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[ { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "Mounds is a candy bar made by Hershey's. It consists of a filling made of shredded coconut, which is enrobed in dark chocolate. The Mounds bar's sibling is Almond Joy, which is made the same way but with milk chocolate and a whole almond crowning the coconut.", "precise_score": -5.873495101928711, "rough_score": -7.777972221374512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "Mounds uses a packaging and logo design similar to its sister product, with Almond Joy's blue replaced by red, and the two candies are often advertised together. The candy's famous 1970s ad campaign used a jingle, \"Sometimes you feel like a nut, sometimes you don't / Almond Joy's got nuts / Mounds don't\", written by Leon Carr.", "precise_score": 7.0934648513793945, "rough_score": 4.878289699554443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "Mounds' original slogan, \"Indescribably Delicious\", was created when Mounds ran a contest to come up with the best two words to sell a candy. Leon Weiss, the person who came up with the slogan, won $10, while Mounds went on to use the slogan in advertising and on the wrappers, still continuing today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.229171752929688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "A limited-edition Mounds Island Orange candy bar was introduced in 2006 with orange-colored and -flavored coconut.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.29439640045166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "Mounds was created in 1920 as a single piece for 5 cents. In 1929, the Peter Paul Company purchased the line and had begun production. The format changed to two pieces that still sold for 5 cents, with the price rising to 10 cents after World War II.[http://snacks.cyberpunks.org/peterpaul.html Nearly everything you wanted to know about Peter Paul] Mounds was made in milk chocolate, as well. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441618919372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "During World War II, Peter Paul was faced with severe shortages of sugar and coconut which had been shipped from the Philippines before war broke out. Rather than sacrifice quality, the company discontinued some of its lesser selling brands and concentrated production on the Mounds candy bar. Over the years, Peter Paul added several products to its line, including the Almond Joy candy bar and York Peppermint Patties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.240516662597656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "In Family Guy, Joe Swanson's favorite candy bar is the Mounds bar. In the episode \"Finders Keepers\", Joe states that he's eaten them \"two or three times a day for the past 25 years\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23282527923584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "Mounds is mentioned in Philip Roth's debut novel, Goodbye, Columbus. The main character's aunt and uncle are described as \"sharing a Mounds Bar in the cindery darkness of their alley\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421358108520508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" }, { "answer": "Mounds", "passage": "In an opening monologue on NBC's television show Saturday Night Live, comedian Louis C.K. compared his love for Mounds bars with a child molester's love for molesting children.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.372669219970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mounds (candy)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Door knocker", "passage": "* Door knocker", "precise_score": -6.802674770355225, "rough_score": -8.675517082214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Door furniture" } ]

[ { "answer": "Teton Mountain Range", "passage": "Jackson Hole is a valley between the Teton Mountain Range and the Gros Ventre Range in Wyoming. The term \"hole\" was used by early trappers or mountain men, who primarily entered the valley from the north and east and had to descend along relatively steep slopes, giving the sensation of entering a hole. These low-lying valleys are surrounded by mountains and contain rivers and streams, which were good habitat for beaver and other fur-bearing animals.", "precise_score": 5.902096271514893, "rough_score": 4.763408184051514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson Hole" }, { "answer": "Tetons", "passage": "The only incorporated town in the valley is Jackson, also called Jackson Hole. Other communities in the valley include Wilson, Teton Village, Moran Junction, Hoback, Moose (Moose Wilson Road), and Kelly. On the west side of the valley, Teton Pass crosses the Teton Range providing access to Victor and Driggs in eastern Idaho and Alta, Wyoming on the western side of the Tetons. Numerous elk use the valley as grazing range during the winter, and sleigh rides are offered to tourists. The Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Snow King and Grand Targhee Resort ski areas, and nearby Grand Teton and Yellowstone national parks are major tourist attractions throughout all seasons of the year.", "precise_score": 3.7197084426879883, "rough_score": 5.943602561950684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson Hole" }, { "answer": "Tetons", "passage": "All of the geological processes, above, have left a complex set of rocks exposed at the surface. For example, volcanic rock from the Paleogene and Neogene periods (66 million - 2.6 million years ago) occurs in the San Juan Mountains and in other areas. Millennia of severe erosion in the Wyoming Basin transformed intermountain basins into a relatively flat terrain. The Tetons and other north-central ranges contain folded and faulted rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age draped above cores of Proterozoic and Archean igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging in age from 1.2 billion (e.g., Tetons) to more than 3.3 billion years (Beartooth Mountains). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.879724025726318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rocky Mountains" }, { "answer": "Teton Range", "passage": "The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13804 ft, to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3125 ft. In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.24705645442008972, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Teton Range", "passage": "The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 mi, part of which is included in Grand Teton National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.486681938171387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wyoming" }, { "answer": "Teton Range", "passage": "The town of Jackson was named by Margaret Simpson in late 1893, who at the time was receiving mail at her home as there was no post office. She named the town in order for easterners to be able to forward mail west. The town became incorporated in 1914. The town was named after David Edward \"Davey\" Jackson who trapped beaver in the area in the late 1820s while he was a partner in the firm of Smith, Jackson & Sublette. Davy Jackson was one of the first white men to spend an entire winter in the Valley of the Teton Mountains. Though used by Native Americans for hunting and ceremonial purposes, the valley was not known to harbor year-round human settlement prior to the 1870s. Descriptions of the valley and its features were recorded in the journals of John Colter, who had been a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. After returning to the Rocky Mountains, Colter entered the region in 1807 in the vicinity of Togwotee Pass and became the first white American to see the valley. His reports of the valley, the Teton Range and the Yellowstone region to the north were viewed by people of the day with skepticism.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.763250350952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson Hole" }, { "answer": "Teton Range", "passage": "The valley is formed by the Teton Range on the western side and the Gros Ventre Range on the eastern side. Grand Teton National Park occupies the north-western part of the valley encompassing much of the Teton Range as well as Jackson Lake. The town of Jackson, Wyoming, is at the southern end. Between them lies, on U.S. Route 26, \"Glacier View Turnout\" offering a view of Teton Glacier on the north of Grand Teton, and the National Elk Refuge, home of the largest elk herd on earth. The Snake River threads through the entire valley from its headwater in Yellowstone in the north to the mouth of the Snake River Canyon at the southern tip of the valley. Blacktail Butte is a prominent landform rising from the valley floor. The average altitude of the valley is over 6500 ft.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.711505174636841, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jackson Hole" } ]

[ { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "In the 18th century, modern techniques and instruments for surveying began to be used. Jesse Ramsden introduced the first precision theodolite in 1787. It was an instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. He created his great theodolite using an accurate dividing engine of his own design. Ramsden's theodolite represented a great step forward in the instrument's accuracy. William Gascoigne invented an instrument that used a telescope with an installed crosshair as a target device, in 1640. James Watt developed an optical meter for the measuring of distance in 1771; it measured the parallactic angle from which the distance to a point could be deduced.", "precise_score": 4.935225486755371, "rough_score": 5.220649242401123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "The Theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the vertical angle. The horizontal circle uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope aligns with.", "precise_score": 4.3330183029174805, "rough_score": 4.4481706619262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc.", "precise_score": 6.084902286529541, "rough_score": 5.36001443862915, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "There is a long history of theodolite use in measuring winds aloft, by using specially-manufactured theodolites to track the horizontal and vertical angles of special weather balloons called ceiling balloons, or pilot balloons or pibal. Early attempts at this were made in the opening years of the nineteenth century, but the instruments and procedures weren't fully developed until a hundred years later. This method was extensively used in World War II and thereafter, and was gradually replaced by radio and GPS measuring systems from the 1980s onward.", "precise_score": 4.501312732696533, "rough_score": 3.1614949703216553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.146223545074463, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Leonard Digges described a Theodolite that measured horizontal angles in his book A geometric practice named Pantometria (1571). Joshua Habermel (:de:Erasmus Habermehl) created a theodolite with a compass and tripod in 1576. Johnathon Sission was the first to incorporate a telescope on a theodolite in 1725. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.103659987449646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snellius (a.k.a. Snell) introduced the modern systematic use of triangulation. In 1615 he surveyed the distance from Alkmaar to Bergen op Zoom, approximately 70 miles (110 kilometres). The survey was a chain of quadrangles containing 33 triangles in all. Snell showed how planar formulae could be corrected to allow for the curvature of the earth. He also showed how to resection, or calculate, the position of a point inside a triangle using the angles cast between the vertices at the unknown point. These could be measured more accurately than bearings of the vertices, which depended on a compass. His work established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, and locating subsidiary points inside the primary network later. Between 1733 and 1740, Jacques Cassini and his son César undertook the first triangulation of France. They included a re-surveying of the meridian arc, leading to the publication in 1745 of the first map of France constructed on rigorous principles. By this time, triangulation methods were by then well established for local map-making.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.037426948547363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors that can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to create vectors, bearings, co-ordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps. Measurements are often split into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.071854591369629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Historically, horizontal angles were measured by using a compass to provide a magnetic bearing. The deflection from the bearing was recorded. Later, more precise scribed discs later improved better angular resolution. Mounting telescopes with reticles atop the disc allowed more precise sighting. (see theodolite). Levels and calibrated circles allowed measurement of vertical angles. verniers allowed measurement to a fraction of a degree, such as with a turn-of-the-century transit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5952556133270264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "The Plane table provided a graphical method of recording and measuring angles, which reduced the amount of mathematics required. In 1829 Francis Ronalds invented a reflecting instrument for recording angles graphically by modifying the octant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.738957405090332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Survey points are usually marked on the earth's surface by objects ranging from small nails driven into the ground to large beacons that can be seen from long distances. The surveyors can set up their instruments on this position and measure to nearby objects. Sometimes a tall, distinctive feature such as a steeple or radio aerial has its position calculated as a reference point that angles can be measured against.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.100601196289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Offsetting is an alternate method of determining position of objects, and was often used to measure imprecise features such as riverbanks. The surveyor would mark and measure two known positions on the ground roughly parallel to the feature, and mark out a baseline between them. At regular intervals, a distance was measured at right angles from the first line to the feature. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, and the points at the ends of the offset lines could be joined to show the feature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.508485794067383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat. Curvature and spheroidal shape of the earth is neglected. In this type of surveying all triangles formed by joining survey lines are considered as plane triangles. It is employed for small survey works where errors due to the earth's shape are too small to matter. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.162551879882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into account while calculating reduced levels, angles, bearings and distances. This type of surveying is usually employed for large survey works. Survey works up to 100 square miles (260 square kilometers ) are treated as plane and beyond that are treated as geodetic. In geodetic surveying necessary corrections are applied to reduced levels, bearings and other observations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.989586353302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Surveying" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Some types of transit theodolites do not allow the measurement of vertical angles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.9304283857345581, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "The builder's level is sometimes mistaken for a transit theodolite, but it measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It uses a spirit level to set a telescope level to define a line of sight along a horizontal plane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.11091947555542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "Prior to the theodolite, instruments such as the geometric square and various graduated circles (see circumferentor) and semicircles (see graphometer) were used to obtain either vertical or horizontal angle measurements. It was only a matter of time before someone put two measuring devices into a single instrument that could measure both angles simultaneously. Gregorius Reisch showed such an instrument in the appendix of his book Margarita Philosophica, which he published in Strasburg in 1512. It was described in the appendix by Martin Waldseemüller, a German topographer and cartographer, who made the device in the same year. Waldseemüller called his instrument the polimetrum. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3250477313995361, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "There is some confusion about the instrument to which the name was originally applied. Some identify the early theodolite as an azimuth instrument only, while others specify it as an altazimuth instrument. In Digges's book, the name \"theodolite\" described an instrument for measuring horizontal angles only. He also described an instrument that measured both altitude and azimuth, which he called a topographicall instrument . Thus the name originally applied only to the azimuth instrument and only later became associated with the altazimuth instrument. The 1728 Cyclopaedia compares \"graphometer\" to \"half-theodolite\". Even as late as the 19th century, the instrument for measuring horizontal angles only was called a simple theodolite and the altazimuth instrument, the plain theodolite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.3280197381973267, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "The earliest altazimuth instruments consisted of a base graduated with a full circle at the limb and a vertical angle measuring device, most often a semicircle. An alidade on the base was used to sight an object for horizontal angle measurement, and a second alidade was mounted on the vertical semicircle. Later instruments had a single alidade on the vertical semicircle and the entire semicircle was mounted so as to be used to indicate horizontal angles directly. Eventually, the simple, open-sight alidade was replaced with a sighting telescope. This was first done by Jonathan Sisson in 1725.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.084726333618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" }, { "answer": "Angles", "passage": "The term transit theodolite, or transit for short, refers to a type of theodolite that was developed in the early 19th century. It was popular with American railroad engineers pushing west, and it replaced the railroad compass, sextant and octant. It features a vertical circle which is graduated through the full 360 degrees and a telescope that could \"flip over\" (\"transit the scope\"). By reversing the telescope and at the same time rotating the instrument through 180 degrees about the vertical axis, the instrument can be used in 'plate-left' or 'plate-right' modes ('plate' refers to the vertical protractor circle). By measuring the same horizontal and vertical angles in these two modes and then averaging the results, centering and collimating errors in the instrument can be eliminated. Some transit instruments are capable of reading angles directly to thirty arc-seconds. Modern theodolites are usually of the transit-theodolite design, but engraved plates have been replaced with glass plates designed to be read with light-emitting diodes and computer circuitry, greatly improving accuracy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.2779269218444824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodolite" } ]

