL competing with each other for membership, and Roosevelt's failed efforts to radically reorganize the Supreme Court, the Democrats were in disarray. Meanwhile, the GOP was united; they had shed their weakest members in a series of defeats since 1930. Re-energized Republicans focused attention on strong fresh candidates in major states, especially Robert A. Taft the conservative from Ohio, Earl Warren the moderate who won both the Republicans and the Democratic primaries in California, and Thomas Dewey the crusading prosecutor from New York. The GOP comeback in 1938 was made possible by carrying 50% of the vote outside the South, giving GOP leaders confidence it had a strong base for the 1940 presidential election. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.57611083984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "answer": "Thomas Dewey", "passage": "Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio represented the wing of the party that continued to oppose New Deal reforms and continued to champion non-interventionism. Thomas Dewey, governor of New York, represented the Northeastern wing of the party. Dewey did not reject the New Deal programs, but demanded more efficiency, more support for economic growth, and less corruption. He was more willing than Taft to support Britain in 1939–40. After the war the isolationists wing strenuously opposed the United Nations, and was half-hearted in opposition to world Communism. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.514959335327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" }, { "answer": "Tom Dewey", "passage": "The term Rockefeller Republican was used 1960–80 to designate a faction of the party holding \"moderate\" views similar to those of Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York from 1959 to 1974 and vice president under President Gerald Ford in 1974–77. Before Rockefeller, Tom Dewey, governor of New York 1942–54 and GOP presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 was the leader. Dwight Eisenhower and his aide Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., reflected many of their views.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0017545223236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Republican Party" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Crown (disambiguation)", "Crown (coin)", "Crown", "Crowns" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "crown disambiguation", "crown coin", "crowns", "crown" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "crown", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Crown" }

[ { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "In this technique the restoration is fabricated outside of the mouth using the dental impressions of the prepared tooth. Common indirect restorations include inlays and onlays, crowns, bridges, and veneers. Usually a dental technician fabricates the indirect restoration from records the dentist has provided of the prepared tooth. The finished restoration is usually bonded permanently with a dental cement. It is often done in two separate visits to the dentist. Common indirect restorations are done using gold or ceramics.", "precise_score": -6.3614821434021, "rough_score": -6.9571709632873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "Dental implants are anchors placed in bone, usually made from titanium or titanium alloy. They can support dental restorations which replace missing teeth. Some restorative applications include supporting crowns, bridges, or dental prostheses.", "precise_score": -6.582515716552734, "rough_score": -8.80144214630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "The city itself is hilly, though not uniformly so. Like Rome, the city is said to lie on seven hills; the lists vary but typically include Capitol Hill, First Hill, West Seattle, Beacon Hill, Queen Anne, Magnolia, and the former Denny Hill. The Wallingford, Mount Baker, and Crown Hill neighborhoods are technically located on hills as well. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington. The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, the result of two of the many regrading projects that reshaped the topography of the city center. The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a seawall and the artificial Harbor Island (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial Duwamish Waterway, the terminus of the Green River. The highest point within city limits is at High Point in West Seattle, which is roughly located near 35th Ave SW and SW Myrtle St. Other notable hills include Crown Hill, View Ridge/Wedgwood/Bryant, Maple Leaf, Phinney Ridge, Mt. Baker Ridge, and Highlands/Carkeek/Bitterlake.", "precise_score": -8.066717147827148, "rough_score": -8.68857479095459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "*Intracoronal preparations are those preparations which serve to hold restorative material within the confines of the structure of the crown of a tooth. Examples include all classes of cavity preparations for composite or amalgam, as well as those for gold and porcelain inlays. Intracoronal preparations are also made as female recipients to receive the male components of Removable partial dentures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022292137145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "*Extracoronal preparations are those preparations which serve as a core or base upon which or around which restorative material will be placed to bring the tooth back into a functional or aesthetic structure. Examples include crowns and onlays, as well as veneers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.840014457702637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "These casting alloys are mostly used for making crowns, bridges and dentures. Titanium, usually commercially pure but sometimes a 90% alloy, is used as the anchor for dental implants as it is biocompatible and can integrate into bone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923210144042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "Dental composites, also called \"white fillings\", are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry. Crowns and in-lays can be made in the laboratory from dental composites. These materials are similar to those used in direct fillings and are tooth-colored. Their strength and durability is not as high as porcelain or metal restorations and they are more prone to wear and discolouration. As with other composite materials, a dental composite typically consists of a resin-based matrix, such as a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BISMA) resin like urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), and an inorganic filler such as silica. Compositions vary widely, with proprietary mixes of resins forming the matrix, as well as engineered filler glasses and glass ceramics. The filler gives the composite wear resistance and translucency. A coupling agent such as silane is used to enhance the bond between these two components. An initiator package begins the polymerization reaction of the resins when external energy (light/heat, etc.) is applied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.080784797668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "Full-porcelain dental materials include Dental porcelain (porcelain meaning a high-firing-temperature ceramic), other ceramics, sintered-glass materials, and glass-ceramics as indirect fillings and crowns or metal-free \"jacket crowns\". They are also used as in-lays, on-lays, and aesthetic veneers. A veneer is a very thin shell of porcelain that can replace or cover part of the enamel of the tooth. Full-porcelain restorations are particularly desirable because their color and translucency mimic natural tooth enamel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.607155799865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "Another type is known as porcelain-fused-to-metal, which is used to provide strength to a crown or bridge. These restorations are very strong, durable and resistant to wear, because the combination of porcelain and metal creates a stronger restoration than porcelain used alone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.682744979858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "One of the advantages of computerized dentistry (CAD/CAM technologies) involves the use of machinable ceramics which are sold in a partially sintered, machinable state that is fired again after machining to form a hard ceramic. Some of the materials used are glass-bonded porcelain (Viablock), \"lithium disilicate\" glass-ceramic (a ceramic crystallizing from a glass by special heat treatment), and phase stabilized zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO2). Previous attempts to utilize high-performance ceramics such as zirconium-oxide were thwarted by the fact that this material could not be processed using the traditional methods used in dentistry. Because of its high strength and comparatively much higher fracture toughness, sintered zirconium-oxide can be used in posterior crowns and bridges, implant abutments, and root dowel pins. Lithium disilicate (used in the latest Chairside Economical Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics CEREC product) also has the fracture resistance needed for use on molars. Some all-ceramic restorations, such as porcelain-fused-to-alumina set the standard for high aesthetics in dentistry because they are strong and their color and translucency mimic natural tooth enamel. Not as aesthetic as porcelain-fused-to-ceramic, many dentists will not use new machine-made \"monolithic\" zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns on anterior (front) teeth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068419456481934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "Cast metals and porcelain-on-metal are currently the standard material for crowns and bridges. The demand for full ceramic solutions, however, continues to grow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390368461608887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" }, { "answer": "Crown", "passage": "*Porcelain, cobalt-chrome, and gold are used for indirect restorations like crowns and partial coverage crowns (onlays). Traditional porcelains are brittle and are not always recommended for molar restorations. Some hard porcelains cause excessive wear on opposing teeth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.349214553833008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dental restoration" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Pumpkin Cultivation", "Pumpkining", "Pumpkin farming", "Pumpkins", "Pumpkin cultivation", "Punkin", "Pumpkin" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "pumpkin farming", "punkin", "pumpkin", "pumpkins", "pumpkin cultivation", "pumpkining" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "pumpkins", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Pumpkins" }

[ { "answer": "Pumpkins", "passage": "Trebuchets compete in one of the classifications of machines used to hurl pumpkins at the annual pumpkin chunking contest held in Sussex County, Delaware, U.S. The record-holder in that contest for trebuchets is the Yankee Siege II from New Hampshire, which at the 2013 WCPC Championship tossed a pumpkin 2835.8 ft (864.35 metres). The 51 ft, 55000 lb trebuchet flings the standard 8 - pumpkins, specified for all entries in the WCPC competition.", "precise_score": -9.932966232299805, "rough_score": -7.286530494689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trebuchet" }, { "answer": "Pumpkin", "passage": "Pumpkin chunking is another widely popularized use, in which people compete to see who can launch a pumpkin the farthest by mechanical means (although the world record is held by a pneumatic air cannon).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.290897369384766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Catapult" }, { "answer": "Pumpkin", "passage": "Although rarely used as a weapon today, trebuchets maintain the interest of professional and hobbyist engineers, as with the aforementioned pumpkin chunking competitions. One modern technological development, especially for the competitive pumpkin-hurling events, is the \"floating arms\" design. Instead of using the traditional axle fixed to a frame, these devices are mounted on wheels that roll on a track parallel to the ground, with a counterweight that falls directly downward upon release, allowing for greater efficiency by increasing the proportion of energy transferred to the projectile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.356139183044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Trebuchet" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Mary (album)", "Mary (song)", "Mary (disambiguation)", "Mary", "Mary (film)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "mary song", "mary", "mary film", "mary disambiguation", "mary album" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "mary", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Mary" }

[ { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "\"Mary Had a Little Lamb\" is an English language nursery rhyme of nineteenth-century American origin. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7622.", "precise_score": 0.25464457273483276, "rough_score": -2.651527166366577, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "Mary had a little lamb,", "precise_score": -3.1851022243499756, "rough_score": -7.762391090393066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "As a young girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother. A commotion naturally ensued. Mary recalled: \"Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone, a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen, who was then settled in Sterling. It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers, and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle. The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem...\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.815739631652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "Mary Sawyer's house, located in Sterling, Massachusetts, was destroyed by arson on August 12, 2007. A statue representing Mary's Little Lamb stands in the town center. The Redstone School, which was built in 1798, was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow's Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.483180046081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both popularized the song in their own albums: Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy's version in his 1983 debut album, Texas Flood, with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme, \"A-Tisket, A-Tasket\", into the song. In 1972, Paul McCartney released a version of the song. Just as he had done with the 16th-century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles' Abbey Road LP in 1969, he added his own melody to the lyrics. The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of \"Mary Had a Little Lamb\" did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists. McCartney played the song during Wings' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special. It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.801585674285889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "And everywhere that Mary went,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.116768836975098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "Till Mary did appear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231793403625488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "\"Why does the lamb love Mary so?\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.146982192993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" }, { "answer": "Mary", "passage": "\"Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know,\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.357709884643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mary Had a Little Lamb" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Perry White", "Great Caesar's ghost" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "perry white", "great caesar s ghost" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "perry white", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Perry White" }

[ { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "The Daily Planet is a fictional broadsheet newspaper appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in association with Superman. The newspaper is based out of the fictional city of Metropolis, and employs Clark Kent, Lois Lane, and Jimmy Olsen, with Perry White as its editor-in-chief. In the Batman: Hush storyline, it is named a subsidiary of Wayne Entertainment.", "precise_score": 8.055582046508789, "rough_score": 9.078540802001953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the post-Crisis comics' canon, years before Clark or Lois began working for the paper, Lex Luthor owned the Daily Planet. When Luthor, deciding to sell the paper, began taking bids for the Planet, Perry White convinced an international conglomerate, TransNational Enterprises, to buy the paper. They agreed to this venture with only one stipulation: that Perry White would become editor-in-chief. White had served as the Planet editor-in-chief ever since, barring the few times he was absent. During those times people such as Sam Foswell and Clark Kent have looked after the paper. Franklin Stern, an old friend of White's, became the Daily Planets publisher.", "precise_score": 4.767001152038574, "rough_score": 3.638185739517212, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "During the story Infinite Crisis, parts of the Post-Crisis history were altered. These changes were explained gradually over the next several years. The 2009 mini-series Superman: Secret Origin clarified the earlier history of the Planet in the new continuity. The story established that while Lex Luthor, in the revised history, owns every media in Metropolis and uses it to enforce his public image as a wealthy benefactor, the Planet had always stood free, refusing him ownership and even condemning his actions in editorials signed by Perry White himself. As a result, when Clark Kent is first inducted into the Planet, the newspaper was almost bankrupt, dilapidated and unable to afford new reporters. This changed after Superman begins his career. Thanks to Superman granting exclusive interviews and photographs to Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen when he debuts, the paper's circulation increased 700%.", "precise_score": 0.7211933135986328, "rough_score": 2.198134660720825, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "Clark works as a newspaper journalist. In the earliest stories, he is employed by George Taylor of The Daily Star, but the second episode of the radio serial changed this to Perry White of The Daily Planet. Action Comics #1 introduced Clark's colleague Lois Lane. Clark is romantically attracted to her, but she rejects the mild-mannered Clark and is infatuated with the bold and mighty Superman. This love triangle has existed since the character's inception in 1933 and is present in most Superman stories. Jerry Siegel objected to any proposal that Lois discover that Clark is Superman because he felt that, as implausible as Clark's disguise is, the love triangle was too important to the book's appeal. For decades in comic stories, Lois suspects Clark is Superman and tries to prove it, but Superman always outwits her; the first such story was Superman #17 (1942). ", "precise_score": -1.211016297340393, "rough_score": 3.3587279319763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superman" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "Perry White is a fictional character who appears in the Superman comics. White is the Editor-in-Chief of the Metropolis newspaper the Daily Planet.", "precise_score": 7.295542240142822, "rough_score": 8.776354789733887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "The earliest Superman comics present Clark Kent and Lois Lane as working for the Daily Star for an editor named George Taylor. However, this was soon changed, with Perry White first appearing as the editor of a newly renamed Daily Planet. ", "precise_score": 4.851831436157227, "rough_score": 3.949136972427368, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the 1960s and 1970s DC Comics, after the multiverse method of continuity tracking was implemented, the above inconsistency was explained away by declaring that on Earth-One (the Silver Age universe), Perry White is Clark and Lois' employer at the Daily Planet, while on Earth-Two (the Golden Age universe), George Taylor is that world's editor-in-chief of the Daily Star. The Perry White of Earth-Two is a lead reporter for the Daily Star and, according to a Superman Family tale, has \"filled in\" as editor from time to time while Taylor was away.", "precise_score": 4.2151665687561035, "rough_score": 1.9757907390594482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*The Superman Fleischer cartoons from the 1940s featured a Daily Planet editor without name, because at the time Perry White was used in the radio serial and George Taylor was featured in the comics.", "precise_score": 1.6403510570526123, "rough_score": 3.7388851642608643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "* Perry White: The chief editor of the Daily Planet, he is noted for his trademark cigars and gruff, but caring, demeanor with his staff. (Such actors as John Hamilton, Jackie Cooper, and Lane Smith have acted him out in live action.)", "precise_score": 4.8549699783325195, "rough_score": 3.706268548965454, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Superman supporting characters" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the Silver and Bronze Age universes, Clark's first contact with the Daily Planet came when reporter (and future editor) Perry White came to Smallville to write a story about Superboy, and wound up getting an interview where the Boy of Steel first revealed his extraterrestrial origins. The story resulted in Perry earning a Pulitzer Prize. During Clark Kent's years in college, Perry White was promoted to editor-in-chief upon the retirement of the Daily Planets previous editor, the Earth-One version of George Taylor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6701650619506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "After Lois Lane made a deal with Luthor where, in exchange for him returning the Planet to Perry, she would kill one story of his choosing with no questions asked, Luthor sold the Daily Planet to Perry White for the token sum of one dollar. The paper was quickly reinstated, rehiring all of its old staff. Some time later, ownership of the Planet fell into the hands of Bruce Wayne, where it has remained ever since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.626540184020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the current comics and media spinoffs, the Daily Planet is presented as a thoroughly modern news operation, including operating an Internet web site much like most large newspapers. The Planets reporters also have access to the best modern equipment to aid their work, though Perry White has often been shown as still favoring his manual typewriter. In 2008, it was said that Clark (at least in this era/continuity) uses a typewriter at his desk due to his powers causing minor interference in regular desktop computers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.612929821014404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "General Sam Lane (Lois' father) attempted to capture Superman, seeing him as an alien threat. When he failed to do so, he forcibly shut down the Planet as part of an attempt to force Perry White and Lois to turn over any information they had on Superman that they haven't released to the public. Eventually, Superman turned the public to his favor and Sam Lane was seen in a bad light after his soldier John Corben AKA Metallo ruthlessly endangered civilians. These events lead to the people of Metropolis no longer looking at Lex Luthor as a savior and The Daily Planet becomes the city's top-selling paper, as well as a major player in media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7836318016052246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "* Perry White - Editor-in-Chief.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.163980007171631, "source": "wiki", "title": "Daily Planet" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "Superman's large cast of supporting characters includes Lois Lane, the character most commonly associated with Superman, being portrayed at different times as his colleague, competitor, love interest and wife. Other main supporting characters include Daily Planet coworkers such as photographer Jimmy Olsen and editor Perry White, Clark Kent's adoptive parents Jonathan and Martha Kent, childhood sweetheart Lana Lang and best friend Pete Ross, associates like Professor Hamilton and John Henry Irons who often provide scientific advice and tech support, and former college love interest Lori Lemaris (a mermaid). Stories making reference to the possibility of Superman siring children have been featured both in and out of mainstream continuity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5076412558555603, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superman" }, { "answer": "Great Caesar's ghost", "passage": "White maintains very high ethical and journalistic standards. He is an archetypal image of the tough, irascible but fairminded boss. White's most well known catchphrases are \"Great Caesar's ghost!\" and \"Don't call me chief!\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.685334205627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "The character of Perry White was created for the radio serial, The Adventures of Superman and portrayed by actor Julian Noa. The character made his initial appearance in the second episode of the series, which aired February 14, 1940. The character transitioned into the Superman comic book later that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.972383499145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the early 1970s, the Daily Planet is bought by Morgan Edge, president of the media conglomerate Galaxy Communications, with much of Perry's power in running the paper overtaken by Edge. In the months just prior to the Crisis \"reboot\" in 1985, it is implied that Perry White is beginning to succumb to Alzheimer's disease, manifesting in increased forgetfulness and confusion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.808011054992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "Perry White's two greatest moves as editor are hiring Lois Lane and (later) Clark Kent. When she was 15, Lois had impressed Perry with her persistence in trying to get employment at the newspaper (by lying about her age). After Jerry White dies from a gunshot, Perry and Alice grieve for some time, resulting in Perry taking a leave of absence from the Daily Planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.970634460449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "Though Perry's knowledge of Clark's alter ego is uncertain, it is known that he has found a dusty suit of his star reporter's clothes in a supply closet, including his passport. For this reason, Perry may well suspect that Clark and Superman are the same person, but due to his personal admiration for both Clark and Superman, he has never confided this suspicion or knowledge to anybody. Bruce Wayne believes that because of White's superior skill as a reporter, he knows that Clark is Superman (\"Perry White is too good a reporter not to have uncovered Clark's secret. And yet, he acts otherwise... reminding me how good a detective Jim Gordon is back in Gotham City...\" -Batman: Hush).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.279754638671875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the limited comic series, DC Universe Online: Legends, Perry White was captured, alongside Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen, in the Daily Planet by Brainiac, but was saved by Superman, with Lex Luthor in possession of the canister containing them. Later, Perry became one of the people who have gained metahuman abilities from Braniac's Exobytes, transforming his body into a being of Ice and granting him Ice powers, which has surprised him. Later he adopted the code name Frost. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9471259117126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Pierre Watkin was the first actor to play Perry White, in the two Superman serials starring Kirk Alyn from 1948 and 1950. In the 1950s television and radio series, as played by John Hamilton, Perry typically barked \"Great Caesar's ghost!\" when angry, exasperated or surprised. His other trademark line was \"Don't call me 'chief'!\" Both of these lines eventually became staples in the comics. In at least one episode, it is revealed that Perry has served a term as mayor of Metropolis before becoming editor-in-chief on the Planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3583911657333374, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*In February 1975, ABC aired a TV movie based on the failed 1966 Broadway musical It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman starring then-Password host Allen Ludden in the role of Perry White. The movie was narrated by Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In announcer Gary Owens and Ludden's castmates included Lesley Ann Warren, Al Molinaro(aka Al Delvecchio on Happy Days) and Loretta Swit. The movie is viewable on YouTube.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017060279846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Perry White's son, T. J. White, was a supporting character in the Superboy television series. Perry White himself never appeared in the show; however, he did appear in the second issue of the tie-in comic book series, in which T.J. was kidnapped by an organized crime family on which Perry did an exposé.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.989045143127441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Great Caesar's ghost", "passage": "*In the 1990s television series Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, as played by Lane Smith, Perry was a Baby Boomer with an abiding fondness for rock and roll, particularly Elvis Presley. Instead of \"Great Caesar's ghost,\" he sometimes said \"Great shades of Elvis!\" and the comics briefly followed suit. In a subplot that carried over many episodes, Perry is portrayed as having marital difficulties with his wife Alice due to his dedication to the paper. The couple later reunite just before the series finale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69018268585205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Smallville, the successful TV series about the life of a younger Clark Kent before being Superman, featured their version of the character. In the season-three episode \"Perry\", Perry is portrayed by Michael McKean. In this, he is a former Daily Planet reporter who gets reduced to tabloid television after attempting to expose Lionel Luthor's corrupt dealings. He attempts to regain some of his old reputation by exposing Clark's powers, but his plan backfires when sunspot activity temporarily nullifies Clark's abilities, although Clark's subsequent heroism despite his currently-powerless status prompts Perry to both abandon the idea that Clark has powers and cause him to consider turning over a new leaf, even offering to give Clark a recommendation if he looks into journalism as a career in future. The phrase \"don't call me Chief\" was worked into this episode, when White calls Sheriff Nancy Adams \"Chief\". It's later implied in the season 4 episode \"Gone\" that Perry is working his way back up with an article on Lionel's conviction. He reprised his role in the season 9 episode \"Hostage\" as the new boyfriend of the returning Martha Kent, who had moved to the Senate in Washington. In the series finale, it is shown that Perry White became the editor-in-chief of the Daily Planet. Michael McKean provided the voice of Perry White in the very last scene of the final episode but the actor himself was not seen on screen, although \"Great Caesar's Ghost\" was famously heard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.503485083580017, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Phil Hartman also played Perry White in a Superman spoof on Saturday Night Live in 1992. The sketch took place at Superman's funeral following the events of The Death of Superman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.398420333862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*In Bryan Singer's Superman Returns, Perry White was originally going to be portrayed by Hugh Laurie. But when it was determined that there would be a schedule conflict involving Laurie's TV series House (which was, incidentally, executive produced by Singer), Laurie was forced to drop out and Frank Langella stepped in to play Perry White. In this movie, Perry has a nephew, Richard White, who is engaged to Lois and serves as a father figure to her son Jason, although it is implied over the course of the film that Jason's biological father is Superman himself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463314056396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Laurence Fishburne portrays Perry White in the DC Extended Universe, making him the first African American to play Perry White in a live action film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.267058372497559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "**In Man of Steel, while his position does not deviate from the comics, his view of Superman is somewhat different. Rather than seeing the existence of a powerful alien as a major scoop, he believes such a discovery will warrant a negative reaction from the people of Earth. When a blogger that Lois Lane met with about Superman appears on TV and mentions Lois' encounter with him, Perry White calls up Lois stating that the FBI have visited the Daily Planet and advises her to turn herself over to them. At the film's climax, he and Steve Lombard aid a reporter named Jenny Jurwich when she is trapped under debris. At the end of the film, White introduces Lois and Lombard to Clark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.030713081359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*The Superman 1988 TV series showed a Perry White modeled after his comic book counterpart but with a tough attitude, similar to the movie series, and was voiced by Stanley Ralph Ross.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.264995574951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*The 1990s Superman: The Animated Series featured Perry White played by voice-actor George Dzundza, that only interacted with the characters in the Daily Planet. This version of the character had cameos in the Justice League and Justice League Unlimited animated series. Dzundza reprised his role as Perry White in the 2006 direct-to-video animated film Superman: Brainiac Attacks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.775329113006592, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*In Superman: Doomsday, Perry White is played by voice-actor Ray Wise. Here, he is bald, but shares the same characteristics as the comics-counterpart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.924810409545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Perry White appeared in All-Star Superman, voiced by Edward Asner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.054930686950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Perry White appears in the episode \"Battle of the Superheroes\" saying his lines \"Great Caesar's ghost\" and \"Don't call me Chief\" voiced by Richard McGonagle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187912940979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Perry White appeared in Superman for the NES.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361958503723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*George Dzundza reprised his role as Perry White in the video game Superman: Shadow of Apokolips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.851266860961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "*Perry White appears in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Brian Bloom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.263917922973633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Perry White" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "When Lois returned to Metropolis, she had been through several life-threatening exploits, and was slightly amused when Clark informed her his powers had been depleted, and that he was her editor (due to Perry White's cancer). Upon discovering Clark still had her wedding ring within a handkerchief, Lois warmly broke down, teasing Clark and finally agreeing to become his wife.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2851948738098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lois Lane" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In the miniseries Convergence. The event featured many pre-Flashpoint DC Universe characters, including a married Superman and his pregnant wife Lois Lane, deal with the impending birth of their child, as Superman is called to protect the city. Convergence also shows the birth of their son, Jonathan Samuel Kent. Following Convergence, DC announced the spin-off comic book series Superman: Lois and Clark, debuting in October 2015 written by Dan Jurgens and art by Lee Weeks. The eight issue series is set nine years after the Convergence event, where Clark and Lois and their 9-year-old son Jonathan has been living and working in the New 52 universe. The couple now lives in California and has changed their last name to White (a tribute to Perry White). Lois has become an anonymous author, publishing several critically acclaimed books under the alias name \"Author X\". While Clark continues his superhero duty, protecting cities and civilians quietly behind the scenes. Their son, Jonathan, eventually began to develop superpowers of his own (similar to those of his father Superman), and learned the truth about his parents true origin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.339269638061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lois Lane" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "In this version, Superman has returned to earth after many years away, and finds out that Lois is engaged to Richard White (Perry White's nephew) and has given birth to a son, Jason White. Lois' son, Jason, is starting to show superpowers of his own, indicating that he is Superman's son.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.844874382019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lois Lane" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "At the conclusion, Clark is introduced by Perry White to Lois as the new stringer for the Daily Planet, which will become Clark's new secret identity. Lois, surprised but willing to keep his secret, plays along and welcomes him.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.850987434387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lois Lane" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "* T.J. White: Clark's first college roommate and the nephew of Perry White. In the series, he works with Clark on their university's student newspaper.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.394952774047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Superman supporting characters" }, { "answer": "Perry White", "passage": "* Richard White: Lois Lane's fiance and Perry White's nephew.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96826171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of Superman supporting characters" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "In 1891 James Naismith, a Canadian American, invented basketball while studying at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts (later to be named Springfield College). Naismith had been asked to invent a new game in an attempt to interest pupils in physical exercise. The game had to be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play indoors in winter. Such an activity was needed both by the Training School and by YMCAs across the country. Naismith and his wife attended the 1936 Summer Olympics when basketball was one of the Olympic events. In 1895 William G. Morgan from the YMCA of Holyoke, Massachusetts, invented the sport of volleyball as a slower paced alternative sport, in which the older Y members could participate. In 1930, Juan Carlos Ceriani from the YMCA of Montevideo, Uruguay, invented the sport of futsal as a synthesis of three indoor sports, handball, basketball, and water polo, maintaining the motivation of the sport football (soccer) on playgrounds reduced.", "precise_score": -1.3281357288360596, "rough_score": 1.2628633975982666, "source": "wiki", "title": "YMCA" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rulebook and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (1939). ", "precise_score": 3.4233012199401855, "rough_score": 5.334925651550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Born in Canada to Scottish immigrants, Naismith studied physical education at McGill University in Montreal before moving to the United States, where he developed basketball in late 1891 while teaching at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. After receiving his MD in Denver in 1898, Naismith moved to the University of Kansas, later becoming the Kansas Jayhawks' athletic director. ", "precise_score": -1.5390866994857788, "rough_score": 4.232537269592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "By 1892, basketball had grown so popular on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of The Triangle, the Springfield college newspaper) featured it in an article called \"A New Game\", and there were calls to call this new game \"Naismith Ball\", but Naismith refused. By 1893, basketball was introduced internationally by the YMCA movement. From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he acquired a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence, Kansas after coaching at Baker University.", "precise_score": -5.74021577835083, "rough_score": -3.514624834060669, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The University of Kansas men's basketball program officially began in 1898, following Naismith's arrival, just six years after Naismith drafted the sport's first official rules. Naismith was not initially hired to coach basketball, but rather as a chapel director and physical education instructor. In these early days, the majority of the basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams, with YMCAs across the nation having played an integral part in the birth of basketball. Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College. Under Naismith, the team played only one current Big 12 school: Kansas State (once). Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the program's history to have a losing record (55–60). However, Naismith coached Forrest \"Phog\" Allen, his eventual successor at Kansas, who went on to join his mentor in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. When Allen became a coach himself and told him that he was going to coach basketball at Baker University in 1904, Naismith discouraged him: \"You can't coach basketball; you just play it.\" Instead, Allen embarked on a coaching career that would lead him to be known as \"the Father of Basketball Coaching.\" During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team). Allen, Smith and Rupp have joined Naismith as members of the Basketball Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -2.77177357673645, "rough_score": -1.8765429258346558, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Naismith's home town of Almonte, Ontario, hosts an annual 3-on-3 tournament for all ages and skill levels in his honor. Every year this event attracts hundreds of participants and involves over 20 half court games along the main street of the town. All proceeds of the event go to youth basketball programs in the area.", "precise_score": -1.4876232147216797, "rough_score": -1.5387934446334839, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "After the last textile mill closed in the early 1980s, Almonte no longer had a dominant industry. It has since turned its attention towards tourism. It offers museums and several historical spots, such as the home of James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, and the [http://mvtm.ca/museum/ Mississippi Valley Textile Museum].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.053979873657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almonte, Ontario" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Almonte is home to several festivals and events, including [http://puppetsup.ca/ Puppets Up!], the [http://www.almontehighlandgames.com/ North Lanark Highland Games], [http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_programsevents/main_3on3.htm Naismith 3-on-3 Basketball Festival], [http://almonteceltfest.com/ Almonte Celtfest] and [http://busfusion.com/ Busfusion].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.055963516235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Almonte, Ontario" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The YMCA was very influential during the 1870s and 1930s, during which times they most successfully promoted \"evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (where basketball and volleyball were invented) and swimming pools.\" Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, the YMCA had \"become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity.\" Today the YMCA is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise and be healthy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.345463275909424, "source": "wiki", "title": "YMCA" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The Y's major programs include after school programs, daycare programs, and physical fitness. Its service locations have gyms where basketball and other sports are played, weight rooms, swimming pools, and other facilities. It is important to the Y that all persons—\"regardless of age, income or background\"—can participate in Y programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959232330322266, "source": "wiki", "title": "YMCA" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "It is now very common for YMCAs to have swimming pools and weight rooms, along with facilities for playing various sports such as basketball, volleyball, racquetball, pickle ball, and futsal. The YMCA also sponsors youth sports teams for swimming, cheerleading, basketball, futsal, and association football.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.269832611083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "YMCA" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The goals of these branches in the Canal Zone was to provide the men working on the canal with entertainment of an elevating character, stimulating social intercourse, a banishment of class distinction, opportunity for intellectual improvement, to keep men in good healthy conditions, to promote a spirit of contentment among canal employees, and to elevate moral standards of living. Some of the suitable entertainments provided included camera club with a darkroom, bowling, checkers, chess, dominoes, shuffleboard and other small games, a reading room, calisthenics, volleyball, handball, indoor baseball, basketball, fencing, Spanish class, mathematics, mechanical drawing, Bible class, minstrel shows, boxing smokers, dramatic clubs, literary clubs, debate clubs, glee clubs, orchestras, lectures, excursions, activities for the boys department, and afternoons for the ladies. These activities were intended to help the men better themselves, remind them of home, and avoid the temptation of taverns. The YMCA partially measured their success by the lack of alcohol sales in an area.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.74460506439209, "source": "wiki", "title": "YMCA" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": " He never had a middle name and never signed his name with the \"A\" initial. The \"A\" was added by someone in the administration at the University of Kansas. In 1982 Dr. Naismith's only living child stated that his father never had the middle initial \"A\". The Basketball Hall of Fame also clarifies this as do other members of his family and personal friends of his.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.701750755310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Struggling in school but gifted in farm labor, Naismith spent his days outside playing catch, hide-and-seek, or duck on a rock, a medieval game in which a person guards a large drake stone from opposing players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. To play duck on a rock most effectively, Naismith soon found that a soft lobbing shot was far more effective than a straight hard throw, a thought that later proved essential for the invention of basketball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.692818641662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basket ball", "passage": "Springfield College: Invention of \"Basket Ball\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001541137695312, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basket ball", "passage": "In his attempt to think up a new game, Naismith was guided by three main thoughts. Firstly, he analyzed the most popular games of those times (rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey, and baseball); Naismith noticed the hazards of a ball and concluded that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact occurred while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it, so he decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, namely placing it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he forced the players to throw a soft lobbing shot that had proven effective in his old favorite game duck on a rock. Naismith christened this new game \"Basket Ball\" and put his thoughts together in 13 basic rules.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.706266403198242, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The first game of \"Basket Ball\" was played in December 1891. In a handwritten report, Naismith described the circumstances of the inaugural match; in contrast to modern basketball, the players played nine versus nine, handled a soccer ball, not a basketball, and instead of shooting at two hoops, the goals were a pair of peach baskets: \"When Mr. Stubbins brot up the peach baskets to the gym I secured them on the inside of the railing of the gallery. This was about 10 feet from the floor, one at each end of the gymnasium. I then put the 13 rules on the bulletin board just behind the instructor's platform, secured a soccer ball and awaited the arrival of the class... The class did not show much enthusiasm but followed my lead... I then explained what they had to do to make goals, tossed the ball up between the two center men & tried to keep them somewhat near the rules. Most of the fouls were called for running with the ball, though tackling the man with the ball was not uncommon.\" In contrast to modern basketball, the original rules did not include what is known today as the dribble. Since the ball could only be moved up the court via a pass early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also following each \"goal\" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are obsolete in the rules of modern basketball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.777943134307861, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "“I showed them two peach baskets I’d nailed up at each end of the gym, and I told them the idea was to throw the ball into the opposing team’s peach basket. I blew a whistle, and the first game of basketball began. … The boys began tackling, kicking and punching in the clinches. They ended up in a free-for-all in the middle of the gym floor. [The injury toll: several black eyes, one separated shoulder and one player knocked unconscious.] “It certainly was murder.” [Naismith changed some of the rules as part of his quest to develop a clean sport.] The most important one was that there should be no running with the ball. That stopped tackling and slugging. We tried out the game with those [new] rules (fouls) , and we didn’t have one casualty.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.002304077148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "The family of Lambert G. Will has claimed that Dr. Naismith borrowed components for the game of basketball from Will to dispute Naismith's sole creation of the game, citing alleged photos and letters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.188835144042969, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "By the turn of the century, there were enough college teams in the East of the U.S. that the first intercollegiate competitions could be played out. Although his sport continuously grew, Naismith long regarded his game as a curiosity and preferred gymnastics and wrestling as better forms of physical education. However, basketball became a demonstration sport at the 1904 Games in St. Louis. As the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame reports, Naismith was also neither interested in self-promotion nor in the glory of competitive sports. Instead, he was more interested in his physical education career, receiving an honorary PE Masters degree in 1910, patrolled the Mexican border for four months in 1916, traveled to France, published two books (A Modern College in 1911 and Essence of a Healthy Life in 1918). He took American citizenship in 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5987324714660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "In 1935, the National Association of Basketball Coaches (created by Naismith's pupil Phog Allen) collected money so that the 74-year-old Naismith could witness the introduction of basketball into the official Olympic sports program of the 1936 Summer Olympic Games. There, Naismith handed out the medals to three North American teams: United States, for the gold medal, Canada, for the silver medal, and Mexico, for their bronze medal win. During the Olympics, he was named the honorary president of the International Basketball Federation. When Naismith returned he commented that seeing the game played by many nations was the greatest compensation he could have received for his invention. In 1937, Naismith played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.956640243530273, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Naismith became Professor Emeritus in Kansas when he retired in 1937 at the age of 76. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as athletic director and faculty at the school for a total of almost 40 years. Naismith died in 1939 after he suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage. He was buried in Lawrence, Kansas. His masterwork \"Basketball — its Origins and Development\" was published posthumously in 1941. In Lawrence, Kansas, James Naismith has a road named in his honor, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse (the official address of Allen Fieldhouse is 1651 Naismith Drive), the university's basketball facility. The university also named the court in Allen Fieldhouse James Naismith Court in his honor, despite Naismith having the worst record in school history. Naismith Hall, a college residential dormitory, is located on the northeastern edge of 19th Street and Naismith Drive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.790714740753174, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "In 1898, Naismith became the first college basketball coach of the University of Kansas basketball team. He compiled a record of 55–60, and is, ironically, the only losing coach in Kansas history. Naismith is at the top of massive and prestigious coaching tree, as he coached Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame coach Phog Allen, who himself coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, and Ralph Miller who all coached future coaches as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.801179885864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Naismith was the inventor of basketball and wrote the original 13 rules of this sport. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in his honor, and he was an inaugural inductee in 1959. The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards, among them the Naismith College Player of the Year, the Naismith College Coach of the Year and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year. After the Olympic introduction to male athletes in 1936, women's basketball became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics. Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame, and The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, which was named in his honor. The FIBA Basketball World Cup trophy is named the \"James Naismith Trophy\" in his honour. On June 21, 2013, Dr. Naismith was inducted into the Kansas Hall of Fame during ceremonies in Topeka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7576382160186768, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "Basketball is today played by more than 300 million people worldwide, making it one of the most popular team sports. In North America, basketball has produced some of the most-admired athletes of the 20th century. Polls conducted by ESPN and the Associated Press named basketball player Michael Jordan respectively first and second greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, and both polls featured fellow basketball players Wilt Chamberlain (of KU, like Naismith) and Bill Russell in the Top 20. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.176065444946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" }, { "answer": "Basketball", "passage": "In December, 2010, the original rules of basketball written by James Naismith in 1891, considered to be basketball's founding document, was auctioned at Sotheby's in New York. Josh Swade, a University of Kansas alumnus and basketball enthusiast, went on a crusade in 2010 to persuade moneyed alumni to considering bidding on and hopefully winning the document at auction to gift it to the University of Kansas. Swade eventually persuaded David G. Booth, a billionaire investment banker and KU alumnus, and his wife Suzanne Booth to commit to bidding at the auction. The Booths won the bidding and purchased the document for a record $4,338,500 USD, the most ever paid for a sports memorabilia item, and gifted the document to the University of Kansas. Swade's project and eventual success are chronicled in a 2012 ESPN 30 for 30 documentary \"There's No Place Like Home\" and in a corresponding book, \"The Holy Grail of Hoops: One Fan's Quest to Buy the Original Rules of Basketball\". The University of Kansas constructed an $18 million building named the Debruce Center, which houses the rules and opened in March 2016. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.033330917358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "James Naismith" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981) after a group of Iranian students belonging to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, who supported the Iranian Revolution, took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. ", "precise_score": 7.175693035125732, "rough_score": 6.728155612945557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The crisis reached a climax when, after failed efforts to negotiate the hostages' release, the United States military attempted a rescue operation using ships, including the and , that were patrolling the waters near Iran. On April 24, 1980, the attempt, known as Operation Eagle Claw, failed, resulting in the deaths of eight American servicemen and one Iranian civilian, as well as the destruction of two aircraft. Documents dated two weeks before the operation claim that the American national security advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, discussed an invasion of Iran through Turkish bases and territory, though this plan was never executed. ", "precise_score": 0.3799069821834564, "rough_score": -0.8474106788635254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Shah Pahlavi left the United States in December 1979 and was ultimately granted asylum in Egypt, where he died from complications of cancer on July 27, 1980. In September 1980, the Iraqi military invaded Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with Algeria acting as a mediator. The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after the new American president, Ronald Reagan, was sworn into office.", "precise_score": 0.3685925304889679, "rough_score": 1.8718444108963013, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Months before the revolution, on New Year's Eve 1977, President Carter further angered anti-shah Iranians with a televised toast to Pahlavi, declaring how beloved the shah was by his people. After the revolution culminated in February 1979 with the return of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini from France, the American Embassy was occupied and its staff held hostage briefly. Rocks and bullets had broken so many of the embassy's front-facing windows that they had been replaced with bulletproof glass. The embassy's staff was reduced to just over 60 from a high of nearly 1,000 earlier in the decade. ", "precise_score": 0.026684578508138657, "rough_score": 0.5218798518180847, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "On the morning of February 14, 1979—the same day that the U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped and fatally shot by Muslim extremists in Kabul—fedayeen militants stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took a Marine named Kenneth Kraus hostage. Ambassador William Sullivan surrendered the embassy to save lives, and with the assistance of Iranian Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi, returned the embassy to U.S. hands within three hours. Kraus was injured in the attack, kidnapped by the militants, tortured, tried, and convicted of murder. He was to be executed, but President Carter and Sullivan secured his release within six days. This incident became known as the Valentine's Day Open House.", "precise_score": 2.8072845935821533, "rough_score": 3.5836870670318604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "On November 4, 1979, one of the demonstrations organized by Iranian student unions loyal to Khomeini erupted into an all-out conflict right outside the walled compound housing the U.S. Embassy.", "precise_score": 2.2791075706481934, "rough_score": -0.048729896545410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The occupiers bound and blindfolded the Marines and staff at the embassy and paraded them in front of photographers. In the first couple of days, many of the embassy workers who had sneaked out of the compound or had not been there at the time of the takeover were rounded up by Islamists and returned as hostages. Six American diplomats managed to avoid capture and took refuge in the British Embassy before being transferred to the Canadian Embassy. Others went to the Swedish Embassy in Tehran for three months. In a joint covert operation known as the Canadian caper, the Canadian government and the CIA managed to smuggle them out of Iran on January 28, 1980, using Canadian passports and a cover story that identified them as a film crew. ", "precise_score": 1.4855372905731201, "rough_score": -1.6935373544692993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "By midsummer 1980, the Iranians had moved the hostages to prisons in Tehran to prevent escapes or rescue attempts and to improve the logistics of guard shifts and food delivery. The final holding area, from November 1980 until their release, was the Teymur Bakhtiar mansion in Tehran, where the hostages were finally given tubs, showers, and hot and cold running water. Several foreign diplomats and ambassadors—including Canadian ambassador Ken Taylor before the Canadian caper—visited the hostages over the course of the crisis and relayed information back to the U.S. government, including dispatches from Laingen.", "precise_score": -0.3808828890323639, "rough_score": -1.264227271080017, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "In the United States, the hostage crisis created \"a surge of patriotism\" and left \"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\". The hostage-taking was seen \"not just as a diplomatic affront\", but as a \"declaration of war on diplomacy itself\". Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the CBS Evening News anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8 billion of Iranian assets in the United States were frozen by the Office of Foreign Assets Control on November 14.", "precise_score": 2.401123285293579, "rough_score": 3.244091033935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "On the day the hostages were seized, six American diplomats evaded capture and remained in hiding at the home of the Canadian diplomat John Sheardown, under the protection of the Canadian ambassador, Ken Taylor. In late 1979, the government of Prime Minister Joe Clark secretly issued an Order in Council allowing Canadian passports to be issued to some American citizens so that they could escape. In cooperation with the CIA, which used the cover story of a film project, two CIA agents and the six American diplomats boarded a Swissair flight to Zurich, Switzerland, on January 28, 1980. Their rescue from Iran, known as the Canadian caper, was fictionalized in the 2012 film Argo.", "precise_score": 1.0074751377105713, "rough_score": 2.453989267349243, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "With the completion of negotiations, the hostages were released on January 20, 1981, That day, at the moment President Reagan completed his 20‑minute inaugural address after being sworn in, the 52 American hostages were released into U.S. custody. There are theories and conspiracy theories regarding why Iran postponed the release until that moment. (See also: October Surprise conspiracy theory) They were flown from Iran to Algeria as a symbolic gesture of appreciation for the Algerian government's help in resolving the crisis. The flight continued to Rhein-Main Air Base in West Germany and on to an Air Force hospital in Wiesbaden, where former President Carter, acting as emissary, received them. After medical check-ups and debriefings, the hostages took a second flight to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh, New York, with a refueling stop in Shannon, Ireland, where they were greeted by a large crowd. From Newburgh, they traveled by bus to the United States Military Academy at West Point and stayed at the Thayer Hotel for three days, receiving a heroes' welcome all along the route. Ten days after their release, they were given a ticker tape parade through the Canyon of Heroes in New York City.", "precise_score": -0.1452547013759613, "rough_score": -1.2763935327529907, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The Iraqi invasion of Iran occurred less than a year after the embassy employees were taken hostage. The journalist Stephen Kinzer argues that the dramatic change in American–Iranian relations, from allies to enemies, helped embolden the Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, and that the United States' anger with Iran led it to aid the Iraqis after the war turned against them. The United States supplied Iraq with, among other things, \"helicopters and satellite intelligence that was used in selecting bombing targets\". This assistance \"deepened and widened anti-American feeling in Iran\".", "precise_score": 0.8041176795959473, "rough_score": -0.08749867230653763, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Iran hostage crisis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938472747802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hostage" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Iranian embassy siege ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.556106567382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hostage" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The crisis was described by the Western media as an \"entanglement\" of \"vengeance and mutual incomprehension.\" President Jimmy Carter called the hostages \"victims of terrorism and anarchy\" and said, \"The United States will not yield to blackmail.\" In Iran, it was widely seen as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, including its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had led an autocratic regime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.959666728973389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "After his overthrow in 1979, the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was purportedly admitted to the United States for cancer treatment. Iran demanded that he be returned to stand trial for crimes he was accused of committing during his reign. Specifically, Pahlavi was accused of committing crimes against Iranian citizens with the help of his secret police, the SAVAK. Iranians saw the decision to grant him asylum as American complicity in those atrocities. The Americans saw the hostage-taking as an egregious violation of the principles of international law, which granted diplomats immunity from arrest and made diplomatic compounds inviolable. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7570011615753174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The crisis is considered a pivotal episode in the history of Iran–United States relations. Political analysts cite it as a major factor in the trajectory of Jimmy Carter's presidency and his loss in the 1980 presidential election. In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and the political power of theocrats who opposed any normalization of relations with the West. The crisis also led to the United States' economic sanctions against Iran, further weakening ties between the two countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.241971015930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "In February 1979, less than a year before the hostage crisis, Shah Pahlavi was overthrown during the Iranian Islamic Revolution. For several decades before that, the United States had allied with and supported the shah. During World War II, Allied powers Britain and the Soviet Union had occupied Iran to force the abdication of Pahlavi's father, Reza Shah, in favor of Pahlavi. The Allies feared that Reza Shah intended to align his petroleum-rich country with Nazi Germany, but Reza Shah's earlier declaration of neutrality, and his refusal to allow Iranian territory to be used to train or supply Soviet troops against Germany, were the strongest motives for the Allied invasion of Iran. Because of its importance in the Allied victory, Iran was subsequently called \"The Bridge of Victory\" by Winston Churchill. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0446572303771973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "By the 1950s, Shah Pahlavi was engaged in a power struggle with Iran's prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh, an immediate descendant of the previous monarchy, the Qajar dynasty. Mosaddegh led a general strike on behalf of impoverished Iranians, demanding a share of the nation's petroleum revenue from Britain's Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. However, he overstepped in trying to get $50 million in damages and lost revenue from the British. In 1953, the British and American spy agencies helped Iranian royalists depose Mosaddegh in a military coup d'état codenamed Operation Ajax, allowing the shah to extend his power. The shah appointed himself an absolute monarch rather than a constitutional monarch, his position before the 1953 crisis, with the aim of assuming complete control of the government and purging the disloyal. The U.S. continued to support and fund the shah after the coup, with the Central Intelligence Agency training the government's SAVAK secret police. In the subsequent decades of the Cold War, various economic, cultural, and political issues united opposition against the shah and led to his overthrow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.988042831420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The Carter administration tried to mitigate anti-American feeling by promoting a new relationship with the de facto Iranian government and continuing military cooperation in hopes that the situation would stabilize. However, on October 22, 1979, the United States permitted the shah, who had lymphoma, to enter New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center for medical treatment. The State Department had discouraged the request, understanding the political delicacy. But in response to pressure from influential figures including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Council on Foreign Relations Chairman David Rockefeller, the Carter administration decided to grant it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.565776824951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The shah's admission to the United States intensified Iranian revolutionaries' anti-Americanism and spawned rumors of another U.S.-backed coup that would re-install the shah. Ayatollah Khomeini, who had been exiled by the shah for 15 years, heightened the rhetoric against the \"Great Satan\", as he called the United States, talking of \"evidence of American plotting\". In addition to ending what they believed was American sabotage of the revolution, the hostage takers hoped to depose the provisional revolutionary government of Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan, which they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the United States and extinguish Islamic revolutionary order in Iran. The occupation of the embassy on November 4, 1979, was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the shah to stand trial in Iran in exchange for the hostages.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.324026346206665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "PERSIA", "passage": "A later study claimed that there had been no American plots to overthrow the revolutionaries, and that a CIA intelligence-gathering mission at the embassy had been \"notably ineffectual, gathering little information and hampered by the fact that none of the three officers spoke the local language, Persian\". Its work, the study said, was \"routine, prudent espionage conducted at diplomatic missions everywhere\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.558377742767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The next attempt to seize the American Embassy was planned for September 1979 by Ebrahim Asgharzadeh, a student at the time. He consulted with the heads of the Islamic associations of Tehran's main universities, including the University of Tehran, Sharif University of Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Polytechnic of Tehran), and Iran University of Science and Technology. They named their group Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.233048439025879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Asgharzadeh later said there were five students at the first meeting, two of whom wanted to target the Soviet Embassy because the USSR was \"a Marxist and anti-God regime\". Two others, Mohsen Mirdamadi and Habibolah Bitaraf, supported Asgharzadeh's chosen target: the United States. \"Our aim was to object against the American government by going to their embassy and occupying it for several hours,\" Asgharzadeh said. \"Announcing our objections from within the occupied compound would carry our message to the world in a much more firm and effective way.\" Mirdamadi told an interviewer, \"We intended to detain the diplomats for a few days, maybe one week, but no more.\" Masoumeh Ebtekar, the spokeswoman for the Iranian students during the crisis, said that those who rejected Asgharzadeh's plan did not participate in the subsequent events. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.991612434387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line demanded that Shah Pahlavi return to Iran for trial and execution. The U.S. maintained that the shah—who died less than a year later, in July 1980—had come to America for medical attention. The group's other demands included that the U.S. government apologize for its interference in the internal affairs of Iran, including the overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh in 1953, and that Iran's frozen assets in the United States be released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.907772064208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The initial plan was to hold the embassy for only a short time, but this changed after it became apparent how popular the takeover was and that Khomeini had given it his full support. Some attributed the decision not to release the hostages quickly to President Carter's failure to immediately deliver an ultimatum to Iran. His initial response was to appeal for the release of the hostages on humanitarian grounds and to share his hopes for a strategic anti-communist alliance with Iran. As some of the student leaders had hoped, Iran's moderate prime minister, Bazargan, and his cabinet resigned under pressure just days after the takeover.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3158392906188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The duration of the hostages' captivity has also been attributed to internal Iranian revolutionary politics. As Ayatollah Khomeini told Iran's president:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.165548324584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Theocratic Islamists, as well as leftist political groups like the socialist People's Mujahedin of Iran, supported the taking of hostages as an attack on \"American imperialism\". According to scholar Daniel Pipes, writing in 1980, the Marxist-leaning leftists and the Islamists shared a common antipathy toward market-based reforms under the late Shah, and both subsumed individualism, including the unique identity of women, under conservative, though contrasting, visions of collectivism. Accordingly, both groups favored the Soviet Union over the United States in the early months of the Iranian Revolution. The Soviets, and possibly their allies Cuba, Libya, and East Germany, were suspected of providing indirect assistance to the participants in the takeover of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. The PLO under Yasser Arafat provided personnel, intelligence liaisons, funding, and training for Khomeini's forces before and after the Revolution, and was suspected of playing a role in the embassy crisis. Fidel Castro reportedly praised Khomeini as a revolutionary anti-imperialist who could find common cause between revolutionary socialists and anti-American Islamists. Both expressed disdain for modern capitalism and a preference for authoritarian collectivism. Cuba and its socialist ally Venezuela, under Hugo Chávez, would later form ALBA in alliance with the Islamic Republic as a counter to neoliberal American influence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.443777084350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after shredding, to buttress their claim that \"the Great Satan\" (the U.S.) was trying to destabilize the new regime and that Iranian moderates were in league with the U.S. The documents—including telegrams, correspondence, and reports from the U.S. State Department and CIA—were published in a series of books called Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den (). According to a 1997 Federation of American Scientists bulletin, by 1995, 77 volumes of Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den had been published. Many of these volumes are now available online. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.857527732849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "By embracing the hostage-taking under the slogan \"America can't do a thing\", Khomeini rallied support and deflected criticism of his controversial theocratic constitution, which was scheduled for a referendum vote in less than one month. The referendum was successful, and after the vote, both leftists and theocrats continued to use allegations of pro-Americanism to suppress their opponents: relatively moderate political forces that included the Iranian Freedom Movement, the National Front, Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, and later President Abolhassan Banisadr. In particular, carefully selected diplomatic dispatches and reports discovered at the embassy and released by the hostage-takers led to the disempowerment and resignation of moderate figures such as Bazargan. The failed rescue attempt and the political danger of any move seen as accommodating America delayed a negotiated release of the hostages. After the crisis ended, leftists and theocrats turned on each other, with the stronger theocratic group annihilating the left.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624537944793701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The hostages were initially held at the embassy, but after the failed rescue mission, they were scattered around Iran to make a single rescue impossible. Three high-level officials—Bruce Laingen, Victor Tomseth, and Mike Howland—were at the Foreign Ministry at the time of the takeover. They stayed there for some months, sleeping in the ministry's formal dining room and washing their socks and underwear in the bathroom. At first, they were treated as diplomats, but after the provisional government fell, their treatment deteriorated. By March, the doors to their living space were kept \"chained and padlocked\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.558620929718018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Iranian propaganda stated that the hostages were \"guests\" treated with respect. Asgharzadeh, the student leader, described the original plan as a nonviolent and symbolic action in which the \"gentle and respectful treatment\" of the hostages would dramatize to the world the offended sovereignty and dignity of Iran. In America, an Iranian chargé d'affaires, Ali Agha, stormed out of a meeting with an American official, exclaiming: \"We are not mistreating the hostages. They are being very well taken care of in Tehran. They are our guests.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.727960586547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Queen, the hostage sent home because of his multiple sclerosis, first developed dizziness and numbness in his left arm six months before his release. His symptoms were misdiagnosed by the Iranians at first as a reaction to drafts of cold air. When warmer confinement did not help, he was told that it was \"nothing\" and that the symptoms would soon disappear. Over the months, the numbness spread to his right side, and the dizziness worsened until he \"was literally flat on his back, unable to move without growing dizzy and throwing up\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52971363067627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The cruelty of the Iranian prison guards became \"a form of slow torture\". The guards often withheld mail—telling one hostage, Charles W. Scott, \"I don't see anything for you, Mr. Scott. Are you sure your wife has not found another man?\" —and the hostages' possessions went missing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792999267578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "As the hostages were taken to the aircraft that would fly them out of Tehran, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines and shouting, \"Marg bar Amrika\" (\"death to America\"). When the pilot announced that they were out of Iran, the \"freed hostages went wild with happiness. Shouting, cheering, crying, clapping, falling into one another's arms.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.029582023620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "A severe backlash against Iranians in the United States developed. One Iranian American later complained, \"I had to hide my Iranian identity not to get beaten up, even at university.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867259979248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "According to Bowden, a pattern emerged in President Carter's attempts to negotiate the hostages' release: \"Carter would latch on to a deal proffered by a top Iranian official and grant minor but humiliating concessions, only to have it scotched at the last minute by Khomeini.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.266389846801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "After rejecting Iranian demands, Carter approved an ill-fated secret rescue mission, Operation Eagle Claw. Late in the afternoon of April 24, 1980, eight RH‑53D helicopters flew from the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz to a remote road serving as an airstrip in the Great Salt Desert of Eastern Iran, near Tabas. They encountered severe dust storms that disabled two of the helicopters, which were traveling in complete radio silence. Early the next morning, the remaining six helicopters met up with several waiting Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft at a landing site and refueling area designated \"Desert One\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.026581764221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "After the mission and its failure were made known publicly, Khomeini credited divine intervention on behalf of Islam, and his prestige skyrocketed in Iran. Iranian officials who favored release of the hostages, such as President Bani Sadr, were weakened. In America, President Carter's political popularity and prospects for being re-elected in 1980 were further damaged after a television address on April 25 in which he explained the rescue operation and accepted responsibility for its failure.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.714245796203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Iran–Iraq War", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06141471862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Consequences for Iran", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297114372253418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The hostage-taking was unsuccessful for Iran in some respects. It lost international support for its war against Iraq, and the negotiated settlement was considered almost wholly favorable to the United States because it did not meet any of Iran's original demands, However, in the documentary titled \" Iran and the West \", made decades later, Carter and several other key politicians of that time acknowledged the fact that the United States, alongside the United Kingdom, agreed to return several billion dollars of Iranian assets in exchange for the release of hostages. But the crisis strengthened Iranians who had supported the hostage-taking. Anti-Americanism became even more intense. Politicians such as Khoeiniha and Behzad Nabavi were left in a stronger position, while those associated with—or accused of association with—America were removed from the political picture. A Khomeini biographer, Baqer Moin, described the crisis as \"a watershed in Khomeini's life\" that transformed him from a \"cautious, pragmatic politician\" into \"a modern revolutionary single-mindedly pursuing a dogma\". In Khomeini's statements, imperialism and liberalism were \"negative words\", while revolution \"became a sacred word, sometimes more important than Islam\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.042243480682373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The Iranian government commemorates the event every year with a demonstration at the embassy and the burning of an American flag. But on November 4, 2009, pro-democracy protesters and reformists demonstrated in the streets of Tehran. When the authorities encouraged them to chant \"death to America\", the protesters instead chanted \"death to the dictator\" (referring to Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei) and other anti-government slogans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.013018608093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "In 2000, the hostages and their families tried unsuccessfully to sue Iran under the Antiterrorism Act of 1996. They originally won the case when Iran failed to provide a defense, but the State Department then tried to end the lawsuit, fearing that it would make international relations difficult. As a result, a federal judge ruled that no damages could be awarded to the hostages because of the agreement the United States had made when the hostages were freed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.266044616699219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The former U.S. Embassy building is now used by Iran's government and affiliated groups. Since 2001, it has served as a museum to the revolution. Outside the door, there is a bronze model based on the Statue of Liberty on one side and a statue portraying one of the hostages on the other. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.668093204498291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* William B. Royer, Jr., 49—assistant director of Iran–American Society", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498313903808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Mohi Sobhani—Iranian American engineer and member of the Bahá'í Faith. Released February 4, 1981. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.390049934387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Hamid Aboutalebi—Iranian ambassador to the United Nations (2014–present). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.864267349243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Ebrahim Asgharzadeh—then a student; later an Iranian political activist and politician, member of Parliament (1989–1993), and chairman of City Council of Tehran (1999–2003).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.906363487243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Mohsen Mirdamadi—member of Parliament (2000–2004), head of Islamic Iran Participation Front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.311025619506836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Masoumeh Ebtekar—interpreter and spokeswoman for the student group that occupied the embassy; later a scientist, journalist, first female Vice President of Iran, and head of Environment Protection Organization of Iran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.298633575439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "* Hussein Sheikholeslam—then a student; later a member of Parliament and Iranian ambassador to Syria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.153615951538086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Allegations that the Reagan administration negotiated a delay in the release of the hostages until after the 1980 presidential election have been numerous but unproven. Gary Sick, principal White House aide for Iran and the Persian Gulf on the Carter administration’s National Security Council, claimed in his book October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan that CIA Director William Casey and possibly Vice President George H. W. Bush went to Paris to negotiate such a delay. Many others have made the same allegations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.536098003387451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Iran hostage crisis" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political and economic initiatives. His supply-side economic policies, dubbed \"Reaganomics\", advocated tax rate reduction to spur economic growth, control of the money supply to curb inflation, economic deregulation, and reduction in government spending. In his first term he survived an assassination attempt, escalated the War on Drugs, and fought public-sector labor. Over his two terms, his economic policies saw a reduction of inflation from 12.5% to 4.4%, and an average annual growth of real GDP of 3.4%; while Reagan did enact cuts in domestic discretionary spending, increased military spending contributed to increased federal outlays overall, even after adjustment for inflation. During his reelection bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was \"Morning in America\", winning a landslide in 1984 with the largest electoral college victory in history. Foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an \"evil empire\", he transitioned Cold War policy from détente to rollback, by escalating an arms race with the USSR while engaging in talks with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, which culminated in the INF Treaty, shrinking both countries' nuclear arsenals. During his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate, President Reagan challenged Gorbachev to \"tear down this wall!\". Five months after the end of his term, the Berlin Wall fell, and on December 26, 1991, nearly three years after he left office, the Soviet Union collapsed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.422251224517822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "The 1980 presidential campaign between Reagan and incumbent President Jimmy Carter was conducted during domestic concerns and the ongoing Iran hostage crisis. His campaign stressed some of his fundamental principles: lower taxes to stimulate the economy, less government interference in people's lives, states' rights, and a strong national defense. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.22629451751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "In 1988, near the end of the Iran–Iraq War, the U.S. Navy guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes accidentally shot down Iran Air Flight 655 killing 290 civilian passengers. The incident further worsened already tense Iran–United States relations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.344212532043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Iran–Contra affair", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44959545135498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "In 1986, the Iran–Contra affair became a problem for the administration stemming from the use of proceeds from covert arms sales to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War to fund the Contra rebels fighting against the government in Nicaragua, which had been specifically outlawed by an act of Congress. The affair became a political scandal in the United States during the 1980s. The International Court of Justice, whose jurisdiction to decide the case was disputed by the United States, ruled that the United States had violated international law and breached treaties in Nicaragua in various ways (see Nicaragua v. United States). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.166426658630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" }, { "answer": "Iran", "passage": "Since Reagan left office in 1989, substantial debate has occurred among scholars, historians, and the general public surrounding his legacy. Supporters have pointed to a more efficient and prosperous economy as a result of Reagan's economic policies, foreign policy triumphs including a peaceful end to the Cold War, and a restoration of American pride and morale. Proponents also argue Reagan restored faith in the American Dream with his unabated and passionate love for the United States, after a decline in American confidence and self-respect under Jimmy Carter's perceived weak leadership, particularly during the Iranian hostage crisis, as well as his gloomy, dreary outlook for the future of the United States during the 1980 election. Critics contend that Reagan's economic policies resulted in rising budget deficits, a wider gap in wealth, and an increase in homelessness and that the Iran–Contra affair lowered American credibility. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.654618740081787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronald Reagan" } ]

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[ { "answer": "50,000", "passage": "National Novel Writing Month (often shortened to NaNoWriMo, \"\"), is an annual, Internet-based creative writing project that takes place during the month of November. NaNoWriMo challenges participants to write 50,000 words (the minimum number of words for a novel) from November 1 until the deadline at 11:59PM on November 30. The goal of NaNoWriMo is to get people writing and keep them motivated throughout the process. The website provides participants with tips for writer's block, local places writers participating in NaNoWriMo are meeting, and an online community of support. The idea is to focus on completion instead of perfection. NaNoWriMo focuses on the length of a work rather than the quality, encouraging writers to finish their first draft so that it can later be edited at the author's discretion. NaNoWriMo's main goal is to encourage creativity worldwide. The project started in July 1999 with 21 participants, but by the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part and wrote a total of over 2.8 billion words. ", "precise_score": 6.7718586921691895, "rough_score": 7.658133029937744, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Novel Writing Month" }, { "answer": "50,000", "passage": "Participants' novels can be on any theme, in any genre of fiction, and in any language. Everything from fanfiction, which uses trademarked characters, to novels in poem format, and even metafiction is allowed; according to the website's FAQ, \"If you believe you're writing a novel, we believe you're writing a novel too.\" Starting at 12:00 am on November 1, novels must reach a minimum of 50,000 words before 11:59:59 pm on November 30, local time. Planning and extensive notes are permitted, but no earlier written material can go into the body of the novel, nor is one allowed to start early and then finish 30 days from that start point. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.253399848937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Novel Writing Month" }, { "answer": "50,000", "passage": "Participants write either a complete novel of 50,000 words, or simply the first 50,000 words of a novel to be completed later. Notable novels of roughly 50,000 words include The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Brave New World, and The Great Gatsby. Some participants set higher goals for themselves, like writing upwards of 100,000 words, or completing two or more separate novels. To win NaNoWriMo, participants must write an average of approximately 1,667 words per day. Organizers of the event say that the aim is simply to get people to start writing, using the deadline as an incentive to get the story going and to put words to paper. There is no fee to participate in NaNoWriMo; registration is only required for novel verification.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.0702877044677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Novel Writing Month" }, { "answer": "50,000", "passage": "No official prizes are awarded for length, quality, or speed. Anyone who reaches the 50,000 word mark is declared a winner. Beginning November 25, participants can submit their novel to be automatically verified for length and receive a printable certificate, an icon they can display on the web, and inclusion on the list of winners. No precautions are taken to prevent cheating; since the only significant reward for winning is the finished novel itself and the satisfaction of having written it, there is little incentive to cheat. Novels are verified for word count by software, and may be scrambled or otherwise encrypted before being submitted for verification, although the software does not keep any other record of text input. It is possible to win without anyone other than the author ever seeing or reading the novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1226935386657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Novel Writing Month" }, { "answer": "50,000", "passage": "Starting in more recent years, NaNoWriMo now hosts a fundraising Write-a-thon event every November called 'The Night of Writing Dangerously', held in San Francisco. The first 250 participants to raise at least $250 receive reservations at this event. It has been described as a \"mid-November extravaganza of food, drink, and lots and lots of noveling\". From 5 pm to 11 pm, hundreds of writers are gathered together in the Julia Morgan Ballroom to eat, chat, exchange excerpts, enter raffle contests, listen to speeches, meet the staff, but most of all, to write. Every hour or so, a 10–20 minute 'word war' is held in which the entire room falls almost completely silent with concentration, save for the sound of keystrokes. Whoever writes the most words in the allotted time frame is temporarily awarded the much-coveted flower pot hat. If a guest reaches the goal of 50,000 words while at the event, they are allowed to ring a bell kept at the stage, and receive much cheering. There are lots of sponsors for this event, many of which are the donors of most of the raffle prizes. In 2011, this fundraiser raised over $50,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.312986135482788, "source": "wiki", "title": "National Novel Writing Month" } ]

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[ { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, and one of the most internationally reputable. ", "precise_score": -4.193605899810791, "rough_score": -6.967746734619141, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "UW opened officially on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The following year, the legislature passed articles formally incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times: in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a bachelor's degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially. Enrollment had increased from an initial 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created for the purpose of finding a new campus better able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and subsequent construction.", "precise_score": 5.2578840255737305, "rough_score": 6.297059059143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Both World Wars brought the military to the campus, with certain facilities temporarily loaned to the federal government. The subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the University. The period between the wars saw significant expansion on the upper campus. Construction of the liberal arts quadrangle, known to students as \"The Quad,\" began in 1916 and continued in stages until 1939. The first two wings of Suzzallo Library, considered the architectural centerpiece of the University, were built in 1926 and 1935, respectively. Further growth came with the end of World War II and passage of the G.I. Bill. Among the most important developments of this period was the opening of the medical school in 1946. It would eventually grow into the University of Washington Medical Center, now ranked by U.S. News and World Report among the top ten hospitals in the United States. It was during this era in University of Washington history in which many Japanese Americans were sent away from the university to internment camps along the west coast of the United States as part of Executive Order 9066 following the attacks on Pearl Harbor. As a result, many Japanese American \"soon-to-be\" graduates were unable to receive their diplomas and be recognized for their accomplishment at the university until the University of Washington's commemoration ceremony for the Japanese Americans entitled The Long Journey Home held on May 18, 2008 at the main campus.", "precise_score": -5.00604248046875, "rough_score": -5.420931816101074, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In 2006, the University of Washington research budget passed the $1.0 billion milestone. Virtually all of the funding came from peer-reviewed research proposals. UW research budget consistently ranks among the top 5 in both public and private universities in the United States. UW is also the largest recipient of federal research funding among public universities and second among all public and private universities in the country, a position that the university has held each year since 1974. The university is an elected member of the Association of American Universities.", "precise_score": -8.044095039367676, "rough_score": -8.67586612701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In international rankings University of Washington was ranked 15th among the world's top 500 universities by Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2015 and has been consistently regarded to be among the top 20 by the institution. In Times Higher Education World University Rankings (2015–16), it ranked 32nd worldwide and its World Reputation Rankings of the same year considered it to be 33rd. Meanwhile, QS World University Rankings (2015/16) ranked it 65th globally.", "precise_score": -3.024553060531616, "rough_score": 3.091249704360962, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In U.S. rankings U.S. News & World Report ranked UW's undergraduate program tied for 52nd among \"national universities\" and tied for 16th among public universities in its 2016 rankings. Among graduate programs, in 2015 U.S. News ranked UW's programs in primary care first, family medicine first, rural medicine first, clinical psychology second, library and information sciences third, social work third, statistics third (Department of Biostatistics) and seventh (Department of Statistics), nursing fourth, computer science sixth, public health sixth, education sixth, public affairs ninth, pharmacy tenth, research medicine tenth, business 23rd, engineering 27th and law 28th. In the Washington Monthly National University Rankings, University of Washington ranked 7th in 2015. The Top American Research Universities ranked University of Washington 11th among the top 50 American universities in 2010 published by The Center for Measuring University Performance, Arizona State University. ", "precise_score": -5.713818073272705, "rough_score": -5.037694454193115, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Rankings published by institutions of other places: Leiden Ranking (2013) published by Leiden University of Netherlands ranked University of Washington 27th among the world 500 major universities. In 2011, University of Washington ranked 8th among the world 2,000 universities in University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) published by Middle East Technical University. At the same time, the Top 200 Colleges and Universities in the World on University Web Ranking published by 4 International Colleges & Universities placed it at 8th. ", "precise_score": -5.041311264038086, "rough_score": -0.11055222898721695, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The university has three campuses: the primary and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Its operating expenses and research budget for fiscal year 2014–15 is expected to be $6.4 billion, continuing its historical record of being amongst the highest in the United States. UW occupies over 500 buildings, with over 20 million gross square footage of space, including the University of Washington Plaza, the 325 ft UW Tower, over 26 university libraries, as well as numerous conference centers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.812423706054688, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In the late 1960s, the University of Washington Police Department evolved from the University Safety and Security Division in response to anti-Vietnam War protests. It currently has jurisdiction over the University of Washington campus and University-owned housing, except for the Radford Court apartments in Sand Point.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686405181884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The 1960s and 1970s are known as the \"golden age\" of the university due to the tremendous growth in students, facilities, operating budget and prestige under the leadership of Charles Odegaard from 1958 to 1973. Enrollment at UW more than doubled—from around 16,000 to 34,000—as the baby boom generation came of age. As was the case at many American universities, this era was marked by high levels of student activism, with much of the unrest focused around civil rights and opposition to the Vietnam War. Odegaard instituted a vision of building a \"community of scholars\" and convinced the state of Washington legislatures to increase their investments towards the university. Additionally, Washington senators, Henry M. Jackson and Warren G. Magnuson used their political clout to funnel federal research monies to the University of Washington and to this day, UW is among the top recipients of federal research funds in the United States. The results included an operating budget increase of $37 million in 1958, to over $400 million in 1973, and 35 new buildings that doubled the floor space of the university.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.683427810668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington, Seattle campus, is situated on the shores of Union and Portage Bays, with views of the Cascade Range to the east and the Olympic Mountains to the west. The main campus is bounded on the west by 15th Avenue N.E., on the north by N.E. 45th Street, on the east by Montlake Boulevard N.E., and on the south by N.E. Pacific Street. East Campus stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to Laurelhurst and is largely taken up by wetlands and sports fields. South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the Lake Washington Ship Canal which used to be a golf course and is given over to the health sciences, oceanography, fisheries, and the University of Washington Medical Center. West Campus is less of a separate entity than the others, many of its facilities being on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and Interstate 5 from the Ship Canal to N.E. 41st Street. University Way, known locally as \"The Ave\", lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university. At the heart of the university lies Red Square, which functions as the central hub of student interaction and hosts a variety of events annually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.938943862915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "University of Washington Interim President Ana Mari Cauce was selected president by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015. The previous President of the University of Washington was Michael K. Young. Phyllis Wise, who had previously served as Provost and Executive Vice President and for a year as Interim President, was named the Chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in August 2011. On February 3, 2015, it was announced that Young will be next President of Texas A&M University. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.006328582763672, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University is governed by ten regents, one of whom is a student. Its most notable current regent is likely William H. Gates, Sr., father of Bill Gates. The undergraduate student government is the Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) and the graduate student government is the Graduate and Professional Student Senate (GPSS).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.959190368652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington recruits faculty and staff from around the world. Among the faculty, there are 151 members of American Association for the Advancement of Science, 68 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 67 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 53 members of the Institute of Medicine, 21 members of the National Academy of Engineering, 1 member of the National Academy of Public Administration, 6 Nobel Prize laureates, 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 1 winner of the Fields Medal, 29 winners of the Presidential Early Career Awards in Science and Engineering, 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 MacArthur Fellows, 9 winners of the Gairdner Foundation International Award, 5 winners of the National Medal of Science, 5 winners of Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research, 4 members of the American Philosophical Society, 2 winners of the National Book Award, and 2 winners of the National Medal of Arts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.504829406738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In May 2010, the University of Washington's six Nobel laureates were honoured by Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, at a special dinner held in Seattle. They were Hans Georg Dehmelt, E. Donnall Thomas, Edwin G. Krebs, Edmond H. Fischer, Leland Hartwell and Linda Buck. The event was organized by Seattle’s Swedish Consulate as part of ‘Sweden Week’. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697335243225098, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington library system is the 18th largest library in the United States, with holdings of more than 7.5 million volumes. The Association of Research Libraries ranked the UW library system between the top fifth and fifteenth in various categories. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.00146484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "To promote equal academic opportunity, especially for people of low income, UW launched Husky Promise in 2006. Families of income up to 65 percent of state median income or 235 percent of federal poverty level are eligible. With this, up to 30 percent of undergraduate students may be eligible. The cut-off income level that UW set is the highest in the nation, making top quality education available to more people. Then UW President, Mark Emmert, simply said that being \"elitist is not in our DNA\". \"Last year, the University of Washington moved to a more comprehensive approach [to admissions], in which the admissions staff reads the entire application and looks at grades within the context of the individual high school, rather than relying on computerized cutoffs.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.074369430541992, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In 2014, teams from the University of Washington School of Oceanography and the UW Applied Physics Laboratory successfully completed construction of the first high-power underwater cabled observatory in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.754725456237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington's admissions process is \"more selective\" according to U.S. News & World Report. For students entering Fall 2014, 17,451 freshmen were accepted out of 31,611 applicants, a 55.2% acceptance rate, and 6,361 enrolled.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.974525451660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "In 2012, SmartMoney named the University of Washington as 6th best salary returns on tuition. The university was also listed as a \"Public Ivy\" in Greene's Guides in 2001. Washington is an elected member of the American Association of Universities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.312220573425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The student newspaper is The Daily of the University of Washington, usually referred to as The Daily. It is the second largest daily in Seattle and is published every day classes are in session during fall, winter and spring quarters, and weekly during summer quarter. In 2010, The Daily launched a half-hour weekly television magazine show, \"The Daily's Double Shot,\" broadcast UWTV, Channel 27.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29276180267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Rowing is a longstanding tradition at the University of Washington dating back to 1901. The Washington men's crew gained international prominence by winning the gold medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, defeating the German and Italian crews much to the chagrin of Adolf Hitler who was in attendance. In 1958, the men's crew furthered their lore with a shocking win over Leningrad Trud's world champion rowers at the Moscow Cup, resulting in the first American sporting victory on Soviet soil, and certainly the first time a Russian crowd gave any American team a standing ovation during the Cold War. The men's crew have won 46 national titles (15 Intercollegiate Rowing Association, 1 National Collegiate Rowing Championship), 15 Olympic gold medals, two silver and five bronze. The women have 10 national titles and two Olympic gold medals. In 1997, the women's team won the NCAA championship. The Husky men are the 2015 national champions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.882224082946777, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Hundreds of Registered Student Organizations (RSOs) dedicated to a wide variety of interest exist on campus through the Associated Student of the University of Washington. Some of these RSO interest areas include: academic, cultural/international, environmental, Greek life, political/social action, religious, sports, and science. Prominent examples are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38788890838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington Husky Marching Band performs at many Husky sporting events including all football games. The band was founded in 1929, and today it is a cornerstone of Husky spirit. The band marches using a traditional high step, and it is one of only a few marching bands left in the United States to do so. Like many college bands, the Husky band has several traditional songs that it has played for decades, including the official fight songs \"Bow Down to Washington\" and \"Tequila\", as well as fan-favorite \"Africano\". In addition to athletic events, the band also plays at various other events such as commencement and convocation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.012823104858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington's costumed mascot is Harry the Husky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.234330177307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The University of Washington also has hosted a long line of Alaskan Malamutes as mascots. The 13 dogs thus far have been:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958388328552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "As of February 2006, the UW joined a partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program. All of Seattle campus' electricity is purchased from renewable sources. Housing and Food Services (HFS) spends several million dollars annually on locally produced, organic, and natural foods. HFS does not use styrofoam containers for any of its facilities on campus, instead using compostable cups, plates, utensils, and packaging whenever possible. Students Expressing Environmental Concern (SEED) is funded by HFS and is responsible for most of the sustainable changes made to HFS. Several new residence halls are planned for 2020, all of which are expected to meet silver or gold LEED standards. All new state-funded buildings and major renovations must meet a LEED standard of at least Silver. The University of Washington was one of only six universities to receive the highest grade on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008, an \"A-\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.106744766235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Associated Students of the University of Washington", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768868446350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The Associated Students of the University of Washington (ASUW) is one of two Student Governments at the University of Washington, the other being the Graduate and Professional Student Senate. It is funded and supported by student fees, and provides services that directly and indirectly benefit them. The ASUW employs over 72 current University of Washington students, has over 500 volunteers, and spends $1.03 million annually to provide services and activities to the student body of 43,000 on campus. The Student Senate was established in 1994 as a division of the Associated Students of the University of Washington. Student Senate is one of two official student governed bodies and provides a broad-based discussion of issues. Currently, the ASUW Student Senate has a legislative body of over 150 senators representing a diverse set of interests on and off campus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.369585037231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "The ASUW was incorporated in the State of Washington on April 20, 1906. On April 30, 1932 the ASUW assisted in the incorporation of the University Bookstore which has been in continuous operation at the same location on University Way for over 70 years. The ASUW Experimental College, part of the ASUW, was created in 1968 by several University of Washington students seeking to provide the campus and surrounding community with a selection of classes not offered on the university curriculum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.759161949157715, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" }, { "answer": "University of Washington", "passage": "Notable alumni of the University of Washington include U.S. Olympic rower Joe Rantz (1936); architect Minoru Yamasaki (1934); US Senator Henry M. Jackson (JD 1935); Baskin & Robbins co-founder Irv Robbins (1939); former actor, Hollywood Reporter columnist and TCM host Robert Osborne (1954); glass artist Dale Chihuly (BA 1965); Pulitzer Prize-winning author Marilynne Robinson (PhD 1977), martial artist Bruce Lee; saxophonist Kenny G (1978); MySpace co-founder Chris DeWolfe (1988); and actor and comedian Joel McHale (1995, MFA 2000).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.662849426269531, "source": "wiki", "title": "University of Washington" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Lawrence E. Page", "Lawrence Edward Page", "Larry Page", "Larry page", "Lawrence Page", "Gloria Page", "Lucinda Southworth", "Larry E. Page", "Lucy Page", "Larry Page (disambiguation)", "Lucinda Page", "Lawrence E Page", "Larry e page", "Lucy Southworth" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "lucinda page", "lawrence page", "larry e page", "lawrence edward page", "lucinda southworth", "gloria page", "lucy southworth", "larry page", "lawrence e page", "larry page disambiguation", "lucy page" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "larry page", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Larry Page" }

[ { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin (; born August 21, 1973) is a Russian-born American computer scientist, internet entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Together with Larry Page, he co-founded Google. Today, Brin serves as President of Google's parent company, Alphabet Inc. According to Forbes List February 2016, he is jointly one of three people listed as 11th richest in the world (21 overall), with a net worth of . ", "precise_score": 6.293900012969971, "rough_score": 7.626074314117432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4, 1998. An initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its new headquarters in Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. ", "precise_score": 4.878020286560059, "rough_score": 5.854671478271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": " Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. ", "precise_score": 3.3612325191497803, "rough_score": 4.8947601318359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the deal. The sale of $1.67 bn (billion) gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23bn. By January 2014, its market capitalization had grown to $397bn. The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place. ", "precise_score": -0.5586226582527161, "rough_score": -1.6418708562850952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "In 2011 Google+ reached 10 million users just two weeks after the launch. In a month, it reached 25 million. In October 2011, the service reached 40 million users, according to Larry Page. Based on ComScore, the biggest market was the United States followed by India. By the end of the year Google+ had 90 million users. In October 2013, approximately 540 million monthly active users made use of the social layer by interacting with Google+'s enhanced properties, like Gmail, +1 button, and YouTube comments. Some 300 million monthly active users participated in the social network by interacting with the Google+ social networking stream. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.439395904541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google+" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "* Select public figures have verified names. Google determines whether a particular profile warrants verification. The purpose is to indicate to site visitors whether a particular profile belongs to who one would generally expect the name to be, and not someone who coincidentally has the same name as a public figure. Verified identity profiles have a checkmark logo after their name. Examples of profiles bearing the verified name badge include Linus Torvalds, William Shatner, Leo Laporte, Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552810668945312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google+" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "During an orientation for new students at Stanford, he met Larry Page. They seemed to disagree on most subjects. But after spending time together, they \"became intellectual soul-mates and close friends\". Brin's focus was on developing data mining systems while Page's was in extending \"the concept of inferring the importance of a research paper from its citations in other papers\". Together, the pair authored a paper titled \"The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.206048488616943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "::- Larry Page ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232671737670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "In 2002, Brin, along with Larry Page, was named the MIT Technology Review TR100, as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2003, both Brin and Page received an honorary MBA from IE Business School \"for embodying the entrepreneurial spirit and lending momentum to the creation of new businesses...\". In 2004, they received the Marconi Foundation Prize, the \"Highest Award in Engineering\", and were elected Fellows of the Marconi Foundation at Columbia University. \"In announcing their selection, John Jay Iselin, the Foundation's president, congratulated the two men for their invention that has fundamentally changed the way information is retrieved today.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.134644508361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "In 2004, Brin received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award with Larry Page at a ceremony in Chicago, Illinois. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.031550407409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sergey Brin" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "There were concerns that Google's IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires. As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture. In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative environment. Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees. In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged \"no cold call\" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.144250392913818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Lawrence Page", "passage": "In 2001, Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism. The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California. The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million. By that time, the name \"Google\" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb \"google\" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as \"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.232465744018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "On August 15, 2011, Google made its largest-ever acquisition to-date when it announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent battle, as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC, Samsung, and Motorola. The merger was completed on May 22, 2012, after the approval of People's Republic of China. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.24271297454834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "After the company's IPO in 2004, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries were turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.775803089141846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "On April 4, 2011, Larry Page became CEO and Eric Schmidt became Executive Chairman of Google. In July 2012, Google's first female employee, Marissa Mayer, left Google to become Yahoo!'s CEO. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.275175094604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "Since 1998, Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998. The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed \"Doodlers\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.1433167457580566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Google" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "::- Larry Page ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.232671737670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Larry Page", "passage": "While Google is often thought of as the invention of two young computer whizzes—Sergey and Larry, Larry and Sergey—the truth is that Google is a creation of Larry Page, helped along by Sergey Brin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.411375045776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" }, { "answer": "Lucinda Southworth", "passage": "In 2007, Page married Lucinda Southworth on Necker Island, the Caribbean island owned by Richard Branson. Southworth is a research scientist, and the sister of actress and model Carrie Southworth. Page and Southworth have two children, born in 2009 and 2011. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.17015266418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Larry Page" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Their Finest Hour", "passage": "# Their Finest Hour (1949)", "precise_score": -8.69404125213623, "rough_score": -10.925689697265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Second World War (book series)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Manhattan, New York (state)", "Manhattan (NY)", "Man hattan", "Manhattan (New York)", "Manhatten", "New York County, NY", "Cabrini Hospice", "New York County, New York", "Manhutton", "Manhattan, United States", "New York (Manhattan) County, New York", "Island of Manhattan", "Manhattan", "Manhattan County", "Manhatas", "Manhattan, New York, US", "Manhattan Schist", "New York County (NY)", "Manhattan (New York, N.Y.)", "Manahachtanienk", "Manhattan, NY", "Borough of Manhattan", "Manhatten, NY", "Timeline of Manhattan history", "City and County of New York", "Manhattan schist", "Mannados", "Manhattanite", "Manhattan trade", "Government of Manhattan", "Manhattan Island", "County of New York", "The 24$ deal", "Ganono", "Crosstown traffic (Manhattan)", "Manhattan, New York City, New York", "Manhattan (borough)", "Manhattan, New York City", "New York Island", "County of Manhattan", "Manhattan island", "New York County", "Manhatttan, New York", "Manhattan, New York", "New York (county)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "new york island", "new york manhattan county new york", "manhattan new york city new york", "new york county", "manhattan new york us", "county of new york", "manhattan new york state", "island of manhattan", "ganono", "mannados", "manhatttan new york", "manhattan trade", "manhatas", "manhatten", "city and county of new york", "manhattan island", "new york county new york", "manhattan", "manhattanite", "manhattan united states", "new york county ny", "borough of manhattan", "timeline of manhattan history", "manhattan schist", "24 deal", "government of manhattan", "cabrini hospice", "crosstown traffic manhattan", "manhattan borough", "county of manhattan", "manhutton", "manhattan county", "manhattan ny", "manhattan new york", "man hattan", "manhattan new york city", "manhattan new york n y", "manhatten ny", "manahachtanienk" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "manhattan", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Manhattan" }

[ { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "Rye grain is known for imparting what many call a spicy or fruity flavor to the whiskey. Bourbon, distilled from at least 51% corn, is noticeably sweeter, and tends to be fuller bodied than rye. Due to its distinctive flavor, American rye whiskey is sometimes referred to as America's equivalent of an Islay whisky. As bourbon gained popularity beyond the southern United States, bartenders increasingly substituted it for rye in cocktails like Whiskey sours, Manhattans, and Old Fashioneds, which were originally made with rye. All other things being equal, the character of the cocktail will be drier with rye. ", "precise_score": -0.604793131351471, "rough_score": -1.768004298210144, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rye whiskey" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "Angostura bitters are a key ingredient in many cocktails. Originally used to help with upset stomachs of the soldiers in the Simón Bolívar army, it later became popular in soda water and was usually served with gin. The mix stuck in the form of a pink gin, and is also used in many other alcoholic cocktails such as long vodka, consisting of vodka, Angostura bitters, and lemonade. In the United States, it is best known for its use in whiskey cocktails: the Old Fashioned, made with whiskey, bitters, sugar, and water, and the Manhattan, made usually with rye whiskey and sweet vermouth. In a Pisco Sour a few drops are sprinkled on top of the foam, both for aroma and decoration. In a Champagne Cocktail a few drops of bitters are added to a sugar cube. Though not in the classic recipe, bartenders sometimes add more flavour to the Mojito cocktail by sprinkling a few drops of Angostura bitter on top. Bitters can also be used in \"soft\" drinks; a common drink served in Australian and New Zealand pubs is lemon lime and bitters. ", "precise_score": 1.987377643585205, "rough_score": 2.518420457839966, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angostura bitters" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "The first publication of a bartenders' guide which included cocktail recipes was in 1862 — How to Mix Drinks; or, The Bon Vivant's Companion, by \"Professor\" Jerry Thomas. In addition to recipes for punches, sours, slings, cobblers, shrubs, toddies, flips, and a variety of other mixed drinks were 10 recipes for \"cocktails\". A key ingredient differentiating cocktails from other drinks in this compendium was the use of bitters. Mixed drinks popular today that conform to this original meaning of \"cocktail\" include the Old Fashioned whiskey cocktail, the Sazerac cocktail, and the Manhattan cocktail. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.350600242614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cocktail" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "The modern versions of the beverage were first produced in the mid- to late 18th century in Turin, Italy. While vermouth was traditionally used for medicinal purposes, its true claim to fame is as an aperitif, with fashionable cafes in Turin serving it to guests around the clock. However, in the late 19th century it became popular with bartenders as a key ingredient in many classic cocktails that have survived to date, such as the Martini, the Manhattan, the Rob Roy, and the Negroni. In addition to being consumed as an aperitif or cocktail ingredient, vermouth is sometimes used as an alternative white wine in cooking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.601813316345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "The use of vermouth as a medicinal liquor waned by the end of the 18th century, but its use as an aperitif increased in Italy and France. The advent of the cocktail, in the late 19th century, found a new use for vermouth. Bartenders found that it was an ideal mixer for many cocktails, including the Martini (beginning in the 1860s) and the Manhattan (beginning around 1874). In addition, the popular Vermouth cocktail, first appearing in 1869, consisted of chilled vermouth and a twist of lemon peel with the occasional addition of small amounts of bitters or maraschino. The popularity of vermouth-heavy cocktails in America, often using twice as much vermouth as gin or whiskey, continued through the 1880s and 1890s. Although the amount of vermouth used in cocktail recipes had somewhat declined, it has recently been experiencing a rise as a favorite among a new breed of bartenders, as a key ingredient in many cocktails. Vermouth gained popularity in the 1950s with help from the Martini, which was being marketed by the liquor companies. Product placement, and celebrity endorsements from personalities such as Ernest Hemingway, and Humphrey Bogart helped to increase the Martini’s profile. However, the most successful advertiser of the Martini was the fictional character James Bond. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.751690149307251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "The popularity of vermouth in the United States and Great Britain declined after the mid-20th century, but was still used in those countries in many classic cocktails such as the Manhattan, albeit in smaller amounts. The drink is more popular in other parts of Europe, such as Italy and France, where it is often consumed by itself as an apéritif. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.285609245300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "Vermouth is a common cocktail ingredient, particularly in Martinis and Manhattans. When drinking vermouth by itself, it is normally an apéritif. Vermouth is used as an ingredient in many different cocktails, as people found it ideal for lowering the alcohol content of cocktails with strong spirits as their base, for providing a pleasant herbal flavor and aroma, and for accentuating the flavors in the base liquor. As previously stated, vermouth is an ingredient in the martini, one of the most popular and well-known cocktails. At first, martinis used sweet vermouth. Around 1904, however, drier French vermouths began to be used in the cocktail. The term \"dry martini\" originally meant using a drier vermouth as a mixer, not using less vermouth, as the term is used today. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8523073196411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "Sharon Tyler Herbst's book, The Ultimate A-To-Z Bar Guide, lists 112 cocktails using dry vermouth and 82 containing sweet vermouth. Cocktails using either dry or sweet vermouth or both include the Americano, Bronx, Gibson, Manhattan, Negroni, Rob Roy, and Rose. Variations of cocktail recipes using equal portions of dry and sweet vermouths are called perfect, as in a Perfect Manhattan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.693167209625244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vermouth" }, { "answer": "Manhattan", "passage": "* Manhattan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.186833381652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Angostura bitters" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Phoebe Ann Mozee", "Phoebe Moses", "Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee", "Annie ockley", "Annie oakly", "Oakley, Annie", "Annie Oakley", "Phoebe Mosey", "Phoebe Ann Moses", "Anne oakly", "Phoebe Ann Mosey", "Phoebe Annie Oakley Mozee" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "annie oakly", "oakley annie", "phoebe ann mozee", "phoebe moses", "phoebe mosey", "phoebe ann moses", "phoebe ann mosey", "phoebe annie oakley mozee", "phoebe anne oakley mozee", "anne oakly", "annie ockley", "annie oakley" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "annie oakley", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Annie Oakley" }

[ { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. Annie Oakley and her husband, Frank Butler, were sharpshooters, together with the likes of Gabriel Dumont and Lillian Smith. Performers re-enacted the riding of the Pony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show was said to end with a re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand, in which Cody portrayed General Custer, but this is more legend than fact. The finale was typically a portrayal of an Indian attack on a settler's cabin. Cody would ride in with an entourage of cowboys to defend a settler and his family. This finale was featured predominantly as early as 1886 but was not performed after 1907; it was used in 23 of 33 tours. Another celebrity appearing on the show was Calamity Jane, as a storyteller as of 1893.", "precise_score": -4.381697177886963, "rough_score": -6.740886211395264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "On October 29, 1901, outside Lexington, North Carolina, a freight train crashed into one unit of the train carrying Buffalo Bill's show from Charlotte, North Carolina, to Danville, Virginia. The freight train's engineer had thought that the entire show train had passed, not realizing it was three units, and returned to the tracks; 110 horses were killed in the crash or had to be killed later, including Old Pap and Old Eagle. No people were killed, but Annie Oakley's injuries were so severe that she was told she would never walk again. She did recover and continued performing later. The incident put the show out of business for a while, and this disruption may have led to its eventual demise. ", "precise_score": -2.958814859390259, "rough_score": -4.903717994689941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "*1976: Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson, is a fictional film that features the Wild West show, with Paul Newman as Cody and Geraldine Chaplin as Annie Oakley.", "precise_score": -1.5765289068222046, "rough_score": -4.2525129318237305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "*2004: Hidalgo is a film based on the legend of Frank Hopkins, featuring the Wild West show, with J. K. Simmons as Buffalo Bill and Elizabeth Berridge as Annie Oakley.", "precise_score": -1.7532942295074463, "rough_score": -5.543081760406494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "Annie Oakley (born Phoebe Ann Mosey; August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926) was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter. Her \"amazing talent\" first came to light when the then 15-year-old won a shooting match with traveling show marksman Frank E. Butler (whom she married). The couple joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West show a few years later. Oakley became a renowned international star, performing before royalty and heads of state.", "precise_score": 2.8316571712493896, "rough_score": 5.724776744842529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "Oakley also was variously known as \"Miss Annie Oakley\", \"Little Sure Shot\", \"Little Miss Sure Shot\", \"Watanya Cicilla\", \"Phoebe Anne Oakley\", \"Mrs. Annie Oakley\", \"Mrs. Annie Butler\", and \"Mrs. Frank Butler\". Her death certificate gives her name as \"Annie Oakley Butler\". ", "precise_score": 0.34262049198150635, "rough_score": -5.7028632164001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* 1995: Buffalo Girls is a film based on legends about Calamity Jane, with Peter Coyote as Buffalo Bill, Anjelica Huston as Calamity Jane, Reba McEntire as Annie Oakley, and Russell Means as Chief Sitting Bull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.110199928283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* 1990: Buffalo Girls, by Larry McMurtry, features Buffalo Bill, Calamity Jane, Annie Oakley, and Chief Sitting Bull.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.820230484008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Buffalo Bill" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "Annie Oakley was born Phoebe Ann (Annie) Mosey on August 13, 1860, in a cabin less than 2 mi northwest of Woodland, now Willowdell, in Darke County, Ohio, a rural western border county of Ohio. Her birthplace log cabin site is about five miles east of North Star. There is a stone-mounted plaque in the vicinity of the cabin site, which was placed by the Annie Oakley Committee in 1981, 121 years after her birth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681527137756348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "According to a modern-day account in The Cincinnati Enquirer, it is possible that the shooting match may have taken place in 1881 and not 1875. However it appears the time of the event was never recorded. Biographer Shirl Kasper states the shooting match took place in the spring of 1881 near Greenville, possibly in North Star as mentioned by Butler during interviews in 1903 and 1924. Other sources seem to coincide with the North Fairmount location near Cincinnati if the event occurred in 1881. The Annie Oakley Center Foundation mentions Oakley visiting her married sister, Lydia Stein, at her home near Cincinnati in 1875. That information is incorrect as Lydia didn't marry Joseph C. Stein until March 19, 1877. Although speculation, it is most likely that Oakley and her mother visited Lydia in 1881 as she was seriously ill from tuberculosis. The Bevis House hotel was still being operated by Martin Bevis and W. H. Ridenour in 1875. It first opened around 1860 after the building was previously used as a pork packaging facility. Jack Frost didn't obtain management of the hotel until 1879. The Baughman & Butler shooting act first appeared on the pages of The Cincinnati Enquirer in 1880. They signed with Sells Brothers Circus in 1881 and made an appearance at the Coliseum Opera House later that year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.124073028564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "In 1904, sensational cocaine prohibition stories were selling well. The newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst published a false story that Oakley had been arrested for stealing to support a cocaine habit. The woman actually arrested was a burlesque performer who told Chicago police that her name was \"Annie Oakley\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327750205993652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "The original Annie Oakley spent much of the next six years winning 54 of 55 libel lawsuits against newspapers. She collected less in judgments than the total of her legal expenses; but, to her, a restored reputation justified the loss of time and money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.742713928222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "In 1912, the Butlers, now temporarily retired, traveled to Cambridge, Maryland, the Dorchester County seat. They soon bought a plot of land in an area called Hambrooks, situated on the Choptank River, and proceeded to have a brick rancher built, renting rooms at local hotels during the house's construction. They moved into the house by 1913. The Annie Oakley House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92419147491455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "A vast collection of Annie Oakley's personal possessions, performance memorabilia, and firearms are on permanent exhibit within the Garst Museum and The National Annie Oakley Center in Greenville, Ohio. The National Annie Oakley Center Foundation strives to preserve, expand, and share exhibits pertaining to Annie Oakley's life and experiences. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1240873336792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "There are a number of variations given for Oakley's family name, Mosey. Many biographers and other references give the name as \"Moses\". Although the 1860 U.S. Census shows the family name as \"Mauzy\", this is considered an error introduced by the census taker. Oakley's name appears as \"Ann Mosey\" in the 1870 U.S. Census and \"Mosey\" is engraved on her father's headstone and appears in his military record; \"Mosey\" is the official spelling by the Annie Oakley Foundation, maintained by her living relatives. (the answer is \"no\": \"Her mother, Susan, named her Phoebe Ann…\"; her father Jacob is surnamed \"Mosey\" in the National Archives War of 1812 military records; \"In the 1870 Census, Annie is listed as Ann Mosey\" - but, several other surname spellings appeared later. \"The professional name Oakley was assumed in 1882, when Annie began to perform with Frank Butler; it was not a family name.\") The spelling \"Mosie\" has also appeared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.664685249328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "During her lifetime, the theatre business began referring to complimentary tickets as \"Annie Oakleys\". Such tickets traditionally have holes punched into them (to prevent them from being resold), reminiscent of the playing cards Oakley shot through during her sharpshooting act.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.078810691833496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 1935, Barbara Stanwyck played Oakley in a fictionalized film called Annie Oakley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.601396560668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* From 1954 to 1956, Gail Davis played Oakley in the Annie Oakley television series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.986979484558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 1983, New American Library published The Secret Annie Oakley, by Marcy Heidish, which established that her husband Frank Butler was not an envious competitor, as portrayed in the Broadway musical, but was her greatest support from the day they met. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.045199394226074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 1985, Jamie Lee Curtis portrayed her in the \"Annie Oakley\" episode of the children's video series Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.511052131652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 1998, A Shooting Star: A Novel About Annie Oakley by Sheila Solomon Klass was republished.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25579833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 2009, the band Watchout! There's Ghosts released a song called \"Don't Shoot Me, Annie Oakley\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560251235961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 2010, The Geraghtys released a song titled \"Annie Oakley\", that references the famous sharpshooter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.439875602722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 2009, in an episode of the American television series Bones, Seeley Booth refers to his partner, Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan, as \"Annie Oakley\" when she seems too trigger-happy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.291106224060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 2010, in an episode of the American television series Castle, Richard Castle refers to detective Kevin Ryan as \"Annie Oakley\" after he shot at him but missed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.349344253540039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" }, { "answer": "Annie Oakley", "passage": "* In 2014, the folk music group Love.Stop.Repeat released a song titled \"Annie Oakley\", with lyrics about her life and exploits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087026596069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Annie Oakley" } ]

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[ { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "The defeat of Frazier set the stage for a title fight against heavyweight champion George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire, on October 30, 1974—a bout nicknamed \"The Rumble in the Jungle\". Foreman was considered one of the hardest punchers in heavyweight history. In assessing the fight, analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton—who had given Ali four tough battles and won two of them—had been both devastated by Foreman in second round knockouts. Ali was 32 years old, and had clearly lost speed and reflexes since his twenties. Contrary to his later persona, Foreman was at the time a brooding and intimidating presence. Almost no one associated with the sport, not even Ali's long-time supporter Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning.", "precise_score": 4.39436149597168, "rough_score": 5.254807949066162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "The Rumble in the Jungle was a historic boxing event in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) on October 30, 1974 (at 4:00 am). Held at the 20th of May Stadium (now the Stade Tata Raphaël), it pitted the undefeated world heavyweight champion George Foreman against challenger Muhammad Ali, a former heavyweight champion. Attendance was about 60,000. Ali won by knockout, putting Foreman down just before the end of the eighth round. It has been called \"arguably the greatest sporting event of the 20th century\". The event was one of Don King's first ventures as a professional boxing promoter. ", "precise_score": 5.353541851043701, "rough_score": 5.998335838317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rumble in the Jungle" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "Over the years, George Foreman revised his opinions on Muhammad Ali and on The Rumble in the Jungle, on several accounts. In 2012, The Telegraph reported Foreman's declaration: \"We fought in 1974, that was a long time ago. After 1981 we became the best of friends. By 1984, we loved each other. I am not closer to anyone else in this life than I am to Muhammad Ali.\" Foreman also stated: \"Then, in 1981, a reporter came to my ranch and asked me: 'What happened in Africa, George?' I had to look him in the eye and say, \"I lost. He beat me.\" Before that I had nothing but revenge and hate on my mind, but from then on it was clear. I'll never be able to win that match, so I had to let it go.\" Foreman eventually concluded, in 2003: \"[Ali is] the greatest man I've ever known. Not greatest boxer that's too small for him. He had a gift. He's not pretty he's beautiful. Everything America should be, Muhammad Ali is.\" ", "precise_score": 0.057651154696941376, "rough_score": 0.9760199189186096, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rumble in the Jungle" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century. He remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Between February 25, 1964, and September 19, 1964, Ali reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion. He is the only boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times. He was ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC. ESPN SportsCentury ranked him the 3rd greatest athlete of the 20th century. Nicknamed \"The Greatest\", he was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were the first Liston fight; the \"Fight of the Century\", \"Super Fight II\" and the \"Thrilla in Manila\" versus his rival Joe Frazier; and \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" versus George Foreman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5826520919799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "After the loss to Frazier, Ali fought Jerry Quarry, had a second bout with Floyd Patterson and faced Bob Foster in 1972, winning a total of six fights that year. In 1973, Ken Norton broke Ali's jaw while giving him the second loss of his career. After initially seeking retirement, Ali won a controversial decision against Norton in their second bout, leading to a rematch at Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1974, with Joe Frazier, who had recently lost his title to George Foreman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.381438732147217, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "Ali opened the fight moving and scoring with right crosses to Foreman's head. Then, beginning in the second round—and to the consternation of his corner—Ali retreated to the ropes and invited Foreman to hit him while covering up, clinching and counter-punching, all while verbally taunting Foreman. The move, which would later become known as the \"Rope-a-dope\", so violated conventional boxing wisdom—letting one of the hardest hitters in boxing strike at will—that at ringside writer George Plimpton thought the fight had to be fixed. Foreman, increasingly angered, threw punches that were deflected and did not land squarely. Midway through the fight, as Foreman began tiring, Ali countered more frequently and effectively with punches and flurries, which electrified the pro-Ali crowd. In the eighth round, Ali dropped an exhausted Foreman with a combination at center ring; Foreman failed to make the count. Against the odds, and amidst pandemonium in the ring, Ali had regained the title by knockout. In reflecting on the fight, George Foreman later said: \"I thought Ali was just one more knockout victim until, about the seventh round, I hit him hard to the jaw and he held me and whispered in my ear: 'That all you got, George?' I realized that this ain't what I thought it was.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.941874027252197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "Ali's funeral was preplanned by himself and others beginning years prior to his actual death. The services began in Louisville on June 9, 2016, with an Islamic Janazah prayer service at Freedom Hall on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center. A funeral procession went through the streets of Louisville on June 10, 2016, ending at Cave Hill Cemetery, where a private interment ceremony occurred. Ali's grave is marked with a simple granite marker that bears only his name. A public memorial service for Ali at downtown Louisville's KFC Yum! Center was held in the afternoon of June 10. The pallbearers included Will Smith, Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson, with honorary pallbearers including George Chuvalo, Larry Holmes and George Foreman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.842402458190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "In the opinion of many, Ali became a different fighter after the 3½-year layoff. Ferdie Pacheco, Ali's corner physician, noted that he had lost his ability to move and dance as before. This forced Ali to become more stationary and exchange punches more frequently, exposing him to more punishment while indirectly revealing his tremendous ability to take a punch. This physical change led in part to the \"rope-a-dope\" strategy, where Ali would lie back on the ropes, cover up to protect himself and conserve energy, and tempt opponents to punch themselves out. Ali often taunted opponents in the process and lashed back with sudden, unexpected combinations. The strategy was dramatically successful in the George Foreman fight, but less so in the first Joe Frazier bout when it was introduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.45099925994873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "|align=left| George Foreman", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.420614242553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "Foreman and Ali became friends after the fight. Ali had trouble walking to the stage at the 1996 Oscars to be part of the group receiving the Oscar for When We Were Kings (1996), a documentary of the fight in Zaire, due to his Parkinson's syndrome. George Foreman helped him up the steps to receive the Oscar. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4785380363464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rumble in the Jungle" }, { "answer": "George Foreman", "passage": "In 1965, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power in the Congo in his second coup and initiated a policy of \"Africanizing\" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, Léopoldville was renamed Kinshasa, for a village named Kinchassa that once stood near the site, today Kinshasa (commune). The city grew rapidly under Mobutu, drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere. This inevitably brought a change to the city's ethnic and linguistic composition. Although it is situated in territory that traditionally belongs to the Bateke and Bahumbu people, the lingua franca among African languages in Kinshasa today is Lingala, and the administrative and main written language is French (see further Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo). In 1974, Kinshasa hosted The Rumble in the Jungle boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, in which Ali defeated Foreman, to regain the World Heavyweight title.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.816635251045227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kinshasa" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "T Ros", "Feddy Roosevelt", "26th President of the United States", "Trust Buster", "The Cowboy President", "Teddy roosevelt", "Theodore Roosavelt", "President Theodore Roosevelt", "Theodor roosevelt", "Teddy Rose", "Teddy Roosevelt", "Theodore roosevelt", "T. Roosevelt", "Teodoro Roosevelt", "T. Roosevelt Administration", "Teddy Roosvelt", "Teddy Rosevelt", "Roosevelt, Theodore", "Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy", "T Roosevelt", "Cowboy of the Dakotas", "Teddy Roose", "Theodore Roosevelt" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "t ros", "cowboy president", "theodore roosavelt", "trust buster", "president theodore roosevelt", "teddy roosvelt", "teddy rosevelt", "t roosevelt", "roosevelt theodore", "feddy roosevelt", "cowboy of dakotas", "teddy rose", "26th president of united states", "teddy roosevelt foreign policy", "teddy roose", "teodoro roosevelt", "theodore roosevelt", "theodor roosevelt", "t roosevelt administration", "teddy roosevelt" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "theodore roosevelt", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }

[ { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "* U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897–1898, during the William McKinley administration.", "precise_score": -7.591632843017578, "rough_score": -3.0135183334350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assistant Secretary of the Navy" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces (belonging to the Department of Defense) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense, with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, to the Combatant Commands, as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP). The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69: Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.732129096984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to \"draft\" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944. But Roosevelt died only 82 days after taking office for the fourth term on 12 April 1945.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.544985294342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "*According to author Edward J. Renehan, Jr., no less than five members of the extended Roosevelt clan served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. who served from 1921 through 1924 under Harding and Coolidge, Theodore Douglas Robinson (the son of Corinne Roosevelt) who served from 1924 through 1929 under Coolidge, and finally Henry Latrobe Roosevelt, a descendant of Robert Fulton's old friend \"Steamboat Nicholas\" Roosevelt, who served from 1933 through 1936 under FDR. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.609577178955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assistant Secretary of the Navy" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Gozira", "Godzillla", "ゴジラ", "Godzilla", "GODZILLA", "Powers and abilities of godzilla", "Burning godzilla", "Godzilla (Character)", "Godzillasaurus", "King Godzilla", "Powers and abilities of Godzilla", "Godzilla roar" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "gozira", "powers and abilities of godzilla", "godzillla", "godzilla character", "king godzilla", "godzillasaurus", "ゴジラ", "godzilla roar", "godzilla", "burning godzilla" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "godzilla", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Godzilla" }

[ { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Although King Ghidorah's design has remained largely consistent throughout its appearances (an armless, golden-scaled winged dragon with three heads and two tails), its origin story has varied from being an extraterrestrial demon, a genetically engineered monster from the future, to being a guardian of ancient Japan. The character is usually portrayed as an archenemy of Godzilla and Mothra, though it has had one appearance as an ally of the latter. Despite rumors that Ghidorah was meant to represent the threat posed by China, which had at the time of the character's creation just developed nuclear weapons, director Ishiro Honda denied the connection and stated that Ghidorah is simply a modern take on the dragon Yamata no Orochi. ", "precise_score": -7.188063144683838, "rough_score": -1.0429023504257202, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "The initial idea for Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster came from Tomoyuki Tanaka, who also created Godzilla. Tanaka's inspiration came from an illustration of the Lernaean Hydra in a book about Greek Mythology, and Orochi of Japanese folklore. Tanaka was enamored with the idea of Godzilla fighting a multi-headed serpent, but considered 7-8 heads to be excessive, with the number of heads being reduced to three. The final version was an armless, three-headed dragon with large wings, two tails and of extraterrestrial origin. Screenwriter Shinichi Sekizawa insisted that the Ghidorah suit be fabricated using light-weight silicon-based materials in order to grant the wearer greater mobility. The final Ghidorah design was constructed by special effects artist Teizo Toshimitsu, who had initially painted it green in order to further differentiate it from Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra, but changed it to gold on the insistence of Eiji Tsuburaya, after his assistant noted that being a creature from Venus, the \"gold planet\", Ghidorah should be that color. The monster costume itself was built by Akira Watanabe, and worn by Shoichi Hirose, who also played King Kong in Toho's King Kong vs. Godzilla. Hirose walked hunched over inside the Ghidorah costume, holding a metal bar for balance, while puppeteers would control its heads, tails and wings off-camera like a marionette. Each of the monster's heads were fitted with remotely controlled motors, which were connected to operators via a wire extending from the suit's backside. Performing as Ghidorah proved challenging to Hirose, as he had to time his movements in a way that would not conflict with the separately operated heads and wings, as doing so would have resulted in the overhead wires tangling. Because of the suit's weight, it frequently snapped the overhead wires supporting it. Special effects were added as the creature is capable emitting destructive, lightning-like \"gravity beams\" from its mouths and generating hurricane-force winds from its wings. Despite King Ghidorah's central role in the film's plot, the character was given little screen time, as Hirose had fallen out with special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya, who never forgave Hirose for accepting a Hollywood deal, and subsequently hired Susumu Utsumi to play King Ghidorah after Invasion of Astro-Monster.", "precise_score": -7.285159111022949, "rough_score": -2.2848994731903076, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "For Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, director Shūsuke Kaneko had originally planned on using Varan as Godzilla's principal antagonist, but was pressured by Toho chairman Isao Matsuoka to use the more recognizable and profitable King Ghidorah, as the previous film in the franchise, Godzilla x Megaguirus, which featured an original and unfamiliar antagonist, was a box office and critical failure. In order to emphasize Ghidorah's heroic role in the movie, his size was greatly reduced. He was portrayed by Akira Ohashi, who moved the creature's heads as hand puppets. ", "precise_score": -7.596029281616211, "rough_score": -0.44793984293937683, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "In his debut film, Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ghidorah is portrayed as an ancient extraterrestrial entity responsible for the destruction of the Venusian civilization, five thousand years before the film's events. His attempt to destroy Earth is thwarted by the combined efforts of Godzilla, Rodan and Mothra. Subsequent Shōwa era films would portray Ghidorah as the pawn of various alien races seeking to subjugate Earth. ", "precise_score": -5.294590950012207, "rough_score": -1.8677265644073486, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "In Kazuki Ōmori's Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, the character's backstory is completely re-envisioned: he originates as a trio of diminutive genetically engineered creatures called \"Dorats\" owned by members of the 23rd century Equal Environment Earth Union, a group dedicated to equalizing the power of Earth's nations. Seeking to stop Japan's global economic dominance in their timeline by transforming the Dorats into King Ghidorah through nuclear exposure, the Earth Unionists hope to plant the Dorats on Lagos Island during the 1944 H-bomb tests there. Prior to doing so, they remove the dinosaur that would ultimately become Godzilla from the island, so that the resulting King Ghidorah would be able to attack Japan without opposition. In 1992, the Earth Unionists unleash Ghidorah onto Japan, but he is defeated by a recreated Godzilla. The wounded King Ghidorah lies dormant under the sea for two centuries before being outfitted with robotic parts by a disillusioned Earth Unionist and sent back to 1992 in order to stop Godzilla's rampage. In Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II, \"Mecha-King Ghidorah's\" remains are salvaged by the United Nations Godzilla Countermeasures Center (UNGCC) and reverse engineered to create Mechagodzilla. ", "precise_score": -7.603550434112549, "rough_score": -2.6156013011932373, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "In Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack, Ghidorah is portrayed as having been one of the three guardians of Yamato, originating 1,000 years before the events of the film. Initially an antagonist, Ghidorah was imprisoned in Mount Fuji, only to be reawakened in 2001 to halt Godzilla's destruction of Tokyo. He is defeated, but then revived and empowered by his ally Mothra. ", "precise_score": -8.217781066894531, "rough_score": -2.8376898765563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Throughout its appearances, King Ghidorah's only consistent abilities are flight and the capacity to fire \"gravity beams\" from its mouths. Its first incarnation is shown travelling through space within a meteor capable of generating magnetic fields. Ghidorah's mechanized form in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah is equipped with Capture Cables and a large Machine Hand restraint that can discharge electricity, and is strong enough to lift Godzilla. In Rebirth of Mothra III, King Ghidorah gains energy from eating victims, and can construct a dome to house its victims for future consumption. It is also portrayed as capable of firing lightning bolts from its wings and regenerating its entire body from severed body parts. Ghidorah's incarnation in Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack can electrocute enemies through its teeth, and can gain power by absorbing the spirits of dead monsters, allowing it to form an energy shield capable of deflecting Godzilla's atomic ray.", "precise_score": -7.260422706604004, "rough_score": -4.817375183105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Spin-off characters related to and based on Ghidorah (although quadruped in appearance) were featured in other Toho films: \"Desghidorah\" (or Death Ghidorah) in Rebirth of Mothra and \"Keizer Ghidorah\" in Godzilla: Final Wars. In July 2014, Legendary Pictures confirmed to have obtained the rights to King Ghidorah, Mothra, and Rodan from Toho and plan to feature them in their sequel. ", "precise_score": -8.094634056091309, "rough_score": -5.802785396575928, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "The character has been well-received and is considered to be the most famous enemy of Godzilla. WatchMojo.com listed King Ghidorah as #1 on their \"Top 10 Godzilla Villains\" list, and #6 on their \"Top 10 Giant Movie Monsters\" list, while IGN listed the creature as #2 on their \"Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters\" list. Complex listed the character as #4 on its \"The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time\" list, calling him \"iconic\" and \"he simply looks cooler than some of the more powerful bugs, crabs, and robots.\" In his review of Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster, Ethan Reed of Toho Kingdom praised King Ghidorah, calling him \"a fantastic addition to the franchise\" and \"no less than pure evil, a relentless force of destruction that wipes out the life of entire planets just for the sake of it\" and concluded that \"King Ghidorah is not only one the best characters in the series, but one [of] the best movie villains as well.\" Similar views were expressed in Paste, which listed Ghidorah as #5 on its \"10 Best Movie Dragons\", describing it as \"probably the deadliest beast in all of Godzilla lore\". ", "precise_score": -6.197856903076172, "rough_score": -2.634856700897217, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "is a kaiju who first appeared in Toho's 1972 film Godzilla vs. Gigan. Gigan is a cybernetic space monster sporting a buzzsaw weapon in its frontal abdominal region and large metallic hooks for hands. Gigan is considered one of Godzilla's most brutal and violent opponents, being the first monster in the Toho sci-fi series to cause Godzilla to visibly bleed. WatchMojo.com listed Gigan as #4 on their \"Top 10 Godzilla Villains\" list. ", "precise_score": -7.274318695068359, "rough_score": -5.453590393066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Gigan's first appearance was in the 1972 film Godzilla vs. Gigan, in which Gigan is summoned to Earth by the antagonist Nebula M Space Hunter aliens where he was paired with King Ghidorah to destroy Tokyo. They were challenged by Godzilla and Anguirus, and after a long fight the two space monsters were driven away. Then, in the 1973 film, Godzilla vs. Megalon, Gigan was again sent by the Nebulans to assist the people of Seatopia in their assault on humanity by aiding their god, Megalon, in a battle against Godzilla and Jet Jaguar. After receiving a broken arm at the hands of Jet Jaguar, Gigan fled to space, leaving Megalon to face Godzilla and Jet Jaguar alone. This is the second time Gigan has abandoned an ally. Gigan then made an appearance on Toho's television series Zone Fighter the same year. After his battle with Godzilla and Jet Jaguar, Gigan was captured in space by the Garoga army and sent back to Earth to prevent Godzilla from rescuing Zone Fighter, but he is soundly defeated by him. Left for dead, Godzilla leaves believing he is victorious, but Gigan revives shortly afterwards and battles Zone Fighter himself. In the final battle, Gigan is finally killed by Zone Fighter.", "precise_score": -6.900650978088379, "rough_score": -0.13362039625644684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "After a 31-year absence he returned in Godzilla: Final Wars. In Godzilla: Final Wars, Gigan is one of the main antagonists for Godzilla to fight. In the film, Gigan once fought Mothra for the fate of the Earth and ultimately was defeated. Later, his mummified body is discovered and revealed to be a weapon used by the Xiliens. Gigan then awakens and creates havoc and destruction in Japan, but is sent to destroy the Gotengo in hopes of not awakening Godzilla, but fails. Gigan does manage to bring down the Gotengo, however, and then faces off against Godzilla and fails. During the battle between Godzilla and Monster X at the end of the film, Mothra tries to assist Godzilla, but is intercepted by a revived Gigan (whose arms have been retrofitted with enormous chainsaws in place of his iconic blades). The two engage in combat and, after briefly interrupting Godzilla and Monster X's battle, Gigan seemingly kills Mothra by firing his optic laser into her scales. Gigan turns around to aid Monster X against Godzilla, but he is decapitated by his own razor disks (fired at Mothra beforehand and reflected by the scales), and finally defeated by Mothra.", "precise_score": -7.800860404968262, "rough_score": -4.308798789978027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Gigan, as a cyborg, possesses a circular saw in his abdomen and razor-sharp hooked blades in place of hands, which the monster uses to both batter and stab his opponents. According to Zone Fighter, the tips of the hooks can also release an explosive charge on contact with an enemy (Gigan's arms were replaced with chainsaws after being initially defeated by Godzilla in Final Wars). In addition, Godzilla Island and Final Wars also give Gigan an optically-mounted laser and Final Wars version of his eye laser was named Giganume Cluster in Godzilla: The Game. He was as equipped with as jetpacks and grappling hooks. The Pipeworks trilogy gave Gigan the ability to teleport, as well. Final Wars also introduced Gigan's ability to shoot boomerangs shurikens which was named Blooded Slicer in Godzilla: The Game. However his shuriken boomerang effect turned out to be a double-edge sword as they unintentionally ended up killing him in the climax of the film.", "precise_score": -7.999126434326172, "rough_score": -4.751635551452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: The Half-Century War (2012) - Gigan again appears, alongside King Ghidorah, in the fifth issue of, published by IDW, where he is drawn to earth by a psychic signal, where they are depicted destroying roughly half the world in the year 2002. In a final battle with Godzilla (allied with a version of Mechagodzilla) in Antarctica, the team-up of Godzilla and his robotic duplicate is able to fight them long enough for a group of human soldiers to deploy a black hole weapon that seemingly destroyed all four monsters.", "precise_score": -6.697357654571533, "rough_score": -1.8732377290725708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "In Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, the character's ruffs of hairs surrounding its heads were replaced with horns, as it proved difficult for the special effects team to superimpose the individual strands of hair onto footage of people escaping the monster. Special effects director Koichi Kawakita had originally planned on having each of Ghidorah's heads fire differently colored beams, but this was ultimately scrapped in favor of the classic yellow color. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.59457540512085, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "King Ghidorah also appears in the fifth and sixth episodes of the television series Zone Fighter, where it is revealed that he is a creation of the Garoga aliens. As Zone Fighter shares continuity with the Showa era of Godzilla movies, after escaping from Zone Fighter, Ghidorah would next appear chronologically in Destroy All Monsters, set in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.663607597351074, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991) and Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.287899017333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.880146980285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.337266445159912, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II (1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.424361228942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack (2001)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.218757152557373, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla 2 (2018)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.581012725830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Island (1997-1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65520191192627, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Monster of Monsters (NES - 1988)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.215375900268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla / Godzilla-Kun: Kaijuu Daikessen (Game Boy - 1990)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.253645896911621, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla 2: War of the Monsters (NES - 1991)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.582463264465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Super Godzilla (SNES - 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.918243408203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Kaijū-ō Godzilla / King of the Monsters, Godzilla (Game Boy - 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.805259704589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Battle Legends (Turbo Duo - 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.224430084228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Monster War / Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters (Super Famicom - 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.057890892028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Giant Monster March (Game Gear - 1995)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742058753967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Trading Battle (PlayStation - 1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302227020263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact (Dreamcast - 1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.614087104797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee (GCN, Xbox - 2002/2003)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.856019973754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Domination! (GBA - 2002)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.705836296081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Save the Earth (Xbox, PS2 - 2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548177719116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Unleashed (Wii, PS2 - 2007)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.053482055664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Unleashed: Double Smash (NDS - 2007)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.895655632019043, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Daikaiju Battle Royale (Online game - 2012)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.37968921661377, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla (PS3 - 2014 PS3 PS4 - 2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.757749557495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.337266445159912, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Saves America: A Monster Showdown in 3-D! (1996) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.314696311950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla 2000 (1997)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351573944091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. the Robot Monsters (1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.93577766418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. the Space Monster (1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879685401916504, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Kingdom of Monsters (2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570971488952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Gangsters & Goliaths (2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288890838623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Half-Century War (2012)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.434308052062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Rulers of Earth (2013)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.625226020812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Cataclysm (2014)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.241900444030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Godzilla historian Steve Ryfle however criticized Ghidorah's design in Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah, citing its stiff movements and recycled Rodan screech, as well as noting that it didn't deviate enough from Eiji Tsuburaya's original design.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.161028861999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Ghidorah" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. Gigan (1972)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.880146980285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla vs. Megalon (1973)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83942985534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Final Wars (2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.12912654876709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Island (1997-1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65520191192627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Monster of Monsters (NES - 1988)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.215375900268555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Kaijū-ō Godzilla / King of the Monsters, Godzilla (Game Boy - 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.805259704589844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Battle Legends (Turbo Duo - 1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.224430084228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Monster War / Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters (Super Famicom - 1994)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.057890892028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Giant Monster March (Game Gear - 1995)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.742058753967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla Trading Battle (PlayStation - 1998)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302227020263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee (GCN, Xbox - 2002/2003)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.856019973754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Save the Earth (Xbox, PS2 - 2004)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.548177719116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Unleashed (Wii - 2007) - The Millennium version is exclusive in the Wii version.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.261898040771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Unleashed (PS2 - 2007) - The Showa Gigan is exclusive to the PlayStation 2 version.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.959035873413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "Gigan was originally considered to be a playable character in Godzilla: Domination! (2002) but was cancelled because of budgetary reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.89592170715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla at World's End (1998) - In Marc Cerasini's series, Gigan is one of six genetically engineered monsters created to destroy mankind.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.206734657287598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" }, { "answer": "Godzilla", "passage": "* Godzilla: Rulers of Earth (Comic - 2013)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.648380279541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gigan" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The Wizard (song)", "Wizard (book)", "The Wizard (Song)", "The wizard", "Wizard (disambiguation)", "Wizard", "Wizard (video game)", "Wiglaer", "Wizards", "Wizards as a race", "Wizzard (disambiguation)", "Wizards (disambiguation)", "Wizzards", "The Wizard" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "wizard song", "wizzards", "wizard disambiguation", "wizard", "wizards", "wizard book", "wizards as race", "wizzard disambiguation", "wiglaer", "wizard video game", "wizards disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "wizard", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Wizard" }

[ { "answer": "Wizard", "passage": "As the Arthurian myths were retold and embellished, Merlin's prophetic aspects were sometimes de-emphasised in favour of portraying him as a wizard and elder advisor to Arthur. On the other hand, in the Lancelot-Grail it is said that Merlin was never baptized and never did any good in his life, only evil. Medieval Arthurian tales abound in inconsistencies.", "precise_score": -0.28353461623191833, "rough_score": -0.37577760219573975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Wizard", "passage": "Merlin is a legendary figure best known as the wizard featured in Arthurian legend. The standard depiction of the character first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, written c. 1136, and is based on an amalgamation of previous historical and legendary figures. Geoffrey combined existing stories of Myrddin Wyllt (Merlinus Caledonensis), a North Brythonic prophet and madman with no connection to King Arthur, with tales of the Romano-British war leader Ambrosius Aurelianus to form the composite figure he called Merlin Ambrosius (). He is allegedly buried in the Broceliande forest, near Paimpont in Brittany.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9338890910148621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Wizard", "passage": "Geoffrey's rendering of the character was immediately popular, especially in Wales. Later writers expanded the account to produce a fuller image of the wizard. Merlin's traditional biography casts him as a cambion: born of a mortal woman, sired by an incubus, the non-human from whom he inherits his supernatural powers and abilities. The name of Merlin's mother is not usually stated but is given as Adhan in the oldest version of the Prose Brut. Merlin matures to an ascendant sagehood and engineers the birth of Arthur through magic and intrigue. Later authors have Merlin serve as the king's advisor until he is bewitched and imprisoned by the Lady of the Lake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5721731185913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Wizard", "passage": "A main belt asteroid is named 2598 Merlin in honour of the legendary wizard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282258987426758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Merlin" }, { "answer": "Wizard", "passage": "Although the themes, events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text, and there is no one canonical version, Geoffrey's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories. Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Norway and Gaul. Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey's Historia, including Arthur's father Uther Pendragon, the wizard Merlin, Arthur's wife Guinevere, the sword Excalibur, Arthur's conception at Tintagel, his final battle against Mordred at Camlann, and final rest in Avalon. The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature. In these French stories, the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters, such as various Knights of the Round Table. Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century. In the 21st century, the legend lives on, not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre, film, television, comics and other media.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2749907970428467, "source": "wiki", "title": "King Arthur" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Galloping Gertie" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "galloping gertie" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "galloping gertie", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Galloping Gertie" }

[ { "answer": "Galloping Gertie", "passage": "The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened on July 1, 1940. It received its nickname \"Galloping Gertie\" because of the vertical movement of the deck observed by construction workers during windy conditions. The bridge became known for its pitching deck, and collapsed into Puget Sound the morning of November 7, 1940, under high wind conditions. Engineering issues as well as the United States' involvement in World War II postponed plans to replace the bridge for several years; the replacement bridge was opened on October 14, 1950.", "precise_score": 6.199950695037842, "rough_score": 6.837924957275391, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tacoma Narrows Bridge" }, { "answer": "Galloping Gertie", "passage": "The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is a pair of twin suspension bridges that span the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound in Pierce County, Washington. The bridges connect the city of Tacoma with the Kitsap Peninsula and carry State Route 16 (known as Primary State Highway 14 until 1964) over the strait. Historically, the name \"Tacoma Narrows Bridge\" has applied to the original bridge nicknamed \"Galloping Gertie\", which opened in July 1940 but collapsed because of aeroelastic flutter four months later, as well as the replacement of the original bridge which opened in 1950 and still stands today as the westbound lanes of the present-day twin bridge complex.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.11376428604126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tacoma Narrows Bridge" }, { "answer": "Galloping Gertie", "passage": "The current westbound bridge was designed and rebuilt with open trusses, stiffening struts and openings in the roadway to let wind through. It opened on October 14, 1950, and is 5,979 feet (1822 m) long — 40 feet (12 m) longer than the first bridge, Galloping Gertie. Local residents nicknamed the new bridge Sturdy Gertie, as the oscillations that plagued the previous design had been eliminated. This bridge along with its new parallel eastbound bridge are currently the fifth-longest suspension bridges in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.257570266723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tacoma Narrows Bridge" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "King Tut", "Tutanhamon", "Tutankamun", "Tutankhamen", "Nebkheprure", "Tut-Anj-Amon", "King Tutankhamun", "Tutankhaten", "Tutankamen", "King tut", "Tutankhaumen", "Tutenkhamun", "King Tut's Death", "Tut-ankh-amun", "Tutankhamen's Death Mask", "Tutankamon", "Kingtut", "Tutenkamen", "Living Image of Amun", "Tutankhamum", "Tutankhamun", "Come on, Tutan", "Tuthankamun", "Tut Anj Amon", "Tutankhaton", "King Tutankhamen", "Pharaoh Tutankhamun", "The Boy King", "Living Image of Aten", "Tutankhamon", "Tuthankamen", "Nebkheperure Tutankhamun", "Tutenkhamen", "Nebkheperure", "Tutankhanum" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "tutanhamon", "tutenkhamen", "tutenkamen", "living image of aten", "king tut s death", "tuthankamen", "tutankamon", "nebkheperure tutankhamun", "tutankamun", "tut anj amon", "king tut", "tutankhanum", "tutankamen", "tutankhamen", "pharaoh tutankhamun", "tutankhamum", "kingtut", "boy king", "tuthankamun", "tutankhamen s death mask", "tutankhaton", "tutankhaumen", "tutankhaten", "nebkheperure", "tutankhamun", "come on tutan", "living image of amun", "tut ankh amun", "nebkheprure", "king tutankhamun", "tutenkhamun", "tutankhamon", "king tutankhamen" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "king tut", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "King Tut" }

[ { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 - 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world famous after discovering the intact tomb of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\") in November 1922.", "precise_score": 3.1836516857147217, "rough_score": 5.220321178436279, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "On 4 November 1922, Howard Carter's excavation group found steps that Carter hoped led to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62) (the tomb that would be considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings).", "precise_score": 3.1495816707611084, "rough_score": 1.4573578834533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The next several months were spent cataloging the contents of the antechamber under the \"often stressful\" supervision of Pierre Lacau, director general of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt. On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. All of these discoveries were eagerly covered by the world's press, but most of their representatives were kept in their hotels; only H. V. Morton was allowed on the scene, and his vivid descriptions helped to cement Carter's reputation with the British public.", "precise_score": -1.3968780040740967, "rough_score": -3.549450635910034, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "In the 1970s, his TV appearances led to the release of comedy albums that went platinum. The track \"Excuse Me\" on his first album, Let's Get Small, helped establish a national catch phrase. His next album, A Wild and Crazy Guy (1978), was an even bigger success, reaching the No. 2 spot on the U.S. sales chart, selling over a million copies. \"Just a wild and crazy guy\" became another of Martin's known catch phrases. The album featured a character based on a series of Saturday Night Live sketches where Martin and Dan Aykroyd played the Festrunk Brothers; Georgi and Yortuk (respectively) were bumbling Czechoslovak would-be playboys. The album ends with the song \"King Tut\", sung and written by Martin and backed by the \"Toot Uncommons\", members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. It was later released as a single, reaching No. 17 on the U.S. charts in 1978 and selling over a million copies. The song came out during the King Tut craze that accompanied the popular traveling exhibit of the Egyptian king's tomb artifacts. Both albums won Grammys for Best Comedy Recording in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Martin performed \"King Tut\" on the April 22, 1978 edition of SNL.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.085699558258057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Martin" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Martin learned how to play the banjo with help from John McEuen, who later joined the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. McEuen's brother later managed Martin as well as the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Martin did his stand-up routine opening for the band in the early 1970s. He had the band play on his hit song, \"King Tut\", being credited as \"The Toot Uncommons\" (as in Tutankhamun).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.098597526550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Martin" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun's tomb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.947898864746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "He died of Hodgkin's disease in Kensington, London, on 2 March 1939 at the age of 64. That the archaeologist died of natural causes and so long after the opening of the tomb, despite his being the leader of the expedition, is most commonly put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a \"curse of the pharaohs\" plaguing whatever parties that might have \"violated\" Tutankhamun's tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.713228702545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Carter is now buried in Putney Vale Cemetery in London. His epitaph reads: \"May your spirit live, may you spend millions of years, you who love Thebes, sitting with your face to the north wind, your eyes beholding happiness\", a quotation taken from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun, and \"O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.804306030273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "* In the Columbia Pictures Television film The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980), he is portrayed by Robin Ellis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.853480339050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "* In the made-for-TV film The Tutankhamun Conspiracy (2001), he is portrayed by Giles Watling", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.729863166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*He is referenced in Sally Beauman's The Visitors, a novel re-creation of the hunt for Tutankhamun’s tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.4983320236206055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*He is a key character in Christian Jacq's book The Tutankhamun Affair. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24354362487793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "*James Patterson and Martin Dugard's book The Murder of King Tut focuses on Carter's search for King Tut's tomb. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.0665130615234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The Finnish metal band Nightwish mentions Carter in the song \"Tutankhamun\" on its début album Angels Fall First: \"For Carter has come / To free my beloved\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187519073486328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Asparagus", "passage": "Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents. Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before exiting the body. ", "precise_score": -2.8940906524658203, "rough_score": -3.4076433181762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Urine" }, { "answer": "Asparagus", "passage": "* Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus or foods or beverages with green dyes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.716969966888428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Urine" } ]

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[ { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena to announce a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows, saying it would be his \"final curtain call\". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million. The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record-breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours. The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, owned by AEG. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London, with all concerts sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest. Some time before his death, it was reported that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier. ", "precise_score": -1.1560362577438354, "rough_score": -1.0443943738937378, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "Jackson's first posthumous song released entirely by his estate was \"This Is It\", which he had co-written in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the setlists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals, Michael Jackson's This Is It, was released. Despite a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest-grossing documentary or concert film of all time, with earnings of more than worldwide. Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits. The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of \"This Is It\" appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the film, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits and a spoken-word poem, \"Planet Earth\". At the 2009 American Music Awards, Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26. ", "precise_score": 3.1536448001861572, "rough_score": 4.691533088684082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "Michael Jackson's This Is It is a 2009 American documentary–concert film directed by Kenny Ortega that documents Michael Jackson's rehearsals and preparation for his concert series of the same name that was originally scheduled to start on July 13, 2009, but cancelled due to his death eighteen days prior on June 25. The film consists of Jackson rehearsing musical numbers, directing his team, and additional behind-the-scenes footage including dancer auditions and costume design. The film's director Kenny Ortega confirmed that none of this footage was originally intended for release, but after Jackson's death it was agreed that the film be made. The footage was filmed in California at the Staples Center and The Forum, and features a clip from London's O2 Arena where Jackson publicly announced the concert series.", "precise_score": 4.128178596496582, "rough_score": 6.680025100708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "The film received generally positive reviews from both critics and Jackson fans; the film's portrayal of Jackson and his performances were generally praised, while criticism mainly consisted of both critics and fans having felt that the film was made just to profit off Jackson's death and that Jackson would not have wanted the film released because he was a perfectionist. Despite some fans boycotting the film, and his family not endorsing the film, the ticket sales for This Is It broke international records a month before its release. Among the cities with the strongest sales were Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston and New York. Records were also set in Japan, where more than $1 million in tickets were sold on the first day they were available. In London, fans bought more than 30,000 tickets on the first day. Record sales were also reported in the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Brazil, and New Zealand. In the first opening weekend it grossed $101 million worldwide. The film sold $32.5 million over its first five days in the U.S. and Canada, and $68.5 million in 97 other countries—making the number one film at the box office and making it the fifth highest-grossing Halloween debut. On its theatrical run, the film's worldwide revenue gross was in total $261 million and become the highest-grossing concert film of all time (Worldwide). ", "precise_score": -0.9257196187973022, "rough_score": -0.6318972110748291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "At the time of Jackson's death, and in the aftermath of it, multiple reports surfaced that AEG Live purposely tried to hide Jackson's health concerns during preparations for his would-have-been concerts. Concerns included Jackson's frail appearance due to lack of eating that had reportedly caused Jackson to be unable to perform from lack of strength and that AEG had used body doubles in rehearsals to stand in for Jackson. After Jackson's death, AEG stated that there was no truth to any of the rumors and that Jackson was thin but in good enough condition to perform. On 23 October 2009, days before the film's release, fans of Jackson launched a protest campaign against the film entitled \"This Is not It\". The campaign's focus was to convince people that Jackson's health was neglected by AEG, among others, and that AEG was partly responsible for Jackson's death and now the company is making a profit off Jackson's death. The group started a website and created their own 'trailer' for the movie to showcase their point-of-view on the documentary. The protestors also inaccurately claimed that Jackson was 108 pounds (49 kg) at his death, contradicting Jackson's autopsy, which had stated that Jackson weighed 136 pounds (61 kg). Shortly after the protest became news, The Guardian conducted a poll on their website asking users \"What do you think of Michael Jackson's posthumous film This Is It?\", 51.4% agreed with one of the two options: \"I agree with the fans who are boycotting it—it's shameless profiteering\". ", "precise_score": 0.7125329375267029, "rough_score": 2.1988446712493896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his comeback concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Conrad Murray, was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the top-earning dead celebrity, a title held for a sixth consecutive year, with $115 million in earnings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.6830668449401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "2006–09: Closure of Neverland, final years, and This Is It", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.430524826049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone), including for the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time, 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (including the \"Artist of the Century\" and \"Artist of the 1980s\"), —more than any artist—13 number-one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era —and estimated sales of over 400 million records worldwide, which makes him one of the best-selling artists of all time. On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a \"moment of significance\" saying, \"Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It.\" Michael Jackson also received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5126230716705322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "*Michael Jackson's This Is It (2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.874123573303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "*This Is It (2009–10; cancelled)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.669937133789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "During the dance sequence, puppets are suspended in the audience aisles while Jackson emerges from a robotic spider originally seen in the vignette. Jackson and Ortega rehearsing the cherry-picker is seen next, along with Jackson rehearsing \"Beat It\". Footage of Jackson and the band rehearsing \"Black or White\" is shown next, in which he instructs his band to skip the second verse and later allows guitarist Orianthi Panagaris to take center stage to finish with a high guitar riff. The video sequence for \"Earth Song\" is shown next, featuring a little girl who wanders through a forest, falls asleep, and wakes up to find the forest destroyed by man. Jackson then performs the song, with his voice being heard at the end telling of the dangers of global warming and the lack of reversible time left. He then performs a quick version of his song \"Billie Jean\". Michael is then seen talking to all crew members and wishing everyone the best for the London performances. At a sound check, Michael performs \"Man in the Mirror\" with strong backing vocals. The credits are shown next, with a montage of rehearsal clips and \"This Is It\" being played in the background. After the show, a live recording of \"Heal The World\" was played. Then, the audio of \"Human Nature\" was played, with a clip of Michael rehearsing it in early June (the 3D screen was not set up yet). Then, a clip of what could have been a Dome Project video of \"Heal the World\" was shown, in which the girl that appeared in the \"Earth Song\" video was shown holding the world and a signed message, by Michael, saying \"I Love You.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.993905544281006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "On March 5, 2009 at the O2 Arena, Jackson announced that he was to perform 10 concerts as part of a comeback. Jackson suggested possible post-show retirement by stating: \"I just wanted to say that these will be my final show performances in London. When I say this is it, it really means this is it, this will be the final curtain call.\" On March 11, two days before pre-sale began, an extra 40 dates were added to meet high demand, bringing the number of shows to 50 — five of these dates were reserved in their entirety for the public sale. Jackson's 50 dates would make the concerts the longest residency at the arena. In May 2009, the show was originally set to have begun on July 8, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.81231689453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "On May 20. 2009, it was announced that the first concert would be pushed back by eight days to July 16, and three other July dates would be rescheduled for March 2010. AEG Live stated that the delay was necessary because more time was needed to prepare, mainly for dress rehearsals. The revised schedule called for 27 shows between July 16, and September 29, 2009, followed by a three-month break, and resuming in 2010, with 23 more shows between January 7, and March 6, 2010. The This Is It concerts would have been Jackson's first major performances and series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour that began in 1996 and finished in 1997. In preparation for the concerts, Jackson had been collaborating with multiple well known and high profile figures, such as Kenny Ortega, who would have served as his choreographer. On June 29, 2009, only days after Jackson's death, AEG Live, the concert's promoter, offered ticket holders a choice; to either get refunded all the money spent of their ticket(s) or to keep the ticket(s) as a souvenir and memento by receiving the printed ticket that Jackson had designed himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1441651582717896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "The album, titled This Is It was released on October 26 and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 album chart with the sales of over 373,000 in its first week of release. The two-disc album features music 'that inspired the movie'. Sony said of the albums that: \"Disc one will feature the original album masters of some of Michael's biggest hits arranged in the same sequence as they appear in the film\" and stated that \"the disc ends with two versions of the 'never-released' \"This Is It\". This song is featured in the film's closing sequence and includes backing vocals by Michael Jackson's brothers, The Jacksons.\" Sony also stated that the second disc will feature \"previously unreleased versions\" from Jackson's 'catalogue of hits' and that It will also include a spoken word poem entitled \"Planet Earth\" (which originally appeared in the liner notes of the Dangerous (1991) album) and a 36-page commemorative booklet with \"photos of Michael [Jackson] from his last rehearsal\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.024115085601807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "On September 23, 2009, it was reported that the film's new song \"This Is It\" would be released on October 12, 2009, sixteen days before the film's release. On October 9, it was confirmed that the song would debut online the following Monday at midnight, receiving its world premiere on MichaelJackson.com. On September 21, 2009, Sony released a 45-second clip of Jackson rehearsing his performance for \"Human Nature\" and also released stills from the video clip. As part of a print marketing campaign for the film, Entertainment Weekly magazine did a cover story of the film for the magazine's October 16, 2009 issue, to coincide with the film's release for that same month. Also as part of promotion for the film, Entertainment Weekly released 8 \"never before seen\" movie stills from the film. On October 21, a clip of Jackson rehearsing \"The Way You Make Me Feel\" was released. On October 21, a 2-minute featurette of the film was released. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8023951053619385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "In September 2009, Sony launched \"This-Is-It-Fans.com\", which allowed fans to sign up for an 'alert' so that they can be able to take part in 'Michael Jackson's This Is It mosaic', in which fans could upload photos to the website, beginning September 21 and running to September 30, and the completed mosaic would be posted online on October 22, six days before the film's release. On September 24, 2009, MTV announced, after the success the project proved with New Moon, that they will allow MTV registered users, to \"watch and comment on any scene in the film's already released trailer\". MTV described the project as \"essentially [being] an in-video graphical overlay that allows users to comment on the video as it plays and review comments from other users. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.322604656219482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "MTV stated that, \"Fans in line are also eligible to receive commemorative 'Michael Jackson's This Is It' T-shirts and posters [...] They're also being invited to sign the memorial wall set up outside the theater, which is open for anyone who wants to leave a message or memory\" for Jackson A reported total of 3,000 movie tickets will be available for the early screening of the film on October 27, 2009, at the L.A. Live's new Regal Cinemas Stadium 14, marking it the movie theater's grand opening. It is the only screening location offering the advance shows and commemorative tickets. Jeff Labrecque of En commented, \"Three months after Michael Jackson's death, I'm still surprised by the passion of his fans.\" Bridget Daly of Hollyscoop commented on the waiting time for tickets that, she could \"expect nothing less\" from Jackson's fans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.77163028717041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "It was also reported that the film had \"accounted for some 80% of all online ticketing in the U.S. within its first 24 hours of sales, dominating presales compared with such upcoming titles as Avatar and The Twilight Saga: New Moon. Sony, confirmed that over 30,000 tickets were sold in the first 24 hours that tickets went of sale. Sony also stated that the film had moved over 1 million dollars in tickets sales in Japan. Sony announced in a press release that in the \"last 24 hours [since September 27]\", that over 80% of all Fandango.com and Movietickets.com sales for the film, had already sold out in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Houston, Nashville and New York, among others and: \"Internationally, exhibitors from London and Sydney to Bangkok and Tokyo have experienced the same epic demand.\" Sony stated in a statement of the film's good ticket sale's that: \"Staggering advance sales were reported in Australia, where tickets for Michael Jackson's This Is It purchased through Village Cinemas exceeded the lifetime pre-sales of such blockbusters as Transformers and X-Men Origins: Wolverine.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.386765956878662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "On Thursday, October 1, 2009, Fandango.com stated the film was the 'top ticket seller' on the site. Both Fandango.com and Movietickets.com are reported that more than 1,600 screenings had already been sold out, via online pre-sales, by 15 October. In United Kingdom, Vue Cinemas stated that they'd sold 64,000 tickets in the two-and-a-half weeks since ticket purchasing was made available, while Odeon Cinema stated that they'd had the sales of over 60,000 tickets by 15 October. E! Online said of the film, based on its current record ticket selling, out-selling and making more revenue than Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert that: \"Last year, Disney billed Miley Cyrus' Best of Both Worlds show as a one-week-only event. Then the film scored a $31 million opening weekend, and one week turned into 15. Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus became the top-grossing concert movie of all time. So far. While it's still early, This Is It is on track to top Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus. During its first three days of sales, Fandango said, Jackson's film outpaced Cyrus' first three days by a wide three-to-one margin.\" Joel Cohen, the executive vice president of MovieTickets.com, said of the ticket sales: \"Michael Jackson is such an iconic figure, with a fan base that transcends even some of the most bankable stars in Hollywood [...] We expected there to be a large demand for tickets for an 'event' film like this one, but MovieTickets.com has never seen such a high volume of sellouts this far in advance for any movie.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1963181495666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "The film upon its debut grossed more internationally than in North America. As of March 1, 2011, the film's total worldwide gross was $261,183,588. The Hollywood Reporter said This Is It is going to take first place in the weekend box office chart with $23,234,394 at 3,481 theaters—with a per-theater average of $6,675 over the period of five days. This return had \"underperformed\" to both Sony and film analysts' expectations—Sony's had originally expected the film to make an estimated 50 million, but after the film's \"disappointing\" three-day gross, due to some fans, mostly in North America, boycotting the movie and issuing boycott propaganda in social networks and media, Sony lowered their expectations to $35 million, while analysts expected an estimated 30 million for the weekend. In the film's second weekend of wide release, it declined to 43.4%, making $13,157,944, placing it at second at the box office, behind A Christmas Carol—which had grossed more than twice what This Is It made. The film completed its theatrical run in North America on December 3, 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.775384426116943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "This Is It made its international debut in 110 territories on October 28–30 2009. The film's revenue mainly consisted of international sales—72.4%. Throughout the film's international release, it performed strongly at the box office, despite some criticism from other fans in North America. On November 7, the film surpassed the $100 million mark at the foreign box office, reaching block-buster status. This Is It, at the Australian box office grossed $8,734,295 and $1,878,725 (in Australian currency). This Is It debuted at first place at the United Kingdom box office, with the revenue of £4,877,255. In the film's second weekend of release, with the gross revenue of the previous week being down 52%, with £1,355,855, it placed at second at the United Kingdom—having been outgrossed by A Christmas Carol, which, similar to its second week at the North American box office, had been knocked to second place by the film. The film's international revenue was significantly contributed to within Japan—with $58,4 million, followed by the United Kingdom—with $16 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.224530220031738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of 162 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.1 out of 10. The site's general consensus is that \"While it may not be the definitive concert film (or the insightful backstage look) some will hope for, Michael Jackson's This Is It packs more than enough entertainment value to live up to its ambitious title.\" Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 67 based on 32 reviews. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7717440128326416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "Marjorie Baumgarten of Austin Chronicle referred to the film as being \"neither a true concert film nor a strict behind-the-scenes documentary, This Is It is, like Jackson himself, a real hybrid\" and felt that while the film's \"made up of lots of grainy footage, which Ortega has edited together seamlessly\" it will also \"provide a fitting farewell.\" Baumgarten noted that \"the finished film is a fairly complete concert run-through with each song edited\" and that while the film will easily show that it was made for a profit, that, the audience will see a \"film to be a fitting elegy.\" Joe Morgenstern, of The Wall Street Journal, felt the film was \"expertly packaged—brilliantly packaged,\" and noted that the film \"quite convincingly\" had emphasized that Jackson had enough energy to perform, even with his \"wraith-thin body\". Ann Powers, of Los Angeles Times said that while the film offers only a few such \"insights into Jackson's artistic process, though enough surface to make this a useful document, as well as a beautiful one\" that the film is \"a piece with Jackson's body of work: dazzling and strange, blurring the line between fantasy and reality.\" She described Ortega's editing to make the film feel like a real concert film as being \"almost too good to believe.\" Powers praised the film for showing \"intimate views\" of Jackson, like his \"vulnerable moments\" during performances and felt the film was made \"to honor not just the memory of Jackson but the hard work of a big cast and crew that never made it to opening night,\" which she felt mostly is a tribute to the \"power of Jackson's body and voice.\" Powers stated she had felt the film was such \"a tragic teaser for the shows that might have been, 'This Is It' hurts. If Jackson had been able to perform as he frequently does during these scenes, he would have accomplished the comeback for which he was so hungry.\" She noted that Jackson's \"total lack of engagement with the cameras adds to the unreal mood\" because he was always performing — \"but for the imagined masses, not for the filmgoer\" and that the film does not \"entirely acknowledge that reality, and that's a little odd.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.905001640319824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" }, { "answer": "This Is It", "passage": "This Is It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in North America on January 26, 2010. It sold over 1.5 million units in U.S., alone within its first week of release, setting a new record for the first week sales of a music DVD. By March 2011, in USA alone DVD and Blu-ray sales stood at 3.2 million with gross earnings of $62 million. The film was released on the same day in Japan, also breaking records, with $18 million in sales on the title's first day of release—$11.3 million in DVD and $6.7 million in Blu-ray—breaking Ponyos record of $6.2 million. In Ireland, the DVD became the joint-third best-selling music \"record\" in terms of units, going 5x Platinum by the end of 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.802495956420898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson's This Is It" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "*An equilateral triangle has all sides the same length. An equilateral triangle is also a regular polygon with all angles measuring 60°. ", "precise_score": 5.674095153808594, "rough_score": 5.960162162780762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "A triangle that has two angles with the same measure also has two sides with the same length, and therefore it is an isosceles triangle. It follows that in a triangle where all angles have the same measure, all three sides have the same length, and such a triangle is therefore equilateral.", "precise_score": 7.538330554962158, "rough_score": 7.088261127471924, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "*An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length.Euclid defines isosceles triangles based on the number of equal sides, i.e. only two equal sides. An alternative approach defines isosceles triangles based on shared properties, i.e. equilateral triangles are a special case of isosceles triangles. An isosceles triangle also has two angles of the same measure; namely, the angles opposite to the two sides of the same length; this fact is the content of the isosceles triangle theorem, which was known by Euclid. Some mathematicians define an isosceles triangle to have exactly two equal sides, whereas others define an isosceles triangle as one with at least two equal sides. The latter definition would make all equilateral triangles isosceles triangles. The 45–45–90 right triangle, which appears in the tetrakis square tiling, is isosceles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.014780521392822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "Hatch marks, also called tick marks, are used in diagrams of triangles and other geometric figures to identify sides of equal lengths. A side can be marked with a pattern of \"ticks\", short line segments in the form of tally marks; two sides have equal lengths if they are both marked with the same pattern. In a triangle, the pattern is usually no more than 3 ticks. An equilateral triangle has the same pattern on all 3 sides, an isosceles triangle has the same pattern on just 2 sides, and a scalene triangle has different patterns on all sides since no sides are equal. Similarly, patterns of 1, 2, or 3 concentric arcs inside the angles are used to indicate equal angles. An equilateral triangle has the same pattern on all 3 angles, an isosceles triangle has the same pattern on just 2 angles, and a scalene triangle has different patterns on all angles since no angles are equal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.154236793518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "with equality holding if and only if the triangle is equilateral. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.559916496276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "both again holding if and only if the triangle is equilateral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.22431755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "where R is the circumradius and r is the inradius. Thus for all triangles R ≥ 2r, with equality holding for equilateral triangles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5016584396362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" }, { "answer": "Equilateral", "passage": "Morley's trisector theorem states that in any triangle, the three points of intersection of the adjacent angle trisectors form an equilateral triangle, called the Morley triangle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.409307479858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Triangle" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Paul Bunyan", "Babe the blue ox", "Paul Bunyon", "Babe the Blue Ox", "Paul Bunyan (lumberjack)", "Babe, the Blue Ox", "Babe the Ox", "Blue ox" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "paul bunyan", "paul bunyon", "babe ox", "babe blue ox", "blue ox", "paul bunyan lumberjack" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "babe blue ox", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Babe the Blue Ox" }

[ { "answer": "Babe the Blue Ox", "passage": "Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack in American folklore. His exploits revolve around the tall tales of his superhuman labors, and he is customarily accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882–1958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in several statues across North America. ", "precise_score": 4.446131229400635, "rough_score": 6.267726421356201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "William B. Laughead, an independent adman, was the first to utilize Paul Bunyan for commercial use in a series of campaigns for the Red River Lumber Company. His first endeavor was a pamphlet entitled \"Introducing Mr. Paul Bunyan of Westwood, California,\" but it did not prove effective. It was not until \"Tales about Paul Bunyan, Vol. II\" appeared that the campaign gained momentum. Embellishing older exploits and adding some of his own, Laughead's revamped Paul Bunyan did not stay faithful to the original folktales. Among other things, Laughead gave the name \"Babe\" to the blue ox, increased Paul Bunyan's height to impossible proportions, and created the first pictorial representation of Bunyan. This has led to significant confusion regarding the validity of Paul Bunyan as a genuine folkloric character. Nevertheless, the Laughead pamphlets are regarded as one of the most popular collections, often appearing in a single, unabridged volume entitled: The Marvelous Exploits of Paul Bunyan. The Red River ad campaign ingrained Paul Bunyan as a nationally recognized figure, and it also affirmed his massive marketing appeal. Throughout the better part of the century, Paul Bunyan's name and image continued to be utilized in promoting various products, cities, and services. Across North America, giant statues of Paul Bunyan were erected to promote local businesses and tourism. A significant portion of these were produced from the 1960s through the 1970s by the company International Fiberglass as part of their \"Muffler Men\" series of giant fiberglass sculptures.", "precise_score": 2.161201000213623, "rough_score": 0.9411333203315735, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Some of the more enduring collections of stories include Paul Bunyan by James Stevens, Paul Bunyan Swings His Axe by Dell J. McCormick, Paul Bunyan by Esther Shephard, Paul Bunyan and His Great Blue Ox by Wallace Wadsworth, and The Marvelous Exploits of Paul Bunyan by William Laughead.", "precise_score": 1.4990538358688354, "rough_score": -0.952598512172699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Commentators such as Carleton C. Ames, Marshall Fitwick, and particularly Richard Dorson cite Paul Bunyan as an example of \"fakelore,\" a literary invention passed off as an older folktale. They point out that the majority of books about Paul Bunyan are composed almost entirely of elements with no basis in folklore, especially those targeted at juvenile audiences. Modern commercial writers are credited with setting Paul Bunyan on his rise to a nationally recognized figure, but this ignores the historical roots of the character in logging camps and forest industries.", "precise_score": -0.7003685832023621, "rough_score": 0.13627851009368896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "* Paul Bunyan - United States, giant lumberjack of the North Woods", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.190763473510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Folk hero" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "There are many hypotheses about the etymology of the name Paul Bunyan. Much of the commentary focuses on a Franco-Canadian origin for the name. Phonetically Bunyan is similar to the Québécois expression \"bon yenne!\" expressing surprise or astonishment. The English surname Bunyan is derived from the same root as bunion in the Old French bugne, referring to a large lump or swelling. Several researchers have attempted to trace Paul Bunyan to the character of Bon Jean or Tit Jean of French Canadian folklore. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.161752700805664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Michael Edmonds states in his book Out of the Northwoods: The Many Lives of Paul Bunyan that Paul Bunyan stories circulated for at least thirty years before finding their way into print. In contrast to the lengthy narratives abundant in published material, Paul Bunyan \"stories\" when told in the lumbercamp bunkhouses were presented in short fragments. Some of these stories include motifs from older folktales, such as absurdly severe weather and fearsome critters. Parallels in early printings support the view that at least a handful of Bunyan stories hold a common origin in folklore. The earliest recorded reference to Paul Bunyan is an uncredited 1904 editorial in the Duluth News Tribune which recounts:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.4992774724960327, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Each of these elements recurs in later accounts, including logging the Dakotas, a giant camp, the winter of the blue snow, and stove skating. All four anecdotes are mirrored in J. E. Rockwell's \"Some Lumberjack Myths\" six years later, and James MacGillivray wrote on the subject of stove skating in \"Round River\" four years before that. MacGillivray's account, somewhat extended, reappeared in The American Lumberman in 1910. The American Lumberman followed up with a few sporadic editorials, such as \"Paul Bunyan's Oxen,\" \"In Paul Bunyan's Cook Shanty,\" and \"Chronicle of Life and Works of Mr. Paul Bunyan.\" Rockwell's earlier story was one of the few to allude to Paul Bunyan's Goliath-like stature and introduce his big blue ox, prior to Laughead's commercialization of Paul Bunyan, although W .D. Harrigan did refer to a giant pink ox in \"Paul Bunyan's Oxen,\" circa 1914. In all the articles, Paul Bunyan is praised as a logger of great physical strength and unrivaled skill.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9829145669937134, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "K. Bernice Stewart, a student at the University of Wisconsin, was working contemporaneously with Laughead to gather Paul Bunyan stories from woodsmen in the Midwest. Stewart was able to make a scholarly anthology of original anecdotes through a series of interviews. These were published as \"Legends of Paul Bunyan, Lumberjack\" in Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters and coauthored by her English professor Homer A. Watt. The research relates traditional narratives, some in multiple versions, and goes on to conclude that many probably existed in some part before they were set to revolve around Bunyan as a central character. Stewart argued in her analysis that Paul Bunyan belongs to a class of traveler's tales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.72087287902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Charles E. Brown was the curator of the Museum of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and secretary of the Wisconsin Archaeological Society. He was another principal researcher who recorded early Paul Bunyan stories from lumberjacks. He published these anecdotes in short pamphlet format for the use of students of folklore. Much of his research was financed through the government-funded Wisconsin Writers' Program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28931713104248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "In 2007, Michael Edmonds of the Wisconsin Historical Society began a thorough reinvestigation of the Paul Bunyan tradition, publishing his findings in Out of the Northwoods: The Many Lives of Paul Bunyan. Edmonds concluded that Paul Bunyan had origins in the oral traditions of woodsmen working in Wisconsin camps during the turn of the 20th century, but such stories were heavily embellished and popularized by commercial interests.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.189925193786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Running at variance to his origins in folklore, the character of Paul Bunyan has become a fixture for juvenile audiences since his debut in print. Typical among such adaptations is the further embellishment of stories pulled directly from William B. Laughead's pamphlet, and with very few elements from oral tradition adapted into them. Nearly all of the literature is presented in long narrative format, exaggerates Paul Bunyan's height to colossal proportions, and follows him from infancy to adulthood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8861173391342163, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": " Legends of Paul Bunyan (1947) was the first book published by the prolific tall tale writer Harold Felton.[http://archivespec.unl.edu/findingaids/MS040-felton-unl.html Harold W. Felton, Papers], archive description at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries (retrieved October 11, 2015)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.327572822570801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "In 1958 Walt Disney Studios produced Paul Bunyan as an animated short musical. The feature starred Thurl Ravenscroft, perhaps best known as the voice of Tony the Tiger for the Kellogg Company, and was nominated for Best Animated Short by the Academy Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.651469707489014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "At the same time, several authors have come forward to propose alternative origins for Paul Bunyan. D. Laurence Rogers and others have suggested a possible connection between Paul Bunyan tales and the exploits of French-Canadian lumberjack [http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/p3_v2/P3V3-0200.cfm?P3_ArticleID497 Fabian Fournier] (1845 – 1875). From 1865 to 1875, Fournier worked for the H. M. Loud Company in the Grayling, Michigan area. James Stevens in his 1925 book Paul Bunyan makes another unverified claim that Paul Bunyan was a soldier in the Papineau Rebellion named Paul Bon Jean, and this is occasionally repeated in other accounts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.902202129364014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" }, { "answer": "Paul Bunyan", "passage": "Included in this section is a comparison chart between early Paul Bunyan references, the Stewart and Watt paper, and the Laughead advertisement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.632750034332275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Bunyan" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Knigthood", "Knighthood", "Knight miles", "Knighted", "Knightship", "Knighting", "Knight", "Hereditary knighthood", "Knight-at-arms", "Knighthoods", "Knights in popular culture", "Nobilitate", "Arma dare", "Knyghts", "Knighthood, Orders of", "Knyght", "Knt", "Knights", "Knight at arms" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "knights", "hereditary knighthood", "knightship", "knight miles", "knights in popular culture", "knight at arms", "arma dare", "knighthood orders of", "knigthood", "knyght", "knighthood", "knighting", "knighted", "nobilitate", "knt", "knyghts", "knight", "knighthoods" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "knight", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Knight" }

[ { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "#In play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rook), minor pieces (bishop and knight), and the king .", "precise_score": -3.1320595741271973, "rough_score": -0.9123988747596741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "*The knight moves on an extended diagonal from one corner of any 2×3 rectangle of squares to the furthest opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. The knight is the only piece that jumps over any intervening piece(s) when moving (castling being the only special instance in which pieces jump over one another).", "precise_score": 6.935518264770508, "rough_score": 4.112646102905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece .", "precise_score": 5.843654155731201, "rough_score": 6.693696975708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "* The knight moves to any of the closest squares that are not on the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move forms an \"L\"-shape: two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one square vertically. The knight is the only piece that can leap over other pieces.", "precise_score": 7.633170127868652, "rough_score": 0.44645026326179504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "* 2 knights", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.247568130493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "#In phrases such as \"winning a piece\", \"losing a piece\" or \"sacrificing a piece\", it refers only to a bishop or knight. The queen, rook, and pawn are specified by name in these cases, for example, \"winning a queen\", \"losing a rook\", or \"sacrificing a pawn\" .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.257933616638184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "*The pawn moves forward exactly one space, or optionally, two spaces when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of the pawn, either left or right, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant. If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.294121265411377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. A bishop positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces is usually more valuable than a knight stuck in a corner. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen . These values are general throughout a game; in specific circumstances the values may be quite different—a knight can be more valuable than a queen in a particular decisive attack.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.017111778259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess piece" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently. The most powerful piece is the queen and the least powerful piece is the pawn. The objective is to 'checkmate' the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a player's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, while supporting their own. In addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also result in a draw in several ways.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.235421657562256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "By convention, the game pieces are divided into white and black sets, and the players are referred to as \"White\" and \"Black\" respectively. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces of the specified color, which consist of one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are set out as shown in the diagram and photo, with each queen on a square of its own color, the white queen on a light square and the black queen on a dark.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.636232376098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "When a pawn advances to the eighth rank, as a part of the move it is promoted and must be exchanged for the player's choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color. Usually, the pawn is chosen to be promoted to a queen, but in some cases another piece is chosen; this is called underpromotion. In the diagram on the right, the pawn on c7 can be advanced to the eighth rank and be promoted to an allowed piece. There is no restriction placed on the piece that is chosen on promotion, so it is possible to have more pieces of the same type than at the start of the game (for example, two queens).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.881141185760498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "* The fifty-move rule – if during the previous 50 moves no pawn has been moved and no capture has been made, either player may claim a draw, as for the threefold-repetition rule. There are in fact several known endgames where it is theoretically possible to force a mate but which require more than 50 moves before the pawn move or capture is made; examples include some endgames with two knights against a pawn and some pawnless endgames such as queen against two bishops. These endings are rare, however, and few players study them in detail, so the fifty-move rule is considered practical for over the board play. Some correspondence chess organizations allow exceptions to the fifty-move rule. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.328294277191162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Chess games and positions are recorded using a special notation, most often algebraic chess notation. Abbreviated (or short) algebraic notation generally records moves in the format \"abbreviation of the piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved\". For example, Qg5 means \"queen moves to the g-file and 5th rank\" (that is, to the square g5). If there are two pieces of the same type that can move to the same square, one more letter or number is added to indicate the file or rank from which the piece moved, e.g. Ngf3 means \"knight from the g-file moves to the square f3\". The letter P indicating a pawn is not used, so that e4 means \"pawn moves to the square e4\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.348737716674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "The most basic step in evaluating a position is to count the total value of pieces of both sides. The point values used for this purpose are based on experience; usually pawns are considered worth one point, knights and bishops about three points each, rooks about five points (the value difference between a rook and a bishop or knight being known as the exchange), and queens about nine points. The king is more valuable than all of the other pieces combined, since its checkmate loses the game. But in practical terms, in the endgame the king as a fighting piece is generally more powerful than a bishop or knight but less powerful than a rook. These basic values are then modified by other factors like position of the piece (for example, advanced pawns are usually more valuable than those on their initial squares), coordination between pieces (for example, a pair of bishops usually coordinate better than a bishop and a knight), or the type of position (knights are generally better in closed positions with many pawns while bishops are more powerful in open positions). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.364035606384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "* Development: This is the technique of placing the pieces (particularly bishops and knights) on useful squares where they will have an optimal impact on the game.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.732476234436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Chess is believed to have originated in Eastern India, c. 280 – 550, in the Gupta Empire, where its early form in the 6th century was known as chaturaṅga (), literally four divisions [of the military] – infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. Thence it spread eastward and westward along the silk road. The earliest evidence of chess is found in the nearby Sassanid Persia around 600, where the game came to be known by the name chatrang. Chatrang was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia (633–44), where it was then named shatranj, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names. In Spanish \"shatranj\" was rendered as ajedrez (\"al-shatranj\"), in Portuguese as xadrez, and in Greek as ζατρίκιον (zatrikion, which comes directly from the Persian chatrang), but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shāh (\"king\"), which was familiar as an exclamation and became the English words \"check\" and \"chess\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.292460441589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knyght", "passage": "The knyght ought to be made alle armed upon an hors in suche wyse that he haue an helme on his heed and a spere in his ryght hande/ and coueryd wyth his sheld/ a swerde and a mace on his lyft syde/ Cladd wyth an hawberk and plates to fore his breste/ legge harnoys on his legges/ Spores on his heelis on his handes his gauntelettes/ his hors well broken and taught and apte to bataylle and couerid with his armes/ whan the knyghtes ben maad they ben bayned or bathed/ that is the signe that they shold lede a newe lyf and newe maners/ also they wake alle the nyght in prayers and orysons vnto god that he wylle gyue hem grace that they may gete that thynge that they may not gete by nature/ The kynge or prynce gyrdeth a boute them a swerde in signe/ that they shold abyde and kepe hym of whom they take theyr dispenses and dignyte. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.065136909484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Chess is often depicted in the arts; significant works where chess plays a key role range from Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess to Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll to The Royal Game by Stefan Zweig and Vladimir Nabokov's The Defense. The thriller film Knight Moves is about a chess grandmaster who is accused of being a serial killer. Chess is featured in films like Ingmar Bergman's The Seventh Seal and Satyajit Ray's The Chess Players. Chess is also present in the contemporary popular culture. For example, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter plays \"Wizard's Chess\", while the characters of Star Trek prefer \"Tri-Dimensional Chess\". The hero of Searching for Bobby Fischer struggles against adopting the aggressive and misanthropic views of a world chess champion. Chess has been used as the core theme of a musical, Chess, by Tim Rice, Björn Ulvaeus, and Benny Andersson. Pawn Sacrifice starring Tobey Maguire as Bobby Fischer and Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky depicts the 1972 World Chess Championship in Iceland during the Cold War and Fischer's subsequent descent into madness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.883170127868652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" }, { "answer": "Knight", "passage": "Chess has inspired many combinatorial puzzles, such as the knight's tour and the eight queens puzzle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.851760864257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chess" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Government of D.C.", "Washington-DC", "Us capital", "DC Washington", "United States capital", "UN/LOCODE:USWAS", "Wasington D.C.", "The District of Columbia", "Washington,D.C", "Washington, Dc", "Washington city", "Washington, D.C., United States", "Washington (District of Columbia)", "Washington dc", "Washington, DC", "D.C. Washington", "Wash DC", "Wash. DC", "Wash, D.C.", "District of Columbia, District of Columbia", "Distric of Columbia", "Washington DC, United States of America", "One District", "Wash. D.C.", "Culture of Washington, DC", "United States Capital", "District of Columbia, United States", "Washington D. C.", "Capital of the USA", "District of Columbia", "Washington City", "Wasington, DC", "Washington Dc", "L'Enfant City", "Distict of Columbia", "Capital of the United States", "Washington, D.C", "Washington, US-DC", "Washington District of Columbia", "Washington (city)", "Wasington DC", "Federal district (United States)", "Wash, DC", "Washington, D.c.", "Washington DC, USA", "Washington DC.", "District Of Columbia", "Climate of Washington, D.C.", "Distric of colombia", "Washington, D C", "District of Columbia County, DC", "Washington D.C", "District of columbia", "Washington, DC.", "District of Columbia government", "American Federal District", "Washington, District Of Columbia", "Wahington D.C", "Washington, District of Columbia", "City of Washington", "Federal district of the United States", "Washington D.C.", "Washington (D.C.)", "Washington DC", "1 District", "Washington, D. C.", "Districtofcolumbia", "Washington, D.C., USA", "Culture of Washington, D C", "Washington, D.C.", "Washingtondc", "Culture of Washington, D. C.", "Culture of Washington, D.C.", "Economy of Washington, D.C.", "Washington, dc", "US-DC", "Dist. of Columbia", "Wash., D.C.", "District of colombia", "Washingotn, DC", "Education in Washington, D.C.", "Washington (DC)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "distric of columbia", "government of d c", "city of washington", "one district", "district of columbia government", "federal district of united states", "us dc", "capital of usa", "washington dc", "dist of columbia", "washingtondc", "american federal district", "us capital", "distict of columbia", "climate of washington d c", "washington dc usa", "wash d c", "1 district", "district of colombia", "washington us dc", "capital of united states", "l enfant city", "washington d c united states", "d c washington", "culture of washington d c", "dc washington", "washington dc united states of america", "wasington d c", "wasington dc", "culture of washington dc", "federal district united states", "district of columbia united states", "distric of colombia", "district of columbia district of columbia", "wahington d c", "united states capital", "washington district of columbia", "washingotn dc", "district of columbia county dc", "un locode uswas", "economy of washington d c", "washington city", "washington d c usa", "education in washington d c", "districtofcolumbia", "washington d c", "district of columbia", "wash dc" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "washington d c", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Washington D.C." }

[ { "answer": "Washington D.C.", "passage": "The United States Mint primarily produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce. The Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States; it was the first building of the Republic raised under the Constitution. Today, the Mint's headquarters are in Washington D.C. which is not a coin producing facility. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints (Branches) were once also located in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D.C.; and even in Manila, in the Philippines. ", "precise_score": -3.488044500350952, "rough_score": -2.7441723346710205, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Mint" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Physical characteristics of Jupiter", "Sol 5", "Jupiter (astronomy)", "Weight of Jupiter", "Life on Jupiter", "Jupitor", "Planet Jupiter", "Wood Star", "Jupiter (Planet)", "Jovian diameter", "Jupiter!", "Mass of Jupiter", "Astronomy Jupiter", "Zenography", "Jupiter (planet)", "Jupiter's", "♃", "Sol-5", "Jovian orbit", "The mass of Jupiter", "Sun f", "Sol f", "Jupiter weight", "Jupiter(planet)", "The weight of Jupiter", "Sol V", "Jupiter's radio emissions", "Jupiter", "Jupiter radius", "Jupitero" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "jupiter s", "jupiter", "mass of jupiter", "jupiter astronomy", "jovian diameter", "jupiter radius", "sun f", "weight of jupiter", "zenography", "life on jupiter", "♃", "sol 5", "jovian orbit", "jupiter weight", "wood star", "planet jupiter", "physical characteristics of jupiter", "jupitero", "sol v", "jupitor", "sol f", "astronomy jupiter", "jupiter planet", "jupiter s radio emissions" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "jupiter", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Jupiter" }

[ { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "In the history of astronomy, a handful of Solar System bodies have been counted as the fifth planet from the Sun. Under the present definition of a planet, Jupiter is counted as the fifth.", "precise_score": 7.71596097946167, "rough_score": 3.043185234069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fifth planet (hypothetical)" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter. The four smaller inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars, are terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of rock and metal. The four outer planets are giant planets, being substantially more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the two outermost planets, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, called ices, such as water, ammonia and methane. All planets have almost circular orbits that lie within a nearly flat disc called the ecliptic.", "precise_score": 1.5546650886535645, "rough_score": 2.0939979553222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G2 main-sequence star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. The Sun's four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. The remaining objects of the Solar System (including the four terrestrial planets, the dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) together comprise less than 0.002% of the Solar System's total mass.", "precise_score": 0.8318215608596802, "rough_score": 2.566476583480835, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The four outer planets, or giant planets (sometimes called Jovian planets), collectively make up 99% of the mass known to orbit the Sun. Jupiter and Saturn are together over 400 times the mass of Earth and consist overwhelmingly of hydrogen and helium; Uranus and Neptune are far less massive ( The rings of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles. Saturn has 62 confirmed satellites composed largely of ice. Two of these, Titan and Enceladus, show signs of geological activity. Titan, the second-largest moon in the Solar System, is larger than Mercury and the only satellite in the Solar System with a substantial atmosphere.", "precise_score": 0.47363919019699097, "rough_score": -0.16431985795497894, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Sun f", "passage": "The dwarf planet Pluto (39 AU average) is the largest known object in the Kuiper belt. When discovered in 1930, it was considered to be the ninth planet; this changed in 2006 with the adoption of a formal definition of planet. Pluto has a relatively eccentric orbit inclined 17 degrees to the ecliptic plane and ranging from 29.7 AU from the Sun at perihelion (within the orbit of Neptune) to 49.5 AU at aphelion. Pluto has a 3:2 resonance with Neptune, meaning that Pluto orbits twice round the Sun for every three Neptunian orbits. Kuiper belt objects whose orbits share this resonance are called plutinos. ", "precise_score": -0.3919050991535187, "rough_score": -0.38281577825546265, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "There are three main ideas regarding hypothetical planets between Mars and Jupiter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.497896194458008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fifth planet (hypothetical)" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "During the early 19th century, as asteroids were discovered, they were considered planets. Jupiter became the sixth planet with the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Soon, three more asteroids, Pallas (1802), Juno (1804), and Vesta (1807) were discovered. They were counted as separate planets, despite the fact that they shared an orbit as defined by the Titius–Bode law. Between 1845 and 1851, eleven additional asteroids were discovered and Jupiter had become the twentieth planet. At this point, astronomers began to classify asteroids as minor planets. Following the reclassification of the asteroids in their own group, Jupiter became the fifth planet once again. With the redefinition of the term planet in 2006, Ceres is now considered a dwarf planet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.360400676727295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fifth planet (hypothetical)" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "A hypothetical planet between Mars and Jupiter has long been thought to have occupied the space where the asteroid belt is currently located. Scientists in the 20th century dubbed this hypothetical planet Phaeton. Today, the Phaeton hypothesis, superseded by the accretion model, has been discarded by the scientific community; however, some fringe scientists regard this theory as credible and even likely.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.58559513092041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fifth planet (hypothetical)" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies. The IAU, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects, but uses mixed \"Solar System\" and \"solar system\" in their [http://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/ naming guidelines document]. The name is commonly rendered in lower case (\"solar system\"), as, for example, in the Oxford English Dictionary and [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/solar%20system Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary]. is the gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.The moons orbiting the Solar System's planets are an example of the latter. Of those objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest eight are the planets,Historically, several other bodies were once considered planets, including, from its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto. See Former planets. with the remainder being significantly smaller objects, such as dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Of the objects that orbit the Sun indirectly, the moons, two are larger than the smallest planet, Mercury.The two moons larger than Mercury are Ganymede which orbits Jupiter, and Titan which orbits Saturn. Although bigger than Mercury, each of those two moons has less than half the mass of Mercury.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.949359893798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The Solar System also contains smaller objects. The asteroid belt, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, mostly contains objects composed, like the terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. Beyond Neptune's orbit lie the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, which are populations of trans-Neptunian objects composed mostly of ices, and beyond them a newly discovered population of sednoids. Within these populations are several dozen to possibly tens of thousands of objects large enough that they have been rounded by their own gravity.\"Today we know of more than a dozen dwarf planets in the solar system\".[http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspective.php?page", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9887003898620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "Although the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about 2% of the angular momentum. The planets, dominated by Jupiter, account for most of the rest of the angular momentum due to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, with a possibly significant contribution from comets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555891990661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The Sun, which comprises nearly all the matter in the Solar System, is composed of roughly 98% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn, which comprise nearly all the remaining matter, are also primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. A composition gradient exists in the Solar System, created by heat and light pressure from the Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points. The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could condense is known as the frost line, and it lies at roughly 5 AU from the Sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.344940185546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The objects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock, the collective name for compounds with high melting points, such as silicates, iron or nickel, that remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula. Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases, the astronomical term for materials with extremely low melting points and high vapour pressure, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon, which were always in the gaseous phase in the nebula. Ices, like water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, have melting points up to a few hundred kelvins. They can be found as ices, liquids, or gases in various places in the Solar System, whereas in the nebula they were either in the solid or gaseous phase. Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets, as well as most of Uranus and Neptune (the so-called \"ice giants\") and the numerous small objects that lie beyond Neptune's orbit. Together, gases and ices are referred to as volatiles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.32916259765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The distance from Earth to the Sun is 1 AU, or AU. For comparison, the radius of the Sun is . Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (10−5 %) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly one millionth (10−6) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is from the Sun and has a radius of 71000 km, whereas the most distant planet, Neptune, is 30 AU from the Sun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.903488636016846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law), but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.966638088226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "Some Solar System models attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System on human terms. Some are small in scale (and may be mechanical—called orreries)—whereas others extend across cities or regional areas. The largest such scale model, the Sweden Solar System, uses the 110-metre (361-ft) Ericsson Globe in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5-metre (25-foot) sphere at Arlanda International Airport, 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, Sedna, is a 10-cm (4-in) sphere in Luleå, 912 km (567 mi) away. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.419498443603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because metallic elements only comprised a very small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. The Nice model is an explanation for the creation of these regions and how the outer planets could have formed in different positions and migrated to their current orbits through various gravitational interactions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.85465145111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The inner Solar System is the region comprising the terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. Composed mainly of silicates and metals, the objects of the inner Solar System are relatively close to the Sun; the radius of this entire region is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This region is also within the frost line, which is a little less than 5 AU (about 700 million km) from the Sun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.528764247894287, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The asteroid belt occupies the orbit between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun. It is thought to be remnants from the Solar System's formation that failed to coalesce because of the gravitational interference of Jupiter. The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of objects over one kilometre in diameter. Despite this, the total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of Earth. The asteroid belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft routinely pass through without incident.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.656885147094727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "Jupiter trojans are located in either of Jupiter's L4 or L5 points (gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing a planet in its orbit); the term \"trojan\" is also used for small bodies in any other planetary or satellite Lagrange point. Hilda asteroids are in a 2:3 resonance with Jupiter; that is, they go around the Sun three times for every two Jupiter orbits.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.271441459655762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "Neptune (30.1 AU), though slightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (equivalent to 17 Earths) and hence more dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn. Neptune has 14 known satellites. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen. Triton is the only large satellite with a retrograde orbit. Neptune is accompanied in its orbit by several minor planets, termed Neptune trojans, that are in 1:1 resonance with it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.277213096618652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The centaurs are icy comet-like bodies whose orbits have semi-major axes greater than Jupiter's (5.5 AU) and less than Neptune's (30 AU). The largest known centaur, 10199 Chariklo, has a diameter of about 250 km. The first centaur discovered, 2060 Chiron, has also been classified as comet (95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.497293472290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" }, { "answer": "Jupiter", "passage": "The largest nearby star is Sirius, a bright main-sequence star roughly 8.6 light-years away and roughly twice the Sun's mass and that is orbited by a white dwarf, Sirius B. The nearest brown dwarfs are the binary Luhman 16 system at 6.6 light-years. Other systems within ten light-years are the binary red-dwarf system Luyten 726-8 (8.7 ly) and the solitary red dwarf Ross 154 (9.7 ly). The closest solitary Sun-like star to the Solar System is Tau Ceti at 11.9 light-years. It has roughly 80% of the Sun's mass but only 60% of its luminosity. The closest confirmed exoplanet to the Sun orbits the red dwarf Gliese 674, 15 light years away. It has a mass similar to that of Uranus and an orbital period of just five days. The closest known free-floating planetary-mass object to the Sun is WISE 0855−0714, an object with a mass less than 10 Jupiter masses roughly 7 light-years away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.565016746520996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Solar System" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-two", "1982" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "one thousand nine hundred and eighty two", "1982" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1982", "type": "Numerical", "value": "1982" }