[ { "answer": "Can you hear me now?", "passage": "Paul Marcarelli is an American actor best known as the ubiquitous \"Test Man\" character in commercials (\"Can you hear me now?\") for Verizon Wireless. He appeared in all of his Verizon commercials wearing a gray Verizon jacket and his own horn-rimmed glasses until 2011. He now appears as a spokesman for the Sprint network.", "precise_score": 4.06699275970459, "rough_score": 5.2946457862854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Paul Marcarelli" }, { "answer": "Can you hear me now?", "passage": "Can you hear me now?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421367645263672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Verizon Communications" }, { "answer": "Can you hear me now?", "passage": "The \"Can you hear me now?\" campaign, which was created for the newly formed Verizon Wireless, started running in 2001 and featured actor Paul Marcarelli in the role of \"Test Man,\" a character based on a Verizon network tester who travels the country asking \"Can you hear me now?\" The campaign, originally conceived by the agency Bozell in New York, ran from early 2001 to September 2010. Data from the technology tracking firm The Yankee Group shows that, in the early years of the campaign, net customers grew 10% to 32.5 million in 2002 and 15% more to 37.5 million in 2003. In addition, customer turnover dropped to 1.8% in 2001, down from 2.5% in 2000. In 2011, Marcarelli parted ways with Verizon and is now a spokesperson for Sprint.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.28463888168335, "source": "wiki", "title": "Verizon Communications" } ]

[ { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Caving — also traditionally known as spelunking in the United States and Canada and potholing in the United Kingdom and Ireland — is the recreational pastime of exploring wild (generally non-commercial) cave systems. In contrast, speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave environment. ", "precise_score": 9.101195335388184, "rough_score": 9.248213768005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Clay Perry, an American caver of the 1940s, wrote about a group of men and boys who explored and studied caves throughout New England. This group referred to themselves as spelunkers, a term derived from the Latin ' \"cave, cavern, den\", itself from the Greek spēlynks \"cave\". This is regarded as the first use of the word in the Americas. Throughout the 1950s, spelunking was the general term used for exploring caves in US English. It was used freely, without any positive or negative connotations, although only rarely outside the US.", "precise_score": 2.4689316749572754, "rough_score": -1.789143443107605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "This sentiment is exemplified by bumper stickers and T-shirts displayed by some cavers: \"Cavers rescue spelunkers\". Nevertheless, outside the caving community, \"spelunking\" and \"spelunkers\" predominately remain neutral terms referring to the practice and practitioners, without any respect to skill level.", "precise_score": -2.0873444080352783, "rough_score": -6.375380039215088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Potholing refers to the act of exploring potholes, a word originating in the north of England for predominantly vertical caves.", "precise_score": -4.455962657928467, "rough_score": -7.227388858795166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859–1938), who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, in France, as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110-metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England, in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Martel visited Kentucky and notably Mammoth Cave National Park in October 1912. In the 1920s famous US caver Floyd Collins made important explorations in the area and in the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the Alps and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France (Causses and Pyrenees) transformed cave exploration into both a scientific and recreational activity. Robert de Joly, Guy de Lavaur and Norbert Casteret were prominent figures of that time, surveying mostly caves in Southwest France. During World War II, an alpine team composed of Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the Dent de Crolles cave system near Grenoble, which became the deepest explored system in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's \"monkeys\", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.", "precise_score": -8.82491397857666, "rough_score": -9.527832984924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the National Speleological Society (NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver Bill Cuddington, known as \"Vertical Bill\", further developed the single rope technique (SRT) in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the Jumar. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Fernand Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the Petzl Croll, that he had developed by adapting the Jumar to pit caving. Pursuing these developments, Petzl started in the 1970s a caving equipment manufacturing company named Petzl. The development of the rappel rack and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems extended the practice and safety of pit exploration to a wider range of cavers.", "precise_score": -10.552600860595703, "rough_score": -7.845317840576172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Cavers in many countries have created organizations for the administration and oversight of caving activities within their nations. The oldest of these is the French Federation of Speleology (originally Société de spéléologie) founded by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1895, which produced the first periodical journal in speleology, Spelunca. The National Speleological Society of the USA was founded in 1941 (originally formed as the Speleological Society of the District of Columbia on May 6, 1939), and the first speleological institute in the world was founded in 1920 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, by Emil Racovita, a Romanian biologist, zoologist, speleologist and explorer of Antarctica.", "precise_score": -10.130514144897461, "rough_score": -7.625799179077148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "The challenges involved in caving vary according to the cave being visited, but – in addition to the total absence of light beyond the entrance – often include the negotiation of pitches, squeezes, and water hazards. Cave diving is a distinct, and more hazardous, sub-speciality undertaken by a small minority of technically proficient cavers. In an area of overlap between recreational pursuit and scientific study, the most devoted and serious-minded cavers become accomplished at the surveying and mapping of caves and the formal (though usually private) publication of their efforts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.460396766662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the outdoor activity or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to mountaineering or diving. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers, while others are engaged in cave photography. Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on Earth and much effort is put into trying to locate, enter and survey them. In well-explored regions (such as most developed nations), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires cave digging or cave diving.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.15062427520752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Caving, in certain areas, has also been utilized as a form of eco and adventure tourism. Tour companies have established an industry leading and guiding tours into and through caves. Depending on the type of cave and the type of tour, the experience could be adventure-based or ecological-based. In many areas (e.g. Bend, Oregon, the oceanic islands of Tenerife, [http://cave.is/caves-in-iceland/leidarendi-cave/ Iceland] Iceland and [https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/craterrimtour_tube.htm Hawaii]), there are tours led through lava tubes by a guiding service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786980628967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Caving has also been described as an \"individualist's team sport\" by some, as cavers can often make a trip without direct physical assistance from others but will generally go in a group for companionship or to provide emergency help if needed. Some however consider the assistance cavers give each other as a typical team sport activity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.149250984191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Too much emphasis on the labeling of caving as a sport can narrow the goals of caving as a whole. Caving often puts the needs and welfare of a cave before those of the active participants. It is fair to say that while caving shares some attributes of sport activities, for many it transcends sports as many cavers pursue cave science, mapping, photography, and the management and conservation of cave resources.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.047558784484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "The base term caving comes from the Latin cavea or caverna, meaning simply, a cave.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.233122825622559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Hard hats are worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks. The caver's primary light source is usually mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free. Electric LED lights are most common. Many cavers carry two or more sources of light - one as primary and the others as backup in case the first fails. More often than not, a second light will be mounted to the helmet for quick transition if the primary fails. Carbide lamp systems are an older form of illumination, inspired by miner's equipment, and are still used by some cavers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.208575248718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "The type of clothes worn underground varies according to the environment of the cave being explored, and the local culture. In cold caves, the caver may wear a warm base layer that retains its insulating properties when wet, such as a fleece (\"furry\") suit and/or polypropylene underwear, and an oversuit of hard-wearing (e.g., cordura) and/or waterproof (e.g., PVC) material. Lighter clothing may be worn in warm caves, particularly if the cave is dry, and in tropical caves thin polypropylene clothing is used, to provide some abrasion protection whilst remaining as cool as possible. Wetsuits may be worn if the cave is particularly wet or involves stream passages. On the feet boots are worn - hiking-style boots in drier caves, or rubber boots (such as wellies) often with neoprene socks (\"wetsocks\") in wetter caves. Knee-pads (and sometimes elbow-pads) are popular for protecting joints during crawls. Depending on the nature of the cave, gloves are sometimes worn to protect the hands against abrasion and/or cold. In pristine areas and for restoration, clean oversuits and powder-free, non-latex surgical gloves are used to protect the cave itself from contaminants.