[ { "answer": "1982", "passage": "The Falklands War (), also known as the Falklands Conflict, Falklands Crisis, and the Guerra del Atlántico Sur (Spanish for \"South Atlantic War\"), was a ten-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom over two British overseas territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It began on Friday, 2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands (and, the following day, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval task force to engage the Argentine Navy and Air Force before making an amphibious assault on the islands. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, returning the islands to British control. In total, 649 Argentine military personnel, 255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities.", "precise_score": 2.0648691654205322, "rough_score": 0.4024450182914734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands, following the civilian occupation of South Georgia on 19 March, before the Falklands War began. The invasion was met with a nominal defence organised by the Falkland Islands' Governor Sir Rex Hunt, giving command to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines. The events of the invasion included the landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots' Amphibious Commandos Group, the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Bill Trollope at Stanley, and the final engagement and surrender at Government House.", "precise_score": 2.2238729000091553, "rough_score": -0.2261444628238678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Word of the invasion first reached Britain from Argentine sources. A Ministry of Defence operative in London had a short telex conversation with Governor Hunt's telex operator, who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control.Duncan, Andrew, The Falklands War, Marshall Cavendish Books Limited, ISBN 1-84415-429-7 Later that day, BBC journalist Laurie Margolis spoke with an islander at Goose Green via amateur radio, who confirmed the presence of a large Argentine fleet and that Argentine forces had taken control of the island. Operation Corporate was the codename given to the British military operations in the Falklands War. The commander of task force operations was Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse. Operations lasted from 1 April 1982 to 20 June 1982. ", "precise_score": 1.180627465248108, "rough_score": -1.3551414012908936, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "In addition to memorials on the islands, there is a memorial in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London to the British war dead. The Falkland Islands Memorial Chapel at Pangbourne College was opened in March 2000 as a commemoration of the lives and sacrifice of all those who served and died in the South Atlantic in 1982. In Argentina, there is a memorial at Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires, another one in Rosario, and a third one in Ushuaia.", "precise_score": -2.510861396789551, "rough_score": -4.947056770324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Epcot is the second of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, near the city of Orlando. It opened as EPCOT Center (Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow) on October 1, 1982, and spans 300 acres, more than twice the size of the Magic Kingdom park. It is dedicated to the celebration of human achievement, namely technological innovation and international culture, and is often referred to as a \"permanent World's Fair.\" In 2015, the park hosted approximately 11.98 million guests, ranking it the third most visited theme park in North America and the sixth most visited theme park in the world. The park is represented by Spaceship Earth, a geodesic sphere that also serves as an attraction. Epcot was known as EPCOT Center until 1994, when it was later renamed Epcot '94, then Epcot '95, now commonly known simply as Epcot.", "precise_score": -2.8487634658813477, "rough_score": -5.454870223999023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epcot" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "By opting for military action, the Galtieri government hoped to mobilise the long-standing patriotic feelings of Argentines towards the islands, and thus divert public attention from the country's chronic economic problems and the regime's ongoing human rights violations. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy. The newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the Islands, ending in direct actions late in 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.553243637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "On the evening of 3 April, the United Kingdom's United Nations ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons put a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council. The resolution, which condemned the hostilities and demanded the immediate Argentine withdrawal from the Islands, was adopted by the council the following day as United Nations Security Council Resolution 502, which passed with ten votes in support, one against (Panama) and four abstentions (China, the Soviet Union, Poland and Spain). The UK received further political support from the Commonwealth of Nations and the European Economic Community. The EEC also provided economic support by imposing economic sanctions on Argentina. Argentina itself was politically backed by a majority of countries in Latin America (though not, crucially, Chile) and some members of the Non-Aligned Movement. On 20 May 1982, the Prime Minister of New Zealand, Rob Muldoon, announced that he would make , a Leander-class frigate, available for use where the British thought fit to release a Royal Navy vessel for the Falklands. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.565862655639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "While France overtly backed the United Kingdom, a French technical team remained in Argentina throughout the war. French government sources have said that the French team was engaged in intelligence-gathering; however, it simultaneously provided direct material support to the Argentines, identifying and fixing faults in Exocet missile launchers. According to the book Operation Israel, advisers from Israel Aerospace Industries were already in Argentina and continued their work during the conflict. The book also claims that Israel sold weapons and drop tanks in a secret operation in Peru. Peru also openly sent \"Mirages, pilots and missiles\" to Argentina during the war. Peru had earlier transferred ten Hercules transport planes to Argentina soon after the British Task Force had set sail in April 1982. Nick van der Bijl records that, after the Argentine defeat at Goose Green, Venezuela and Guatemala offered to send paratroops to the Falklands. Through Libya, under Muammar Gaddafi, Argentina received 20 launchers and 60 SA-7 missiles, as well as machine guns, mortars and mines; all in all, the load of four trips of two Boeing 707s of the AAF, refuelled in Recife with the knowledge and consent of the Brazilian government. Some of these clandestine logistics operations were mounted by the Soviet Union.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.42064094543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "On 20 June, the British retook the South Sandwich Islands (which involved accepting the surrender of the Southern Thule Garrison at the Corbeta Uruguay base), and declared hostilities over. Argentina had established Corbeta Uruguay in 1976, but prior to 1982 the United Kingdom had contested the existence of the Argentine base only through diplomatic channels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.816742897033691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Various figures have been produced for the number of veterans who have committed suicide since the war. Some studies have estimated that 264 British veterans and 350–500 Argentine veterans have committed suicide since 1982. However, a detailed study of British veterans of the war commissioned by the UK Ministry of Defence found that only 95 had died from \"intentional self-harm and events of undetermined intent (suicides and open verdict deaths)\", a proportion lower than would be expected within the general population over the same period. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.431747436523438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "As of 2011, there were 113 uncleared minefields on the Falkland Islands and unexploded ordnance (UXOs) covering an area of 13 sqkm. Of this area, on the Murrell Peninsula were classified as being \"suspected minefields\" – the area had been heavily pastured for the previous 25 years without incident. It was estimated that these minefields had anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines. No human casualties from mines or UXO have been reported in the Falkland Islands since 1984, and no civilian mine casualties have ever occurred on the islands. The UK reported six military personnel were injured in 1982 and a further two injured in 1983. Most military accidents took place while clearing the minefields in the immediate aftermath of the 1982 conflict or in the process of trying to establish the extent of the minefield perimeters, particularly where no detailed records existed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.229691505432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "HMS Invincible was repeatedly sunk in the Argentine press, and on 30 April 1982 the Argentine magazine Tal Cual showed Prime Minister Thatcher with an eyepatch and the text: Pirate, witch and assassin. Guilty! Three British reporters sent to Argentina to cover the war from the Argentine perspective were jailed until the end of the war. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.868586540222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Falklands War" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "The theme park opened on October 1, 1982. The dedication plaque near the entrance states:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.614810943603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epcot" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "The original plans for the park showed indecision over the park's purpose. Some Imagineers wanted it to represent the cutting edge of technology, while others wanted it to showcase international cultures and customs. At one point, a model of the futuristic park was pushed together against a model of a World's Fair international theme, and the two were combined. The park was originally named EPCOT Center to reflect the ideals and values of the city. It was constructed for an estimated $800 million to $1.4 billion and took three years to build, at the time the largest construction project on Earth. The parking lot serving the park is 141 acres (including bus area) and can accommodate 11,211 vehicles (grass areas hold additional 500+ vehicles). Before it opened on October 1, 1982, Walt Disney World Ambassador Genie Field introduced E. Cardon Walker, Disney's chairman and CEO, who dedicated EPCOT Center. Walker also presented a family with lifetime passes for the two Walt Disney World theme parks. His remarks were followed by Florida Governor Bob Graham and William Ellinghaus, president of AT&T.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.314316272735596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epcot" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Each pavilion was initially sponsored by a corporation which helped fund its construction and maintenance in return for the corporation's logos and some marketing elements appearing throughout the pavilion. For example, Universe of Energy was sponsored by Exxon from 1982 to 2004, and The Land was sponsored by Kraft from 1982 to 1993, then Nestlé from 1993 to 2009. Each pavilion contains a private \"VIP area\" for its sponsor with offices, lounges, and reception areas hidden away from regular park guests. While some pavilions still retain active sponsorships, in recent years several pavilions have lost sponsorships due to lack of interest from partner companies in renewing expiring agreements. After General Electric left Horizons in 1993, it closed for a couple of years, then reopened temporarily while neighboring attractions Universe of Energy and World of Motion were renovated. Horizons closed permanently on January 9, 1999, and was demolished in 2000 to make room for the opening of Mission: SPACE on October 9, 2003. Metlife sponsored Wonders of Life from 1989 to 2001, until that area was closed. However, the Wonders Of Life pavilion is still mostly intact and is used for both the Flower and Garden Festival and the Food and Wine Festival. Current active sponsorships include the following:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.403304100036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epcot" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Pavilions for Puerto Rico, Russia, Switzerland, Costa Rica, Spain, Venezuela, United Arab Emirates, and Israel have occasionally been rumored as potential future pavilions but have never made it past the planning phases to date. The Israeli, Spanish, and an Equatorial Africa pavilion (blending elements of the cultures of countries such as Kenya and Zaire) were even announced as coming soon in 1982, but never took off. Instead, a small African themed refreshment shop known as The Outpost currently resides where Equatorial Africa was to be. Israel, five African countries (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, and South Africa), as well as eight other countries (Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, and Sweden) took part in the Millennium Village during the Millennium Celebration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.018500328063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Epcot" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "At its peak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853626251220703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honda" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the creation of leading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite teams, and rider education programs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.8673677444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honda" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "In 1979, Honda returned to Grand Prix motorcycle racing with the monocoque-framed, four-stroke NR500. The FIM rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 had non-circular, 'race-track', cylinders, each with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve area to compete with the dominant two-stroke racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 season, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in , Honda won their first 500 cc Grand Prix World Championship with Freddie Spencer. Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as Mick Doohan and Valentino Rossi. Honda also head the number of wins at the Isle of Man TT having notched up 227 victories in the solo classes and Sidecar TT, including Ian Hutchinson's clean sweep at the 2010 races. The outright lap record on the Snaefell Mountain Course is also held by Honda, set at the 2015 TT by John McGuinness at an average speed of on a Honda CBR1000RR. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.599647521972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Honda" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5, and began his solo career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos, including those of \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\", and \"Thriller\" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. He continued to innovate with videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.02634048461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "1982–83: Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.853285789489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "In 1982, Jackson combined his interests in songwriting and film when he contributed the song \"Someone in the Dark\" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The song, with Quincy Jones as its producer, won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children for 1983. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.879090309143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "More success came with the release of his sixth album, Thriller, in late 1982. The album earned Jackson seven more Grammys and eight American Music Awards, including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it. It was the best-selling album worldwide in 1983, and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States and the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated copies. It topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including \"Billie Jean\", \"Beat It\", and \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\". In December 2015, Thriller was certified for 30 million shipments by the RIAA, making it the only album to achieve that feat in the United States. Thriller won Jackson and Quincy Jones the Grammy award for Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) for 1983. It also won Album of the Year, with Jackson as the album's artist and Jones as its co-producer, and a Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, award for Jackson. \"Beat It\" won Record of the Year, with Jackson as artist and Jones as co-producer, and a Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male, award for Jackson. \"Billie Jean\" won Jackson two Grammy awards, Best R&B Song, with Jackson as its songwriter, and Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male, as its artist. Thriller also won another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work on the album. The AMA Awards for 1984 provided Jackson with an Award of Merit and AMAs for Favorite Male Artist, Soul/R&B, and Favorite Male Artist, Pop/Rock. \"Beat It\" won Jackson AMAs for Favorite Video, Soul/R&B, Favorite Video, Pop/Rock, and Favorite Single, Pop/Rock. Thriller won him AMAs for Favorite Album, Soul/R&B, and Favorite Album, Pop/Rock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.617589950561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. His vocal range as an adult was F2-E6. Jackson first used a technique called the \"vocal hiccup\" in 1973, starting with the song \"It's Too Late to Change the Time\" from the Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album. Jackson did not use the hiccup technique—somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping—fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" promotional video. With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the \"breathless, dreamy stutter\" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that \"Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly\". 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a \"fully adult voice\" that was \"tinged by sadness\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.472771644592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" }, { "answer": "1982", "passage": "*Thriller (1982)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.942291259765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Jackson" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Knight Rider (film)", "Knight Rider", "Knightrider", "Knight rider", "Knight Rider (disambiguation)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "knight rider film", "knightrider", "knight rider", "knight rider disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "knight rider", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Knight Rider" }

[ { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "KITT is the short name of two fictional characters from the adventure TV series Knight Rider. While having the same acronym, the KITTs are two different entities: one known as the Knight Industries Two Thousand, which appeared in the original TV series Knight Rider, and the other as the Knight Industries Three Thousand, which appeared first in the two-hour 2008 pilot film for a new Knight Rider TV series and then the new series itself. In both instances, KITT is an artificially intelligent electronic computer module in the body of a highly advanced, very mobile, robotic automobile: the original KITT as a 1982 Pontiac Trans Am, and the second KITT as a 2008/2009 Ford Shelby GT500KR. KITT was voiced by William Daniels in the original series, and by Val Kilmer in the 2008 series.", "precise_score": 4.938855171203613, "rough_score": 7.134330749511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "While the 2008 pilot movie and then the new series appears to be a revamp of the original series, it offers some continuity from the original TV series \"Knight Rider\". The 'new' or 'second' KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand) is a different vehicle and microprocessor unit. The original Knight Industries Two Thousand is also shown in the pilot movie (although in pieces) in the scene where the garage of Charles Graiman (creator of the Knight Industries Three Thousand and implied co-designer of the original KITT) is searched by antagonists. A Trans-Am body (sans hood) is partially covered by a tarp, on which rests the rear spoiler. The famous KITT steering wheel (labelled \"Knight Two Thousand\") and \"KNIGHT\" license plate are also shown, along with numerous black car body parts. When the camera shows a full scene of the garage, there are three cars in the garage: the 3000, a 2000 under a tarp, and a complete 2000.", "precise_score": 2.855546236038208, "rough_score": 2.7559831142425537, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The 1991 movie Knight Rider 2000 saw the first KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) in pieces, and Michael Knight himself reviving the microprocessor unit, which is eventually transferred into the body of the vehicle intended to be the original KITT's direct successor, the Knight 4000. The new vehicle was a modified 1991 Dodge Stealth, appearing similar to the Pontiac Banshee prototype. However, no reference to this storyline nor any appearance of the Knight 4000 is made in the new series or its 2008 pilot movie. In Knight Rider 2000, it is stated that most of the Knight 2000 parts had been sold off. However, Graiman's garage in the 2008 pilot shows a more complete collection of parts than in the boxes recovered by Michael Knight in the 1991 film Knight Rider 2000. This adds to the mystique of the current whereabouts of the original KITT in the time-frame of the new series.", "precise_score": 2.2346301078796387, "rough_score": 3.911184310913086, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The character of KITT (Knight Industries Two Thousand) in the original Knight Rider series was physically embodied as a modified 1982 Pontiac Trans Am with numerous special features such as Turbo Boost (which allowed quick bursts of speed or jumping over obstacles), the ability to drive 'himself', a front mounted scanner bar that (among other things) allowed KITT to 'see' (and a nod to series creator, Glen A. Larson and his \"Battlestar Galactica\"'s Cylons), and 'molecular bonded shell' body armor, portrayed to be invulnerable to diamond headed drills, small arms fire, the impact of thrown objects, and even high speed impact with cinder block wall. The armor could also resist close explosive blasts although a direct hit could cause severe damage. A refit in the 1985 season included the addition of \"Super Pursuit Mode\" and a convertible top. The car's voice was supplied by actor William Daniels.", "precise_score": 4.603232383728027, "rough_score": 6.384432315826416, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "A 1991 sequel movie Knight Rider 2000 saw KITT's original microprocessor unit transferred into the body of the vehicle intended to be his successor, the Knight 4000. The vehicle had numerous 21st Century technological improvements over the previous 1980s version of KITT, such as an advanced amphibious mode (which allows the car to ride on water like a speedboat), a virtual reality heads-up display (or VR-HUD, which utilized the entire windshield as a video display), and a microwave stun device that could remotely incapacitate a human target. However, no acknowledgement is made to this spin-off in the 2008 series.", "precise_score": 0.3327316641807556, "rough_score": 0.593281090259552, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The 2008 update to Knight Rider includes a new KITT – the acronym now standing for Knight Industries Three Thousand. The KITT platform is patterned on a Shelby GT500KR and differs from the original Two Thousand unit in several ways. For example, the 2008 KITT utilizes nano-technology, allowing the car's outer shell to change colors and morph itself into similar forms temporarily. The nanotech platform is written as needing the AI active in order to produce any of these effects, unlike the original car's gadgets and \"molecular bonded shell\" which allowed it to endure extreme impacts. These down-sides to the use of nanotech have been demonstrated when villains are able to cause significant damage, such as shooting out windows, when the AI is deactivated. It can also turn into two different types of a Ford F-150 4x4 truck (one completely stock and the other with some modifications), a Ford E-150 van, a Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, a special edition Warriors In Pink Mustang (in support of breast cancer awareness month), and a Ford Flex for disguise or to use the alternate modes' capabilities (such as off-road handling). The car can engage an \"Attack Mode\", featuring scissor/conventional hybrid doors, which allows it to increase speed and use most of its gadgets (including turbo boost). It had a different looking attack mode in the pilot which was used whenever the car needed to increase speed. Its downside however is that it only seats two. KITT is also capable of functioning submerged, maintaining life support and system integrity while underwater.", "precise_score": 1.714579701423645, "rough_score": 2.5148301124572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "* In the Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo final sequences, Herbie fell in love with Giselle, a Lancia Scorpion. This scene is reappeared in Herbie: Fully Loaded as a flashback, but the other car is KITT (a 1982 Pontiac Trans Am), with the name of Knight Rider.", "precise_score": -0.3046852648258209, "rough_score": -0.4173278510570526, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider is an American television series created and produced by Glen A. Larson. The series was originally broadcast on NBC from 1982 to 1986. The show stars David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight, a high-tech modern crime fighter assisted by KITT, an advanced artificially intelligent, self-aware and nearly indestructible car. This was the last series Larson devised at Universal Television before he moved to 20th Century Fox.", "precise_score": -1.588242769241333, "rough_score": -3.7129266262054443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider 2000 was a 1991 sequel movie featuring Michael Knight and Devon Miles, with KITT being given a new sporty red body (a close copy of the Pontiac Banshee IV concept car, actually a Dodge Stealth with custom body work) as the Knight 4000. It served as a pilot for a would-be new series starring Susan Norman as Shawn McCormick, but the series never materialized.", "precise_score": -2.1262500286102295, "rough_score": 0.6005149483680725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In a seemingly peripheral spin-off series called Team Knight Rider, KITT is seen as the shadow, an advisor. Later on it is revealed that \"The Shadow\" is actually a hologram run by KITT. In \"Knight of the Living Dead\", Graiman states a third KITT, a back-up, exists. When KITT is about to die, his memories are downloaded so the third KITT can use them, however in the end the third AI is not used.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.998939514160156, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "See KARR (Knight Rider)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.451359748840332, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "* In the Supernatural episode \"Changing Channels\", the show's protagonists are constantly being transported to alternate dimensions based on parodies of popular TV series. One includes protagonist Dean Winchester riding a variation of his usual 1967 Chevy Impala that resembles KITT, with his brother Sam having been literally turned into the car, the episode featuring a scene with Dean driving the 'Sampala' with \"Knight Rider\"'s theme playing in the background.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.688819885253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Various toy versions of KITT have been released. Among the best known Knight Rider memorabilia includes the remote controlled KITT, the Knight Rider lunch box, and the deluxe version of KITT. The deluxe model of KITT, sold by Kenner Toys and dubbed the \"Knight 2000 Voice Car\", spoke electronically (actual voice of William Daniels), featured a detailed interior and a Michael Knight action figure. ERTL released die-cast toys of KITT in three different sizes — the common miniature sized model, a 'medium' sized model, and a large sized model. These toys featured red reflective holograms on the nose to represent the scanner. Also in late 2004, 1/18 scale die-cast models of KITT and KARR were produced from ERTL complete with detailed interior and light up moving scanner just like in the series. In September 2006, Hitari, a UK based company that produces remote control toy cars, released the Knight Rider KITT remote control car in 1/15 scale complete with the working red scanner lights, KITT's voice from the TV show and the car's turbine engine sound with the \"cylon\" scanner sound effect. In December 2012, Diamond Select Toys released a talking electronic 1/15 scale KITT which features a light up dashboard, scanner, foglights and tail lights along with the original voice of KITT, William Daniels, all at a push of a button. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.927182674407959, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "A more serious-minded joint venture was the Knight Rider GPS. Once again featuring the iconic voice of William Daniels, the item was indeed a fully working GPS using Mio navigational technology. The GPS featured custom recorded voices so that the unit could \"speak to\" its owner using their own name if it was one of the ones in the recorded set of names. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.119491577148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "* KITT's scanner is similar to that of Cylons from the science fiction series Battlestar Galactica. Glen A. Larson, the creator of both Knight Rider and Battlestar Galactica has stated that the two shows have nothing else in common and to remove any fan speculation, he stated in the Season One Knight Rider DVD audio-comments, he simply reused the scanning light for KITT because he liked the effect.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.998612403869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "* Dutch TV programme \"Syndroom\", featuring people with Down syndrome who wish to fulfill a dream, episode 5 (September 25, 2014) featured Twan Vermeulen, a Knight Rider fan who wishes to meet David Hasselhoff and KITT. Together with the show's presenter they fly to L.A. and go searching for David Hasselhoff's house. They \"find\" Hasselhoff on the driveway in front of his house, dusting off KITT. After KITT speaks a personal message to Twan, Hasselhoff offers to go with him to take KITT for a spin, \"Freak out some people on the freeway\", which they did with great pleasure for everyone involved. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13440227508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "KITT" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The second generation was available from 1970 to 1981 and was featured in the 1977 movie Smokey and the Bandit, the 1978 movie Hooper, the 1979 movie Rocky II, and the 1980 movie Smokey and the Bandit II. The third generation, available from 1982 to 1992, was featured in the 1983 movie Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 and the 1984 movie Alphabet City. KITT, the automotive star, and its evil counterpart KARR, of the popular 1980s TV series Knight Rider, was a modified third-generation Trans Am. The fourth-generation Trans Am, available from model years 1993 to 2002, offered between 275 and.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.098305702209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pontiac Firebird" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The \"Knight Rider Theme\" was composed by Stu Phillips and Glen A. Larson. The rest of the series music was composed by Stu Phillips with 13 episodes in total, Don Peake with 75 episodes, Glen A. Larson co-wrote music only for the \"K.I.T.T. vs. K.A.R.R.\" episode and Morton Stevens who wrote music just for the \"Deadly Maneuvers\" episode in the first season.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.700688362121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "\"Knight Rider, a shadowy flight into the dangerous world of a man who does not exist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.518817901611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "\"Michael Knight, a lone crusader in a dangerous world. The world of the Knight Rider.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219240188598633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released all four seasons of Knight Rider on DVD in regions 1, 2 & 4. A complete series box set featuring all 90 episodes in a collector's edition box has been released in regions 1 & 2. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49111557006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "On March 8, 2016, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1; they subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on May 3, 2016. On October 4, 2016, Mill Creek will re-release Knight Rider- The Compete Series on DVD in Region 1. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.60856819152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In Japan, NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan—a subsidiary of NBCUniversal—released a Blu-ray box set containing all four seasons, replicas, props, and memorabilia under the title ナイトライダー コンプリート ブルーレイBOX (Knight Rider: The Complete Series). The set is limited to Region Code A, which includes the U.S. It was released on November 27, 2014. Individual seasons are unavailable on Blu-ray at this time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16330623626709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The two-part episode \"Mouth of the Snake\" served as a backdoor pilot for a 1984 series to be called All That Glitters. Rejected by NBC, the lead character and actor were recycled for a short-lived 1985-1986 series titled Code of Vengeance, revolving around Charles Taylor as Vietnam veteran David Dalton. As a result, the participation of Michael Knight and KITT in the episode was actually quite limited. The Knight Rider episode featured Dalton exhibiting great gymnastics, not unlike The Six Million Dollar Man without bionics, but when Code of Vengeance aired, Dalton was an ordinary-skilled drifter. It soon fell off the schedules after only two two-hour movies and two one-hour episodes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.55256462097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider 2000", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.369485855102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider 2010", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.036404609680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider 2010 is a 1994 movie loosely based on the show. There are so few links to the original show, it may not be considered canon other than for carrying the Knight Rider title. The film was penned by Miami Vice writer John Leekley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57860279083252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Team Knight Rider", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.611673355102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In 1997, Team Knight Rider was introduced as a spinoff. Set sometime in the near future, the show featured a fleet of intelligent vehicles. Michael Knight returned at the end of the final episode of the first season, though he was not played by David Hasselhoff. This was a cliffhanger intended to be explained in the next season. However, the show did not catch on and the second season was not commissioned. Team Knight Rider ran for 22 episodes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.429697036743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "After receiving good ratings, NBC announced that Knight Rider would return as a weekly series beginning in the fall of 2008. The show aired Wednesdays at 8:00pm/7:00pm CT. The series premiered September 24, 2008. In November 2008, NBC announced that the series had been picked up for a complete 22-episode season, but that several cast members would be leaving and the story lines would be revamped after the original 13-episode order. On May 19, 2009, NBC announced that Knight Rider was canceled after one season because of poor ratings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24283218383789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In May 2006, The Weinstein Company acquired film rights to adapt Knight Rider from series creator Larson. He expressed his interest in the film adaptation as a potential franchise property. The following September, Hasselhoff invited actor Orlando Bloom to portray Knight's son in the film adaptation, but Bloom turned down the offer. In April 2007, Hasselhoff said, that the film was in development at Miramax, and that he would at least have a cameo in the film. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495665550231934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "On June 26, 2013, Brad Copeland was writing a script for a Knight Rider film after beating out Travis Beacham, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49893569946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In December 2015, a media report indicated that a new movie named Knight Rider Heroes is in the works and will include David Hasselhoff. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540848731994629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "On July 8, 2008, GPS manufacturer Mio Technology announced the release of a Knight Rider-themed GPS unit for a price of $270. The unit has the original Knight Rider logo printed above the display and features the voice of William Daniels. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.515850067138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Various toy versions of KITT were released and produced solid profits. Among the more notable of the Knight Rider memorabilia includes the remote controlled KITT, the Knight Rider lunch box, and the deluxe version of KITT. This final model, sold by Kenner Toys and dubbed the \"Knight Rider Voice Car\", spoke electronically, using a recording of the voice of William Daniels, featured a detailed interior and a Michael Knight action figure as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.0040812492370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In the 1980s there was a Knight Rider toy vehicle for Germany's Darda system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.8828606605529785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Knight Rider: The Game was produced for PlayStation 2 by Davilex International under license. Players could drive KITT through 15 missions and meeting characters from the show, like Devon, Bonnie, KARR and Garthe Knight. Davilex also released a sequel in late 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.81439208984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "In September 2006, Hitari, a UK-based company that produces remote control toy cars, released the Knight Rider KITT remote control car in 1/15 scale, complete with the working red scanner lights, KITT's voice from the television show and the car's turbine engine sound with the \"whoosh whoosh\" scanner sound effect. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.101241111755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "Content based on Knight Rider is planned to be added to the toys-to-life video game Lego Dimensions in 2017. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45003890991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The Knight Rider theme was sampled in the songs \"Clock Strikes\", \"Fire It Up\", and \"Mundian to Bach Ke\", and was also featured as Ted's ringtone in John's phone in the 2012 comedy film Ted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878278732299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" }, { "answer": "Knight Rider", "passage": "The Indian Premier League cricket team Kolkata Knight Riders is named after the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.669060707092285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Yellow Album is The Simpsons second album of originally recorded songs, released as a follow-up to the 1990 album The Simpsons Sing the Blues. Though it was released in 1998, it had been recorded years earlier, after the success of the first album. The title is a play on the name of The Beatles' highly popular self-titled 1968 album, commonly known as \"The White Album\", with the skin color of the characters of The Simpsons. In addition, the cover is a parody of The Beatles' 1967 album, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. ", "precise_score": 6.352952003479004, "rough_score": 8.459250450134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Yellow Album" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The parody was also used for a couch gag in the Season 8 Simpsons episodes \"Bart After Dark\" and \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\" (until it was replaced in reruns of the latter episode with the couch gag from \"Kamp Krusty,\" where the Simpsons find the Flintstones on their couch and Fred invites Homer to sit with him). A similar version of it is on the inside of the United Kingdom version of The Simpsons Season 9 DVD. An outtake named \"My Name is Bart\" is a parody of musician Prince's 1992 single \"My Name Is Prince\". In 1993, it was also reported that Matt Groening had penned a rap song to be performed by Bart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.614664077758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Yellow Album" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Star-Telegram compared the album to Chef Aid, arguing that \"the subversion [included in The Simpsons and South Park] is only skin-deep, especially when both shows thrive on the type of money-grubbing merchandising that results in junk like Chef Aid: The South Park Album and The Simpsons The Yellow Album, both released just in time for Christmas\". The Tampa Bay Times said the album \"is an uninspired collection whose best feature is a too-tiny takeoff on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", noting that songs such as Ten Commandments of Bart sound dated, though others like Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves are praiseworthy. Allmusic gave the album a rating of 2 out of 5 stars.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8464828133583069, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Yellow Album" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Dell Computer", "passage": "Meanwhile, Round Rock leaders wanted the highway to come their way as they were focused on the potential economic development opportunities it would bring. At that time no one had ever seen such a road as an \"Interstate\" (unless they had traveled to Germany to see the Autobahn or Connecticut), but then-Mayor Louis Henna lobbied hard at the Highway Commission for the Round Rock route. In June 1956, the fifteen-year debate over the form, funding and route of the Interstate was resolved. Due to the heavy lobbying effort, and not wanting to antagonize Taylor, the route was eventually changed and the highway was built along the edge of the Balcones Fault line running through Round Rock. The precise route was not without opposition, however, as the final route cut off \"Old Town\" to the west from what had become the more recent \"downtown\" area east of Interstate 35. The Interstate eventually made Round Rock into a viable and vibrant commercial center. Due to the Interstate and the reduction in the importance of cotton as a primary crop, Taylor is today a minor, modest town with a smaller population, while Round Rock has thrived and rapidly grown into the largest city in the county, attracting companies like Dell Computer and major retail centers. The transformation of Round Rock is detailed in a book by Linda Scarborough (publisher of the Williamson County Sun newspaper) titled Road, River and Ol' Boy Politics: A Texas County's Path from Farm to Supersuburb published by Texas State Historical Press. ", "precise_score": -6.856598854064941, "rough_score": -7.492506980895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "By the 1990s, Round Rock was primarily a bedroom community with the majority of its employed residents working in Austin and then returning home after work to places like Round Rock and Georgetown where housing and land was less expensive. In the 1990s, Round Rock had few major employers and jobs other than local retail and other services, or ranching and farming. But in the late 1990s, that began to change as economic development became a major focus of the City and the Chamber of Commerce. Dell Corporation (later renamed Dell) moved its headquarters to Round Rock which has provided a significant number of jobs with 16,000 employees at its Round Rock headquarters . (See also the Business and economic development section in this article.)", "precise_score": -4.3059258460998535, "rough_score": -8.336562156677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Round Rock has more than twenty major employers including: Toppan Photomasks, Sears Customer Care, IKEA, Round Rock Premium Outlets, KoMiCo Technology Inc., Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corp (TGSLC), Cintas, Dresser, Hospira, and TECO-Westinghouse, Cerilliant Corporation, Emerson Process Management, and Dell.", "precise_score": 0.07429099082946777, "rough_score": -7.9666008949279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell is a multinational computer and information technology corporation based in Round Rock, which develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. The company employs about 11,500 people in the Round Rock facilities and about 96,000 people worldwide. Dell was originally based in Austin after its initial formation in 1984 as PC's Limited by UT college student Michael Dell. With the need for significant space as it expanded, the City of Round Rock in 1996 offered Dell a \"Chapter 380\" agreement by offering to split sales tax revenue from in-state sales 50/50 between Dell and the City. A \"Chapter 380\" agreement is named for the chapter in Vernon's Statutes that permits sales tax revenue sharing for economic development purposes. It was the first time such an agreement had been used in Central Texas and among the very first in the state. As of 1999, approximately half of the general fund of the City of Round Rock originates from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters. Today the company is one of the largest technology companies in the world, listed as number 38 on the Fortune 500 (2010). Fortune also lists Dell as the #5 most admired company in its industry.", "precise_score": 4.8011040687561035, "rough_score": 3.8765387535095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Round Rock is home to the Class AAA Pacific Coast League minor league baseball team Round Rock Express, owned by RSR Sports (Nolan Ryan, Don Sanders, Reid Ryan) and was founded by Reid Ryan, son of Baseball Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan. As of August 2010, Nolan Ryan is also the new owner of the major league Texas Rangers ball club. Home games for the Round Rock Express are played at the Dell Diamond, a facility that is owned by the City of Round Rock and leased long-term to RSR Sports who run and maintain the facility.", "precise_score": -3.1220974922180176, "rough_score": -5.469649314880371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell, Inc.", "passage": "*Michael Dell, an American business magnate and the founder and chief executive officer of Dell (formerly Dell, Inc.) While a pre-med student at the University of Texas at Austin, Dell started an informal business (originally called PC's Limited) by upgrading computers in room 2713 of the Dobie Center residential building. He then applied for a vendor license to bid on contracts for the State of Texas, winning bids by not having the overhead of a computer store. By 1992, at the age of 27, Dell became the youngest CEO to have his company ranked in Fortune magazine's list of the top 500 corporations. Today he is one of the richest people in the world, with a net worth of an estimated $13.5 billion in 2010. Dell's 1999 book, written in collaboration with Catherine Fredman, Direct from Dell: Strategies That Revolutionized an Industry, is an account of his early life, his company's founding, growth and missteps, as well as lessons learned. While not a resident of Round Rock, Dell's business is based there and has had major impact on the community through the company itself and the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation.", "precise_score": -1.5352365970611572, "rough_score": -1.7364342212677002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell Inc. (stylized as DELL) is an American privately owned multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Eponymously named after its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest technological corporations in the world, employing more than 103,300 people worldwide.", "precise_score": 1.9619684219360352, "rough_score": -0.5953525900840759, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data storage devices, network switches, software, computer peripherals, HDTVs, cameras, printers, MP3 players, and electronics built by other manufacturers. The company is well known for its innovations in supply chain management and electronic commerce, particularly its direct-sales model and its \"build-to-order\" or \"configure to order\" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. Dell was a pure hardware vendor for much of its existence, but with the acquisition in 2009 of Perot Systems, Dell entered the market for IT services. The company has since made additional acquisitions in storage and networking systems, with the aim of expanding their portfolio from offering computers only to delivering complete solutions for enterprise customers. ", "precise_score": -6.377628326416016, "rough_score": -5.377950668334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell was listed at number 51 in the Fortune 500 list, until 2014. After going private in 2013, the newly confidential nature of its financial information prevents the company from being ranked by Fortune. In 2015, it was the third largest PC vendor in the world after Lenovo and HP. Dell is currently the #1 shipper of PC monitors in the world. Dell is the sixth largest company in Texas by total revenue, according to Fortune magazine. It is the second largest non-oil company in Texas – behind AT&T – and the largest company in the Greater Austin area. It was a publicly traded company (), as well as a component of the NASDAQ-100 and S&P 500, until it was taken private in a leveraged buyout which closed on October 30, 2013.", "precise_score": -4.800837516784668, "rough_score": -3.9423155784606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell Computer", "passage": "Dell traces its origins to 1984, when Michael Dell created Dell Computer Corporation, which at the time did business as PC's Limited, while a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. Dell dropped out of school to focus full-time on his fledgling business, after getting $1,000 in expansion-capital from his family.", "precise_score": 0.9185638427734375, "rough_score": 2.6112470626831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell Computer", "passage": "The company dropped the PC’s Limited name in 1987 to become Dell Computer Corporation and began expanding globally. In June 1988, Dell's market capitalization grew by $30 million to $80 million from its June 22 initial public offering of 3.5 million shares at $8.50 a share. In 1992, Fortune magazine included Dell Computer Corporation in its list of the world's 500 largest companies, making Michael Dell the youngest CEO of a Fortune 500 company ever.", "precise_score": -3.6127309799194336, "rough_score": -2.536978006362915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Originally, Dell did not emphasize the consumer market, due to the higher costs and unacceptably low profit margins in selling to individuals and households; this changed when the company’s Internet site took off in 1996 and 1997. While the industry’s average selling price to individuals was going down, Dell's was going up, as second- and third-time computer buyers who wanted powerful computers with multiple features and did not need much technical support were choosing Dell. Dell found an opportunity among PC-savvy individuals who liked the convenience of buying direct, customizing their PC to their means, and having it delivered in days. In early 1997, Dell created an internal sales and marketing group dedicated to serving the home market and introduced a product line designed especially for individual users.", "precise_score": -7.434195041656494, "rough_score": -6.86605167388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "From 1997 to 2004, Dell enjoyed steady growth and it gained market share from competitors even during industry slumps. During the same period, rival PC vendors such as Compaq, Gateway, IBM, Packard Bell, and AST Research struggled and eventually left the market or were bought out. Dell surpassed Compaq to become the largest PC manufacturer in 1999. Operating costs made up only 10 percent of Dell's $35 billion in revenue in 2002, compared with 21 percent of revenue at Hewlett-Packard, 25 percent at Gateway, and 46 percent at Cisco. In 2002, when Compaq merged with Hewlett Packard (the fourth-place PC maker), the newly combined Hewlett Packard took the top spot but struggled and Dell soon regained its lead. Dell grew the fastest in the early 2000s.", "precise_score": -6.536798477172852, "rough_score": -6.6918864250183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell attained and maintained the number 1 rating in PC reliability and customer service/technical support, according to Consumer Reports, year after year, during the mid-to-late 90s through 2001 right before Windows XP was released.", "precise_score": -9.598636627197266, "rough_score": -8.310629844665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 1996, Dell began selling computers through its website.", "precise_score": -5.534531116485596, "rough_score": -7.594823837280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In the mid-1990s, Dell expanded beyond desktop computers and laptops by selling servers, starting with low-end servers. The major three providers of servers at the time were IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq, many of which were based on proprietary technology, such as IBM's Power4 microprocessors or various proprietary versions of the Unix operating system. Dell's new PowerEdge servers did not require a major investment in proprietary technologies, as they ran Microsoft Windows NT on Intel chips, and could be built cheaper than its competitors. Consequently, Dell's enterprise revenues, almost nonexistent in 1994, accounted for 13 percent of the company's total intake by 1998. Three years later, Dell passed Compaq as the top provider of Intel-based servers, with 31 percent of the market. Dell's first acquisition occurred in 1999 with the purchase of ConvergeNet Technologies for $332 million, after Dell had failed to develop an enterprise storage system in-house; ConvergeNet's elegant but complex technology did not fit in with Dell's commodity-producer business model, forcing Dell to write down the entire value of the acquisition.", "precise_score": -9.507489204406738, "rough_score": -7.193953037261963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The slowing sales growth has been attributed to the maturing PC market, which constituted 66% of Dell's sales, and analysts suggested that Dell needed to make inroads into non-PC businesses segments such as storage, services and servers. Dell's price advantage was tied to its ultra-lean manufacturing for desktop PCs, but this became less important as savings became harder to find inside the company's supply chain, and as competitors such as Hewlett-Packard and Acer made their PC manufacturing operations more efficient to match Dell, weakening Dell's traditional price differentiation. Throughout the entire PC industry, declines in prices along with commensurate increases in performance meant that Dell had fewer opportunities to upsell to their customers (a lucrative strategy of encouraging buyers to upgrade the processor or memory). As a result, the company was selling a greater proportion of inexpensive PCs than before, which eroded profit margins. The laptop segment had become the fastest-growing of the PC market, but Dell produced low-cost notebooks in China like other PC manufacturers which eliminated Dell's manufacturing cost advantages, plus Dell's reliance on Internet sales meant that it missed out on growing notebook sales in big box stores.[http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-9829431-17.html] CNET has suggested that Dell was getting trapped in the increasing commoditization of high volume low margin computers, which prevented it from offering more exciting devices that consumers demanded.", "precise_score": -8.030111312866211, "rough_score": -7.613122463226318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results. U.S. shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems. The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008. Heavily depending on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers.", "precise_score": -7.094892501831055, "rough_score": -4.8643479347229, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell had long stuck by its direct sales model. Consumers had become the main drivers of PC sales in recent years, yet there had a decline in consumers purchasing PCs through the Web or on the phone, as increasing numbers were visiting consumer electronics retail stores to try out the devices first. Dell's rivals in the PC industry, HP, Gateway and Acer, had a long retail presence and so were well poised to take advantage of the consumer shift. The lack of a retail presence stymied Dell's attempts to offer consumer electronics such as flat-panel TVs and MP3 players. Dell responded by experimenting with mall kiosks, plus quasi-retail stores in Texas and New York.", "precise_score": -7.0869574546813965, "rough_score": -6.642722129821777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell had a reputation as a company that relied upon supply chain efficiencies to sell established technologies at low prices, instead of being an innovator. By the mid-2000s many analysts were looking to innovating companies as the next source of growth in the technology sector. Dell's low spending on R&D relative to its revenue (compared to IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Apple Inc.)—which worked well in the commoditized PC market—prevented it from making inroads into more lucrative segments, such as MP3 players and later mobile devices. Increasing spending on R&D would have cut into the operating margins that the company emphasized. Dell had done well with a horizontal organization that focused on PCs when the computing industry moved to horizontal mix-and-match layers in the 1980s, but by the mid-2000 the industry shifted to vertically integrated stacks to deliver complete IT solutions and Dell lagged far behind competitors like Hewlett Packard and Oracle.", "precise_score": -8.306377410888672, "rough_score": -7.1212310791015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "2006 marked the first year that Dell's growth was slower than the PC industry as a whole. By the fourth quarter of 2006, Dell lost its title of the largest PC manufacturer to rival Hewlett Packard whose Personal Systems Group was invigorated thanks to a restructuring initiated by their CEO Mark Hurd. ", "precise_score": -6.287126064300537, "rough_score": -7.152160167694092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities. Dell closed plants that produced desktop computers for the North American market, including the Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999) in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The desktop production plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, received US$280 million in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010. Dell's contract with the state required them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions, and they sold the North Carolina plant to Herbalife. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida, facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced the closure of its manufacturing plant in Limerick, Ireland, with the loss of 1,900 jobs and the transfer of production to its plant in Łodź in Poland. ", "precise_score": -5.405383110046387, "rough_score": -4.9094014167785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to accept lower profit margins. In addition, while the Asian PC vendors had been improving their quality and design, for instance Lenovo's ThinkPad series was winning corporate customers away from Dell's laptops, Dell's customer service and reputation had been slipping. Dell remained the second-most profitable PC vendor, as it took 13 percent of operating profits in the PC industry during Q4 2012, behind Apple Inc.'s Macintosh that took 45 percent, seven percent at Hewlett Packard, six percent at Lenovo and Asus, and one percent for Acer. ", "precise_score": -6.949828147888184, "rough_score": -6.3744330406188965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's headquarters is located in Round Rock, Texas. As of 2013 the company employed about 14,000 people in central Texas and was the region's largest private employer, which has 2100000 sqft of space. As of 1999 almost half of the general fund of the city of Round Rock originated from sales taxes generated from the Dell headquarters. ", "precise_score": -2.363856077194214, "rough_score": -6.470757961273193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell Computer", "passage": "Dell previously had its headquarters in the Arboretum complex in northern Austin, Texas. In 1989 Dell occupied 127000 sqft in the Arboretum complex. In 1990, Dell had 1,200 employees in its headquarters. In 1993, Dell submitted a document to Round Rock officials, titled \"Dell Computer Corporate Headquarters, Round Rock, Texas, May 1993 Schematic Design.\" Despite the filing, during that year the company said that it was not going to move its headquarters. In 1994, Dell announced that it was moving most of its employees out of the Arboretum, but that it was going to continue to occupy the top floor of the Arboretum and that the company's official headquarters address would continue to be the Arboretum. The top floor continued to hold Dell's board room, demonstration center, and visitor meeting room. Less than one month prior to August 29, 1994, Dell moved 1,100 customer support and telephone sales employees to Round Rock. Dell's lease in the Arboretum had been scheduled to expire in 1994. ", "precise_score": -1.996856689453125, "rough_score": -8.167821884155273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "From its early beginnings, Dell operated as a pioneer in the \"configure to order\" approach to manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications. In contrast, most PC manufacturers in those times delivered large orders to intermediaries on a quarterly basis. ", "precise_score": -6.741163730621338, "rough_score": -7.365407943725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.", "precise_score": -5.9809794425964355, "rough_score": -6.869956016540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In the UK, HMV's flagship Trocadero store has sold Dell XPS PCs since December 2007. From January 2008 the UK stores of DSGi have sold Dell products (in particular, through Currys and PC World stores). As of 2008, the large supermarket-chain Tesco has sold Dell laptops and desktops in outlets throughout the UK.", "precise_score": -7.836263179779053, "rough_score": -7.043815612792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Round Rock is perhaps best known as the international headquarters of Dell, which employs approximately 16,000 people at its Round Rock facilities. The presence of Dell along with other major employers, a strong economic development program, favorable tax rates, and major retailers such as IKEA and a Premium Outlet Mall, and the mixed use La Frontera center, have changed Round Rock from a sleepy bedroom community into its own self-contained \"super suburb.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.768388748168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell corporate headquarters", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.406424522399902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "As part of its clean energy program, in 2008 Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.932607650756836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "*Lone Star Circle of Care (LSCC) is a grant-funded organization dedicated to serving the health needs of the uninsured and underinsured in Williamson County and nearby areas. They have grown from one clinic in Georgetown in January 2001 to today having eighteen community clinics serving Central Texas. They provided 130,000 patient visits for medically underserved adults and children in 2009. Grants come from the Scott & White Foundation, Seton Foundation, the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation, Georgetown Health Foundation, St. David's Foundation, and many others. In May 2010 the Seton family of hospitals awarded LSCC a $3 million grant for pediatric care. And the new A&M Health Science Center is partnering with the Lone Star Circle of Care for a 32,000 square-foot clinical hub which opened in A&M's existing building in December 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.608150482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "State Highway 45 is part of an eventual loop that runs east from State Highway 183 in Cedar Park to 130 at Pflugerville (east of Round Rock) where it merges with the SH 130 toll road, and then intercects with the southern portion of SH 45 near Buda, south of Austin. SH 45 passes through the entire southern portion of Round Rock. Highway 45 provides much faster access between Round Rock and Austin, alleviating what was previously a major bottleneck at Interstate 35. The project includes a tolled extension to Loop 1 (also known locally as the \"Mopac Expressway\") and allows direct access from to I-35 to Loop 1 by use of flyover connections rather than ground level intersections. The toll roads also provide access to the Dell headquarters and its considerable number of employees. Together, both toll roads significantly improve mobility in Round Rock in a positive manner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847779273986816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Round Rock also has a number of higher education opportunities. In 1990, the city, under the leadership of then-City Manager Bob Bennett, planning director Joe Vining, and local citizen Mike Swayze envisioned and oversaw creation of the Texas State University Round Rock Campus (a/k/a Round Rock Higher Education Center - \"RRHEC\"). The concept was envisioned as a way to lure colleges and universities to jointly provide education, training and degree opportunities on a part-time and full-time bases. The RRC used various empty facilities around town and many of the initial training programs were targeted to help educate students for work at local companies, such as Dell, which had specialized needs. In 2008, an educational campus and the first RRC building—the Avery Building—was opened through the combined efforts of Texas State University, Austin Community College, and Temple College in order to provide a broader range of educational opportunities, specialized training, and varying degree programs including post graduate degrees. The campus is in the heart of the emerging Avery Center development which houses Seton Williamson, the A&M Health Science Center and other medical campuses. By the end of 2009 1,700 students were enrolled in the programs. Texas State University has taken on the lead role in this effort and 100 acres of land for the facility and additional buildings was donated by the Avery family of Round Rock, whose family were early settlers on the land surrounding the RRHEC. Construction on the second Texas State campus building is underway and construction is nearly complete on this additional classroom building. (See also Texas State University Round Rock Campus)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.865605354309082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "*A majority of the 2002 Disney film, The Rookie, which starred Dennis Quaid and Rachel Griffiths, was shot at and around the minor league-baseball stadium in Round Rock known as Dell Diamond. It is inspired by the true story of Jim Morris who had a brief but famous Major League Baseball career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409109115600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Round Rock, Texas" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988. Walker retired in 1990 due to health, and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson, former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.478495597839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 1993, to complement its own direct sales channel, Dell planned to sell PCs at big-box retail outlets such as Wal-Mart, which would have brought in an additional $125 million in annual revenue. Bain consultant Kevin Rollins persuaded Michael Dell to pull out of these deals, believing they would be money losers in the long run. Margins at retail were thin at best and Dell left the reseller channel in 1994. Rollins would soon join Dell full-time and eventually become the company President and CEO.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99962329864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2002, Dell expanded its product line to include televisions, handhelds, digital audio players, and printers. Chairman and CEO Michael Dell had repeatedly blocked President and COO Kevin Rollins's attempt to lessen the company's heavy dependency on PCs, which Rollins wanted to fix by acquiring EMC Corporation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.755945205688477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2003, the company was rebranded as simply \"Dell Inc.\" to recognize the company's expansion beyond computers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780323028564453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2004, Michael Dell resigned as CEO while retaining the position of Chairman, handing the CEO title to Kevin Rollins, who had been President and COO since 2001. Despite no longer holding the CEO title, Dell essentially acted as a de facto co-CEO with Rollins.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40145492553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Under Rollins, Dell began to loosen its ties to Microsoft and Intel, the two companies responsible for Dell's dominance in the PC business. During that time, Dell acquired Alienware, which introduced several new items to Dell products, including AMD microprocessors. To prevent cross-market products, Dell continues to run Alienware as a separate entity, but still a wholly owned subsidiary.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.122159004211426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's reputation for poor customer service, since 2002, which was exacerbated as it moved call centres offshore and as its growth outstripped its technical support infrastructure, came under increasing scrutiny on the Web. The original Dell model was known for high customer satisfaction when PCs sold for thousands but by the 2000s, the company could not justify that level of service when computers in the same lineup sold for hundreds. Rollins responded by shifting Dick Hunter from head of manufacturing to head of customer service. Hunter, who noted that Dell's DNA of cost-cutting \"got in the way,\" aimed to reduce call transfer times and have call center representatives resolve inquiries in one call. By 2006, Dell had spent $100 million in just a few months to improve on this, and rolled out DellConnect to answer customer inquiries more quickly. In July 2006, the company started its Direct2Dell blog, and then in February 2007, Michael Dell launched IdeaStorm.com, asking customers for advice including selling Linux computers and reducing the promotional \"bloatware\" on PCs. These initiatives did manage to cut the negative blog posts from 49% to 22%, as well as reduce the \"Dell Hell\" prominent on Internet search engines. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.400263786315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "There was also criticism that Dell used faulty components for its PCs, particularly the 11.8 million OptiPlex desktop computers sold to businesses and governments from May 2003 to July 2005, that suffered from bad capacitors made by a company called Nichicon. A battery recall in August 2006, as a result of a Dell laptop catching fire caused much negative attention for the company though later, Sony was found responsible for the faulty batteries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.91025161743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "After four out of five quarterly earnings reports were below expectations, Rollins resigned as President and CEO on January 31, 2007 and founder Michael Dell assumed the role of CEO again. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759430885314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell 2.0 and downsizing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803327560424805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell announced a change campaign called \"Dell 2.0,\" reducing the number of employees and diversifying the company's products. While chairman of the board after relinquishing his CEO position, Michael Dell still had significant input in the company during Rollins' years as CEO. With the return of Michael Dell as CEO, the company saw immediate changes in operations, the exodus of many senior vice-presidents and new personnel brought in from outside the company. Michael Dell announced a number of initiatives and plans (part of the \"Dell 2.0\" initiative) to improve the company's financial performance. These include elimination of 2006 bonuses for employees with some discretionary awards, reduction in the number of managers reporting directly to Michael Dell from 20 to 12, and reduction of \"bureaucracy\". Jim Schneider retired as CFO and was replaced by Donald Carty, as the company came under an SEC probe for its accounting practices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772994041442871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On April 23, 2008, Dell announced the closure of one of its biggest Canadian call-centers in Kanata, Ontario, terminating approximately 1100 employees, with 500 of those redundancies effective on the spot, and with the official closure of the center scheduled for the summer. The call-center had opened in 2006 after the city of Ottawa won a bid to host it. Less than a year later, Dell planned to double its workforce to nearly 3,000 workers add a new building. These plans were reversed, due to a high Canadian dollar that made the Ottawa staff relatively expensive, and also as part of Dell's turnaround, which involved moving these call-center jobs offshore to cut costs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25156021118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The company had also announced the shutdown of its Edmonton, Alberta office, losing 900 jobs. In total, Dell announced the ending of about 8,800 jobs in 2007–2008 — 10% of its workforce. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2617826461792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.680447578430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell has been attempting to offset its declining PC business, which still accounted for half of its revenue and generates steady cash flow, by expanding into the enterprise market with servers, networking, software, and services. It avoided many of the acquisition writedowns and management turnover that plagued its chief rival Hewlett Packard. Dell also managed some success in taking advantage of its high-touch direct sales heritage to establish close relationships and design solutions for clients. Despite spending $13 billion on acquisitions to diversify its portfolio beyond hardware, the company was unable to convince the market that it could thrive or made the transformation in the post-PC world, as it suffered continued declines in revenue and share price. Dell's market share in the corporate segment was previously a \"moat\" against rivals but this has no longer been the case as sales and profits have fallen precipitously. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.360371589660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "After several weeks of rumors, which started around January 11, 2013, Dell announced on February 5, 2013 that it had struck a $24.4 billion leveraged buyout deal, that would have delisted its shares from the NASDAQ and Hong Kong Stock Exchange and taken it private. Reuters reported that Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners, aided by a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, would acquire the public shares at $13.65 apiece. The $24.4 billion buyout was projected to be the largest leveraged buyout backed by private equity since the 2007 financial crisis. It is also the largest technology buyout ever, surpassing the 2006 buyout of Freescale Semiconductor for $17.5 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.017181396484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The founder of Dell, Michael Dell, said of the February offer \"I believe this transaction will open an exciting new chapter for Dell, our customers and team members\". Dell rival Lenovo reacted to the buyout, saying \"the financial actions of some of our traditional competitors will not substantially change our outlook\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817978858947754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In March 2013, the Blackstone Group and Carl Icahn expressed interest in purchasing Dell. In April 2013, Blackstone withdrew their offer, citing deteriorating business. Other private equity firms such as KKR & Co. and TPG Capital declined to submit alternative bids for Dell, citing the uncertain market for personal computers and competitive pressures, so the \"wide-open bidding war\" never materialized. Analysts said that the biggest challenge facing Silver Lake would be to find an “exit strategy” to profit from its investment, which would be when the company would hold an IPO to go public again, and one warned “But even if you can get a $25bn enterprise value for Dell, it will take years to get out.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.559800148010254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In May 2013, Dell joined his board in voting for his offer. The following August he reached a deal with the special committee on the board for $13.88 (a raised price of $13.75 plus a special dividend of 13 cents per share), as well as a change to the voting rules. The $13.88 cash offer (plus a $.08 per share dividend for the third fiscal quarter) was accepted on September 12 and closed on October 30, 2013, ending Dell's 25-year run as a publicly traded company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.166318893432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "After the buyout the newly private Dell offered a Voluntary Separation Programme that they expected to reduce their workforce by up to seven percent. The reception to the program so exceeded the expectations that Dell may be forced to hire new staff to make up for the losses. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.397546768188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On November 19, 2015, Dell, alongside ARM Holdings, Cisco Systems, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog Consortium, to promote interests and development in fog computing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.452044486999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On October 12, 2015, Dell announced its intent to acquire the enterprise software and storage company EMC Corporation. At $67 billion, it has been labeled the \"highest-valued tech acquisition in history\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.259430885314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual \"Federation\" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core \"EMC II\" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.44876480102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The combined business is expected to address the markets for scale-out architecture, converged infrastructure and private cloud computing, playing to the strengths of both EMC and Dell. Commentators have questioned the deal, with FBR Capital Markets saying that though it makes a \"ton of sense\" for Dell, it's a \"nightmare scenario that would lack strategic synergies\" for EMC. Fortune said there was a lot for Dell to like in EMC's portfolio, but \"does it all add up enough to justify tens of billions of dollars for the entire package? Probably not.\" The Register reported the view of William Blair & Company that the merger would \"blow up the current IT chess board\", forcing other IT infrastructure vendors to restructure to achieve scale and vertical integration. The value of VMware stock fell 10% after the announcement, valuing the deal at around $63–64bn rather than the $67bn originally reported.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848946571350098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Key investors backing the deal besides Dell are Singapore's Temasek Holdings and Silver Lake Partners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365978240966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's offer will remain open for 60 days during which EMC can seek other possible buyers, but this is believed to be unlikely: Hewlett-Packard (potentially a better fit for EMC) is preoccupied with its own split, and the deal has been welcomed by Elliott Management and EMC's chairman Joe Tucci.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.253545761108398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell facilities", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.410087585449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "By 1996, Dell was moving its headquarters to Round Rock. As of January 1996 3,500 people still worked at the current Dell headquarters. One building of the Round Rock headquarters, Round Rock 3, had space for 6,400 employees and was scheduled to be completed in November 1996. In 1998 Dell announced that it was going to add two buildings to its Round Rock complex, adding 1600000 sqft of office space to the complex. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.35897445678711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2000, Dell announced that it would lease 80000 sqft of space in the Las Cimas office complex in unincorporated Travis County, Texas, between Austin and West Lake Hills, to house the company's executive offices and corporate headquarters. 100 senior executives were scheduled to work in the building by the end of 2000. In January 2001, the company leased the space in Las Cimas 2, located along Loop 360. Las Cimas 2 housed Dell's executives, the investment operations, and some corporate functions. Dell also had an option for 138000 sqft of space in Las Cimas 3. After a slowdown in business required reducing employees and production capacity, Dell decided to sublease its offices in two buildings in the Las Cimas office complex. In 2002 Dell announced that it planned to sublease its space to another tenant; the company planned to move its headquarters back to Round Rock once a tenant was secured. By 2003, Dell moved its headquarters back to Round Rock. It leased all of Las Cimas I and II, with a total of 312000 sqft, for about a seven-year period after 2003. By that year roughly 100000 sqft of that space was absorbed by new subtenants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.453989028930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2008, Dell switched the power sources of the Round Rock headquarters to more environmentally friendly ones, with 60% of the total power coming from TXU Energy wind farms and 40% coming from the Austin Community Landfill gas-to-energy plant operated by Waste Management, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.907861709594727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell facilities in the United States are located in Austin, Texas; Plano, Texas; Nashua, New Hampshire; Nashville, Tennessee; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Peoria, Illinois; Hillsboro, Oregon (Portland area); Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Eden Prairie, Minnesota (Dell Compellent); Bowling Green, Kentucky; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Miami, Florida. Facilities located abroad include Penang, Malaysia; Xiamen, China; Bracknell, UK; Manila, Philippines Chennai, India; Hyderabad, India; Noida, India; Hortolandia and Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bratislava, Slovakia; Łódź, Poland; Panama City, Panama; Dublin and Limerick, Ireland; and Casablanca, Morocco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.790346145629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The US and India are the only countries that have all Dell's business functions and provide support globally: research and development, manufacturing, finance, analysis, and customer care. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.822668075561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "To minimize the delay between purchase and delivery, Dell has a general policy of manufacturing its products close to its customers. This also allows for implementing a just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing approach, which minimizes inventory costs. Low inventory is another signature of the Dell business model—a critical consideration in an industry where components depreciate very rapidly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206147193908691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's manufacturing process covers assembly, software installation, functional testing (including \"burn-in\"), and quality control. Throughout most of the company's history, Dell manufactured desktop machines in-house and contracted out manufacturing of base notebooks for configuration in-house. The company's approach has changed, as cited in the 2006 Annual Report, which states, \"We are continuing to expand our use of original design manufacturing partnerships and manufacturing outsourcing relationships.\" The Wall Street Journal reported in September 2008 that \"Dell has approached contract computer manufacturers with offers to sell\" their plants. By the late 2000s, Dell's \"configure to order\" approach of manufacturing—delivering individual PCs configured to customer specifications from its US facilities was no longer as efficient or competitive with high-volume Asian contract manufacturers as PCs became powerful low-cost commodities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.766098022460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell assembled computers for the EMEA market at the Limerick facility in the Republic of Ireland, and once employed about 4,500 people in that country. Dell began manufacturing in Limerick in 1991 and went on to become Ireland's largest exporter of goods and its second-largest company and foreign investor. On January 8, 2009, Dell announced that it would move all Dell manufacturing in Limerick to Dell's new plant in the Polish city of Łódź by January 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.031861305236816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "European Union officials said they would investigate a €52.7million aid package the Polish government used to attract Dell away from Ireland. European Manufacturing Facility 1 (EMF1, opened in 1990) and EMF3 form part of the Raheen Industrial Estate near Limerick. EMF2 (previously a Wang facility, later occupied by Flextronics, situated in Castletroy) closed in 2002, and Dell Inc. has consolidated production into EMF3 (EMF1 now contains only offices). Subsidies from the Polish government did keep Dell for a long time. After ending assembly in the Limerick plant the Cherrywood Technology Campus in Dublin was the largest Dell office in the republic with over 1200 people in sales (mainly UK & Ireland), support (enterprise support for EMEA) and research and development for cloud computing, but no more manufacturing except Dell's Alienware subsidiary, which manufactures PCs in an Athlone, Ireland plant. Whether this facility will remain in Ireland is not certain. Construction of EMF4 in Łódź, Poland has : Dell started production there in autumn 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62546443939209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell opened plants in Penang, Malaysia in 1995, and in Xiamen, China in 1999. These facilities serve the Asian market and assemble 95% of Dell notebooks. Dell Inc. has invested an estimated $60 million in a new manufacturing unit in Chennai, India, to support the sales of its products in the Indian subcontinent. Indian-made products bear the \"Made in India\" mark. In 2007 the Chennai facility had the target of producing 400,000 desktop PCs, and plans envisaged it starting to produce notebook PCs and other products in the second half of 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638461112976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell moved desktop and PowerEdge server manufacturing for the South American market from the Eldorado do Sul plant opened in 1999, to a new plant in Hortolandia, Brazil in 2007. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679180145263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "* Dell Compellent (storage area networks)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2720947265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell.com", "passage": "* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130123095422/http://content.dell.com/us/en/healthcare/healthcare-electronic-medical-records.aspx Dell EMR] (electronic medical records)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34875774383545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's Home Office/Consumer class emphasizes value, performance, and expandability. These brands include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.255620002746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's Peripherals class includes USB keydrives, LCD televisions, and printers; Dell monitors includes LCD TVs, plasma TVs and projectors for HDTV and monitors. Dell UltraSharp is further a high-end brand of monitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250442504882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell service and support brands include the Dell Solution Station (extended domestic support services, previously \"Dell on Call\"), Dell Support Center (extended support services abroad), Dell Business Support (a commercial service-contract that provides an industry-certified technician with a lower call-volume than in normal queues), Dell Everdream Desktop Management (\"Software as a Service\" remote-desktop management, originally a SaaS company founded by Elon Musk's cousin, Lyndon Rive, which Dell bought in 2007 ), and Your Tech Team (a support-queue available to home users who purchased their systems either through Dell's website or through Dell phone-centers).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.402637481689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Discontinued products and brands include Axim (PDA; discontinued April 9, 2007), Dimension (home and small office desktop computers; discontinued July 2007), Dell Digital Jukebox (MP3 player; discontinued August 2006), Dell PowerApp (application-based servers), and Dell Optiplex (desktop and tower computers previously supported to run server and desktop operating systems).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.176766395568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell routes technical support queries on products for the professional market according to component-type and to the level of support purchased: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468111991882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "# Dell ProSupport provides 24x7x365 telephone and online support, a selection of 4 or 6-hour onsite support after telephone-based troubleshooting, and a Mission Critical option with two-hour onsite support, for customers who choose the highest level of support for their most critical hardware assets. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29275131225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In addition, the company provides protection services, advisory services, multivendor hardware support, \"how-to\" support for software applications, collaborative support with many third-party vendors, and online parts and labor dispatching for customers who diagnose and troubleshoot their hardware. Dell also provides Dell ProSupport customers access to a crisis-center to handle major outages, or problems caused by natural disasters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19748306274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell also provide on-line support by using the computer's service-tag that provides full list of the hardware elements installed originally, purchase date and provides the latest upgrades for the original hardware drivers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739002227783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's Consumer division has 24x7 phone based and online troubleshooting in the United States and Canada. In 2008, Dell redesigned services-and-support for businesses with \"Dell ProSupport\", offering customers more options to adapt services to fit their needs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.727002143859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell Computer", "passage": "In November 2015 it emerged that several Dell computers had shipped with an identical pre-installed root certificate known as \"eDellRoot\". This raised such security risks as attackers impersonating HTTPS-protected websites such as Google and Bank of America and malware being signed with the certificate to bypass Microsoft software filtering. Dell apologised and offered a removal tool.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150140762329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell Foundation Services", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345871925354004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Service tag", "passage": "Also in November 2015, a researcher discovered that customers with diagnostic program Dell Foundation Services could be digitally tracked using the unique service tag number assigned to them by the program. This was possible even if a customer enabled private browsing and deleted their browser cookies. Ars Technica recommended that Dell customers uninstall the program until the issue was addressed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229684829711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The board consists of nine directors. Michael Dell, the founder of the company, serves as chairman of the board and chief executive officer. Other board members include Don Carty, Judy Lewent, Klaus Luft, Alex Mandl, and Sam Nunn. Shareholders elect the nine board members at meetings, and those board members who do not get a majority of votes must submit a resignation to the board, which will subsequently choose whether or not to accept the resignation. The board of directors usually sets up five committees having oversight over specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues, including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposed mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters (including nomination of the board); and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.796693801879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Day-to-day operations of the company are run by the Global Executive Management Committee, which sets strategic direction. Dell has regional senior vice-presidents for countries other than the United States, including David Marmonti for EMEA and Stephen J. Felice for Asia/Japan. , other officers included Martin Garvin (senior vice president for worldwide procurement) and Susan Sheskey (vice president and Chief Information Officer). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059261322021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821672439575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "A popular United States television and print ad campaign in the early 2000s featured the actor Ben Curtis playing the part of \"Steven\", a lightly mischievous blond-haired youth who came to the assistance of bereft computer purchasers. Each television advertisement usually ended with Steven's catch-phrase: \"Dude, you're gettin' a Dell!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.514036178588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "A subsequent advertising campaign featured interns at Dell headquarters (with Curtis' character appearing in a small cameo at the end of one of the first commercials in this particular campaign).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351698875427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2007, Dell switched advertising agencies in the US from BBDO to Working Mother Media. In July 2007, Dell released new advertising created by Working Mother to support the Inspiron and XPS lines. The ads featured music from the Flaming Lips and Devo who re-formed especially to record the song in the ad \"Work it Out\". Also in 2007, Dell began using the slogan \"Yours is here\" to say that it customizes computers to fit customers' requirements. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4178466796875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Beginning in 2011, Dell began hosting a conference in Austin, Texas at the Austin Convention Center titled \"Dell World\". The event featured new technology and services provided by Dell and Dell's partners. In 2011, the event was held October 12–14. In 2012, the event was held December 11–13. In 2013, the event was held December 11–13. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651100158691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell partner program", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.390231132507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In late 2007, Dell Inc. announced that it planned to expand its program to value-added resellers (VARs), giving it the official name of \"Dell Partner Direct\" and a new Website. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.190991401672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell India has started Online Ecommerce website with its Dell Partner www.compuindia.com GNG Electronics Pvt Ltd termed as Dell Express Ship Affiliate(DESA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.35135555267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The main objective was to reduce the delivery time. Customers who visit Dell India official site are given option to buy online which then will be redirected to Dell affiliate website compuindia.com.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.276626586914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell also operate a captive analytics division which supports pricing, web analytics and supply chain operations. DGA operates as a single, centralized entity with a global view of Dell’s business activities. The firm supports over 500 internal customers worldwide and has created a quantified impact of over $500 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01736068725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2008, Dell received press coverage over its claim of having the world's most secure laptops, specifically, its Latitude D630 and Latitude D830. At Lenovo's request, the (U.S.) National Advertising Division (NAD) evaluated the claim, and reported that Dell did not have enough evidence to support it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.016013145446777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell first opened their retail stores in India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16150951385498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In the early 1990s, Dell sold its products through Best Buy, Costco and Sam's Club stores in the United States. Dell stopped this practice in 1994, citing low profit-margins on the business, exclusively distributing through a direct-sales model for the next decade. In 2003, Dell briefly sold products in Sears stores in the U.S. In 2007, Dell started shipping its products to major retailers in the U.S. once again, starting with Sam's Club and Wal-Mart. Staples, the largest office-supply retailer in the U.S., and Best Buy, the largest electronics retailer in the U.S., became Dell retail partners later that same year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.13700008392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Starting in 2002, Dell opened kiosk locations in the United States to allow customers to examine products before buying them directly from the company. Starting in 2005, Dell expanded kiosk locations to include shopping malls across Australia, Canada, Singapore and Hong Kong. On January 30, 2008, Dell announced it would shut down all 140 kiosks in the U.S. due to expansion into retail stores. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05624771118164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "By June 3, 2010, Dell had also shut down all of its mall kiosks in Australia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.09457778930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2006, Dell Inc. opened one full store, 3000 sqft in area, at NorthPark Center in Dallas, Texas. It operates the retail outlet seven days a week to display about 36 models, including PCs and televisions. As at the kiosks, customers can only see demonstration-computers and place orders through agents. Dell then delivers purchased items just as if the customer had placed the order by phone or over the Internet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.094951629638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In addition to showcasing products, the stores also support on-site warranties and non-warranty service (\"Dell Solution Station\"). Services offered include repairing computer video-cards and removing spyware from hard drives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035750389099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On February 14, 2008, Dell closed the Service Center in its Dallas NorthPark store and laid off all the technical staff there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.178542137145996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": ", Dell products shipped to one of the largest office-supply retailers in Canada, Staples Business Depot. In April 2008, Future Shop and Best Buy began carrying a subset of Dell products, such as certain desktops, laptops, printers, and monitors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.549089431762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Since some shoppers in certain markets show reluctance to purchase technological products through the phone or the Internet, Dell has looked into opening retail operations in some countries in Central Europe and Russia. In April 2007, Dell opened a retail store in Budapest. In October of the same year, Dell opened a retail store in Moscow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.170546531677246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In May 2008, Dell reached an agreement with office supply chain, Officeworks (part of Coles Group), to stock a few modified models in the Inspiron desktop and notebook range. These models have slightly different model numbers, but almost replicate the ones available from the Dell Store. Dell continued its retail push in the Australian market with its partnership with Harris Technology (another part of Coles Group) in November of the same year. In addition, Dell expanded its retail distributions in Australia through an agreement with discount electrical retailer, The Good Guys, known for \"Slashing Prices\". Dell agreed to distribute a variety of makes of both desktops and notebooks, including Studio and XPS systems in late 2008. Dell and Dick Smith Electronics (owned by Woolworths Limited) reached an agreement to expand within Dick Smith's 400 stores throughout Australia and New Zealand in May 2009 (1 year since Officeworks — owned by Coles Group — reached a deal). The retailer has agreed to distribute a variety of Inspiron and Studio notebooks, with minimal Studio desktops from the Dell range. , Dell continues to run and operate its various kiosks in 18 shopping centres throughout Australia. On March 31, 2010 Dell announced to Australian Kiosk employees that they were shutting down the Australian/New Zealand Dell kiosk program.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15967082977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In Germany, Dell is selling selected smartphones and notebooks via Media Markt and Saturn, as well as some shopping websites. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297146797180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell's major competitors include Hewlett-Packard (HP), Acer, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Gateway, Sony, Asus, Lenovo, IBM, MSI, Panasonic with its Toughbook series, Samsung and Apple. Dell and its subsidiary, Alienware, compete in the enthusiast market against AVADirect, Falcon Northwest, VoodooPC (a subsidiary of HP), and other manufacturers. In the second quarter of 2006, Dell had between 18% and 19% share of the worldwide personal computer market, compared to HP with roughly 15%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813600540161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": ", Dell lost its lead in the PC-business to Hewlett-Packard. Both Gartner and IDC estimated that in the third quarter of 2006, HP shipped more units worldwide than Dell did. Dell's 3.6% growth paled in comparison to HP's 15% growth during the same period. The problem got worse in the fourth quarter, when Gartner estimated that Dell PC shipments declined 8.9% (versus HP's 23.9% growth). As a result, at the end of 2006 Dell's overall PC market-share stood at 13.9% (versus HP's 17.4%).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.383979797363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "IDC reported that Dell lost more server market share than any of the top four competitors in that arena. IDC's Q4 2006 estimates show Dell's share of the server market at 8.1%, down from 9.5% in the previous year. This represents an 8.8% loss year-over-year, primarily to competitors EMC and IBM.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.173271179199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The Dell/EMC brand applies solely to products that result from Dell's partnership with EMC Corporation. In some cases, Dell and EMC jointly design such products. Other cases involve EMC products that Dell supports—generally midrange storage systems, such as fibre channel and iSCSI storage area networks. The relationship also promotes and sells OEM versions of backup, recovery, replication and archiving software. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218650817871094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On December 9, 2008, Dell and EMC announced the multi-year extension, through 2013, of their strategic partnership that began in 2001. In addition, Dell plans to expand its product line-up by adding the EMC Celerra NX4 storage system to the portfolio of Dell/EMC family of networked storage systems, as well as partnering on a new line of de-duplication products as part of its TierDisk family of data-storage devices. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.980724334716797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On October 17, 2011, Dell announced officially discontinued reselling all EMC storage products, ending a 10 year long partnership 2 years early. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941757202148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from its global activities by 40% by 2015, with 2008 fiscal year as the baseline year. It is listed in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, climate and energy and how green their products are. In November 2011, Dell ranked 2nd out of 15 listed electronics makers (increasing its score to 5.1 from 4.9, which it gained in the previous ranking from October 2010). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588324546813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866238594055176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell’s founder and CEO Michael Dell to ‘drop the toxics’ and claiming that Dell’s aspiration to be ‘the greenest technology company on the planet’ was ‘hypocritical’. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.748397827148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Dell the eighth highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209115028381348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell became the first company in the information technology industry to establish a product-recycling goal (in 2004) and completed the implementation of its global consumer recycling-program in 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.759883880615234, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On February 6, 2007, the National Recycling Coalition awarded Dell its \"Recycling Works\" award for efforts to promote producer responsibility. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933016777038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On July 19, 2007, Dell announced that it had exceeded targets in working to achieve a multi-year goal of recovering 275 million pounds of computer equipment by 2009. The company reported the recovery of 78 million pounds (nearly 40,000 tons) of IT equipment from customers in 2006, a 93-percent increase over 2005; and 12.4% of the equipment Dell sold seven years earlier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35633659362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On June 5, 2007, Dell set a goal of becoming the greenest technology company on Earth for the long term. The company launched a zero-carbon initiative that includes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122347831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "# reducing Dell's carbon intensity by 15 percent by 2012", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069404602050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "The company introduced the term \"The Re-Generation\" during a round table in London commemorating 2007 World Environment Day. \"The Re-Generation\" refers to people of all ages throughout the world who want to make a difference in improving the world's environment. Dell also talked about plans to take the lead in setting an environmental standard for the technology industry and maintaining that leadership in the future.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.724661827087402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Dell reports its environmental performance in an annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Report that follows the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) protocol. Dell's 2008 CSR report ranked as \"Application Level B\" as \"checked by GRI\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39645004272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In the 1990s, Dell switched from using primarily ATX motherboards and PSU to using boards and power supplies with mechanically identical but differently wired connectors. This meant customers wishing to upgrade their hardware would have to replace parts with scarce Dell-compatible parts instead of commonly available parts. While motherboard power connections reverted to the industry standard in 2003, Dell continues to remain secretive about their motherboard pin-outs for peripherals (such as MMC readers and power on/off switches and LEDs). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.129077911376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2005, complaints about Dell more than doubled to 1,533, after earnings grew 52% that year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135810852050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45806884765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: \"We're spending more than a $100 million — and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people — to fix this.\" Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3123140335083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On August 17, 2007, Dell Inc. announced that after an internal investigation into its accounting practices it would restate and reduce earnings from 2003 through to the first quarter of 2007 by a total amount of between $50 million and $150 million, or 2 cents to 7 cents per share. The investigation, begun in November 2006, resulted from concerns raised by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission over some documents and information that Dell Inc. had submitted. It was alleged that Dell had not disclosed large exclusivity payments received from Intel for agreeing not to buy processors from rival manufacturer AMD. In 2010 Dell finally paid $100 million to settle the SEC's charges of fraud. Michael Dell and other executives also paid penalties and suffered other sanctions, without admitting or denying the charges. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.51594066619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In July 2009, Dell apologized after drawing the ire of the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission for twice refusing to honour a flood of orders against unusually low prices offered on its Taiwanese website. In the first instance, Dell offered a 19\" LCD panel for $15. In the second instance, Dell offered its Latitude E4300 notebook at NT$18,558 (US$580), 70% lower than usual price of NT$60,900 (US$1900). Concerning the E4300, rather than honour the discount taking a significant loss, the firm withdrew orders and offered a voucher of up to NT$20,000 (US$625) a customer in compensation. The consumer rights authorities in Taiwan fined Dell NT$1 million (US$31250) for customer rights infringements. Many consumers sued the firm for the unfair compensation. A court in southern Taiwan ordered the firm to deliver 18 laptops and 76 flat-panel monitors to 31 consumers for NT$490,000 (US$15,120), less than a third of the normal price. The court said the event could hardly be regarded as mistakes, as the prestigious firm said the company mispriced its products twice in Taiwanese website within 3 weeks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534599304199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "After Michael Dell made a $24.4 billion buyout bid in August 2013, activist shareholder Carl Icahn sued the company and its board in an attempt to derail the bid and promote his own forthcoming offer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.824617385864258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dell" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "Hewlett-Packard company events included the spin-off of its electronic and bio-analytical measurement instruments part of its business as Agilent Technologies in 1999, its merger with Compaq in 2002, and the acquisition of EDS in 2008, which led to combined revenues of $118.4 billion in 2008 and a Fortune 500 ranking of 9 in 2009. In November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12, 2010. On April 28, 2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, Inc. for $1.2 billion. On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion), which Dell declined to match. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.794004440307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hewlett-Packard" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On November 11, 2009, 3Com and Hewlett-Packard announced that Hewlett-Packard would be acquiring 3Com for $2.7 billion in cash. The acquisition is one of the biggest in size among a series of takeovers and acquisitions by technology giants to push their way to become one-stop shops. Since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, tech giants have constantly felt the pressure to expand beyond their current market niches. Dell purchased Perot Systems recently to invade into the technology consulting business area previously dominated by IBM. Hewlett-Packard's latest move marked its incursion into enterprise networking gear market dominated by Cisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.716286659240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hewlett-Packard" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "On April 28, 2010, Palm, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard announced that HP would buy Palm for $1.2 billion in cash and debt. Before this announcement, it was rumored that either HTC, Dell, Research in Motion or HP would buy Palm. Adding Palm handsets to the HP product line created some overlap with the iPAQ series of mobile devices but was thought to significantly improve HP's mobile presence as iPAQdevices had not been selling well. Buying Palm gave HP a library of valuable patents, as well as the mobile operating platform known as webOS. On July 1, 2010, the acquisition of Palm was final. The purchase of Palm's webOS began a big gamble – to build HP's own ecosystem.Cliff Edwards and Aaron Ricadela, businessweek. \"[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11_27/b4235040584134.htm HP's Plan to Make TouchPad a Hit].\" June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011. On July 1, 2011, HP launched its first tablet named HP TouchPad, bringing webOS to tablet devices. On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion) which Dell declined to match. After HP's acquisition of Palm, it phased out the Compaq brand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.037928581237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hewlett-Packard" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "HP's global operations are directed from its headquarters in Palo Alto, California, USA. Its U.S. operations are directed from its facility in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, near Houston. Its Latin America offices are in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S., near Miami; from 2012 to 2015 it also had offices in Medellín, Colombia. Its Europe offices are in Meyrin, Switzerland, near Geneva, but it has also a research center in the Paris-Saclay cluster, 20 km in the south of Paris, France. Its Asia-Pacific offices are in Singapore. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823641777038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hewlett-Packard" }, { "answer": "Dell", "passage": "In November 2007, Hewlett-Packard released a BIOS update covering a wide range of laptops with the intent to speed up the computer fan as well as have it run constantly, whether the computer was on or off. The reason was to prevent the overheating of defective NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs) that had been shipped to many of the original equipment manufacturers, including Hewlett-Packard, Dell, and Apple. The defect concerned the new packaging material used by NVIDIA from 2007 onwards in joining the graphics chip onto the motherboard, which did not perform well under thermal cycling and was prone to develop stress cracks – effectively severing the connection between the GPU and the motherboard, leading to a blank screen. In July 2008, HP issued an extension to the initial one-year warranty to replace the motherboards of selected models. However this option was not extended to all models with the defective NVIDIA chipsets despite research showing that these computers were also affected by the fault. Furthermore, the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free 'repair'. Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett-Packard's \"multi-million dollar cover up\" of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com, which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers. There have been several small-claims lawsuits filed in several states, as well as suits filed in other countries. Hewlett-Packard also faced a class-action lawsuit in 2009 over its i7 processor computers. The complainants stated that their systems locked up within 30 minutes of powering on, consistently. Even after being replaced with newer i7 systems, the lockups continued. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.481395721435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hewlett-Packard" } ]

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[ { "answer": "White", "passage": "The flag of the United States of America, often referred to as the American flag, is the national flag of the United States of America. It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the \"union\") bearing fifty small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America, and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and became the first states in the US. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner.", "precise_score": 7.598526477813721, "rough_score": 6.812711715698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: \"Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\" Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment. ", "precise_score": 4.269796848297119, "rough_score": 3.71433162689209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912. A different flag was in use, based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.", "precise_score": 2.2192723751068115, "rough_score": 3.383631706237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Since their first unofficial game against Canada, the most common U.S. uniform has been white tops with blue shorts. In 1950, the U.S. adopted a Peru-styled diagonal stripe or \"sash\" across the shirt. The stripe has been on third kits for 2003, 2004, and 2006, as well as the 2010 home, away and third kits. An additional color scheme based on the U.S. flag has been occasionally used (most prominently in the 1994 World Cup and 2012-13 qualifiers as well the 1983 Team America franchise of the North American Soccer League) comprising a shirt with red and white stripes with blue shorts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3309422731399536, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States men's national soccer team" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with \"stars, white in a blue field\" for another year. The flag contemporaneously known as \"the Continental Colors\" has historically been referred to as the first national flag.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3163793087005615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence—likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes—and would use this flag until 1777, when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.556971549987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era, and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the Company flag inspired the design. Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign, one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time. However, an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes, and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271387577056885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix. Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.192903995513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa. The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial. One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the so-called Betsy Ross flag. This flag, however, is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation's birthday. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5439496040344238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different flags. Most were individually crafted rather than mass-produced. While there are many examples of 13-star arrangements, some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, in a letter dated October 3, 1778, to the King of the Two Sicilies, described the American flag as consisting of \"13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next the flag staff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation.\" John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The Serapis flag had three rows of eight-pointed stars with stripes that were red, white, and blue. The flag for the Alliance, however, had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges. Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6140738129615784, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey, a naval flag designer, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee. Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime, when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780. In this letter, he asked for a \"Quarter Cask of the Public Wine\" as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the Great Seal of the United States, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the \"great Naval Flag of the United States\" in the first bill; the \"Naval Flag of the United States\" in the second bill; and \"the Naval Flag of the States\" in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed, that is, a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson's flag for the United States had seven white stripes, and six red ones – in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background. Hopkinson's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes; whereas, his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones. Hopkinson's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag. Remnants of Hopkinson's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President's seal. When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today's Secretary of the Navy. The payment was not made, however, because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress. This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776. Furthermore, a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10, 1779, documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army's use in battle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.605443477630615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition. Specifically, the colors are \"White\", \"Old Glory Red\", and \"Old Glory Blue\". The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946. These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing. The \"relative\" coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's \"white\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7970499992370605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931, though in a small monochrome depiction. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, Scott catalog number 1094. Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4174251556396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* The White House, Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865884780883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "* The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance, showing the ex-American-slave origin of the country. The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes, which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence, as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton. The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resemble the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded, colonized, established, and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live, with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7, 1822.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.842160701751709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Flag of the United States" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "King Tut", "Tutanhamon", "Tutankamun", "Tutankhamen", "Nebkheprure", "Tut-Anj-Amon", "King Tutankhamun", "Tutankhaten", "Tutankamen", "King tut", "Tutankhaumen", "Tutenkhamun", "King Tut's Death", "Tut-ankh-amun", "Tutankhamen's Death Mask", "Tutankamon", "Kingtut", "Tutenkamen", "Living Image of Amun", "Tutankhamum", "Tutankhamun", "Come on, Tutan", "Tuthankamun", "Tut Anj Amon", "Tutankhaton", "King Tutankhamen", "Pharaoh Tutankhamun", "The Boy King", "Living Image of Aten", "Tutankhamon", "Tuthankamen", "Nebkheperure Tutankhamun", "Tutenkhamen", "Nebkheperure", "Tutankhanum" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "tutanhamon", "tutenkhamen", "tutenkamen", "living image of aten", "king tut s death", "tuthankamen", "tutankamon", "nebkheperure tutankhamun", "tutankamun", "tut anj amon", "king tut", "tutankhanum", "tutankamen", "tutankhamen", "pharaoh tutankhamun", "tutankhamum", "kingtut", "boy king", "tuthankamun", "tutankhamen s death mask", "tutankhaton", "tutankhaumen", "tutankhaten", "nebkheperure", "tutankhamun", "come on tutan", "living image of amun", "tut ankh amun", "nebkheprure", "king tutankhamun", "tutenkhamun", "tutankhamon", "king tutankhamen" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "king tut", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "King Tut" }

[ { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 - 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist who became world famous after discovering the intact tomb of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh, Tutankhamun (colloquially known as \"King Tut\" and \"the boy king\") in November 1922.", "precise_score": 4.268618106842041, "rough_score": 5.868001461029053, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "On 4 November 1922, Howard Carter's excavation group found steps that Carter hoped led to Tutankhamun's tomb (subsequently designated KV62) (the tomb that would be considered the best preserved and most intact pharaonic tomb ever found in the Valley of the Kings).", "precise_score": 5.095539093017578, "rough_score": 6.583107948303223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The next several months were spent cataloging the contents of the antechamber under the \"often stressful\" supervision of Pierre Lacau, director general of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt. On 16 February 1923, Carter opened the sealed doorway, and found that it did indeed lead to a burial chamber, and he got his first glimpse of the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. All of these discoveries were eagerly covered by the world's press, but most of their representatives were kept in their hotels; only H. V. Morton was allowed on the scene, and his vivid descriptions helped to cement Carter's reputation with the British public.", "precise_score": -0.568639874458313, "rough_score": -2.4528985023498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "In addition to the many permanent exhibits, Pacific Science Center has offered a constant rotation of traveling exhibits, including notable exhibits such as \"China: 7,000 Years of Discovery\", \"Titanic: the Artifacts Exhibit\", \"Discovering the Dead Sea Scrolls\", \"Harry Potter The Exhibition\", \"Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination\", \"Design Zone\", \"Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs\", \"'Race' Are We So Different?\", and also \"Spy: The Secret World of Espionage,\" which opened at Pacific Science Center on March 29, 2014. The Science Center also hosted \"Pompeii: The Exhibition\", which had artifacts recovered from Pompeii, Italy. This exhibit ran from February 7th-May 25th, 2015.", "precise_score": 2.0812602043151855, "rough_score": 2.9889252185821533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pacific Science Center" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun, in both permanent and traveling displays, have appeared in museums across several countries, notably the Soviet Union, United States and the United Kingdom. The artifacts had sparked a furor of interest in ancient Egypt with their discovery in 1922, but most of them remained in the Cairo Museum until the 1960s, when they began to be exhibited abroad. Because of these exhibitions, relics from the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun are among the most travelled artifacts in the world. Probably the best-known exhibition tour was The Treasures of Tutankhamun tour, which ran from 1972 to 1981. Other exhibitions have included Tutankhamun Treasures in 1961 and 1967, Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter beginning in 2004, Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs beginning in 2005, and Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs in 2008. Standing exhibitions include the Tutankhamun Exhibition in Dorchester, England, that contains exact replicas of many of the artifacts.", "precise_score": 0.10368184745311737, "rough_score": -1.6208264827728271, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs displays actual items excavated from tombs of ancient Egyptian Pharaohs. From 130 authentic artifacts presented, 50 were found specifically during the excavations of Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition includes 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the Eighteenth dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts. Other items were taken from other royal graves of the 18th Dynasty (dating 1555 BCE to 1305 BCE) spanning Pharaohs Amenhotep II, Amenhotep III and Thutmose IV, among others. Items from the largely intact tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (King Tut's great-grandparents; the parents of Tiye who was the Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III) are also included. Yuya and Tjuyu's tomb was one of the most celebrated historical finds in the Valley of the Kings until Howard Carter's discovery in 1922. This exhibition does not include either the gold death mask that was a popular exhibit from The Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition, or the mummy itself. The Egyptian Government has determined that these artifacts are too fragile to withstand travel, and thus they will permanently remain in Egypt. The mummy of Tutankhamun is the only known mummy in the Valley Of The Kings to still lie in its original tomb, KV62.", "precise_score": 0.6077802777290344, "rough_score": -2.406771659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The Tutankhamun Exhibition in Dorchester, Dorset, England, is a permanent exhibition set up in 1986 by Michael Ridley as a re-creation of the tomb of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The exhibition does not display any of the actual treasures of Tutankhamun, but all artifacts are recreated to be exact facsimiles of the actual items. Original materials have been used where possible, including gold. The story line is based around the famous English archaeologist Howard Carter. The Exhibition reveals history from Carter's point of view as he entered the tomb in Valley of the Kings in November 1922.", "precise_score": 3.7132506370544434, "rough_score": 5.981174468994141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The Discovering Tutankhamun exhibition at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, is a temporary exhibition, open from July until November 2014, exploring Howard Carter’s excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922. Original records, drawings and photographs from the Griffith Institute are on display. The complete records of the ten year excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun were deposited in the Griffith Institute Archive at the University of Oxford shortly after Carter's death. A replica death mask is displayed along with replicas of other items from the tomb.", "precise_score": 5.110614776611328, "rough_score": 6.459170341491699, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun's tomb", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.615484237670898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "He died of Hodgkin's disease in Kensington, London, on 2 March 1939 at the age of 64. That the archaeologist died of natural causes and so long after the opening of the tomb, despite his being the leader of the expedition, is most commonly put forward by skeptics to refute the idea of a \"curse of the pharaohs\" plaguing whatever parties that might have \"violated\" Tutankhamun's tomb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.668936729431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Carter is now buried in Putney Vale Cemetery in London. His epitaph reads: \"May your spirit live, may you spend millions of years, you who love Thebes, sitting with your face to the north wind, your eyes beholding happiness\", a quotation taken from the Wishing Cup of Tutankhamun, and \"O night, spread thy wings over me as the imperishable stars\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.263716697692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "* In the Columbia Pictures Television film The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980), he is portrayed by Robin Ellis", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.700492858886719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "* In the made-for-TV film The Tutankhamun Conspiracy (2001), he is portrayed by Giles Watling", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110465049743652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*He is referenced in Sally Beauman's The Visitors, a novel re-creation of the hunt for Tutankhamun’s tomb in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.311881065368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*He is a key character in Christian Jacq's book The Tutankhamun Affair. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.216813087463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "*James Patterson and Martin Dugard's book The Murder of King Tut focuses on Carter's search for King Tut's tomb. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.981869697570801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The Finnish metal band Nightwish mentions Carter in the song \"Tutankhamun\" on its début album Angels Fall First: \"For Carter has come / To free my beloved\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.426376342773438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Howard Carter" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "All of the artifacts exhumed from the Tutankhamun tomb are, by international convention, considered property of the Egyptian government. Consequently, these pieces are normally kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo; the only way for them to be shown internationally is by approval of Egyptian authorities. Although journalists and government officials generally support the tours, some Egyptians argue that the artifacts should remain on display in their own country, where Egyptian school-children would have greater access to them, and where the museum's exhibit would attract foreign tourists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.439729690551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun Treasures (1961–67)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.164400100708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The first travelling exhibition of a substantial number of Tutankhamun artifacts took place from 1961 to 1966. The exhibition, titled Tutankhamun Treasures, initially featured 34 smaller pieces made of gold, alabaster, glass, and similar materials. The portions of the exhibition occurring in the United States were arranged by the Smithsonian Institution and organized by Dr. Froelich Rainey, Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, with the assistance of Dr. Sarwat Okasha, Minister of Culture and National Guidance of the United Arab Republic. The exhibit travelled to 18 cities in the United States and six in Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.354022026062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The French exhibit saw an attendance of 1,240,975 (It was titled Tutankhamun and His Time and had 45 pieces on display)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.525164604187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The Treasures of Tutankhamun (1972–1981)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.95144271850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The genesis of the Treasures of Tutankhamun exhibition reflected the changing dynamic of Middle-East relations. It was first shown in London at the British Museum from March 30 until December 30, 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors came to see the exhibition, some queuing for up to eight hours, and it was the most popular exhibition in the Museum's history. The exhibition moved on to other countries, including the USSR, United States, Canada, and West Germany. Egyptian cultural officials initially stalled prospects of an American tour, as Egypt was then more closely aligned with the Soviet Union, where fifty pieces had toured in 1973. However, relations thawed later that year when the U.S. interceded on Egypt's behalf to prevent the total destruction of Egypt's Third Army during a military conflict with Israel. U.S. president Richard Nixon thereafter visited Egypt, becoming the first American President to do so since the Second World War, and personally prevailed upon Egyptian president Anwar Sadat to permit the artifacts to tour the United States – with the U.S. tour including one more city than the Soviet tour had included, and several additional pieces. The showing was the largest of Tutankhamun's artifacts, with 53 pieces. The Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from November 17, 1976, through September 30, 1979. More than eight million attended. The Metropolitan's exhibition was designed to recreate for visitors the drama of the 1922 discovery of the treasure-filled tomb. Included along with original objects excavated from the tomb were reprints from glass plate negatives in the Metropolitan’s collection of the expedition photographer Harry Burton's photographs documenting the excavation's discoveries step by step. The Smithsonian described the exhibit as one of the initial \"blockbuster exhibits\" which sparked the museum community's interest in such exhibitions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.374678611755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs (2004-2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.611802101135254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamen", "passage": "Originally entitled Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter, this exhibition is made up of fifty artifacts from Tutenkhamun's tomb as well as seventy funerary goods from other 18th Dynasty tombs. The tour of the exhibition began in 2004 in Basel, Switzerland and went to Bonn, Germany on the second leg. The European tour was organized by the Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), and the Egyptian Museum in cooperation with the Antikenmuseum Basel and Sammlung Ludwig. Deutsche Telekom sponsored the Bonn exhibition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.138850688934326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs consists of the same items from the Germany and Switzerland tour but in a slightly different exhibition. Of the 50 artifacts from the Tutankhamun tomb fewer than ten were repeated from the 1970s exhibition. This exhibition began in 2005, and was directed by Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, together with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.191009521484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "The initial American leg of the Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs exhibition attracted estimated three million visitors, and was displayed in the following venues:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.614826202392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs was expected to draw more than three million people. The exhibition started in Los Angeles, California, then moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Chicago and Philadelphia. The exhibition then moved to London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. Subsequent events have propelled an encore of the exhibition in the United States, beginning with the Dallas Museum of Art in October 2008 which hosted the exhibition until May 2009. The tour continued to other U.S. cities. After Dallas the exhibition moved to the de Young Museum in San Francisco, to be followed by the Discovery Times Square Exposition in New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.343829154968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun: The Golden King and the Great Pharaohs (2008-2013)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527543067932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "King Tut", "passage": "This exhibition, featuring completely different artifacts to those in Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs, first ran at the Ethnological Museum in Vienna from March 9 to September 28, 2008 under the title Tutankhamun and the World of the Pharaohs. It featured a further 140 treasures from the Valley of the Kings including objects from the tomb of King Tut. The exhibition continued with the following itinerary:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.916502952575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Several exhibitions have been established which feature replicas of Tutankhamun artifacts, rather than real artifacts from archaeological sites. These provide access to pieces of comparable appearance to viewers living in places where the real artifacts have not circulated. The first replica exhibition, a copy of the entire tomb of Tutankhamun, was built only a few years after the discovery of the tomb. This replica was temporary, staged by Arthur Weigall for the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, in 1924. Modern replica exhibitions exist in Dorchester, Dorset, England, in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, and even in Cairo, Egypt (where the replica exhibition is intended to reduce the overwhelming traffic to the real locations). A travelling exhibition of replicas titled Tutankhamun: His Tomb and Treasures, featuring several hundred pieces, has been shown in Zürich, Brno, Munich, and Barcelona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3787097930908203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Tutankhamun Exhibition, Dorchester", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.853450775146484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The entry section of the Exhibition displays general information about Tutankhamun's life and death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498601913452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*Tutankhamun's mummy. A life-size model of the mummy is displayed. The exhibitors claim that it took more than two years to recreate the mummy. X-ray pictures taken from the real mummy helped to make an exact copy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.304319381713867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The ante-chamber contains replicas of furniture and Tutankhamun's personal items he had been buried with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.721742630004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The burial chamber exhibits replicas of the sarcophagus and coffin of Tutankhamun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.590984344482422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "*The Treasure Hall shows recreations of statues and jewels found within the tomb of Tutankhamun. Sitting statue of Anubis, the Golden Throne, Gold Death Mask and statue of guardian goddess Selkit are displayed among other items.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.327753067016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" }, { "answer": "Tutankhamun", "passage": "Discovering Tutankhamun Exhibition, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.640798568725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun" } ]

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[ { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "The Hulk is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, and first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (May 1962). He is also noted as one of the 5 founding members of the superhero team The Avengers .Throughout his comic book appearances, the Hulk is portrayed as a large green humanoid that possesses superhuman strength and invulnerability, attributes with no measurable limitations that grow exponentially more potent the angrier he becomes. ", "precise_score": 3.9360921382904053, "rough_score": 5.040297031402588, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "Hulk is the alter ego of Bruce Banner, a socially withdrawn and emotionally reserved physicist who physically transforms into the Hulk under emotional stress and other specific circumstances at will or against it; these involuntary transformations lead to many complications in Banner's life. When transformed, the Hulk often acts as a dissociated personality separate from Banner. Over the decades of Hulk stories, the Hulk has been represented with several personalities based on Hulk and Banner's fractured psyche, ranging from mindless savage to brilliant warrior, and Banner has taken control of the Hulk's form on occasion. Banner first transforms into the Hulk after being caught in the blast of the gamma bomb he invented while saving Rick Jones, a youth who had wandered onto the testing range.", "precise_score": 3.871295928955078, "rough_score": 4.624876499176025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "The character has been portrayed in multiple media features by different actors. Hulk was first portrayed in film played by Eric Bana in Ang Lee's Hulk (2003). Subsequently, the character has been portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe initially by Edward Norton in The Incredible Hulk (2008) and by Mark Ruffalo in The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), as well as Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and both parts of Avengers: Infinity War (2018/2019). In 2011, the Hulk placed No. 9 on IGN's list of \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes\", and fourth on their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012. ", "precise_score": 1.7395362854003906, "rough_score": 1.716957926750183, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "The Hulk first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #1 (cover dated May 1962), written by writer-editor Stan Lee, penciled and co-plotted by Jack Kirby, and inked by Paul Reinman. Lee cites influence from Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in the Hulk's creation:", "precise_score": 1.4293872117996216, "rough_score": 3.7052125930786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "A year and a half after The Incredible Hulk was canceled, the Hulk became one of two features in Tales to Astonish, beginning in issue #60 (Oct. 1964). ", "precise_score": -1.940213918685913, "rough_score": 2.547887086868286, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "Writer Greg Pak took over the series in 2006, leading the Hulk through several crossover storylines including \"Planet Hulk\" and \"World War Hulk\", which left the Hulk temporarily incapacitated and replaced as the series' title character by the demigod Hercules in the retitled The Incredible Hercules (Feb. 2008). The Hulk returned periodically in Hulk, which then starred the new Red Hulk. In September 2009, The Incredible Hulk was relaunched as The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #600.[http://www.maelmill-insi.de/UHBMCC/hulk15.htm#S2281 The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators: The Incredible Hulk (IV) • Incredible Hulks (2009-2011)] The series was retitled The Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (Nov. 2010) to encompass the Hulk's expanded family, and ran until issue #635 (Oct. 2011) when it was replaced with The Incredible Hulk vol. 4, (15 issues, Dec. 2011 – Dec. 2012) written by Jason Aaron with art by Marc Silvestri. As part of Marvel's Marvel NOW! relaunch, the Hulk's new title was The Indestructible Hulk (Nov. 2012) under the creative team of Mark Waid and Leinil Yu. This series was replaced in 2014 with The Hulk by Waid and artist Mark Bagley. ", "precise_score": 0.8712195754051208, "rough_score": 1.6915128231048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "During the experimental detonation of a gamma bomb, scientist Bruce Banner rushes to save teenager Rick Jones who has driven onto the testing field; Banner pushes Jones into a trench to save him, but is hit with the blast, absorbing massive amounts of gamma radiation. He awakens later in an infirmary, seeming relatively unscathed, but that night transforms into a lumbering grey form that breaks through the wall and escapes. A soldier in the ensuing search party dubs the otherwise unidentified creature a \"hulk\". The original incarnation of Banner transformed into the Hulk at sunset and reverted at sunrise. Banner was cured in The Incredible Hulk #4, but chose to restore Hulk's powers with Banner's intelligence. The gamma-ray machine needed to affect the transformation-induced side effects that made Banner temporarily sick and weak when returned to his normal state.", "precise_score": 0.3679547607898712, "rough_score": 1.358277440071106, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The Hulk possesses the potential for immense and seemingly limitless physical strength depending directly on his emotional state, particularly his anger. This has been reflected in the repeated comment, \"The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets.\" The cosmically-powerful entity known as the Beyonder once analyzed the Hulk's physiology, and claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had \"no finite element inside.\" Hulk's strength has been depicted as sometimes limited by Banner's subconscious influence; when Jean Grey psionically \"shut Banner off\", Hulk became strong enough to overpower and destroy the physical form of the villain Onslaught. Writer Greg Pak described the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during World War Hulk as having a level of physical power where \"Hulk was stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth\", and depicted the character as powerful enough to completely destroy entire planets. His strength allows him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents, and he has displayed superhuman speed. ", "precise_score": -2.1287200450897217, "rough_score": 1.2028621435165405, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "In addition to his mainstream incarnation, the Hulk has also been depicted in other fictional universes, in which Bruce Banner's transformation, behavior, or circumstances vary from the mainstream setting. In some stories, someone other than Bruce Banner is the Hulk.", "precise_score": -0.1087547242641449, "rough_score": 0.5701500177383423, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Prior to the debut of the Hulk in May 1962, Marvel had earlier monster characters that used the name \"Hulk\", but had no direct relation.", "precise_score": -0.7420374155044556, "rough_score": 3.0591320991516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "There have been explorations about the real world possibility of Hulk's gamma-radiation based origin. In The Science of Superheroes, Lois Grest and Robert Weinberg examined Hulk’s powers, explaining the scientific flaws in them. Most notably, they point out that the level of gamma radiation Banner is exposed to at the initial blast would induce radiation sickness and kill him, or if not, create significant cancer risks for Banner, because hard radiation strips cells of their ability to function. They go on to offer up an alternate origin, in which a Hulk might be created by biological experimentation with adrenal glands and GFP. Charles Q. Choi from LiveScience.com further explains that unlike the Hulk, gamma rays are not green; existing as they do beyond the visible spectrum, gamma rays have no color at all that we can describe. He also explains that gamma rays are so powerful (the most powerful form of electromagnetic radiation and 10,000 times more powerful than visible light) that they can even convert energy into matter – a possible explanation for the increased mass that Bruce Banner takes on during transformations. \"Just as the Incredible Hulk 'is the strongest one there is,' as he says himself, so too are gamma ray bursts the most powerful explosions known.\"", "precise_score": -2.273803949356079, "rough_score": 1.6038603782653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Lee said that the Hulk's creation was inspired by a combination of Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Although the Hulk's coloration has varied throughout the character's publication history, the most usual color is green. As a child, Banner's father Brian Banner often physically abused his mother Rebecca, creating the psychological complex of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. A common storyline is the pursuit of both Banner and the Hulk by the U.S. armed forces, because of all the destruction that he causes. He has two main catchphrases: \"Hulk is strongest one there is!\" and the better-known \"HULK SMASH!\", which has founded the basis for numerous pop culture memes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.499033451080322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Kirby, commenting upon his influences in drawing the character, recalled as inspiration the tale of a mother who rescues her child who is trapped beneath a car. Lee has also compared Hulk to the Golem of Jewish mythology. In The Science of Superheroes, Gresh and Weinberg see the Hulk as a reaction to the Cold War and the threat of nuclear attack, an interpretation shared by Weinstein in Up, Up and Oy Vey. This interpretation corresponds with other popularized fictional media created during this time period, which took advantage of the prevailing sense among Americans that nuclear power could produce monsters and mutants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.665101528167725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "In the debut, Lee chose grey for the Hulk because he wanted a color that did not suggest any particular ethnic group. Colorist Stan Goldberg, however, had problems with the grey coloring, resulting in different shades of grey, and even green, in the issue. After seeing the first published issue, Lee chose to change the skin color to green. Green was used in retellings of the origin, with even reprints of the original story being recolored for the next two decades, until The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, #302 (December 1984) reintroduced the grey Hulk in flashbacks set close to the origin story. Since then, reprints of the first issue have displayed the original grey coloring, with the fictional canon specifying that the Hulk's skin had initially been grey. An exception is the early trade paperback, Origins of Marvel Comics, from 1974, which explains the difficulties in keeping the grey color consistent in a Stan Lee written prologue, and reprints the origin story keeping the grey coloration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8573622703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "Lee gave the Hulk's alter ego the alliterative name \"Bruce Banner\" because he found he had less difficulty remembering alliterative names. Despite this, in later stories he misremembered the character's name and referred to him as \"Bob Banner\", an error which readers quickly picked up on. The discrepancy was resolved by giving the character the official full name \"Robert Bruce Banner.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8253161907196045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "The Hulk's original series was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963). Lee had written each story, with Kirby penciling the first five issues and Steve Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. The character immediately guest-starred in The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), and months later became a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers, appearing in the first two issues of the team's eponymous series (Sept. and Nov. 1963), and returning as an antagonist in issue #3 and as an ally in #5 (Jan.–May 1964). He then guest-starred in Fantastic Four #25–26 (April–May 1964), which revealed Banner's full name as Robert Bruce Banner, and The Amazing Spider-Man #14 (July 1964). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.736415147781372, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Around this time, co-creator Kirby received a letter from a college dormitory stating the Hulk had been chosen as its official mascot. Kirby and Lee realized their character had found an audience in college-age readers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.823156356811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "This new Hulk feature was initially scripted by Lee, with pencils by Steve Ditko and inks by George Roussos. Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby (#68–87, June 1965 – Oct. 1966); Gil Kane (credited as \"Scott Edwards\", #76, (Feb. 1966)); Bill Everett (#78–84, April–Oct. 1966); John Buscema (#85–87); and Marie Severin. The Tales to Astonish run introduced the super-villains the Leader, who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being. Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tales to Astonish. Beginning with issue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk vol. 2, and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the series and launched Hulk #1. Marvel filed for a trademark for \"The Incredible Hulk\" in 1967, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the registration in 1970. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9165617823600769, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Len Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978, working first with Herb Trimpe, then, as of issue #194 (December 1975), with Sal Buscema, who was the regular artist for ten years. Issues #180–181 (Oct.–Nov. 1974) introduced the character Wolverine as an antagonist, who would go on to become one of Marvel Comics' most popular. In 1977, Marvel launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk, a black-and-white comics magazine. This was originally conceived as a flashback series, set between the end of his original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales to Astonish. After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk! and printed in color. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9801115989685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Incredible Hulk", "passage": "In 1977, two Hulk television films were aired to strong ratings, leading to an Incredible Hulk TV series which aired from 1978 to 1982. A huge ratings success, the series introduced the popular Hulk catchphrase, \"Don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry\", and broadened the character's popularity from a niche comic book readership into the mainstream consciousness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.228400468826294, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "Bill Mantlo became the series' writer for five years beginning with issue #245 (March 1980). Mantlo's \"Crossroads of Eternity\" stories (#300–313, Oct. 1984 – Nov. 1985) explored the idea that Banner had suffered child abuse. Later Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak have called these stories an influence on their approaches to the character. Mantlo left the series for Alpha Flight and that series' writer John Byrne took over The Incredible Hulk. The final issue of Byrne's six issue run featured the wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross. Writer Peter David began a twelve-year run with issue #331 (May 1987). He returned to the Roger Stern and Mantlo abuse storylines, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering dissociative identity disorder (DID).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.735098361968994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "In 1998, David killed off Banner's long-time love Betty Ross. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportunity to pursue the return of the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his parting ways with Marvel. Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging Hulk as a standard comic book rather than as a comics magazine. The Incredible Hulk was again cancelled with issue #474 of its second volume in March 1999 and was replaced with new series, Hulk the following month, with returning writer Byrne and art by Ron Garney. By issue #12 (March 2000), Hulk was retitled as The Incredible Hulk vol. 3 New series writer Paul Jenkins developed the Hulk's multiple personalities, and his run was followed by Bruce Jones with his run featuring Banner being pursued by a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-issue Incredible Hulk run with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1–4 (Nov. 2004 – Feb. 2005), which Marvel published after putting the ongoing series on hiatus. Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writer when it was decided to make that story the first five parts of the revived volume three. After a four-part tie-in to the House of M crossover and a one-issue epilogue, David left the series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for the sake of his career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.18747490644454956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "In The Avengers #1 (September 1963), the Hulk became a founding member of the title's eponymous superhero team. By The Avengers #3, overuse of the gamma ray machine rendered the Hulk as an uncontrollable, rampaging monster, subject to spontaneous changing. In Tales to Astonish #59 (September 1964) the Hulk appeared as an antagonist for Giant-Man. The series established stress as the trigger for Banner turning into the Hulk and vice versa. It was during this time that the Hulk developed a more savage and childlike personality, shifting away from his original portrayal as a brutish but not entirely unintelligent figure. Also, his memory, both long-term and short-term, would now become markedly impaired in his Hulk state. Tales to Astonish #64 (February 1965) was the last Hulk story to feature him speaking in complete sentences. In Tales to Astonish #77 (March 1966), Banner's and the Hulk's dual identity became publicly known when Glenn Talbot, Banner's romantic rival for Betty Ross, witnessed his transformation, turning Banner into a wanted fugitive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6045500040054321, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "The 1970s saw Banner and Betty nearly marry in The Incredible Hulk #124 (Feb. 1970). Betty ultimately married Talbot in issue #158 (Dec. 1972). The Hulk also traveled to other dimensions, one of which had him meet empress Jarella, who used magic to bring Banner’s intelligence to the Hulk, and came to love him. The Hulk helped to form the Defenders. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0352758169174194, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The incredible Hulk", "passage": "In the 1980s, Banner finally married Betty in The Incredible Hulk #319 (May 1986) following Talbot's death in 1981. It was also established that Banner had serious mental problems even before he became the Hulk, having suffered childhood traumas that engendered Bruce's repressed rage. Banner comes to terms with his issues for a time, and the Hulk and Banner were physically separated by Doc Samson. Banner is recruited by the U.S. government to create the Hulkbusters, a government team dedicated to catching the Hulk. Banner and the Hulk were reunited in The Incredible Hulk #323 (Sep. 1986) and with issue #324, returned the Hulk to his grey coloration, with his transformations once again occurring at night, regardless of Banner's emotional state. In issue #347 the grey Hulk persona \"Joe Fixit\" was introduced, a morally ambiguous Las Vegas enforcer and tough guy. Banner remained repressed in the Hulk's mind for months, but slowly began to reappear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.607100784778595, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The 1990s saw the Green Hulk return. In issue #377 (Jan. 1991), the Hulk was revamped in a storyline that saw the personalities of Banner, Grey Hulk, and Savage Hulk confront Banner's past abuse at the hands of his father Brian and a new \"Guilt Hulk\" persona. Overcoming the trauma, the intelligent Banner, cunning Grey Hulk, and powerful Savage Hulk personalities merge into a new single entity possessing the traits of all three. The Hulk also joined the Pantheon, a secretive organization of superpowered individuals. His tenure with the organization brought the Hulk into conflict with a tyrannical alternate future version of himself called the Maestro in the 1993 Future Imperfect miniseries, who rules over a world where many heroes are dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.4248756170272827, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "In 2000, Banner and the three Hulks (Savage Hulk, Grey Hulk, and the \"Merged Hulk\", now considered a separate personality and referred to as the Professor) become able to mentally interact with one another, each personality taking over the shared body as Banner began to weaken due to his suffering from Lou Gehrig's disease. During this, the four personalities (including Banner) confronted yet another submerged personality, a sadistic \"Devil\" intent on attacking the world and attempting to break out of Banner's fracturing psyche, but the Devil was eventually locked away again when the Leader was able to devise a cure for the disease using genes taken from the corpse of Brian Banner. In 2005, it is revealed that the supernatural character Nightmare has manipulated the Hulk for years, and it is implied that some or all of the Hulk's adventures written by Bruce Jones may have been just an illusion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.235358953475952, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "In 2006, the Illuminati decide the Hulk is too dangerous to remain on Earth and send him away by rocket ship which crashes on Planet Sakaar ushering in the Planet Hulk storyline that saw the Hulk find allies in the Warbound, and marry alien queen Caiera, a relationship that was later revealed to have born him two sons: Skaar and Hiro-Kala. After the Illuminati's ship explodes and kills Caiera, the Hulk returns to Earth with his superhero group Warbound and declares war on the planet in World War Hulk (2007). However, after learning that Miek, one of the Warbound, had actually been responsible for the destruction, the Hulk allows himself to be defeated, with Banner subsequently redeeming himself as a hero as he works with and against the new Red Hulk to defeat the new supervillain team the Intelligencia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7685067653656006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "In the 2010s Hiro-Kala traveled to Earth to destroy the OldStrong Power wielded by Skaar, forcing Skaar and the Hulk to defeat and imprison him within his home planet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3356852531433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "During the Fear Itself storyline, the Hulk finds one of the Serpent's magical hammers associated with the Worthy and becomes Nul: Breaker of Worlds. As he starts to transform, the Hulk tells the Red She-Hulk to run far away from him. Rampaging through South and Central America, Nul was eventually transported to New York City where he began battling a lonesome Thor, with aid of the Thing, who was transformed into Angrir: Breaker of Souls. After defeating the Thing, Thor stated that he never could beat the Hulk, and instead removed him from the battle by launching him into Earth orbit, after which Thor collapsed from exhaustion. Landing in Romania, Nul immediately began heading for the base of the vampire-king Dracula. Opposed by Dracula's forces, including a legion of monsters, Nul was seemingly unstoppable. Only after the intervention of Raizo Kodo's Forgiven was Nul briefly slowed. Ultimately, Nul made his way to Dracula's castle where the timely arrival of Kodo and Forgiven member Inka, disguised as Betty Ross, was able to throw off the effects of the Nul possession. Throwing aside the hammer, the Hulk regained control, and promptly left upon realizing \"Betty's\" true nature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.19314418733119965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "With the crisis concluded, the Hulk was somehow able to contact Doctor Doom for help separating him and Banner for good in return for an unspecified favour. Doom proceeded to perform brain surgery on the Hulk, extracting the uniquely Banner elements from the Hulk's brain and cloning a new body for Banner. When Doctor Doom demands to keep Banner for his own purposes, the Hulk reneges on the deal and flees with Banner's body, leaving his alter ego in the desert where he was created to ensure that Doctor Doom cannot use Banner's intellect. When Banner goes insane due to his separation from the Hulk, irradiating an entire tropical island trying to recreate his transformation- something he cannot do as the cloned body lacks the genetic elements of Banner that allowed him to process the gamma radiation- the Hulk is forced to destroy his other side by letting him be disintegrated by a gamma bomb, prompting the Hulk to accuse Doom of tampering with Banner's mind, only for Doom to observe that what was witnessed was simply Banner without the Hulk to use as a scapegoat for his problems. Initially assuming that Banner is dead, the Hulk soon realises that Banner was somehow \"re-combined\" with him when the gamma bomb disintegrated Banner's body, resulting in the Hulk finding himself waking up in various strange locations, including helping the Punisher confront a drug cartel run by a mutated dog, hunting sasquatches with Kraven the Hunter, and being forced to face Wolverine and the Thing in an old SHIELD base. Banner eventually leaves a video message for the Hulk in which he apologises for his actions while they were separate, having come to recognise that he is a better person with the Hulk than without, the two joining forces to thwart the Doombots' attempt to use the animals on Banner's irradiated island as the basis for a new gamma army using a one-of-a-kind gamma cure Banner had created to turn all the animals back to normal. Following this, Bruce willingly joined the spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D., allowing them to use the Hulk as a weapon in exchange for providing him with the means and funding to create a lasting legacy for himself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.6541619300842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "After the Hulk had suffered brain damage upon being shot in the head by the Order of the Shield- the assassin having been carefully trained to target Bruce at just the right part of the brain to incapacitate him without triggering a transformation- Iron Man used the Extremis to cure the Hulk. This procedure also increased Banner's mental capacity, which gave him the intelligence to tweak the Extremis virus within him and unleash a new persona for the Hulk: the super-intelligent Doc Green.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.309348106384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "During the Original Sin storyline, Bruce Banner confronted by the eye of the murdered Uatu the Watcher. Bruce temporarily experienced some of Tony Stark's memories of their first meeting before either of them became the Hulk or Iron Man. During this vision, Bruce witnessed Tony modifying the gamma bomb to be more effective prompting Bruce to realize that Tony was essentially responsible for him becoming the Hulk in the first place. Subsequent research reveals that Tony's tampering had actually refined the bomb's explosive potential so that it would not disintegrate everyone within the blast radius, with the result that Tony's actions had actually saved Bruce's life. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.148725986480713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "In the wake of the conclusion of World War Hate as seen in the AXIS storyline, when a mistake made by the Scarlet Witch caused various heroes and villains to experience a moral inversion, Bruce Banner attended a meeting between Nick Fury Jr. and Maria Hill of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Avengers who refused to turn over Red Skull. Later when he sided with Edwin Jarvis and tried to prevent his teammates from executing Red Skull, the Hulk was thrown aside by Luke Cage. The Hulk's sorrow at his friends' betrayal awakened a new persona known as the bloodthirsty Kluh (described as the Hulk's Hulk, being the ruthless part of himself that even the Hulk repressed) with this new version easily defeating the Avengers, sneering that the Hulk they knew was nothing more than a \"sad piece of 'Doc Green's' ID.\" Kluh then leaves to wreak havoc, with Nova attempting to stop him after witnessing his rampage with the remaining good heroes. As with the other inverted Avengers and X-Men, Kluh was restored to normal when Brother Voodoo was summoned back by Doctor Doom to possess the Scarlet Witch and undo the inversion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.018512487411499, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "During the Secret Wars storyline, the Hulk took part in the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. The Hulk used the \"Fastball Special\" with Colossus to destroy the Triskelion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.832995891571045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel event, Amadeus Cho became the new Hulk. Flashbacks revealed that the Hulk had absorbed a dangerous new type of radiation while trying to help Iron Man and Black Panther deal with a massive accident on Kiber Island. Fearing the Hulk's meltdown would kill countless innocents, Cho was able to use special nanites to absorb the Hulk from Banner and take it into himself to become his version of Hulk, leaving Banner normal and free from the Hulk. Having confirmed that he can no longer transform or sense the Hulk, Bruce spends some time travelling across America taking various risks such as driving at high speeds, running away from a bear, or gambling in Vegas, until he is confronted by Tony Stark out of concern that Bruce has a death wish. Bruce instead acknowledging that he still harbours guilt and rage over how so many of the Hulk's rampages were provoked by various agencies refusing to leave him alone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.009972900152206421, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "During the Civil War II storyline, the vision of the Inhuman Ulysses showed a rampaging Hulk standing over the corpses of the superheroes. Meanwhile, Bruce Banner is shown to have set up a laboratory in Alpine, Utah, where he is approached by Captain Marvel, followed by Tony Stark, the rest of the Avengers, X-Men and Inhumans. The confrontation leads to Beast hacking into Banner's work servers and the revelation that he had been injecting himself with dead gamma-irradiated cells. S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Maria Hill places him under arrest. Banner gets infuriated at all these events, when suddenly, hidden among the trees, Hawkeye shoots Banner with an arrow to the head and then to the heart, killing him, much to the dismay and horror of the superheroes, especially Tony Stark. At an Avengers-presided tribunal, Hawkeye states that Bruce Banner had approached him and ordered him to kill him if he ever showed signs of turning into the Hulk again. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0474607944488525, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "Bruce Banner", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.10837173461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a physicist, is sarcastic and seemingly very self-assured when he first appears in Incredible Hulk #1, but is also emotionally withdrawn in most fashions. Banner designed the gamma bomb which caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes. Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: \"Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he can’t form meaningful bonds with anyone.\" As a child, Banner's father Brian often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the psychological complex of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. His fractured personality led to transformations into different versions of the Hulk. These transformations are usually involuntary, and often writers have tied the transformation to emotional triggers, such as rage and fear. Writers have adapted the Hulk, changing Hulk's personality to reflect changes in Banner's physiology or psyche. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner has controlled the Hulk's body, he has applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the Red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5358660817146301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The original version of Hulk was often shown as simple and quick to anger. The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner’s, decrying Banner as \"that puny weakling in the picture.\" From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet and often is shown reacting emotionally to situations quickly. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the \"dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche.\" Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences, and Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue six, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, \"But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!\" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations, briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0652248859405518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Grey hulk", "passage": "Grey Hulk", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1961536407470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey but due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later followed up by the fact that the Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Bruce Banner could not bring himself to do. While the Grey Hulk still had the \"madder he gets, the stronger he gets\" part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the New Moon and weaker on nights of the Full Moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner becomes the Grey Hulk and changes back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Bruce Banner turn into the Grey Hulk. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3128886222839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "The Merged Hulk is the merging of the personalities of Bruce Banner, Savage Hulk, and Grey Hulk where it has the face of Bruce Banner. The Merged Hulk was far more well-adjusted than most incarnations. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations and has a higher base line. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Bruce Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safegard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Bruce Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4368209838867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "In the first Hulk comic series, \"massive\" doses of gamma rays would cause the Hulk to transform back to Banner, although this ability was written out of the character by the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.296419382095337, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "Over the long publication history of the Hulk's adventures, many recurring characters have featured prominently, including his best friend and sidekick Rick Jones, love interest and wife Betty Ross and her father, the often adversarial General \"Thunderbolt\" Ross. Both Banner and Hulk have families created in their respective personas. Banner is son to Brian, an abusive father who killed Banner's mother while she tried to protect her son from his father's delusional attacks, and cousin to Jennifer Walters, the She-Hulk, who serves as his frequent ally. Banner had a stillborn child with Betty, while the Hulk has two sons with his deceased second wife Caiera Oldstrong, Skaar and Hiro-Kala, and his DNA was used to create a daughter named Lyra with Thundra the warrior woman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.130657196044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The Fantastic Four #12 (March 1963), featured the Hulk's first battle with the Thing. Although many early Hulk stories involve General Thaddeus \"Thunderbolt\" Ross trying to capture or destroy the Hulk, the main villain is often a radiation-based character, like the Gargoyle or the Leader, along with other foes such as the Toad Men, or Asian warlord General Fang. Ross' daughter Betty loves Banner and criticizes her father for pursuing the Hulk. General Ross' right-hand man, Major Glenn Talbot, also loves Betty and is torn between pursuing Hulk and trying to gain Betty's love more honorably. Rick Jones serves as the Hulk's friend and sidekick in these early tales. The Hulk's archenemies are the Abomination and the Leader. The Abomination is more monstrous and wreaks havoc for fun and pleasure. The Leader is a super-genius who has tried plan after plan to take over the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9916808009147644, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "* Debuting in Strange Tales #75 (June 1960), was a huge robot built by Albert Poole called the Hulk, which was actually armor that Poole would wear. In modern-day reprints, the character's name was changed to Grutan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.436371326446533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "* A huge, orange, slimy monster was featured in a movie called The Hulk in Tales to Astonish #21 (July 1961). In modern-day reprints, the character's name was changed to the Glop. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.275947093963623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The Hulk character and the concepts behind it have been raised to the level of iconic status by many within and outside the comic book industry. In 2003, Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine claimed the character had \"stood the test of time as a genuine icon of American pop culture.\" In 2008, the Hulk was listed as the 19th greatest comic book character by Wizard magazine. Empire magazine named him as the 14th-greatest comic-book character and the fifth-greatest Marvel character. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2821526527404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The Hulk is often viewed as a reaction to war. As well as being a reaction to the Cold War, the character has been a cipher for the frustrations the Vietnam War raised, and Ang Lee said that the Iraq War influenced his direction. In the Michael Nyman edited edition of The Guardian, Stefanie Diekmann explored Marvel Comics' reaction to the September 11 attacks. Diekmann discussed The Hulk's appearance in the 9/11 tribute comic Heroes, claiming that his greater prominence, alongside Captain America, aided in \"stressing the connection between anger and justified violence without having to depict anything more than a well-known and well-respected protagonist.\" In Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics, Les Daniels addresses the Hulk as an embodiment of cultural fears of radiation and nuclear science. He quotes Jack Kirby thus: \"As long as we're experimenting with radioactivity, there's no telling what may happen, or how much our advancements in science may cost us.\" Daniels continues, \"The Hulk became Marvel's most disturbing embodiment of the perils inherent in the atomic age.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5001962780952454, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "Bruce Banner", "passage": "In Comic Book Nation, Bradford Wright alludes to Hulk's counterculture status, referring to a 1965 Esquire magazine poll amongst college students which \"revealed that student radicals ranked Spider-Man and the Hulk alongside the likes of Bob Dylan and Che Guevara as their favorite revolutionary icons.\" Wright goes on to cite examples of his anti-authority symbol status. Two of these are \"The Ballad of the Hulk\" by Jerry Jeff Walker, and the Rolling Stone cover for September 30, 1971, a full color Herb Trimpe piece commissioned for the magazine. The Hulk has been caricatured in such animated television series as The Simpsons, Robot Chicken, and Family Guy, and such comedy TV series as The Young Ones. The character is also used as a cultural reference point for someone displaying anger or agitation. For example, in a 2008 Daily Mirror review of an EastEnders episode, a character is described as going \"into Incredible Hulk mode, smashing up his flat.\" The Hulk, especially his alter-ego Bruce Banner, is also a common reference in rap music. The term was represented as an analogue to marijuana in Dr. Dre's 2001, while more conventional references are made in Ludacris and Jermaine Dupri's popular single \"Welcome to Atlanta\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.304866313934326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" }, { "answer": "The Hulk", "passage": "The 2003 Ang Lee-directed Hulk film saw discussion of the character's appeal to Asian Americans. The Taiwanese-born Ang Lee commented on the \"subcurrent of repression\" that underscored the character of The Hulk, and how that mirrored his own experience: \"Growing up, my artistic leanings were always repressed—there was always pressure to do something 'useful,' like being a doctor.\" Jeff Yang, writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, extended this self-identification to Asian American culture, arguing that \"the passive-aggressive streak runs deep among Asian Americans—especially those who have entered creative careers, often against their parents' wishes.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.893339157104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hulk (comics)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ansal Adams", "Anselm Adams", "Charles Hitchcock Adams", "Adams, Ansel", "Ansel Adams", "Ansel Adams Gallery", "Ansel Adam", "Ansel Easton Adams", "Adams, Ansel Easton" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "ansel adams", "charles hitchcock adams", "adams ansel easton", "ansel adam", "anselm adams", "ansel adams gallery", "adams ansel", "ansal adams", "ansel easton adams" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "ansel adams", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Ansel Adams" }

[ { "answer": "Ansel Adams", "passage": "Yosemite National Park is located in the central Sierra Nevada of California. Three wilderness areas are adjacent to Yosemite: the Ansel Adams Wilderness to the southeast, the Hoover Wilderness to the northeast, and the Emigrant Wilderness to the north.", "precise_score": -3.741433620452881, "rough_score": -7.714463710784912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yosemite National Park" }, { "answer": "Ansel Adams", "passage": "* Ansel Adams (photographer, writer, activist)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.948872566223145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Environmentalist" }, { "answer": "Ansel Adams", "passage": "The Bracebridge dinner is an annual holiday event, held since 1927 at the Ahwahnee Hotel, inspired by Washington Irving's descriptions of Squire Bracebridge and English Christmas traditions of the 18th century in his Sketch Book. Between 1929 and 1973, the show was organized by Ansel Adams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595781326293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yosemite National Park" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Marthasville, GA", "Atlanta , Georgia", "Atanta, GA", "Atlanta ga", "Atlanta, USA", "Atlanta, ga", "Terminus, Georgia", "Atlanta, Ga", "Culture of Atlanta, Georgia", "Atlanta Georgia", "Atlanta georgia", "Atlanta,Ga", "UN/LOCODE:USATL", "Atlanta, Ga.", "Georgia state capital", "Atlanta,GA", "Atlanta", "Terminus, GA", "The Big Peach", "Atlanta, United States", "Atlanta (Ga.)", "Atlanta, GA", "Hotlanta", "Atlanta,ga", "Atlanta GA", "Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state)", "City of Atlanta", "Atlanta, GA.", "Population of atlanta", "Atlanta, Georgia, USA", "The city in a forest", "City in a forest", "Atlanta (GA)", "Atlanta, Georgia", "City of Atlanta, GA.", "The ATL", "Population of Atlanta", "The A-T-L", "Culture of Atlanta" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "city of atlanta", "atlanta ga", "atlanta united states", "atlanta", "atlanta georgia", "city of atlanta ga", "georgia state capital", "marthasville ga", "culture of atlanta", "atanta ga", "atlanta usa", "terminus georgia", "atlanta georgia usa", "t l", "culture of atlanta georgia", "un locode usatl", "hotlanta", "atlanta georgia u s state", "big peach", "atl", "terminus ga", "city in forest", "population of atlanta" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "atlanta", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Atlanta" }

[ { "answer": "Atlanta", "passage": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services and is headquartered in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, a few miles northeast of the Atlanta city limits. ", "precise_score": 9.013727188110352, "rough_score": 9.946532249450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" }, { "answer": "Atlanta", "passage": "The new agency was a branch of the U.S. Public Health Service and Atlanta was chosen as the location because malaria was endemic in the Southern United States. The agency changed names (see infobox on top) before adopting the name Communicable Disease Center in 1946. Offices were located on the sixth floor of the Volunteer Building on Peachtree Street. With a budget at the time of about $1 million, 59 percent of its personnel were engaged in mosquito abatement and habitat control with the objective of control and eradication of malaria in the United States (see National Malaria Eradication Program).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.195502758026123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" }, { "answer": "Atlanta", "passage": "In addition to its Atlanta headquarters, the CDC has other locations in the United States and Puerto Rico. Those locations include Anchorage; Cleveland; Cincinnati; Fort Collins; Hyattsville; Morgantown; Pittsburgh; Research Triangle Park; San Juan, Puerto Rico; Spokane, Washington; Detroit; and Washington, D.C. The CDC also conducts the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the world’s largest, on-going telephone health survey system. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.356751441955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Sam adams", "Samuel Adams (American revolutionary)", "A Chatterer", "Samuel Adams", "Sam Adams", "A Tory", "The American Cato", "Adams, Samuel", "Samuel adams" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "samuel adams", "tory", "samuel adams american revolutionary", "chatterer", "american cato", "adams samuel", "sam adams" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "samuel adams", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Samuel Adams" }

[ { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "The strength of beers has climbed during the later years of the 20th century. Vetter 33, a 10.5% abv (33 degrees Plato, hence Vetter \"33\") doppelbock, was listed in the 1994 Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest beer at that time, though Samichlaus, by the Swiss brewer Hürlimann, had also been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the strongest at 14% abv. Since then, some brewers have used champagne yeasts to increase the alcohol content of their beers. Samuel Adams reached 20% abv with Millennium, and then surpassed that amount to 25.6% abv with Utopias. The strongest beer brewed in Britain was Baz's Super Brew by Parish Brewery, a 23% abv beer. In September 2011, the Scottish brewery BrewDog produced Ghost Deer, which, at 28%, they claim to be the world's strongest beer produced by fermentation alone. ", "precise_score": -7.369407653808594, "rough_score": -5.7211761474609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Beer" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Adams's life was greatly affected by his father's involvement in a banking controversy. In 1739, with Massachusetts facing a serious currency shortage, Deacon Adams and the Boston Caucus created a \"land bank\", which issued paper money to borrowers who mortgaged their land as security. The land bank was generally supported by the citizenry and the popular party, which dominated the House of Representatives, the lower branch of the General Court. Opposition to the land bank came from the more aristocratic \"court party\", who were supporters of the royal governor and controlled the Governor's Council, the upper chamber of the General Court. The court party used its influence to have the British Parliament dissolve the land bank in 1741. Directors of the land bank, including Deacon Adams, became personally liable for the currency still in circulation, payable in silver and gold. Lawsuits over the bank persisted for years, even after Deacon Adams's death, and the younger Samuel Adams would often have to defend the family estate from seizure by the government. For Adams, these lawsuits \"served as a constant personal reminder that Britain's power over the colonies could be exercised in arbitrary and destructive ways\". ", "precise_score": -10.780515670776367, "rough_score": -9.203335762023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Sam adams", "passage": "Miller's influential book became, in the words of historian Charles Akers, the \"scholarly enshrinement\" of \"the myth of Sam Adams as the Boston dictator who almost single-handedly led his colony into rebellion\". According to Akers, Miller and others historians used \"Sam did it\" to explain crowd actions and other developments without citing any evidence that Adams directed those events. In 1974, Akers called on historians to critically reexamine the sources rather than simply repeating the myth. By then, scholars were increasingly rejecting the notion that Adams and others used \"propaganda\" to incite \"ignorant mobs\", and were instead portraying a revolutionary Massachusetts too complex to have been controlled by one man. Historian Pauline Maier argued that Adams, far from being a radical mob leader, took a moderate position based on the English revolutionary tradition that imposed strict constraints on resistance to authority. That belief justified force only against threats to the constitutional rights so grave that the \"body of the people\" recognized the danger, and only after all peaceful means of redress had failed. Within that revolutionary tradition, resistance was essentially conservative. In 2004, Ray Raphael's Founding Myths continued Maier's line by deconstructing several of the \"Sam\" Adams myths that are still repeated in many textbooks and popular histories. ", "precise_score": -10.934732437133789, "rough_score": -8.923989295959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams's name has been appropriated by commercial and non-profit ventures since his death. Drawing upon the tradition that Adams had been a brewer, the Boston Beer Company created Samuel Adams Boston Lager in 1985, which became a popular award-winning brand. Adams's name is also used by a pair of non-profit organizations, the Sam Adams Alliance and the Sam Adams Foundation. These groups take their names from Adams in homage of his ability to organize citizens at the local level in order to achieve a national goal. ", "precise_score": -4.201107025146484, "rough_score": -4.2235260009765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams ( – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.627402305603027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams later became a controversial figure in American history. Accounts written in the 19th century praised him as someone who had been steering his fellow colonists towards independence long before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. This view gave way to negative assessments of Adams in the first half of the 20th century, in which he was portrayed as a master of propaganda who provoked mob violence to achieve his goals. Both of these interpretations have been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that these traditional depictions of Adams are myths contradicted by the historical record.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.48402214050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams was born in Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts on September 16, 1722, an Old Style date that is sometimes converted to the New Style date of September 27. Adams was one of twelve children born to Samuel Adams, Sr., and Mary (Fifield) Adams; in an age of high infant mortality, only three of these children would live past their third birthday. Adams's parents were devout Puritans and members of the Old South Congregational Church. The family lived on Purchase Street in Boston. Adams was proud of his Puritan heritage, and emphasized Puritan values, especially virtue, in his political career. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.438066482543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams, Sr. (1689–1748) was a prosperous merchant and church deacon. Deacon Adams became a leading figure in Boston politics through an organization that became known as the Boston Caucus, which promoted candidates who supported popular causes. The Boston Caucus helped shape the agenda of the Boston Town Meeting. A New England town meeting is a form of local government with elected officials, and not just a gathering of citizens; it was, according to historian William Fowler, \"the most democratic institution in the British empire\". Deacon Adams rose through the political ranks, becoming a justice of the peace, a selectman, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He worked closely with Elisha Cooke, Jr. (1678–1737), the leader of the \"popular party\", a faction that resisted any encroachment by royal officials on the colonial rights embodied in the Massachusetts Charter of 1691. In the coming years, members of the \"popular party\" would become known as Whigs or Patriots. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.417398452758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "The younger Samuel Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736. His parents hoped that his schooling would prepare him for the ministry, but Adams gradually shifted his interest to politics. After graduating in 1740, Adams continued his studies, earning a master's degree in 1743. His thesis, in which he argued that it was \"lawful to resist the Supreme Magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved\", indicated that his political views, like his father's, were oriented towards colonial rights. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.138349533081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams emerged as an important public figure in Boston soon after the British Empire's victory in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Finding itself deep in debt and looking for new sources of revenue, the British Parliament sought, for the first time, to directly tax the colonies of British America. This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934611320495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "After the Boston Massacre, politics in Massachusetts entered what is sometimes known as the \"quiet period\". In April 1770, Parliament repealed the Townshend duties, except for the tax on tea. Adams urged colonists to keep up the boycott of British goods, arguing that paying even one small tax allowed Parliament to establish the precedent of taxing the colonies, but the boycott faltered. As economic conditions improved, support for Adams's causes waned. In 1770 first New York City then Philadelphia abandoned the non-importation boycott of British goods. Faced with the risk of being economically ruined, Boston merchants agreed to generally end the non-importation and effectively defeated Samuel Adams' cause in Massachusetts. John Adams withdrew from politics, while John Hancock and James Otis appeared to become more moderate. Adams was reelected to the Massachusetts House in April 1772, but he received far fewer votes than ever before. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817956924438477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Although Gage had evidently decided against seizing Adams and Hancock, Patriots initially believed otherwise, perhaps influenced by London newspapers that reached Boston with the news that the patriot leader would be hanged if he were caught. From Boston, Joseph Warren dispatched Paul Revere to warn the two that British troops were on the move and might attempt to arrest them. As Hancock and Adams made their escape, the first shots of the war began at Lexington and Concord. Soon after the battle, Gage issued a proclamation granting a general pardon to all who would \"lay down their arms, and return to the duties of peaceable subjects\"—with the exceptions of Hancock and Samuel Adams. Singling out Hancock and Adams in this manner only added to their renown among Patriots, and, according to Patriot historian Mercy Otis Warren, perhaps exaggerated the importance of the two men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.599750518798828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Because the Continental Congress worked under a secrecy rule, Adams's precise role in congressional deliberations is not fully documented. He appears to have had a major influence, working behind the scenes as a sort of \"parliamentary whip\" and Thomas Jefferson credits the lesser-remembered Adams with steering the Congress toward independence, saying \"If there was any Palinurus to the Revolution, Samuel Adams was the man.\" He served on numerous committees, often dealing with military matters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.089372634887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "While Adams was attending the ratifying convention, his only son, Samuel Adams, Jr., died at just thirty-seven years of age. The younger Adams had served as surgeon in the Revolutionary War, but had fallen ill and never fully recovered. The death was a stunning blow to the elder Adams. The younger Adams left his father the certificates he had earned as a soldier, giving Adams and his wife unexpected financial security in their final years. Investments in land would make them relatively wealthy by the mid-1790s, but this did not alter their frugal lifestyle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.108440399169922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Samuel Adams is a controversial figure in American history. Disagreement about his significance and reputation began before his death and continues to the present. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574052810668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams", "passage": "Adams's contemporaries, both friends and foes, regarded him as one of the foremost leaders of the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson, for example, characterized Adams as \"truly the Man of the Revolution.\" Leaders in other colonies were compared to him: Cornelius Harnett was called the \"Samuel Adams of North Carolina\", Charles Thomson the \"Samuel Adams of Philadelphia\", and Christopher Gadsden the \"Sam Adams of the South\". When John Adams traveled to France during the Revolution, he had to explain that he was not Samuel, \"the famous Adams\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.274458885192871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" }, { "answer": "Sam adams", "passage": "In the late 19th century, many American historians, uncomfortable with contemporary revolutions, found it problematic to write approvingly about Adams. Relations between the United States and the United Kingdom had improved, and Adams's role in dividing Americans from Britons was increasingly viewed with regret. In 1885, James Hosmer wrote a biography that praised Adams, but also found some of his actions, such as the 1773 publication of Hutchinson's private letters, to be troubling. Subsequent biographers became increasingly hostile towards Adams and the common people he represented. In 1923, Ralph V. Harlow used a \"Freudian\" approach to characterize Adams as a \"neurotic crank\" driven by an \"inferiority complex\". Harlow argued that because the masses were easily misled, Adams \"manufactured public opinion\" to produce the Revolution, a view that became the thesis of John C. Miller's 1936 biography, Sam Adams: Pioneer in Propaganda. Consistently calling his subject \"Sam\", despite the fact that Adams was almost always known as \"Samuel\" in his lifetime, Miller portrayed Adams more as an incendiary revolutionary than an adroit political operative, attributing all acts of Boston's \"body of the people\" to this one man. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.772184371948242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Adams" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Abaraham lincoln", "Abe licnoln", "President Lincoln", "Abe Lincon", "A Lincoln", "Lincoln (president)", "President Abraham", "President Abraham Lincoln", "Abraham (president)", "The Rail Splitter", "Abe Lincoln", "Honest Abe", "Lincoln's cabinet", "Lincoln, Abraham", "Abraham Lincon", "Abraham Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War", "Great Emancipator", "Aberham lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln (president)", "Lincolnian", "President Abe Lincoln", "Honest Abe Lincoln", "Abraham lincoln", "A. Lincoln", "Presedent Lincon", "Abrahm Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln's Life", "Abe lincolin", "Abaham lincoln", "The Great Emancipator", "16th President of the United States" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "lincoln s cabinet", "president lincoln", "president abe lincoln", "abe lincoln", "abraham lincoln and american civil war", "presedent lincon", "honest abe", "abe licnoln", "lincoln", "lincoln abraham", "abraham lincoln president", "abaham lincoln", "president abraham", "abe lincolin", "lincolnian", "16th president of united states", "lincoln president", "abaraham lincoln", "abraham lincon", "abraham lincoln", "president abraham lincoln", "rail splitter", "abraham president", "abe lincon", "abrahm lincoln", "aberham lincoln", "great emancipator", "abraham lincoln s life", "honest abe lincoln" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "abraham lincoln", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }

[ { "answer": "Abraham Lincoln", "passage": "There have been 18 Republican presidents, the first being Abraham Lincoln, who served from 1861 to 1865, when he was assassinated, and the most recent being George W. Bush, who served from 2001 to 2009. The most recent Republican presidential nominee was former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, who lost in 2012 to incumbent Democrat Barack Obama. Businessman and reality television personality Donald Trump is the current Republican nominee for the 2016 election. ", "precise_score": 0.7914215922355652, "rough_score": 2.390835762023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" }, { "answer": "Abraham Lincoln", "passage": "In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white, while 56% of Obama voters were white. While historically the party had been supporters of rights for African Americans since the 1860s, it lost its leadership position in the 1960s. Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2012). The party has recently nominated African American candidates for senator or governor in Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Maryland, though none were successful. In the 2010 elections, two African American Republicans were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. The Republican Party abolished slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave blacks the vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, blacks supported the Republican Party by large margins.In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans Most black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1930s when the New Deal offered them employment opportunities, and major figures, such as Eleanor Roosevelt, began to support civil rights. They became one of the core components of the New Deal Coalition. In the South, blacks were able to vote again in large numbers after 1965, when a bipartisan coalition passed the Voting Rights Act, and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1978).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.227492332458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Republican Party (United States)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Motorola, Inc", "Motorola", "Motorola, Inc.", "Hello moto", "Motorola Electronics Pte Ltd", "Motorola General Systems Group", "Aura (cell phone)", "MOTOROLA", "Motorolla", "Galvin Manufacturing Corporation", "Motorola Inc.", "Hellomoto", "Motorola Incorporated" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "hello moto", "motorola electronics pte ltd", "motorola general systems group", "motorola", "aura cell phone", "galvin manufacturing corporation", "hellomoto", "motorola inc", "motorola incorporated", "motorolla" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "motorola", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Motorola" }

[ { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "DynaTAC is a series of cellular telephones manufactured by Motorola, Inc. from 1984 to 1994. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X commercial portable cellular phone received approval from the U.S. FCC on September 21, 1983. A full charge took roughly 10 hours, and it offered 30 minutes of talk time. It also offered an LED display for dialing or recall of one of 30 phone numbers. It was priced at $3,995 in 1984, its commercial release year, worth a modern-day price of nearly $10,000. DynaTAC was an abbreviation of \"Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage.\"", "precise_score": 7.131368160247803, "rough_score": 5.211241722106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for cars, that were large and heavy and consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile's engine running. Mitchell's team, which included Martin Cooper, developed portable cellular telephony, and Mitchell was among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973; the first call on the prototype was completed, reportedly, to a wrong number. While Motorola was developing the cellular phone itself, during 1968–1983, Bell Labs worked on the system called AMPS, which became the first cellular network in the US. Motorola and others designed cell phones for that and other cellular systems. Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, led a team that produced the DynaTAC 8000x, the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried, and made the first phone call from it. Dr. Martin Cooper he was the first person to make an analog cellular mobile phone call on a prototype in 1973. Martin Cooper is considered to be a key developer of the mobile phone. His was the first true portable phone. There were phones before this that were considered to be “car phones” but they were too big to be carried around. The Motorola DynaTAC 8000x was very large compared to phones today. This first cell phone was very expensive when it was released in the USA in 1984. The DynaTAC's retail price, $3,995 (about $ in present-day terms), ensured that it would not become a mass-market item; by 1998, when Mitchell retired, cellphones and associated services made up two thirds of Motorola's $30 billion in revenue. ", "precise_score": 6.867891311645508, "rough_score": 5.718201160430908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "cell phone, and it became a regular feature in mass media, first as a symbol of wealth and futurism, and later as a quaint throwback when its era had ended. The DynaTAC was replaced in most roles by the much smaller Motorola MicroTAC when it was first introduced in 1989, and by the time of the Motorola StarTAC, it was already obsolete.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.03633451461792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "The first cellular phone was the culmination of efforts begun at Bell Labs, which first proposed the idea of a cellular system in 1947, and continued to petition the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for channels through the 1950s and 1960s, and research conducted at Motorola. In 1960, electrical engineer John F. Mitchell, became Motorola's chief engineer for its mobile communication products. Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.512766361236572, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "false, U.S. Patent 3,906,166], September 16, 1975 for a Radio Telephone System. the cell phone. Martin Cooper, Richard W. Dronsurth, Albert J. Leitich, Charles N. Lynk, James J. Mikulski,[http://www.brophy.net/weblog/images/obit_-_mikulski_heading.jpg Comments by Albert (Jim) Mikulski, co-inventor of first cell phone, June 6, 2009, Chicago Tribune (a):\"Mitchell known as a hands on manager\" (b): (c): (e): (f): (g): \"willing to give credit to those who worked in the trenches.\" (c): (d): \"I remember his delegating his task as...GM to work in the Applied Research Lab and in give and take with the engineers as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) docket 18262 that would shape Motorola's future...in the 1970s.\" (h): Mitchell team member, (i) patent holder] [http://www.brophy.net/weblog/images/discontinuous_innovation_-_case_study_cell_phone.jpg Discontinuance of Product Line, Business Case Study Cell Phone]; John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.258234024047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "N.B. Two names were botched in the original filing; Albert Leitich's surname was erroneously omitted, and Dr. Mikulski's first name was omitted. The original document was refiled by Motorola's legal staff, but has not yet been identified.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.05626392364502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" }, { "answer": "Motorola", "passage": "Motorola also offered a one-hour desktop charger, though the battery could get quite hot while charging at this accelerated rate. In some cases, this could cause major problems with the battery, occasionally short circuiting it and rendering it unusable. Also, charging the battery at a high enough rate to substantially raise its temperature will cause the battery to wear at an accelerated rate, reducing the number of charge-discharge cycles that can be performed before the battery will need to be replaced. (However, considering the high cost of the DynaTAC, the cost of battery replacement would not typically be a concern to DynaTAC owners.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.50869083404541, "source": "wiki", "title": "Motorola DynaTAC" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "The Suzuki Escudo is a compact SUV produced by Suzuki since 1988. It was also known as Sidekick in the United States from 1988 to 1998, Vitara in the United States, Western Europe, Bolivia, Ecuador, the Philippines, Hong Kong, and Taiwan since 1999, and Grand Vitara in the United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, India, the Caribbean, South Africa, Iran, Chile, Canada, and Australia. The North American version was produced as a joint venture between Suzuki and General Motors known as CAMI. The vehicle was a follow-up to the popular SJ413 and Samurai. The construction was based on the Lada Niva. Also, this vehicle, while sold in North America, was designed to slot above the Samurai. A larger mid-size version is also made, known as the Suzuki Grand Escudo (known as Grand Vitara XL-7 in other markets). The name is derived from the \"escudo\", the monetary unit of Portugal until the Euro was adopted.", "precise_score": 0.8691399097442627, "rough_score": 4.3930463790893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "It was facelifted in 2002 and again in 2004. A rebadged version was sold in North America by General Motors as the Chevrolet Tracker. The Tracker is sold in Latin America, but Mexico, as Chevrolet Grand Vitara. In Mexico, Grand Vitara and Tracker are different vehicles, sold by Suzuki and Chevrolet respectively. In Chile, the five-door Grand Vitara is known as Grand Nomade. In Japan, an OEM deal with Mazda meant that the wagon was also sold as the \"Mazda Proceed Levante\".", "precise_score": 0.29026544094085693, "rough_score": 5.215022563934326, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "As of 2003, the smaller Suzuki Vitara has been withdrawn from the North American market. Sales were slow, with just 4,860 sold in 2004 for the United States. In Canada, sales were strong. All North American Vitaras were built at CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll, Ontario, while the North American Grand Vitaras were built in Japan, where it is the Suzuki Escudo. The 2006 model has had a structural redesign with a new ladder-boxed chassis integrated into a unibody construction. In India, it is sold by Suzuki's Indian subsidiary, Maruti Suzuki.", "precise_score": -1.5997391939163208, "rough_score": 2.2139103412628174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "The 2001 model Suzuki Grand Vitara comes standard as a 2.0 Liter 4WD vehicle in New Zealand. The 2005 and onwards Grand Vitara is sold in Ecuador by Chevrolet, yet it still retains its Suzuki badges.", "precise_score": -1.494080901145935, "rough_score": 3.667510986328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In November 2011, the American branch of Suzuki filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Owing to its focus on small cars, a strong yen and stringent US safety regulations which have hurt growth, Suzuki Motors announced it will discontinue building cars for the US market and focus instead on motorcycles, ATVs and marine equipment.", "precise_score": 1.1886950731277466, "rough_score": 1.6409461498260498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companines were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and the vehicles were small, and three-wheeled for commercial uses, like Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having been broken up under keiretsu legislation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6171343326568604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Car" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "First introduced as the Escudo in the Japanese domestic market in July 1988, the North American Sidekick became available for model year 1989 as a two-door convertible or hardtop, in 1.0-litre JA and more powerful 4-wheel-drive JX & JLX trims as a larger companion to the Suzuki Jimny. An 1.6-litre, 8-valve, 4-cylinder Suzuki G16 engine was available on the JX & JLX. 1990 brought the deletion of the upscale JLX version. In 1991, a five-door Sidekick with a lengthened wheelbase was introduced and the following year a , 1.6-litre, 16-valve Suzuki G16A engine was introduced. 1991 also brought the introduction of rear antilock brakes. The original Sidekick was updated in 1996 with a new Sport version available with , 1.8-litre 16-valve 4-cylinder Suzuki J18 engine. The Sport also had dual airbags, 2-tone paint and 16-inch Alloy wheels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.7158737182617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In 1996, Suzuki introduced the Suzuki X-90 which was mechanically identical to the Sidekick but had a much rounder body, a trunk, and removable T-bar roof. The Suzuki X-90 disappeared from Suzuki's lineup after the 1998 model year. The Sport variant was replaced by the Grand Vitara in 1999.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.173130512237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In Spain, production went on at Suzuki's partner Santana with the Vitara nameplate. After a facelift in 2005 the name was changed to Santana 300/350.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17805290222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In Australia, there were two models available. The Vitara JX and the Vitara JLX. The JLX featured mainly with powered windows. Both versions featured the 1.6 Litre engine. In May 1997, Suzuki introduced the 1995 cc 2.0 Litre 4 Valves/Cylinder Double Overhead Cam engine with both soft-top and hardtop three-door models. This engine was rated at at 6300 rpm. At the same time the five-door models received the 1998 cc 2.0-litre V6. Engine power rated for the five-door V6 models was at at 6500 rpm. The 1.6-litre variant for the three-door models were named the Suzuki Vitara Rebel. All models in Australia were sold as four-wheel drives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.635270118713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In Indonesia, Indomobil Suzuki International (later Suzuki Indomobil Motor) as the Suzuki sole agent introduced Vitara in 1992. While the Vitara was still in the market, Suzuki added 4x2-version and labelled as the Escudo in 1994 to gain urban-driver market. In 1996, Suzuki introduced Sidekick, as a spec-down version of Escudo, as the entry level model. Indonesia is the only market in the world which receive three different names of Escudo in a time. Only 5 door models, 1.6-litre petrol engine were offered with no automatic transmission. In 1995, Vitara received fuel-injection system and marketed as Vitara EPI (Electronic Petrol Injection). However, due to much higher price, Vitara EPI sold poorly in the market and later considered become collector item since its rarity. For also 1995, the Vitara got new interiors. Official production for this generation ended in 2006 with the end of the Santana 300/350.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0620346069335938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "The second-generation Grand Vitara was a slightly larger, pricier and more powerful version of the Suzuki Vitara five-door wagon. It uses a light-duty automobile-type rack-and-pinion steering box instead of the recirculating ball truck unit used in the first generation Vitara.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5349278450012207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In 1998 The Grand Escudo was a longer, slightly larger, pricier and more powerful version of the regular five-door. The Japanese market Grand Escudo was sold in North America and Chile as the Suzuki XL-7. In Australia and Europe it was marketed as Grand Vitara XL-7.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.492525577545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "The second generation was replaced in the (northern hemisphere) autumn of 2005 by a new vehicle using some components of the GM Theta platform, and is built in Japan. The 2006 Escudo was developed independently by many of the same Suzuki engineers who developed the Theta. Although it uses some Theta componentry, especially in the suspension, it is quite different and should not be considered a Theta vehicle. Notably, it uses a longitudinally mounted engine and is at least rear-wheel drive with a 103.9 in (2639 mm) wheelbase, while all other Theta vehicles are transverse engined, defaulting to front-wheel drive. While the other Theta vehicles can be ordered with a front-drive biased 'all-wheel drive', the Escudo instead offers off-road capable selectable four-wheel drive. The contemporary generation Suzuki XL7 (starting in model year 2007) was a true Theta vehicle, and was built alongside the Chevrolet Equinox and Pontiac Torrent at CAMI Automotive in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0343337059021, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In Ecuador, this version of the SUV is known as Suzuki Grand Vitara SZ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.347909927368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "Until 2008 the standard gasoline engine for the five-door model was an updated J20A (4 cyl. 2.0L 140 PS); with an optional Suzuki H engine H27A (V6 2.7L 185 PS) in higher specified models. Pre 2001 turbo diesel models were fitted with Mazda's type RF engine, with later models fitted with a 1.9 L 4-cylinder turbo diesel featuring 129 PS, manufactured by Renault. The only engine fitted to the three-door model before 2008 was the M16A (4 cyl. 1.6L 106 PS).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.172393798828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In the second half of 2008, the Suzuki Grand Vitara was given a facelift and two new engines. A 2.4L inline four is offered producing 122 kW of power and 225 Nm of torque. The new V6 is only offered in the flagship prestige model which produces 165 kW of power and 284 Nm of torque. Fuel economy has also been improved with the addition of VVT to both engines and the 1.9L Turbo-Diesel has also received some mechanical work improving its economy. Safety has also been improved with more air-bags and traction control being standard on all models. The four mode four-wheel-drive system is also available on all models. It features a lockable central differential along with low ratio gears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.234304666519165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In the second quarter of 2012 for the 2013 model year, Suzuki unveiled a facelift Escudo with new wheels, a new grille and front lights. The V6 engine was discontinued from here on.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.287437438964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "The fourth generation of Vitara was presented at 2014 Paris Motor Show. Its production (by Suzuki Magyar) parallels the third generation. The fourth generation Vitara went on sale in Japan as the fourth generation Suzuki Escudo on 15 October 2015. The all-new fourth generation model is 125 mm shorter, 85 mm lower, 35 mm leaner, it is now a compact crossover, and has a wheelbase 140 mm shorter than the previous generation Grand Vitara, making the Vitara easier to drive on narrow roads and tight parking spaces. The engine displacement is also down by 0.8 liters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.48070985078811646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "Suzuki released a special version of the fourth generation Vitara called the Vitara S or Vitara Sport in some markets. The Vitara S features a 1.4-liter turbocharged gasoline engine, which delivers 20 percent more power and 40 percent more torque over the standard 1.6-liter petrol engine. The Vitara S is available in both 2WD and 4WD. The Vitara S also comes with several cosmetic changes over other Vitara trim levels including leather/suede sports seats with red stitching, aluminum sports pedals, red LED headlamp surrounds, distinctive five-slotted grille and black alloy wheels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.28672981262207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" }, { "answer": "Suzuki", "passage": "In 1998, Suzuki produced the Escudo Dirt Trial for the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb event in North America, which has two twin-turbocharged 2.5-liter V6 engines driving the front and rear wheels respectively. With a combined output of 981 hp at 9000 rpm, this variant has a top speed of 336 km/h. It remained four-wheel drive and weighed 800 kg. It was driven by Nobuhiro \"Monster\" Tajima.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.059990882873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Suzuki Escudo" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Systolic and diastolic" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "systolic and diastolic" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "systolic and diastolic", "type": "FreeForm", "value": "Systolic and diastolic" }

[ { "answer": "Systolic and diastolic", "passage": "* Digital, using oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation. These are electronic, are easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy environments; they are not as accurate as mercury instruments. They measure systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric detection, using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and electronic components, including a microprocessor.[http://www.geriatria.unimo.it/PDF/IPERTENSIONE/Oscillometry.pdf Oscillometry, Explanation of oscillometric detection in Medical Electronics, N Townsend, p48-51] They do not measure systolic and diastolic pressures directly, but calculate them from the mean pressure and empirical statistical oscillometric parameters. Calibration is also a concern for these instruments. Most instruments also display pulse rate. Digital oscillometric monitors are also confronted with several \"special conditions\" for which they are not designed to be used, such as arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus. People measuring blood pressure in patients with these conditions should use analog sphygmomanometers, because, when used by a trained person, they are more accurate than digital sphygmomanometers. Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy and inverse order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger. The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ from those determined by auscultation, and vary according to many factors, such as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness. Some instruments are claimed also to measure arterial stiffness. However such machines are not recommended for regular users, because machines that are claimed to have 3% accuracy rates are usually inaccurate to over 7%, and may give two different readings when checked at the same time. Some of these monitors also detect irregular heartbeats.", "precise_score": 1.592477560043335, "rough_score": 1.9778766632080078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sphygmomanometer" }, { "answer": "Systolic and diastolic", "passage": "The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.723257541656494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood pressure" }, { "answer": "Systolic and diastolic", "passage": "In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.276277542114258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood pressure" }, { "answer": "Systolic and diastolic", "passage": "For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic (written as 120/80 mm Hg, and spoken as \"one-twenty over eighty\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.511325359344482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood pressure" }, { "answer": "Systolic and diastolic", "passage": "Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.889190196990967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Blood pressure" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Silicon", "Silocon", "Zillifone", "Silicis", "Silicon compounds", "Silicon crystalization", "Metallurgical-grade silicon", "Silicon's ranking", "Element 14", "Siemens process", "Semiconducting silicon", "Silisium", "Biological silicon", "Silicium", "Refined silicon", "Metallurgical grade silicon", "Silicon (element)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "silicon", "silicon element", "element 14", "silicon s ranking", "semiconducting silicon", "silocon", "zillifone", "silicon compounds", "silicon crystalization", "silisium", "biological silicon", "siemens process", "metallurgical grade silicon", "silicium", "refined silicon", "silicis" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "silicon", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Silicon" }

[ { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery. It was first prepared and characterized in pure form in 1823. In 1808, it was given the name silicium (from , hard stone or flint), with an -ium word-ending to suggest a metal, a name which the element retains in several languages. The present English name was first suggested in 1817 to conform with the physically similar elements, carbon and boron.", "precise_score": 4.8049774169921875, "rough_score": 4.836155891418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen. ", "precise_score": -8.6304349899292, "rough_score": -8.82625961303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Most silicon is used commercially without being separated, and often with little processing of the natural minerals. Such use includes industrial construction with clays, silica sand, and stone. Silicate is used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco, and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways, foundations, and roads. Silicates are used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain, and in traditional quartz-based soda-lime glass and many other specialty glasses. Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high-strength ceramics. ", "precise_score": -10.159055709838867, "rough_score": -8.684674263000488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": " Out of these, only silicon-29 is of use in NMR and EPR spectroscopy. Twenty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being silicon-32 with a half-life of 170 years, and silicon-31 with a half-life of 157.3 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than seven seconds, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than one tenth of a second. Silicon does not have any known nuclear isomers.", "precise_score": -10.734068870544434, "rough_score": -8.257936477661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The isotopes of silicon range in mass number from 22 to 44. The most common decay mode of six isotopes with mass numbers lower than the most abundant stable isotope, silicon-28, is Beta decay|, primarily forming aluminium isotopes (13 protons) as decay products. The most common decay mode for 16 isotopes with mass numbers higher than silicon-28 is Beta decay|, primarily forming phosphorus isotopes (15 protons) as decay products.", "precise_score": -9.924925804138184, "rough_score": -8.320836067199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Attention was first drawn to silica as the possible oxide of a fundamental chemical element by Antoine Lavoisier, in 1787. After an attempt to isolate silicon in 1808, Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name \"silicium\" for silicon, from the Latin silex, silicis for flint, and adding the \"-ium\" ending because he believed it was a metal. In 1811, Gay-Lussac and Thénard are thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon, through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride, but they did not purify and characterize the product, nor identify it as a new element. Silicon was given its present name in 1817 by Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson. He retained part of Davy's name but added \"-on\" because he believed that silicon was a nonmetal similar to boron and carbon. In 1823, Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay-Lussac (potassium metal and potassium fluorosilicate), but purifying the product to a brown powder by repeatedly washing it. As a result, he is usually given credit for the element's discovery. ", "precise_score": -0.2003486007452011, "rough_score": -2.9804134368896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "PA1034 \"Du silicium et du titane\"] (On silicon and titanium), Comptes rendus, 40 : 1034–1036. By electrolyzing a mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride containing approximately 10% silicon, he was able to obtain a slightly impure allotrope of silicon in 1854. Later, more cost-effective methods have been developed to isolate several allotrope forms, the most recent being silicene.", "precise_score": -9.093135833740234, "rough_score": -8.827993392944336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Aluminium-silicon alloys (called silumin alloys) are heavily used in the aluminium alloy casting industry, where silicon is the single most important additive to aluminium to improve its casting properties. Since cast aluminium is widely used in the automobile industry, this use of silicon is thus the single largest industrial use (about 55% of the total) of \"metallurgical grade\" pure silicon (as this purified silicon is added to pure aluminium, whereas ferrosilicon is never purified before being added to steel). ", "precise_score": -10.173454284667969, "rough_score": -8.654237747192383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Elemental silicon alloyed with significant quantities of other elements, usually up to 5%, is often referred to loosely as silicon metal. It makes up about 20% of the world total elemental silicon production, with less than 1 to 2% of total elemental silicon (5–10% of metallurgical grade silicon) ever purified to higher grades for use in electronics. Metallurgical grade silicon is commercially prepared by the reaction of high-purity silica with wood, charcoal, and coal in an electric arc furnace using carbon electrodes. At temperatures over 1900 °C, the carbon in the aforementioned materials and the silicon undergo the chemical reaction:", "precise_score": -10.104257583618164, "rough_score": -8.585577964782715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "As noted above, metallurgical grade silicon \"metal\" has its primary use in the aluminium casting industry to make aluminium-silicon alloy parts. The remainder (about 45%) is used by the chemical industry, where it is primarily employed to make fumed silica, with the rest used in production of other fine chemicals such as silanes and some types of silicones.", "precise_score": -9.740262985229492, "rough_score": -8.825969696044922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The FBR manufacturing technology outputs polysilicon at 6N to 9N, a purity still higher than the 5N to 6N of upgraded metallurgical silicon (UMG-Si), a third technology used by the photovoltaic industry, that dispenses altogether with chemical purification, using metallurgical techniques instead. Currently most silicon for the photovoltaic market is produced by the Siemens process and only about 10 percent by the FBR technology, while UMG-Si accounts for about 2 percent. By 2020, however, IHS Technology predicts that market shares for FBR technology and UMG-Si will grow to 16.7 and 5.4 percent, respectively. ", "precise_score": -10.302990913391113, "rough_score": -7.9084153175354, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicon forms binary compounds called silicides with many metallic elements whose properties range from reactive compounds, e.g. magnesium silicide, Mg2Si through high melting refractory compounds such as molybdenum disilicide, MoSi2.", "precise_score": -8.457560539245605, "rough_score": -8.79217529296875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicon dioxide (silica) is a high melting solid with a number of crystal forms; the most familiar of which is the mineral quartz. In crystalline quartz each silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen atoms that bridge to other silicon atoms to form a three dimensional lattice (see below for the vitreous or glass form of pure silica). Silica is soluble in water at high temperatures forming a range of compounds called monosilicic acid, Si(OH)4.", "precise_score": -8.960710525512695, "rough_score": -7.078920841217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicon forms a nitride, Si3N4 which is a ceramic. Silatranes, a group of tricyclic compounds containing five-coordinate silicon, may have physiological properties.", "precise_score": -8.524293899536133, "rough_score": -8.562704086303711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Building materials. Most silicon is used industrially without being separated into the element, and indeed often with comparatively little processing from natural occurrence. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, which are compounds of silicon and oxygen, often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate anions require cations to balance the charge. Many of these have direct commercial uses, such as clays, silica sand and most kinds of building stone. Thus, the vast majority of uses for silicon are as structural compounds, either as the silicate minerals or silica (crude silicon dioxide). Silicates are used in making Portland cement (made mostly of calcium silicates) which is used in building mortar and modern stucco, but more importantly, combined with silica sand, and gravel (usually containing silicate minerals like granite), to make the concrete that is the basis of most of the very largest industrial building projects of the modern world. ", "precise_score": -9.829855918884277, "rough_score": -7.839417934417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe. The next three elements (lithium, beryllium and boron) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation, and are thus more rare than those that follow. Formation of elements with from six to twenty six protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis. The high abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars. Elements with greater than twenty-six protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae, which, when they explode, blast these elements far into space as supernova remnants, where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.800532341003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean, and in various types of life. The abundance of elements in Earth's crust differs from that in the Solar system (as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements (hydrogen and helium) and also volatile neon, carbon (as hydrocarbons), nitrogen and sulfur, as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system. Oxygen, the most abundant Earth element by mass, is retained on Earth by combination with silicon. Aluminum at 8% by mass is more common in the Earth's crust than in the universe and solar system, but the composition of the far more bulky mantle, which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum (which occurs there only at 2% of mass) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system, save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space, and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth's core.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.509580612182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Such now-familiar industrial materials as aluminium, silicon, nickel, chromium, magnesium, and tungsten", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120807647705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy. Most free silicon is used in the steel refining, aluminium-casting, and fine chemical industries (often to make fumed silica). Even more visibly, the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon used in semiconductor electronics (−1·K−1, silicon conducts heat well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.983078956604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "In its crystalline form, pure silicon has a gray color and a metallic luster. Like germanium, silicon is rather strong, very brittle, and prone to chipping. Silicon, like carbon and germanium, crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure with a lattice spacing of 0.5430710 nm (5.430710 Å). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.316140174865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The outer electron orbital of silicon, like that of carbon, has four valence electrons. The 1s, 2s, 2p and 3s subshells are completely filled while the 3p subshell contains two electrons out of a possible six.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775174140930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is a semiconductor. It has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature. The electrical resistance of single crystal silicon significantly changes under the application of mechanical stress due to the piezoresistive effect. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092436790466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is a metalloid, readily donating or sharing its four outer electrons, and it typically forms four bonds. Like carbon, its four bonding electrons enable it to combine with many other elements or compounds to form a wide range of compounds. Unlike carbon, it can accept additional electrons and form five or six bonds in a sometimes more labile silicate form. Tetra-valent silicon is relatively inert; it reacts with halogens and dilute alkalis, but most acids (except some hyper-reactive combinations of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid) have no effect on it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.333283424377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes, silicon-28, silicon-29, and silicon-30, with silicon-28 being the most abundant (92% natural abundance).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.852727890014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon in its more common crystalline form was not prepared until 31 years later, by Deville.In 1854, Deville was trying to prepare aluminium metal from aluminium chloride that was heavily contaminated with silicon chloride. Deville used two methods to prepare aluminium: heating aluminium chloride with sodium metal in an inert atmosphere (of hydrogen); and melting aluminum chloride with sodium chloride and then electrolyzing the mixture. In both cases, pure silicon was produced: the silicon dissolved in the molten aluminium, but crystallized upon cooling. Dissolving the crude aluminum in hydrochloric acid revealed flakes of crystallized silicon. See: Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (1854) [https://books.google.com/books?idC3VFAAAAcAAJ&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.581634521484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "PA321 \"Note sur deux procédés de préparation de l'aluminium et sur une nouvelle forme du silicium\"] (Note on two procedures for the preparation of aluminium and on a new form of silicon), Comptes rendus, 39 : 321–326.Subsequently Deville obtained crystalline silicon by heating the chloride or fluoride of silicon with sodium metal, isolating the amorphous silicon, then melting the amorphous form with salt and heating the mixture until most of the salt evaporated. See: H. Sainte-Claire Deville (1855) [https://books.google.com/books?idtZhDAQAAIAAJ&pg", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.106013298034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Because silicon is an important element in high-technology semiconductor devices, many places in the world bear its name. For example, Santa Clara Valley in California acquired the nickname Silicon Valley since the element is the base material used in the semiconductor industry located there. Other locations have been nicknamed for similar reasons, including Silicon Forest in Oregon, Silicon Hills in Austin, Texas, Silicon Slopes in Salt Lake City, Utah, Silicon Saxony in Germany, Silicon Valley in India, Silicon Border in Mexicali, Mexico, Silicon Fen in Cambridge, England, Silicon Roundabout in London, Silicon Glen in Scotland, and Silicon Gorge in Bristol, England.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.389901161193848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Measured by mass, silicon makes up 27.7% of the Earth's crust and is the second most abundant element in the crust, with only oxygen having a greater abundance. Silicon is usually found in the form of complex silicate minerals, and less often as silicon dioxide (silica, a major component of common sand). Pure silicon crystals are very rarely found in nature, but notable exceptions are crystals as large as to 0.3 mm across found during sampling gasses from Kudriavy volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.136401176452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The silicate minerals—various minerals containing silicon, oxygen and reactive metals—account for 90% of the mass of the Earth's crust. In the high temperatures prevalent in the formation of the inner solar system, silicon and oxygen readily combine, forming network solids of silicon and oxygen in compounds of low volatility. Since oxygen and silicon were the most common non-gaseous and non-metallic elements in the debris from supernova dust which formed the protoplanetary disk in the formation and evolution of the Solar System, they formed many complex silicates which accreted into larger rocky planetesimals that formed the terrestrial planets. Here, the reduced silicate mineral matrix entrapped the metals reactive enough to be oxidized (aluminium, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium). After loss of volatile gases, as well as carbon and sulfur by reaction with hydrogen, this silicate mixture of elements formed most of the Earth's crust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156551361083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Examples of silicate minerals in the crust include those in the pyroxene, amphibole, mica, and feldspar groups. These minerals occur in clay and various types of rock such as granite and sandstone. In the crust, very pure silica occurs in different crystalline forms of quartz and opal. The crystals have the empirical formula of silicon dioxide, but do not consist of discrete silicon dioxide molecules in the manner of solid carbon dioxide. Rather, silica is structurally a network solid consisting of silicon and oxygen in three-dimensional crystals, like diamond. Less pure silica forms the natural glass obsidian. Biogenic silica occurs in the structure of diatoms, radiolaria and siliceous sponges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.3996000289917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is also a principal component of many meteorites, and of tektites, a mineral of possibly lunar origin, or (if Earth-derived) which has been subjected to unusual temperatures and pressures, possibly from meteorite strike.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96560001373291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Ferrosilicon, an iron-silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron, accounts for about 80% of the world's production of elemental silicon, with China, the leading supplier of elemental silicon, providing 4.6 million tonnes (or 2/3 of the world output) of silicon, most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon. It is followed by Russia (610,000 t), Norway (330,000 t), Brazil (240,000 t) and the United States (170,000 t). Ferrosilicon is primarily used by the iron and steel industry (see below) with primary use as alloying addition in iron or steel and for de-oxidation of steel in integrated steel plants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.137012481689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Liquid silicon collects in the bottom of the furnace, which is then drained and cooled. The silicon produced in this manner is called metallurgical grade silicon and is at least 98% pure. Using this method, silicon carbide (SiC) may also form from an excess of carbon in one or both of the following ways:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901094436645508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "However, provided the concentration of SiO2 is kept high, the silicon carbide can be eliminated by the chemical reaction:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.513463020324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "As of September 2008, metallurgical grade silicon costs about US$1.45 per pound ($3.20/kg), up from $0.77 per pound ($1.70/kg) in 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.331212997436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Polysilicon ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.284046173095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Today's purification processes involve the conversion of silicon into volatile liquids, such as trichlorosilane (HSiCl3) and silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) or into the gaseous silane (SiH4). These compounds are then separated by a distillation and transformed into high-purity silicon, either by a redox reaction or by thermal decomposition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.266271591186523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "In the late 1950s, the American chemical company DuPont patented a method for the production of 99.99% pure silicon, using the metal zinc as a reductant to transform redistilled silicon tetrachloride into high-purity silicon by a vapor phase reaction at 900 °C. This technique, however, was plagued with practical problems, as the byproduct zinc chloride (ZnCl2) solidified and clogged lines, and was eventually abandoned in favor of more sophisticated processes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.534911155700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Siemens process", "passage": " Siemens process and alternatives", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351041793823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The best known technique is the so-called Siemens process. This technique does not require a reductant such as zinc, as it grows high-purity silicon crystallites directly on the surface of (pre-existing) pure silicon seed rods by a chemical decomposition that takes place when the gaseous trichlorosilane is blown over the rod's surface at 1150 °C. A common name for this type of technique is chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and produces high-purity polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon. While the conventional Siemens process produces electronic grade polysilicon at typically 9N–11N purities, that is, it contains impurity levels of less than one part per billion (ppb), the modified Siemens process is a dedicated process-route for the production of silicon with purities of 6N (99.9999%) and less energy demand. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.390273094177246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "A more recent alternative for the production of polysilicon is the fluidized bed reactor (FBR) manufacturing technology. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.101339340209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Compared to the traditional Siemens process, FBR features a number of advantages that lead to cheaper polysilicon demanded by the fast-growing photovoltaic industry. Contrary to Siemens' batch process, FBR runs continuously, wasting fewer resources and requires less setup and downtime. It uses about 10 percent of the electricity consumed by a conventional rod reactor in the established Siemens process, as it does not waste energy by placing heated gas and silicon in contact with cold surfaces. In the FBR, silane (SiH4) is injected into the reactor from below and forms a fluidized bed together with the silicon seed particles that are fed from above. The gaseous silane then decomposes and deposits silicon on the seed particles. When the particles have grown to larger granules, they eventually sink to the bottom of the reactor where they are continuously withdrawn from the process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.104903221130371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The company REC is one of the leading producers of silane and polysilicon using FBR technology. The three-step chemical reaction involves (last step occurs inside the FB-reactor): (1.) 3 SiCl4 + Si + 2 H2 → 4 HSiCl3, followed by (2.) 4 HSiCl3 → 3 SiCl4 + SiH4, and (3.) SiH4 → Si + 2 H2. Other precursors such as tribromosilane had been used by other companies as well.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.941377639770508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The use of silicon in semiconductor devices demands a much greater purity than afforded by metallurgical grade silicon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68763542175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Very pure silicon (>99.9%) can be extracted directly from solid silica or other silicon compounds by molten salt electrolysis. This method, known as early as 1854 (see also FFC Cambridge process), has the potential to directly produce 6N silicon without any carbon dioxide emission at much lower energy consumption.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.288050651550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "6N silicon cannot be used for microelectronics. To properly control the quantum mechanical properties, the purity of the silicon must be very high. Bulk silicon wafers used at the beginning of the integrated circuit making process must first be refined to a purity of 99.9999999% often referred to as \"9N\" for \"9 nines\", a process which requires repeated applications of refining technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.985690116882324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The majority of silicon crystals grown for device production are produced by the Czochralski process, (Cz-Si) It was the cheapest method available. However, single crystals grown by the Czochralski process contain impurities because the crucible containing the melt often dissolves. Historically, a number of methods have been used to produce ultra-high-purity silicon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.83859920501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Early silicon purification techniques were based on the fact that if silicon is melted and re-solidified, the last parts of the mass to solidify contain most of the impurities. The earliest method of silicon purification, first described in 1919 and used on a limited basis to make radar components during World War II, involved crushing metallurgical grade silicon and then partially dissolving the silicon powder in an acid. When crushed, the silicon cracked so that the weaker impurity-rich regions were on the outside of the resulting grains of silicon. As a result, the impurity-rich silicon was the first to be dissolved when treated with acid, leaving behind a more pure product.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791438102722168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "In zone melting, also called zone refining, the first silicon purification method to be widely used industrially, rods of metallurgical grade silicon are heated to melt at one end. Then, the heater is slowly moved down the length of the rod, keeping a small length of the rod molten as the silicon cools and re-solidifies behind it. Since most impurities tend to remain in the molten region rather than re-solidify, when the process is complete, most of the impurities in the rod will have been moved into the end that was the last to be melted. This end is then cut off and discarded, and the process repeated if a still higher purity is desired. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787656784057617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "People can be exposed to silicon in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) for silicon exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228992462158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicon carbide, SiC (carborundum) is a hard, high melting solid and a well known abrasive. It may also be sintered into a type of high-strength ceramic used in armor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540159225463867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silane, SiH4, is a pyrophoric gas with a similar tetrahedral structure to methane, CH4. When pure, it does not react with pure water or dilute acids; however, even small amounts of alkali impurities from the laboratory glass can result in a rapid hydrolysis. There is a range of catenated silicon hydrides that form a homologous series of compounds, where n 2–8 (analogous to the alkanes). These are all readily hydrolyzed and are thermally unstable, particularly the heavier members.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295554161071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Disilenes contain a silicon-silicon double bond (analogous to the alkenes) and are generally highly reactive requiring large substituent groups to stabilize them. A disilyne with a silicon-silicon triple bond was first isolated in 2004; although as the compound is non-linear, the bonding is dissimilar to that in alkynes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598443031311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Tetrahalides, SiX4, are formed with all the halogens. Silicon tetrachloride, for example, reacts with water, unlike its carbon analogue, carbon tetrachloride. Silicon dihalides are formed by the high temperature reaction of tetrahalides and silicon; with a structure analogous to a carbene they are reactive compounds. Silicon difluoride condenses to form a polymeric compound, .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.386398315429688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silica can be fused directly into glass form, as so-called fused quartz, which contains no crystalline structure. With oxides of other elements, the high temperature reaction of silicon dioxide can give a wide range of mixed glasses and glass-like network solids with various properties. Examples include soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass and lead crystal glass. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.858380317687988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicon sulfide, SiS2, is a polymeric solid (unlike its carbon analogue the liquid CS2).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.193558692932129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Many transition metal complexes containing a metal-silicon bond are now known, which include complexes containing ligands, SiX3 ligands, and Si(OR)3 ligands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.180865287780762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Silicones are large group of polymeric compounds with an (Si-O-Si) backbone. An example is the silicone oil PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane). These polymers can be crosslinked to produce resins and elastomers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.848567962646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "* Many organosilicon compounds are known which contain a silicon-carbon single bond. Many of these are based on a central tetrahedral silicon atom, and some are optically active when central chirality exists. Long chain polymers containing a silicon backbone are known, such as polydimethysilylene . Polycarbosilane, with a backbone containing a repeating -Si-Si-C unit, is a precursor in the production of silicon carbide fibers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.887149810791016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Artificial silicon compounds. Very occasional elemental silicon is found in nature, and also naturally-occurring compounds of silicon and carbon (silicon carbide) or nitrogen (silicon nitride) are found in stardust samples or meteorites in presolar grains, but the oxidizing conditions of the inner planets of the solar system make planetary silicon compounds found there mostly silicates and silica. Free silicon, or compounds of silicon in which the element is covalently attached to hydrogen, boron, or elements other than oxygen, are mostly artificially produced. They are described below.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.306961059570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon compounds of more modern origin function as high-technology abrasives and new high-strength ceramics based upon silicon carbide. Silicon is a component of some superalloys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.042311668395996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Alternating silicon-oxygen chains with hydrogen attached to the remaining silicon bonds form the ubiquitous silicon-based polymeric materials known as silicones. These compounds containing silicon-oxygen and occasionally silicon-carbon bonds have the capability to act as bonding intermediates between glass and organic compounds, and to form polymers with useful properties such as impermeability to water, flexibility and resistance to chemical attack. Silicones are often used in waterproofing treatments, molding compounds, mold-release agents, mechanical seals, high temperature greases and waxes, and caulking compounds. Silicone is also sometimes used in breast implants, contact lenses, explosives and pyrotechnics. Silly Putty was originally made by adding boric acid to silicone oil. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.923933029174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve performance in casting thin sections and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air. The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen, so that the steel carbon content, which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel, can be more closely controlled. Ferrosilicon production and use is a monitor of the steel industry, and although this form of elemental silicon is grossly impure, it accounts for 80% of the world's use of free silicon. Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel, modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.389134407043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "The properties of silicon can be used to modify alloys with metals other than iron. \"Metallurgical grade\" silicon is silicon of 95–99% purity. About 55% of the world consumption of metallurgical purity silicon goes for production of aluminium-silicon alloys (silumin alloys) for aluminium part casts, mainly for use in the automotive industry. Silicon's importance in aluminium casting is that a significantly high amount (12%) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction. This greatly reduces tearing and cracks formed from stress as casting alloys cool to solidity. Silicon also significantly improves the hardness and thus wear-resistance of aluminium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.834693908691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Most elemental silicon produced remains as a ferrosilicon alloy, and only about 20% is refined to metallurgical grade purity (a total of 1.3–1.5 million metric tons/year). An estimated 15% of the world production of metallurgical grade silicon is further refined to semiconductor purity. However, the economic importance of this small very high-purity fraction (especially the ~ 5% which is processed to monocrystalline silicon for integrated circuits) is disproportionately large.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.365984916687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Pure monocrystalline silicon is produced silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry, in electronics, and in some high-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic applications. Pure silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor, which means that unlike metals, it conducts electron holes and electrons released from atoms by heat; silicon's electrical conductivity increases with higher temperatures. Pure silicon has too low a conductivity (i.e., too high a resistivity) to be used as a circuit element in electronics. In practice, pure silicon is doped with small concentrations of certain other elements, which greatly increase its conductivity and adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge (positive or negative) of activated carriers. Such control is necessary for transistors, solar cells, semiconductor detectors, and other semiconductor devices used in the computer industry and other technical applications. In silicon photonics, silicon can be used as a continuous wave Raman laser medium to produce coherent light, though it is ineffective as an everyday light source.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.38105583190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "In common integrated circuits, a wafer of monocrystalline silicon serves as a mechanical support for the circuits, which are created by doping and insulated from each other by thin layers of silicon oxide, an insulator that is easily produced by exposing the element to oxygen under the proper conditions. Silicon has become the most popular material for both high power semiconductors and integrated circuits because it can withstand the highest temperatures and greatest electrical activity without suffering avalanche breakdown (an electron avalanche is created when heat produces free electrons and holes, which in turn pass more current, which produces more heat). In addition, the insulating oxide of silicon is not soluble in water, which gives it an advantage over germanium (an element with similar properties which can also be used in semiconductor devices) in certain fabrication techniques. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.797307014465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Monocrystalline silicon is expensive to produce, and is usually justified only in production of integrated circuits, where tiny crystal imperfections can interfere with tiny circuit paths. For other uses, other types of pure silicon may be employed. These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon (UMG-Si) used in the production of low-cost, large-area electronics in applications such as liquid crystal displays and of large-area, low-cost, thin-film solar cells. Such semiconductor grades of silicon are either slightly less pure or polycrystalline rather than monocrystalline, and are produced in comparable quatities as the monocrystalline silicon: 75,000 to 150,000 metric tons per year. The market for the lesser grade is growing more quickly than for monocrystalline silicon. By 2013, polycrystalline silicon production, used mostly in solar cells, was projected to reach 200,000 metric tons per year, while monocrystalline semiconductor grade silicon was expected to remain less than 50,000 tons/year.Corathers, Lisa A. [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/silicon/myb1-2009-simet.pdf 2009 Minerals Yearbook]. USGS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.930826187133789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Since 2000, silicon has found a new use in mechanical watch movements. Several manufacturers of mechanical watch movements have incorporated silicon parts, mainly in the escapements and balance wheel regions. Silicon hair-springs are becoming more common as are silicon escapement wheels and forks. Silicon has several desirable properties when used in these contexts; It is thermally stable, shock resistant, and requires little to no lubrication. Ulysse Nardin pioneered these applications, with Omega, Breguet, Patek, Rolex, Cartier, and Damasko following. Most of these parts for watch movements are manufactured by deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.697639465332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Although silicon is readily available in the form of silicates, very few organisms use it directly. Diatoms, radiolaria and siliceous sponges use biogenic silica as a structural material for skeletons. In more advanced plants, the silica phytoliths (opal phytoliths) are rigid microscopic bodies occurring in the cell; some plants, for example rice, need silicon for their growth. There is some evidence that silicon is important to nail, hair, bone and skin health, for example in studies that show that premenopausal women with higher dietary silicon intake have higher bone density, and that silicon supplementation can increase bone volume and density in patients with osteoporosis. Silicon is needed for synthesis of elastin and collagen, of which the aorta contains the greatest quantity in the human body. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.477882385253906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" }, { "answer": "Silicon", "passage": "Silicon is currently under consideration for elevation to the status of a \"plant beneficial substance by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials (AAPFCO).\" Silicon has been shown in university and field studies to improve plant cell wall strength and structural integrity, improve drought and frost resistance, decrease lodging potential, and boost the plant's natural pest and disease fighting systems. Silicon has also been shown to improve plant vigor and physiology by improving root mass and density, and increasing above ground plant biomass and crop yields.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.20479965209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silicon" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Fedallah", "Timor Tim", "Dagoo", "Moby-Dick: Captain Ahab", "Moby Dick; or, The Whale", "Ahab's Wife, Or, The Star-Gazer", "Moby-dick", "Moby Dick: Captain Ahab", "Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish", "Tashtego", "Call me Ishmael", "Moby-Dick (character)", "Moby-Dick", "Moby-Dick; or, The White Whale", "Starbuck: Moby Dick", "Moby dick", "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale", "Moby Dick (Novel)", "Starbuck (Moby-Dick)", "Ahabian", "Moby Dick", "MobyDick", "Moby-Dick (novel)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "fast fish and loose fish", "moby dick character", "starbuck moby dick", "moby dick or whale", "fedallah", "moby dick novel", "timor tim", "dagoo", "moby dick or white whale", "mobydick", "ahabian", "moby dick captain ahab", "ahab s wife or star gazer", "tashtego", "call me ishmael", "moby dick" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "moby dick", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Moby Dick" }

[ { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Ishmael is a fictional character in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851). Ishmael, the only surviving crewmember of the Pequod, is the narrator of the book. As a character he is a few years younger than as a narrator. His importance relies on his role as narrator; as a character, he is only a minor participant in the action. The Biblical name has come to symbolize orphans, exiles, and social outcasts.", "precise_score": 5.196988582611084, "rough_score": 4.059904098510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Ishmael explains his need to go to sea and travels from Manhattan Island to New Bedford. He is a seasoned sailor, having served on merchant vessels in the past, but this would be his first time aboard a whaling ship. The inn is crowded and he must share a bed with the tattooed Polynesian, Queequeg, a harpooneer who Ishmael assumes to be a cannibal. The next morning Ishmael and Queequeg head for Nantucket. Ishmael signs up for a voyage on the whaler Pequod, under Captain Ahab. Ahab is obsessed by the white whale, Moby Dick, who on a previous voyage has severed his leg. In his quest for revenge Ahab has lost all sense of responsibility, and when the whale sinks the ship, all crewmembers drown, with the exception of Ishmael: “And I only am escaped alone to tell thee” (Job) says the epigraph. Ishmael keeps himself afloat on a coffin until he is picked up by another whaling ship, the Rachel.", "precise_score": -0.5056980848312378, "rough_score": -1.1814625263214111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* In Genesis, Hagar was visited by an angel who instructed her to call her still unborn child Yishma'el, meaning \"God shall hear.\" The prophecy in the name was fulfilled when Ishmael, perishing in the desert, was saved by a miracle: the sudden appearance of a well of water. In Moby-Dick, only Ishmael escapes the sinking of the Pequod, and \"that by a margin so narrow as to seem miraculous.\" ", "precise_score": 1.7451019287109375, "rough_score": 0.662734866142273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Call me Ishmael", "passage": "* Though the novel famously begins with the words \"Call me Ishmael,\" only once in the whole book is the narrator called Ishmael, self-address aside: when he signs up for the Pequod voyage in chapter 16, Captain Peleg refers to him as Ishmael. ", "precise_score": 0.2053586095571518, "rough_score": 3.5183913707733154, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The Pequod is a fictional 19th-century Nantucket whaling ship that appears in the 1851 novel Moby-Dick by American author Herman Melville. The Pequod and her crew, commanded by Captain Ahab, are central to the story, which, after the initial chapters, takes place almost entirely aboard the ship during a three-year whaling expedition in the Atlantic, Indian and South Pacific oceans. Most of the characters in the novel are part of the Pequods crew, including the narrator Ishmael.", "precise_score": 0.1252102106809616, "rough_score": -1.5849446058273315, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pequod (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is a novel by American writer Herman Melville, published in 1851 during the period of the American Renaissance. Sailor Ishmael tells the story of the obsessive quest of Ahab, captain of the whaler Pequod, for revenge on Moby Dick, the white whale which on the previous whaling voyage destroyed his ship and severed his leg at the knee. The novel was a commercial failure and out of print at the time of the author's death in 1891, but during the 20th century, its reputation as a Great American Novel was established. William Faulkner confessed he wished he had written it himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it \"one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world\", and \"the greatest book of the sea ever written\". \"Call me Ishmael\" is among world literature's most famous opening sentences. ", "precise_score": -1.1258677244186401, "rough_score": -2.006155252456665, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "When Ahab finally appears on the quarterdeck, he announces he is out for revenge on the white whale which took one leg from the knee down and left him with a prosthesis fashioned from a whale's jawbone. Ahab will give the first man to sight Moby Dick a doubloon, a gold coin, which he nails to the mast. Starbuck objects that he has not come for vengeance but for profit. Ahab's purpose exercises a mysterious spell on Ishmael: \"Ahab's quenchless feud seemed mine\". Instead of rounding Cape Horn, Ahab heads for the equatorial Pacific Ocean via southern Africa. One afternoon, as Ishmael and Queequeg are weaving a mat — \"its warp seemed necessity, his hand free will, and Queequeg's sword chance\" — Tashtego sights a sperm whale. Immediately, five hidden figures appear whom Ahab has brought as his own boat crew. Their leader, Fedallah, a Parsee, is Ahab's harpooneer. The pursuit is unsuccessful.", "precise_score": -5.5177812576293945, "rough_score": -4.700558662414551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Southeast of the Cape of Good Hope, the Pequod makes the first of nine sea-encounters, or \"gams\", with other ships: Ahab hails the Goney (Albatross) to ask whether they have seen the White Whale, but the trumpet through which her captain tries to speak falls into the sea before he can answer. Ishmael explains that because of Ahab's absorption with Moby Dick, he sails on without the customary \"gam\", which defines as a \"social meeting of two (or more) Whale-ships\", in which the two captains remain on one ship and the chief mates on the other. In the second gam off the Cape of Good Hope, with the Town-Ho, a Nantucket whaler, the concealed story of a \"judgment of God\" is revealed, but only to the crew: a defiant sailor who struck an oppressive officer is flogged, and when that officer led the chase for Moby Dick, he fell from the boat and was killed by the whale.", "precise_score": -0.4099999666213989, "rough_score": 0.39562326669692993, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Ishmael digresses on pictures of whales, brit (microscopic sea creatures on which whales feed), squid and — after four boats lowered in vain because Daggoo mistook a giant squid for the white whale — whale-lines. The next day, in the Indian Ocean, Stubb kills a sperm whale, and that night Fleece, the Pequods black cook, prepares him a rare whale steak. Fleece delivers a sermon to the sharks that fight each other to feast on the whale's carcass, tied to the ship, saying that their nature is to be voracious, but they must overcome it. The whale is prepared, beheaded, and barrels of oil are tried out. Standing at the head of the whale, Ahab begs it to speak of the depths of the sea. The Pequod next encounters the Jeroboam, which not only lost its chief mate to Moby Dick, but also is now plagued by an epidemic.", "precise_score": -0.460480272769928, "rough_score": 0.3282507658004761, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Fedallah", "passage": "The Pequod gams next with the Bachelor, a Nantucket ship heading home full of sperm oil. Every now and then, the Pequod lowers for whales with success. On one of those nights in the whaleboat, Fedallah prophesies that neither hearse nor coffin can be Ahab's, that before he dies, Ahab must see two hearses — one not made by mortal hands and the other made of American wood — that Fedallah will precede his captain in death, and finally that only hemp can kill Ahab.", "precise_score": -5.585808277130127, "rough_score": -4.176264762878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "The Pequod is now heading southeast toward Moby Dick. A man falls overboard from the mast. The life buoy is thrown, but both sink. Now Queequeg proposes that his superfluous coffin be used as a new life buoy. Starbuck orders the carpenter take care it is lidded and caulked. Next morning, the ship meets in another truncated gam with the Rachel, commanded by Captain Gardiner from Nantucket. The Rachel is seeking survivors from one of her whaleboats which had gone after Moby Dick. Among the missing is Gardiner's young son. Ahab refuses to join the search. Twenty-four hours a day, Ahab now stands and walks the deck, while Fedallah shadows him. Suddenly, a sea hawk grabs Ahab's slouched hat and flies off with it. Next, the Pequod, in a ninth and final gam, meets the Delight, badly damaged and with five of her crew left dead by Moby Dick. Her captain shouts that the harpoon which can kill the white whale has yet to be forged, but Ahab flourishes his special lance and once more orders the ship forward. Ahab shares a moment of contemplation with Starbuck. Ahab speaks about his wife and child, calls himself a fool for spending 40 years on whaling, and claims he can see his own child in Starbuck's eye. Starbuck tries to persuade Ahab to return to Nantucket to meet both their families, but Ahab simply crosses the deck and stands near Fedallah.", "precise_score": -4.636227607727051, "rough_score": -4.175381183624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "On the third day of the chase, Ahab sights Moby Dick at noon, and sharks appear, as well. Ahab lowers his boat for a final time, leaving Starbuck again on board. Moby Dick breaches and destroys two boats. Fedallah's corpse, still entangled in the fouled lines, is lashed to the whale's back, so Moby Dick turns out to be the hearse Fedallah prophesied. \"Possessed by all the fallen angels\", Ahab plants his harpoon in the whale's flank. Moby Dick smites the whaleboat, tossing its men into the sea. Only Ishmael survives. The whale now fatally attacks the Pequod. Ahab then realizes that the destroyed ship is the hearse made of American wood in Fedallah's prophesy. The whale returns to Ahab, who stabs at him again. The line loops around Ahab's neck, and as the stricken whale swims away, the captain is drawn with him out of sight. Queequeg's coffin comes to the surface, the only thing to escape the vortex when Pequod sank. For an entire day, Ishmael floats on it, and then the Rachel, still looking for its lost seamen, rescues him.", "precise_score": -1.1298398971557617, "rough_score": -1.965865969657898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Because he was the first person narrator, much early criticism of Moby-Dick either confused Ishmael with the author himself or overlooked him. From the mid-twentieth century onward, critics distinguished Ishmael from Melville, establishing the character's mystic and speculative consciousness as a central force in contrast to Captain Ahab's monomaniacal force of will.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.259783744812012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish", "passage": "Ishmael meditates on a wide range of topics. In addition to explicitly philosophical references, in Chapter 89, for instance, he expounds on the legal concept, Fast-Fish and Loose-Fish, which he takes to mean that possession, rather than a moral claim, bestows the right of ownership.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.965958595275879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* Biblical Ishmael is banished to \"the wilderness of Beer-sheba,\" while the narrator of Moby-Dick wanders, in his own words in \"the wilderness of waters.\" In the Bible the desert or wilderness is a common setting for a vision of one kind to another. By contrast, Melville's Ishmael takes to sea searching for insights.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.813952922821045, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "During the early decades of the Melville revival, Ishmael was often confused with Melville, whose works were perceived as autobiography. The critic F.O. Matthiessen complained as early as 1941 that \"most of the criticism of our past masters has been perfunctorily tacked onto biographies\" and objected to the \"modern fallacy\" of the \"direct reading of an author's personal life into his works.\" In 1948 Howard P. Vincent, in his study The Trying-Out of Moby-Dick, \"warned against forgetting the narrator.\" Robert Zoellner says that \"traditional criticism\" argues that Ishmael's role as narrator \"breaks down\" either when Ahab and Stubb \"have a conversation off by themselves\" in chapter 29 or else when Ishmael reports \"the soliloquy of Ahab sitting alone\" in chapter 37. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.263291835784912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "* Richard Basehart, in Moby Dick, a 1956 film adaptation in which Gregory Peck plays Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.313325881958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "* Henry Thomas, in Moby Dick, a 1998 television miniseries adaptation in which Patrick Stewart plays Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305815696716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "* Tim Guinee (voice), in [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0329992/ Animated Epics: Moby Dick], a 2000 animated movie in which Rod Steiger provides the voice of Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39053726196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "* Renee O'Connor plays Michelle Herman, a female counterpart of Ishmael in Moby Dick, a 2010 modern-day film adaptation in which Barry Bostwick plays Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.46900749206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "* Charlie Cox, in [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1334573/ Moby Dick], a 2010 television miniseries adaptation in which William Hurt plays Ahab.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346746444702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ishmael (Moby-Dick)" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Dedicated to Nathaniel Hawthorne, \"in token of my admiration for his genius\", the work was first published as The Whale in London in October 1851, and under its definitive title in New York in November. Hundreds of differences, mostly slight and some important, are seen between the two editions. The London publisher censored or changed sensitive passages and Melville made revisions, as well, including the last-minute change in the title for the New York edition. The whale, however, appears in both editions as \"Moby Dick\", with no hyphen. About 3,200 copies were sold during the author's life.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.873769760131836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Tashtego", "passage": "Ishmael discusses cetology (the zoological classification and natural history of the whale), and describes the crew members. The chief mate is 30-year-old Starbuck, a Nantucket Quaker with a realist mentality, whose harpooneer is Queequeg; second mate is Stubb, from Cape Cod, happy-go-lucky and cheerful, whose harpooneer is Tashtego, a proud, pure-blooded Indian from Gay Head, and the third mate is Flask, from Martha's Vineyard, short, stout, whose harpooneer is Daggoo, a tall African, now a resident of Nantucket.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.173886299133301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Tashtego", "passage": "The whale carcass still lies in the water. Queequeg mounts it, tied to Ishmael's belt by a monkey-rope as if they were Siamese twins. Stubb and Flask kill a right whale whose head is fastened to a yardarm opposite the sperm whale's head. Ishmael compares the two heads in a philosophical way: the right whale is Lockean, stoic, and the sperm whale as Kantean, platonic. Tashtego cuts into the head of the sperm whale and retrieves buckets of oil. He falls into the head, and the head falls off the yardarm into the sea. Queequeg dives after him and frees his mate with his sword.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.840260028839111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "The Pequod next gams with the Samuel Enderby of London, captained by Boomer, a down-to-earth fellow who lost his right arm to Moby Dick. Nevertheless, he carries no ill will toward the whale, which he regards not as malicious, but as awkward. Ahab puts an end to the gam by rushing back to his ship. The narrator now discusses the subjects of 1) whalers supply; 2) a glen in Tranque in the Arsacides islands full of carved whale bones, fossil whales, whale skeleton measurements; 3) the chance that the magnitude of the whale will diminish and that the leviathan might perish.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.641577243804932, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "The Pequod sails northeast toward Formosa and into the Pacific Ocean. Ahab, with one nostril, smells the musk from the Bashee isles, and with the other, the salt of the waters where Moby Dick swims. Ahab goes to Perth, the blacksmith, with bag of racehorse shoenail stubs to be forged into the shank of a special harpoon, and with his razors for Perth to melt and fashion into a harpoon barb. Ahab tempers the barb in blood from Queequeg, Tashtego, and Daggoo.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.760436058044434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "As the Pequod approaches the Equator, Ahab scolds his quadrant for telling him only where he is and not where he will be. He dashes it to the deck. That evening, an impressive typhoon attacks the ship. Lightning strikes the mast, setting the doubloon and Ahab's harpoon aglow. Ahab delivers a speech on the spirit of fire, seeing the lightning as a portent of Moby Dick. Starbuck sees the lightning as a warning, and feels tempted to shoot the sleeping Ahab with a musket. Next morning, when he finds that the lightning disoriented the compass, Ahab makes a new one out of a lance, a maul, and a sailmaker's needle. He orders the log be heaved, but the weathered line snaps, leaving the ship with no way to fix its location.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.784927845001221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "On the first day of the chase, Ahab smells the whale, climbs the mast, and sights Moby Dick. He claims the doubloon for himself, and orders all boats to lower except for Starbuck's. The whale bites Ahab's boat in two, tosses the captain out of it, and scatters the crew. On the second day of the chase, Ahab leaves Starbuck in charge of the Pequod. Moby Dick smashes the three boats that seek him into splinters and tangles their lines. Ahab is rescued, but his ivory leg and Fedallah are lost. Starbuck begs Ahab to desist, but Ahab vows to slay the white whale, even if he would have to dive through the globe itself to get his revenge.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.01133918762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Scholar Lawrence Buell describes the arrangement of the non-narrative chapters as structured around three patterns: first, the nine meetings of the Pequod with ships that have encountered Moby Dick. Each has been more and more severely damaged, foreshadowing the Pequods own fate. Second, the increasingly impressive encounters with whales. In the early encounters, the whaleboats hardly make contact; later there are false alarms and routine chases; finally, the massive assembling of whales at the edges of the China Sea in \"The Grand Armada\". A typhoon near Japan sets the stage for Ahab's confrontation with Moby Dick. The third pattern is the cetological documentation, so lavish that it can be divided into two subpatterns. These chapters start with the ancient history of whaling and a bibliographical classification of whales, getting closer with second-hand stories of the evil of whales in general and of Moby Dick in particular, a chronologically ordered commentary on pictures of whales. The climax to this section is chapter 57, \"Of whales in paint etc.\", which begins with the humble (a beggar in London) and ends with the sublime (the constellation Cetus). The next chapter (\"Brit\"), thus the other half of this pattern, begins with the book's first description of live whales, and next the anatomy of the sperm whale is studied, more or less from front to rear and from outer to inner parts, all the way down to the skeleton. Two concluding chapters set forth the whale's evolution as a species and claim its eternal nature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.738156795501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Bryant and Springer find that the book is structured around the two consciousnesses of Ahab and Ishmael, with Ahab as a force of linearity and Ishmael a force of digression. While both have an angry sense of being orphaned, they try to come to terms with this hole in their beings in different ways: Ahab with violence, Ishmael with meditation. And while the plot in Moby-Dick may be driven by Ahab's anger, Ishmael's desire to get a hold of the \"ungraspable\" accounts for the novel's lyricism. Buell sees a double quest in the book: Ahab's is to hunt Moby Dick, Ishmael's is \"to understand what to make of both whale and hunt\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.416441917419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "One of the early critics of the Melville Revival, British author E. M. Forster, remarked in 1927: \"Moby-Dick is full of meanings: its meaning is a different problem.\" Yet he saw as \"the essential\" in the book \"its prophetic song\", which flows \"like an undercurrent\" beneath the surface action and morality. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256120681762695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Editors Bryant and Springer suggest perception is a central theme, the difficulty of seeing and understanding, which makes deep reality hard to discover and truth hard to pin down. Ahab explains that, like all things, the evil whale wears a disguise: \"All visible objects, man, are but pasteboard masks\" — and Ahab is determined to \"strike through the mask! How can the prisoner reach outside, except by thrusting through the wall? To me, the white whale is that wall\" (Ch. 36, \"The Quarter-Deck\"). This theme pervades the novel, perhaps never so emphatically as in \"The Doubloon\" (Ch. 99), where each crewmember perceives the coin in a way shaped by his own personality. Later, the American edition has Ahab \"discover no sign\" (Ch. 133) of the whale when he is staring into the deep. In fact, Moby Dick is then swimming up at him. In the British edition, Melville changed the word \"discover\" to \"perceive\", and with good reason, for \"discovery\" means finding what is already there, but \"perceiving\", or better still, perception, is \"a matter of shaping what exists by the way in which we see it\". The point is not that Ahab would discover the whale as an object, but that he would perceive it as a symbol of his making.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595727920532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "An incomplete inventory of the language of Moby-Dick by editors Bryant and Springer includes \"nautical, biblical, Homeric, Shakespearean, Miltonic, cetological\" influences, and his style is \"alliterative, fanciful, colloquial, archaic, and unceasingly allusive\": Melville tests and exhausts the possibilities of grammar, quotes from a range of well-known or obscure sources, and swings from calm prose to high rhetoric, technical exposition, seaman's slang, mystic speculation, or wild prophetic archaism. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02135944366455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "The final phrase fuses the two halves of the comparison, the men become identical with the ship, which follows Ahab's direction. The concentration only gives way to more imagery, with the \"mastheads, like the tops of tall palms, were outspreadingly tufted with arms and legs\". All these images contribute their \"startling energy\" to the advance of the narrative. When the boats are lowered, the imagery serves to dwarf everything but Ahab's will in the presence of Moby Dick. These similes, with their astonishing \"imaginative abundance,\" are not only invaluable in creating the dramatic movement, Matthiessen observes: \"They are no less notable for breadth; and the more sustained among them, for an heroic dignity.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400542259216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Most importantly, through Shakespeare, Melville infused Moby-Dick with a power of expression he had not previously possessed. Reading Shakespeare, Matthiessen observes, had been \"a catalytic agent\" for Melville, one that transformed his writing \"from limited reporting to the expression of profound natural forces\". The extent to which Melville was in full possession of his powers is demonstrated by Matthiessen through the description of Ahab, which ends in language \"that suggests Shakespeare's but is not an imitation of it: 'Oh, Ahab! what shall be grand in thee, it must needs be plucked from the skies and dived for in the deep, and featured in the unbodied air!' The imaginative richness of the final phrase seems particularly Shakespearean, \"but its two key words appear only once each in the plays ... and to neither of these usages is Melville indebted for his fresh combination.\" Melville's assimilation of Shakespeare, Matthiessen concludes, gave Moby-Dick \"a kind of diction that depended upon no source\", and that could, as D.H. Lawrence put it, convey something \"almost superhuman or inhuman, bigger than life.\" The prose is not based on anybody else's verse but on \"a sense of speech rhythm\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.571917533874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Moby-Dick is based on Melville's actual experience on a whaler. On December 30, 1840, he signed on as a green hand for the maiden voyage of the Acushnet, planned to last for 52 months. Its owner, Melvin O. Bradford, resembled Bildad, who signed on Ishmael, in that he was a Quaker: on several instances when he signed documents, he erased the word \"swear\" and replaced it with \"affirm\". Its captain was Valentine Pease, Jr., who was 43 years old at the start of the voyage. Although 26 men signed up as crew members, two did not show up for the ship's departure and were replaced by one new crew member. Five of the crew were foreigners, four of them Portuguese. The Scottish carpenter was one of the two who did not show for the ship's departure. Three black men were in the crew, two seamen and the cook. Fleece, the cook of the Pequod, was also black, so probably modeled on this Philadelphia-born William Maiden, who was 38 years old when he signed for the Acushnet. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.254528045654297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Moby-Dick contains large sections—most of them narrated by Ishmael—that seemingly have nothing to do with the plot, but describe aspects of the whaling business. Although a successful earlier novel about Nantucket whalers had been written, Miriam Coffin or The Whale-Fisherman (1835) by Joseph C. Hart, which is credited with influencing elements of Melville's work, most accounts of whaling tended to be sensational tales of bloody mutiny, and Melville believed that no book up to that time had portrayed the whaling industry in as fascinating or immediate a way as he had experienced it. Early Romantics also proposed that fiction was the exemplary way to describe and record history, so Melville wanted to craft something educational and definitive.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5738630294799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The earliest surviving mention of the composition of what became Moby-Dick is the final paragraph of the letter Melville wrote to Richard Henry Dana, Jr. on May 1, 1850:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257491111755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Some scholars have concluded that Melville composed Moby-Dick in two or even three stages. Reasoning from a series of inconsistencies and structural developments in the final version, they hypothesize that the work he mentioned to Dana was, in the words of Lawrence Buell, a \"relatively straightforward\" whaling adventure, but that reading Shakespeare and his encounters with Hawthorne inspired him to rewrite it as \"an epic of cosmic encyclopedic proportions\". Bezanson objects that the letter contains too many ambiguities to assume \"that Dana's 'suggestion' would obviously be that Melville do for whaling what he had done for life on a man-of-war in White-Jacket\". In addition, Dana had experienced how incomparable Melville was in dramatic story telling when he met him in Boston, so perhaps \"his 'suggestion' was that Melville do a book that captured that gift\". And the long sentence in the middle of the above quotation simply acknowledges that Melville is struggling with the problem, not of choosing between fact and fancy but of how to interrelate them. The most positive statements are that it will be a strange sort of a book and that Melville means to give the truth of the thing, but what thing exactly is not clear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517786026000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family had moved to a small red farmhouse near Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end of March 1850. He became friends with Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met at a picnic hosted by a mutual friend. Melville wrote an unsigned review of Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from an Old Manse titled \"Hawthorne and His Mosses\", which appeared in the The Literary World on August 17 and 24. Bezanson finds the essay \"so deeply related to Melville's imaginative and intellectual world while writing Moby-Dick\" that it could be regarded as a virtual preface and should be \"everybody's prime piece of contextual reading\". In the essay, Melville compares Hawthorne to Shakespeare and Dante, and his \"self-projection\" is evident in the repeats of the word \"genius\", the more than two dozen references to Shakespeare, and in the insistence that Shakespeare's \"unapproachability\" is nonsense for an American.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.971518516540527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Theories of the composition of the book have been harpooned in three ways, first by raising objections against the use of evidence and the evidence itself. Scholar Robert Milder sees \"insufficient evidence and doubtful methodology\" at work. John Bryant finds \"little concrete evidence, and nothing at all conclusive, to show that Melville radically altered the structure or conception of the book\". A second type of objection is based upon Melville's intellectual development. Bezanson is not convinced that before he met Hawthorne, \"Melville was not ready for the kind of book Moby-Dick became\", because in his letters from the time Melville denounces his last two \"straight narratives, Redburn and White-Jacket, as two books written just for the money, and he firmly stood by Mardi as the kind of book he believed in. His language is already \"richly steeped in 17th-century mannerisms\", characteristics of Moby-Dick. A third type calls upon the literary nature of passages used as evidence. According to Milder, the cetological chapters cannot be leftovers from an earlier stage of composition and any theory that they are \"will eventually founder on the stubborn meaningfulness of these chapters\", because no scholar adhering to the theory has yet explained how these chapters \"can bear intimate thematic relation to a symbolic story not yet conceived\". Buell finds that theories based on a combination of selected passages from letters and what are perceived as \"loose ends\" in the book not only \"tend to dissolve into guesswork\", but he also suggests that these so-called loose ends may be intended by the author: repeatedly the book mentions \"the necessary unfinishedness of immense endeavors\". Despite all this, Buell finds the evidence that Melville changed his ambitions during writing \"on the whole convincing\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802751541137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Melville first proposed the English publication in a 27 June 1850 letter to Richard Bentley, London publisher of his earlier works. Textual scholar G. Thomas Tanselle explains that for these earlier books, American proof sheets had been sent to the English publisher and that publication in the United States had been held off until the work had been set in type and published in England. This procedure was intended to provide the best (though still uncertain) claim for the English copyright of an American work. In the case of Moby-Dick, Melville had taken almost a year longer than promised, and could not rely on Harpers to prepare the proofs as they had done for the earlier books. Indeed, Harpers had denied him an advance, and since he was already in debt to them for almost $700, he was forced to borrow money and to arrange for the typesetting and plating himself. John Bryant suggests that he did so \"to reduce the number of hands playing with his text\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153013229370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "On 18 October, the English edition, The Whale, was published in a printing of only 500 copies, fewer than Melville's previous books. Their slow sales had convinced Bentley that a smaller number was more realistic. The London Morning Herald on October 20 printed the earliest known review. On 14 November, the American edition, Moby-Dick, was published and the same day reviewed in both the Albany Argus and the Morning Courier and New-York Enquirer. On 19 November, Washington received the copy to be deposited for copyright purposes. The first American printing of 2,915 copies was almost the same as the first of Mardi, but the first printing of Melville's other three Harper books had been a thousand copies more. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11617374420166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "After the sheets had been sent, Melville changed the title. Probably late in September, Allan sent Bentley two pages of proof with a letter of which only a draft survives which informed him that Melville \"has determined upon a new title & dedication—Enclosed you have proof of both—It is thought here that the new title will be a better selling title\". After expressing his hope that Bentley would receive this change in time, Allan said that \"Moby-Dick is a legitimate title for the book, being the name given to a particular whale who if I may so express myself is the hero of the volume\". Biographer Hershel Parker suggests that the reason for the change was that Harper's had two years earlier published a book with a similar title, The Whale and His Captors. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.651864051818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby Dick", "passage": "Changing the title was not a problem for the American edition, since the running heads throughout the book only showed the titles of the chapters, and the title page, which would include the publisher's name, could not be printed until a publisher was found. In October Harper's New Monthly Magazine printed chapter 54, \"The Town-Ho's Story\", with a footnote saying: \"From The Whale. The title of a new work by Mr. Melville\". The one surviving leaf of proof, \"a 'trial' page bearing the title 'The Whale' and the Harper imprint,\" shows that at this point, after the publisher had been found, the original title still stood. When Allan's letter arrived, no sooner than early October, Bentley had already announced The Whale in both the Athenaem and the Spectator of 4 and 11 October. Probably to accommodate Melville, Bentley inserted a half-title page in the first volume only, which reads \"The Whale; or, Moby Dick\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975263595581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The British printing of 500 copies sold fewer than 300 within the first four months. In 1852, some remaining sheets were bound in a cheaper casing, and in 1853, enough sheets were still left to issue a cheap edition in one volume. Bentley lost half on Melville's advance of ₤150. Harper's first printing was 2,915 copies, including the standard 125 review copies. The selling price was $1.50, about a fifth of the price of the British three-volume edition. About 1,500 copies were sold within 11 days, and then sales slowed down to less than 300 the next year. After three years, the first edition was still available, almost 300 copies of which were lost when a fire broke out at the firm in December 1853. In 1855, a second printing of 250 copies was issued, in 1863, a third of 253 copies, and finally in 1871, a fourth printing of 277 copies, which sold so slowly that no new printing was ordered. Moby-Dick was out of print during the last four years of Melville's life, having sold 2,300 in its first year and a half and on average 27 copies a year for the next 34 years, totaling 3,215 copies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236115455627441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The reception of The Whale in Britain and of Moby-Dick in the United States differ in two ways, according to Parker. First, British literary criticism was more sophisticated and developed than in the still young republic, with British reviewing done by \"professional literary men and women\" who were \"experienced critics and trenchant prose stylists\", while American reviewing on the contrary mostly delegated to \"newspaper staffers\" or else by \"amateur contributors more noted for religious piety than critical acumen.\" Second, the differences between the two editions caused \"two distinct critical receptions.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119342803955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Some sixty reviews appeared in America, the criterion for counting as a review being more than two lines of comment. The weekly magazine Literary World, which had printed Melville's \"Mosses\" essay the preceding year, ran an anonymous review in two installments, on 15 and 22 November. The reviewer described Moby-Dick as three books rolled into one: he was pleased with the book as far as it was a thorough account of the sperm whale, less so with it as far as the adventures of the Pequod crew were considered, perceiving the characters as unrealistic and expressing inappropriate opinions on religions, and condemned the essayistic rhapsodizing and moralizing with what he thought was little respect of what \"must be to the world the most sacred associations of life violated and defaced.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47826862335205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "Within a year after Melville's death, Moby-Dick, along with Typee, Omoo, and Mardi, was reprinted by Harper & Brothers, giving it a chance to be rediscovered. However, only New York's literary underground seemed to take much interest, just enough to keep Melville's name circulating for the next 25 years in the capital of American publishing. During this time, a few critics were willing to devote time, space, and a modicum of praise to Melville and his works, or at least those that could still be fairly easily obtained or remembered. Other works, especially the poetry, went largely forgotten. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.655046463012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "In 1917, American author Carl Van Doren became the first of this period to proselytize about Melville's value. His 1921 study, The American Novel, called Moby-Dick a pinnacle of American Romanticism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29910659790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "In his 1923 idiosyncratic but influential Studies in Classic American Literature, novelist, poet, and short story writer D. H. Lawrence celebrated the originality and value of American authors, among them Melville. Perhaps surprisingly, Lawrence saw Moby-Dick as a work of the first order despite his using the expurgated original English edition which also lacked the epilogue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.936334609985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The Modern Library brought out Moby-Dick in 1926 and the Lakeside Press in Chicago commissioned Rockwell Kent to design and illustrate a striking three-volume edition which appeared in 1930. Random House then issued a one-volume trade version of Kent's edition, which in 1943 they reprinted as a less expensive Modern Library Giant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360549926757812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "The novel has been adapted or represented in art, film, books, cartoons, television, and more than a dozen versions in comic-book format. The first adaptation was the 1926 silent movie The Sea Beast, starring John Barrymore, in which Ahab kills the whale and returns to marry his fiancée. The most famous adaptation was the John Huston 1956 film produced from a screenplay by author Ray Bradbury. The long list of adaptations, as Bryant and Springer put it, demonstrates that \"the iconic image of an angry embittered American slaying a mythic beast seemed to capture the popular imagination\", showing how \"different readers in different periods of popular culture have rewritten Moby-Dick\" to make it a \"true cultural icon\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966630935668945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "American author Ralph Ellison wrote a tribute to the book in the prologue of his 1952 novel Invisible Man. According to Ellison biographer Arnold Rampersad, the character of the narrator \"resembles no one else in previous fiction so much as he resembles Ishmael of Moby-Dick\". Ellison acknowledges his debt in the prologue to the novel, where the narrator remembers a moment of truth under the influence of marijuana, and evocates a church service: \"Brothers and sisters, my text this morning is the 'Blackness of Blackness.' And the congregation answers: 'That blackness is most black, brother, most black ...'\" In this scene Ellison \"reprises a moment in the second chapter of Moby-Dick\", where Ishmael wanders around New Bedford looking for a place to spend the night, and momentarily joins a congregation: \"It was a negro church; and the preacher's text was about the blackness of darkness, and the weeping and wailing and teeth-gnashing there.\" According to Rampersad, it was Melville who \"empowered Ellison to insist on a place in the American literary tradition\" by his example of \"representing the complexity of race and racism so acutely and generously in his text\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.753222465515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* Melville, H., Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1851. xxiii, 635 pages. Published probably on November 14, 1851.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077731132507324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "1up;seq=20 Moby-Dick; or, The Whale.] Edited by Luther S. Mansfield and Howard P. Vincent. New York: Hendricks House, 1952. Includes a 25-page Introduction and over 250 pages of Explanatory Notes with an Index.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252828598022461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* Melville, H., Moby-Dick; or, The Whale: An Authoritative Text, Reviews and Letters by Melville, Analogues and Sources, Criticism. A Norton Critical Edition. Edited by Harrison Hayford and Hershel Parker. New York: W.W. Norton, 1967. ISBN 039309670X", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.212236404418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* Melville, H. Moby-Dick, or The Whale. Northwestern-Newberry Edition of the Writings of Herman Melville 6. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern U. Press, 1988. A critical text with appendices on the history and reception of the book. The text is in the public domain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231758117675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* Parker, Hershel, and Harrison Hayford (eds). (2001). Herman Melville, Moby-Dick. A Norton Critical Edition. Second Edition, New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393972832", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182147026062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" }, { "answer": "Moby-dick", "passage": "* [http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Moby-Dick-A-Longman-Critical-Edition/9780321228000.page Moby-Dick: A Longman Critical Edition], Edited by John Bryant and Haskell Springer. New York: Longman, 2007 and 2009. ISBN 978-0-321-22800-0", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292587280273438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moby-Dick" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Business", "passage": "Junior Achievement (also JA or JA Worldwide) is a non-profit youth organization founded in 1919 by Horace A. Moses, Theodore Vail, and Winthrop M. Crane. Junior Achievement works with local businesses and organizations to deliver experiential programs on the topics of financial literacy, work readiness, and entrepreneurship to students in kindergarten through high school. ", "precise_score": 7.3506951332092285, "rough_score": 6.79551887512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Junior Achievement" }, { "answer": "Business", "passage": "For more than 50 years, the organization was known mostly for the JA Company Program, an after-school program where teens formed student companies, sold stocks, produced a product and sold it in their communities. The student companies were overseen by volunteer advisers from the business community. In 1975, Junior Achievement introduced its first in-school program, Project Business, featuring volunteers from the local business community teaching middle school students about business and personal finance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.876915693283081, "source": "wiki", "title": "Junior Achievement" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Vanessa Williams", "Vanessa williams", "Williams, Vanessa", "Vanessa Williams (singer)", "Vanessa Williams (disambiguation)", "Vanessa Williams (actress)", "Vannessa Williams", "Venessa Williams" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "williams vanessa", "vanessa williams singer", "vanessa williams actress", "vanessa williams disambiguation", "venessa williams", "vanessa williams", "vannessa williams" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "vanessa williams", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Vanessa Williams" }

[ { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "A few years later Vanessa Williams (Miss New York 1983) won the title of Miss America 1984 on September 17, 1983, making her the first African American woman to wear the crown. Williams later commented that she was one of five minority contestants that year, noting that ballet dancer Deneen Graham \"had already had a cross burned on her front yard because she was the first black Miss North Carolina [1983].\" She also pointed out that \"Suzette Charles was the first runner-up, and she was biracial. But when the press started, when I would go out on the - on the tour and do my appearances, and people would come up and say they never thought they'd see the day that it would happen; when people would want to shake my hand, and you'd see tears in their eyes, and they'd say, I never thought I'd see it in my lifetime - that's when, you know, it was definitely a very special honor.\" Williams' reign as Miss America was not without its challenges and controversies, however. For the first time in pageant history, a reigning Miss America was the target of death threats and hate mail. Williams was forced to resign seven weeks prior to the end of her time as Miss America, however, after the unauthorized publication of nude photos in Penthouse. First runner-up Miss New Jersey 1983 Suzette Charles replaced her for the final weeks of Williams' reign.Chira, Susan. She has also lived in Brookville, Long Island[http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F10A1FFA3A5C0C7A8DDDA00894DB484D81 \"TO FIRST BLACK MISS AMERICA, VICTORY IS A MEANS TO AN END\"], The New York Times, September 19, 1983. Accessed December 4, 2007. \"Her home is in Mays Landing, 15 miles west of Atlantic City, the site of the contest.\"", "precise_score": 6.103581428527832, "rough_score": 7.3494133949279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miss America" }, { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "In 1970, however, Cheryl Browne, Miss Iowa 1970, competed as the first African-American contestant in the Miss America 1971 pageant. She also participated in one of the last USO-Miss America tours in Vietnam. A decade later in 1983, Miss New York (and Miss Syracuse) 1983, Vanessa Williams (the first African-American woman to win the competition as Miss America 1984), faced discrimination in response to her win and later resigned under pressure due to a scandal involving nude photographs. Three decades after these events, Miss New York (and Miss Syracuse) 2013, Nina Davuluri, the first Indian-American woman to win the crown as Miss America 2014, faced xenophobic and racist comments in social media when she won. Two years later at the Miss America 2016 pageant, Miss America CEO Sam Haskell apologized to Vanessa Williams (who was serving as head judge) for what was said to her during the events of 1984. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.918665885925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miss America" }, { "answer": "Vanessa Williams", "passage": "Thirty-two years after she resigned, Vanessa Williams returned to the Miss America stage on September 13, 2015, for the Miss America 2016 pageant as head judge (where Miss Georgia 2015 Betty Cantrell won the crown). The pageant began with Miss America CEO Sam Haskell issuing an apology to Williams, telling her that although \"none of us currently in the organization were involved then, on behalf of today's organization, I want to apologize to you and to your mother, Miss Helen Williams. I want to apologize for anything that was said or done that made you feel any less the Miss America you are and the Miss America you always will be.\" Suzette Charles (Williams' replacement) said in an interview with Inside Edition that she was perplexed over the apology and suggested that it was given for the purpose of ratings. Williams also commented on the events surrounding her return, stating in an interview with Robin Roberts that \"there's a lot of people who feel I should return, so the people who harbor the resentment I understand it but realize that all of those people that were part of the old guard are no longer there.\" In the same interview, Roberts mentioned to Williams that in the present day (c. 2015), \"people now release [similar] things to make a career.\" Williams responded: \"That's crazy. To think that oh you can look at a scandal and think that that would be good for your career, where for me it took every ounce of credibility and talent that I had and wiped it out.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.151738166809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Miss America" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Fried noodles" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "fried noodles" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "fried noodles", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Fried noodles" }

[ { "answer": "Fried noodles", "passage": "Chow mein are stir-fried noodles, the name being the romanization of the Taishanese chāu-mèing. The dish is popular throughout the Chinese diaspora and appears on the menus of Chinese restaurants. It is particularly popular in the United States, Britain, Nepal, and India.", "precise_score": 5.20522928237915, "rough_score": 4.441699504852295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chow mein" }, { "answer": "Fried noodles", "passage": "The word means 'fried noodles', chow meaning 'fried' and mein meaning 'noodles'. The pronunciation chow mein is an English corruption of the Taishanese pronunciation chāu-mèing. The lightly pronounced Taishanese, resembling the end of a Portuguese nasal vowel, was taken to be by English speakers. The Taishan dialect was spoken by migrants to America from Taishan.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2431533336639404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chow mein" }, { "answer": "Fried noodles", "passage": "There are also variations on how either one of the two main types of chow mein can be prepared as a dish. When ordering \"chow mein\" in some restaurants in Chicago, a diner might receive \"chop suey poured over crunchy fried noodles\". In Philadelphia, Americanized chow mein tends to be similar to chop suey but has crispy fried noodles on the side and includes lots of celery and bean sprouts and is sometimes accompanied with fried rice. Jeremy Iggers of the Star Tribune describes Minnesota-style chow mein as \"a green slurry of celery and ground pork topped with ribbons of gray processed chicken\". Bay Area journalist William Wong made a similar comment about what is sold as chow mein in places like Minnesota. Note: The essay in this book was original published in the July 21, 1988 issue of the East-West News as an article titled \"Minnesota Chow Mein\". A published recipe for Minnesota-style chow mein includes generous portions of celery and bean sprouts. Another Minnesotan variant includes ground beef and cream of mushroom soup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.733902931213379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chow mein" }, { "answer": "Fried noodles", "passage": "Also popular is yakibifum (, from Japanese yakibīfun), its equivalent that instead of a wheat noodles uses rice vermicelli. Brazilian spring rolls' (rolinhos-primavera or harumakis) fillings generally use the same ingredients of the stir-fried noodles in the restaurants or fast-food chains they are found, though spring rolls may have cheese, usually white (such as catupiry or other kinds of requeijão, or queijo minas), or tofu instead of meat, what is uncommon for the noodles. All of them, but most often and especially spring rolls, may be served with bright red molho agridoce (soursweet sauce), that combines ketchup, vinegar, sugar, star anise and other spices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.183985710144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chow mein" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Hank Williams JR.", "Hank, Jr.", "Hank Williams Jr.", "Hank Williams, Jr", "Hank Williams, Jr.", "Hank williams junior", "If Heaven Ain't a Lot Like Dixie", "Hiram Williams Jr.", "Hank Williams II", "Hank Williams Jr", "Hank jr" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "hank williams ii", "hank williams junior", "if heaven ain t lot like dixie", "hank williams jr", "hank jr", "hiram williams jr" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "hank williams jr", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Hank Williams, Jr." }

[ { "answer": "Hank Williams JR.", "passage": "The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed-studio setting, with Hank Williams Jr. (in his 23rd year) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background. The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot. On October 3, 2011, ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program, Fox & Friends, where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama, John Boehner, Joe Biden and John Kasich to \"Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu.\" On October 6, 2011, it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song, and that \"All My Rowdy Friends\" would no longer be used as its theme, as Williams still owns the song. A statement from ESPN said that the network has \"decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr. We appreciate his contributions over the past years. The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue.\" Williams commented on the matter: \"After reading hundreds of e-mails, I have made my decision... By pulling my opening October 3, [ESPN] stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech, so therefore me, my song, and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here. It's been a great run.\" MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season.", "precise_score": -0.6016772985458374, "rough_score": -2.0879712104797363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday Night Football" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "Hank Williams, Jr. reworked his country music hit \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\" to be included in the telecast's introduction as \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night\" (the original introduction music was an organ-based piece called \"Score\", written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob's Band). In addition, Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic \"Heavy Action\" theme in 1989. It was Williams, Jr. who literally had the last word on ABC's last broadcast, with his rendition of Don Meredith's famous line, \"Turn Out the Lights, The Party's Over\", shown as the broadcast ended. On October 23, 2006, Hank Williams Jr. shouted the catchphrase, live, on top of the \"Cowboy star\" at the 50-yard line of Texas Stadium before kickoff of the Dallas Cowboys game that evening.", "precise_score": -3.782738208770752, "rough_score": -4.412214756011963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday Night Football" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "The term outlaw country is traditionally associated with Hank Williams, Jr., Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, David Allan Coe, Whitey Morgan and the 78's, John Prine, Billy Joe Shaver, Gary Stewart, Townes Van Zandt, Kris Kristofferson, Michael Martin Murphey, and the later career renaissance of Johnny Cash, with a few female vocalists such as Jessi Colter and Sammi Smith. It was encapsulated in the 1976 album Wanted! The Outlaws. A related subgenre is Red Dirt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.857248306274414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Country music" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "In the decades that followed, artists such as Juice Newton, Alabama, Hank Williams, Jr. (and, to an even greater extent, Hank Williams III), Gary Allan, Shania Twain, Brooks & Dunn, Faith Hill, Garth Brooks, Alan Jackson, Dwight Yoakam, Steve Earle, Dolly Parton, Rosanne Cash and Linda Ronstadt moved country further towards rock influence.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227407455444336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Country music" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "In addition, celebrities returned in full force to the booth, though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN's first MNF season. On the opening weekend, Arnold Schwarzenegger, another celebrity-turned-California governor, was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland, California; before that, Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington, D.C. Following them, celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade, Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley, NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon, comedian Jimmy Kimmel (whose opening words to Joe Theismann were \"how's the leg?\"), actor Sylvester Stallone, director Spike Lee, hip hop artist Jay-Z, and MNF theme singer Hank Williams, Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72939682006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday Night Football" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast, ESPN did bring back Hank Williams, Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening. This time, the opening sequence was set in a private residence. At the end of the song, Williams Jr. touched a foot pump, which supposedly contained the helmets of that night's participating teams. The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held. Through computer-generated imagery, the helmets \"land\" at midfield during a live shot, and then explode. The \"exploding helmets\" gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease. Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week's matchup.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.233738899230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday Night Football" }, { "answer": "Hank Williams, Jr.", "passage": "The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams, Jr. seen on the steps of a building (presumably a museum), surrounded by dancers, football fans, and statues/busts – which, along with everyone else in the scene, begin to move and dance – patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The transition to Williams Jr. is a book, with the chapter number (in Roman numerals, sequentially with each week) and a tag line about the game to be played that night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.055176734924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday Night Football" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Joe Speedo Frazier", "Joe Fraser", "Joe Frazier", "Smokin' Joe Frazier", "Joe Frasier", "Smoking Joe Frazier" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "joe frazier", "joe frasier", "joe speedo frazier", "smoking joe frazier", "joe fraser", "smokin joe frazier" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "joe frazier", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Joe Frazier" }

[ { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Ali is regarded as one of the leading heavyweight boxers of the 20th century. He remains the only three-time lineal heavyweight champion; he won the title in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Between February 25, 1964, and September 19, 1964, Ali reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion. He is the only boxer to be named The Ring magazine Fighter of the Year six times. He was ranked as the greatest athlete of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated and the Sports Personality of the Century by the BBC. ESPN SportsCentury ranked him the 3rd greatest athlete of the 20th century. Nicknamed \"The Greatest\", he was involved in several historic boxing matches. Notable among these were the first Liston fight; the \"Fight of the Century\", \"Super Fight II\" and the \"Thrilla in Manila\" versus his rival Joe Frazier; and \"The Rumble in the Jungle\" versus George Foreman.", "precise_score": 0.5130912065505981, "rough_score": 3.6774141788482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "A month earlier, a victory in federal court forced the New York State Boxing Commission to reinstate Ali's license. He fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden in December, an uninspired performance that ended in a dramatic technical knockout of Bonavena in the 15th round. The win left Ali as a top contender against heavyweight champion Joe Frazier.", "precise_score": -3.4029176235198975, "rough_score": -2.0877740383148193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "After the loss to Frazier, Ali fought Jerry Quarry, had a second bout with Floyd Patterson and faced Bob Foster in 1972, winning a total of six fights that year. In 1973, Ken Norton broke Ali's jaw while giving him the second loss of his career. After initially seeking retirement, Ali won a controversial decision against Norton in their second bout, leading to a rematch at Madison Square Garden on January 28, 1974, with Joe Frazier, who had recently lost his title to George Foreman.", "precise_score": -1.9589450359344482, "rough_score": -1.8320460319519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "The defeat of Frazier set the stage for a title fight against heavyweight champion George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire, on October 30, 1974—a bout nicknamed \"The Rumble in the Jungle\". Foreman was considered one of the hardest punchers in heavyweight history. In assessing the fight, analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton—who had given Ali four tough battles and won two of them—had been both devastated by Foreman in second round knockouts. Ali was 32 years old, and had clearly lost speed and reflexes since his twenties. Contrary to his later persona, Foreman was at the time a brooding and intimidating presence. Almost no one associated with the sport, not even Ali's long-time supporter Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning.", "precise_score": -1.128766417503357, "rough_score": 2.8553555011749268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Notable in-fighters include Julio César Chávez, Miguel Cotto, Joe Frazier, Danny García, Mike Tyson, Manny Pacquiao, Saúl Álvarez, Rocky Marciano, Jack Dempsey, Wayne McCullough, Gerry Penalosa, Harry Greb, David Tua, Ricky Hatton and Gennady Golovkin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.643078327178955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power will carry the day. A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe Frazier in their original bout \"The Sunshine Showdown\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.215429782867432, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters or boxers. Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent. The in-fighter tries to close that gap and unleash furious flurries. On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the hard punches. The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his good agility, which makes him difficult to evade. For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights. Joe Louis, after retirement, admitted that he hated being crowded, and that swarmers like untied/undefeated champ Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems even in his prime.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4383440017700195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "** At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel outwards. Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position. A hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the \"rip\" to distinguish it from the conventional hook to the head. The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand. Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier , Roy Jones Jr. and Mike Tyson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.499293327331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "* Bob and weave – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch. As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left. Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer \"weaves\" back to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm. To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the outside\". To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called \"bobbing to the inside\". Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.010951042175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "The Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas features the $75 million ESPN Classic Sports fight film and tape library and radio broadcast collection. The collection includes the fights of all the great champions including: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Roberto Duran, Marvin Hagler, Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis, Joe Frazier, Rocky Marciano and Sugar Ray Robinson. It is this exclusive fight film library that will separate the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas from the other halls of fame which do not have rights to any video of their sports. The inaugural inductees included Muhammad Ali, Henry Armstrong, Tony Canzoneri, Ezzard Charles, Julio Cesar Chavez Sr., Jack Dempsey, Roberto Duran, Joe Louis, and Sugar Ray Robinson ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.546765327453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "First fight against Joe Frazier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2404420375823975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Adding to the atmosphere were the considerable pre-fight theatrics and name calling. Ali portrayed Frazier as a \"dumb tool of the white establishment\". \"Frazier is too ugly to be champ\", Ali said. \"Frazier is too dumb to be champ.\" Ali also frequently called Frazier an \"Uncle Tom\". Dave Wolf, who worked in Frazier's camp, recalled that, \"Ali was saying 'the only people rooting for Joe Frazier are white people in suits, Alabama sheriffs, and members of the Ku Klux Klan. I'm fighting for the little man in the ghetto.' Joe was sitting there, smashing his fist into the palm of his hand, saying, 'What the fuck does he know about the ghetto?'\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.749780178070068, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Second fight against Joe Frazier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8747777938842773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Ali then agreed to a third match with Joe Frazier in Manila. The bout, known as the \"Thrilla in Manila\", was held on October 1, 1975, in temperatures approaching 100 °F. In the first rounds, Ali was aggressive, moving and exchanging blows with Frazier. However, Ali soon appeared to tire and adopted the \"rope-a-dope\" strategy, frequently resorting to clinches. During this part of the bout Ali did some effective counter-punching, but for the most part absorbed punishment from a relentlessly attacking Frazier. In the 12th round, Frazier began to tire, and Ali scored several sharp blows that closed Frazier's left eye and opened a cut over his right eye. With Frazier's vision now diminished, Ali dominated the 13th and 14th rounds, at times conducting what boxing historian Mike Silver called \"target practice\" on Frazier's head. The fight was stopped when Frazier's trainer, Eddie Futch, refused to allow Frazier to answer the bell for the 15th and final round, despite Frazier's protests. Frazier's eyes were both swollen shut. Ali, in his corner, winner by TKO, slumped on his stool, clearly spent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.434046745300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "In the opinion of many, Ali became a different fighter after the 3½-year layoff. Ferdie Pacheco, Ali's corner physician, noted that he had lost his ability to move and dance as before. This forced Ali to become more stationary and exchange punches more frequently, exposing him to more punishment while indirectly revealing his tremendous ability to take a punch. This physical change led in part to the \"rope-a-dope\" strategy, where Ali would lie back on the ropes, cover up to protect himself and conserve energy, and tempt opponents to punch themselves out. Ali often taunted opponents in the process and lashed back with sudden, unexpected combinations. The strategy was dramatically successful in the George Foreman fight, but less so in the first Joe Frazier bout when it was introduced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.561335563659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "Ali Mall, located in Araneta Center, Quezon City, Philippines, is named after him. Construction of the mall, the first of its kind in the Philippines, began shortly after Ali's victory in a match with Joe Frazier in nearby Araneta Coliseum in 1975. The mall opened in 1976 with Ali attending its opening. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.741790771484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "|align=left| Joe Frazier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577271461486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "|align=left| Joe Frazier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577271461486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "| Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier II|", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.847302436828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" }, { "answer": "Joe Frazier", "passage": "|align=left| Joe Frazier", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.577271461486816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muhammad Ali" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Throat food valve", "Epiglottis", "Epiglottic cartilage", "Epiglotis" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "throat food valve", "epiglottis", "epiglottic cartilage", "epiglotis" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "epiglottis", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Epiglottis" }

[ { "answer": "Epiglottis", "passage": "Elastic cartilage is histologically similar to hyaline cartilage but contains many yellow elastic fibers lying in a solid matrix. These fibers form bundles that appear dark under a microscope. These fibers give elastic cartilage great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending. The chondrocytes lie between the fibres. It is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx),the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals). Elastin fibers stain dark purple/black with Verhoeff's stain.", "precise_score": -2.5719661712646484, "rough_score": -2.435434341430664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elastic cartilage" }, { "answer": "Epiglottis", "passage": "Elastic cartilage or yellow cartilage is a type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube and epiglottis. It contains elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers. The principal protein is elastin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.772256374359131, "source": "wiki", "title": "Elastic cartilage" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "O'possum", "Oposum", "Opossums", "Opposum", "Oppossum", "Caluromyidae", "Didelphimorph", "Opossom", "Didelphidae", "Opossum", "Opposoms", "Didelphid", "Didelphimorphia", "Tlacuache" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "didelphimorphia", "opposoms", "didelphidae", "oposum", "opposum", "opossums", "opossum", "didelphimorph", "didelphid", "opossom", "oppossum", "caluromyidae", "tlacuache", "o possum" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "opossum", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Opossum" }

[ { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "Taxonomically, the two primary divisions of Marsupialia traditionally are: American marsupials and the Australian marsupials. However, the order Microbiotheria (which has only one species, the monito del monte) is found in South America, but is believed to be more closely related to the Australian marsupials. There are many small arboreal species in each group. The term 'opossums' is properly used to refer to the American species (though 'possum' is a common diminutive), while similar Australian species are properly called 'possums'. Similarly, shrew opossums are more closely related to australidelphians than to true opossums. ", "precise_score": 0.7890805602073669, "rough_score": 1.4463725090026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Didelphimorph", "passage": "Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica about 50 mya, shortly after Australia had split off. This suggests a single dispersion event of just one species, most likely a relative to South America's monito del monte (a microbiothere, the only New World australidelphian). This progenitor may have rafted across the widening, but still narrow, gap between Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, they radiated into the wide variety seen today. Modern marsupials appear to have reached the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi relatively recently via Australia. A 2010 analysis of retroposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials has confirmed all living marsupials have South American ancestors. The branching sequence of marsupial orders indicated by the study puts Didelphimorphia in the most basal position, followed by Paucituberculata, then Microbiotheria, and ending with the radiation of Australian marsupials. This indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America, and reached Australia after Microbiotheria split off.", "precise_score": 1.7642827033996582, "rough_score": 1.7688617706298828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals living primarily in Australasia and the Americas. A distinctive characteristic, common to many species, is that most of the young are carried in a pouch. Well-known marsupials include kangaroos, wallabies, the koala, possums, opossums, wombats, and the Tasmanian devil. Other marsupials include the numbat, bandicoots, bettongs, the bilby, quolls, and the quokka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8072820901870728, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Didelphimorph", "passage": "* Order Didelphimorphia (93 species)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.523788452148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "*** Family Didelphidae: opossums", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.556833267211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "*** Family Caenolestidae: shrew opossums", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541535377502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "The construction of the skull has some peculiarities in comparison to higher mammals. In general, the skull is relatively small and tight. There are holes (foramen lacrimale) located in the front of the orbit, the cheekbone is enlarged and extends further to the rear, and the angular extension (processus angularis) of the lower jaw is bent toward the center. Another feature is the hard palate, which always, in contrast to the higher mammals' foramina, have more openings. Also, the teeth of these animals differ in some respects from that of placental mammals, so that all taxa, except wombats, have a different number of incisors in the upper and lower jaws. The early marsupials had a dental formula from 5 / 4-1 / 1-3 / 3-4 / 4, that is, per pine half; they have five maxilla or four mandibular incisors, one canine, three premolars and four molars, for a total of 50 teeth. Some taxa, such as the opossum, still have the original number of teeth, in other groups it has come, nutritionally, to the reduction in the number of teeth. Even today, marsupials in many cases have 40 to 50 teeth, which is significantly more in comparison to placental mammals. There is a high number of incisors in the upper jaw, up to ten, and they have more molars than premolars. The second set of teeth grows in only at the 3rd premolar, all the remaining teeth are already created as permanent teeth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018389701843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "A pouch is present in several species, but by no means present in all species. Some marsupials have a permanent bag, whereas in others it only develops during the gestation period, as with the shrew opossum, where the young are hidden only by skin folds or in the fur of the mother. The arrangement of the pouch is variable to allow the offspring to be dependent on maximum protection. The locomotive kangaroos have a pouch opening at the front, while many others that walk or climb on all fours have the opening in the back. Usually, only females have a pouch, but the male water opossum also has a pouch that is used to accommodate offspring therein the scrotum while swimming or running.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.659492492675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" }, { "answer": "Opossum", "passage": "In South America, the opossums evolved and developed a strong presence, and the Paleogene also saw the evolution of shrew opossums (Paucituberculata) alongside non-marsupial metatherian predators such as the borhyaenids and the saber-toothed Thylacosmilus. South American niches for mammalian carnivores were dominated by these marsupial and sparassodont metatherians. While placental predators were absent, the metatherians did have to contend with avian (terror bird) and terrestrial crocodylomorph competition. South America and Antarctica remained connected until 35 mya, as shown by the unique fossils found there. North and South America were disconnected until about three million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama formed. This led to the Great American Interchange. Sparassodonts disappeared for unclear reasons – again, this has classically assumed as competition from carnivoran placentals, but the last sparassodonts co-existed with a few small carnivorans like procyonids and canines, and disappeared long before the arrival of macropredatory forms like felines, while didelphimorphs (opossums) invaded Central America, with the Virginia opossum reaching as far north as Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.301692247390747, "source": "wiki", "title": "Marsupial" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Kretzulesco", "Dracula (book)", "Dracula (novel)", "Dracula", "Carfax Abbey", "Drakula" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "drakula", "dracula novel", "dracula book", "carfax abbey", "kretzulesco", "dracula" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dracula", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Dracula" }

[ { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476/77) was a member of the House of Drăculești, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known as Vlad Drăculea or Vlad Dracula (), using his patronymic. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler (modern ,).", "precise_score": 4.006779670715332, "rough_score": 3.3702542781829834, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "Dracula escaped to Moldova, fearful of assassins, to learn under the tutelage of his uncle Prince Bogdan and his cousin Prince Stephen. They formed a close friendship, promising each other to help in time of need. In 1451, only three years after his \"adoption\", Dracula was forced to flee in the turmoil following Prince Bogdan's assassination. He reappeared in Transylvania and came under the tutelage of the mighty Hungarian military leader Janos Hunyadi and the Hungarian King Ladislaus. In 1456, Dracula was sent to eliminate the Turkish-friendly Vladislav II, who was the Voivode of Wallachia. Dracula came to the throne as Prince of Wallachia, ushering in his main and most important reign.", "precise_score": -0.5434860587120056, "rough_score": 0.5798527002334595, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "The Russian or the Slavic version of the stories about Vlad the Impaler called \"Skazanie o Drakule voevode\" (\"The Tale of Warlord Dracula\") is thought to have been written sometime between 1481 and 1486. Copies were made from the 15th century to the 18th century, of which some 22 extant manuscripts survive in Russian archives. The oldest one, from 1490, ends as follows: \"First written in the year 6994 of the Byzantine calendar (1486), on 13 February; then transcribed in the year 6998 (1490), on 28 January\". The Tales of Prince Dracula is neither chronological nor consistent, but mostly a collection of anecdotes of literary and historical value concerning Vlad Țepeș.", "precise_score": -3.922121047973633, "rough_score": -0.43689581751823425, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "As the cognomen \"The Impaler\" suggests, his practice of impaling his enemies is part of his historical reputation. During his lifetime, his reputation for cruelty spread abroad to Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The name of the vampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad's patronymic and reputation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.488645553588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "In 1442, Vlad II Dracul was beguiled into a confrontation with Sultan Mehmed II. Insensitive to the situation, he took his two sons, Mircea and Dracula, to meet him, only for them to be taken prisoner. During his years as a \"favoured prisoner\" in Gallipolli, Vlad was educated in logic, the Quran, and the Turkish language and works of literature. He would speak this language fluently in his later years. He and his brother were also trained in warfare and horsemanship. It is suspected that the young Dracula spent some time c. 1443 in Constantinople in the court of Constantine XI Paleologus, the final emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Both were eventually released in 1448 after six years of captivity, however privileged. His Turkish allies supported him by attempting to install him as Voivode of Wallachia. This bold coup lasted the two months when his opponents were distracted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8402016162872314, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "In addition to the manuscripts and pamphlets the German version of the stories can be found in the poem of Michael Beheim. The poem called \"Von ainem wutrich der hies Trakle waida von der Walachei\" (\"Story of a Hothead Named Dracula of Wallachia\") was written and performed at the court of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor during the winter of 1463. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.513012886047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "There are 19 anecdotes in The Tales of Prince Dracula, which are longer and more constructed than the German stories. The Tales can be divided into two sections: The first 13 episodes are non-chronological events most likely closer to the original folkloric oral tradition about Vlad. The last six episodes are thought to have been written by a scholar who collected them, because they are chronological and seem to be more structured. The stories begin with a short introduction and the anecdote about the nailing of hats to ambassadors' heads. They end with Vlad's death and information about his family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.352702617645264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "The nationality and identity of the original writer of the Dracula anecdotes are disputed. The two most plausible explanations are that the writer was either a Romanian priest or a monk from Transylvania, or a Romanian or Moldavian from the court of Stephen the Great in Moldavia. One theory claims the writer was a Russian diplomat named Fyodor Kuritsyn. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496261596679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "Around 1785, Ioan Budai-Deleanu, a Romanian writer and renowned historian, wrote a Romanian epic heroic poem, \"Țiganiada\", in which prince Vlad Țepeș stars as a fierce warrior fighting the Ottomans. Later, in 1881, Mihai Eminescu, one of the greatest Romanian poets, in \"Letter 3\", popularizes Vlad's image in modern Romanian patriotism, having him stand as a figure to contrast with presumed social decay under the Phanariotes and the political scene of the 19th century. The poem even suggests that Vlad's violent methods be applied as a cure. In the final lyrics, the poet makes a call to Vlad Țepeș (i. e. Dracula) to come, to sort the contemporaries into two teams: the mad and the wicked and then set fire to the prison and to the madhouse. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.384577751159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "The connection of the name \"Dracula\" with vampirism was made by Bram Stoker around the 1890s. Since then, the character of 'Count Dracula' has recurred through vampire mythology and popular culture.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.936895370483398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vlad the Impaler" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "Son of the Dragon is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It involves Vlad III the Impaler, also known as 'Dracula'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6747114658355713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Son of the Dragon (Doctor Who audio)" }, { "answer": "Dracula", "passage": "*Dracula — James Purefoy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870206832885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Son of the Dragon (Doctor Who audio)" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "Chester Gould (November 20, 1900 – May 11, 1985) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the Dick Tracy comic strip, which he wrote and drew from 1931 to 1977, incorporating numerous colorful and monstrous villains.", "precise_score": 4.9390740394592285, "rough_score": 1.248962163925171, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "In 1931, Gould was hired as a cartoonist with the Chicago Tribune and introduced Dick Tracy in the newspaper The Detroit Mirror on Sunday, October 4, 1931. The original comic was based on a New York detective Gould was interested in. The comic then branched to the fictional character that became so famous. He drew the comic strip for the next 46 years from his home in Woodstock, Illinois. Gould's stories were rarely pre-planned, since he preferred to improvise stories as he drew them. While fans praised this approach as producing exciting stories, it sometimes created awkward plot developments that were difficult to resolve. In one notorious case, Gould had Tracy in an inescapable deathtrap with a caisson. When Gould depicted Tracy addressing Gould personally and having the cartoonist magically extract him, publisher Joseph Patterson vetoed the sequence and ordered it redrawn.", "precise_score": 4.426527500152588, "rough_score": 3.6546313762664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "The history of comic strips also includes series that are not humorous, but tell an ongoing dramatic story. Examples include The Phantom, Prince Valiant, Dick Tracy, Mary Worth, Modesty Blaise, Little Orphan Annie, \"Flash Gordon\", and Tarzan. Sometimes these are spin-offs from comic books, for example Superman, Batman, and The Amazing Spider-Man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.638139724731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Comic strip" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "Dick Tracy", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145819664001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "For instance, Gould introduced an odoriferous, chewing tobacco spitting character, B.O. Plenty, with little significant complaint from readers in the 1940s. However, the 1960s introduction of the crooked lawyer Flyface and his relatives, surrounded by swarming flies, created a negative reader reaction strong enough for papers to drop the strip in large numbers. There was then a dramatic change in the strip's paradigm to feature science fiction plot elements with regular visits to the moon. This led to an increasingly fantastic procession of enemies and stories that largely abandoned the strip's format of urban crime drama. The Apollo 11 moon landing prompted Gould to abandon this phase. Finally, Dick Tracy was beset by the overall trend in newspaper comics away from strips with continuing storylines and toward those whose stories are largely resolved within one series of panels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.7293056845664978, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "Dick Tracy: The Art of Chester Gould was an exhibition in Port Chester, New York at the Museum of Cartoon Art from October 4 through November 30, 1978. The exhibition was curated by Bill Crouch, Jr.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.210428714752197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "From 1991 until 2008, the art and artifacts of Gould's career were displayed in the Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum which operated from the Woodstock Old Courthouse on the Square. Visitors to the Museum saw original comic strips, correspondence, photographs and much memorabilia, including Gould’s drawing board and chair. In 2000, the Museum received a Superior Achievement Award from the Illinois Association of Museums and in 2001, it was given an Award of Excellence from the Illinois State Historical Society. The museum continues today as a virtual museum online. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.47197961807251, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "In 1983, two years before Gould's death, his only child, Jean Gould O'Connell, recorded extensive interviews with her father, who spoke at length about his early attempts during the 1920s to get syndicated and the birth of Dick Tracy. These interviews became a major source when she wrote his biography, Chester Gould: A Daughter's Biography of the Creator of Dick Tracy, published by McFarland in 2007. A resident of Geneva, Illinois, Jean Gould O’Connell contributed to the Dick Tracy storylines, appeared as a character in the strip and helped create the Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum. Her book was an Edgar Award nominee in 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5227696895599365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" }, { "answer": "Dick Tracy", "passage": "The entire run of Dick Tracy is being reprinted in a book series by IDW Publishing. The series began in 2006. The first volume includes the five sample strips that Gould used to sell his strip, followed by over 450 strips showing the series' beginning (from October 1931 – May 1933), along with a Gould interview, never previously published, by Max Allan Collins. Nineteen more volumes in this series have published between 2006 and 2015, bringing the continuity to February 1961.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.33368980884552, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chester Gould" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tennesse Williams", "Androgyne, Mon Amour", "Tennesse williams", "Thomas Lanier %22Tennessee%22 Williams", "Tennesee Williams", "Thomas Lanier Williams", "Tennessee Williams", "Tenessee Williams", "Androgyne, Mon Amour: Poems", "Thomas Lanier Williams III", "Tennessee williams" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "androgyne mon amour poems", "tennesse williams", "thomas lanier 22tennessee 22 williams", "tennessee williams", "tennesee williams", "thomas lanier williams", "androgyne mon amour", "thomas lanier williams iii", "tenessee williams" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tenessee williams", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tenessee Williams" }

[ { "answer": "Tennessee Williams", "passage": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams. Williams wrote the play on the terrace of Sun Beach bar in Tangiers/Morocco. It was produced by the Playwrights' Company. One of Williams's best-known works and his personal favorite, the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955. Set in the \"plantation home in the Mississippi Delta\" of Big Daddy Pollitt, a wealthy cotton tycoon, the play examines the relationships among members of Big Daddy's family, primarily between his son Brick and Maggie the \"Cat,\" Brick's wife. ", "precise_score": -3.429248332977295, "rough_score": -2.3350114822387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" }, { "answer": "Tennessee Williams", "passage": "* Tennessee Williams, Drama", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119321823120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pulitzer Prize" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "America's Marines", "U.S. Marines", "United States marine corp", "U.S. Marien Corps", "US Marien Corps", "The United States Marine Corps", "Leatherneck.com", "Marines.mil", "Marine Corps of the United States", "Us marines", "USMC", "United States Marines Corp", "US marine", "Former Marine", "U.S. marines", "American Marine Corps", "United States Marines", "United States of America Marine Corps", "Us marines corps", "U.s. marines", "Marine Corps Order", "US Marine Corp", "Improvise, adapt and overcome", "U.S. Marine Corps", "Marine On-Line", "United States Marine Corps", "U. S. Marine Corps", "Usmc", "US Marine", "USAMC", "United States Marien Corps", "Us Marine", "U S Marine Corps", "United States Marine Corp", "United States Marine", "Marine online", "U.S.M.C.", "Gyrene", "Us marine corps", "Adapt Improvise Overcome", "Marine corps grunt", "US Marines", "U.S. Marine", "US marines", "United States Marines Corps", "U.S Marine Corps", "US Marine Corps", "American Marines", "Member of The United States Marine Corp", "USA Marine Corps", "USA Marines", "United States Marine corps" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "us marines corps", "us marine corps", "united states marines corps", "u s m c", "marine on line", "improvise adapt and overcome", "adapt improvise overcome", "usmc", "marines mil", "american marine corps", "marine online", "usa marines", "marine corps grunt", "united states marine corp", "usa marine corps", "member of united states marine corp", "us marine", "leatherneck com", "american marines", "u s marine", "former marine", "united states marien corps", "marine corps of united states", "us marines", "america s marines", "united states marines", "usamc", "u s marien corps", "u s marine corps", "united states marines corp", "us marien corps", "u s marines", "united states marine corps", "us marine corp", "united states of america marine corps", "united states marine", "gyrene", "marine corps order" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "united states marine corp", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "United States Marine Corp" }

[ { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "Tun Tavern was a tavern and brewery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as a founding or early meeting place for a number of notable groups. It is traditionally regarded as the site where what would become the United States Marine Corps held its first recruitment drive during the American Revolution. It is also regarded as one of the \"birthplaces of Masonic teachings in America.\" ", "precise_score": 6.282999038696289, "rough_score": 5.64124870300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tun Tavern" }, { "answer": "U.S. Marines", "passage": "According to tradition, Tun Tavern was where the United States Marines held their first recruitment drive. On November 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned the innkeeper and former Quaker Samuel Nicholas to raise two battalions of Marines in Philadelphia. The tavern’s manager, Robert Mullan, was the \"chief Marine Recruiter.\" Though legend places its first recruiting post at Tun Tavern, historian Edwin Simmons surmises that it was more likely the Conestoga Waggon [sic], a tavern owned by the Nicholas family. The first Continental Marine company was composed of one hundred Rhode Islanders commanded by Captain Nicholas. Each year on November 10, U.S. Marines worldwide toast the memory of this colonial inn as the officially-acknowledged birthplace of their service branch. The earliest Marines were deployed aboard Continental Congress Navy vessels as sharpshooters because they were typically recruited as outstanding marksmen.", "precise_score": 8.302757263183594, "rough_score": 8.52733325958252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tun Tavern" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "The Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia on 9 November 1775, consulting the Naval Committee to send an amphibious expedition to Halifax in Nova Scotia. Having launched two land expeditions toward the St. Lawrence River months earlier, (as Richard Montgomery's and Benedict Arnold's forces were each making their way toward Quebec City to join forces [later leading to the Battle of Quebec]), Congress was convinced that sending marines to fight at sea and engage military operations ashore were paramount in destroying an important British naval base in Halifax, and to procure enemy provisions and supplies, if possible. On 10 November 1775, the Naval Committee was directed by Congress to raise two marine battalions at the Continental expense. Also, Congress decided the marines would not only be used for the Nova Scotia expedition but for subsequent service thereafter. Henceforth, the Naval Committee established a network of appointments for offices; paymaster, commissions, procurements, equipment, etc., for establishing a future national corps of marines. The United States Marine Corps still celebrates 10 November, as its official birthday Borrowing from the Royal Navy, the practices and printed instructions were outlined in the \"Rules for the Regulations of the Navy of the United Colonies.\" It was intended that the American marines would provide the same services as British marines. ", "precise_score": -3.619108200073242, "rough_score": 2.8391473293304443, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": " The two battalions of Continental Marines officially became \"resolved\" when Congress issued the first commission to Captain Samuel Nicholas on 28 November 1775. Nicholas' family were tavernkeepers, his prominence came not from his work but from his leadership in two local clubs for fox-hunters and sport fishermen. Historian Edwin Simmons surmises that it is most likely Nicholas was using his family tavern, the , as a recruiting post; although the standing legend in the United States Marine Corps today places its first recruiting post at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia.", "precise_score": 4.444596290588379, "rough_score": 6.532425880432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "American Marines", "passage": "On 2 December 1776, Major Samuel Nicholas and his three companies of Marines, garrisoned at the Marine barracks in Philadelphia, were tasked to reinforce Washington's retreating army from New York through Trenton to slow the progress of British troops southward through New Jersey. The Major Nicholas and the American marines marched off to aid in support an American army for the first time in history; he led a battalion of 130 officers and enlisted men from Philadelphia, leaving behind one company to man the Continental vessels. Unsure what to do with the Marines, Washington requested that the Marines be attached to a brigade militiamen from the Philadelphia Associators, in which were also dressed in green uniforms alike of the Continental Marines. Thus, Nicholas and his Marines joined Cadwalader's brigade of Pennsylvania Associators, a force of 1,200 men. The Marines lived side-by-side with the militia brigade in Bristol, Pennsylvania for two weeks waiting for an attack from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the New Jersey shore of the Delaware River.", "precise_score": -6.384102821350098, "rough_score": 0.9603521227836609, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "U.S. Marine Corps", "passage": "In homage to the likely 1775 Tun Tavern menu, the U.S. Marine Corps National Museum located in Quantico, Virginia contains a Tun Tavern-themed restaurant whose lunch menu features beer and other fermented (alcoholic) beverages and bread pudding, the non-alcoholic recipe of which remains a traditional staple among some U.S. Marine food services to this day.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.573089599609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tun Tavern" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with several nationally prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and history, attracting over 39 million domestic tourists in 2013. Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city, and Fairmount Park is the largest landscaped urban park in the world. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism. Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps, and is also the home of many U.S. firsts, including the first library (1731), first hospital (1751) and medical school (1765), first Capitol (1777), first stock exchange (1790), first zoo (1874), and first business school (1881). Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9681968688964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "U.S. Marine Corps", "passage": "By the 20th century, Philadelphia had become known as \"corrupt and contented\", with a complacent population and an entrenched Republican political machine. The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election-year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the Philadelphia City Council from two houses to just one. In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer, in post-World War I unrest, as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, mob violence, and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brigadier General Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as director of public safety, but political pressure prevented any long-term success in fighting crime and corruption. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.857227325439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Philadelphia" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. The Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, and the United States Congress created the United States Navy on 27 March 1794, and the United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army (on 14 June 1775), the Continental Navy (on 13 October 1775) and the Continental Marines (on 10 November 1775), respectively. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave the Congress the power to \"raise and support armies\", \"provide and maintain a navy\", and to \"make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces\", as well as the power to declare war. The United States President is the U.S. military's commander-in-chief.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.26582130789756775, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U.S. Navy (established 13 October 1775) and the United States Marine Corps (established 10 November 1775). The U.S. Coast Guard dates its origin to the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790; that service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service in 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907 and was part of the Army before becoming an independent service.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.576756000518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "* United States Marine Corps", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.162826538085938, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "* United States Marine Corps Reserve", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.168222427368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "United States Armed Forces" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "The history of the United States Marine Corps (USMC) begins with the founding of the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 to conduct ship-to-ship fighting, provide shipboard security and discipline enforcement, and assist in landing forces. Its mission evolved with changing military doctrine and foreign policy of the United States. Owing to the availability of Marine forces at sea, the United States Marine Corps has served in nearly every conflict in United States history. It attained prominence when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient, and ultimately formed a cornerstone of the Pacific Theater of World War II. By the early 20th century, the Marine Corps would become one of the dominant theorists and practitioners of amphibious warfare. Its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises has made and continues to make it an important tool for American foreign policy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.311920166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "The British government formed ten regiments of marines for a naval campaign against the Spanish colonies in the West Indies and north coast of South America. Admiral Edward Vernon, a British naval officer, was given command of a squadron of five vessels. And again, most of the marines were drafted from the British Army. The British Admiralty requested that its American colonies form a regiment of three thousand men for naval service aboard Admiral Edward Vernon's fleet. Edward Vernon can be considered by many military history enthusiasts the first naval fleet commander over American marines. The American colonial marines were raised in the colony of Virginia and from other Middle Colonies, under the command of Governor William Gooch. Although it may have been composed of men from surrounding colonies intent for a Crown commission, it was also used as a dumping ground for its debtors, criminals, scoundrels, and vagrants. This \"four-battalion\" regiment, the 43rd Regiment of Foot, better known as \"Gooch's Marines\", has a lineage that can be traced to the origin of the United States Marine Corps. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.462337493896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "Even though there still wasn't a formidable Continental navy yet, the individual colonies each had navies and marines of their own. Units of the Continental Army and groups of militia were sometimes pressed to serve as sailors and naval infantry on ships, purposely serving as marines. These American colonial marines have no lineage traceable to the Continental Marines, nor the modern United States Marine Corps; nonetheless, they fought the British as American marines as early as May. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.926238059997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "American Marines", "passage": "Also on the same day [25 June], Robert Mullan (whose mother was the proprietor of Tun Tavern and most likely used it as his recruiting rendezvous) received his commission as Captain. Capt. Mullan played an important aid in recruitment of enlistees for Marines aboard the Continental navy fleets, he became by legend, the first 'Marine Recruiter'. Captain Mullan's roster lists two black men, Issac and Orange, another historical recording of one of the first black American Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.640520453453064, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "At the end of the Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Marines were disbanded in April. Although individual Marines stayed on for the few American naval vessels left, the last Continental Marine was discharged in September. In all, there were 131 Colonial Marine officers and probably no more than 2,000 enlisted Colonial Marines. Though individual Marines were enlisted for the few American naval vessels, the organization would not be re-created until 1798. Despite the gap between the disbanding of the Continental Marines and the establishment of the United States Marine Corps, Marines worldwide celebrate 10 November 1775 as the official birthday. This is traditional in Marine units and is similar to the practice of the British and Netherlands Royal Marines. Despite the Continental Navy being older in establishment (13 October vs. 10 November 1775) and reestablishment (27 March 1794 vs. 11 July 1798), Marines have taken the position of precedence, awarded due to seniority of age, because they historically and consistently maintained their birth as 10 November, while the Navy had no official recognition of 13 October as their birthday until 1972. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.124303817749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine", "passage": "Among the equipment Burrows inherited was a stock of leftover blue uniforms with red trim, the basis for the modern Blue Dress uniform. When the capital moved to Washington, D.C. in June 1800, Burrows was appointed Lieutenant Colonel Commandant of the Marine Corps; the first de jure Commandant, though Samuel Nicholas is traditionally accorded as the first de facto Commandant for his role as the most senior officer of the Continental Marines. In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson and Burrows rode horses about the new capital to find a place suitable for a Marine barracks near the Washington Navy Yard. They chose the land between 8th and 9th, and G and I streets and hired architect George Hadfield to design the barracks and the Commandant’s House, in use today as Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.. Burrows also founded the United States Marine Band from an act of Congress passed on 11 July 1798, which debuted at the President's House on 1 January 1801 and has played for every presidential inauguration since.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.622333526611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "United States Marine Corp", "passage": "Henderson secured a confirmed appointment as the fifth Commandant in 1820 and breathed new life into the Corps. He would go on to be the longest-serving commandant, commonly referred to as the \"Grand old man of the Marine Corps\". Under his tenure, the Marine Corps took on a new role as an expeditionary force-in-readiness with a number of expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, China, Fiji, Peru, Buenos Aires, Nicaragua, and Sumatra, in addition to many of the Indian Wars. Previously having rarely done anything but guard ships and naval depots, Henderson seized every opportunity to deploy his Marines in \"landing party operations\" and other expeditions. One example of this was the acquisition artillery pieces and training for use with landing parties, which would bear fruit at the Battle of the Pearl River Forts. Henderson is also credited with thwarting attempts by President Andrew Jackson to combine the Marine Corps with the Army. Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the Department of the Navy, as a sister service to the United States Navy. This would be the first of many times that Congress came to the aid of the Marines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.661418914794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "U.S. Marine Corps", "passage": "Under Commandant Jacob Zeilin's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions took shape. The Corps adopted the Marine Corps emblem in essentially its modern form on 19 November 1868, borrowing the globe from the Royal Marines, but introducing the fouled anchor and an American bald eagle. In 1869, the Corps adopted a blue-black evening jacket and trousers encrusted with gold braid, that survives today as officer's mess dress. It was also during this time that the \"Marines' Hymn\" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto \"Semper Fidelis\", Latin for \"Always Faithful\" and often shortened by Marines to \"Semper Fi\". In 1885 1st Lt. H.K. Gilman wrote the first manual for enlisted Marines, Marines' Manual: Prepared for the Use of the Enlisted Men of the U.S. Marine Corps and in 1886 the first landing manual The Naval Brigade and Operations Ashore. Previous to this, the only landing instructions available were those in the Ordnance Instructions for the United States Navy. John Philip Sousa, previously an apprentice in the Marine Band as a child, returned to lead the band in 1880 at the age of 25, making a name for himself and the Band with his composed marches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.297548294067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" }, { "answer": "U.S. Marines", "passage": "In World War II, the Marines played a central role in the Pacific War, participating in nearly every significant battle. The Corps also saw its peak growth as it expanded from two brigades to two corps with six divisions, and five air wings with 132 squadrons. In addition, 20 Defense Battalions were also set up, as well as a Parachute Battalion. In all, the Corps totaled at a maximum end strength of over 475,000 Marines, the highest in its history. The battles of Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, Guam, and Okinawa saw fierce fighting between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Japanese Army. The secrecy afforded their communications by the now-famous Navajo code talker program is widely seen as having contributed significantly to their success. The first African American recruits were accepted in 1942 to begin the desegregation of the Corps.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.736879348754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States Marine Corps" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The Isthmus of Panama was formed about 3 million years ago when the land bridge between North and South America finally closed and plants and animals gradually crossed it in both directions. The existence of the isthmus affected the dispersal of people, agriculture and technology throughout the American continent from the appearance of the first hunters and collectors to the era of villages and cities. ", "precise_score": -7.12269926071167, "rough_score": -7.032772541046143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples. The largest group were the Cueva (whose specific language affiliation is poorly documented). The size of the indigenous population of the isthmus at the time of European colonization is uncertain. Estimates range as high as two million people, but more recent studies place that number closer to 200,000. Archaeological finds and testimonials by early European explorers describe diverse native isthmian groups exhibiting cultural variety and suggesting people with developedned by regular regional routes of commerce.", "precise_score": -9.745184898376465, "rough_score": -9.383485794067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Spanish authorities had little control over much of the territory of Panama. Large sections managed to resist conquest and missionization until very late in the colonial era. Because of this, indigenous people of the area were often referred to as \"indios de guerra\" (war Indians) and resisted Spanish attempts to conquer them or missionize them. However, Panama was enormously important to Spain strategically because it was the easiest way to transship silver mined in Peru to Europe. Silver cargos were landed at Panama and then taken overland to Portobello or Nombre de Dios on the Caribbean side of the isthmus for further shipment.", "precise_score": -7.804062366485596, "rough_score": -9.036737442016602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Its location on the Isthmus of Panama is strategic. By 2000, Panama controlled the Panama Canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea to the North of the Pacific Ocean. Panama's total area is 74,177.3 km2.", "precise_score": -6.378292560577393, "rough_score": -6.619447708129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The mountain range of the divide is called the Cordillera de Talamanca near the Costa Rican border. Farther east it becomes the Serranía de Tabasará, and the portion of it closer to the lower saddle of the isthmus, where the Panama Canal is located, is often called the Sierra de Veraguas. As a whole, the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by geographers as the Cordillera Central.", "precise_score": -7.217730522155762, "rough_score": -7.299002170562744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Excellent deep water ports capable of accommodating large VLCC (Very Large Crude Oil Carriers) are located at Charco Azul, Chiriquí (Pacific) and Chiriquí Grande, Bocas del Toro (Atlantic) near Panama's western border with Costa Rica. The Trans-Panama pipeline, running across the isthmus with a length of 131 km, has been operating between Charco Azul and Chiriquí Grande since 1979. ", "precise_score": -7.584153175354004, "rough_score": -7.292146682739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Panama has a tropical climate. Temperatures are uniformly high—as is the relative humidity—and there is little seasonal variation. Diurnal ranges are low; on a typical dry-season day in the capital city, the early morning minimum may be 24 °C and the afternoon maximum 30 °C. The temperature seldom exceeds 32 °C for more than a short time. Temperatures on the Pacific side of the isthmus are somewhat lower than on the Caribbean, and breezes tend to rise after dusk in most parts of the country. Temperatures are markedly cooler in the higher parts of the mountain ranges, and frosts occur in the Cordillera de Talamanca in western Panama.", "precise_score": -9.884804725646973, "rough_score": -9.370173454284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The ideal criterion that each continent be a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions. Of the seven most globally recognized continents, only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by ocean. Several continents are defined not as absolutely distinct bodies but as \"more or less discrete masses of land\". Asia and Africa are joined by the Isthmus of Suez, and North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama. In both cases, there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water (disregarding the Suez Canal and Panama Canal, which are both narrow and shallow, as well as being man-made). Both these isthmuses are very narrow compared to the bulk of the landmasses they unite.", "precise_score": -1.1451669931411743, "rough_score": 2.498544692993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Through the Roman period and the Middle Ages, a few writers took the Isthmus of Suez as the boundary between Asia and Africa, but most writers continued to consider it the Nile or the western border of Egypt (Gibbon). In the Middle Ages, the world was usually portrayed on T and O maps, with the T representing the waters dividing the three continents. By the middle of the 18th century, \"the fashion of dividing Asia and Africa at the Nile, or at the Great Catabathmus [the boundary between Egypt and Libya] farther west, had even then scarcely passed away\". ", "precise_score": -6.9676361083984375, "rough_score": -8.316079139709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "An isthmus ( or; plural: isthmuses; from ) is a narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water that otherwise separates them. A tombolo is an isthmus that consists of a spit or bar.", "precise_score": 0.47094255685806274, "rough_score": -5.920755386352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Canals are often built across isthmuses, where they may be a particularly advantageous short cut for marine transport. The Panama Canal crosses the Isthmus of Panama, connecting the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; the Suez Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, cutting across the western side of an isthmus formed by the Sinai Peninsula. An example in the United Kingdom is the Crinan Canal, which crosses the isthmus between Loch Crinan and Loch Gilp, which connects the Kintyre peninsula with the rest of Scotland.", "precise_score": 1.6368913650512695, "rough_score": 3.8089487552642822, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Panama", "precise_score": -5.388180732727051, "rough_score": -8.81252670288086, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The Sinai Peninsula forms the Isthmus of Suez between the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea and also forms the Asian border area towards Africa.", "precise_score": -5.19899320602417, "rough_score": -6.088540554046631, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The Isthmus of Panama (), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America. It contains the country of Panama and the Panama Canal. Like many isthmuses, it is a location of great strategic value.", "precise_score": 1.8566969633102417, "rough_score": -0.0829998105764389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The isthmus was arguably formed 12 to 15 million years ago. This major geological event separated the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and caused the creation of the Gulf Stream. The Isthmus of Panama is the only place in the world at which one can see the sun set in the Atlantic and rise in the Pacific, due to a bend in the Isthmus.", "precise_score": -8.280213356018066, "rough_score": -9.481017112731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Vasco Núñez de Balboa heard of the South Sea from natives while sailing along the Caribbean coast. On 25 September 1513 he saw the Pacific. In 1519 the town of Panamá was founded near a small indigenous settlement on the Pacific coast. After the discovery of Peru, it developed into an important port of trade and became an administrative centre. In 1671 the Welsh pirate Henry Morgan crossed the Isthmus of Panamá from the Caribbean side and destroyed the city. The town was relocated some kilometers to the west at a small peninsula. The ruins of the old town, Panamá Viejo, are preserved and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.", "precise_score": -8.576666831970215, "rough_score": -8.047856330871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The formation of the Isthmus of Panama also played a major role in biodiversity on the planet. The bridge made it easier for animals and plants to migrate between the two continents. This event is known in paleontology as the Great American Interchange. For instance, in North America today, the opossum, armadillo, and porcupine all trace back to ancestors that came across the land bridge from South America. Likewise, bears, cats, dogs, horses, llamas, and raccoons all made the trek south across the isthmus.", "precise_score": -6.303614616394043, "rough_score": -5.21270751953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "As the connecting bridge between two vast land masses, the Panamanian biosphere is filled with overlapping fauna and flora from both North and South America. There are, for example, over 978 species of birds in the isthmus area. The tropical climate also encourages a myriad of large and brightly colored species, insects, amphibians, birds, fish, and reptiles. Divided along its length by a mountain range, the isthmus's weather is generally wet on the Atlantic (Caribbean) side but has a clearer division into wet and dry seasons on the Pacific side.", "precise_score": -2.23881459236145, "rough_score": 1.3703399896621704, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailed westward from Venezuela in 1501 in search of gold, and became the first European to explore the isthmus of Panama. A year later, Christopher Columbus visited the isthmus and established a short-lived settlement in the Darien. Vasco Núñez de Balboa's tortuous trek from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1513 demonstrated that the isthmus was, indeed, the path between the seas, and Panama quickly became the crossroads and marketplace of Spain's empire in the New World. Gold and silver were brought by ship from South America, hauled across the isthmus, and loaded aboard ships for Spain. The route became known as the Camino Real, or Royal Road, although it was more commonly known as Camino de Cruces (Road of Crosses) because of the number of gravesites along the way.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928243637084961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Panama was under Spanish rule for almost 300 years (1538–1821) and became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. From the outset, Panamanian identity was based on a sense of \"geographic destiny\", and Panamanian fortunes fluctuated with the geopolitical importance of the isthmus. The colonial experience also spawned Panamanian nationalism as well as a racially complex and highly stratified society, the source of internal conflicts that ran counter to the unifying force of nationalism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.745689392089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "In 1671, the privateer Henry Morgan, licensed by the English government, sacked and burned the city of Panama – the second most important city in the Spanish New World at the time. In 1717, the viceroyalty of New Granada (northern South America) was created in response to other Europeans trying to take Spanish territory in the Caribbean region. The Isthmus of Panama was placed under its jurisdiction. However, the remoteness of New Granada's capital, Santa Fe de Bogotá (the modern capital of Colombia) proved a greater obstacle than the Spanish crown anticipated as the authority of New Granada was contested by the seniority, closer proximity, and previous ties to the viceroyalty of Lima and even by Panama's own initiative. This uneasy relationship between Panama and Bogotá would persist for centuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.657953262329102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "During the last half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, migrations to the countryside decreased Panama City's population and the isthmus' economy shifted from the tertiary to the primary sector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.070158004760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Nevertheless, the Grito was an event that shook the isthmus to its very core. It was a sign, on the part of the residents of Azuero, of their antagonism toward the independence movement in the capital.Those in the capital region in turn regarded the Azueran movement with contempt, since the separatists in Panama City believed that their counterparts in Azuero were fighting not only for independence from Spain, but also for their right to self-rule apart from Panama City once the Spaniards were gone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.810017585754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "It was an incredibly brave move on the part of Azuero, which lived in fear of Colonel José Pedro Antonio de Fábrega y de las Cuevas (1774–1841), and with good reason. The Colonel was a staunch loyalist and had all of the isthmus' military supplies in his hands.They feared quick retaliation and swift retribution against the separatists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.335691452026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "What they had counted on, however, was the influence of the separatists in the capital. Ever since October 1821, when the former Governor General, Juan de la Cruz Murgeón, left the isthmus on a campaign in Quito and left the Veraguan colonel in charge, the separatists had been slowly converting Fábrega to the separatist side. So, by November 10, Fábrega was now a supporter of the independence movement. Soon after the separatist declaration of Los Santos, Fábrega convened every organization in the capital with separatist interests and formally declared the city's support for independence. No military repercussions occurred because of the skillful bribing of royalist troops.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191692352294922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "In the first eighty years following independence from Spain, Panama was a department of Colombia, after voluntarily joining it at the end of 1821. The people of the isthmus made several attempts to secede and came close to success in 1831, and again during the Thousand Days' War of 1899–1902. When the Senate of Colombia rejected the Hay–Herrán Treaty, the United States decided to support the Panamanian independence movement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.56641674041748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Meanwhile, Noriega's regime had fostered a well-hidden criminal economy that operated as a parallel source of income for the military and their allies, providing revenues from drugs and money laundering. Toward the end of the military dictatorship, a new wave of Chinese migrants arrived on the isthmus in the hope of migrating to the United States. The smuggling of Chinese became an enormous business, with revenues of up to 200 million dollars for Noriega's regime (see Mon 167). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.315742492675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Eratosthenes, in the 3rd century BC, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them \"islands\". Others divided the continents by isthmuses, calling the continents \"peninsulas\". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the Red Sea and the mouth of Lake Bardawil on the Mediterranean Sea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.886929512023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Plate tectonics offers yet another way of defining continents. Today, Europe and most of Asia constitute the unified Eurasian Plate, which is approximately coincident with the geographic Eurasian continent excluding India, Arabia, and far eastern Russia. India contains a central shield, and the geologically recent Himalaya mobile belt forms its northern margin. North America and South America are separate continents, the connecting isthmus being largely the result of volcanism from relatively recent subduction tectonics. North American continental rocks extend to Greenland (a portion of the Canadian Shield), and in terms of plate boundaries, the North American plate includes the easternmost portion of the Asian land mass. Geologists do not use these facts to suggest that eastern Asia is part of the North American continent, even though the plate boundary extends there; the word continent is usually used in its geographic sense and additional definitions (\"continental rocks,\" \"plate boundaries\") are used as appropriate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.984405517578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Continent" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "A strait is the sea counterpart of an isthmus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.214859962463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Mansheya which developed around the man-made Heptastadion connecting the island of Pharos to mainland Alexandria.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.834943771362305, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Quetrihué Isthmus of Quetrihué Peninsula in Nahuel Huapi Lake", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.257745742797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus at Nova Brasilia, Mel Island, Paraná ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.183916091918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of East Falkland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360586166381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Avalon", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.323770523071289, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Chignecto", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16872501373291, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Sechelt Isthmus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213629722595215, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Rivas, Nicaragua", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.12808895111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Brunswick Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.291410446166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Muñoz Gamero Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312480926513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Ofqui Isthmus, Aisén Region", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029301643371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of La Dune", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275800704956055, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.259902000427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Catalina Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395662307739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus near Fidalgo Island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.281549453735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Madison Isthmus", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.205982208251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Médanos Isthmus – links mainland Venezuela to Paraguaná", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.326008796691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The Caucasus region connecting Europe to Asia between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea is sometimes considered an isthmus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194358825683594, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The Isthmus of Kra connecting Malay Peninsula with the mainland of Asia located in southern Thailand.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.408187866210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The central area of Kushimoto town in the Wakayama prefecture of Japan is located on a narrow isthmus, surrounded on both sides by the Pacific Ocean.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.825013160705566, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Metro Manila in the Philippines is situated on an isthmus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.401754379272461, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Korea between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16581916809082, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Perekop between Crimea and Ukraine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.334162712097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus between Gilsfjörður and Bitrufjörður, which connects the Westfjords peninsula to the mainland of Iceland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868119239807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Catanzaro, which connects the toe of Italy to the rest of the Italian peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941211700439453, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Corinth, which connects the Peloponnese peninsula to the rest of Greece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841808319091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Gibraltar", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11054515838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Potidea, connecting the Kassandra peninsula with the mainland of Greece", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.561938285827637, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Ierapetra, which connects the eastern end of Crete to the rest of the island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002716064453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Karelian Isthmus between Lake Ladoga and the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02090072631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Perekop between Black Sea and Sea of Azov, connecting Crimea Peninsula to the mainland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691973686218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Poyasok Isthmus between Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.182658195495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Isthmus of Ak-Monay between Black Sea and Sea of Azov, connecting Kerch Peninsula to the mainland of Crimea", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764115333557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Olonets Isthmus between Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.125738143920898, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Onega Isthmus between Lake Onega and the White Sea (Onega Bay)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.787662506103516, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Chivyrkuy Isthmus between Chivyrkuy Bay and Barguzin Bay of the Lake Baikal, connecting Svyatoy Nos Peninsula to the mainland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595559120178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Bolshoy Volok Isthmus between Malaya Volokovaya Bay and Motovsky Gulf, connecting Sredny Peninsula to the mainland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.777867317199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Maly Volok Isthmus between Bolshaya Volokovaya Bay and Motovsky Gulf, connecting Rybachy Peninsula to Sredny Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.784228324890137, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* La Coupée isthmus in Sark, Channel Islands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.357722282409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Forth-Clyde isthmus in Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078394889831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The isthmus connecting Langness Peninsula, Isle of Man, to the rest of the island", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.11424732208252, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Mavis Grind isthmus in Shetland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349409103393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The isthmus connecting the Isle of Portland to the mainland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72087287902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Rhins of Galloway isthmus in Wigtownshire (where Stranraer is situated), Scotland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.154740333557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Tarbert is the name of several places at isthmuses in Scotland and Ireland. The translation from Old Irish is isthmus or portage-place (\"across carry\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.911079406738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The isthmus connecting Stornoway, Isle of Lewis in Scotland to the Eye Peninsula", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.405136108398438, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Hugh Town is located on an isthmus connecting the Hugh to the remainder of St Mary's, the largest of the Isles of Scilly", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847424507141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Yanakie Isthmus, connects Wilsons Promontory to mainland Victoria", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544330596923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Auckland isthmus between Northland Peninsula and the rest of New Zealand's North Island ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270323753356934, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* Rongotai isthmus, location of Wellington International Airport", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519655227661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The Neck is an inland isthmus between lakes Wanaka and Hāwea", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.901460647583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "* The town of Mount Maunganui is situated on a tombolo isthmus connecting the volcanic cone of Mount Maunganui/Mauao with the North Island mainland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.848983764648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of isthmuses" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Silver and gold from the viceroyalty of Peru were transported overland across the isthmus to Porto Bello, where Spanish treasure fleets shipped them to Seville and Cádiz from 1707.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000068664550781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "The California Gold Rush, starting in 1849, brought a large increase in the transportation of people from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Steamships brought gold seekers from eastern US ports who trekked across the isthmus by foot, horse, and later rail. On the Pacific side, they boarded Pacific Mail Steamship Company vessels headed for San Francisco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739751815795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "In 1902–4, the United States forced Colombia to grant independence to the department of the isthmus, bought the remaining assets of the Panama Canal Company, and finished the canal in 1914.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.471736907958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" }, { "answer": "Isthmus", "passage": "Over time, massive amounts of sediment (sand, soil, and mud) from North and South America filled the gaps between the newly forming islands. Over millions of years, the sediment deposits added to the islands until the gaps were completely filled. By no later than 4.5 million years ago, an isthmus had formed between North and South America. However, in April 2015, an article in Science Magazine stated that zircon crystals in middle Miocene bedrock from northern Colombia indicated that by 10 million years ago, it is likely that instead of islands, a full isthmus between the North and South American continents had already likely formed where the Central American Seaway had been previously.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.419782638549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Isthmus of Panama" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "World war i", "The Great War", "WW1", "World war I", "WorldWar1", "WW-I Crusade", "1914–1918 war", "First world war", "Word War I", "Ist world war", "WW I", "The First World War", "World War one", "WW!", "World war 1", "Worldwarone", "W.W. I", "Ww1", "WwI", "I World War", "W.W.1", "1st World war", "War World I", "World War 1", "World War I", "World War, 1914-1918", "The great war", "W.W.I", "1914 to 1918", "World War One", "Great War", "2w1", "1914-1918", "1st World War", "First World War", "1914-18 War", "WorldWarOne", "First World World", "WW-I", "Outbreak of World War I", "The 1st World War", "14-18 War", "World War l", "World War Ⅰ", "Wolrd War 1", "Wwone", "Great war", "World war one", "First Great War", "WWI", "War of 14-18", "WW 1", "One world war", "Wwi" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "14 18 war", "2w1", "word war i", "ww i crusade", "wwi", "one world war", "1914 18 war", "first great war", "world war 1", "world war i", "i world war", "first world war", "worldwarone", "w w i", "1914 1918", "war of 14 18", "ww 1", "world war one", "1st world war", "w w 1", "1914–1918 war", "ww", "first world world", "outbreak of world war i", "ist world war", "world war ⅰ", "ww1", "wwone", "worldwar1", "wolrd war 1", "war world i", "world war l", "world war 1914 1918", "ww i", "great war", "1914 to 1918" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "world war i", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "World War I" }

[ { "answer": "World War I", "passage": "Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans, that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. It coincides with other holidays, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day, celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. The United States previously observed Armistice Day. The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954.", "precise_score": 5.187045097351074, "rough_score": 4.961494445800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Veterans Day" }, { "answer": "World War I", "passage": "In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama, had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans, not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole, who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the \"Father of Veterans Day.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.8912136554718018, "source": "wiki", "title": "Veterans Day" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Millennium series", "Millenium trilogy", "Millennium Trilogy", "Millennium trilogy" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "millenium trilogy", "millennium trilogy", "millennium series" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "millennium series", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Millennium series" }

[ { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "The Girl Who Played with Fire () is the second novel in the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson. It was published posthumously in Swedish in 2006 and in English in January 2009.", "precise_score": 4.055619239807129, "rough_score": 1.0028129816055298, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Played with Fire" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (original title in , literally, the air castle that was blown up) is the third novel in the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.; It was published Swedish in 2007; in English, in the UK, in October 2009; and in the US and Canada on 25 May 2010. The first three novels in the series, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005), The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006), and The Girl who Kicked the Hornet's Nest were written by Stieg Larsson before being shown to a publisher and were published posthumously after his fatal heart attack in 2004. Additionally, all three novels were adapted as films.", "precise_score": 7.806024551391602, "rough_score": 8.495108604431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" }, { "answer": "Millennium Trilogy", "passage": "He was the second best-selling author in the world for 2008, behind Khaled Hosseini. The third novel in the Millennium trilogy, The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, became the most sold book in the United States in 2010, according to Publishers Weekly. By March 2015, his series had sold 80 million copies worldwide. ", "precise_score": 3.113886594772339, "rough_score": -0.24507728219032288, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "Zaillian discussed many of the themes in Larsson's Millennium series with Fincher, taking the pair deeper into the novel's darker subjects, such as the psychological dissimilarities between rapists and murderers. Fincher was familiar with the concept, from projects such as Seven (1995) and Zodiac (2007). Zaillian commented, \"A rapist, or at least our rapist, is about exercising his power over somebody. A serial killer is about destruction; they get off on destroying something. It's not about having power over something, it's about eliminating it. What thrills them is slightly different.\" The duo wanted to expose the novels' pivotal themes, particularly misogyny. \"We were committed to the tack that this is a movie about violence against women about specific kinds of degradation, and you can't shy away from that. But at the same time you have to walk a razor thin line so that the audience can viscerally feel the need for revenge but also see the power of the ideas being expressed.\" Instead of the typical three-act structure, they reluctantly chose a five-act structure, which Fincher pointed out is \"very similar to a lot of TV cop dramas.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.23908805847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)" }, { "answer": "Millennium Trilogy", "passage": "In November 2015, TheWrap reported that Sony was rebooting the franchise with an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider's Web, a 2015 novel by David Lagercrantz that was a continuation of the original Millennium trilogy. According to the report, neither Mara, Craig nor Fincher were likely to return for the film; Alicia Vikander was discussed as possibly taking over the role of Salander. However, while promoting Carol, Mara stated that she is still signed for the sequel: \"As far as I know I'm doing it until someone tells me otherwise [...] I'm doing it unless someone tells me that I'm not—and then I still might do it,\" she joked. Steven Knight will serve as screenwriter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7627224922180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)" }, { "answer": "Millennium Trilogy", "passage": "* Svante Branden helps Salander \"by denouncing the fraudulent analysis of Dr. Peter Teleborian and the arbitrary internment to which he had subjected her.\" Larsson and his life partner Eva Gabrielsson were loaned a student room by the real Svante Branden who, after being neighbors with Larsson in Umeå, was a psychiatrist and a friend. In her book \"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Gabrielsson writes that the character and the person were a lot alike because Svante \"was against every form of violation of human rights and freedom. When Stieg made him one of the heroes of The Millennium Trilogy, it was a way of paying homage to him.\" Gabrielsson, Eva, Marie-Françoise Colombani, and Linda Coverdale. \"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" about Stieg Larsson and Me. New York: Seven Stories, 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.499361038208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "The Millennium series is described in a New York Times review as \"utterly addicting\", and this, the third in the series, received a good review. Salander is described as \"one of the most original characters in a thriller to come along in a while\". The combination of her resourcefulness, intelligence and apparent fragility underlies her ability to win the battle to have her re-institutionalized. The compelling character of Salander and her past, completely explained in the volume of the trilogy, is a counterpoint to Blomkvist's more mundane character, writes the reviewer. The novel itself is compared to John LeCarre's cold-war thrillers. Writing for The Guardian, Kate Mosse declares that The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest is a \"grown-up work for grown-up readers\", which she says shows a well-presented plausible narrative. The Los Angeles Times disagrees, describing the plots as \"improbable\", but notes the popularity of the series, referring to it as \"an authentic phenomenon\".[http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/24/entertainment/la-et-book-20100524 \"Book Review: 'The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest'\"] Los Angeles Times (24 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011 Writing for The Washington Post, Patrick Anderson claims the third in the series \"brings the saga to a satisfactory conclusion\".[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052303667.html \"Book World: Review of Stieg Larsson's 'The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest'\"] The Washington Post (24 May 2010). Retrieved 5 February 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8483614921569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" }, { "answer": "Millennium Trilogy", "passage": "Karl Stig-Erland \"Stieg\" Larsson (;; 15 August 1954 – 9 November 2004) was a Swedish journalist and writer. He is best known for writing the Millennium trilogy of crime novels, which were published posthumously and adapted as motion pictures. Larsson lived much of his life in Stockholm and worked there in the field of journalism and as an independent researcher of right-wing extremism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.738575458526611, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "Soon after Larsson's death, the manuscripts of three completed, but unpublished, novels - written as a series - were discovered. He had written them for his own pleasure after returning home from his job in the evening, and had made no attempt to get them published until shortly before his death. These were published posthumously as the Millennium series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.038691520690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "In 2013, Swedish publisher Norstedts contracted David Lagercrantz, a Swedish author and journalist, to continue the Millennium series. Lagercrantz did not have access to the material in Gabrielsson's possession, which remains unpublished. The book was published in August 2015 in connection with the 10-year anniversary of the series, under the Swedish title is Det som inte dödar oss (literal English translation: That Which Does Not Kill Us); the English title is The Girl in the Spider's Web. Two further novels by Lagercrantz have been announced by the publisher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.17083740234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "The Swedish film production company Yellow Bird has produced film versions of the Millennium series, co-produced with the Danish film production company Nordisk Film, which were released in Scandinavia in 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38587474822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "One of the strongest influences originates from his own country: Pippi Longstocking, by Sweden's much-loved children's author Astrid Lindgren. Larsson explained that one of his main recurring characters in the Millennium series, Lisbeth Salander, is actually fashioned on a grown-up Pippi Longstocking as he chose to sketch her. There are additional connections to Lindgren's literary work in the Larsson novels; for example, the other main character, Mikael Blomkvist, is frequently referred to mockingly by his detractors as \"Kalle Blomkvist\", the name of a fictional teenage detective created by Lindgren. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.971811771392822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium Trilogy", "passage": "Larsson has said when he was 15 years old, he witnessed three of his friends gang-raping a young girl, which led to his lifelong abhorrence of violence and abuse against women. His longtime partner, Eva Gabrielsson, writes that this incident \"marked him for life\" in a chapter of her book that describes Larsson as a feminist. The author never forgave himself for failing to help the girl, and this inspired the themes of sexual violence against women in his books. According to Gabrielsson, the Millennium trilogy allowed Larsson to express a worldview he was never able to elucidate as a journalist. She described, with a great deal of specificity, how the fundamental narratives of his three books were essentially fictionalized portraits of the Sweden few people knew, a place where latent white supremacy found expression in all aspects of contemporary life, and anti-extremists lived in persistent fear of attack. \"Everything of this nature described in the Millennium trilogy has happened at one time or another to a Swedish citizen, journalist, politician, public prosecutor, unionist or policeman,\" she writes. \"Nothing was made up.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3293256759643555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Millennium series", "passage": "The Millennium series:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.973237037658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "President James Monroe", "James Monroe/First Inaugural Address", "James Monroe/Second Inaugural Address", "James Monroe", "5th President of the United States", "Monroe Administration", "James monroe", "Fifth President of the United States", "President Monroe", "Presidency of James Monroe", "Monroe, James" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "5th president of united states", "fifth president of united states", "monroe administration", "james monroe second inaugural address", "james monroe", "monroe james", "james monroe first inaugural address", "president monroe", "presidency of james monroe", "president james monroe" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "james monroe", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "James Monroe" }

[ { "answer": "James Monroe", "passage": "The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party, the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans, and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms (1817–25) to downplay partisanship, the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings, with far less partisanship than before (or after), and closed out the First Party System.", "precise_score": -8.63869571685791, "rough_score": -7.093755722045898, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States" }, { "answer": "James Monroe", "passage": "The former Jeffersonian party split into factions. They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the Democratic Party. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.695446968078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the United States" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Tea brewing", "Teamelier", "Tea Leaf", "Tea preparation", "Cold-brewed tea", "Tealeaves", "Tea mashing", "Brewing tea", "Tea leaf", "Tea (drink)", "Steeped Tea", "Lemon tea", "Alternative Tea", "History of tea in Korea", "Organic Tea", "Tea leafs", "Loose tea", "Tea plantation", "Tea leaves", "Tea", "Cup of tea", "Tea growing", "Peach tea", "Indian tea", "Brewing (tea)", "Pitewey", "Tea stall", "Gourmet tea", "Instant tea" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "gourmet tea", "cold brewed tea", "tealeaves", "tea brewing", "tea", "steeped tea", "peach tea", "tea plantation", "instant tea", "tea mashing", "tea leaf", "teamelier", "tea drink", "pitewey", "tea preparation", "loose tea", "history of tea in korea", "lemon tea", "cup of tea", "tea stall", "organic tea", "alternative tea", "brewing tea", "tea leaves", "indian tea", "tea leafs", "tea growing" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "tea", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Tea" }

[ { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "In the tea industry, tea leaf grading is the process of evaluating products based on the quality and condition of the tea leaves themselves. The highest grades are referred to as \"orange pekoe\", and the lowest as \"fannings\" or \"dust\".", "precise_score": 0.06745748221874237, "rough_score": 2.2454099655151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "When crushed to make bagged teas, the tea is referred to as \"broken\", as in \"broken orange pekoe\" (BOP). These lower grades include fannings and dust, which are tiny remnants created in the sorting and crushing processes.", "precise_score": 0.5475499033927917, "rough_score": 3.9819393157958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Orange pekoe ( or), also spelled pecco, or OP is a term used in the Western tea trade to describe a particular genre of black teas (orange pekoe grading). Despite a purported Chinese origin, these grading terms are typically used for teas from Sri Lanka, India and countries other than China; they are not generally known within Chinese-speaking countries. The grading system is based upon the size of processed and dried black tea leaves.", "precise_score": 4.255193710327148, "rough_score": 4.492172718048096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "The tea industry uses the term orange pekoe to describe a basic, medium-grade black tea consisting of many whole tea leaves of a specific size; however, it is popular in some regions (such as North America) to use the term as a description of any generic black tea (though it is often described to the consumer as a specific variety of black tea). Within this system, the teas that receive the highest grades are obtained from new flushes (pickings). This includes the terminal leaf bud along with a few of the youngest leaves. Grading is based on the 'size' of the individual leaves and flushes, which is determined by their ability to fall through the screens of special meshes ranging from 8–30 mesh. This also determines the 'wholeness', or level of breakage, of each leaf, which is also part of the grading system. Although these are not the only factors used to determine quality, the size and wholeness of the leaves will have the greatest influence on the taste, clarity, and brewing time of the tea. ", "precise_score": 3.611093282699585, "rough_score": 4.5391130447387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "When used outside the context of black-tea grading, the term \"pekoe\" (or, occasionally, orange pekoe) describes the unopened terminal leaf bud (tips) in tea flushes. As such, the phrases \"a bud and a leaf\" or \"a bud and two leaves\" are used to describe the \"leafiness\" of a flush; they are also used interchangeably with pekoe and a leaf or pekoe and two leaves.", "precise_score": 2.2687761783599854, "rough_score": 3.7201156616210938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Sir Thomas Lipton, the 19th-century British tea magnate, is widely credited with popularizing, if not inventing, the term \"orange pekoe\", which seems to have no Chinese precedents, for Western markets. The \"orange\" in orange pekoe is sometimes mistaken to mean the tea has been flavoured with orange, orange oils, or is otherwise associated with oranges. However, the word \"orange\" is unrelated to the tea's flavor. There are two explanations for its meaning, though neither is definitive:", "precise_score": 2.8821794986724854, "rough_score": 5.855607032775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "* BOPF—Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings: Main grade in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Southern India, Kenya, Mozambique, Bangladesh, and China. Black-leaf tea with few added ingredients, uniform particle size, and no tips.", "precise_score": 1.450137972831726, "rough_score": 1.2406312227249146, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Pekoe tea grades are classified into various qualities, each determined by how many of the adjacent young leaves (two, one, or none) were picked along with the leaf buds. Top-quality pekoe grades consist of only the leaf buds, which are picked using the balls of the fingertips. Fingernails and mechanical tools are not used to avoid bruising.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.402130603790283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Broken, fannings and dust orthodox teas have slightly different grades. CTC teas, which consist of leaves mechanically rendered to uniform fannings, have yet another grading system.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.248737335205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "The origin of the word \"pekoe\" is uncertain. One explanation is it is derived from the transliterated mispronunciation of the Amoy (Xiamen) dialect word for a Chinese tea known as \"white down/hair\" (白毫; ). This is how \"pekoe\" is listed by Rev. Robert Morrison (1782–1834) in his Chinese dictionary (1819) as one of the seven sorts of black tea \"commonly known by Europeans\". This refers to the down-like white \"hairs\" on the leaf and also to the youngest leaf buds. Another hypothesis is that the term derives from the Chinese báihuā \"white flower\" (), and refers to the bud content of pekoe tea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9217216968536377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "#The Dutch House of Orange-Nassau, now the royal family, was already the most respected aristocratic family in the days of the Dutch Republic, and came to control the de facto head of state position of Stadtholder of Holland and Zealand. The Dutch East India Company performed a central role in bringing tea to Europe and may have marketed the tea as \"orange\" to suggest association with the House of Orange.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.179401397705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "#Color: The copper colour of a high-quality, oxidized leaf before drying, or the final bright orange colour of the dried pekoes in the finished tea may be related to the name. These usually consist of one leaf bud and two leaves covered in fine, downy hair. The orange colour is produced when the tea is fully oxidized.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.8930807113647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Fannings are small pieces of tea that are left over after higher grades of teas are gathered to be sold. Traditionally these were treated as the rejects of the manufacturing process in making high-quality leaf tea like the orange pekoe. Fannings with extremely small particles are sometimes called dusts. Fannings and dusts are considered the lowest grades of tea, separated from broken-leaf teas which have larger pieces of the leaves. However, the fannings of expensive teas can still be more expensive and more flavourful than whole leaves of cheaper teas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.257904052734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "This traditionally low-quality tea has, however, experienced a huge demand in the developing world in the last century as the practice of tea drinking became popular. Tea stalls in India and the South Asian sub-continent, and Africa prefer dust tea because it is cheap and also produces a very strong brew; consequently, more cups are obtained per measure of tea dust.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.654359817504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Because of the small size of the particles, a tea infuser is typically used to brew fannings. Fannings are also typically used in most tea bags, although some companies sell tea bags containing whole-leaf tea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.868623733520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Some exporters focus primarily on broken-leaf teas, fannings, and dusts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271140098571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "*Fannings: are small particles of tea leaves used almost exclusively in tea bags.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32413387298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "The grades for whole leaf orthodox black tea are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407633781433105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "*OPA—bold, long leaf tea which ranges from tightly wound to almost open", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365006446838379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "*Flowery OP—high-quality tea with a long leaf and few tips, considered the second grade in Assam, Dooars, and Bangladesh teas, but the first grade in China", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.317673683166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "A joke among tea aficionados is that \"FTGFOP\" stands for \"Far Too Good For Ordinary People\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337599754333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "* BT—Broken Tea: Usually a black, open, fleshy leaf that is very bulky. Classification used in Sumatra, Ceylon(Sri Lanka), and some parts of Southern India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.132895469665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "* G BOP—Golden Broken Orange Pekoe: Second grade tea with uneven leaves and few tips.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5751309394836426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "* GFOF—Golden Flowery Orange Fannings: Finest grade in Darjeeling for tea bag production.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.696146011352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tea leaf grading" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "As mankind evolved, new techniques were discovered to create drinks from the plants that were native to their areas. The earliest archaeological evidence of wine production yet found has been at sites in Georgia ( BCE) and Iran ( BCE). Beer may have been known in Neolithic Europe as far back as 3000 BCE, and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The invention of beer (and bread) has been argued to be responsible for humanity's ability to develop technology and build civilization. Tea likely originated in Yunnan, China during the Shang Dynasty (1500 BCE–1046 BCE) as a medicinal drink. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441150665283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Infusion is the process of extracting flavours from plant material by allowing the material to remain suspended within water. This process is used in the production of teas, herbal teas and can be used to prepare coffee (when using a coffee press).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000950813293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "A non-alcoholic drink is one that contains little or no alcohol. This category includes low-alcohol beer, non-alcoholic wine, and apple cider if they contain less than 0.5% alcohol by volume. The term \"soft drink\" specifies the absence of alcohol in contrast to \"hard drink\" and \"drink\". The term \"drink\" is theoretically neutral, but often is used in a way that suggests alcoholic content. Beverages such as soda pop, sparkling water, iced tea, lemonade, root beer, fruit punch, milk, hot chocolate, tea, coffee, milkshakes, and tap water and energy drinks are all soft drinks.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.725218772888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Tea", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289286613464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Tea, the second most consumed drink in the world, is produced from infusing dried leaves of the camellia sinensis shrub, in boiling water. There are many ways in which tea is prepared for consumption: lemon or milk and sugar are among the most common additives worldwide. Other additions include butter and salt in Bhutan, Nepal, and Tibet; bubble tea in Taiwan; fresh ginger in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; mint in North Africa and Senegal; cardamom in Central Asia; rum to make Jagertee in Central Europe; and coffee to make yuanyang in Hong Kong. Tea is also served differently from country to country: in China and Japan tiny cups are used to serve tea; in Thailand and the United States tea is often served cold (as \"iced tea\") or with a lot of sweetener; Indians boil tea with milk and a blend of spices as masala chai; tea is brewed with a samovar in Iran, Kashmir, Russia and Turkey; and in the Australian Outback it is traditionally brewed in a billycan. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.658604621887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Tea leaves can be processed in different ways resulting in a drink which appears and tastes different. Chinese yellow and green tea are steamed, roasted and dried; Oolong tea is semi-fermented and appears green-black and black teas are fully fermented. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.433741569519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Around the world, people refer to other herbal infusions as \"teas\"; it is also argued that these were popular long before the Camellia sinensis shrub was used for tea making. Leaves, flowers, roots or bark can be used to make a herbal infusion and can be bought fresh, dried or powdered. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.788808822631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the saccharification of starch and fermentation of the resulting sugar. The starch and saccharification enzymes are often derived from malted cereal grains, most commonly malted barley and malted wheat. Most beer is also flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The preparation of beer is called brewing. Beer is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic beverage, and is the third-most popular drink overall, after water and tea. It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented beverage. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.359863758087158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" }, { "answer": "Tea", "passage": "In China and Japan, the establishment would be a tea house, were people would socialise whilst drinking tea. Chinese scholars have used the teahouse for places of sharing ideas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374526977539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Drink" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Supervisor of Revenue", "Spirits Rebellious", "Whiskey Tax Revolt in Pennsylvania", "Whiskey Rebellion", "Whiskey Rebellion of 1794", "Tom the Tinker", "Whiskey Insurrection", "Whisky Insurrection", "The Whiskey Rebellion", "Whiskey Point", "Whiskey tax", "Supervisor of revenue", "Whisky Rebellion", "Whiskey Rebellion (1794)", "Whiskey Act", "Whiskey rebellion", "Whiskey rebels" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "supervisor of revenue", "whiskey rebels", "whiskey point", "whiskey rebellion of 1794", "whiskey insurrection", "whiskey tax revolt in pennsylvania", "whiskey act", "whisky rebellion", "whiskey tax", "whiskey rebellion", "tom tinker", "whisky insurrection", "spirits rebellious", "whiskey rebellion 1794" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "whiskey rebellion", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Whiskey Rebellion" }

[ { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "The Whiskey Rebellion, also known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called \"whiskey tax\" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt. Although the tax applied to all distilled spirits, whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in the 18th-century U.S. Because of this, the excise became widely known as a \"whiskey tax\". The new excise was a part of U.S. treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War.", "precise_score": 4.4051408767700195, "rough_score": 3.9824955463409424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due of the previous bond holders to whom the debt was owed. By December 1790, Hamilton believed import duties, which were the government's primary source of revenue, had been raised as high as was feasible. He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits. This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product, and because whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in late 18th-century America, the excise became known as the \"whiskey tax.\" Although taxes were politically unpopular, Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax that would be the least objectionable tax the government could levy. In this, he had the support of some social reformers, who hoped a \"sin tax\" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. The whiskey excise act, sometimes known as the \"Whiskey Act\", became law in March 1791. George Washington defined the revenue districts, appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors, and set their pay in November 1791. ", "precise_score": -2.240601062774658, "rough_score": -1.2293117046356201, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "Although older accounts of the Whiskey Rebellion portrayed it as being confined to western Pennsylvania, there was opposition to the whiskey tax in the western counties of every other state in Appalachia (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The whiskey tax went uncollected throughout the frontier state of Kentucky, where no one could be convinced to enforce the law or prosecute evaders. In 1792, Hamilton advocated military action to suppress violent resistance in western North Carolina, but Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued there was insufficient evidence to legally justify such a reaction. ", "precise_score": -0.32077375054359436, "rough_score": 2.002804756164551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Tom the Tinker", "passage": "The federal tax inspector for western Pennsylvania, General John Neville, was determined to enforce the excise law. Neville, a prominent politician and wealthy planter, was also a large-scale distiller. He had initially opposed the whiskey tax, but subsequently changed his mind, a reversal that angered some western Pennsylvanians. In August 1792, Neville rented a room in Pittsburgh for his tax office, but the landlord turned him out after being threatened with violence by the Mingo Creek Association. From this point on, tax collectors were not the only people targeted in Pennsylvania: those who cooperated with federal tax officials also faced harassment. Anonymous notes and newspaper articles signed by \"Tom the Tinker\" threatened those who complied with the whiskey tax. Those who failed to heed the warnings might have their barns burned or their stills destroyed. ", "precise_score": 1.666259765625, "rough_score": 4.425990581512451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and the ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws. The whiskey excise remained difficult to collect, however. The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party, which opposed Hamilton's Federalist Party, came to power in 1801.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.08152437210083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "Whiskey tax", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.325095176696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "The whiskey excise was immediately controversial, with many people on the frontier arguing the tax unfairly targeted westerners. Whiskey was a popular drink, and farmers often supplemented their incomes by operating small stills. Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains distilled their excess grain into whiskey, which was easier and more profitable to transport over the mountains than the more cumbersome grain. A whiskey tax would make western farmers less competitive with eastern grain producers. Additionally, cash was always in short supply on the frontier, so whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. For poorer people who were paid in whiskey, the excise was essentially an income tax that wealthier easterners did not pay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.015291213989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "The main objection to the whiskey tax was that it was taxation without (local) representation, exactly what they'd just fought the Revolutionary War to stop. Many tax resisters were veterans. In the Western view, they were fighting for freedom, resisting the newly emerging central state. Furthermore, they did not understand why they should pay other people's debts. Some states had repaid their war debt. The Federalists were buying support from indebted states with their policy of assumption.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.822182655334473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "In addition to the whiskey tax, westerners had a number of other grievances with the national government. Chief among these was the perception that the government was not adequately protecting the western frontier: the Northwest Indian War was going badly for the United States, with major losses in 1791. Furthermore, westerners were prohibited by Spain (which then owned Louisiana) from using the Mississippi River for commercial navigation. Until these issues were addressed, westerners felt the government was ignoring their security and economic welfare. Adding the whiskey excise to these existing grievances only increased tensions on the frontier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.755099296569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "In August 1792, a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax. This meeting was more radical than the first convention; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance. One moderate who did attend—to his later regret—was Albert Gallatin, a future secretary of the treasury. A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands. As some of them had done in the American Revolution, they raised liberty poles, formed committees of correspondence, and took control of the local militia. They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5253405570983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey tax", "passage": "On 1 August, about 7,000 people gathered at Braddock's Field. This would prove to be the largest gathering of protesters. The crowd consisted primarily of poor people who owned no land. Most did not own whiskey stills. The furor over the whiskey excise had unleashed anger about other economic grievances. By this time, the victims of violence were often wealthy property owners who had no connection to the whiskey tax. Some of the most radical protesters wanted to march on Pittsburgh, which they called \"Sodom\", loot the homes of the wealthy, and then burn the town to the ground. Others wanted to attack Fort Fayette. There was praise for the French Revolution, and of bringing the guillotine to America. David Bradford, it was said, was comparing himself to Robespierre, a leader of the French Reign of Terror. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.533140659332275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Point", "passage": "Meeting at Whiskey Point", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71961498260498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Point", "passage": "On 14 August, a convention of 226 whiskey rebels from the six counties was held at Parkison's Ferry (now known as Whiskey Point), present-day Monongahela. The convention considered resolutions, which were drafted by Brackenridge, Gallatin, David Bradford, and an eccentric preacher named Herman Husband, a delegate from Bedford County. Husband, a well-known local figure, was a radical champion of democracy who had taken part in the Regulator movement in North Carolina 25 years earlier. The Parkison's Ferry convention also appointed a committee to meet with the peace commissioners who had been sent west by President Washington. There, Gallatin presented an eloquent speech in favor of peace and against proposals from Bradford to further revolt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.068355560302734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "Meanwhile, Hamilton began publishing essays under the name of \"Tully\" in Philadelphia newspapers, denouncing mob violence in western Pennsylvania and advocating military action. Washington and Hamilton believed the Democratic-Republican Societies, which had been formed throughout the country, were the source of civic unrest. \"Historians are not yet agreed on the exact role of the societies\" in the Whiskey Rebellion, wrote historian Mark Spencer in 2003, \"but there was a degree of overlap between society membership and the Whiskey Rebels\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.568370342254639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "In October 1794, Washington traveled west to review the progress of the military expedition. According to historian Joseph Ellis, this would be \"the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field\". Jonathan Forman, who led the Third Infantry Regiment of New Jersey troops against the Whiskey Rebellion, wrote about his encounter with Washington: \"October 3d Marched early in the morning for Harrisburgh, where we arrived about 12 O'clock. About 1 O'Clock recd. information of the Presidents approach on which, I had the regiment paraded, timely for his reception, & considerably to my satisfaction. Being afterwards invited to his quarters he made enquiry into the circumstances of the man [an incident between a militia man and an old soldier mentioned earlier in the journal] & seemed satisfied with the information.\" Washington met with the western representatives in Bedford, Pennsylvania, on October 9 before going to Fort Cumberland in Maryland to review the southern wing of the army. Convinced the federalized militia would meet little resistance, he placed the army under the command of the governor of Virginia, Henry \"Lighthorse Harry\" Lee, a hero of the Revolutionary War. Washington returned to Philadelphia; Hamilton remained with the army as civilian adviser. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.371067047119141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "The Washington administration's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval. The episode demonstrated the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws. It was therefore viewed by the Washington administration as a success, a view that has generally been endorsed by historians. The Washington administration and its supporters usually did not mention, however, that the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect, and that many westerners continued to refuse to pay the tax. The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Hamilton and Washington, came to power in 1801. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.861899375915527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey rebels", "passage": "The Rebellion raised the question of what kinds of protests were permissible under the new Constitution. Legal historian Christian G. Fritz argued, even after ratification of the Constitution, there was not yet a consensus about sovereignty in the United States. Federalists believed the government was sovereign because it had been established by the people, so radical protest actions, which were permissible during the American Revolution, were no longer legitimate. But the Whiskey Rebels and their defenders believed the Revolution had established the people as a \"collective sovereign\", and the people had the collective right to change or challenge the government through extraconstitutional means. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.471276760101318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "Historian Steven Boyd argued that the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion prompted anti-Federalist westerners to finally accept the Constitution, and to seek change by voting for Republicans rather than resisting the government. Federalists, for their part, came to accept that the people could play a greater role in governance. Although Federalists would attempt to restrict speech critical of the government with the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, after the Whiskey Rebellion, says Boyd, Federalists no longer challenged the freedom of assembly and the right to petition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3401336669921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "Soon after the Whiskey Rebellion, actress-playwright Susanna Rowson wrote a stage musical about the insurrection entitled \"The Volunteers\", with music by composer Alexander Reinagle. The play is now lost, but the songs survive, and suggest that Rowson's interpretation was pro-Federalist. The musical celebrated the militiamen who put down the rebellion, the \"volunteers\" of the title, as American heroes. President Washington and Martha Washington attended a performance of the play in Philadelphia in January 1795. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69005012512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" }, { "answer": "Whiskey Rebellion", "passage": "In 2011 the Whiskey Rebellion Festival was started in Washington, Pennsylvania. This annual event is held in July and includes live music, food and historic reenactments, featuring the \"tar and feathering\" of the tax collector.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.322148323059082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Whiskey Rebellion" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Travel", "World Travel", "Traveled", "Travels", "Journey (travel)", "Traveler-oriented business", "Travel safety", "Traveling", "Travelling" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "journey travel", "traveling", "travels", "travelling", "traveled", "traveler oriented business", "world travel", "travel safety", "travel" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "traveling", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Traveling" }

[ { "answer": "Traveling", "passage": "There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which commonly results in an infraction known as traveling. Nor may a player stop his dribble and then resume dribbling. A dribble that touches both hands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this infraction the name double dribble. Within a dribble, the player cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on the bottom of the ball; doing so is known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. A violation of these rules results in loss of possession.", "precise_score": -0.879812479019165, "rough_score": 4.057445049285889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Basketball" }, { "answer": "Travel", "passage": "The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, or touches any player or object that is out of bounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9270219802856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Basketball" }, { "answer": "Traveling", "passage": "The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the set-shot and the jump-shot. The set-shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor, typically used for free throws, and in other circumstances while the jump-shot is taken in mid-air, the ball released near the top of the jump. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender. Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.635912895202637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Basketball" }, { "answer": "Travel", "passage": "Good dribblers (or \"ball handlers\") tend to bounce the ball low to the ground, reducing the distance of travel of the ball from the floor to the hand, making it more difficult for the defender to \"steal\" the ball. Good ball handlers frequently dribble behind their backs, between their legs, and switch directions suddenly, making a less predictable dribbling pattern that is more difficult to defend against. This is called a crossover, which is the most effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8209760189056396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Basketball" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Dick chenny", "Dick cheyney", "Richard Cheney", "Dick Cheney", "Richard B. Cheney", "Dicky Chaney", "Dick Chaney", "Richard Bruce %22Dick%22 Cheney", "Vice-President Cheney", "Dick Cheny", "Dick Cheyney", "Robert B. Cheney", "Bush cheney", "Vice President Dick Cheney", "Richard Bruce Cheney", "Dick Chenney", "Vice President Richard Bruce Cheney", "Vice President Cheney", "Richard %22Dick%22 Cheney", "Dick cheney", "Richard (Dick) Cheney" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "dicky chaney", "dick cheny", "richard dick cheney", "dick chaney", "richard cheney", "richard 22dick 22 cheney", "dick cheyney", "richard b cheney", "bush cheney", "vice president dick cheney", "dick chenney", "vice president richard bruce cheney", "dick cheney", "dick chenny", "vice president cheney", "richard bruce cheney", "richard bruce 22dick 22 cheney", "robert b cheney" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "dick cheney", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Dick Cheney" }

[ { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s, politics have become decidedly more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican Party came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its one member of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Cynthia Lummis. All three are Republicans. The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964, one of only eight times since statehood. At present, there are only two relatively reliably Democratic counties: affluent Teton and college county Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. Bush won his second-largest victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President Dick Cheney is a Wyoming resident and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989.", "precise_score": -0.01975514367222786, "rough_score": -1.0358424186706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "Most White House Chiefs of Staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnson's Chief of Staff W. Marvin Watson became Postmaster General later in LBJ's term. Richard Nixon's Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became Secretary of State under Ronald Reagan. Gerald Ford's Chief of Staff Dick Cheney later became a U.S. Representative for Wyoming, Secretary of Defense under George H. W. Bush, and Vice President under George W. Bush. Donald Rumsfeld was another Chief of Staff for Ford and subsequently served as Secretary of Defense both in the Ford administration and decades later in the George W. Bush administration. Rahm Emanuel left the House of Representatives to become Barack Obama's Chief of Staff and subsequently became Mayor of Chicago.", "precise_score": 4.417728424072266, "rough_score": 6.525135517120361, "source": "wiki", "title": "White House Chief of Staff" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "as his running mate. Despite the two candidates' near-identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.", "precise_score": -6.9137678146362305, "rough_score": -5.769138813018799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "As President of the Senate, the vice president has two primary duties: to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the U.S. Electoral College. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheney's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.215928077697754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment. Often, vice presidents are chosen to act as a \"balance\" to the president, taking either more moderate or radical positions on issues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.454855918884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Vice President Cheney", "passage": "Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, nine featured the incumbent president; the other four (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent vice president. Former vice presidents also ran, in 1984 (Walter Mondale), and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey). The first presidential election to include neither the incumbent president nor the incumbent vice president on a major party ticket since 1952 came in 2008 when President George W. Bush had already served two terms and Vice President Cheney chose not to run. Richard Nixon is also the only non-sitting vice president to be elected president, as well as the only person to be elected president and vice president twice each.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.171690940856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "In practice, however, residency is rarely an issue. Parties have avoided nominating tickets containing two candidates from the same state. Further, the candidates may themselves take action to alleviate any residency conflict. For example, at the start of the 2000 election cycle Dick Cheney was a resident of Texas; Cheney quickly changed his residency back to Wyoming, where he had previously served as a U.S. Representative, when Texas governor and Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush asked Cheney to be his vice presidential candidate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.419090270996094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "Though Walter Mondale's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President. After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated that the office had expanded too much under Cheney's tenure and both had planned to reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.548190593719482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "File:Cheney.tif|Dick Cheney46th (2001–2009)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243266105651855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Dick Cheney", "passage": "Under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3877763748168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Vice President Cheney", "passage": "Unlike former presidents, who receive a pension automatically regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents must reach pension eligibility by accumulating the appropriate time in federal service. Since 2008, former vice president are also entitled to Secret Service personal protection. Former vice presidents traditionally receive Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, by order of the Secretary of Homeland Security, though this can be extended if the Secretary believes the level of threat is sufficient. In 2008, a bill titled the \"Former Vice President Protection Act\" was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush. It provides six-month Secret Service protection by law to a former vice president and family. According to the Department of Homeland Security, protection for former vice president Cheney has been extended numerous times because threats against him have not decreased since his leaving office. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.052000045776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown", "passage": "James Joseph \"Jim\" Croce (; January 10, 1943 – September 20, 1973) was an American folk and popular rock singer of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Between 1966 and 1973, Croce released five studio albums and 11 singles. His singles \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\" and \"Time in a Bottle\" both reached No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "precise_score": 2.328599214553833, "rough_score": 4.196100234985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jim Croce" }, { "answer": "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown", "passage": "In 1972, Croce signed a three-record contract with ABC Records, releasing two albums, You Don't Mess Around with Jim and Life and Times. The singles \"You Don't Mess Around with Jim\", \"Operator (That's Not the Way It Feels)\", and \"Time in a Bottle\" (written for his then-unborn son, A. J. Croce) all received airplay. Croce's biggest single, \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\", reached Number 1 on the American charts in July 1973. Also that year, the Croces moved to San Diego, California.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0245089530944824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jim Croce" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "Scientists theorized that silicon would be easier to fabricate, but few bothered to investigate this possibility. Morris Tanenbaum et al. at Bell Laboratories were the first to develop a working silicon transistor on January 26, 1954. A few months later, Gordon Teal, working independently at the nascent Texas Instruments, developed a similar device. Both of these devices were made by controlling the doping of single silicon crystals while they were grown from molten silicon. A far superior method was developed by Morris Tanenbaum and Calvin S. Fuller at Bell Laboratories in early 1955 by the gaseous diffusion of donor and acceptor impurities into single crystal silicon chips. ", "precise_score": 4.589102268218994, "rough_score": 4.170178413391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the transistor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "The first working silicon transistor was developed at Bell Labs on January 26, 1954 by Morris Tanenbaum. The first commercial silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in 1954. This was the work of Gordon Teal, an expert in growing crystals of high purity, who had previously worked at Bell Labs. The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960. ", "precise_score": 6.941348552703857, "rough_score": 4.998183727264404, "source": "wiki", "title": "Transistor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "Prototypes of all-transistor AM radio receivers were demonstrated, but were really only laboratory curiosities. However, in 1950 Shockley developed a radically different type of solid-state amplifier which became known as the bipolar junction \"transistor\". Although it works on a completely different principle to the point-contact \"transistor\", this is the device which is most commonly referred to as simply a \"transistor\" today. Morgan Sparks made the bipolar junction transistor into a practical device. These were also licensed to a number of other electronics companies, including Texas Instruments, who produced a limited run of transistor radios as a sales tool. Early transistors were chemically unstable and only suitable for low-power, low-frequency applications, but as transistor design developed, these problems were slowly overcome.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.831716537475586, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the transistor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "There are numerous claimants to the title of the first company to produce practical transistor radios. Texas Instruments had demonstrated all-transistor AM radios as early as 1952, but their performance was well below that of equivalent battery tube models. A workable all-transistor radio was demonstrated in August 1953 at the Düsseldorf Radio Fair by the German firm Intermetall. It was built with four of Intermetall's hand-made transistors, based upon the 1948 invention of Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7456680536270142, "source": "wiki", "title": "History of the transistor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "Newly employed by Texas Instruments, Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as \"a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated.\" The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.710816502571106, "source": "wiki", "title": "Integrated circuit" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "Three projects delivered a microprocessor at about the same time: Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer (CADC), Texas Instruments (TI) TMS 1000 (1971 September), and Intel's 4004 (1971 November).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.517610549926758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microprocessor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "The Four-Phase Systems AL1 was an 8-bit bit slice chip containing eight registers and an ALU. It was designed by Lee Boysel in 1969. At the time, it formed part of a nine-chip, 24-bit CPU with three AL1s, but it was later called a microprocessor when, in response to 1990s litigation by Texas Instruments, a demonstration system was constructed where a single AL1 formed part of a courtroom demonstration computer system, together with RAM, ROM, and an input-output device. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.886835098266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microprocessor" }, { "answer": "Texas Instruments", "passage": "The Intel 4004 was followed in 1972 by the Intel 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. The 8008 was not, however, an extension of the 4004 design, but instead the culmination of a separate design project at Intel, arising from a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, of San Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing, the Datapoint 2200—fundamental aspects of the design came not from Intel but from CTC. In 1968, CTC's Vic Poor and Harry Pyle developed the original design for the instruction set and operation of the processor. In 1969, CTC contracted two companies, Intel and Texas Instruments, to make a single-chip implementation, known as the CTC 1201. In late 1970 or early 1971, TI dropped out being unable to make a reliable part. In 1970, with Intel yet to deliver the part, CTC opted to use their own implementation in the Datapoint 2200, using traditional TTL logic instead (thus the first machine to run \"8008 code\" was not in fact a microprocessor at all and was delivered a year earlier). Intel's version of the 1201 microprocessor arrived in late 1971, but was too late, slow, and required a number of additional support chips. CTC had no interest in using it. CTC had originally contracted Intel for the chip, and would have owed them for their design work. To avoid paying for a chip they did not want (and could not use), CTC released Intel from their contract and allowed them free use of the design. Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972, as the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the basis for the famous \"Mark-8\" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-Electronics in 1974. This processor had an 8-bit data bus and a 14-bit address bus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4413814544677734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Microprocessor" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "On 1 October 2010, Bob Dudley replaced Tony Hayward as the company's CEO after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. After the oil spill BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets by 2013 to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.", "precise_score": 6.921846389770508, "rough_score": 8.806840896606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "BP" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident, and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the Exxon Valdez disaster. CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he \"wanted his life back.\" Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company's website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.Christopher Beam for Slate. 5 May 2010 [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/05/oil_slick.single.html Oil Slick: How BP is handling its P.R. disaster] ", "precise_score": 4.277222633361816, "rough_score": 6.037026882171631, "source": "wiki", "title": "BP" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "Initially BP downplayed the incident; its CEO Tony Hayward called the amount of oil and dispersant \"relatively tiny\" in comparison with the \"very big ocean.\" Later, he drew an outpouring of criticism when he said that the spill was a disruption to Gulf Coast residents and himself adding, \"You know, I'd like my life back.\" BP's chief operating officer Doug Suttles contradicted the underwater plume discussion noting, \"It may be down to how you define what a plume is here… The oil that has been found is in very minute quantities.\" In June, BP launched a PR campaign and successfully bid for several search terms related to the spill on Google and other search engines so that the first sponsored search result linked directly to the company's website. On 26 July 2010, it was announced that CEO Tony Hayward was to resign and would be replaced by Bob Dudley, who is an American citizen and previously worked for Amoco.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.3219175338745117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "Hayward's involvement in Deepwater Horizon has left him a highly controversial public figure. In May 2013 he was honored as a \"distinguished leader\" by the University of Birmingham, but his award ceremony was stopped on multiple occasions by jeers and walk-outs and the focus of a protest from People & Planet members. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.925904750823975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University. This was described as \"a very serious error of judgement\" by Friends of the Earth Scotland, and \"a sick joke\" by the university's Student President. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252604484558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "An investigation of the possible causes of the explosion was launched on 22 April 2010 by the USCG and the Minerals Management Service. On 11 May the United States administration requested the National Academy of Engineering conduct an independent technical investigation. The National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was established on 22 May to \"consider the root causes of the disaster and offer options on safety and environmental precautions.\" The investigation by United States Attorney General Eric Holder was announced on 1 June 2010. Also the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce conducted a number of hearings, including hearings of Tony Hayward and heads of Anadarko and Mitsui's exploration unit. According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's blowout preventer, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.882513523101807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Deepwater Horizon oil spill" }, { "answer": "Hayward", "passage": "Lord Browne resigned from BP on 1 May 2007. The head of exploration and production Tony Hayward. became the new chief executive. In 2009, Hayward shifted emphasis from Lord Browne's focus on alternative energy, announcing that safety would henceforth be the company's \"number one priority\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.351677417755127, "source": "wiki", "title": "BP" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Workshop (SW, or \"the Workshop\"), formerly known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW), is an American non-profit organization behind the production of several educational children's programs—including its first and best-known, Sesame Street—that have run on public broadcasting around the world. Television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and foundation executive Lloyd Morrisett came up with the idea to form an organization to oversee the production of Sesame Street, a television show which would help children, especially those from low-income families, prepare for school. They spent two years, from 1966 to 1968, researching, developing, and raising money for the new show. Cooney was named as the Workshop's first executive director, which was called \"one of the most important television developments of the decade\".", "precise_score": 4.281475067138672, "rough_score": 1.3635470867156982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street premiered on PBS in the United States in November 1969, and the Workshop was formally incorporated shortly after, in 1970. Gerald S. Lesser and Edward L. Palmer were hired to conduct research for the show; they were responsible for developing a system of planning, production, and evaluation, and the interaction between television producers and educators, later called the \"CTW model\". They also hired a staff of producers and writers. After the initial success of Sesame Street, they began to plan for its continued survival, which included procuring additional sources of funding and creating other TV shows. The early 1980s were a challenging period for the Workshop; difficulty in finding audiences for their other productions and a series of bad investments hurt the organization until licensing agreements stabilized its revenues by 1985.", "precise_score": 2.674356460571289, "rough_score": -1.6074151992797852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In the summer of 1967, Cooney took a leave of absence from WNDT, and funded by Carnegie Corporation, traveled the U.S. and Canada interviewing experts in child development, education, and television. She reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled \"The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education\". The report described what the new show, which became Sesame Street, would look like and proposed the creation of a company that oversaw its production, which eventually became known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW).", "precise_score": 1.5443311929702759, "rough_score": -3.7389655113220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Cooney's proposal included using in-house formative research that would inform and improve production, and independent summative evaluations to test the show's impact on its young viewers' learning. In 1967, Morrisett recruited Harvard professor Gerald S. Lesser, whom he had met while they were both psychology students at Yale, to help develop and lead the Workshop's research department. In 1972, the Markle Foundation donated $72,000 to Harvard to form the Center for Research in Children's Television, which served as a research arm for the CTW. Harvard produced about 20 major research studies about Sesame Street and its effect on young children. Lesser also served as the first chairman of the Workshop's advisory board, a position he held until his retirement in 1997. According to Lesser, the CTW's advisory board was unusual because instead of rubber-stamping the Workshop's decisions like most boards for other children's TV shows, it contributed significantly to the show's design and implementation. Lesser reported in Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street, his 1974 book about the beginnings of Sesame Street and the Children's Television Workshop, that roughly 8—10% of the Workshop's initial budget was spent on research. ", "precise_score": 0.32356882095336914, "rough_score": -0.15183931589126587, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "During the second season of Sesame Street, to capitalize on the momentum the Workshop was enjoying and the attention it received from the press, the Workshop created its second show, The Electric Company, in 1971. Morrisett used the same fund-raising techniques as he had used for Sesame Street. The Electric Company stopped production in 1977, but continued in re-runs until 1985; it eventually became one of the most widely used TV shows in American classrooms and was revived in 2009. Starting in the early 1970s, the Workshop ventured into adult programming, but found that it was difficult to make their programs accessible to all socio-economic groups. In 1971, it produced a medical program for adults called Feelin' Good, hosted by Dick Cavett, which ran until 1974. According to writer Cary O'Dell, the show \"lacked a clear direction and never found a large audience\". In 1977, the Workshop aired an adult drama called Best of Families, which was set in New York City around the turn of the 20th century. However, it lasted for six or seven episodes and helped the Workshop decide to focus on children's programs only. ", "precise_score": 2.1544551849365234, "rough_score": -2.356222629547119, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street is a long-running American children's television series created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its educational content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Henson's Muppets, animation, short films, humor, and cultural references. The series premiered on November 10, 1969, to positive reviews, some controversy, and high viewership; it has aired on the U.S.'s national public television provider (PBS) since its debut, with its first run moving to premium channel HBO on January 16, 2016. ", "precise_score": 3.832831621170044, "rough_score": 4.591361999511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Shortly after creating Sesame Street, its producers developed what came to be called the \"CTW model\" (named for the show's production company, the Children's Television Workshop), a system of television show planning, production, and evaluation based on collaborations between producers, writers, educators, and researchers. The show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or \"co-productions\", of Sesame Street broadcast in twenty countries. In 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries.", "precise_score": 1.7985217571258545, "rough_score": -1.3619436025619507, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the fifteenth-highest rated children's television show in the United States. A 1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old. In 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 159 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other children's show.", "precise_score": -3.5635666847229004, "rough_score": -3.6700780391693115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a children's television show that would \"master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them\", such as helping young children prepare for school. After two years of research the newly formed Children's Television Workshop (CTW) received a combined grant of US$8 million ($ million in dollars) from the Carnegie Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the U.S. Federal Government to create and produce a new children's television show. The program premiered on public television stations on November 10, 1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory and formative research. Initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, and 20 international versions had been produced.", "precise_score": 4.718130588531494, "rough_score": 4.488597393035889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "On August 13, 2015, as part of a five-year programming and development deal, Sesame Workshop announced that first-run episodes of Sesame Street would move to premium television service HBO beginning with season 46, which premiered on January 16, 2016. HBO will hold first-run rights to all newer episodes of the series, after which they will air on PBS member stations following a nine-month exclusivity window, with no charge to the stations for airing the content. The agreement also gives HBO exclusive rights to stream past and future Sesame Street episodes on HBO Go and HBO Now – assuming those rights from Amazon Video and Netflix; on August 14, Sesame Workshop announced that it would phase out its in-house subscription streaming service, Sesame Go, as a standalone service; the service will remain in operation, likely with its offerings reduced to a slate content available for free or serving as a portal for Sesame Streets website. The deal came in the wake of cutbacks that had affected the series in recent years, the changing viewer habits of American children in the previous ten years, and Sesame Workshop's dependence upon revenue from DVD sales. ", "precise_score": 0.376801073551178, "rough_score": 2.873317241668701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "When Sesame Street premiered in 1969, it aired on only 67.6% of American televisions, but it earned a 3.3 Nielsen rating, which totaled 1.9 million households. By the show's tenth anniversary in 1979, 9 million American children under the age of six were watching Sesame Street daily. According to a 1993 survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Education, out of the show's 6.6 million viewers, 2.4 million kindergartners regularly watched it. 77% of preschoolers watched it once a week, and 86% of kindergartners and first- and second-grade students had watched it once a week before starting school. The show reached most young children in almost all demographic groups.", "precise_score": -1.7773683071136475, "rough_score": 0.7215855717658997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The show's ratings significantly decreased in the early 1990s, resulting from changes in children's viewing habits and in the television marketplace. The producers responded by making large-scale structural changes to the show. By 2006, Sesame Street had become \"the most widely viewed children's television show in the world\", with 20 international independent versions and broadcasts in over 120 countries. A 1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old. In 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. By the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, it was ranked the fifteenth most popular children's show on television.", "precise_score": -2.467421770095825, "rough_score": -3.173646926879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "After Sesame Streets initial success, the CTW began to think about its survival beyond the development and first season of the show, since their funding sources were made up of organizations and institutions that tended to start projects, not sustain them. Government funding ended by 1981, so the CTW expanded into other areas, including unsuccessful ventures into adult programs, the publications of books and music, international co-productions, interactive media and new technologies, licensing arrangements, and outreach programs to preschools. By 2005, income from the CTW's international co-productions of the show was $96 million. By 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees. Cooney stepped down as CEO in 1990; David Britt was named as her replacement. In June 2000, the CTW changed its name to Sesame Workshop, to better reflect its work beyond television and into interactive media, and Gary Knell became CEO. H. Melvin Ming replaced Knell in 2011. In 2014, Ming was succeeded by Jeffrey D. Dunn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.345744609832764, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett worked on researching and developing the new show, raising $8 million for Sesame Street, and establishing the CTW. Due to her professional experience, Cooney always assumed the show's natural home would be PBS. Morrisett was open to airing it on commercial stations, but all three networks rejected the idea. Davis, considering Sesame Streets stream of licensing income in the decades to come, called their decision \"a billion-dollar blunder\". Morrisett was responsible for fund-raising, and was so successful at it that writer Lee D. Mitgang later said that it \"defied conventional media wisdom\". Cooney was responsible for the show's creative development, and for hiring the production and research staff for the CTW. The Carnegie Corporation provided their initial $1 million grant, and Morrisett, using his contacts, procured additional multimillion-dollar grants from the U.S. federal government, the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and the Ford Foundation. Morrisett's friend Harold Howe, who was the commissioner for the U.S. Department of Education, promised $4 million, half of the new organization's budget. The Carnegie Corporation donated an additional $1 million. Mitgang stated, \"Had Morrisett been any less effective in lining up financial support, Cooney's report likely would have become just another long-forgotten foundation idea\". Funds gained from a combination of government agencies and private foundations protected them from the economic pressures experienced by commercial networks, but caused challenges in procuring future funding. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301048278808594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The CTW devoted 8% of its initial budget to outreach and publicity. In what television historian Robert W. Morrow called \"an extensive campaign\" that Lesser stated \"would demand at least as much ingenuity as production and research\", the Workshop promoted the show with educators, the broadcast industry, and the show's target audience, which consisted of inner-city children and their families. They hired Evelyn Davis from the Urban League, whom Michael Davis called \"remarkable, unsinkable, and indispensable\", as the Workshop's first Vice President of Community Relations and head of the Workshop's Community Educational Services (CES) division. Bob Hatch was hired to publicize their new show, both before its premiere and to take advantage of the media attention that surrounded Sesame Street in its first year of production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.676496505737305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "After her appointment, Cooney hired Bob Davidson as her assistant; he was responsible for making agreements with approximately 180 public television stations to air the new show. She assembled a team of producers: Jon Stone was responsible for writing, casting, and format; David Connell took over animation and volume production; and Samuel Gibbon served as the show's chief liaison between the production staff and the research team. Stone, Connell, and Gibbon had worked on another children's show, Captain Kangaroo, together. Cooney later said about Sesame Streets original team of producers, \"collectively, we were a genius\". CTW's first children's show, Sesame Street, premiered on 10 November 1969. The CTW was not incorporated until 1970 because its creators wanted to see if the show was a success before they hired lawyers and accountants. Morrisett served as the first chair of CTW's board of trustees, a position he held for 28 years. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3221282958984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "According to Cooney and O'Dell, the 1980s were a challenging period for the Workshop. Other than Sesame Street, many of its productions struggled finding an audience. 3-2-1 Contact premiered in 1980, and ran in various forms until 1988. The CTW found that finding funding for this show and other science-oriented shows like Square One TV, which ran from 1987 to 1994, was easy because the National Science Foundation and other foundations were interested in funding science education. A series of poor investments in video games, motion picture production, theme parks, and other business ventures hurt the organization financially. Cooney brought in Bill Whaley in the late 1970s to work on their licensing agreements, but he was unable to make up for the CTW's losses until 1986, when licensing revenues stabilized and its portfolio investments increased.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.503925800323486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The Workshop went through a reorganization in 1995, and laid off about 12 percent of its staff. In 1998, for the first time in the show's history, they accepted funds from corporations to support Sesame Street and its other programs, a move criticized by consumer advocate Ralph Nader. The Workshop defended the move to corporate sponsorship, stating that it made up for a decrease in government subsidies and financial support by PBS. Also in 1998, the Workshop invested $25 million in the cable channel Noggin, launched in 1999 by the Workshop and Viacom's Nickelodeon. In 2000, the profit the CTW earned from the deal, along with its 1998 spike in revenue caused in part by the \"Tickle Me Elmo\" craze, enabled the CTW to purchase The Jim Henson Company's rights to the Sesame Street Muppets from the German media company EM.TV, which had acquired Henson earlier that year. The transaction, valued at $180 million, also included a small interest Henson held in the Noggin cable channel. Gary Knell stated, \"Everyone, most especially the puppeteers, were thrilled that we were able to bring them home. It protected Sesame Street and allowed our international expansion to continue. Owning these characters has allowed us to maximize their potential. We are now in control of our own destiny\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.850190162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In 2007, the Sesame Workshop founded The Joan Ganz Cooney Center, an independent, non-profit organization that studies how to improve children's literacy by using and developing digital technologies \"grounded in detailed educational curriculum\", just as was done during the development of Sesame Street. In 2009, the SW launched a website with a library of free video clips and free podcasts from throughout the show's history.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.297258377075195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "After Sesame Streets initial success, the CTW began to think about its survival beyond the development and first season of the show, since its funding sources were made up of organizations and institutions that tended to start projects, not sustain them. Although the organization was what Cooney called \"the darling of the federal government for a brief period of two or three years\", its first ten years of existence was marked by conflicts between the two; in 1978, the US Department of Education refused to deliver a $2 million check until the last day of the CTW's fiscal year. According to Davis, the federal government was opposed to funding public television, but the Workshop used Cooney's prestige and fame, and the fact that there would be \"great public outcry\" if the show was de-funded, to withstand the government's attacks on PBS. Eventually, the CTW got its own line item in the federal budget, but by 1981, government funding for Sesame Street had been terminated. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.694403171539307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "For the first time, a public broadcasting show had the potential to earn a great deal of money. Immediately after its premiere, Sesame Street gained attention from marketers, so the Workshop explored sources such as licensing arrangements, publishing, and international sales, and became, as Cooney envisioned, a \"multiple media institution\". Licensing became the foundation of, as writer Louise Gikow put it, the Sesame Workshop endowment, which had the potential to support the organization and fund future productions and projects. Muppet creator Jim Henson owned the trademarks to the Muppet characters: he was reluctant to market them at first, but agreed when the CTW promised that the profits from toys, books, and other products were to be used exclusively to fund the CTW. The producers demanded complete control over all products and product decisions throughout its history; any product line associated with the show had to be educational, inexpensive, and not advertised during airings of Sesame Street. As Davis reported, \"Cooney stressed restraint, prudence, and caution\" in their marketing and licensing efforts. In the early 1970s, the CTW approached Random House to establish and manage a non-broadcast materials division. Random House and the CTW named Christopher Cerf to assist the CTW in publishing books and other materials that emphasized the show's curriculum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.143908500671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Shortly after the premiere of Sesame Street, the CTW was approached by producers, educators, and officials in other nations, requesting that a version of the show be aired in their countries. Former CBS executive Mike Dann left commercial television to become vice-president of the CTW and Cooney's assistant, and began what Charlotte Cole, vice president for the CTW's International Research department in 2001, called the \"globalization\" of Sesame Street by arranging what came to be called co-productions, or independent programs with their own sets, characters, and curriculum goals. By 2009, Sesame Street had expanded into 140 countries; The New York Times reported in 2005 that income from the CTW's international co-productions of the show was $96 million. By 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for between $15 million and $17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees, split between the Workshop and Henson Associates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.07029390335083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In 1970, the CTW established a department overseeing the development of \"nonbroadcast\" materials based upon Sesame Street. The Workshop decided that all materials its licensing program created would \"underscore and amplify\" the show's curriculum. Coloring books, for example, were prohibited because the Workshop felt they would restrict children's imaginations. The CTW published Sesame Street Magazine in 1970, which incorporated the show's curriculum goals in a magazine format. As with the show, research was conducted for the magazine, initially by CTW's research department for a year and a half, and then by the Magazine Research Group in 1975.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.000132083892822, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Working with Random House editor Jason Epstein, the CTW hired Christopher Cerf to run Sesame Streets book publishing program. In the division's first year, Cerf earned $900,000 for the CTW. He left to become more involved with writing and composing music for the show, and was eventually replaced by Bill Whaley. Ann Kearns, vice president of licensing for the CTW in 2009, stated that Whaley was responsible for expanding the licensing to other products, and for creating a licensing model followed by other children's shows. As of 2001, there were over 600 books available in the Sesame Street library, and as researcher Renee Cherow-O'Leary stated, \"the print materials produced by CTW have been an enduring part of the legacy of Sesame Street\". In one of these books, for example, the death of the Sesame Street character Mr. Hooper was dealt with in a book entitled I'll Miss You, Mr. Hooper, published shortly after the show dealt with it in 1983. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.366987228393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "According to director Jon Stone, the music of Sesame Street was unlike any other children's program on television. For the first time, the show's songs fulfilled a specific purpose and supported its curriculum. Cooney observed in her initial report that children had an \"affinity for commercial jingles\", so many of the show's songs were constructed like television ads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.361330032348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "To attract the best composers and lyricists, and to encourage them to compose more music for the show, the CTW allowed songwriters to retain the rights to the songs they wrote. For the first time in children's television, the writers earned lucrative profits, which as Davis reported, \"helped the show sustain the level of public interest in the show\". Scriptwriters often wrote their own lyrics to accompany their scripts. Songwriters of note were Joe Raposo, Jeff Moss, Christopher Cerf, Tony Geiss, and Norman Stiles. Many of the songs written for Sesame Street have become what writer David Borgenicht called \"timeless classics\". These songs included the \"Sesame Street Theme\" (also known as \"Sunny Day\"), \"I Love Trash\", \"Rubber Duckie\", \"Bein' Green\", and \"Sing\". Many Sesame Street songs were recorded by well-known artists such as Barbra Streisand, Lena Horne, Dizzy Gillespie, Paul Simon, and Jose Feliciano. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.544843673706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The show's first album, Sesame Street Book & Record, recorded in 1970, went gold and won a Grammy. Entertainment Weekly reported that by 1991, Sesame Street had received eight Grammys. According to Gikow, Raposo won three Emmys and four Grammys for his work on the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.481821060180664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Shortly after Sesame Street debuted in the US, the CTW was approached independently by producers from several countries to produce versions of the show in their countries. Cooney remarked, \"To be frank, I was really surprised, because we thought we were creating the quintessential American show. We thought the Muppets were quintessentially American, and it turns out they're the most international characters ever created\". She hired former CBS executive Mike Dann, who left commercial television to become her assistant, as a CTW vice-president. One of Dann's tasks was to field offers to produce versions of Sesame Street in other countries. In response to Dann's appointment, television critic Marvin Kitman said, \"After [Dann] sells [Sesame Street] in Russia and Czechoslovakia, he might try Mississippi, where it is considered too controversial for educational TV\". This was a reference to the May 1970 Mississippi state commission decision to ban the show. By summer 1970, Dann had made the first international agreements for what the CTW came to call \"co-productions\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.506932735443115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The earliest international versions were what CTW vice-president Charlotte Cole and her colleagues called \"fairly simple\", consisting of dubbed versions of the show with local language voice-overs and instructional cutaways. Dubbed versions of the show continued to be produced if the country's needs and resources warranted it. Eventually, a variant of the CTW model was used to create and produce independently produced preschool television shows in other countries. By 2006, there were twenty co-productions. In 2001, there were over 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street, and by the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, they were seen in more than 140 countries. In 2005, Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co-productions and international licensing accounted for $96 million. As Cole and her colleagues reported in 2001, \"Children's Television Workshop (CTW) can be regarded as the single largest informal educator of young children in the world\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.813843250274658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Ten years after the premiere of Sesame Street, the CTW began experimenting with new technologies. In 1979, it began to plan the development of a theme park, Sesame Place, which opened in 1980 in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. Three international parks, Parque Plaza Sesamo in Monterrey, Mexico since 1995, Universal Studios Japan, and Vila Sesamo Kids' Land in Brazil were later built. One of the park's features was a computer gallery, which was developed by a small in-house team and included 55 computer programs. The team evolved into the Children's Computer Workshop (CCW) in 1982, which was disbanded and became the Interactive Technologies division of the CTW in the late 1980s. As Sesame Street researcher Shalom M. Fisch pointed out, no television show could be as interactive as computer games, even \"participatory\" shows like Blue's Clues or the Sesame Street segment \"Elmo's World\". The CTW has chosen to take advantage of the contingent feedback inherent in interactive computer games by developing and creating educational software based upon the television show's content and curriculum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.280307292938232, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Workshop" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history. The format of Sesame Street consists of a combination of commercial television production elements and techniques which have evolved to reflect the changes in American culture and the audience's viewing habits. With the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a children's television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a show's educational effects were studied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.99929141998291, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become \"an American institution\". The cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The show's success continued into the 1980s. In 1981, when the federal government withdrew its funding, CTW turned to, and expanded, other revenue sources, including its magazine division, book royalties, product licensing, and foreign broadcast income. Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. Many of the show's storylines were taken from the experiences of its writing staff, cast, and crew, most notably, the 1982 death of Will Lee—who played Mr. Hooper—and the marriage of Luis and Maria in 1988.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.101346015930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In recent years Sesame Street has faced societal and economic challenges, including changes in viewing habits of young children, competition from other shows, the development of cable television, and a drop in ratings. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes. For example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, the show also incorporated a popular segment known as \"Elmo's World\". Upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.741501331329346, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using \"a strong visual style, fast-moving action, humor, and music,\" as well as animation and live-action short films. When Sesame Street premiered, most researchers believed that young children did not have long attention spans, therefore the new show's producers were concerned that an hour-long show would not hold their audience's attention. At first, the show's \"street scenes\"—the action taking place on its set—consisted of character-driven interactions and were not written as ongoing stories. Instead, they consisted of individual, curriculum-based segments which were interrupted by \"inserts\" consisting of puppet sketches, short films, and animations. This structure allowed the producers to use a mixture of styles and characters, and to vary the show's pace. By season 20, research had shown that children were able to follow a story, and the street scenes, while still interspersed with other segments, became evolving storylines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.30679988861084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Upon recommendations by child psychologists, the producers initially decided that the show's human actors and Muppets would not interact because they were concerned it would confuse young children. When the CTW tested the appeal of the new show, they found that although children paid attention to the shows during the Muppet segments, their interest was lost during the \"Street\" segments. The producers requested that Henson and his team create Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch to interact with the human actors, and the Street segments were re-shot. Sesame Streets format remained intact until the show's later decades, when the changing audience required that producers move to a more narrative format. In 1998 the popular segment \"Elmo's World\", a 15-minute long segment hosted by the Muppet Elmo, was created. Starting in 2014, during the show's 45th season, the producers introduced a bonus half-hour version of the program. The new version, which complemented the full-hour series, was both broadcast weekday afternoons and streamed on the internet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.617512226104736, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "As author Malcolm Gladwell has stated, \"Sesame Street was built around a single, breakthrough insight: that if you can hold the attention of children, you can educate them\". Gerald S. Lesser, the CTW's first advisory board chair, went even further, saying that the effective use of television as an educational tool needed to capture, focus, and sustain children's attention. Sesame Street was the first children's show to structure each episode, and the segments within them, to capture children's attention, and to make, as Gladwell put it, \"small but critical adjustments\" to keep it. According to CTW researchers Rosemarie Truglio and Shalom Fisch, Sesame Street was one of the few children's television programs to utilize a detailed and comprehensive educational curriculum, garnered from formative and summative research.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.491140365600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The creators of Sesame Street and their researchers formulated both cognitive and affective goals for the show. Initially, they focused on cognitive goals, while addressing affective goals indirectly, in the belief that doing so would increase children's self-esteem and feelings of competency. One of their primary goals was preparing very young children for school, especially children from low-income families, using modeling, repetition, and humor to fulfill these goals. They made changes in the show's content to increase their viewers' attention and to increase its appeal, and encouraged \"co-viewing\" to entice older children and parents to watch the show by including more sophisticated humor, cultural references, and celebrity guest appearances.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.560161590576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "After Sesame Streets first season, its critics forced its producers and researchers to address more overtly such affective goals as social competence, tolerance of diversity, and nonaggressive ways of resolving conflict. These issues were addressed through interpersonal disputes among its Street characters. During the 1980s, the show incorporated the real-life experiences of the show's cast and crew, including the death of Will Lee (Mr. Hooper) and the pregnancy of Sonia Manzano (Maria) to address affective concerns. In later seasons, Sesame Street addressed real-life disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.354456901550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "After Sesame Streets initial success, its producers began to think about its survival beyond its development and first season and decided to explore other funding sources. From the first season, they understood that the source of their funding, which they considered \"seed\" money, would need to be replaced. The 1970s were marked by conflicts between the CTW and the federal government; in 1978, the U.S. Department of Education refused to deliver a $2 million check until the last day of CTW's fiscal year. As a result, the CTW decided to depend upon licensing arrangements with toy companies and other manufacturers, publishing, and international sales for their funding.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.283559799194336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In 1998, the CTW accepted corporate sponsorship to raise funds for Sesame Street and other projects. For the first time, they allowed short advertisements by indoor playground manufacturer Discovery Zone, their first corporate sponsor, to air before and after each episode. Consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who had previously appeared on Sesame Street, called for a boycott of the show, saying that the CTW was \"exploiting impressionable children\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.123981475830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Producer Joan Ganz Cooney has stated, \"Without research, there would be no Sesame Street\". In 1967, when Cooney and her team began to plan the show's development, combining research with television production was, as she put it, \"positively heretical\". Shortly after creating Sesame Street, its producers began to develop what came to be called \"the CTW model\", a system of planning, production, and evaluation that did not fully emerge until the end of the show's first season.See Gikow, p. 155, for a visual representation of the CTW model. According to Morrow, the CTW model consisted of four parts: \"the interaction of receptive television producers and child science experts, the creation of a specific and age-appropriate curriculum, research to shape the program directly, and independent measurement of viewers' learning\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.796629905700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street has used many writers in its long history. As Dave Connell, one of Sesame Streets original producers, has stated, it was difficult to find adults who could identify a preschooler's interest level. Fifteen writers a year worked on the show's scripts, but very few lasted longer than one season. Norman Stiles, head writer in 1987, reported that most writers would \"burn out\" after writing about a dozen scripts. According to Gikow, Sesame Street went against the convention of hiring teachers to write for the show, as most educational television programs did at the time. Instead, Cooney and the producers felt that it would be easier to teach writers how to interpret curriculum than to teach educators how to write comedy. As Stone stated, \"Writing for children is not so easy\". Long-time writer Tony Geiss agreed, stating in 2009, \"It's not an easy show to write. You have to know the characters and the format and how to teach and be funny at the same time, which is a big, ambidextrous stunt\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.128257751464844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "The research team, in a series of meetings with the writers, also developed \"a curriculum sheet\" that described the show's goals and priorities for each season. After receiving the curriculum focus and goals for the season, the writers met to discuss ideas and story arcs for the characters, and an \"assignment sheet\" was created that suggested how much time was allotted for each goal and topic. When a script was completed, the show's research team analyzed it to ensure that the goals were met. Then each production department met to determine what each episode needed in terms of costumes, lights, and sets. The writers were present during the show's taping, which for the first twenty-four years of the show took place in Manhattan, and after 1992, at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens to make last-minute revisions when necessary.Most of the first season was filmed at a studio near Broadway, but a strike forced their move to Teletape Studios. In the early days, the set was simple, consisting of four structures (Gikow, pp. 66–67). In 1982, Sesame Street began filming at Unitel Studios on 57th Street, but relocated to Kaufman Astoria Studios in 1993, when the producers decided they needed more space (Gikow, pp. 206–207).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.648756980895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Early in their history Sesame Street and the CTW began to look for alternative funding sources and turned to creating products and writing licensing agreements. They became, as Cooney put it, \"a multiple-media institution\". In 1970, the CTW created a \"non-broadcast\" division responsible for creating and publishing books and Sesame Street Magazine. They decided that all materials their licensing program created would \"underscore and amplify\" the show's curriculum. In 2004, over 68% of Sesame Streets revenue came from licenses and products such as toys and clothing. By 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets accounted for between $15 million and $17 million per year in licensing and merchandising fees, split between the Sesame Workshop and The Jim Henson Company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.12389850616455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Director Jon Stone, talking about the music of Sesame Street, said: \"There was no other sound like it on television\". For the first time in children's television, the show's songs fulfilled a specific purpose and supported its curriculum. In order to attract the best composers and lyricists, the CTW allowed songwriters like Sesame Streets first musical director Joe Raposo to retain the rights to the songs they wrote, which earned them lucrative profits and helped the show sustain public interest. By 1991, Sesame Street and its songwriters had received eight Grammys.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.57539176940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street used animations and short films commissioned from outside studios, interspersed throughout each episode, to help teach their viewers basic concepts like numbers and letters. Jim Henson was one of the many producers to create short films for the show. Shortly after Sesame Street debuted in the United States, the CTW was approached independently by producers from several countries to produce versions of the show at home. These versions came to be called \"co-productions\". By 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of all international versions of Sesame Street, and in 2006, there were twenty co-productions around the world. By the show's 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in more than 140 countries. In 2005, Doreen Carvajal of The New York Times reported that income from the co-productions and international licensing accounted for $96 million.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.724338531494141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Shortly after the CTW was created in 1968, Joan Ganz Cooney was named its first executive director. She was one of the first female executives in American television. Her appointment was called \"one of the most important television developments of the decade\". She assembled a team of producers, all of whom had previously worked on Captain Kangaroo. Jon Stone was responsible for writing, casting, and format; Dave Connell took over animation; and Sam Gibbon served as the show's chief liaison between the production staff and the research team. Cameraman Frankie Biondo worked on Sesame Street from its first episode.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.883365154266357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Jim Henson and the Muppets' involvement in Sesame Street began when he and Cooney met at one of the curriculum planning seminars in Boston. Author Christopher Finch reported that Stone, who had worked with Henson previously, felt that if they could not bring him on board, they should \"make do without puppets\". Henson was initially reluctant, but he agreed to join Sesame Street to meet his own social goals. He also agreed to waive his performance fee for full ownership of the Sesame Street Muppets and to split any revenue they generated with the CTW. As Morrow stated, Henson's puppets were a crucial part of the show's popularity and it brought Henson national attention. Davis reported that Henson was able to take \"arcane academic goals\" and translate them to \"effective and pleasurable viewing\". In early research, the Muppet segments of the show scored high, and more Muppets were added during the first few seasons. Morrow reported that the Muppets were effective teaching tools because children easily recognized them, they were stereotypical and predictable, and they appealed to adults and older siblings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081214904785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Although the producers decided against depending upon a single host for Sesame Street, instead casting a group of ethnically diverse actors, they realized that a children's television program needed to have, as Lesser put it, \"a variety of distinctive and reliable personalities\", both human and Muppet. Jon Stone, whose goal was to cast white actors in the minority, was responsible for hiring the show's first cast. He did not audition actors until Spring 1969, a few weeks before the five test shows were due to be filmed. Stone videotaped the auditions, and Ed Palmer took them out into the field to test children's reactions. The actors who received the \"most enthusiastic thumbs up\" were cast. For example, Loretta Long was chosen to play Susan when the children who saw her audition stood up and sang along with her rendition of \"I'm a Little Teapot\". As Stone said, casting was the only aspect of the show that was \"just completely haphazard\". Most of the cast and crew found jobs on Sesame Street through personal relationships with Stone and the other producers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.060372352600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "As of 2001, there were over 1,000 research studies regarding Sesame Streets efficacy, impact, and effect on American culture. The CTW solicited the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to conduct summative research on the show. ETS's two \"landmark\" summative evaluations, conducted in 1970 and 1971, demonstrated that the show had a significant educational impact on its viewers. These studies have been cited in other studies of the effects of television on young children. Additional studies conducted throughout Sesame Streets history demonstrated that the show continued to have a positive effect on its young viewers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.01382064819336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Lesser believed that Sesame Street research \"may have conferred a new respectability upon the studies of the effects of visual media upon children\". He also believed that the show had the same effect on the prestige of producing shows for children in the television industry. Historian Robert Morrow, in his book Sesame Street and the Reform of Children's Television, which chronicled the show's influence on children's television and on the television industry as a whole, reported that many critics of commercial television saw Sesame Street as a \"straightforward illustration for reform\". Les Brown, a writer for Variety, saw in Sesame Street \"a hope for a more substantial future\" for television.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.53390121459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Morrow reported that the networks responded by creating more high-quality television programs, but that many critics saw them as \"appeasement gestures\". According to Morrow, despite the CTW Model's effectiveness in creating a popular show, commercial television \"made only a limited effort to emulate CTW's methods\", and did not use a curriculum or evaluate what children learned from them. By the mid-1970s, commercial television abandoned their experiments with creating better children's programming. Other critics hoped that Sesame Street, with its depiction of a functioning, multicultural community, would nurture racial tolerance in its young viewers. It was not until the mid-1990s when a children's television educational program, Blue's Clues, used the CTW's methods to create and modify their content. The creators of Blue's Clues were influenced by Sesame Street, but wanted to use research conducted in the 30 years since its debut. Angela Santomero, one of its producers, said, \"We wanted to learn from Sesame Street and take it one step further\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.444689750671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "As critic Richard Roeper has stated, perhaps one of the strongest indicators of the influence of Sesame Street has been the enduring rumors and urban legends surrounding the show and its characters, especially those concerning Bert and Ernie.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.006046295166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street was praised from its debut in 1969. Newsday reported that several newspapers and magazines had written \"glowing\" reports about the CTW and Cooney. The press overwhelmingly praised the new show; several popular magazines and niche magazines lauded it. In 1970, Sesame Street won twenty awards, including a Peabody Award, three Emmys, an award from the Public Relations Society of America, a Clio, and a Prix Jeunesse. By 1995, the show had won two Peabody Awards and four Parents' Choice Awards. In addition, it was the subject of retrospectives at the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum of Modern Art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5680623054504395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "Sesame Street was not without its detractors, however. In May 1970, a state commission in Mississippi, the state Henson was actually from, voted to ban Sesame Street because of its \"highly integrated cast of children\" which \"the commission members felt ... Mississippi was not yet ready for\". According to Children and Television, Lesser's account of the development and early years of Sesame Street, there was little criticism of the show in the months following its premiere, but it increased at the end of its first season and beginning of the second season. Historian Robert W. Morrow speculated that much of the early criticism, which he called \"surprisingly intense\", stemmed from cultural and historical reasons in regards to, as he put it, \"the place of children in American society and the controversies about television's effects on them\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.146398067474365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "According to Morrow, the \"most important\" studies finding negative effects of Sesame Street were conducted by educator Herbert A. Sprigle and psychologist Thomas D. Cook during its first two seasons. Social scientist and Head Start Program founder Urie Bronfenbrenner criticized the show for being too wholesome. Psychologist Leon Eisenberg saw Sesame Streets urban setting as \"superficial\" and having little to do with the problems confronted by the inner-city child. Head Start director Edward Zigler was probably Sesame Streets most vocal critic in the show's early years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.99063777923584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In spite of their commitment to multiculturalism, the CTW experienced conflicts with the leadership of minority groups, especially Latino groups and feminists, who objected to Sesame Streets depiction of Latinos and women. The CTW took steps to address their objections. By 1971, the CTW hired Hispanic actors, production staff, and researchers, and by the mid-1970s, Morrow reported that \"the show included Chicano and Puerto Rican cast members, films about Mexican holidays and foods, and cartoons that taught Spanish words\". As The New York Times has stated, creating strong female characters \"that make kids laugh, but not...as female stereotypes\" has been a challenge for the producers of Sesame Street. According to Morrow, change regarding how women and girls were depicted on Sesame Street occurred slowly. As more female Muppets performers like Fran Brill, Pam Arciero, Carmen Osbahr, Stephanie D'Abruzzo, Jennifer Barnhart, and Leslie Carrara-Rudolph were hired and trained, stronger female characters like Rosita and Abby Cadabby were created.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.26461410522461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" }, { "answer": "Sesame Street", "passage": "In 2002, Sesame Street was ranked No. 27 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. It also won another Peabody Award in 2009 for sesamestreet.org. In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 30 on its list of the 60 Best Series. As of 2016, Sesame Street has received 167 Emmy Awards, more than any other television series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.740504264831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sesame Street" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Friday film", "Friday (film)", "Friday song", "Friday (disambiguation)", "Friday (Song)", "Friday (movie)", "Friday (song)", "Fridays", "FRIDAY 4", "Friday 4", "Fridays (disambiguation)", "Friday's" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "friday 4", "friday film", "friday disambiguation", "fridays", "friday s", "friday song", "friday movie", "fridays disambiguation" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "fridays", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Fridays" }

[ { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "Friday's child is loving and giving,", "precise_score": 2.5711796283721924, "rough_score": 5.087433815002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "There was considerable variation and debate about the exact attributes of each day and even over the days. Halliwell had 'Christmas Day' instead of the Sabbath. Despite modern versions in which \"Wednesday's child is full of woe,\" an early incarnation of this rhyme appeared in a multi-part fictional story in a chapter appearing in Harper's Weekly on September 17, 1887, in which \"Friday's child is full of woe\", perhaps reflecting traditional superstitions associated with bad luck on Friday – as many Christians associated Friday with the Crucifixion. In addition to Wednesday's and Friday's children's role reversal, the fates of Thursday's and Saturday's children were also exchanged and Sunday's child is \"happy and wise\" instead of \"blithe and good\". ", "precise_score": 1.8225312232971191, "rough_score": 0.7142643332481384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "Friday's child works hard for a living,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.978785037994385, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "* Van Morrison wrote a song entitled \"Friday's Child\" (1971) while with the band Them.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.589614868164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "*Nancy Sinatra had a hit in 1966 with \"Friday's Child,\" written by Lee Hazlewood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.714279174804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "* Friday's Child (1944) is a novel by Georgette Heyer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.199774265289307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "* \"Friday's Child\" (1967) is an episode of the original Star Trek television series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.926459312438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Friday's", "passage": "* Will Young released an album named Friday's Child (2003). The title track has a variant of the rhyme as its chorus.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.526065349578857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" }, { "answer": "Fridays", "passage": "* Spandau Ballet used the line \"Fridays Child is full of soul\" in their 1986 hit Through The Barricades.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5329132080078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Monday's Child" } ]

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[ { "answer": "He was a dentist", "passage": "Throughout his lifetime, Doc was known by many of his peers as a tempered, calm, Southern gentleman. In an 1896 article, Wyatt Earp said, \"I found him a loyal friend and good company. He was a dentist whom necessity had made a gambler; a gentleman whom disease had made a vagabond; a philosopher whom life had made a caustic wit; a long, lean blonde fellow nearly dead with consumption and at the same time the most skillful gambler and nerviest, speediest, deadliest man with a six-gun I ever knew.\" ", "precise_score": 0.9984758496284485, "rough_score": 2.8626129627227783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doc Holliday" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Big EZ", "New Orléans, LA", "Nouvelle-Orleans", "No Orleans", "City of New Orleans, Louisiana", "New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.", "City of new orleans", "Orleans Parrish", "N'awlins", "New Orlean", "New Orleans, La.", "Orleans Parish/New Orleans, Louisiana", "Orléans, Louisiana", "Orleans Parish, LA", "New Orleans", "New Orleans County", "The Big EZ", "Nawlins", "Little Woods, New Orleans", "Orleans, Louisiana", "New Orléans", "Orleans Parish/City of New Orleans, Louisiana", "North Shore Broadcasting", "Entercom (New Orleans)", "New Orleans (La.)", "NOLA", "Nouvelle-Orléans", "New Orleans, USA", "New Orleans, Lousiana", "UN/LOCODE:USMSY", "No Orleans, Louisiana", "New Orleans, Louisiana, USA", "The City of New Orleans", "Orleans Parish, Louisiana", "New Orleans (LA)", "Cresent City", "Orleans Parish", "City of New Orleans", "The Big Easy", "The Crescent City", "Big Easy", "Parish of Orleans", "La Nouvelle-Orleans", "Nova Orleans", "Choppa city", "La Nouvelle-Orléans", "New Orlians", "The City That Care Forgot", "New Orleans, Louisiana", "Norleans", "New orleans", "New Orleans, LA", "New Orleans , LA", "New Orléans, Louisiana" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "nova orleans", "nouvelle orléans", "nawlins", "new orleans county", "no orleans", "little woods new orleans", "orleans parish", "new orlean", "la nouvelle orléans", "norleans", "crescent city", "new orléans louisiana", "choppa city", "no orleans louisiana", "orleans parish new orleans louisiana", "orleans parish louisiana", "new orléans", "big ez", "un locode usmsy", "north shore broadcasting", "new orleans louisiana usa", "orleans louisiana", "big easy", "new orleans louisiana u s", "orleans parish la", "orleans parrish", "new orleans lousiana", "nola", "new orleans la", "entercom new orleans", "cresent city", "new orleans louisiana", "orléans louisiana", "parish of orleans", "city of new orleans louisiana", "city that care forgot", "new orleans usa", "n awlins", "new orleans", "nouvelle orleans", "orleans parish city of new orleans louisiana", "new orlians", "new orléans la", "city of new orleans", "la nouvelle orleans" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "new orleans", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "New Orleans" }

[ { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "The muffuletta is both a type of round Sicilian sesame bread and a popular sandwich originating among Italian immigrants in New Orleans, Louisiana using the same bread.", "precise_score": 3.3488059043884277, "rough_score": -0.6178997159004211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muffuletta" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "In Greater New Orleans there is a seafood sandwich which uses the muffuletta bread to contain fried seafood, often including oysters, shrimp, catfish and occasionally softshell crab. The seafood muffuletta excludes the olive salad in exchange for the traditional dressings of a seafood po'boy, such as melted butter and pickle slices, or mayonnaise and lettuce.", "precise_score": 2.373835563659668, "rough_score": -0.40612491965293884, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muffuletta" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "Olive salad is a salad or giardiniera made from green olives, black olives, olive oil, celery, cauliflower, carrots, sweet peppers, onions, capers, parsley, pepperoncini, oregano, garlic, vinegar, herbs and spices. It is used to make the muffaletta sandwich in and around New Orleans. Olive salad is also used as a side dish for other Sicilian cuisine and Mediterranean cuisine meals. It is commercially produced for restaurants and at retail at Boscoli Family, Rouses, Dorignacs, Franks, and Aunt Sally's.", "precise_score": 0.03429002687335014, "rough_score": -1.993914008140564, "source": "wiki", "title": "Olive salad" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "The cuisine of New Orleans encompasses common dishes and foods in New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States. Some of the dishes originated in New Orleans, while others are common and popular in the city and surrounding areas, such as the Mississippi River Delta and southern Louisiana. The cuisine of New Orleans is heavily influenced by Creole cuisine, Cajun cuisine, and soul food. Seafood also plays a prominent part in the cuisine. Dishes invented in New Orleans include po' boy and muffuletta sandwiches, oysters Rockefeller and oysters Bienville, pompano en papillote, and bananas Foster, among others.", "precise_score": -3.127387762069702, "rough_score": -5.467056751251221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Oysters Bienville – A traditional dish in New Orleans cuisine, it consists of filled, baked oysters. Ingredients include shrimp, mushrooms, bell peppers, sherry, a roux with butter, Parmesan cheese and other lighter cheese, as well as bread crumbs. ", "precise_score": -6.587082386016846, "rough_score": -7.8442158699035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "The forms muffoletta and its iterations are modern Italianisms of the original Sicilian. Like many of the foreign-influenced terms found in New Orleans, pronunciation has evolved from a phonetic forebear.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.263130187988281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Muffuletta" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "The Creoles are descendants of the settlers in colonial Louisiana, especially New Orleans. Before Louisiana became a part of the United States in 1803, it was colonized for more than a century, first by France and then by Spain. The Creoles were the American-born offspring of these European settlers. Some Creoles are people of mixed race who also have West African and Native American ancestry. The Creoles, most of whom originally spoke a dialect of French, created a sophisticated and cosmopolitan society in colonial New Orleans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.691102981567383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "Creole cuisine is a fusion, unique to the New Orleans area, of French, Spanish, West African, and Native American cuisine. It was also influenced by later immigrants from Germany, Italy, and other locations. Like French food it sometimes makes use of rich sauces and complex preparation techniques. Creole dishes often include onions, bell peppers, celery, tomatoes, and okra.Ducote, Jay D. (April 24, 2012). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/Menuism/cajun-vs-creole_b_1447822.html \"Cajun vs. Creole – What's the Difference?\"], Huffington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2015.Wuerthner, Terri. [http://southernfood.about.com/od/cajuncuisine/a/Creole-And-Cajun-Cookery.htm \"Creole and Cajun Cookery: Different Yet Similar\"], About Food. Retrieved December 16, 2015.Beggs, Cindy; Gipson, Bridget; Shaw, Sherrie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20010429225618/http://www.uwf.edu/tprewitt/sofood/cajun.htm \"Cajun and Creole Cuisine\"], University of West Florida. Archived from [http://uwf.edu/tprewitt/sofood/cajun.htm the original] on April 29, 2001. Retrieved December 16, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.228202819824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "Soul food was created by the African-American descendants of slaves. It is closely related to the cuisine of the Southern United States, but its origins trace back to West Africa. It often features hearty, flavorful dishes made with economical ingredients. Soul food is very popular in New Orleans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152666091918945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "Seafood plays an important part in the cuisine of New Orleans. The city is located where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of Mexico, so its residents have access to a rich variety of both saltwater and freshwater fish and shellfish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.332210540771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Oysters en brochette – A classic dish in New Orleans Creole cuisine, raw oysters are skewered, alternating with pieces of partially cooked bacon. The entire dish is then broiled or breaded (usually with corn flour) then either deep fried or sautéed", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.067684173583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Pistolette – either of two bread-based dishes in Louisiana cuisine. One is a stuffed and fried bread roll (sometimes called stuffed pistolettes) in the Cajun areas around Lafayette. The other is a type of submarine shaped bread about half the size of a baguette that is popular in New Orleans for Vietnamese bánh mì and other sandwiches. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.983795166015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "File:Elizabeths 6Ap2015 Bel Calas.jpg|A plate of Calas at a New Orleans restaurant", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.136624336242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Bananas Foster – a dessert made from bananas and vanilla ice cream, with a sauce made from butter, brown sugar, cinnamon, dark rum, and banana liqueur; often served as a flambé; created in 1951 by Paul Blangé at Brennan's restaurant in New Orleans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.152677536010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "File:BeignetsPowderdSugarCDM.jpg|Beignets from Café du Monde in New Orleans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.28302001953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Dixie beer – founded in New Orleans in 1907; since Hurricane Katrina the beer has been contract brewed at other locations ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810588836669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* NOLA beer – made by the New Orleans Lager and Ale brewing company ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.240891456604004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Peychaud's Bitters – a brand of bitters (a bitter-tasting, alcoholic ingredient in some cocktails) first made in New Orleans in the 1830s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.687067985534668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Ramos gin fizz – also known as a New Orleans fizz; a large, frothy cocktail invented in New Orleans in the 1880s; ingredients include gin, lemon juice, lime juice, egg white, sugar, cream, soda water, and orange flower water ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28166389465332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Dorignac's Food Center – a historic food store on Veterans Memorial Boulevard in Metairie, Louisiana, near New Orleans, known for offering regional specialties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412684440612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "* Zatarain's – a food and spice company based in New Orleans, it produces Cajun and Creole cuisine related food items ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592068672180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "New Orleans has a very popular and varied restaurant scene. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775674819946289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" }, { "answer": "New Orleans", "passage": "Notable New Orleans dining and drinking establishments include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.612095832824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cuisine of New Orleans" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "Robert Ludlum (May 25, 1927 – March 12, 2001) was an American author of 27 thriller novels, best known as the creator of Jason Bourne from the original The Bourne Trilogy series. The number of copies of his books in print is estimated between 290 million and 500 million. They have been published in 33 languages and 40 countries. Ludlum also published books under the pseudonyms Jonathan Ryder and Michael Shepherd.", "precise_score": 4.163604736328125, "rough_score": 3.3464910984039307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "*1988 – The Bourne Identity — miniseries — Richard Chamberlain as Jason Bourne, Jaclyn Smith as Marie St. Jacques", "precise_score": -9.703752517700195, "rough_score": -10.741961479187012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "*2002 – The Bourne Identity — film — Matt Damon as Jason Bourne and Franka Potente as Marie Helena Kreutz", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087224960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "*2004 – The Bourne Supremacy — film — Matt Damon as Jason Bourne", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.1693696975708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "*2007 – The Bourne Ultimatum — film — Matt Damon as Jason Bourne", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.064665794372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" }, { "answer": "Jason Bourne", "passage": "*2016 – Jason Bourne — film — Matt Damon as Jason Bourne", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13998031616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Robert Ludlum" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Spurlock's docudrama Super Size Me was released in the U.S. on May 7, 2004. This production was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary feature. He conceived the idea for the film when he was at his parents' house for Thanksgiving, and while watching TV saw a news story about a lawsuit brought against McDonald's by two teenage girls who blamed the fast food chain for their obesity.", "precise_score": 3.3488852977752686, "rough_score": 4.921210765838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morgan Spurlock" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The film depicts an experiment he conducted in 2003, in which he ate three McDonald's meals a day every day (and nothing else) for 30 days. The film's title derives from one of the rules of Spurlock's experiment: he would not refuse the \"super-size\" option whenever it was offered to him and would never ask for it himself. The result, according to Spurlock, was a diet with twice the calories recommended by the USDA. Further, Spurlock attempted to curtail his physical activity to better match the exercise habits of the average American (he previously walked about 3 miles a day, whereas the average American walks 1.5 miles).", "precise_score": 0.5603085160255432, "rough_score": -0.9788780808448792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morgan Spurlock" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Super Size Me is a 2004 American documentary film directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent filmmaker. Spurlock's film follows a 30-day period from February 1 to March 2, 2003, during which he ate only McDonald's food. The film documents this lifestyle's drastic effect on Spurlock's physical and psychological well-being, and explores the fast food industry's corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit.", "precise_score": 4.764876842498779, "rough_score": 6.54902982711792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Spurlock ate at McDonald's restaurants three times per day, eating every item on the chain's menu at least once. Spurlock consumed an average of 20.9 megajoules or 5,000 kcal (the equivalent of 9.26 Big Macs) per day during the experiment. An intake of around 2,500 kcal within a healthy balanced diet is more generally recommended for a man to maintain his weight. As a result, the then-32-year-old Spurlock gained , a 13% body mass increase, increased his cholesterol to 230 mg/dL, and experienced mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver. It took Spurlock fourteen months to lose the weight gained from his experiment using a vegan diet supervised by his then-girlfriend, a chef who specializes in gourmet vegan dishes.", "precise_score": -6.452828884124756, "rough_score": -3.830559253692627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The reason for Spurlock's investigation was the increasing spread of obesity throughout U.S. society, which the Surgeon General has declared \"epidemic\", and the corresponding lawsuit brought against McDonald's on behalf of two overweight girls, who, it was alleged, became obese as a result of eating McDonald's food (Pelman v. McDonald's Corp., 237 F. Supp. 2d 512). Spurlock points out that although the lawsuit against McDonald's failed (and subsequently many state legislatures have legislated against product liability actions against producers and distributors of \"fast food\"), much of the same criticism leveled against the tobacco companies applies to fast food franchises whose product is both physiologically addictive and physically harmful. ", "precise_score": -6.385227203369141, "rough_score": -8.595020294189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "McD", "passage": "As the film begins, Spurlock is in physically above average shape according to his personal trainer. He is seen by three physicians (a cardiologist, a gastroenterologist, and a general practitioner), as well as a nutritionist and a personal trainer. All of the health professionals predict the \"McDiet\" will have unwelcome effects on his body, but none expected anything too drastic, one citing the human body as being \"extremely adaptable\". Prior to the experiment, Spurlock ate a varied diet but always had vegan evening meals to appease his girlfriend, Alexandra, a vegan chef. At the beginning of the experiment, Spurlock, who stood 6 feet 2 inches (185.42 cm) tall, had a body weight of 84 kg.", "precise_score": -1.8937366008758545, "rough_score": -5.162315368652344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On February 1, Spurlock starts the month with breakfast near his home in Manhattan, where there is an average of four McDonald's locations (and 66,950 residents, with twice as many commuters) per square mile (2.6 km²). He aims to keep the distances he walks in line with the 5,000 steps (approximately two miles) walked per day by the average American.", "precise_score": -6.381163120269775, "rough_score": -8.07033634185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Day 2 brings Spurlock's first (of nine) Super Size meal, at the McDonald's on 34th Street and Tenth Avenue, which happens to be a meal made of a Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Super Size French fries, and a 42-ounce Coke, which takes 22 minutes to eat. He experiences steadily increasing stomach discomfort during the process, and then vomits in the McDonald's parking lot.", "precise_score": -4.111677646636963, "rough_score": -1.989173412322998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "After five days Spurlock has gained 9.5 pounds (4.5 kg) (from 185.5 to about 195 pounds). It is not long before he finds himself experiencing depression, and he claims that his bouts of depression, lethargy, and headaches could be relieved by eating a McDonald's meal. His general practitioner describes him as being \"addicted\". At his second weigh-in, he had gained another 8 pounds (3.5 kg), putting his weight at 203.5 lb (92 kg). By the end of the month he weighs about 210 pounds (95.5 kg), an increase of about 24.5 pounds (about 11 kg). Because he could only eat McDonald's food for a month, Spurlock refused to take any medication at all. At one weigh-in Morgan lost 1 lb. from the previous weigh-in, and a nutritionist hypothesized that he had lost muscle mass, which weighs more than an identical volume of fat. At another weigh-in, a nutritionist said that he gained 17 pounds (8.5 kg) in 12 days.", "precise_score": -5.528101921081543, "rough_score": -5.90248966217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On March 2, Spurlock makes it to day 30 and achieves his goal. In thirty days, he has \"Supersized\" his meals nine times along the way (five of which were in Texas, four in New York City). His physicians are surprised at the degree of deterioration in Spurlock's health. He notes that he has eaten as many McDonald's meals as most nutritionists say the ordinary person should eat in 8 years (he ate 90 meals, which is close to the number of meals consumed once a month in an 8-year period).", "precise_score": -2.8850457668304443, "rough_score": -0.24324065446853638, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "A short epilogue was added to the film. Although it showed that the salads can contain even more calories than burgers if the customer adds liberal amounts of cheese and dressing prior to consumption, it also described McDonald's discontinuation of the Super Size option six weeks after the movie's premiere, as well as its recent emphasis on healthier menu items such as salads, and the release of the new adult Happy Meal. McDonald's denied that these changes had anything to do with the film.", "precise_score": -7.6540751457214355, "rough_score": -8.988636016845703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In his reply documentary Fat Head, Tom Naughton \"suggests that Spurlock's calorie and fat counts don't add up\" and noted Spurlock's refusal to publish the Super Size Me food log. The Houston Chronicle reports: \"Unlike Spurlock, Naughton has a page on his Web site that lists every item (including nutritional information) he ate during his fast-food month.\" The film addresses such objections by highlighting that a part of the reason for Spurlock's deteriorating health was not just the high calorie intake but also the high quantity of sugar relative to vitamins and minerals in the McDonald's menu, which is similar in that regard to the nutritional content of the menus of most other U.S. fast-food chains. About 1/3 of Spurlock's calories came from sugar. His nutritionist, Bridget Bennett, warned him about his excess intake of sugar from \"milkshakes and Cokes\". It is revealed toward the end of the movie that over the course of the diet, he consumed \"over 30 lb of sugar, and over 12 lb of fat from their food\". ", "precise_score": -0.10638786852359772, "rough_score": 3.0607893466949463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "After eating exclusively at McDonald's for one month, Soso Whaley said, \"The first time I did the diet in April 2004, I lost 10 pounds (going from 175 to 165) and lowered my cholesterol from 237 to 197, a drop of 40 points.\" Of particular note was that she exercised regularly and did not insist on consuming more food than she otherwise would. Despite eating at only McDonald's every day, she maintained her caloric intake at around 2,000 per day. ", "precise_score": -11.211163520812988, "rough_score": -9.60300350189209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "After John Cisna, a high school science teacher, lost 60 pounds while eating exclusively at McDonald's for 180 days, he said, \"I'm not pushing McDonald's. I'm not pushing fast food. I'm pushing taking accountability and making the right choice for you individually... As a science teacher, I would never show Super Size Me because when I watched that, I never saw the educational value in that... I mean, a guy eats uncontrollable amounts of food, stops exercising, and the whole world is surprised he puts on weight? What I'm not proud about is probably 70 to 80 percent of my colleagues across the United States still show Super Size Me in their health class or their biology class. I don't get it.\" ", "precise_score": -7.129044055938721, "rough_score": -7.039478302001953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Six weeks after the film's debut, McDonald's dropped its supersize portions. ", "precise_score": -8.978129386901855, "rough_score": -8.914740562438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Internationally, Super Size Me was a major success in the box office of Australia. Thus, McDonald's in Australia took that documentary very seriously, and tried to respond. They created an advertising campaign that includes three elements: two advertisements for TV and one produced to be shown in movie theaters.", "precise_score": -2.978532314300537, "rough_score": -4.415857791900635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "McDonald’s", "passage": "The employment rate for Australians working in the fast food industry is increasingly high with 17% of people working within the fast food sector in Australia. In 2007 17.000 Australian fast food outlets sold approximately 1.64 billion take away meals in that year. incredibly there are now more than 1250 Subways, 845 Domino’s, 780 McDonald’s, 300 Hungry Jacks and 600 KFCs in Australia and New Zealand. It is expected that more than $37 billion will be spent in takeaway food in Australia this year, making Australia the 11th biggest-spending fast-food nation in the world. This figure is an increase of $4 billion in just 3 years (primeskills statistics, 2015)", "precise_score": -11.138132095336914, "rough_score": -10.039436340332031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's is the world's largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries across 36,538 outlets. Founded in the United States in 1940, the company began as a barbecue restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth.", "precise_score": -11.129973411560059, "rough_score": -9.071066856384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Speedee", "passage": "The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California (at ). Their introduction of the \"Speedee Service System\" in 1948 furthered the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that the White Castle hamburger chain had already put into practice more than two decades earlier. The first McDonald's with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonald's was a man with a chef's hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was \"Speedee\". By 1967, Speedee was eventually replaced with Ronald McDonald when the company first filed a U.S. trademark on a clown-like man having puffed-out costume legs.", "precise_score": -11.070098876953125, "rough_score": -9.290905952453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name \"McDonald's\" with the description \"Drive-In Restaurant Services\", which continues to be renewed through the end of December 2009. On September 13 that same year, the company filed a logo trademark on an overlapping, double-arched \"M\" symbol. By September 6, 1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, when a trademark was filed for a single arch, shaped over many of the early McDonald's restaurants in the early years. Although the \"Golden Arches\" logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter \"M\" did not appear until November 18, 1968, when the company applied for a U.S. trademark.", "precise_score": -10.775437355041504, "rough_score": -9.181378364562988, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by businessman Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois on April 15, 1955, the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall; this location was demolished in 1984 after many remodels. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion, and the company became listed on the public stock markets ten years later. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry. Kroc and the McDonald brothers all feuded over control of the business, as documented in both Kroc's autobiography and in the McDonald brothers' autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 (1971, according to Juan Pollo) and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain. This area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonald's and Route 66 museum. With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility.", "precise_score": -10.958518981933594, "rough_score": -9.115262985229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or \"McDrive\" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester in 1986. ", "precise_score": -11.223106384277344, "rough_score": -9.710590362548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me said that McDonald's food was contributing to the epidemic of obesity in society, and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option, and was creating the adult Happy Meal.", "precise_score": 2.2981150150299072, "rough_score": 4.340310573577881, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "* He must fully eat three McDonald's meals per day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.350814819335938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "* He must consume every item on the McDonald's menu at least once over the course of the 30 days (he managed this in nine days).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.479809761047363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "* He must only ingest items that are offered on the McDonald's menu, including bottled water. All outside consumption of food is prohibited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.001248359680176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The movie ends with a rhetorical question, \"Who do you want to see go first, you or them?\" This is accompanied by a cartoon tombstone, which reads \"Ronald McDonald (1954–2012)\", which originally appeared in The Economist in an article addressing the ethics of marketing to children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880224227905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "McDonalds", "passage": "Music throughout appeared as if it was mocking the topic of fast food and healthy eating such as: \"Shimmy she Wobble\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"Rock n Roll McDonalds\", \"Health Blues\", \"Yummy, Yummy, Yummy\" and \"Oh Boy…The Damage That Can't Be Undone\". (Rebecca, 2012)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45833969116211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Critics of the film, including McDonald's, argue that the author intentionally consumed an average of 5,000 calories per day and did not exercise, and that the results would have been the same regardless of the source of overeating. One reviewer pointed out \"he's telling us something everyone already knows: Fast food is bad for you.\" Robert Davis of Paste implied the film is an example of \"how the ignorance of, or willful distortion of, basic scientific methods is used to manipulate public opinion.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.340132713317871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In the United Kingdom, McDonald's placed a brief ad in the trailers of showings of the film, pointing to the website www.supersizeme-thedebate.co.uk. The ads stated, \"See what we disagree with. See what we agree with.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.447624206542969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Super Size Me" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 4.1 million U.S. workers are employed in food preparation and serving (including fast food) as of 2010. The BLS's projected job outlook expects average growth and excellent opportunity as a result of high turnover. However, in April 2011, McDonald's hired approximately 62,000 new workers and received a million applications for those positions—an acceptance rate of 6.2%. The median age of workers in the industry in 2013 was 28. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.395999908447266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has outlets in 126 countries on 6 continents and operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide. On January 31, 1990 McDonald's opened a restaurant in Moscow and broke opening-day records for customers served. The Moscow restaurant is the busiest in the world. The largest McDonald's in the world, with 25,000 feet of play tubes, an arcade and play center, is located in Orlando, Florida, United States ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.226882934570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Despite so much popularity, fast foods and fast food chains have adverse impacts not only on the job and social skills, but on the health and academic performance of students. The researcher of Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser, highlights this fact, arguing that this is not only a financial but also a psychological bait. The students are lured towards this early employment opportunity knowing little that the time spent on this no-skill-learning job is wasted. Two other researchers Charles Hirschman and Irina Voloshin highlight their dangerous impacts and consequences regarding hiring and firing of teenager school-goers in the fast food industry. Kelly Brownwell of The Atlantic Times has further supported this argument that another dangerous practice was adopted by Burger King and McDonald's for marketing to the innocent children. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960262298583984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fast food" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "A McDonald's restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, or the corporation itself. The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a 2012 BBC report, McDonald's is the world's second largest private employer—behind Walmart—with 1.9 million employees, 1.5 million of whom work for franchises.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047104835510254, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.837387084960938, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's restaurants are found in 118 countries and territories around the world and serve 68 million customers each day. McDonald's operates 36,525 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 420,000 people. There are currently a total of 6,444 company-owned locations and 30,081 franchised locations, which includes 21,147 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 5,529 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 3,405 locations licensed to foreign affiliates, primarily Japan. The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Café.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.250551223754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange. Until December 2003, it also owned Donatos Pizza. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.063228607177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Notably, McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years, making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats. In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years. In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.944609642028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's plans to close 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which is 59 more than it plans to open. This is the first time McDonald's will have a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.117396354675293, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's Corporation earns revenue as an investor in properties, a franchiser of restaurants, and an operator of restaurants. Approximately 15% of McDonald's restaurants are owned and operated by McDonald's Corporation directly. The remainder are operated by others through a variety of franchise agreements and joint ventures.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218513488769531, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The McDonald's Corporation's business model is slightly different from that of most other fast-food chains. In addition to ordinary franchise fees and marketing fees, which are calculated as a percentage of sales, McDonald's may also collect rent, which may also be calculated on the basis of sales. As a condition of many franchise agreements, which vary by contract, age, country, and location, the Corporation may own or lease the properties on which McDonald's franchises are located. In most, if not all cases, the franchisee does not own the location of its restaurants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185562133789062, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The United Kingdom and Ireland business model is different from the U.S, in that fewer than 30% of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University in Oak Brook, Illinois.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004234313964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271108627319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "As a matter of policy, McDonald's does not make direct sales of food or materials to franchisees, instead organizing the supply of food and materials to restaurants through approved third party logistics operators.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118717193603516, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs in order to relieve stress, attending church services in order to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually in order to reduce risk for myocardial infarction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865955352783203, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Fast Food Nation also states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the culture of the host country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805591583251953, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The McDonald's headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook. McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.122830390930176, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood. The 608,000-square-foot structure will be built on the site of Oprah Winfrey's former Harpo Studios and open in early 2018. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.811224937438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.830071449279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the \"McDonaldization\" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the \"Big Mac Index\": the comparison of a Big Mac's cost in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087206840515137, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Thomas Friedman once said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another. However, the \"Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention\" is not strictly true. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war. McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014. On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over events in Ukraine, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country. On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814854621887207, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia, and Hong Kong in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's has taken to partnering up with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants. McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.780450820922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013. Foreign restaurants are banned in Bermuda, with the exception of KFC, which was present before the current law was passed. Therefore, there are no McDonald's in Bermuda. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013909339904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items, and desserts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975225448608398, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227239608764648, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Products are offered as either \"eat-in\" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or \"take-out\" (where the customer opts to take the food for consumption off the premises). \"Eat-in\" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. \"Take-out\" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7333345413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In Germany and other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, McDonald's sells meat pies, after the local affiliate partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8522310256958, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In the United States, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's plans to offer an all-day breakfast menu whenever its restaurants are open, although eggs cannot be cooked at the same time on the same equipment as hamburgers due to different temperature requirements.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.985857963562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "McD", "passage": "McDrive", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152588844299316, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "McD", "passage": "In some countries, \"McDrive\" locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer a \"Walk-Thru\" service in place of Drive-Thru. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289168357849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants and is a concept created by McDonald's Australia (also known, and marketed, as \"Macca's\" in Australia), starting with Melbourne in 1993. As of 2016, most McDonald's in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafés in every store, with the rest of the states quickly following suit. After upgrading to the new McCafé look and feel, some Australian stores have noticed up to a 60% increase in sales. At the end of 2003 there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738008499145508, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2014, McDonald's began testing a new gourmet burger service/restaurant concept based on other gourmet restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia during the early months of 2015. It has since expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia, New Zealand and has ongoing trials in the US market. Using the dedicated Create Your Taste (CYT) kiosks a person can choose all ingredients including type of bun and meat along with additional extras. In late 2015 the Australian CYT service introduced CYT Salads to give more options to health conscious customers. After a person has ordered their food, McDonald's advises that wait times are between 10–15 minutes. When the food is ready dedicated crew specially trained to deliver a higher quality service called 'Hosts' bring the food to the customer's table. Instead of the traditional packaging one may expect when visiting a McDonald's restaurant, the CYT food is presented on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets and Salads in china bowls and metal cutlery. These services are a slightly higher price due to the gourmet ingredients and cost of labour. The Create Your Taste concept is being rolled out in various ways throughout the world, including a concept of a 'Burger Bar' in Australia, 'Taste Crafted' in some US stores, 'McDonald's Next' in Hong Kong, and the 'Signature Collection' in the United Kingdom. For the most part however, the standard CYT service is incorporated into traditional restaurants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686654090881348, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Some locations are connected to gas stations/convenience stores, while others called McExpress have limited seating and/or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.32650375366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In Sweden, customers who order a happy meal can use the meal's container for a pair of happy googles. The company created a game for the googles known as \"Slope Stars.\" McDonald's predicts happy googles will continue in other countries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.964332580566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch. They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.289006233215332, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The first kosher McDonald's was established in 1997 at the Abasto de Buenos Aires mall in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This is in addition to many kosher branches in Israel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25570297241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's playgrounds are called McDonald's PlayPlace. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the USA, with many more being constructed soon after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.287566184997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's Next", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167739868164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's Next use open-concept design and offer \"Create Your Taste\" digital ordering. The concept store also offering free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store open in Hong Kong in December, 2015.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.072202682495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2006, McDonald's introduced its \"Forever Young\" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.342077255249023, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's began banning smoking in 1994, when it banned smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74486255645752, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "McDonalds", "passage": "On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90% of McDonalds' UK workforce are on zero hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145723342895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the US drew an average of $7 billion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages. The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and to \"quit complaining\" as \"stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining.\" In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.065374374389648, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 US cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with OSHA which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training and pressure to work fast has resulted in injuries. The complaints also allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard. The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878643989562988, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Anonymous aggregated data collected by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry level employees between $7.25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.094284057617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Liberal thinktank the Roosevelt Institute accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to 'rampant' wage theft. In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.5 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedules adjustments and pay delays. McDonald's workers have on occasions decided to strike over pay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235990524291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's CEO, Steve Easterbrook, currently earns an annual salary of $1,100,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.22403621673584, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games. McDonald's makes coolers of orange drink with its logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.13642692565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns. McDonald's was criticized for illegally hanging banners on flag poles and blocking the bicycle path in South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.031332015991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's began operations in India in 1996. It retained Leo Burnett (India) to provide authentic Indian insights in years of study and planning to meet local conditions with special concern regarding local favorite items, religious-based food taboos and India's strong vegetarian tradition. Its hamburgers are made of lamb or chicken, not beef. It adapted local favorites into items such as McAloo Tikki, a breaded potato pancake on a bun. It divided its kitchens in the vegetarian and nonvegetarian zones making sure that food did not cross the line. Its advertising told Indians that its bright, inviting restaurants did not mean high prices. Its strategy was profits through high volume and low prices. Locally it sponsored sports programs and donations to visible charities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823869705200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually cancelled. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231694221496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, all-star basketball games played each year for American and Canadian boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320013046264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "McHappy Day", "passage": "McHappy Day", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762886047363281, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, where a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.119327545166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "McHappy Day", "passage": "According to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8 million. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551841735839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's Monopoly donation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3172607421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner. Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and has made the annual $50,000 annuity payments, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's (see McDonald's Monopoly).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.243806838989258, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Throughout a high-cost-living grows in Asia, some persons in Hong Kong and Japan are forced to reside in McDonald's since the \"doors always open\" policy. As the staffs introduce, most of the McRefugees stay-in for a short-time-period. Most McRefugees have their own jobs, they reside there for various reasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175073623657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Rather than that, the Hong Kong McDonald's restaurants are also being as a social center while Hong Kong does not have much.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349488258361816, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel in one of the longest cases in British civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62054443359375, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health, and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892780303955078, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "Despite the objections of McDonald's, the term \"McJob\" was added to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 2003. The term was defined as \"a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233390808105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's. Among the critiques were allegations that McDonald's (along with other companies within the fast food industry) uses its political influence to increase its profits at the expense of people's health and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brought into question McDonald's advertisement techniques in which it targets children. While the book did mention other fast-food chains, it focused primarily on McDonald's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.034743309020996, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its French fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.074886322021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2006, an unsanctioned McDonald's Videogame was released online. It is parody of the business practices of the corporate giant, taking the guise of a tycoon style business simulation game. In the game, the player plays the role of a McDonald's CEO, choosing whether or not to use controversial practices like genetically altered cow feed, plowing over rainforests, and corrupting public officials. McDonald's issued a statement distancing itself from the game. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233893394470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In January 2014 it was reported that McDonald's was accused of having used a series of tax maneuvers to avoid paying its fair share of taxes in France. The company confirmed that tax authorities had visited McDonald's French headquarters in Paris but insisted that it had not done anything wrong, saying, \"McDonald's firmly denies the accusation made by L'Express according to which McDonald's supposedly hid part of its revenue from taxes in France.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286882400512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: \"Not bad for a McJob\". (The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s and later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in his book Generation X, has become a buzz word for low-paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security.) McDonald's disputes this definition of McJob. In 2007, the company launched an advertising campaign with the slogan \"Would you like a career with that?\" on Irish television, asserting that its jobs have good prospects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946025848388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In an effort to respond to growing consumer awareness of food provenance, the fast-food chain changed its supplier of both coffee beans and milk. UK chief executive Steve Easterbrook said: \"British consumers are increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing and ethics of the food and drink they buy\". In a bid to tap into the ethical consumer market, McDonald's switched to using coffee beans taken from stocks that are certified by the Rainforest Alliance, a conservation group. Additionally, in response to pressure, McDonald's UK started using organic milk supplies for its bottled milk and hot drinks, although it still uses conventional milk in its milkshakes, and in all of its dairy products in the United States. According to a report published by Farmers Weekly in 2007, the quantity of milk used by McDonald's could have accounted for as much as 5% of the UK's organic milk output. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.72752571105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's announced on May 22, 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it would switch to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies and cookies, by year's end. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.83854866027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "With regard to acquiring chickens from suppliers who use CAK or CAS methods of slaughter, McDonald's says that it needs to see more research \"to help determine whether any CAS system in current use is optimal from an animal welfare perspective.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300125122070312, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In April 2008, McDonald's announced that 11 of its Sheffield, England restaurants have been engaged in a biomass trial that had cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area. In this trial, wastes from the restaurants were collected by Veolia Environmental Services, and were used to produce energy at a power plant. McDonald's plans to expand this project, although the lack of biomass power plants in the United States will prevent this plan from becoming a national standard anytime soon. In addition, in Europe, McDonald's has been recycling vegetable grease by converting it to fuel for its diesel trucks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90408706665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has been using a corn-based bioplastic to produce containers for some of its products. The environmental benefits of this technology are controversial, with critics noting that biodegradation is slow, produces greenhouse gases, and that contamination of traditional plastic wastestreams with bioplastics can complicate recycling efforts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195429801940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 1990 McDonald's worked with the Environmental Defense Fund to stop using \"clam shell\" shaped styrofoam food containers to house its food products. 20 years later McDonald's announced they would try replacing styrofoam coffee cups with an alternative material. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.681303024291992, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized McDonald's continuous effort to reduce solid waste by designing more efficient packaging and by promoting the use of recycled-content materials. McDonald's reports that it is committed towards environmental leadership by effectively managing electric energy, by conserving natural resources through recycling and reusing materials, and by addressing water management issues within the restaurant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.228699684143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In an effort to reduce energy usage by 25% in its restaurants, McDonald's opened a prototype restaurant in Chicago in 2009, with the intention of using the model in its other restaurants throughout the world. Building on past efforts, specifically a restaurant it opened in Sweden in 2000 that was the first to intentionally incorporate green ideas, McDonald's designed the Chicago site to save energy by incorporating old and new ideas such as managing storm water, using skylights for more natural lighting and installing some partitions and tabletops made from recycled goods. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.762983322143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "When McDonald's received criticism for its environmental policies in the 1970s, it began to make substantial progress in reducing its use of materials. For instance, an \"average meal\" in the 1970s—a Big Mac, fries, and a drink—required 46 grams of packaging; today, it requires only 25 grams, allowing a 46% reduction. In addition, McDonald's eliminated the need for intermediate containers for cola by having a delivery system that pumps syrup directly from the delivery truck into storage containers, saving 2000000 lb of packaging annually. Overall, weight reductions in packaging and products, as well as the increased usage of bulk packaging ultimately decreased packaging by 24000000 lb annually. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.297829627990723, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the Mc or Mac from trading names.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337728500366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149328231811523, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.790275573730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In 2016 the Australian Taxation Office revealed that McDonald's Asia-Pacific Consortium had generated $478 million in revenue in 2013-14, but had paid no tax on those earnings whatsoever. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25164794921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "McDonald's has defended itself in several cases involving workers' rights. In 2001, the company was fined £12,400 by British magistrates for illegally employing and over-working child labor in one of its London restaurants (R v 2002 EWCA Crim 1094).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.732583045959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "A famous legal case in the US involving McDonald's was the 1994 decision in Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants where Stella Liebeck was awarded several million dollars after she suffered third-degree burns after spilling a scalding cup of McDonald's coffee on herself. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.091097831726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" }, { "answer": "Mcdo", "passage": "In April 2014, it was reported that McDonald's will use, in Europe, chicken meat that was produced by using genetically modified animal feed. Greenpeace argues that McDonald's saves less than one Eurocent for each chickenburger and goes down a path not desired by its customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.966385841369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "McDonald's" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "one thousand, nine hundred and forty-seven", "1947" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "1947", "one thousand nine hundred and forty seven" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "1947", "type": "Numerical", "value": "1947" }

[ { "answer": "1947", "passage": "His winning entry, the \"Mikhtim\" (so named by taking the first letters of his name and patronymic, Mikhail Timofeyevich) became the prototype for the development of a family of prototype rifles. This process culminated in 1947, when he designed the AK-47 (standing for Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947). In 1949, the AK-47 became the standard issue assault rifle of the Soviet Army and went on to become Kalashnikov's most famous invention. While developing his first assault rifles, Kalashnikov competed with two much more experienced weapon designers, Vasily Degtyaryov and Georgy Shpagin, who both accepted the superiority of the AK-47. Kalashnikov named Alexandr Zaitsev and Vladimir Deikin as his major collaborators during those years.", "precise_score": 3.7052676677703857, "rough_score": 5.135655879974365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mikhail Kalashnikov" }, { "answer": "1947", "passage": "*\"I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: ‘Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?’ So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.779341220855713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mikhail Kalashnikov" }, { "answer": "1947", "passage": "Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer in 1941, while recuperating from a shoulder wound, which he received during the Battle of Bryansk. Kalashnikov himself stated...\"I was in the hospital, and a soldier in the bed beside me asked: ‘Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men, when the Germans have automatics?’ So I designed one. I was a soldier, and I created a machine gun for a soldier. It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova, the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov—AK—and it carried the date of its first manufacture, 1947.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.2778862714767456, "source": "wiki", "title": "AK-47" }, { "answer": "1947", "passage": "In November 1947, the new prototypes (AK-47s) were completed. It utilized a long-stroke gas piston above the barrel. The upper and lower receivers were combined into a single receiver. The selector and safety were combined into a single control-lever/dust-cover on the right side of the rifle. And, the bolt-handle was simply attached to the bolt-carrier. This simplified the design and production of the rifle. The first army trial series began in early 1948. The new rifle proved to be reliable under a wide range of conditions with convenient handling characteristics. In 1949, it was adopted by the Soviet Army as \"7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.661230444908142, "source": "wiki", "title": "AK-47" }, { "answer": "1947", "passage": "The AK-47 has also spawned a cottage industry of sorts and has been copied and manufactured (one gun at a time) in small shops around the world (see Khyber Pass Copy). The estimated numbers of AK-type weapons vary greatly. The Small Arms Survey suggest that \"between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947.\" The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million are of the Kalashnikov family, and 75 million are AK-47s. Because AK-type weapons have been made in many countries, often illicitly, it is impossible to know how many really exist.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.773041248321533, "source": "wiki", "title": "AK-47" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Scientollogy", "Scientific religion", "Scientology (practice)", "Scientology/Links", "Scientologist", "Rondroid", "Scientology", "ARC triangle", "History of Scientology", "Sceintology", "Scientology religion", "Sciencetology", "Scientolgy", "Scientologism", "Scientolgoy" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "scientific religion", "scientologist", "arc triangle", "rondroid", "scientologism", "scientology practice", "history of scientology", "scientology links", "scientology", "sceintology", "sciencetology", "scientology religion", "scientolgoy", "scientolgy", "scientollogy" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "scientology", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Scientology" }

[ { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986), better known as L. Ron Hubbard (, ) and often referred to by his initials, LRH, was an American author and the founder of the Church of Scientology. In 2014, Hubbard was cited by the Smithsonian magazine as one of the 100 most significant Americans of all time, as one of the eleven religious figures on that list. After establishing a career as a writer, becoming best known for his science fiction and fantasy stories, he developed a system called Dianetics which was first expounded in book form in May 1950. He subsequently developed his ideas into a wide-ranging set of doctrines and practices as part of a new religious movement that he called Scientology. His writings became the guiding texts for the Church of Scientology and a number of affiliated organizations that address such diverse topics as business administration, literacy and drug rehabilitation. The Church's dissemination of these materials led to Hubbard being listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most translated and published author in the world. ", "precise_score": 6.627410888671875, "rough_score": 7.2915873527526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "After the war, Hubbard developed Dianetics, which he called \"the modern science of mental health\". He founded Scientology in 1952 and oversaw the growth of the Church of Scientology into a worldwide organization. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he spent much of his time at sea on his personal fleet of ships as \"Commodore\" of the Sea Organization, an elite inner group of Scientologists. His expedition came to an end when Britain, Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Venezuela all closed their ports to his fleet. At one point, a court in Australia revoked the Church's status as a religion, though it was later reinstated. Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert. In 1978, a trial court in France convicted Hubbard of fraud in absentia. Others convictions from the same trial were reversed on appeal, but Hubbard died before the court considered his case.", "precise_score": 3.5801479816436768, "rough_score": -1.5767152309417725, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 1983 L. Ron Hubbard was named as an unindicted co-conspirator in an international information infiltration and theft project called \"Operation Snow White\". He spent the remaining years of his life on his ranch, the \"Whispering Wind,\" near Creston, California, where he died in 1986. A small group of Scientology officials and physician Dr. Eugene Denk attended to him before his death, for a number of ailments including chronic pancreatitis. In 1986, he died in a 1982 Blue Bird motor home, which was situated on his property, at age 74. ", "precise_score": -2.9282150268554688, "rough_score": -1.120374083518982, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms, and he portrayed himself as a pioneering explorer, world traveler, and nuclear physicist with expertise in a wide range of disciplines, including photography, art, poetry, and philosophy. His critics, including his own son Ronald DeWolf, have characterized him as a liar, a charlatan, and mentally unstable, though DeWolf later repudiated those statements. Though many of Hubbard's autobiographical statements have been found to be fictitious, the Church rejects any suggestion that its account of Hubbard's life is not historical fact. ", "precise_score": 1.1723687648773193, "rough_score": -5.2062859535217285, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard became a well-known and prolific writer for pulp fiction magazines during the 1930s. Scientology texts describe him as becoming \"well established as an essayist\" even before he had concluded college. Scientology claims he \"solved his finances, and his desire to travel by writing anything that came to hand\" and to have earned an \"astronomical\" rate of pay for the times. ", "precise_score": 1.2974228858947754, "rough_score": -2.0355050563812256, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Arthur J. Burks, the President of the American Fiction Guild, wrote that an excited Hubbard called him and said: \"I want to see you right away. I have written THE book.\" Hubbard believed that Excalibur would \"revolutionize everything\" and that \"it was somewhat more important, and would have a greater impact upon people, than the Bible.\" It proposed that all human behavior could be explained in terms of survival and that to understand survival was to understand life. As Hubbard biographer Jon Atack notes, \"the notion that everything that exists is trying to survive became the basis of Dianetics and Scientology.\"", "precise_score": -0.7455064654350281, "rough_score": -1.3967608213424683, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology says Hubbard was \"sent in\" by his fellow science fiction author Robert Heinlein, \"who was running off-book intelligence operations for naval intelligence at the time\". However, Heinlein's authorized biographer has said that he looked into the matter at the suggestion of Scientologists but found nothing to corroborate claims that Heinlein had been involved, and his biography of Heinlein makes no mention of the matter. ", "precise_score": 2.6992030143737793, "rough_score": -1.7428268194198608, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "After Hubbard's wedding to Sara, the couple settled at Laguna Beach, California, where Hubbard took a short-term job looking after a friend's yacht before resuming his fiction writing to supplement the small disability allowance that he was receiving as a war veteran. Working from a trailer in a run-down area of North Hollywood, Hubbard sold a number of science fiction stories that included his Ole Doc Methuselah series and the serialized novels The End Is Not Yet and To the Stars. However, he remained short of money and his son, L. Ron Hubbard Jr, testified later that Hubbard was dependent on his own father and Margaret's parents for money and his writings, which he was paid at a penny per word, never garnered him any more than $10,000 prior to the founding of Scientology. He repeatedly wrote to the Veterans Administration (VA) asking for an increase in his war pension. In October 1947 he wrote:", "precise_score": 1.1829278469085693, "rough_score": 1.6754835844039917, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In late 1948 Hubbard and Sara moved to Savannah, Georgia. Here, Scientology sources say, he \"volunteer[ed] his time in hospitals and mental wards, saving the lives of patients with his counseling techniques\". Hubbard began to make the first public mentions of what was to become Dianetics. He wrote in January 1949 that he was working on a \"book of psychology\" about \"the cause and cure of nervous tension\", which he was going to call The Dark Sword, Excalibur or Science of the Mind. In April 1949, Hubbard wrote to several professional organizations to offer his research. None were interested, so he turned to his editor John W. Campbell, who was more receptive due to a long-standing fascination with fringe psychologies and psychic powers (\"psionics\") that \"permeated both his fiction and non-fiction\". ", "precise_score": 1.2570786476135254, "rough_score": -3.1920788288116455, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard played a very active role in the Dianetics boom, writing, lecturing and training auditors. Many of those who knew him spoke of being impressed by his personal charisma. Jack Horner, who became a Dianetics auditor in 1950, later said, \"He was very impressive, dedicated and amusing. The man had tremendous charisma; you just wanted to hear every word he had to say and listen for any pearl of wisdom.\" Isaac Asimov recalled in his autobiography how, at a dinner party, he, Robert Heinlein, L. Sprague de Camp and their wives \"all sat as quietly as pussycats and listened to Hubbard. He told tales with perfect aplomb and in complete paragraphs.\" As Atack comments, he was \"a charismatic figure who compelled the devotion of those around him\". Christopher Evans described the personal qualities that Hubbard brought to Dianetics and Scientology:", "precise_score": -3.3241770267486572, "rough_score": -1.9455546140670776, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology attributes its genesis to Hubbard's discovery of \"a new line of research\"—\"that man is most fundamentally a spiritual being\". Non-Scientologist writers have suggested alternative motives: that he aimed \"to reassert control over his creation\", that he believed \"he was about to lose control of Dianetics\", or that he wanted to ensure \"he would be able to stay in business even if the courts eventually awarded control of Dianetics and its valuable copyrights to ... the hated Don Purcell.\" ", "precise_score": 0.8478740453720093, "rough_score": -3.2797017097473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard expanded upon the basics of Dianetics to construct a spiritually oriented (though at this stage not religious) doctrine based on the concept that the true self of a person was a thetan—an immortal, omniscient and potentially omnipotent entity.DeChant, Dell; Danny L. Jorgensen. \"The Church of Scientology: A Very New American Religion\" in Neusner, Jacob. World Religions in America: An Introduction, p. 226. Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. ISBN 0-664-22475-X Hubbard taught that the thetans, having created the material universe, had forgotten their god-like powers and become trapped in physical bodies. Scientology aimed to \"rehabilitate\" each person's thetan to restore its original capacities and become once again an \"Operating Thetan\". Hubbard insisted humanity was imperiled by the forces of \"aberration\", which were the result of engrams carried by the immortal thetans for billions of years.", "precise_score": 2.108675956726074, "rough_score": 2.5813076496124268, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Although this model would eventually be extremely successful, Scientology was a very small-scale movement at first. Hubbard started off with only a few dozen followers, generally dedicated Dianeticists; a seventy-hour series of lectures in Philadelphia in December 1952 was attended by just 38 people. Hubbard was joined in Phoenix by his 18-year-old son Nibs, who had been unable to settle down in high school. Nibs had decided to become a Scientologist, moved into his father's home and went on to become a Scientology staff member and \"professor\". Hubbard also traveled to the United Kingdom to establish his control over a Dianetics group in London. It was very much a shoestring operation; as Helen O'Brien later recalled, \"there was an atmosphere of extreme poverty and undertones of a grim conspiracy over all. At 163 Holland Park Avenue was an ill-lit lecture room and a bare-boarded and poky office some eight by ten feet—mainly infested by long haired men and short haired and tatty women.\" On September 24, 1952, only a few weeks after arriving in London, Hubbard's wife Mary Sue gave birth to her first child, a daughter whom they named Diana Meredith de Wolfe Hubbard. ", "precise_score": -2.4898178577423096, "rough_score": -5.26604700088501, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "A few weeks after becoming \"Dr.\" Hubbard, he wrote to Helen O'Brien—who had taken over the day-to-day management of Scientology in the United States—proposing that Scientology should be transformed into a religion. As membership declined and finances grew tighter, Hubbard had reversed the hostility to religion he voiced in Dianetics.Kent, Stephen A. \"The Creation of 'Religious' Scientology.\" Religious Studies and Theology 18:2, pp. 97–126. 1999. ISSN 1747-5414 His letter to O'Brien discussed the legal and financial benefits of religious status. The idea may not have been new; Hubbard has been quoted as telling a science fiction convention in 1948: \"Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wants to make a million dollars, the best way would be to start his own religion.\" Scholar J. Gordon Melton notes, \"There is no record of Hubbard having ever made this statement, though several of his science fiction colleagues have noted the broaching of the subject on one of their informal conversations.\" The Church of Scientology has denied that Hubbard said this and insists that it is a misattributed quote that was said instead by George Orwell. Hubbard outlined plans for setting up a chain of \"Spiritual Guidance Centers\" charging customers $500 for twenty-four hours of auditing (\"That is real money ... Charge enough and we'd be swamped.\"). He wrote:", "precise_score": 4.389145374298096, "rough_score": 2.435267210006714, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "O'Brien was not enthusiastic and resigned the following September, worn out by work. She criticized Hubbard for creating \"a temperate zone voodoo, in its inelasticity, unexplainable procedures, and mindless group euphoria\". He nonetheless pressed ahead and on December 18, 1953, he incorporated the Church of Scientology, Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering in Camden, New Jersey. Hubbard, his wife Mary Sue and his secretary John Galusha became the trustees of all three corporations. Hubbard later denied founding the Church of Scientology, and to this day, Scientologists maintain that the \"founding church\" was actually the Church of Scientology of California, established on February 18, 1954, by Scientologist Burton Farber. The reason for Scientology's religious transformation was explained by officials of the HAS:", "precise_score": 3.117824077606201, "rough_score": -4.9102396965026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "By the start of the 1960s, Hubbard was the leader of a worldwide movement with thousands of followers. A decade later, however, he had left Saint Hill Manor and moved aboard his own private fleet of ships as the Church of Scientology faced worldwide controversy.", "precise_score": 0.5266990661621094, "rough_score": -3.196399450302124, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard believed that Scientology was being infiltrated by saboteurs and spies and introduced \"security checking\" to identify those he termed \"potential trouble sources\" and \"suppressive persons\". Members of the Church of Scientology were interrogated with the aid of E-meters and were asked questions such as \"Have you ever practiced homosexuality?\" and \"Have you ever had unkind thoughts about L. Ron Hubbard?\" For a time, Scientologists were even interrogated about crimes committed in past lives: \"Have you ever destroyed a culture?\" \"Did you come to Earth for evil purposes?\" \"Have you ever zapped anyone?\" ", "precise_score": 0.7741349339485168, "rough_score": -3.139622688293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "At the same time, Hubbard was still developing Scientology's doctrines. A Scientology biography states that \"free of organizational duties and aided by the first Sea Org members, L. Ron Hubbard now had the time and facilities to confirm in the physical universe some of the events and places he had encountered in his journeys down the track of time.\" In 1965, he designated several existing Scientology courses as confidential, repackaging them as the first of the esoteric \"OT levels\". Two years later he announced the release of OT3, the \"Wall of Fire\", revealing the secrets of an immense disaster that had occurred \"on this planet, and on the other seventy-five planets which form this Confederacy, seventy-five million years ago\". Scientologists were required to undertake the first two OT levels before learning how Xenu, the leader of the Galactic Confederacy, had shipped billions of people to Earth and blown them up with hydrogen bombs, following which their traumatized spirits were stuck together at \"implant stations\", brainwashed with false memories and eventually became contained within human beings. The discovery of OT3 was said to have taken a major physical toll on Hubbard, who announced that he had broken a knee, an arm, and his back during the course of his research. A year later, in 1968, he unveiled OT levels 4 to 6 and began delivering OT training courses to Scientologists aboard the Royal Scotman. ", "precise_score": 0.6738588213920593, "rough_score": 0.8244199752807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "For the first few years of the 1980s, Hubbard and the Broekers lived on the move, touring the Pacific Northwest in a recreational vehicle and living for a while in apartments in Newport Beach and Los Angeles. Hubbard used his time in hiding to write his first new works of science fiction for nearly thirty years—Battlefield Earth (1982) and Mission Earth, a ten-volume series published between 1985 and 1987. They received mixed responses; as writer Jeff Walker puts it, they were \"treated derisively by most critics but greatly admired by followers\". Hubbard also wrote and composed music for three of his albums, which were produced by the Church of Scientology. The book soundtrack Space Jazz was released in 1982. Mission Earth and The Road to Freedom were released posthumously in 1986. ", "precise_score": 1.745519757270813, "rough_score": 1.8250579833984375, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Hubbard is the Guinness World Record holder for the most published author, with 1,084 works, most translated book (70 languages for The Way to Happiness) and most audiobooks (185 as of April 2009). According to Galaxy Press, Hubbard's Battlefield Earth has sold over 6 million copies and Mission Earth a further 7 million, with each of its ten volumes becoming New York Times bestsellers on their release; however, the Los Angeles Times reported in 1990 that Hubbard's followers had been buying large numbers of the books and re-issuing them to stores, so as to boost sales figures. Opinions are divided about his literary legacy. Scientologists have written of their desire to \"make Ron the most acclaimed and widely known author of all time\". The sociologist William Sims Bainbridge writes that even at his peak in the late 1930s Hubbard was regarded by readers of Astounding Science Fiction as merely \"a passable, familiar author but not one of the best\", while by the late 1970s \"the [science fiction] subculture wishes it could forget him\" and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the \"Golden Age\" writers. ", "precise_score": 0.6608676910400391, "rough_score": 1.2661386728286743, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Posthumously, the Los Angeles City Council named a part of the street close to the headquarters of Scientology in 1996, as recognition of Hubbard. In 2011, the West Valley City Council declared March 13 as L. Ron Hubbard Centennial Day. On April 2016, the New Jersey State Board of Education approved Hubbard’s birthday as one of its religious holidays. ", "precise_score": -1.2924647331237793, "rough_score": -3.1887171268463135, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 2004, eighteen years after Hubbard's death, the Church claimed eight million followers worldwide. According to religious scholar J. Gordon Melton, this is an overestimate, counting as Scientologists people who had merely bought a book. The City University of New York's American Religious Identification Survey found that by 2009 only 25,000 Americans identified as Scientologists. Hubbard's presence still pervades Scientology. Every Church of Scientology maintains an office reserved for Hubbard, with a desk, chair and writing equipment, ready to be used. Lonnie D. Kliever notes that Hubbard was \"the only source of the religion, and he has no successor\". Hubbard is referred to simply as \"Source\" within Scientology and the theological acceptability of any Scientology-related activity is determined by how closely it adheres to Hubbard's doctrines. Hubbard's name and signature are official trademarks of the Religious Technology Center, established in 1982 to control and oversee the use of Hubbard's works and Scientology's trademarks and copyrights. The RTC is the central organization within Scientology's complex corporate hierarchy and has put much effort into re-checking the accuracy of all Scientology publications to \"ensur[e] the availability of the pure unadulterated writings of Mr. Hubbard to the coming generations\".", "precise_score": 1.2717853784561157, "rough_score": -2.9979329109191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Danish historian of religions Mikael Rothstein describes Scientology as \"a movement focused on the figure of Hubbard\". He comments: \"The fact that [Hubbard's] life is mythologized is as obvious as in the cases of Jesus, Muhammad or Siddartha Gotama. This is how religion works. Scientology, however, rejects this analysis altogether, and goes to great lengths to defend every detail of Hubbard's amazing and fantastic life as plain historical fact.\" Hubbard is presented as \"the master of a multitude of disciplines\" who performed extraordinary feats as a photographer, composer, scientist, therapist, explorer, navigator, philosopher, poet, artist, humanitarian, adventurer, soldier, scout, musician and many other fields of endeavor. The Church of Scientology portrays Hubbard's life and work as having proceeded seamlessly, \"as if they were a continuous set of predetermined events and discoveries that unfolded through his lifelong research\" even up to and beyond his death.", "precise_score": 1.866542100906372, "rough_score": -2.017991065979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "According to Rothstein's assessment of Hubbard's legacy, Scientology consciously aims to transfer the charismatic authority of Hubbard to institutionalize his authority over the organization, even after his death. Hubbard is presented as a virtually superhuman religious ideal just as Scientology itself is presented as the most important development in human history. As Rothstein puts it, \"reverence for Scientology's scripture is reverence for Hubbard, the man who in the Scientological perspective single-handedly brought salvation to all human beings.\" David G. Bromley of the University of Virginia comments that the real Hubbard has been transformed into a \"prophetic persona\", \"LRH\", which acts as the basis for his prophetic authority within Scientology and transcends his biographical history. According to Dorthe Refslund Christensen, Hubbard's hagiography directly compares him with Buddha. Hubbard is viewed as having made eastern traditions more accessible by approaching them with a scientific attitude. \"Hubbard is seen as the ultimate-cross-cultural savior; he is thought to be able to release man from his miserable condition because he had the necessary background, and especially the right attitude.\" ", "precise_score": 1.514925479888916, "rough_score": 0.21730248630046844, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Following Hubbard's death, Bridge Publications has published several stand-alone biographical accounts of his life. Marco Frenschkowski notes that \"non-Scientologist readers immediately recognize some parts of Hubbard's life are here systematically left out: no information whatsoever is given about his private life (his marriages, divorces, children), his legal affairs and so on.\" The Church maintains an extensive website presenting the official version of Hubbard's life. It also owns a number of properties dedicated to Hubbard including the Los Angeles-based L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition (a presentation of Hubbard's life), the Author Services Center (a presentation of Hubbard's writings), and the L. Ron Hubbard House in Washington, D.C.", "precise_score": -2.030822992324829, "rough_score": -0.7856920957565308, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In late 2012, Bridge published a comprehensive official biography of Hubbard, titled The L. Ron Hubbard Series: A Biographical Encyclopedia, written primarily by Dan Sherman, the official Hubbard biographer at the time. This most recent official Church of Scientology biography of Hubbard is a 17 volume series, with each volume focusing on a different aspect of Hubbard's life, including his music, photography, geographic exploration, humanitarian work, and nautical career. It is advertised as a \"Biographic Encyclopedia\" and is primarily authored by the official biographer, Dan Sherman. ", "precise_score": 0.44550570845603943, "rough_score": 1.3695785999298096, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": " During his lifetime, a number of brief biographical sketches were also published in his Scientology books. The Church of Scientology issued \"the only authorized LRH Biography\" in October 1977 (it has since been followed by the Sherman \"Biographic Encyclopedia\"). His life was illustrated in print in What Is Scientology?, a glossy publication published in 1978 with paintings of Hubbard's life contributed by his son Arthur. ", "precise_score": -0.06306486576795578, "rough_score": -5.042376518249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In November 1987, the British journalist and writer Russell Miller published Bare-faced Messiah, the first full-length biography of L. Ron Hubbard. He drew on Armstrong's papers, official records and interviews with those who had known Hubbard including ex-Scientologists and family members. The book was well-received by reviewers but the Church of Scientology sought unsuccessfully to prohibit its publication on the grounds of copyright infringement. Other critical biographical accounts are found in Bent Corydon's L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman? (1987) and Jon Atack's A Piece of Blue Sky (1990).", "precise_score": 1.5862280130386353, "rough_score": 4.260039329528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard produced some 65 million words on Dianetics and Scientology, contained in about 500,000 pages of written material, 3,000 recorded lectures and 100 films. His works of fiction included some 500 novels and short stories. Hubbard “published nearly 600 books, stories, and articles during his lifetime.” He sold over 23 million copies of fiction and 27 million copies of nonfiction.", "precise_score": 2.574536085128784, "rough_score": -3.7626118659973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The first Scientology church was incorporated in December 1953 in Camden, New Jersey by L. Ron Hubbard, his wife Mary Sue Hubbard, and John Galusha. By that time, the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International (HASI) had already been operating since 1952 and Hubbard himself had already been selling Scientology books and technologies. In 1953 he wrote to Helen O'Brien, who was managing the organisation, asking her to investigate the \"religion angle\" p. 213 Soon after, despite O'Brien's misgivings and resignation, he announced the religious nature of Scientology in a bulletin to all Scientologists, stressing its relation to the concept of Dharma. The first Church of Scientology opened in 1954 in Los Angeles. ", "precise_score": 3.97235107421875, "rough_score": 3.651287794113159, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard stated, \"A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of Scientology.\" After the formation of the Church of Scientology, Hubbard composed its creed. The Scientology creed emphasizes three key points: being free to enjoy religious expression, the idea that mental healing is inherently religious, and that healing of the physical body is in the spiritual domain. ", "precise_score": 2.5294437408447266, "rough_score": -4.759275436401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology promotes Scientology, a body of beliefs and related practices created by Hubbard, starting in 1952 as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. ", "precise_score": 2.809662342071533, "rough_score": -3.284172296524048, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The story of Xenu is part of Scientologist teachings about extraterrestrial civilizations and alien interventions in Earthly events, collectively described as space opera by Hubbard. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counseling known as \"auditing\", in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience painful or traumatic events in their past, in order to free themselves of their limiting effects. Study materials and auditing courses are made available to members in return for specified donations. Scientology is legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in the United States and other countries, and the Church of Scientology emphasizes this as proof that it is a bona fide religion.", "precise_score": -1.1438772678375244, "rough_score": -3.5674970149993896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard's image and writing are ubiquitous in Scientology churches. Churches built after Hubbard's death include a corporate-style office set aside for Hubbard's reincarnation, with a plaque on the desk bearing his name, and a pad of paper with a pen for him to continue writing novels. A large bust of Hubbard is placed in the chapel for Sunday services, and most sermons reference him and his writing. ", "precise_score": -1.7505077123641968, "rough_score": -5.147478103637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Since 2003, twenty-nine new churches or \"Ideal Orgs\" as referred to by the church, have been constructed, which are new or revamped buildings that the church has acquired and converted. The church states that the Ideal Orgs \"realize the fulfillment of Founder L. Ron Hubbard's vision for the religion and its churches.\" The Church of Scientology has continued to buy hotels and church buildings, a total of 62 in all in the past five years, under the leadership of the church’s ecclesiastical leader, David Miscavige. Some of the most notable Ideal Org openings are: Johannesburg, South Africa, which was opened on November 2, 2003 and expanded and rededicated on August 3, 2011; Rome, Italy; Malmo, Sweden; Dallas, Texas; Nashville, Tennessee; Washington D.C. Phoenix, Arizona, Inglewood, California; Santa Ana, California; Las Vegas, Nevada and Brussels, Belgium. Other locations where Ideal Orgs have opened are Florence, Kentucky; Clearwater, Florida; Sacramento, California; Melbourne, Australia; Mexico City, London, Quebec and Seattle, Washington. On Oct 31 2015, a new Scientology Ideal Org opened in Milan, Italy, at the entrance of the city from Sesto San Giovanni. The building was pegged as the “largest” Church of Scientology at almost 10,000 square meters and five stories. In April 2016, the Church of Scientology opened its first Ideal Org in Sandy Springs in Atlanta, Georgia. ", "precise_score": 0.2706538140773773, "rough_score": -4.38828182220459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Around 1982 all of the Hubbard's intellectual property was transferred to a newly formed entity called the Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) and then licensed to the Religious Technology Center (RTC) which, according to its own publicity, exists to safeguard and control the use of the Church of Scientology's copyrights and trademarks.", "precise_score": 2.0347886085510254, "rough_score": 0.14654244482517242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Unlike many well-established religious organizations, Scientology maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word Scientology (and many related terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a registered trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the trademarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the official Church (see Scientology and the legal system).", "precise_score": 0.48272016644477844, "rough_score": 2.810304880142212, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "* Scientology teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature. Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counseling known as auditing, in which practitioners aim to consciously re-experience and understand painful or traumatic events and decisions in their past in order to free themselves of their limiting effects.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528366088867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Religion" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Biographical accounts published by the Church of Scientology describe Hubbard as \"a child prodigy of sorts\" who rode a horse before he could walk and was able to read and write by the age of four. A Scientology profile says that he was brought up on his grandfather's \"large cattle ranch in Montana\" where he spent his days \"riding, breaking broncos, hunting coyote and taking his first steps as an explorer\". His grandfather is described as a \"wealthy Western cattleman\" from whom Hubbard \"inherited his fortune and family interests in America, Southern Africa, etc.\" Scientology claims that Hubbard became a \"blood brother\" of the Native American Blackfeet tribe at the age of six through his friendship with a Blackfeet medicine man. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.016543388366699, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "However, contemporary records show that his grandfather, Lafayette Waterbury, was a veterinarian, not a rancher, and was not wealthy. Hubbard was actually raised in a townhouse in the center of Helena. According to his aunt, his family did not own a ranch but did own one cow and four or five horses on a few acres of land outside the city. Hubbard lived over a hundred miles from the Blackfeet reservation. While some sources support Scientology's claim of Hubbard's blood brotherhood, other sources say that the tribe did not practice blood brotherhood and no evidence has been found that he had ever been a Blackfeet blood brother. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.332258701324463, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "During the 1920s the Hubbards repeatedly relocated around the United States and overseas. After Hubbard's father Harry rejoined the Navy, his posting aboard the USS Oklahoma in 1921 required the family to relocate to the ship's home ports, first San Diego, then Seattle. During a journey to Washington, D.C. in 1923 Hubbard learned of Freudian psychology from Commander Joseph \"Snake\" Thompson, a U.S. Navy psychoanalyst and medic. Scientology biographies describe this encounter as giving Hubbard training in a particular scientific approach to the mind, which he found unsatisfying. Hubbard was active in the Boy Scouts in Washington, D.C. and earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 1924, two weeks after his 13th birthday. In his diary, Hubbard claimed he was the youngest Eagle Scout in the U.S. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.052531719207764, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Between 1927 and 1929 Hubbard traveled to Japan, China, the Philippines and Guam. Scientology texts present this period in his life as a time when he was intensely curious for answers to human suffering and explored ancient Eastern philosophies for answers, but found them lacking. He is described as traveling to China \"at a time when few Westerners could enter\" and according to Scientology, spent his time questioning Buddhist lamas and meeting old Chinese magicians. According to church materials, his travels were funded by his \"wealthy grandfather\". In the summer of 1927, Hubbard took up teaching to the native Chamorros in Guam for several weeks. He returned to Asia in 1928 to stay longer. For fourteen months, he traveled around China and served as a helmsman and supercargo aboard a twin-masted coastal schooner, returning to finish high school at Swavely Prep School in Virginia and Woodward school for Boys in Washington, D.C. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9892191886901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Between October and December 1928 a number of naval families, including Hubbard's, traveled from Guam to China aboard the cargo ship . The ship stopped at Manila in the Philippines before traveling on to Qingdao (Tsingtao) in China. Hubbard and his parents made a side trip to Beijing before sailing on to Shanghai and Hong Kong, from where they returned to Guam. Scientology accounts say that Hubbard \"made his way deep into Manchuria's Western Hills and beyond — to break bread with Mongolian bandits, share campfires with Siberian shamans and befriend the last in the line of magicians from the court of Kublai Khan\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.69929313659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard studied civil engineering during his two years at George Washington University at the behest of his father, who \"decreed that I should study engineering and mathematics\". While he did not graduate from George Washington, his time there subsequently became important because, as George Malko puts it, \"many of his researches and published conclusions have been supported by his claims to be not only a graduate engineer, but 'a member of the first United States course in formal education in what is called today nuclear physics.'\" However, a Church of Scientology biography describes him as \"never noted for being in class\" and says that he \"thoroughly detest[ed] his subjects\". He earned poor grades, was placed on probation in September 1931 and dropped out altogether in the fall of 1932. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.091533660888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology accounts say that he \"studied nuclear physics at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., before he started his studies about the mind, spirit and life\" and Hubbard himself stated that he \"set out to find out from nuclear physics a knowledge of the physical universe, something entirely lacking in Asian philosophy\". His university records indicate that his exposure to \"nuclear physics\" consisted of one class in \"atomic and molecular phenomena\" for which he earned an \"F\" grade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.606846809387207, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Scientologists claim he was more interested in extracurricular activities, particularly writing and flying. According to church materials, \"he earned his wings as a pioneering barnstormer at the dawn of American aviation\" and was \"recognized as one of the country's most outstanding pilots. With virtually no training time, he takes up powered flight and barnstorms throughout the Midwest.\" His airman certificate, however, records that he qualified to fly only gliders rather than powered aircraft and gave up his certificate when he could not afford the renewal fee. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02199649810791, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard blamed the expedition's problems on the captain: \"the ship's dour Captain Garfield proved himself far less than a Captain Courageous, requiring Ron Hubbard's hand at both the helm and the charts.\" Specimens and photographs collected by the expedition are said by Scientology accounts to have been acquired by the University of Michigan, the U.S. Hydrographic Office, an unspecified national museum and the New York Times, though none of those institutions have any record of this. Hubbard later wrote that the expedition \"was a crazy idea at best, and I knew it, but I went ahead anyway, chartered a four-masted schooner and embarked with some fifty luckless souls who haven't stopped their cursings yet.\" He called it \"a two-bit expedition and financial bust\", which resulted in some of its participants making legal claims against him for refunds. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.310710430145264, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "After leaving university Hubbard traveled to Puerto Rico on what the Church of Scientology calls the \"Puerto Rican Mineralogical Expedition\". Scientologists claim he \"made the first complete mineralogical survey of Puerto Rico\" as a means of \"augmenting his [father's] pay with a mining venture\", during which he \"sluiced inland rivers and crisscrossed the island in search of elusive gold\" as well as carrying out \"much ethnological work amongst the interior villages and native hillsmen\". Hubbard's unofficial biographer Russell Miller writes that neither the United States Geological Survey nor the Puerto Rican Department of Natural Resources have any record of any such expedition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.772287368774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard was \"called to Hollywood\" to work on film scripts in the mid-1930s, although Scientology accounts differ as to exactly when this was (whether 1935, 1936 or 1937). He wrote the script for The Secret of Treasure Island, a 1938 Columbia Pictures movie serial. The Church of Scientology claims he also worked on the Columbia serials The Mysterious Pilot (1937), The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok (1938) and The Spider Returns (1941), though his name does not appear on the credits. Hubbard also claimed to have written Dive Bomber (1941), Cecil B. DeMille's The Plainsman (1936) and John Ford's Stagecoach (1939). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.943005561828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard's authorship in mid-1938 of a still-unpublished manuscript called Excalibur is highlighted by the Church of Scientology as a key step in developing the principles of Scientology and Dianetics. The manuscript is said by Scientologists to have outlined \"the basic principles of human existence\" and to have been the culmination of twenty years of research into \"twenty-one races and cultures including Pacific Northwest Indian tribes, Philippine Tagalogs and, as he was wont to joke, the people of the Bronx\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.962270259857178, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The manuscript later became part of Scientology mythology. An early 1950s Scientology publication offered signed \"gold-bound and locked\" copies for the sum of $1,500 apiece (equivalent to about $29,000 now). It warned that \"four of the first fifteen people who read it went insane\" and that it would be \"[r]eleased only on sworn statement not to permit other readers to read it. Contains data not to be released during Mr. Hubbard's stay on earth.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.30549430847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology accounts of the expedition describe \"Hubbard's recharting of an especially treacherous Inside Passage, and his ethnological study of indigenous Aleuts and Haidas\" and tell of how \"along the way, he not only roped a Kodiak Bear, but braved seventy-mile-an-hour winds and commensurate seas off the Aleutian Islands.\" They are divided about how far Hubbard's expedition actually traveled, whether 700 mi or 2000 mi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.602215766906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard was commissioned as a Lieutenant (junior grade) in the U.S. Naval Reserve on July 19, 1941. His military service forms a major element of his public persona as portrayed by Scientologists. The Church of Scientology presents him as a \"much-decorated war hero who commanded a corvette and during hostilities was crippled and wounded\". Scientology publications say he served as a \"Commodore of Corvette squadrons\" in \"all five theaters of World War II\" and was awarded \"twenty-one medals and palms\" for his service. He was \"severely wounded and was taken crippled and blinded\" to a military hospital, where he \"worked his way back to fitness, strength and full perception in less than two years, using only what he knew and could determine about Man and his relationship to the universe\". He said that he had seen combat repeatedly, telling A. E. van Vogt that he had once sailed his ship \"right into the harbor of a Japanese occupied island in the Dutch East Indies. His attitude was that if you took your flag down the Japanese would not know one boat from another, so he tied up at the dock, went ashore and wandered around by himself for three days.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.687709331512451, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard's war service has great significance in the history and mythology of the Church of Scientology, as he is said to have cured himself through techniques that would later underpin Scientology and Dianetics. According to Moulton, Hubbard told him that he had been machine-gunned in the back near the Dutch East Indies. Hubbard asserted that his eyes had been damaged as well, either \"by the flash of a large-caliber gun\" or when he had \"a bomb go off in my face\". Scientology texts say that he returned from the war \"[b]linded with injured optic nerves, and lame with physical injuries to hip and back\" and was twice pronounced dead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.843138694763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology says that Hubbard's key breakthrough in the development of Dianetics was made at Oak Knoll Naval Hospital in Oakland, California. According to the Church,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.988495349884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "An October 1945 Naval Board found that Hubbard was \"considered physically qualified to perform duty ashore, preferably within the continental United States\". He was discharged from hospital on December 4, 1945, and transferred to inactive duty on February 17, 1946. He resigned his commission with effect from October 30, 1950. The Church of Scientology says he quit because the U.S. Navy \"attempted to monopolize all his researches and force him to work on a project 'to make man more suggestible' and when he was unwilling, tried to blackmail him by ordering him back to active duty to perform this function. Having many friends he was able to instantly resign from the Navy and escape this trap.\" The Navy said in a statement in 1980: \"There is no evidence on record of an attempt to recall him to active duty.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.037148475646973, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church disputes the official record of Hubbard's naval career. It asserts that the records are incomplete and perhaps falsified \"to conceal Hubbard's secret activities as an intelligence officer\". In 1990 the Church provided the Los Angeles Times with a document that was said to be a copy of Hubbard's official record of service. The U.S. Navy told the Times that \"its contents are not supported by Hubbard's personnel record.\" The New Yorker reported in February 2011 that the Scientology document was considered by federal archivists to be a forgery. One author, Colonel L. Fletcher, retired US Air Force, speculated that Hubbard may have “worked in intelligence at a deep level” after examination of his naval records. Fletcheralso wrote that Hubbard was awarded significant accolades such as the “Unit Citation” (awarded by the United States president) and the \"Marine Medal\" (a rare award given to Navy line officers). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0712666511535645, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology accounts do not mention Hubbard's involvement in occultism. He is instead described as \"continu[ing] to write to help support his research\" during this period into \"the development of a means to better the condition of man\". The Church of Scientology has nonetheless acknowledged Hubbard's involvement with the OTO; a 1969 statement, written by Hubbard himself, said:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.887989044189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The VA eventually did increase his pension, but his money problems continued. On August 31, 1948, he was arrested in San Luis Obispo, California, and subsequently pleaded guilty to a charge of petty theft, for which he was ordered to pay a $25 fine. According to the Church of Scientology, around this time he \"accept[ed] an appointment as a Special Police Officer with the Los Angeles Police Department and us[ed] the position to study society's criminal elements\" and also \"worked with neurotics from the Hollywood film community\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.103612899780273, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "From Dianetics to Scientology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100327491760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Only six weeks after setting up the Hubbard College and marrying a staff member, 18-year-old Mary Sue Whipp, Hubbard closed it down and moved with his new bride to Phoenix, Arizona. He established a Hubbard Association of Scientologists International to promote his new \"Science of Certainty\"—Scientology. W. Vaughn Mccall, distinguished Professor and Chairman, Georgia Regents University, differentiates Scientology and Dianetics: Dianetics is all about releasing the mind from the “distorting influence of engrams,” and Scientology “is the study and handling of the spirit in relation to itself, universes and other life.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.202383995056152, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Rise of Scientology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.999094009399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard introduced a device called an E-meter that he presented as having, as Miller puts it, \"an almost mystical power to reveal an individual's innermost thoughts\". He promulgated Scientology through a series of lectures, bulletins and books such as A History of Man (\"a cold-blooded and factual account of your last sixty trillion years\") and Scientology: 8-8008 (\"With this book, the ability to make one's body old or young at will, the ability to heal the ill without physical contact, the ability to cure the insane and the incapacitated, is set forth for the physician, the layman, the mathematician and the physicist.\") ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.550873756408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology was organized in a very different way from the decentralized Dianetics movement. The Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS) was the only official Scientology organization. Training procedures and doctrines were standardized and promoted through HAS publications, and administrators and auditors were not permitted to deviate from Hubbard's approach. Branches or \"orgs\" were organized as franchises, rather like a fast food restaurant chain. Each franchise holder was required to pay ten percent of income to Hubbard's central organization. They were expected to find new recruits, known as \"raw meat\", but were restricted to providing only basic services. Costlier higher-level auditing was only provided by Hubbard's central organization. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.4870219230651855, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In February 1953, Hubbard acquired a doctorate from the unaccredited Sequoia University. According to a Scientology biography, this was \"given in recognition of his outstanding work on Dianetics\" and \"as an inspiration to the many people ... who had been inspired by him to take up advanced studies in this field ...\" The British government concluded in the 1970s that Sequoia University was a \"degree mill\" operated by Joseph Hough, a Los Angeles chiropractor. Miller cites a telegram sent by Hubbard on February 27, 1953, in which he instructed Scientologist Richard de Mille to procure him a Ph.D. from Hough urgently—\"FOR GOSH SAKES EXPEDITE. WORK HERE UTTERLY DEPENDANT ON IT.\" Hough's \"university\" was closed down by the Californian authorities in 1971. British government officials noted in a report written in 1977: \"It has not and never had any authority whatsoever to issue diplomas or degrees and the dean is sought by the authorities 'for questioning'.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.71079683303833, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology franchises became Churches of Scientology and some auditors began dressing as clergymen, complete with clerical collars. If they were arrested in the course of their activities, Hubbard advised, they should sue for massive damages for molesting \"a Man of God going about his business\". A few years later he told Scientologists: \"If attacked on some vulnerable point by anyone or anything or any organization, always find or manufacture enough threat against them to cause them to sue for peace ... Don't ever defend, always attack.\" Any individual breaking away from Scientology and setting up his own group was to be shut down:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.368961334228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The 1950s saw Scientology growing steadily. Hubbard finally achieved victory over Don Purcell in 1954 when the latter, worn out by constant litigation, handed the copyrights of Dianetics back to Hubbard. Most of the formerly independent Scientology and Dianetics groups were either driven out of business or were absorbed into Hubbard's organizations. Hubbard marketed Scientology through medical claims, such as attracting polio sufferers by presenting the Church of Scientology as a scientific research foundation investigating polio cases. One advertisement during this period stated:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.797614574432373, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology became a highly profitable enterprise for Hubbard. He implemented a scheme under which he was paid a percentage of the Church of Scientology's gross income and by 1957 he was being paid about $250,000 annually—equivalent to $1.9 million at 2010 prices. His family grew, too, with Mary Sue giving birth to three more children—Geoffrey Quentin McCaully on January 6, 1954; Mary Suzette Rochelle on February 13, 1955; and Arthur Ronald Conway on June 6, 1958. In the spring of 1959, he used his new-found wealth to purchase Saint Hill Manor, an 18th-century country house in Sussex, formerly owned by Sawai Man Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur. The house became Hubbard's permanent residence and an international training center for Scientologists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.623644828796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology says that the problems of this period were due to \"vicious, covert international attacks\" by the United States government, \"all of which were proven false and baseless, which were to last 27 years and finally culminated in the Government being sued for 750 million dollars for conspiracy.\" Behind the attacks, stated Hubbard, lay a vast conspiracy of \"psychiatric front groups\" secretly controlling governments: \"Every single lie, false charge and attack on Scientology has been traced directly to this group's members. They have sought at great expense for nineteen years to crush and eradicate any new development in the field of the mind. They are actively preventing any effectiveness in this field.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.462288856506348, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "He also sought to exert political influence, advising Scientologists to vote against Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election and establishing a Department of Government Affairs \"to bring government and hostile philosophies or societies into a state of complete compliance with the goals of Scientology\". This, he said, \"is done by high-level ability to control and in its absence by a low-level ability to overwhelm. Introvert such agencies. Control such agencies.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958660125732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The U.S. Government was already well aware of Hubbard's activities. The FBI had a lengthy file on him, including a 1951 interview with an agent who considered him a \"mental case\". Police forces in a number of jurisdictions began exchanging information about Scientology through the auspices of Interpol, which eventually led to prosecutions. In 1958, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service withdrew the Washington, D.C. Church of Scientology's tax exemption after it found that Hubbard and his family were profiting unreasonably from Scientology's ostensibly non-profit income. The Food and Drug Administration took action against Scientology's medical claims, seizing thousands of pills being marketed as \"radiation cures\" as well as publications and E-meters. The Church of Scientology was required to label them as being \"ineffective in the diagnosis or treatment of disease\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.144257545471191, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Following the FDA's actions, Scientology attracted increasingly unfavorable publicity across the English-speaking world. It faced particularly hostile scrutiny in Victoria, Australia, where it was accused of brainwashing, blackmail, extortion and damaging the mental health of its members. The Victorian state government established a Board of Inquiry into Scientology in November 1963. Its report, published in October 1965, condemned every aspect of Scientology and Hubbard himself. He was described as being of doubtful sanity, having a persecution complex and displaying strong indications of paranoid schizophrenia with delusions of grandeur. His writings were characterized as nonsensical, abounding in \"self-glorification and grandiosity, replete with histrionics and hysterical, incontinent outbursts\". Sociologist Roy Wallis comments that the report drastically changed public perceptions of Scientology:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.548349380493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The report led to Scientology being banned in Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia, and led to more negative publicity around the world. Newspapers and politicians in the UK pressed the British government for action against Scientology. In April 1966, hoping to form a remote \"safe haven\" for Scientology, Hubbard traveled to the southern African country Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) and looked into setting up a base there at a hotel on Lake Kariba. Despite his attempts to curry favour with the local government—he personally delivered champagne to Prime Minister Ian Smith's house, but Smith refused to see him—Rhodesia promptly refused to renew Hubbard's visa, compelling him to leave the country. In July 1968, the British Minister of Health, Kenneth Robinson, announced that foreign Scientologists would no longer be permitted to enter the UK and Hubbard himself was excluded from the country as an \"undesirable alien\". Further inquiries were launched in Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.807916641235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard took three major new initiatives in the face of these challenges. \"Ethics Technology\" was introduced to tighten internal discipline within Scientology. It required Scientologists to \"disconnect\" from any organization or individual—including family members—deemed to be disruptive or \"suppressive\". According to church-operated websites, “A person who disconnects is simply exercising his right to communicate or not to communicate with a particular person.\" Hubbard stated: “Communication, however, is a two-way flow. If one has the right to communicate, then one must also have the right to not receive communication from another. It is this latter corollary of the right to communicate that gives us our right to privacy.” Scientologists were also required to write \"Knowledge Reports\" on each other, reporting transgressions or misapplications of Scientology methods. Hubbard promulgated a long list of punishable \"Misdemeanors\", \"Crimes\", and \"High Crimes\". The \"Fair Game\" policy was introduced, which was applicable to anyone deemed an \"enemy\" of Scientology: \"May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.001668930053711, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "At the start of March 1966, Hubbard created the Guardian's Office (GO), a new agency within the Church of Scientology that was headed by his wife Mary Sue. It dealt with Scientology's external affairs, including public relations, legal actions and the gathering of intelligence on perceived threats. As Scientology faced increasingly negative media attention, the GO retaliated with hundreds of writs for libel and slander; it issued more than forty on a single day. Hubbard ordered his staff to find \"lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence on [Scientology's] attackers\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.8680419921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Finally, at the end of 1966, Hubbard acquired his own fleet of ships. He established the \"Hubbard Explorational Company Ltd\" which purchased three ships—the Enchanter, a forty-ton schooner, the Avon River, an old trawler, and the Royal Scotman , a former Irish Sea cattle ferry that he made his home and flagship. The ships were crewed by the Sea Organization or Sea Org, a group of Scientologist volunteers, with the support of a couple of professional seamen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.336173057556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "When Hubbard established the Sea Org he publicly declared that he had relinquished his management responsibilities. According to Miller, this was not true. He received daily telex messages from Scientology organizations around the world reporting their statistics and income. The Church of Scientology sent him $15,000 a week and millions of dollars were transferred to his bank accounts in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Couriers arrived regularly, conveying luxury food for Hubbard and his family or cash that had been smuggled from England to avoid currency export restrictions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.9362211227417, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Along the way, Hubbard sought to establish a safe haven in \"a friendly little country where Scientology would be allowed to prosper\", as Miller puts it. The fleet stayed at Corfu for several months in 1968–1969. Hubbard renamed the ships after Greek gods—the Royal Scotman was rechristened Apollo—and he praised the recently established military dictatorship. The Sea Org was represented as \"Professor Hubbard's Philosophy School\" in a telegram to the Greek government. In March 1969, however, Hubbard and his ships were ordered to leave. In mid-1972, Hubbard tried again in Morocco, establishing contacts with the country's secret police and training senior policemen and intelligence agents in techniques for detecting subversives. The program ended in failure when it became caught up in internal Moroccan politics, and Hubbard left the country hastily in December 1972. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.283310413360596, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Scientologists around the world were presented with a glamorous picture of life in the Sea Org and many applied to join Hubbard aboard the fleet. What they found was rather different from the image. Most of those joining had no nautical experience at all. Mechanical difficulties and blunders by the crews led to a series of embarrassing incidents and near-disasters. Following one incident in which the rudder of the Royal Scotman was damaged during a storm, Hubbard ordered the ship's entire crew to be reduced to a \"condition of liability\" and wear gray rags tied to their arms. The ship itself was treated the same way, with dirty tarpaulins tied around its funnel to symbolize its lower status. According to those aboard, conditions were appalling; the crew was worked to the point of exhaustion, given meagre rations and forbidden to wash or change their clothes for several weeks. Hubbard maintained a harsh disciplinary regime aboard the fleet, punishing mistakes by confining people in the Royal Scotman bilge tanks without toilet facilities and with food provided in buckets. At other times erring crew members were thrown overboard with Hubbard looking on and, occasionally, filming. David Mayo, a Sea Org member at the time, later recalled:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.041577339172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "From about 1970, Hubbard was attended aboard ship by the children of Sea Org members, organized as the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO). They were mainly young girls dressed in hot pants and halter tops, who were responsible for running errands for Hubbard such as lighting his cigarettes, dressing him or relaying his verbal commands to other members of the crew. In addition to his wife Mary Sue, he was accompanied by all four of his children by her, though not his first son Nibs, who had defected from Scientology in late 1959. The younger Hubbards were all members of the Sea Org and shared its rigors, though Quentin Hubbard reportedly found it difficult to adjust and attempted suicide in mid-1974. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.781752109527588, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "During the 1970s, Hubbard faced an increasing number of legal threats. French prosecutors charged him and the French Church of Scientology with fraud and customs violations in 1972. He was advised that he was at risk of being extradited to France. Hubbard left the Sea Org fleet temporarily at the end of 1972, living incognito in Queens, New York, until he returned to his flagship in September 1973 when the threat of extradition had abated. Scientology sources say that he carried out \"a sociological study in and around New York City\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.98855209350586, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "He remained active in managing and developing Scientology, establishing the controversial Rehabilitation Project Force in 1974 and issuing policy and doctrinal bulletins. However, the Sea Org's voyages were coming to an end. The Apollo was banned from several Spanish ports and was expelled from Curaçao in October 1975. The Sea Org came to be suspected of being a CIA operation, leading to a riot in Funchal, Madeira, when the Apollo docked there. At the time, The Apollo Stars, a musical group founded by Hubbard and made up entirely of shipbound members of the Sea Org, was offering free on-pier concerts in an attempt to promote Scientology, and the riot occurred at one of these events. Hubbard decided to relocate back to the United States to establish a \"land base\" for the Sea Org in Florida. The Church of Scientology attributes this decision to the activities on the Apollo having \"outgrow[n] the ship's capacity\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.881194114685059, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Throughout this period, Hubbard was heavily involved in directing the activities of the Guardian's Office (GO), the legal bureau/intelligence agency that he had established in 1966. He believed that Scientology was being attacked by an international Nazi conspiracy, which he termed the \"Tenyaka Memorial\", through a network of drug companies, banks and psychiatrists in a bid to take over the world. In 1973, he instigated the \"Snow White Program\" and directed the GO to remove negative reports about Scientology from government files and track down their sources. The GO was ordered to \"get all false and secret files on Scientology, LRH  ... that cannot be obtained legally, by all possible lines of approach ... i.e., job penetration, janitor penetration, suitable guises utilizing covers.\" His involvement in the GO's operations was concealed through the use of codenames. The GO carried out covert campaigns on his behalf such as Operation Bulldozer Leak, intended \"to effectively spread the rumor that will lead Government, media, and individual [Suppressive Persons] to conclude that LRH has no control of the C of S and no legal liability for Church activity\". He was kept informed of GO operations, such as the theft of medical records from a hospital, harassment of psychiatrists and infiltrations of organizations that had been critical of Scientology at various times, such as the Better Business Bureau, the American Medical Association, and American Psychiatric Association. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.184911727905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Members of the GO infiltrated and burglarized numerous government organizations, including the U.S. Department of Justice and the Internal Revenue Service. After two GO agents were caught in the Washington, D.C. headquarters of the IRS, the FBI carried out simultaneous raids on GO offices in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. on July 7, 1977. They retrieved wiretap equipment, burglary tools and some 90,000 pages of incriminating documents. Hubbard was not prosecuted, though he was labeled an \"unindicted co-conspirator\" by government prosecutors. His wife Mary Sue was indicted and subsequently convicted of conspiracy. She was sent to a federal prison along with ten other Scientologists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.56678581237793, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In Hubbard's absence, members of the Sea Org staged a takeover of the Church of Scientology and purged many veteran Scientologists. A young Messenger, David Miscavige, became Scientology's de facto leader. Mary Sue Hubbard was forced to resign her position and her daughter Suzette became Miscavige's personal maid. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.668093681335449, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "He was still closely involved in managing the Church of Scientology via secretly delivered orders and continued to receive large amounts of money, of which Forbes magazine estimated \"at least $200 million [was] gathered in Hubbard's name through 1982.\" In September 1985, the IRS notified the Church that it was considering indicting Hubbard for tax fraud. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.084779739379883, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard suffered further ill-health, including chronic pancreatitis, during his residence at Whispering Winds. He suffered a stroke on January 17, 1986, and died a week later. His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered at sea. Scientology leaders announced that his body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to \"drop his body\" to continue his research on another planet, having \"learned how to do it without a body\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.825654029846191, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The copyrights of his works and much of his estate and wealth were willed to the Church of Scientology. In a bulletin dated May 5, 1980, Hubbard told his followers to preserve his teachings until an eventual reincarnation when he would return \"not as a religious leader but as a political one\". The Church of Spiritual Technology (CST), a sister organization of the Church of Scientology, has engraved Hubbard's entire corpus of Scientology and Dianetics texts on steel tablets stored in titanium containers. They are buried at the Trementina Base in a vault under a mountain near Trementina, New Mexico, on top of which the CST's logo has been bulldozed on such a gigantic scale that it is visible from space. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3575029373168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In the late 1970s two men began to assemble a very different picture of Hubbard's life. Michael Linn Shannon, a resident of Portland, Oregon, became interested in Hubbard's life story after an encounter with a Scientology recruiter. Over the next four years he collected previously undisclosed records and documents. He intended to write an exposé of Hubbard and sent a copy of his findings and key records to a number of contacts but was unable to find a publisher. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.036611557006836, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Shannon's findings were acquired by Gerry Armstrong, a Scientologist who had been appointed Hubbard's official archivist. He had been given the job of assembling documents relating to Hubbard's life for the purpose of helping Omar V. Garrison, a non-Scientologist who had written two books sympathetic to Scientology, to write an official biography. However, the documents that he uncovered convinced both Armstrong and Garrison that Hubbard had systematically misrepresented his life. Garrison refused to write a \"puff piece\" and declared that he would not \"repeat all the falsehoods they [the Church of Scientology] had perpetuated over the years\". He wrote a \"warts and all\" biography while Armstrong quit Scientology, taking five boxes of papers with him. The Church of Scientology and Mary Sue Hubbard sued for the return of the documents while settling out of court with Garrison, requiring him to turn over the nearly completed manuscript of the biography. In October 1984 Judge Paul G. Breckenridge ruled in Armstrong's favor, saying:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.6156110763549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "L. Ron Hubbard" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology is an organization devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology, a new religious movement. The Church of Scientology International is the Church of Scientology's parent organization, and is responsible for the overall management and dissemination of Scientology at the international level. At a local level, every church is separately incorporated and has its own board of directors and executives. The first Scientology church was incorporated in December 1953 in Camden, New Jersey by L. Ron Hubbard. Its international headquarters are located at the Gold Base, located in an unincorporated area of Riverside County, California, the location of which is kept secret from most Scientologists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.690860271453857, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The highest authority in the Church of Scientology is The Church of Scientology International (CSI) and the Religious Technology Center (RTC), whose headquarters are in Los Angeles. CSI \"is the mother church and has the mission of propagating the Scientology creed around the world.\" RTC's main function is to ensure that the teachings of Scientology are maintained and disseminated according to Hubbard's original work. Scientology Missions International is under CSI and RTC and functions as \"the central church to Scientology missions worldwide.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.226515769958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard had official control of the organization until 1966 when this function was transferred to a group of executives. Although Hubbard maintained no formal relationship with Scientology's management, he remained firmly in control of the organization and its affiliated organizations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.819581985473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In May 1987, following Hubbard's death, David Miscavige, Hubbard’s video photographer and former personal assistant, assumed the position of Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), a non-profit corporation that administers the trademarked names and symbols of Dianetics and Scientology. Although RTC is a separate corporation from the Church of Scientology International, whose president and chief spokesperson is Heber Jentzsch, Miscavige is the effective leader of the movement. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.467640399932861, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology teaches that people are immortal spiritual beings who have forgotten their true nature. Scientology’s central mythology developed around the original notion of the thetan. In Scientology, the thetan is the individual expression of “theta,” described by Neusner as “the cosmic source and life force.” The thetan is the true human identity, rendering humans as “pure spirit and godlike.” The religion’s mythology holds the belief that “in the primordial past, thetans applied their creative abilities to form the physical universe.” Contrary to the biblical narrative that shows that the universe was created by a divine, sole creator, Scientology holds that “the universe was created by theta in the form of individualized expressions.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.374531269073486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology describes itself as the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, others, and all of life. According to the Encyclopedia of American Religions, it is “concerned with the isolation, description, handling and rehabilitation of the human spirit.” One purpose of Scientology, as stated by the Church of Scientology, is to become certain of one's spiritual existence and one's relationship to God, or the \"Supreme Being.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.631620407104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "One of the major tenets of Scientology is that a human is an immortal alien spiritual being, termed a thetan, that is presently trapped on planet Earth in a physical \"meat body.\" Hubbard described these thetans in \"The Space Opera\" cosmogony. The thetan has had innumerable past lives and it is accepted in Scientology that lives preceding the thetan's arrival on Earth lived in extraterrestrial cultures. Descriptions of space opera incidents are seen as true events by Scientologists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.26140832901001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology claims that its practices provide methods by which a person can achieve greater spiritual awareness. Within Scientology, progression from level to level is often called The Bridge to Total Freedom. Scientologists progress from \"Preclear\", to \"Clear\", and ultimately \"Operating Thetan\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.661062240600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "Scientologists are taught that a series of events, or incidents, occurred before life on earth. Scientologists also believe that humans have hidden abilities which can be unlocked. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244913101196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology organizations and missions exist in many communities around the world. Scientologists call their larger centers orgs, short for \"organizations.\" The major Scientology organization of a region is known as a central org. The legal address of the Church of Scientology International is in Los Angeles, California, 6331 Hollywood Blvd, in the Hollywood Guaranty Building. The Church of Scientology also has several major headquarters, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7636079788208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Hubbard moved to England shortly after founding Scientology, where he oversaw its worldwide development from an office in London for most of the 1950s. In 1959, he bought Saint Hill Manor, a Georgian manor house near the Sussex town of East Grinstead. During Hubbard’s years in Saint Hill, he traveled extensively, providing lectures and training in Australia, South Africa in the United States, and developing materials that would eventually become Scientology’s “core systematic theology and praxis.” While in Saint Hill, Hubbard worked with a staff of nineteen and urged others to join. In September 14, 1959, he wrote: “Here, on half a hundred acres of lovely grounds in a mansion where we have not yet found all the bedrooms, we are handling the problems of administration and service for the world of Scientology. We are not very many here and as the sun never sets on Scientology we are very busy thetans.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.271488666534424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The most important achievement of the Saint Hill period was Hubbard’s execution of the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course (SHBC). It was delivered by Hubbard from March 1951 to December 1966 and “is considered the single most comprehensive and rigorous training course for budding auditors in the church.” Scientology groups called “Saint Hill Organizations” located in Los Angeles, Clearwater (Florida), Copenhagen and Sydney still teach this course. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.143498420715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "This became the worldwide headquarters of Scientology through the 1960s and 1970s. Hubbard declared Saint Hill to be the organization by which all other organizations would be measured, and he issued a general order (still followed today) for all organizations around the world to expand and reach \"Saint Hill size\". The Church of Scientology has announced that the next two levels of Scientology teaching, OT 9 and OT 10, will be released and made available to church members when all the major organizations in the world have reached Saint Hill size.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.202227592468262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The \"worldwide spiritual headquarters\" of the Church of Scientology is known as \"Flag Land Base,\" located in Clearwater, Florida. It is operated by the Floridian corporation Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.7056303024292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The organization was founded in the late 1970s when a Scientology-founded group called \"Southern Land Development and Leasing Corp\" purchased the Fort Harrison Hotel for $2.3 million. Because the reported tenant was the \"United Churches of Florida\" the citizens and City Council of Clearwater did not realize that the building's owners were actually the Church of Scientology until after the building's purchase. Clearwater citizens' groups, headed by Mayor Gabriel Cazares, rallied strongly against Scientology establishing a base in the city (repeatedly referring to the organization as a cult), but Flag Base was established nonetheless. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.128846168518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In the years since its foundation, Flag Base has expanded as the Church of Scientology has gradually purchased large amounts of additional property in the downtown and waterfront Clearwater area. Scientology's largest project in Clearwater has been the construction of a high-rise complex called the \"Super Power Building,\" Scientology's new Flag Building \"is the centerpiece of a 160-million construction campaign.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061759948730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology leader David Miscavige led the opening and dedication of the 377,000-square-foot Flag Building on November 17, 2013. The multi-million cathedral is the new spiritual headquarters of Scientology. The fifth and sixth floor contain the “Super Power Program”, which includes specially designed machines that Scientologists believe allow users to develop new abilities and experience enlightenment. The building also includes a dining facility, course rooms, offices and small rooms for “auditing” purposes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.904146194458008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related organizations in the world, with the church's most visible presence being in the Hollywood district of the city. The organization owns a former hospital on Fountain Avenue which houses Scientology's West Coast headquarters, the Pacific Area Command Base — often referred to as \"PAC Base\" or \"Big Blue\", after its blue paint job. Adjacent buildings include headquarters of several internal Scientology divisions, including the American Saint Hill Organization, the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles, and the Church of Scientology of Los Angeles. All these organizations are integrated within the corporation Church of Scientology Western United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.842926979064941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through this complex \"L. Ron Hubbard Way.\" The street has been paved in brick. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.58997917175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology's Celebrity Center International is located on Franklin Avenue, while the Association for Better Living and Education, Author Services and the official headquarters of the Church of Scientology International (in the Hollywood Guaranty Building) are all located on Hollywood Boulevard. The ground floor of the Guaranty Building also features the L. Ron Hubbard Life Exhibition, a museum detailing his life that is open to the general public. The Celebrity Centre was acquired by the church as the Chateau Elysee in 1973, built to accommodate members in the arts, sports and government. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.70569372177124, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The headquarters of the Religious Technology Center, the entity that oversees Scientology operations worldwide, is located in unincorporated Riverside County, California, near Gilman Hot Springs and north of Hemet. The facility, known as Gold Base or \"Int\", is owned by Golden Era Productions and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios. Several Scientology executives, including David Miscavige, live and work at the base. Therefore, Gold Base is Scientology's international administrative headquarters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.436869621276855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology bought a former resort, which had been popular with Hollywood figures, in 1978; the resort became Gold Base. The facilities at Gold Base have been toured by journalists several times. They are surrounded by floodlights and video observation cameras, and the compound is protected by razor wire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.717948913574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology maintains a large base on the outskirts of Trementina, New Mexico, for the purpose of storing their archiving project: engraving Hubbard's writings on stainless steel tablets and encasing them in titanium capsules underground. An aerial photograph showing the base's enormous Church of Spiritual Technology symbols on the ground caused media interest and a local TV station broke the story in November 2005. According to a Washington Post report, the organization unsuccessfully attempted to coerce the station not to air the story. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.175860404968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The cruise ship Freewinds was the only place the highest level of Scientology training (OT VIII) was offered. It cruised the Caribbean Sea, under the auspices of the Flag Ship Service Organization. The Freewinds was also used for other courses and auditing for those willing to spend extra money to get services on the ship. In April 2008, the Freewinds was sealed, and work stopped on refurbishments, due to \"extensive contamination\" with blue asbestos. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251906394958496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology Ideal Orgs ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.324701309204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Golden Era Productions facility is located in the Hollywood Guaranty Building. It produces promotional materials for the Church of Scientology, as well as lectures, training films and other materials related to Hubbard. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.354169845581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Occupying 185,000 square feet, the dissemination center prints Church magazines and other Scientology materials in 15 languages. The center has a custom-built web press with a 55 thousand pages per hour capacity. According to a Church press release, the center's warehousing and shipping department is fully automated, with the capability to address and handle half a million items per week. This system is connected \"directly into the US Postal Service, with a postal representative on site.\" The center also produces Scientology materials in various other languages as well as promotional materials and uniforms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244141578674316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology Media Productions ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.099205017089844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Scientology Media Productions media center was inaugurated on May 28, 2016. The facility has a 150 feet communications tower marked with a Scientology symbol. The five-acre complex on the intersection of Sunset and Hollywood in Hollywood, California, was originally built in 1912 and was the site of the KCET studios. It was restored by the church for content creation and delivery in print, broadcast and online media. The production house has been opened to other religious organizations and nonprofits for various events and programming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627666473388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "There are many independently chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and pay license fees for the use of Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.11352825164795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology denies the legitimacy of any splinter groups and factions outside the official organization, and has tried to prevent independent Scientologists from using officially trademarked Scientology materials. Independent Scientologists, also known collectively as the \"Free Zone\" are referred to as squirrels within the Church. They are also classified by the Church of Scientology as suppressive persons (\"SPs\")—opponents or enemies of Scientology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726964950561523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 2010, an exception to the rule was made specifically for the Nation of Islam, which is the only officially sanctioned external Dianetics organization and the first official non-Scientology Dianetics org since 1953. Minister Louis Farrakhan publicly announced his embracement of Dianetics, and has been actively promoting Dianetics, while stating he has not become a Scientologist. He has courted a relationship with the Church, and materials and certifications are still required to be purchased from the Church of Scientology, and are not independently produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.441973686218262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientology Missions International ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.373570442199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Scientology Missions International, the branch of the Church of Scientology devoted to Missions, was set up in 1981. According to the church’s official website, the SMI is the “mother church” for all missions, with headquarters in Los Angeles. In 1983, there were forty missions. Currently, the church has grown to an estimated 3,200 missions, churches and groups. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928731918334961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "The Sea Organization (often simply referred to as the \"Sea Org\") is an unincorporated fraternal religious order founded in 1967 by Hubbard as he embarked on a series of voyages around the Mediterranean Sea in a small fleet of ships entirely staffed by Scientologists. Hubbard—formerly a lieutenant junior grade in the US Navy—bestowed the rank of \"Commodore\" of the vessels upon himself. The crew who accompanied him on these voyages became the foundation of the Sea Org.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.931240558624268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Sea Org is described by the church as forming an elite group of the most dedicated Scientologists, who are entrusted with the international management of Scientology and upper level churches such as the Advanced Organization Los Angeles, American Saint Hill Organization, Flag Service Organization and Celebrity Center International. Sea Org members are also in charge of the upper levels of Operating Thetan (OT) training. The organization is known as the \"monastic wing of Scientology.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.336682319641113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientologists who are qualified to do so are often encouraged to join the Sea Org, which involves a lifetime commitment to Scientology organizations in exchange for room and board, training and auditing, and a small weekly allowance. Members sign an agreement pledging their loyalty and allegiance to Scientology for \"the next billion years,\" committing their future lifetimes to the Sea Org. The Sea Org's motto is \"Revenimus\" (or \"We Come Back\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.036839485168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Critics of Scientology have spoken out against the disciplinary procedures and policies of the Sea Org, which have been a source of controversy since its inception and variously described as abusive and illegal. Former Sea Org members have stated that punishments in the late 1960s and early 1970s included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.089879035949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology began its \"Volunteer Ministers\" program as a way to participate in community outreach projects. Volunteer Ministers travel to the scenes of major disasters in order to provide assistance with relief efforts. According to critics, these relief efforts consist of passing out copies of a pamphlet authored by Hubbard entitled The Way to Happiness, and engaging in a method said to calm panicked or injured individuals known in Scientology as a \"touch assist.\" Accounts of the Volunteer Ministers' effectiveness have been mixed, and touch assists are not supported by scientific evidence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.1734619140625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The RTC employs lawyers and has pursued individuals and groups who have legally attacked Scientology or who are deemed to be a legal threat to Scientology. This has included breakaway Scientologists who practice Scientology outside the central church and critics, as well as numerous government and media organizations. This has helped to maintain Scientology's reputation for litigiousness (see Scientology and the legal system).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.814417839050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Founded in 1989, the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) is an umbrella organization that administers six of Scientology's social programs:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.521673202514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Citizens' Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), co-founded with Thomas Szasz in 1969, is an activist group whose stated mission is to \"eradicate abuses committed under the guise of mental health and enact patient and consumer protections.\" It has been described by critics as a Scientology front group. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.195003509521484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.700406551361084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "* Internet ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologist Sky Dayton as a Scientology enterprise. The company now distances itself from the views of its founder, who has moved on to become CEO of Helio (wireless carrier), formerly known as SK-EarthLink.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696914672851562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the form of powerful or respected people.Joel Sappell and Robert W. Welkos, Times Staff Writers, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062790a,0,3614832.story Courting the Power Brokers] The Los Angeles Times, June 27, 1990", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.134724617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Though it has attained some credibility as a religion in many countries, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and a commercial enterprise. Some of the Church's actions also brought scrutiny from the press and law enforcement. For example, it has been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Game people it perceives as its enemies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.791892051696777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S. history. Scientologists were also convicted of fraud, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.756997108459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's \"high level of visibility\" may be perceived as \"threatening to established social institutions\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.427556991577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to \"The Church of Scientology of California\" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959), Denmark (1968), Sweden (1969), and Germany (1970). In the 1970s the religion spread through Europe: in Austria (1971), Holland (1972), Italy (1978), and Switzerland (1978). Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12.5 million to the IRS—greatly less than IRS had initially demanded—and the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization. In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential transition team soliciting public input for the incoming administration. The U.S. State Department has criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published annual International Religious Freedom report, based on the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5746378898620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In some countries Scientology is treated legally as a commercial enterprise, and not as a religion or charitable organization. In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. In several countries, public proselytizing undergoes the same restrictions as commercial advertising, which is interpreted as persecution by Scientology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.543120384216309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Although the religious nature of Scientology has been questioned both in the United States and around the world, Scientology has been acknowledged as a new religion as manifested in the Church's court victories and the gain of religious rights and privileges that are exclusive to legally established religious bodies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.463953018188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church has also in the past made use of aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as trying to suppress them, known as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored The Scandal of Scientology, a 1970 exposé book about the Church and its founder. This action was known as Operation Freakout. Using blank paper known to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed. All charges against Cooper were dismissed, though she had spent more than $20,000 on legal fees for her defense.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.581920623779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Yet it has continued to aggressively target people it deems suppressive. In 1998, regarding its announcement that it had hired a private investigator to look into the background of a Boston Herald writer who had written a series on the church, Robert W. Thornburg, dean of Marsh Chapel at Boston University, said, \"No one I know goes so far as to hire outsiders to harass or try to get intimidating data on critics. Scientology is the only crowd that does that.\" It has apparently continued as recently as 2010. In 2007 when BBC journalist John Sweeney was making Scientology and Me, an investigative report about the Church and was the subject of harassment: Sweeny subsequently made a follow up documentary, The Secrets of Scientology, in 2010 during which he was followed and filmed on multiple occasions and one of his interviewees was followed back to his home. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.204270362854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Some key activities of the Church of Scientology carry risks for members, and the deaths of some Scientologists have brought attention to the Church both due to the circumstances of their demises and their relationship with Scientology possibly being a factor.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,972865-1,00.html The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power] TIME magazine, May. 06, 1991 By Richard Behar. By all appearances, Noah Lottick of Kingston, Pa., had been a normal, happy 24-year-old who was looking for his place in the world... his fingers were still clutching $171 in cash, virtually the only money he hadn't yet turned over to the Church of Scientology, the self-help \"philosophy\" group he had discovered just seven months earlier. In 1995, Lisa McPherson was involved in a minor automobile accident while driving on a Clearwater, Florida street. Following the collision, she exited her vehicle, stripped naked and showed further signs of mental instability, as noted by a nearby ambulance crew that subsequently transported her to a nearby hospital. Hospital staff decided that she had not been injured in the accident, but recommended keeping her overnight for observation. Following intervention by fellow Scientologists, McPherson refused psychiatric observation or admission at the hospital and checked herself out against medical advice after a short evaluation. She was taken to the Fort Harrison Hotel, a Scientology retreat, to receive a Church sanctioned treatment called Introspection Rundown. She had previously received the Introspection Rundown in June of that year. She was locked in a room for 17 days, where she died. Her appearance after death was that of someone who had been denied water and food for quite some time, being both underweight and severely dehydrated. Additionally, her skin was covered with over one hundred insect bites, presumably from cockroaches. The state of Florida pursued criminal charges against the Church. The Church has repeatedly denied any wrongdoing, and now makes members sign a waiver before Introspection Rundown specifically stating that they (or anyone on their behalf) will not bring any legal action against the organization over injury or death. These charges attracted press coverage and sparked lawsuits. Eight years later, Elli Perkins, another adherent to Scientology's beliefs regarding psychiatry, was stabbed to death by her mentally disturbed son. Though Elli Perkins's son had begun to show symptoms of schizophrenia as early as 2001, the Perkins family chose not to seek psychiatric help for him and opted instead for alternative remedies sanctioned by Scientology. The death of Elli Perkins at the hands of a disturbed family member, one whose disease could have been treated by methods and medications banned by Scientology, again raised questions in the media about the Church's methods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.321243286132812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "In addition, the Church has been implicated in kidnapping members who have recently left the church. In 2007, Martine Boublil was kidnapped and held for several weeks against her will in Sardinia by four Scientologists. She was found on January 22, 2008, clothed only in a shirt. The room she was imprisoned in contained refuse and an insect infested mattress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092907905578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "On Friday March 28, 2008, Kaja Bordevich Ballo, daughter of Olav Gunnar Ballo, Norwegian parliament member and vice president of the Norwegian Odelsting, took a Church of Scientology personality test while studying in Nice. Her friends and co-inhabitants claim she was in good spirits and showed no signs of a mental breakdown, but the report from the Church of Scientology said she was \"depressed, irresponsible, hyper-critical and lacking in harmony\". A few hours later she committed suicide by jumping from her balcony at her dorm room leaving a note telling her family she was sorry for not \"being good for anything\". The incident has brought forward heavy criticism against the Church of Scientology from friends, family and prominent Norwegian politicians. Inga Marte Thorkildsen, parliament member, went as far as to say \"Everything points to the scientology cult having played a direct role in making Kaja choose to take her own life\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.421712875366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Members of the public entering a Scientology center or mission are offered a \"free personality test\" called the Oxford Capacity Analysis by Scientology literature. The test, despite its name and the claims of Scientology literature, has no connection to Oxford University or any other research body. Scientific research into three test results came to the conclusion that \"we are forced to a position of skepticism about the test's status as a reliable psychometric device\" and called its scientific value \"negligible\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.711503028869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Further proselytization practices - commonly called \"dissemination\" of Scientology - include information booths, flyers and advertisement for free seminars, Sunday Services in regular newspapers and magazines, personal contacts and sales of books. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.791460990905762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Recent legal actions involving Scientology's relationship with its members (see Scientology controversy) have caused the organization to publish extensive legal documents that cover the rights granted to followers. It has become standard practice within the organization for members to sign lengthy legal contracts and waivers before engaging in Scientology services, a practice that contrasts greatly with almost every mainstream religious organization. In 2003, a series of media reports examined the legal contracts required by Scientology, which state, among other things, that followers deny any psychiatric care their doctors may prescribe to them. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.387410163879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "It is difficult to obtain reliable membership statistics. The International Association of Scientologists (IAS), the official Church membership system since 1984, has never released figures. Church spokespersons either give numbers for their countries or a worldwide figure. Some national censuses have recently included questions about religious affiliations, though the United States Census Bureau states that it is not the source for information on religion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010248184204102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 2007, the German national magazine Der Spiegel reported about 8 million members worldwide, about 6000 of them in Germany, with only 150-200 members in Berlin. In 1993, a spokesperson of Scientology Frankfurt had mentioned slightly more than 30,000 members nationwide. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930948257446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The organization has said that it has anywhere from eight million to fifteen million members worldwide. Derek Davis stated in 2004 that the Church organization has around 15 million members worldwide. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the church's estimates of its membership numbers are exaggerated: \"You're talking about anyone who ever bought a Scientology book or took a basic course. Ninety-nine percent of them don't ever darken the door of the church again.\" Melton has stated that If the claimed figure of 4 million American Scientologists were correct, \"they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.316720008850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "The \"Scientologists Online\" website presents \"over 16,000 Scientologists On-Line\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339212417602539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "* In 2001, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) reported that there were 55,000 adults in the United States who consider themselves Scientologists. A 2008 survey of American religious affiliations by the US Census Bureau estimated there to be 25,000 Americans identifying as Scientologists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.632580757141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "* The 2001 United Kingdom census contained a voluntary question on religion, to which approximately 48,000,000 chose to respond. Of those living in England and Wales who responded, a total of 1,781 said they were Scientologists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.219388961791992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "* In 2001, Statistics Canada, the national census agency, reported a total of 1,525 Scientologists nationwide, up from 1,220 in 1991. In 2011 census the number of scientologist raised to 1,745. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.297398567199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "* In 2005, the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution estimated a total of 5,000 – 6,000 Scientologists in that country, and mentioned a count of 12,000 according to Scientology Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142989158630371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "* In the 2006 New Zealand census, 357 people identified themselves as Scientologists, although a Church spokesperson estimated there were between 5,000 and 6,000 Scientologists in the country. Earlier census figures were 207 in the 1991 census, 219 in 1996, and 282 in 2001.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.134881019592285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientologist", "passage": "* In 2006, Australia's national census recorded 2,507 Scientologists nationwide, up from 1,488 in 1996, and 2,032 in 2001. The 2011 census however found a decrease of 13.7 per cent from the 2006 census. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307005882263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "* In 2011 support for Scientology in Switzerland was said to have experience a steady decline from 3,000 registered members in 1990 to 1,000 members and the organisation was said to be facing extinction in the country. A Church of Scientology spokeswoman rejected the figures insisting that the organisation had 5,000 “passive and active members in Switzerland.”", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.055829048156738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The Church of Scientology and its large network of corporations, non-profits and other legal entities are estimated to make around 500 million US dollars in annual revenue. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229701042175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Scientologists can attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions for a set range of \"fixed donations\"; however, membership without courses or auditing is possible. According to a sociological report entitled \"Scientology: To Be Perfectly Clear\", progression between levels above \"clear\" status cost $15,760.03 in 1980 (without including additional special treatments). Scientologists can choose to be audited by a fellow Scientologist rather than by a staff member. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.275206565856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Critics say it is improper to fix a donation for religious service; therefore the activity is non-religious. Scientology points out many classes, exercises and counseling may also be traded for \"in kind\" or performed cooperatively by students for no cost, and members of its most devoted orders can make use of services without any donations bar that of their time. A central tenet of Scientology is its Doctrine of Exchange, which dictates that each time a person receives something, he or she must give something back. By doing so, a Scientologist maintains \"inflow\" and \"outflow\", avoiding spiritual decline. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.595318794250488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "Government opinions of Scientology ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.161643028259277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "While a number of governments now give the Church of Scientology protections and tax relief as an officially recognized religion, other sources describe the Church as a pseudoreligion or a cult. Sociologist Stephen Kent published at a Lutheran convention in Germany that he likes to call it a transnational corporation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.498956680297852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "There is currently no legal restriction in Australia on the practice of Scientology. In 1983 the High Court of Australia dealt with the question whether the Church of Scientology is a religious institution and as such not subject to payroll tax. The Court unanimously confirmed the Church of Scientology to be a religious institution. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.785211563110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "On November 18, 2009 the Church came under fire from an Independent senator in the Commonwealth Parliament, Nick Xenophon. Under parliamentary privilege in the Senate, Xenophon declared that the Church of Scientology is a criminal organisation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968182563781738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In September 2007, a Belgian prosecutor announced that they had finished an investigation of Scientology and said they would probably bring charges. The church said the prosecutor's public announcement falsely suggested guilt even before a court could hear any of the charges. In December 2012, Belgian officials completed their file on Scientology and brought charges of extortion, illegal medicine, various breaches of privacy, and fraud. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3072509765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In France, a parliamentary report classified Scientology as a dangerous cult. On November 22, 1996, the leader of the Lyons Church of Scientology, Jean-Jacques Mazier, was convicted of fraud and involuntary homicide and sentenced to eighteen months in prison for his role in the death of a member who committed suicide after going deeply into debt to pay for Scientology auditing sessions. Fourteen others were convicted of fraud as well. In 2009, members of the church were sued for fraud and practicing pharmacology without a license, and the Church was convicted of fraud in October 2009, being fined €600,000, with additional fines and suspended prison sentences for four officers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130799293518066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In an interview on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation current affairs radio program The Current with Hana Gartner, former high-ranking Scientology official Mark Rathbun commented that the decision to convict the Church of Scientology of fraud in France would not have a significant impact on the organization. \"On the France thing I don't think that's going to have any lasting impact, simply because they got a nine hundred thousand dollar fine I think - which is like chump change to them. They've got literally nearly a billion dollars set aside in a war chest,\" said Rathbun.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.240384101867676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In Germany, official views of Scientology are particularly skeptical. In Germany it is seen as a totalitarian anti-democratic organization and is under observation by national security organizations due to, among other reasons, suspicion of violating the human rights of its members granted by the German Constitution, including Hubbard's pessimistic views on democracy vis-à-vis psychiatry and other such features. In December 2007, Germany's interior ministers said that they considered the goals of Church of Scientology to be in conflict with the principles of the nation's constitution and would seek to ban the organization. The plans were quickly criticised as ill-advised. The plans to ban Scientology were finally dropped in November 2008, after German officials found insufficient evidence of illegal activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.2900972366333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The legal status of the Church of Scientology in Germany is still awaiting resolution; some courts have ruled that it is a business, others have affirmed its religious nature. The German government has affirmed that it does not consider the Church of Scientology to be a religious community.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783172607421875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "As in most European countries, the Church of Scientology is not officially recognized in Ireland as a charitable organization, but it is free to promote Scientology beliefs. The Irish government has not invited the Church of Scientology to national discussions on secularization by the Religious Council of Ireland. The meetings were attended by Roman Catholic bishops, representatives of the Church of Ireland, Ireland's Chief Rabbi, and Muslim leaders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.416280746459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In Israel, according to Israeli professor of psychology Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, \"in various organizational forms, Scientology has been active among Israelis for more than thirty years, but those in charge not only never claimed the religion label, but resisted any such suggestion or implication. It has always presented itself as a secular, self-improvement, tax-paying business.\" Those \"organizational forms\" include a Scientology Organization in Tel Aviv. Another Israeli Scientology group called \"The Way to Happiness\" (or \"Association for Prosperity and Security in the Middle East\") works through local Scientologist members to promote The Way to Happiness. An Israeli CCHR chapter runs campaigns against perceived abuses in psychiatry. Other Scientology campaigns, such as \"Youth for Human Rights International\" are active as well. There is also an ultra-Orthodox Jewish group that opposes Scientology and other cults or missionary organizations in Israel, Lev L'Achim, whose anti-missionary department in 2001 provided a hotline and other services to warn citizens of Scientology's \"many types of front organizations\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.024113655090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "On October 17, 2013, a Dutch court ruled that \"the Amsterdam arm of Scientology is a charitable organization and exempt from paying taxes.\" DutchNews.nl reported that the court ruled \"The Scientology Church in Amsterdam be treated in the same way as other church and faith-based organisations and allowed to claim tax breaks.\" The appeal court also ruled that \"Scientology's classes don't differ significantly from what other spiritual organizations do, or can do.\" The court noted \"Scientology movement's training programmes are not the same as those offered by commercial companies because people who cannot afford them pay a reduced fee or get them free\" and that \"the courses are aimed at spiritual and theoretical enlightenment.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.807876586914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The European Court of Human Rights ruled in April 2007 that Russia's denial to register the Church of Scientology as a religious community was a violation of Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights (freedom of assembly and association) read in the light of Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion)\". In July 2007, the St. Petersburg City Court closed down that city's Scientology center for violating its charter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.00846004486084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "On October 31, 2007, the National Court in Madrid issued a decision recognizing that the National Church of Scientology of Spain should be entered in the Registry of Religious Entities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.866455078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "The UK government's 1971 official report into Scientology was highly critical, although concluded that it would be unfair to ban the Church outright. The UK government does not classify the Church of Scientology as a religious institution and it is not a registered charity. However, in 2000, the Church of Scientology was exempted from UK value added tax on the basis that it is a not-for-profit body. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.761699676513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In December 2013, the UK Supreme Court officially ruled that Scientology is a religion, in response to a 5-year legal battle by Scientologist Louisa Hodkin to marry at the Church of Scientology chapel in central London. With the new ruling, the Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths now recognize weddings performed within Scientology chapels and redefined religion so that it was \"not... confined to those with belief in a supreme deity.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.861629486083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 1979 Hubbard's wife, Mary Sue Hubbard, along with ten other highly placed Scientology executives were convicted in United States federal court regarding Operation Snow White, and served time in an American federal prison. Operation Snow White involved infiltration, wiretapping and theft of documents in government offices, most notably those of the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.820259094238281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "In 1993, however, the United States IRS recognized Scientology as a \"non-profit charitable organization,\" and gave it the same legal protections and favorable tax treatment extended to other non-profit charitable organizations. A New York Times article says that Scientologists paid private investigators to obtain compromising material on the IRS commissioner and blackmailed the IRS into submission. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.061840057373047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" }, { "answer": "Scientology", "passage": "However, this matter is still ongoing. On February 8, 2008, three judges in the US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals \"expressed deep skepticism\" over the IRS's position that treatment of Scientology is \"irrelevant to the deductions the Orthodox Jews, Michael and Marla Sklar, took for part of their children's day school tuition and for after-school classes in Jewish law\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231888771057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Church of Scientology" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Presidency of Herbert Hoover", "Jessie Hoover", "Herbert Hoover", "Herbert C. Hoover", "31st President of the United States", "Herbert Clark Hoover", "Hoover, Herbert Clark", "President Hoover", "Hoover Administration", "President Herbert Hoover" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "herbert c hoover", "herbert hoover", "hoover administration", "hoover herbert clark", "herbert clark hoover", "presidency of herbert hoover", "jessie hoover", "president herbert hoover", "31st president of united states", "president hoover" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "herbert hoover", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Herbert Hoover" }

[ { "answer": "President Hoover", "passage": "From the point of view of today's mainstream schools of economic thought, government should strive to keep the interconnected macroeconomic aggregates money supply and/or aggregate demand on a stable growth path. When threatened by the forecast of a depression central banks should pour liquidity into the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing. At the beginning of the Great Depression most economists believed in Say's law and the self-equilibrating powers of the market and failed to explain the severity of the Depression. Outright leave-it-alone liquidationism was a position mainly held by the Austrian School. The liquidationist position was that a depression is good medicine. The idea was the benefit of a depression was to liquidate failed investments and businesses that have been made obsolete by technological development in order to release factors of production (capital and labor) from unproductive uses so that these could be redeployed in other sectors of the technologically dynamic economy. They argued that even if self-adjustment of the economy took mass bankruptcies, then so be it. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences. Regarding the policies of President Hoover, economists like Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that President Hoover tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932, when he lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and replaced him. Despite liquidationist expectations, a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed but vanished during the first years of the Great Depression. According to a study by Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence Summers, the recession caused a drop of net capital accumulation to pre-1924 levels by 1933. Milton Friedman called the leave-it-alone liquidationism \"dangerous nonsense\". He wrote:", "precise_score": -5.87986421585083, "rough_score": -8.879631996154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Depression" }, { "answer": "31st President of the United States", "passage": "Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–33). He was a professional mining engineer and was raised as a Quaker. A Republican, Hoover served as head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War I, and became internationally known for humanitarian relief efforts in war-time Belgium. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric \"economic modernization.\"", "precise_score": 5.0488152503967285, "rough_score": 5.107433319091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "By 1914, Hoover was a wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $4 million. He was once quoted as saying \"If a man has not made a million dollars by the time he is forty, he is not worth much\". By 1914, Hoover stood eventually to obtain what he later described as \"a large fortune from these Russian industries, probably more than is good for anybody\". Sixty-six years after opening the mine in 1897, Hoover still had a partial share in the Sons of Gwalia mine when it finally closed in 1963, just one year before the former President's death in New York City in 1964. The successful mine had yielded $55m in gold and $10m in dividends for investors.Hoover, Herbert C. (1952). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover Years of Adventure 1874–1920. London: Hollis & Carter. p. 33 Herbert Hoover, acting as a main investor, financier, mining speculator, and organizer of men, played a major role in the important metallurgical developments that occurred in Broken Hill in the first decade of the twentieth century, developments that had a great impact on the mining and production of silver, lead, and zinc. In later years Hoover thought of himself and his associates as \"engineering doctors to sick concerns\", hence his reputation as the \"Doctor of sick mines\". ", "precise_score": -6.26568078994751, "rough_score": -8.131254196166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 broke the banks and levees of the lower Mississippi River in early 1927, resulting in flooding of millions of acres and leaving 1.5 million people displaced from their homes. Although such a disaster did not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, the governors of six states along the Mississippi specifically asked for Herbert Hoover in the emergency. President Calvin Coolidge sent Hoover to mobilize state and local authorities, militia, army engineers, the Coast Guard, and the American Red Cross.", "precise_score": -9.67784309387207, "rough_score": -9.169427871704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "The historic townsite of Gwalia, Western Australia contains the Sons of Gwalia Museum and the Hoover House Bed and Breakfast, the renovated and restored Mining Engineers residence that was the original residence of Herbert Hoover and where he stayed in subsequent visits to the mine during the first decade of the twentieth century. ", "precise_score": -7.157906532287598, "rough_score": -9.08287239074707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include William Howard Taft's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover's work on government reorganization after World War II. Grover Cleveland, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875. John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.081793785095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "Since Herbert Hoover, each president has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois, the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by Texas A&M University and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the University of Texas at Austin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.99870491027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "Two economists of the 1920s, Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster, popularized a theory that influenced many policy makers, including Herbert Hoover, Henry A. Wallace, Paul Douglas, and Marriner Eccles. It held the economy produced more than it consumed, because the consumers did not have enough income. Thus the unequal distribution of wealth throughout the 1920s caused the Great Depression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16083812713623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Depression" }, { "answer": "President Hoover", "passage": "By 1932, unemployment had reached 23.6%, peaking in early 1933 at 25%. Drought persisted in the agricultural heartland, businesses and families defaulted on record numbers of loans, and more than 5,000 banks had failed. Hundreds of thousands of Americans found themselves homeless, and began congregating in shanty towns – dubbed \"Hoovervilles\" – that began to appear across the country. In response, President Hoover and Congress approved the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, to spur new home construction, and reduce foreclosures. The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to stimulate the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (ERA) which included funds for public works programs such as dams and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) in 1932. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and bank runs and bank failures continued. Quarter by quarter the economy went downhill, as prices, profits and employment fell, leading to the political realignment in 1932 that brought to power Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It is important to note, however, that after volunteerism failed, Hoover developed ideas that laid the framework for parts of the New Deal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.96920108795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Depression" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "Herbert Hoover was born on August 10, 1874, in West Branch, Iowa, the first of his office born in that state and west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover (1849–80), was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German (Pfautz, Wehmeyer), Swiss (Huber, Burkhart), and British Isles ancestry. Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoover's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn (1849–84), was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, and was of English and Irish ancestry. Both of his parents were Quakers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.770875930786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert C. Hoover", "passage": "During this time, Hoover made a strong impression on the American Ambassador to Great Britain, Walter Page. In a Memoranda dated December 30, 1916, Page wrote: Mr. Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, would, if opportunity should offer, make a useful officer in the State Department. He is probably the only man living who has privately (i.e., without holding office) negotiated understandings with the British, French, German, Dutch, and Belgian governments. He personally knows and has had direct dealings with these governments, and his transactions with them", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821611404418945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "It has been suggested that Herbert Hoover was the best Secretary of Commerce in United States history. Hoover was the last President to have held a full cabinet position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.33808422088623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "With a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Hoover set up health units to work in the flooded regions for a year. These workers stamped out malaria, pellagra, and typhoid fever from many areas. His work during the flood brought Herbert Hoover to the front page of newspapers almost everywhere, and he gained new accolades as a humanitarian. The great victory of his relief work, he stressed, was not that the government rushed in and provided all assistance; it was that much of the assistance available was provided by private citizens and organizations in response to his appeals. \"I suppose I could have called in the Army to help\", he said, \"but why should I, when I only had to call upon Main Street.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.804868698120117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "Hoover's only real challenger was Frank Orren Lowden, a former governor of Illinois. Hoover received much favorable press coverage in the months leading up to the convention. Lowden's campaign manager complained that newspapers were full of \"nothing but advertisements for Herbert Hoover and Fletcher's Castoria\". Hoover's reputation, experience, and popularity coalesced to give him the Republican nomination on the first ballot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82059383392334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Hoover Administration", "passage": "The final attempt of the Hoover Administration to rescue the economy occurred in 1932 with the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, which authorized funds for public works programs and the creation of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). The RFC's initial goal was to provide government-secured loans to financial institutions, railroads and farmers. The RFC had minimal impact at the time, but was adopted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and greatly expanded as part of his New Deal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.498595237731934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "President Hoover", "passage": "President Hoover had become convinced that the Democrats deliberately were destroying the economy of the country and erecting roadblocks against every measure he offered to the Congress to restore balance to the economy ... all for the purpose of winning an election. Just a few weeks before the 1932 election, we were standing near a window in the Oval Office. His cigar was frayed and out, and he was in deep thought and obviously troubled. He turned aside and said that he had accepted a speaking engagement in Des Moines, Iowa, in three days and that the U.S. Secret Service had warned him that it had uncovered evidence of plots by radical elements to assassinate him if he kept it. Turmoil and uncertainty prevailed in the country, but there was absolutely no fear in his expression; to the contrary, there appeared to be an abundance of personal courage. Frankly, my heart went out to him, but I pointed out that fate and destiny played a part in the lives of all presidents and that I felt all possible precautions should be taken to protect him but that he should appear and make one of the greatest speeches of his administration. He smiled and said, \"Osro, that's what I have already decided to do. Your concurrence is comforting.\" ... ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.821272850036621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Hoover Administration", "passage": "After the election, Hoover requested that Roosevelt retain the Gold standard as the basis of the US currency, and in effect, continue many of the Hoover Administration's economic policies. Roosevelt refused. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85329818725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "In 1939, former President Herbert Hoover became the first Honorary Chairman of Tolstoy Foundation in Valley Cottage, New York, served in this capacity until his death in 1964. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.23682975769043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "By the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. His birthplace in Iowa and an Oregon home where he lived as a child, became National Landmarks during his lifetime. His Rapidan fishing camp in Virginia, which he had donated to the government in 1933, is now a National Historic Landmark within the Shenandoah National Park. Hoover and his wife are buried at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa. Hoover was honored with a state funeral, the last of three in a span of 12 months, coming as it did just after the deaths of President John F. Kennedy and General Douglas MacArthur. Former Chaplain of the Senate Frederick Brown Harris officiated. All three had two things in common: the commanding general of the Military District of Washington during those funerals was Army Major General Philip C. Wehle and the riderless horse was Black Jack, who also served in that role during Lyndon B. Johnson's funeral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.74862289428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is located in West Branch, Iowa next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration. The Hoover-Minthorn House, where Hoover lived from 1885 to 1891, is located in Newberg, Oregon. The Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, built in 1919 in Stanford, California, is now the official residence of the president of Stanford University, and a National Historic Landmark. Hoover's rustic rural presidential retreat, Rapidan Camp (also known as Camp Hoover) in the Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, has been restored and opened to the public. The Hoover Dam is named in his honor, as are numerous elementary, middle, and high schools across the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.556427001953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" }, { "answer": "Herbert Hoover", "passage": "One line in the All in the Family theme song—an ironic exercise in pre–New Deal nostalgia—says \"Mister, we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379045486450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Herbert Hoover" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Commodity (Marxism)", "Commodity", "M-C-M'", "Commodity items", "Homogeneous products", "Commodities", "Commoditty", "Measurable commodity", "C-M-C'", "Commodity item" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "commodities", "homogeneous products", "commoditty", "commodity", "commodity marxism", "m c m", "commodity items", "c m c", "commodity item", "measurable commodity" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "commodities", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Commodities" }

[ { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "Pit is a fast-paced card game for three to seven players, designed to simulate open outcry bidding for commodities. The game was developed for Parker Brothers and first sold in 1904. It is currently being produced by Winning Moves. This popular version of the game was developed by Edgar Cayce, who would also become famous for his psychic predictions.[http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/140 History of Pit] at boardgamegeek.com. Accessed August 2007", "precise_score": 3.2282426357269287, "rough_score": 5.892698764801025, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodity", "passage": "Versions of the game starting in the 1970s contained a bell used to start trading. The first player to hold all nine cards of a commodity would ring the bell.", "precise_score": -2.71738600730896, "rough_score": -6.729551315307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "Pit has no turns, and everyone plays at once. Players trade commodities among one another by each blindly exchanging one to four cards of the same type. The trading process involves calling out the number of cards one wishes to trade until another player holds out an equal number of cards. The two parties then exchange the cards face down.", "precise_score": 0.6315634250640869, "rough_score": -3.379054069519043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "Some decks consists of 74 cards with nine cards each of eight different commodities. The specific commodities have varied over the various editions of the game, but those used in most modern editions are Barley, Corn, Coffee, Oranges, Oats, Soybeans, Sugar and Wheat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.071577072143555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "The classic version has seven commodities consisting of; flax, hay, oats, rye, corn, barley, and wheat. Two special cards are also included, the Bull and the Bear; use of these cards is optional.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.724564552307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "The number of commodities included in each round is equal to the number of players. Each player is dealt nine cards; two players get ten if the Bull and Bear are included.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.833273887634277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodity", "passage": "When a player has nine cards of the same commodity, he or she will call out \"Corner on...\" the commodity they have obtained, ending the round. (In deluxe editions of the game, a bell is rung instead.) That player then earns points equal to the number value of the commodity they \"went out\" with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.376081466674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodity", "passage": "The Bull card is considered wild and can be used to complete any set. If a player wins a round while holding all nine cards of one commodity as well as the Bull, they earn double the score for that round. A player cannot win while holding the Bear. At the end of each round, the player holding the Bear and any losing player holding the Bull each forfeit 20 points.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.202537536621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "The original edition contained only seven commodities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.827034950256348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "Newer versions include seven or eight commodities, replacing Flax, Hay and Rye with Oranges, Coffee, Sugar and Soybeans.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030418395996094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" }, { "answer": "Commodities", "passage": "The 100th anniversary edition released in 2004 included a reproduction of the original edition as well as a brand new edition that featured 8 \"modernized\" commodities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.006463050842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pit (game)" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "The midnight hour", "Solar midnight", "Midnight", "00:00" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "midnight hour", "solar midnight", "midnight", "00 00" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "midnight", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Midnight" }

[ { "answer": "Midnight", "passage": "Witching hour is a term in occult belief that refers to the time at which creatures such as witches, demons, and ghosts are thought to appear and to be at their most powerful, and at which black magic is thought to be at its most effective because the period from 3AM to 4 AM is the span where there are no Catholic church services and prayers which are marked by the Canonical hours which are also three regular hours in length, but in modern times that fact is mostly forgotten so the terms is usually used to refer to midnight and 2 AM recognized as the witching hour by some neopagans.. ", "precise_score": 9.56859302520752, "rough_score": 9.634096145629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Witching hour" }, { "answer": "Midnight", "passage": "In medieval times, midnight was when it was believed that witches emerged to practice the occult. Women caught out late at night could have been suspected of witchcraft if they did not have a legitimate reason to be out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2744836807250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Witching hour" } ]

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[ { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Jann Simon Wenner (born January 7, 1946) is the co-founder and publisher of the popular culture biweekly Rolling Stone, as well as the current owner of Men's Journal and Us Weekly magazines. Born in New York City, Wenner graduated from Chadwick School and later attended the University of California, Berkeley. He dropped out, but while at Berkeley he participated in the Free Speech Movement. Wenner, with his mentor Ralph J. Gleason, co-founded of Rolling Stone in 1967 with the help of a loan from family members and soon to be wife. Later in his career, several musicians alleged that Wenner was unfairly biased against their work, thus hindering their induction into the Hall of Fame. Wenner received the Norman Mailer Prize in 2010 for his work in the publishing industry.", "precise_score": 1.9673124551773071, "rough_score": 2.3657212257385254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "In 1967, Wenner and Gleason founded Rolling Stone in San Francisco. To get the magazine started, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from family members and from the family of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. ", "precise_score": 1.7755060195922852, "rough_score": -2.581054210662842, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "The magazine's circulation dipped briefly in the late 1970s/early 1980s as Rolling Stone responded slowly in covering the emergence of punk rock and again in the 1990s, when it lost ground to Spin and Blender in coverage of hip hop. Wenner hired former FHM editor Ed Needham, who was then replaced by Will Dana, to turn his flagship magazine around, and by 2006, Rolling Stones circulation was at an all-time high of 1.5 million copies sold every fortnight. In May 2006, Rolling Stone published its 1000th edition with a holographic, 3-D cover modeled on The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover. ", "precise_score": -4.3939666748046875, "rough_score": -4.435305118560791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "In 1977, Rolling Stone shifted its base of operations from San Francisco to New York City. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.934927940368652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Wenner has been involved in the conducting and writing of many of the magazine's famous Rolling Stone Interviews. Some of his more recent interview subjects have included: Bill Clinton, Al Gore, John Kerry, and Barack Obama for the magazine during their election campaigns and in November 2005 had a major interview with U2 rockstar Bono, which focused on music and politics. Wenner's interview with Bono received a National Magazine Award nomination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.571834564208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Rolling Stone and Jann Wenner are chronicled in two books, Gone Crazy and Back Again as well as Rolling Stone: The Uncensored History. Former Rolling Stone journalist David Weir is working on a biography, as is poet and Beat historian Lewis MacAdams. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.047568321228027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Wenner was credited with spawning the music sensitized generation that served as the launchpad for the visions of Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs in an October 2010 [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-ehrmann/cultural-revolution-redux_b_1021844.html Huffington Post] column by Eric Ehrmann, one of his early Rolling Stone writers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.231784343719482, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Hunter S. Thompson was to provide Rolling Stone coverage for the 1976 Presidential Campaign that would appear in a book published by the magazine. Reportedly, as Thompson was waiting for a $75,000 advance check to arrive, he learned that Wenner canceled the endeavor without telling Thompson.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9746479988098145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Wenner then asked Thompson to travel to Vietnam to report on what appeared to be the closing of the Vietnam War. Thompson accepted and arrived with the country in chaos, just as the United States was preparing to evacuate and other journalists were scrambling to find transportation out of the region. While there, Thompson learned that Wenner had canceled this excursion as well, and Thompson found himself in Vietnam without health insurance or additional financial support. Thompson's story about the fall of Saigon would not be published in Rolling Stone until ten years later.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.140393257141113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "In the summer following the start of Rolling Stone, Wenner and Jane Schindelheim were married in a small Jewish ceremony. Wenner and his wife separated in 1995, though Jane Wenner still remains a vice president of Wenner Media. She and Wenner have three sons, Alexander Jann, Theodore \"Theo\" Simon, and Edward Augustus, known as Gus, head of Wenner Media's digital operations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.676676750183105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "*In 1985, Wenner had a Rolling Stone cover photograph of Don Johnson digitally edited to remove the handgun and holster from the Miami Vice star because of Wenner's opposition to handguns. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.556193351745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "*Amy Ray lambasted Wenner as \"Rolling Stone's most fearless leader\" in her song \"Lucystoners\" from her 2001 solo debut Stag, accusing him of discriminating against women artists in favor of a \"boys' club of rock.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.542656898498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "*In March 2014, it was announced that the publisher Knopf had acquired a biography of Wenner by journalist Joe Hagan for a seven-figure price. It will be published in 2017 to mark the 50th anniversary of Rolling Stone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.261871337890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" }, { "answer": "Rolling Stone", "passage": "Select Rolling Stone Interview bibliography", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.388246536254883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jann Wenner" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Ray Mancini", "Ray 'Boom-Boom' Mancini", "Ray Boom-Boom' Mancini", "Boom Boom Mancini" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "ray mancini", "ray boom boom mancini", "boom boom mancini" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "ray mancini", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Ray Mancini" }

[ { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "Kim Duk-Koo (January 8, 1955 - November 18, 1982) was a South Korean boxer who died following a world championship boxing match against Ray Mancini. His death sparked a number of reforms in the sport aimed to better protect the health of fighters, including reducing the number of rounds in championship bouts from 15 to 12.", "precise_score": 3.3204123973846436, "rough_score": 5.15330696105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Duk-koo" }, { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "* Duk Koo Kim and Ray Mancini are featured in the song \"Boom Boom Mancini\" by Warren Zevon.", "precise_score": -0.36241888999938965, "rough_score": -6.156932830810547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Duk-koo" }, { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing). Examples of this style include George Foreman, Rocky Marciano, Julio Cesar Chavez, Roberto Duran, Danny García, Wilfredo Gómez, Sonny Liston, John L. Sullivan, Max Baer, Prince Naseem Hamed, Ray Mancini, David Tua, Arturo Gatti, Micky Ward, Brandon Ríos, Ruslan Provodnikov, Michael Katsidis, James Kirkland, Marcos Maidana, Jake Lamotta, Manny Pacquiao, and Ireland's John Duddy. This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxers Rocky Balboa and James \"Clubber\" Lang.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.454047203063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" }, { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "ki-mancinikim111207 \"Mancini and Kim forever linked\"], Yahoo Sports but not by Ray Mancini, who believed the fight would be a \"war\". Kim struggled to lose weight in the days prior to the bout so that he could weigh in under the lightweight's 135-pound limit. Before the fight, Kim was quoted as saying \"Either he dies or I die.\" He wrote the message \"live or die\" on his Las Vegas hotel lamp shade only days before the bout (a mistaken translation led to \"kill or be killed\" being reported in the media).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.3160080909729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Duk-koo" }, { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "Kim Chi-Wan became a dentist. In 2011 mother and son had a meeting with Ray Mancini as part of a documentary on the life of Mancini called The Good Son. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.660700798034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Duk-koo" }, { "answer": "Ray Mancini", "passage": "| Ray Mancini", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.409379959106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kim Duk-koo" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Alka Seltzer", "Alka seltzer", "Alka-Selzer", "Alka selzer", "I Can't Believe I Ate the Whole Thing", "Alka-Seltzer Plus", "Alcasalzer", "Alka-seltzer", "Alka Selzer", "Alkaseltzer", "Mamma Mia, that's a spicy meatball", "Alka selzter", "Try it, you'll like it", "Alka-Seltzer", "Speedy Alka-Seltzer", "Alka-selzer", "Alka-Mints" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "mamma mia that s spicy meatball", "alka selzer", "i can t believe i ate whole thing", "speedy alka seltzer", "alcasalzer", "try it you ll like it", "alka mints", "alkaseltzer", "alka selzter", "alka seltzer", "alka seltzer plus" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "alka seltzer", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Alka-Seltzer" }

[ { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "The product has been extensively advertised since its launch in the U.S. It was originally marketed by Mikey Wiseman, a company scientist of Dr. Miles Medicine Company, who also helped direct its development. Print advertising was used immediately, and in 1932 the radio show Alka-Seltzer Comedy Star of Hollywood began, with National Barn Dance following in 1933, along with many more. The radio sponsorships continued into the 1950s, ending with the Alka-Seltzer Time show.", "precise_score": -7.819895267486572, "rough_score": -8.757516860961914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* Buster Keaton appeared along with the animated Speedy Alka-Seltzer figure in a series of 1950s commercials based on the product's then-current slogan, \"Relief is just a swallow away.\" Speedy Alka-Seltzer was voiced by Dick Beals. Speedy was revived for one of the \"Plop, plop, fizz, fizz\" song spots in 1978. ", "precise_score": -8.461010932922363, "rough_score": -9.23375415802002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* A 1970 commercial shows a newlywed couple in the bedroom after the woman (played by Alice Playten) has finished serving her husband (played by Terry Kiser) a giant dumpling; the implication is that her cooking skills are severely lacking, despite her husband's lament, \"I can't believe I ate that whole thing!\", the commercial's catch-phrase. She lies on the bed in delusional triumph. She offers her beleaguered husband a heart-shaped meatloaf; he disappears to take some Alka-Seltzer. When she hears the fizzy noise coming from the bathroom, he quickly covers the glass of dissolving Alka-Seltzer as she wonders aloud if it is raining. Just when he has recovered his well-being, he hears her misreading recipes for dinner the next night: \"Marshmallowed meatballs,\" ,\"medium salad snails and \"pouched (actually poached) oysters\". He returns to the bathroom for more Alka-Seltzer. The catch-phrase, Howie Cohen told The Los Angeles Times, was inspired when he ate too much of the food at a London commercial shoot because \"I am a nice Jewish kid from the Bronx, so I ate everything,\" and when he told his wife \"I can't believe I ate the whole thing\", she said, \"There's your next Alka-Seltzer commercial.\" ", "precise_score": 3.9451498985290527, "rough_score": -4.6132612228393555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* In 1972, an actor (Milt Moss) spent the commercial moaning, \"I can't believe I ate that who-o-o-o-o-ole thing,\" while his wife (Lynn Whinic) made sarcastic comments and finally advised him to take some Alka-Seltzer. In 2005, this ad was also remade, featuring Peter Boyle and Doris Roberts from the 1996–2005 TV sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond.", "precise_score": 3.6979360580444336, "rough_score": -4.782984733581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "Alka-Seltzer is an effervescent antacid and pain reliever first marketed by the Dr. Miles Medicine Company of Elkhart, Indiana. It was developed by head chemist Maurice Treneer. Alka-Seltzer is marketed for relief of minor aches, pains, inflammation, fever, headache, heartburn, stomachache, indigestion, and hangovers, while neutralizing excess stomach acid. It was launched in 1931. A spin-off of Alka-Seltzer made to relieve colds and flu, Alka-Seltzer Plus, was later introduced. A short-lived antacid non-aspirin variant, Alka-Mints, was introduced in 1994 and discontinued in 1997. Another non-aspirin-based variant, Alka-Seltzer Gold, was later released.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.427569389343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "Since 1978 Alka-Seltzer has been owned by Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany. The name \"Alka-Seltzer\" has been extended to incorporate an entire line of medications sold over the counter and taken by means of rapidly dissolving tablets that form a carbonated solution in water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029074668884277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "Alka-Seltzer contains three active ingredients; aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) (ASA), sodium bicarbonate, and anhydrous", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.376165390014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "Two years after its launch came the repeal of Prohibition in the US, and Alka-Seltzer became Miles' new flagship product, displacing Miles Nervine Tonic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.352124214172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "In 1951 the \"Speedy\" character was introduced. The character was originally conceived by creative director George Pal of the Wade Ad Agency and designed by illustrator Wally Wood. Originally named Sparky, the name was changed to Speedy by sales manager Perry L. Shupert to align with that year's promotional theme, \"Speedy Relief.\" Speedy appeared in over 200 TV commercials between 1954 and 1964. His body was one Alka-Seltzer tablet, while he wore another as a hat. In his original spots he sang \"Relief is just a swallow away\"; in his 1978 revival he proclaimed Alka-Seltzer's virtues and sang the \"Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is\" song in his high, squeaky voice (provided by veteran juvenile voice actor Dick Beals). In the early 1960s a commercial showing two tablets dropping into a glass of water instead of the usual one caused sales to double. In December 2010 Alka-Seltzer began a series of new commercials featuring Speedy, using CGI effects to recreate the stop-motion puppetry of the 1950s and 1960s, with Speedy voiced by Debi Derryberry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.143802642822266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "Alka-Seltzer TV ads from the 1960s and 1970s in the US were among the most popular of the 20th century, ranking number 13, according to Advertising Age. To increase sales in a relatively flat business, Bayer has revived several of the vintage spots.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.823497772216797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "securely strapped in place. They'll track our ship with radar and telescopes and soon, imagine seeing Speedy Alka-Seltzer on the moon!\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40326976776123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* George Raft starred in the 1969 Alka-Seltzer commercial \"The Unfinished Lunch.\" It consists of Raft incarcerated and in the prison lunchroom. He takes a bite of the prison food and recoils. Suddenly he bangs his cup on the steel table. It ripples throughout the room. He starts intoning \"Alka-Seltzer, Alka-Seltzer...\" Soon, the other hundreds of inmates do the same. (The commercial was so popular that several weeks later Raft appeared as a guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Raft told Carson that it took more than 7 hours to tape the 30-second commercial. Raft was enraged by the end of the day, thus making his inmate portrayal that much more convincing for the final editing. The film crew gave Raft his crumpled tin cup, which he showed to Carson and the audience.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025415420532227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* An animated mid-1960s commercial, animated by R.O. Blechman, shows a man and his own stomach sitting opposite each other in chairs, having an argument moderated by their therapist in a voiceover. The stomach (voiced by Gene Wilder) accuses the man of purposely trying to irritate it. The man accuses his stomach of complaining too much about the foods he likes. The therapist suggests Alka-Seltzer, and further suggests that the two must take care of each other. The closing words are of the stomach saying to the man: \"Well, I'll try — if you will\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.987922668457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* Alka-Seltzer had a series of commercials during the mid-1960s that used a song called \"No Matter What Shape (Your Stomach's In).\" A different version was recorded by the T-Bones and was released as a single, which became a hit in 1966. The ads were unique in that they featured only the midsections (no faces) of people of all shapes and sizes. A version of this ad can be seen briefly in the 1988 motion picture, The In Crowd, immediately before the movie's first live broadcast of the fictitious \"Perry Parker's Dance Party.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.201726913452148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Alka-Seltzer", "passage": "* In an Alka-Seltzer commercial from 1969, an actor (played by Jack Somack ) in a commercial for the fictional product \"Magdalini's Meatballs\" has to eat a meatball and then say \"Mamma mia, that's-a spicy meat-a ball-a!\" in an ersatz Italian accent. Take after take is ruined by some comedic trial or another (comedian Ronny Graham dropping the clapperboard). By the commercial's end, \"Jack\" has eaten so many meatballs that it's \"Alka Seltzer to the rescue.\" With his stomach settled, Jack does a perfect take, except that the oven door falls off. The director (off-camera) sighs and says, \"OK, let's break for lunch.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.809840202331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" }, { "answer": "Try it, you'll like it", "passage": "* A 1971 commercial featured another catch-phrase from Cohen (along with Bob Pasqualina), \"Try it, you'll like it!\" It was remade with Kathy Griffin in 2006. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870417594909668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alka-Seltzer" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Violinist (disambiguation)", "Violina", "Geige", "FiddleandViolin", "Violins", "Violin tuning", "Fiddle and violin", "The Violinist", "Violinist", "Violon", "Violin (instrument)", "Violino", "Viollon", "Violin", "🎻", "Violin player", "Carnatic Violin" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "violon", "violino", "violin instrument", "viollon", "carnatic violin", "violina", "🎻", "violinist", "violins", "geige", "fiddleandviolin", "fiddle and violin", "violin", "violinist disambiguation", "violin tuning", "violin player" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "violin", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Violin" }

[ { "answer": "Violin", "passage": "Holmes relaxes with music in \"The Red-Headed League\", taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin. His enjoyment of vocal music, particularly Wagner's, is evident in \"The Adventure of the Red Circle\".", "precise_score": 2.9377129077911377, "rough_score": -3.7234394550323486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sherlock Holmes" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "World war i", "The Great War", "WW1", "World war I", "WorldWar1", "WW-I Crusade", "1914–1918 war", "First world war", "Word War I", "Ist world war", "WW I", "The First World War", "World War one", "WW!", "World war 1", "Worldwarone", "W.W. I", "Ww1", "WwI", "I World War", "W.W.1", "1st World war", "War World I", "World War 1", "World War I", "World War, 1914-1918", "The great war", "W.W.I", "1914 to 1918", "World War One", "Great War", "2w1", "1914-1918", "1st World War", "First World War", "1914-18 War", "WorldWarOne", "First World World", "WW-I", "Outbreak of World War I", "The 1st World War", "14-18 War", "World War l", "World War Ⅰ", "Wolrd War 1", "Wwone", "Great war", "World war one", "First Great War", "WWI", "War of 14-18", "WW 1", "One world war", "Wwi" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "14 18 war", "2w1", "word war i", "ww i crusade", "wwi", "one world war", "1914 18 war", "first great war", "world war 1", "world war i", "i world war", "first world war", "worldwarone", "w w i", "1914 1918", "war of 14 18", "ww 1", "world war one", "1st world war", "w w 1", "1914–1918 war", "ww", "first world world", "outbreak of world war i", "ist world war", "world war ⅰ", "ww1", "wwone", "worldwar1", "wolrd war 1", "war world i", "world war l", "world war 1914 1918", "ww i", "great war", "1914 to 1918" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "w w i", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "W.W. I" }

[ { "answer": "World war i", "passage": "Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday, observed annually on November 11, that honors military veterans, that is, persons who served in the United States Armed Forces. It coincides with other holidays, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day, celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. The United States previously observed Armistice Day. The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954.", "precise_score": 6.102893829345703, "rough_score": 7.542058944702148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Veterans Day" }, { "answer": "World war i", "passage": "In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama, had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans, not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole, who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the \"Father of Veterans Day.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.703701019287109, "source": "wiki", "title": "Veterans Day" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Pari-Mutuel", "Parimutuel betting", "Pari-mutuel", "Perimutuel bet", "Parimutuel wagering", "Exacta", "Paramutuel", "Exactor (betting)", "Pari-mutuel gambling", "Parimutuel bet", "Across the board", "Pool betting", "Parimutuel", "Parimutuel gambling", "Perfecta (gambling)", "Quinella (bet)" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "parimutuel", "pool betting", "perfecta gambling", "exactor betting", "paramutuel", "parimutuel wagering", "parimutuel gambling", "parimutuel betting", "quinella bet", "pari mutuel", "across board", "perimutuel bet", "exacta", "pari mutuel gambling", "parimutuel bet" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "exacta", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Exacta" }

[ { "answer": "Pari-Mutuel", "passage": "Horse racing in South Korea dates back to May 1898, when a foreign language institute run by the government included a donkey race in its athletic rally. However, it wasn't until the in 1920s that modern horse racing involving betting developed. The nation's first authorised club, the Chosun Racing Club, was established in 1922 and a year later, the pari-mutuel betting system was officially adopted for the first time.", "precise_score": -4.015214920043945, "rough_score": -0.34207087755203247, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" }, { "answer": "Exacta", "passage": "In the most basic horizontal wager, an exacta, the bettor selects the first and second place horses in the exact order. Picking the first three finishers in exact order is called a trifecta and a superfecta refers to the specific finishing order of the top four horses. A quinella boxes an exacta, allowing the first two finishers to come in any order and still win.", "precise_score": 8.043523788452148, "rough_score": 6.4607439041137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" }, { "answer": "Parimutuel", "passage": "American betting on horse racing is sanctioned and regulated by the state where the race is located. Simulcast betting exists across state lines with minimal oversight except the companies involved through legalized parimutuel gambling. A takeout, or \"take\", is removed from each betting pool and distributed according to state law, among the state, race track and horsemen. A variety of factors affect takeout, namely location and the type of wager that is placed. One form of parimutuel gaming is Instant Racing, in which players bet on video replays of races.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.105660080909729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" }, { "answer": "Parimutuel betting", "passage": "There is no parimutuel betting in the UAE as gambling is illegal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358551025390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" }, { "answer": "Parimutuel betting", "passage": "At many horse races, there is a gambling station, where gamblers can stake money on a horse. Gambling on horses is prohibited at some tracks; Springdale Race Course, home of the nationally renowned Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank) Carolina Cup and Colonial Cup Steeplechase in Camden, South Carolina, is known as one of the tracks where betting is illegal, due to a 1951 law. Where gambling is allowed, most tracks offer parimutuel betting where gamblers' money is pooled and shared proportionally among the winners once a deduction is made from the pool. In some countries, such as the UK, Ireland, and Australia, an alternative and more popular facility is provided by bookmakers who effectively make a market in odds. This allows the gambler to 'lock in' odds on a horse at a particular time (known as 'taking the price' in the UK). Parimutuel gambling on races also provides not only purse money to participants but considerable tax revenue, with over $100 billion wagered annually in 53 countries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.464585781097412, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" }, { "answer": "Across the board", "passage": "The term \"Each-Way\" bet is used everywhere but North America, and has a different meaning depending on the location. An each-way (or E/W) bet sees the total bet being split in two, with half being placed on the win, and half on the place. Bettors receive a payout if the horse either wins, and/or is placed based on the place criteria as stated above. The full odds are paid if the horse wins, (plus the place portion), with a quarter or a fifth of the odds (depending on the race-type and the number of runners) if only the place section of the bet is successful. In the UK some bookmakers will pay for the first five (some independent firms have even paid the first six) for a place on the Grand National. This additional concession is offered because of the large number of runners in the race (maximum 40). Occasionally other handicap races with large fields (numbers of runners) receive the same treatment from various bookmakers, especially if they are sponsoring the race. The rough equivalent in North America is an \"across the board\" bet, where equal bets on a horse are set to win, place and show. Each portion is treated by the totalizator as a separate bet, so an across-the-board bet is merely a convenience for bettors and parimutuel clerks. For instance, if a $2 across-the-board bet (total outlay of $6) were staked on a horse which finished second, paying $4.20 to place and $3.00 to show, the bettor would receive $7.20 on what is essentially a $6 wager.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.791325569152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Horse racing" } ]

{ "aliases": [ "Alexander %22Sandy%22 Calder", "Calder, Alexander", "Sandy Calder", "Alexander Calder" ], "normalized_aliases": [ "sandy calder", "alexander 22sandy 22 calder", "calder alexander", "alexander calder" ], "matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_matched_wiki_entity_name": "", "normalized_value": "alexander calder", "type": "WikipediaEntity", "value": "Alexander Calder" }

[ { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "Alexander Calder (; August 22, 1898 – November 11, 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of moving sculpture made with delicately balanced or suspended shapes that move in response to touch or air currents. Calder’s monumental stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced wire figures, which are like drawings made in space, and notably a miniature circus work that was performed by the artist.", "precise_score": 4.096131801605225, "rough_score": 2.620992422103882, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "Calder's grandfather, sculptor Alexander Milne Calder, was born in Scotland, immigrated to Philadelphia in 1868, and is best known for the colossal statue of William Penn on top of Philadelphia City Hall's tower. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a well-known sculptor who created many public installations, a majority of them in nearby Philadelphia. Calder's mother was a professional portrait artist, who had studied at the Académie Julian and the Sorbonne in Paris from around 1888 until 1893. She moved to Philadelphia where she met Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Calder's parents married on February 22, 1895; his sister, Mrs. Margaret Calder Hayes, was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum.Hayes, Margaret Calder. Three Alexander Calders: A Family Memoir. Middlebury, VT: Paul S. Eriksson, 1977. ", "precise_score": -6.663946628570557, "rough_score": -3.131948471069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "The Philadelphia Museum of Art offers a view of works by three generations of Alexander Calders. From the second floor window on the east side of the Great Stair Hall (on the opposite side from the armor collection) there is behind the viewer the Ghost mobile from the 3rd generation (born 1898), ahead on the street is the Swann Memorial Fountain by the 2nd generation (born 1870), and beyond that the statue of William Penn atop City Hall from the 1st generation (born 1846).", "precise_score": -1.2540093660354614, "rough_score": -1.3205267190933228, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "As of June 2008, the SAM collection includes nearly 25,000 pieces. Among them are Alexander Calder's Eagle (1971) and Richard Serra's Wake (2004), both at the Olympic Sculpture Park; the aforementioned Hammering Man; Cai Guo-Qiang's Inopportune: Stage One (2004), a sculpture constructed from cars and sequenced multi-channel light tubes on display in the lobby of the SAM Downtown; The Judgment of Paris (c. 1516-18) by Lucas Cranach the Elder; Mark Tobey's Electric Night (1944); Yéil X'eenh (Raven Screen) (c. 1810), attributed to the Tlingit artist Kadyisdu.axch'; Do-Ho Suh's Some/One (2001); and a coffin in the shape of a Mercedes Benz (1991) by Kane Quaye of Ghana. While SAM's collections of modern and ethnic art are notable, its collection of more-traditional European painting and sculpture is quite thin, and the Museum relies on traveling exhibitions rather than its own collection to fill that notable gap. Nevertheless, there are early Italian paintings by Dalmasio Scannabecchi, Puccio di Simone, Giovanni di Paolo, Luca Di Tomme, Bartolomeo Vivarini, and Paolo Uccello. There are paintings by V. Sellaer, Jan Molenaer, Emanuel De Witte, Luca Giordano, Luca Carlevaris, Armand Guillaumin, and Camille Pissarro. This museum also has a large collection of Twentieth Century American paintings by Jacob Lawrence and Mark Tobey. There is an appreciable collection of Aboriginal Australian Art.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.5839314460754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seattle Art Museum" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "Dating from 1931, Calder’s sculptures of discrete movable parts powered by motors were christened “mobiles” by Marcel Duchamp, a French pun meaning both \"motion\" and \"motive.\" By 1932, he moved on to hanging sculptures which derived their motion from touch or the air currents in the room. They were followed in 1934 by outdoor pieces which were set in motion by the open air. At the same time, Calder was also experimenting with self-supporting, static, abstract sculptures, dubbed \"stabiles\" by Jean Arp in 1932 to differentiate them from mobiles. In 1935-1936 he produced a number of works made largely of carved wood. At Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) the Spanish pavilion included Alexander Calder's sculpture Mercury Fountain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.872246026992798, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "In 1974 Calder unveiled to the public two sculptures, Flamingo at Federal Plaza and Universe at Sears Tower, in Chicago, Illinois. The exhibition Alexander Calder: A Retrospective Exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, opened simultaneously with the unveiling of the sculptures. Originally meant to be constructed in 1977 for the Hart Senate Office Building, Mountains and Clouds was not built until 1985 due to government budget cuts. The massive project, constructed of sheet steel and weighing 35 tons, spans the entire nine-story height of the building's atrium in Washington DC. Calder designed the maquette in the last year of his life for the US Senate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.93224573135376, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "In 1972, Dallas, Texas, based Braniff International Airways commissioned Calder to paint a full-size Douglas DC-8-62 four engined airliner as a \"flying canvas.\" George Stanley Gordon, founder of the New York City advertising agency Gordon and Shortt, approached Alexander Calder with the idea of painting a jet airliner. Calder responded that he did not paint toys and Gordon told him it was a real full sized airliner that he proposed that Calder paint. Calder immediately gave his approval and George knew that Braniff International, known for melding the worlds of fashion and design with the mysterious world of aviation, would be the perfect company to propose his idea of Calder painting one of their jets. Braniff Chairman Harding Lawrence was highly receptive to the idea and a contract was drawn up that called for the painting of one Douglas DC-8-62 jet liner and 50 gouaches for a total price of $100,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02915096282959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "Calder's work is in many permanent collections across the world. The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, has the largest body of work by Alexander Calder. Other important museum collections include the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid; and the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.167231559753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "In 1987, the Calder Foundation was established by Calder's family. The foundation \"is dedicated to collecting, exhibiting, preserving, and interpreting the art and archives of Alexander Calder and is charged with an unmatched collection of his works.\" The foundation has large holdings, with some works owned by family members and others by foundation supporters. The art includes more than 600 sculptures (including mobiles, stabiles, standing mobiles, and wire sculptures), and 22 monumental outdoor works, as well as thousands of oil paintings, works on paper, toys, pieces of jewelry, and domestic objects. The US copyright representative for the Calder Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.071666717529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "In 1993, the owners of Rio Nero (1959), a sheet-metal and steel-wire mobile ostensibly by Calder, went to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia charging that it was not by Alexander Calder, which the dealer who had sold it to them had claimed. That same year, a federal judge ruled that for Rio Nero the burden of proof had not been fulfilled. Despite the decision, the owners of the mobile could not sell it because the recognized expert, Klaus Perls, had declared it a copy. The judge recognized the problem at the time, noting that Perls’ pronouncement would make Rio Nero unsellable. In 1994, the Calder Foundation declined to include the mobile in the catalogue raisonné on the artist. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.34965705871582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "File:De tre vingarna, Alexander Calder.JPG|De tre vingarna (The Three Wings) (1967), Blå Stället, Angered, Gothenburg, Sweden.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.108457565307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Sandy Calder", "passage": "File:Sandy Calder 3 disks 1 lacking 1968 no c.JPG | Three Disks, One Lacking (1968), Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.150192260742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "File:NGA Bobine by Alexander Calder (429168632).jpg|Bobine (Bobbin) (1970), National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.90243148803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "File:Alexander Calder Crinkly avec disc Rouge 1973-1.jpg|Crinkly avec disque rouge (Crinkly with Red Disk) (1973), Schlossplatz in Stuttgart, Germany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229275703430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" }, { "answer": "Alexander Calder", "passage": "* Flying Dragon (1975), red painted steel, believed to be the final stabile personally created by Alexander Calder, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.823249816894531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alexander Calder" } ]