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572556495666504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Ropes are used for descending or ascending pitches (single rope technique or SRT) or for protection. Knots commonly used in caving are the figure-of-eight- (or figure-of-nine-) loop, bowline, alpine butterfly, and Italian hitch. Ropes are usually rigged using bolts, slings, and carabiners. In some cases cavers may choose to bring and use a flexible metal ladder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.032764434814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "In addition to the equipment already described, cavers frequently carry packs containing first-aid kits, emergency equipment, and food. Containers for securely transporting urine are also commonly carried. On longer trips, containers for securely transporting feces out of the cave are carried.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.254500389099121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "During very long trips, it may be necessary to camp in the cave - some cavers have stayed underground for many days, or in particularly extreme cases, for weeks at a time. This is particularly the case when exploring or mapping very extended cave systems, where it would be impractical to retrace the route back to the surface regularly. Such long trips necessitate the cavers carrying provisions, sleeping and cooking equipment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.307191848754883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Caves can be dangerous places; hypothermia, falling, flooding, falling rocks and physical exhaustion are the main risks. Rescuing people from underground is difficult and time-consuming, and requires special skills, training, and equipment. Full-scale cave rescues often involve the efforts of dozens of rescue workers (often other long-time cavers who have participated in specialized courses, as normal rescue staff are not sufficiently experienced in cave environments), who may themselves be put in jeopardy in effecting the rescue. This said, caving is not necessarily a high-risk sport (especially if it does not involve difficult climbs or diving). As in all physical sports, knowing one's limitations is key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882802963256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "In many parts of the world, leptospirosis (\"a type of bacterial infection spread by animals\" including rats ) is a distinct threat due to the presence of rat urine in rainwater or precipitation that enters the caves water system. Complications are uncommon, but can be serious.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.068684577941895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "* Checking that there is no danger of flooding during the expedition. Rainwater funneled underground can flood a cave very quickly, trapping people in cut-off passages and drowning them. In the UK, drowning accounts for over half of all caving fatalities (see List of UK caving fatalities).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037015914916992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "* Using teams of several cavers, preferably at least four. If an injury occurs, one caver stays with the injured person while the other two go out for help, providing assistance to each other on their way out.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.413213729858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "* Notifying people outside the cave as to the intended return time. After an appropriate delay without a return, these will then organize a search party (usually made up by other cavers trained in cave rescues, as even professional emergency personnel are unlikely to have the skills to effect a rescue in difficult conditions).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.261992454528809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "* Use of helmet-mounted lights (hands-free) with extra batteries. American cavers recommend a minimum of three independent sources of light per person, but two lights is common practice among European cavers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346151351928711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "* Sturdy clothing and footwear, as well as a helmet, are necessary to reduce the impact of abrasions, falls, and falling objects. Synthetic fibers and woolens, which dry quickly, shed water, and are warm when wet, are vastly preferred to cotton materials, which retain water and increase the risk of hypothermia. It is also helpful to have several layers of clothing, which can be shed (and stored in the pack) or added as needed. In watery cave passages, polypropylene thermal underwear or wetsuits may be required to avoid hypothermia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.984336853027344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "* Cave passages look different from different directions. In long or complex caves, even experienced cavers can become lost. To reduce the risk of becoming lost, it is necessary to memorize the appearance of key navigational points in the cave as they are passed by the exploring party. Each member of a cave party shares responsibility for being able to remember the route out of the cave. In some caves it may be acceptable to mark a small number of key junctions with small stacks or \"cairns\" of rocks, or to leave a non-permanent mark such as high-visibility flagging tape tied to a projection.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.740472793579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Cave conservation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314380645751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Many cave environments are very fragile. Many speleothems can be damaged by even the slightest touch and some by impacts as slight as a breath. Research suggests that increased carbon dioxide levels can lead to \"a higher equilibrium concentration of calcium within the drip waters feeding the speleothems, and hence causes dissolution of existing features.\" In 2008, researchers found evidence that respiration from cave visitors may generate elevated carbon dioxide concentrations in caves, leading to increased temperatures of up to 3 °C and a dissolution of existing features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338910102844238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Pollution is also of concern. Since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution may ultimately end up in someone's drinking water, and can even seriously affect the surface environment, as well. Even minor pollution such as dropping organic material can have a dramatic effect on the cave biota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.04079818725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Cave-dwelling species are also very fragile, and often, a particular species found in a cave may live within that cave alone, and be found nowhere else in the world, such as Alabama cave shrimp. Cave-dwelling species are accustomed to a near-constant climate of temperature and humidity, and any disturbance can be disruptive to the species' life cycles. Though cave wildlife may not always be immediately visible, it is typically nonetheless present in most caves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.16270923614502, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "Bats are one such fragile species of cave-dwelling animal. Bats which hibernate are most vulnerable during the winter season, when no food supply exists on the surface to replenish the bat's store of energy should it be awakened from hibernation. Bats which migrate are most sensitive during the summer months when they are raising their young. For these reasons, visiting caves inhabited by hibernating bats is discouraged during cold months; and visiting caves inhabited by migratory bats is discouraged during the warmer months when they are most sensitive and vulnerable. Due to an affliction affecting bats in the northeastern US known as white nose syndrome (WNS), the US Fish & Wildlife Service has called for a moratorium [http://www.caves.org/WNS/USFWS-WNS_cave_advisory_news_rls_2009-03-26_final-1.pdf] effective March 26, 2009 on caving activity in states known to have hibernacula (MD, NY, VT, NH, MA, CT, NJ, PA, VA, and WV) affected by WNS, as well as adjoining states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.738458633422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "Some cave passages may be marked with flagging tape or other indicators to show biologically, aesthetically, or archaeologically sensitive areas. Marked paths may show ways around notably fragile areas such as a pristine floor of sand or silt which may be thousands of years old, dating from the last time water flowed through the cave. Such deposits may easily be spoiled forever by a single misplaced step. Active formations such as flowstone can be similarly marred with a muddy footprint or handprint, and ancient human artifacts, such as fiber products, may even crumble to dust under all but the most gentle touch.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846985816955566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Cave", "passage": "In 1988, concerned that cave resources were becoming increasingly damaged through unregulated use, Congress enacted the Federal Cave Resources Protection Act, giving land management agencies in the United States expanded authority to manage cave conservation on public land. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.145685195922852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" }, { "answer": "Caves", "passage": "In Europe, some panoramic 360° realizations have been done to share some of interesting caves or quarries: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304173469543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Caving" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tax evasion", "passage": "The federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone, and they prosecuted him for tax evasion in 1931, a federal crime and a novel strategy during the era. During the highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capone's admissions of his income and unpaid taxes during prior (and ultimately abortive) negotiations to pay the government any back taxes he owed. Capone was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his old defense team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling, but his appeal ultimately failed.", "precise_score": 7.376032829284668, "rough_score": 5.791613578796387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Capone" }, { "answer": "Tax evasion", "passage": "Gabriele and Teresa had nine children: Alphonse \"Al\" Capone; Vincenzo Capone, who later changed his name to Richard Hart and became a Prohibition agent in Homer, Nebraska; Raffaele James Capone, AKA Ralph \"Bottles\" Capone, who took charge of his brother's beverage industry; Salvatore \"Frank\" Capone, Ermina Capone, who died at the age of one, Ermino \"John\" Capone, Albert Capone, Matthew Capone, and Mafalda Capone (who married John J. Maritote). Ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1, 1924. Ralph ran the bottling companies (both legal and illegal) early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.2759199142456055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Capone" }, { "answer": "Tax evasion", "passage": "In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled that illegally earned income was subject to income tax; Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. rejected the argument that the Fifth Amendment protected criminals from reporting illegal income. The IRS special investigation unit chose Frank J. Wilson to investigate Capone, with the focus on his spending. The key to Capone's conviction on tax charges was proving his income, and the most valuable evidence in that regard originated in his offer to pay tax. Ralph, his brother and a gangster in his own right, was tried for tax evasion in 1930. Ralph spent the next three years in prison after being convicted in a two-week trial over which Wilkerson presided. Capone ordered his lawyer to regularize his tax position. Crucially, during the ultimately abortive negotiations that followed, his lawyer stated the income that Capone was willing to pay tax on for various years, admitting income of $100,000 for 1928 and 1929, for instance. Hence, without any investigation, the government had been given a letter from a lawyer acting for Capone conceding his large taxable income for certain years. In 1931, Capone was charged with income tax evasion, as well as with various violations of the Volstead Act (Prohibition) at the Chicago Federal Building in the courtroom of Judge James Herbert Wilkerson. U. S. Attorney George E. Q. Johnson agreed to a deal that he hoped might result in the judge giving Capone a couple of years, but Judge Wilkerson had been aware of the deal all along and refused to allow Capone to plead guilty for a reduced sentence. On the second day of the trial, Judge Wilkerson overruled objections that a lawyer could not confess for his client, saying that anyone making a statement to the government did so at his own risk. Wilkerson deemed that the 1930 letter to federal authorities could be admitted into evidence from a lawyer acting for Capone. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6713907718658447, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Capone" }, { "answer": "Tax evasion", "passage": "Much was later made of other evidence, such as witnesses and ledgers, but these strongly implied Capone's control rather than stating it. The ledgers were inadmissible on grounds of statute of limitations, but Capone's lawyers incompetently failed to make the necessary timely objection; they also ran a basically irrelevant defense of gambling losses. Judge Wilkerson allowed Capone's spending to be presented at very great length. There was no doubt that Capone spent vast sums but, legally speaking, the case against him centered on the size of his income. Capone was convicted and was sentenced to eleven years in federal prison in November 1931, fined $50,000 plus $7,692 for court costs, and was held liable for $215,000 plus interest due on his back taxes. The contempt of court sentence was served concurrently. New lawyers hired to represent Capone were Washington-based tax experts. They filed a writ of habeas corpus based on a Supreme Court ruling that tax evasion was not fraud, which apparently meant that Capone had been convicted on charges relating to years that were actually outside the time limit for prosecution. However, a judge interpreted the law so that the time that Capone had spent in Miami was subtracted from the age of the offenses, thereby denying the appeal of both Capone's conviction and sentence. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3537801504135132, "source": "wiki", "title": "Al Capone" } ]

[ { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota (; locally) is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2, 1889.", "precise_score": 4.4980974197387695, "rough_score": 6.378396034240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota is located in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east; South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the \"Geographic Center of the North American Continent\". With an area of 70762 sqmi, North Dakota is the 19th largest state. ", "precise_score": -10.668197631835938, "rough_score": -10.735186576843262, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, when the railroads were constructed into the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, was passed on February 22, 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.", "precise_score": -5.32030725479126, "rough_score": -7.425602912902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first. However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large. Since that day, it has become common to list the Dakotas alphabetically and thus North Dakota is usually listed as the 39th state.", "precise_score": -4.176052570343018, "rough_score": -8.670099258422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian immigrants, led to a radical political movement after World War I centered in the Non Partisan League (\"NPL\"). The NPL, which eventually merged into the Democratic Party, tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations. In addition to founding the state-owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the Soo Line Railroad). Anti-corporate laws were passed that virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by both state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.", "precise_score": -10.603096008300781, "rough_score": -10.731348037719727, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The original North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28, 1930. It was replaced by a limestone-faced art deco skyscraper that still stands today. A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases. ", "precise_score": -10.501847267150879, "rough_score": -9.919492721557617, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, North Dakota, along with most of the midwest, experienced a mass influx of newcomers both from the eastern United States and new arrivals from Europe. North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families, mostly from Norway, Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom. Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley, as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota. This area is well known for its fertile lands, and by the outbreak of the First World War was among the richest farming regions in North America.", "precise_score": -10.957670211791992, "rough_score": -10.718757629394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota's northeastern corner, especially near the Red River. Icelanders also arrived from Canada. Pembina was a town of many Norwegians when it was founded; they worked on family farms. They started Lutheran churches and schools, greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area. This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk. The continent's largest Scandinavian event, Norsk Høstfest, is celebrated each September in Minot. The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country, who are also descended from Scandinavians.", "precise_score": -11.148262977600098, "rough_score": -10.663582801818848, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Agriculture is the largest industry in North Dakota, although petroleum, food processing, and technology are also major industries. It is the fastest-growing state in U.S. by GDP. Its growth rate is about 8.3%. The economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $36.8 billion in 2013. The per capita income in 2013 was $50,899, ranked 16th in the nation. The three-year median household income from 2002–2004 was $39,594, ranking 37th in the U.S. According to Gallup data, North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009. The state has a Job Creation Index score of 40, nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors. North Dakota has added 56,600 private-sector jobs since 2011, creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent. According to statistics released on 25 March 2014 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, North Dakota's personal income grew 7.6 percent in 2013 to $41.3 billion. The state has recorded the highest personal income growth among all states for the sixth time since 2007. North Dakota's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture, energy development, and construction. ", "precise_score": -11.046833992004395, "rough_score": -10.718379974365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": ", the state's unemployment rate is the lowest in the nation at 2.6% and it has not touched 5 percent since 1987. At end of 2010, the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation, the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th. The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state. Due to a combination of oil related development and investing in technology & service industries, North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year after the 2008 market crash. ", "precise_score": -11.145777702331543, "rough_score": -10.493556022644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota is considered the least visited state, owing, in part, to its not having a major tourist attraction. Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state. The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year. Regular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Høstfest in Minot, billed as North America's largest Scandinavian festival; the Medora Musical; and the North Dakota State Fair. The state also receives visitors from the neighboring Canadian province of Manitoba, particularly when the exchange rate is favorable.", "precise_score": -10.784456253051758, "rough_score": -10.259730339050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's United States Senators are John Hoeven (R) and Heidi Heitkamp (D-NPL). The state has one at-large congressional district represented by Representative Kevin Cramer (R).", "precise_score": -11.03040599822998, "rough_score": -10.700615882873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state; in 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only Grover Cleveland (1892, one of three votes), Woodrow Wilson (1912 and 1916), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932 and 1936), and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) received Electoral College votes from North Dakota.", "precise_score": -11.098346710205078, "rough_score": -10.077991485595703, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "*North Dakota Supreme Court Chief Justice Gerald VandeWalle was awarded the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award in 2014. Governor Jack Dalrymple, who selected VandeWalle as the 41st Rough Rider Award recipient, said \"When you think about visionary leaders having a significant impact on our state, Justice VandeWalle stands out among the rest\". The Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award \"recognizes present or former North Dakotans who have been influenced by this state in achieving national recognition in their fields of endeavor, thereby reflecting credit and honor upon North Dakota and its citizens\". ", "precise_score": -9.156898498535156, "rough_score": -5.358852386474609, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. Bismarck, located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River, has been North Dakota's capital city since 1883, first as capital of the Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889. Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest. Located a few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New Salem is the site of the world's largest statue of a holstein cow; the world's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown.", "precise_score": -10.700300216674805, "rough_score": -10.312789916992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Peace Garden State", "passage": "State nicknames: Roughrider State, Flickertail State, Peace Garden State, Sioux state.", "precise_score": 1.2722266912460327, "rough_score": 4.695677280426025, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": ":(Great Seal of North Dakota) Liberty and Union, Now and Forever, One and Inseparable", "precise_score": -10.235759735107422, "rough_score": -10.419413566589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The state's oldest radio station, WDAY-AM, was launched on May 23, 1922. North Dakota's three major radio markets center around Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations. KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience. ", "precise_score": -11.034066200256348, "rough_score": -10.489733695983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "It is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.776426315307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has weathered the Great Recession of the early 21st century with a boom in natural resources, particularly a boom in oil extraction from the Bakken formation, which lies beneath the northwestern part of the state. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.096053123474121, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Eastern North Dakota is overall flat; however, there are significant hills and buttes in western North Dakota. Most of the state is covered in grassland; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage, such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains, the Turtle Mountains, the hills around Devil's Lake, in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota, and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants. The state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.764873504638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with roughly equal distances to the North Pole and the Equator. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to ensure plant hardiness is very low.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38124942779541, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Aboriginal American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans. Their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai: the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader La Vérendrye, who led an exploration party to Mandan villages in 1738. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307001113891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "There was a boom in oil exploration in western North Dakota in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable. This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44080924987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of North Dakota was 756,927 on July 1, 2015, a 12.54% increase since the 2010 United States Census. This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. Only Alaska, Wyoming, and Vermont have fewer residents ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197895050048828, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades, hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census, with a total of 642,200 in the 2000 census. The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated North Dakota's population at 641,481, which represents a decrease of 714, or 0.1%, since the last census in 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 20,460 people (that is 67,788 births minus 47,328 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 17,787 people out of the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.769814491271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013-2014 \"more than 68 refugees\" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state. In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state. Fargo \"Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.\" In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was \"awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.753213882446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people. Of the residents of North Dakota, 69.8% were born in North Dakota, 27.2% were born in a different state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.4% were born in another country. The age and gender distributions approximate the national average. Except for Native Americans, the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole. As of 2011, 20.7% of North Dakota's population younger than age 1 were minorities. The center of population of North Dakota is located in Wells County, near Sykeston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169929504394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century, North Dakota's population experienced a gradual decline, interrupted by a couple of brief increases. Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state. With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices, subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families, and many people moved to urban areas for jobs. One of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates. Some propose the expansion of economic development programs to create skilled and high-tech jobs, but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate. During the first decade of the 21st century, the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of shale-oil fields. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109498977661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "In 2010, 94.86% (584,496) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke English as their primary language. 5.14% (31,684) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English. 1.39% (8,593) spoke German, 1.37% (8,432) spoke Spanish, and 0.30% (1,847) spoke Norwegian. Other languages spoken included Serbo-Croatian (0.19%), Chinese and Japanese (both 0.15%), and other Native American languages and French (both 0.13%). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442604064941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "According to the 2010 Census, the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was as follows: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434880256652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent. As of 2009, the seven largest ancestry groups in North Dakota are:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4873685836792, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.279644012451172, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "A 2001 survey indicated that 35% of North Dakota's population was Lutheran, and 30% was Catholic. Other religious groups represented were Methodists (7%), Baptists (6%), the Assemblies of God (3%), Presbyterians (1.27%), and Jehovah's Witnesses (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Protestants and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000. Three percent of respondents answered \"no religion\" on the survey, and 6% declined to answer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.180230140686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has a great number of Native Americans, and the word \"Dakota\" is a corruption of a Sioux (Lakota) word meaning \"allies\" or \"friends\". The primary tribal groups originating in or around North Dakota, consist of the Lakota and the Dakotah (often lumped together as \"Sioux\"), the Blackfoot, the Cheyenne, the Chippewa, and the Mandan (now extinct as a tribe). Social gatherings known as \"powwows\" (or pow-wows) are an important aspect of Native American culture, and occur regularly throughout the State. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet up with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture, and are attended by Native and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow, held each September in the capital of Bismarck, is one of the largest powwows in the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141518592834473, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota, with revival of techniques in weaving, silver crafting, and wood carving. Traditional turf-roof houses are displayed in parks; this style originated in Iceland. A stave church is a landmark in Minot. Ethnic Norwegians constitute nearly one-third or 32.3% of Minot's total population and 30.8% of North Dakota's total population.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.309647560119629, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for Mennonites and Hutterites. About 100,000 immigrated to the U.S. by 1900, settling primarily in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska. The south-central part of North Dakota became known as \"the German-Russian triangle\". By 1910, about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota. They were Lutherans and Roman Catholics who had kept many German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia. They were committed to agriculture. Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882546424865723, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre, North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra, Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.19665241241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang, country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee, big band leader Lawrence Welk, and pop singer Bobby Vee. The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic (of Fargo, signed to Secretly Canadian).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.159232139587402, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Along with having the most churches per capita of any state, North Dakota has the highest percentage of church-going population of any state. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2852201461792, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans. Ice fishing, skiing, and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake. Popular sport fish include walleye, perch, and northern pike. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38660717010498, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "\"Just over 21% of North Dakota's total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478497505187988, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota is also the only state with a state-owned bank, the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck, and a state-owned flour mill, the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks. Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees, and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.859301567077637, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Historically, North Dakota has had a low unemployment rate. Its highest unemployment rate was 6.8%, recorded in 1983. That is below the current unemployment rate of the majority of states. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37838077545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state's economy, ranking 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: , only approximately 2–3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture. North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27500000 acre of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000 km2), the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, 1800000 acre were shifted into soybean and corn production, the largest such shift in the United States. There is concern about too much in monoculture, making the economy liable to risk from insect or crop diseases, in addition to adverse effects on habitat of wildlife and birds, and balance of the ecosystem.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.898736953735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). , corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production. The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota, but is situated more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.033101081848145, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S. canola crop, 94% of flax seed, 53% of sunflower seeds, 18% of safflower seeds, and 62% of mustard seed. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed. Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop with 400000 acre additional planted between 2002 and 2007. Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown in North Dakota in the 1940s, but it has become more common in the last 50 years and especially since 1998. In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short growing season. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982728958129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota is the second leading producer of sugarbeets, grown in the Red River Valley. The state is also the largest producer of honey, dry edible peas and beans, lentils, and the third largest producer of potatoes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.174168586730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's economy is aided by nearly $1 billion in federal agricultural subsidies annually .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.436196327209473, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities (according to the USDA ) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396696090698242, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The energy industry is a major contributor to the economy. North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves. Shale gas is also produced. Lignite coal reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90% of the electricity consumed, and electricity is also exported to nearby states. North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S. However, lignite coal is the lowest grade coal. There are larger and higher grade coal reserves (anthracite, bituminous coal and subbituminous coal) in other U.S. states.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.367117881774902, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Oil was discovered near Tioga in 1951, generating 53 Moilbbl of oil a year by 1984. Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently. The oil reserves of the Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 Goilbbl of oil, 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. However, a report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less, in the range of 3 Goilbbl to , with a mean of . North-Western North Dakota is currently in an oil boom: the Williston, Tioga, Stanley and Minot-Burlington communities are experiencing rapid growth. , the state is the 2nd largest oil producer in the U.S. with an average of 575,490 barrels per day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165717124938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The Great Plains region, which includes the state of North Dakota has been referred to as \"the Saudi Arabia of wind energy.\" Wind energy in North Dakota is also very cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 mph.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.010520935058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has six level-II trauma centers, 44 hospitals, 52 rural health clinics, and 80 nursing homes. Major provider networks include Sanford, PrimeCare, Trinity, and Altru.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.455020904541016, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota is the largest medical insurer in the state. North Dakota expanded Medicaid in 2014, and its health insurance exchange is the federal site, HealthCare.gov. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231176376342773, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota law requires pharmacies, other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores, to be majority-owned by pharmacists. Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.434885025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services provides 24/7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies. In addition, \"it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program\". In 2011, the Department selected Geo-Comm, Inc. \"for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project,\" which will facilitate \"identifying locations 9–1–1 callers\" and route emergency calls based on locations. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.361340522766113, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at Fargo, with I-29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state, and I-94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana. A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system, is that virtually all of it is paved in concrete, rather than blacktop, because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure. The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.002107620239258, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), Bismarck Municipal Airport (BIS), Minot International Airport (MOT) and Sloulin Field International Airport (ISN) in Williston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483940124511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Amtrak's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at Fargo (2:13 am westbound, 3:35 am eastbound), Grand Forks (4:52 am westbound, 12:57 am eastbound), Minot (around 9 am westbound and around 9:30 pm eastbound), and four other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway, which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236950874328613, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines. Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.399713516235352, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "As with the federal government of the United States, political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.854768753051758, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256841659545898, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The executive branch is headed by the elected governor. The current governor is Jack Dalrymple, a Republican who took office December 7, 2010 after his predecessor, John Hoeven won his race for U.S. Senate, and resigned to prepare for that office. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Drew Wrigley, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms, which are next up for election in 2016. The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, state auditor, and state treasurer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083062171936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts. Each district has one senator and two representatives. Both senators and representatives are elected to four-year terms. The state's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933454513549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota's court system has four levels. Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota Court of Appeals, consisting of three-judge panels. The five-justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.472515106201172, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Historically, North Dakota was populated by the Mandan, Hidatsa, Lakota, and Ojibwe, and later by the Sanish and Métis. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179160118103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis, Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.126739501953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The major political parties in North Dakota are the Democratic-NPL and the Republican Party. , the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party are also organized parties in the state.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.329381942749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and House seats have won every election between 1982 and 2008, and the state's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110269546508789, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 2.1%, 3.92% 4.34%, 5.04%, and 5.54% as of 2004. In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes. The sales tax in North Dakota is 5% for most items. The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks. Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.167376518249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most \"business friendly\" tax climate in the nation. Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1, 10 days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day. In 2006, North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an Adjusted Gross Income of over $1M – only 333. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.847914695739746, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "*In 2014, North Dakota was named the \"best-run state in the country\" according to 24/7 Wall Street, a financial news organization. \"The group notes North Dakota's 2.9 percent unemployment rate in 2013 as well as the highest rise in gross domestic product at 9.7 percent.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077129364013672, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Grand Forks and Devils Lake are located in scenic areas of North Dakota. West Fargo, the fifth largest city in North Dakota, is one of the fastest growing cities. and was recognized as a Playful City USA by the KaBOOM! Foundation in 2011. Williston is located near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana. Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Fort Yates, located along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull (Mobridge, South Dakota also claims his gravesite).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988702774047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07846736907959, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakota University System (public institutions):", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.354991912841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "*North Dakota State University in Fargo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.235054969787598, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "*North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.242939949035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "*University of North Dakota in Grand Forks", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.364923477172852, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": ":(Coat of arms of North Dakota) Strength from the Soil", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.230693817138672, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": ":(Latin Motto of North Dakota, effective August 1, 2011) Serit ut alteri saeclo prosit (One sows for the benefit of another age.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501842498779297, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "State song: \"North Dakota Hymn\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.265689849853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "State art museum: North Dakota Museum of Art", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.165349960327148, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "\"The Flickertail State\" is one of North Dakota's nicknames and is derived from Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863186836242676, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMC-TV) in Minot started operations. North Dakota's television media markets are Fargo-Grand Forks, (117th largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and Minot-Bismarck (152nd), making up the western half of the state. There are currently 31 full-power television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 digital subchannels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.958909034729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "Public broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public, with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR. Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, and Jamestown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440948486328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "North Dakota", "passage": "North Dakotans", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34206771850586, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" } ]

[ { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "Deciduous plants in frigid or cold temperate regions typically shed their leaves in autumn, whereas in areas with a severe dry season, some plants may shed their leaves until the dry season ends. In either case the shed leaves may be expected to contribute their retained nutrients to the soil where they fall.", "precise_score": 4.300371170043945, "rough_score": 2.7106757164001465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leaf" }, { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. When the leaf is shed, it leaves a leaf scar on the twig. In cold autumns, they sometimes change color, and turn yellow, bright-orange, or red, as various accessory pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced sunlight by curtailing chlorophyll production. Red anthocyanin pigments are now thought to be produced in the leaf as it dies, possibly to mask the yellow hue left when the chlorophyll is lost—yellow leaves appear to attract herbivores such as aphids. Optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves. ", "precise_score": 2.4293909072875977, "rough_score": 2.9169135093688965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Leaf" }, { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "Trees are either evergreen, having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year, or deciduous, shedding their leaves at the end of the growing season and then having a dormant period without foliage. Most conifers are evergreens but larches (Larix and Pseudolarix) are deciduous, dropping their needles each autumn, and some species of cypress (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium) shed small leafy shoots annually in a process known as cladoptosis. The crown is a name for the spreading top of a tree including the branches and leaves, while the uppermost layer in a forest, formed by the crowns of the trees, is known as the canopy. A sapling is a young tree. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.99738347530365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tree" }, { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "In tropical regions with a monsoon or monsoon-like climate, where a drier part of the year alternates with a wet period as in the Amazon rainforest, different species of broad-leaved trees dominate the forest, some of them being deciduous. In tropical regions with a drier savanna climate and insufficient rainfall to support dense forests, the canopy is not closed, and plenty of sunshine reaches the ground which is covered with grass and scrub. Acacia and baobab are well adapted to living in such areas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.137704372406006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tree" }, { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "Leaves are structures specialized for photosynthesis and are arranged on the tree in such a way as to maximise their exposure to light without shading each other. They are an important investment by the tree and may be thorny or contain phytoliths, lignins, tannins or poisons to discourage herbivory. Trees have evolved leaves in a wide range of shapes and sizes, in response to environmental pressures including climate and predation. They can be broad or needle-like, simple or compound, lobed or entire, smooth or hairy, delicate or tough, deciduous or evergreen. The needles of coniferous trees are compact but are structurally similar to those of broad-leaved trees. They are adapted for life in environments where resources are low or water is scarce. Frozen ground may limit water availability and conifers are often found in colder places at higher altitudes and higher latitudes than broad leaved trees. In conifers such as fir trees, the branches hang down at an angle to the trunk, enabling them to shed snow. In contrast, broad leaved trees in temperate regions deal with winter weather by shedding their leaves. When the days get shorter and the temperature begins to decrease, the leaves no longer make new chlorophyll and the red and yellow pigments already present in the blades become apparent. Synthesis in the leaf of a plant hormone called auxin also ceases. This causes the cells at the junction of the petiole and the twig to weaken until the joint breaks and the leaf floats to the ground. In tropical and subtropical regions, many trees keep their leaves all year round. Individual leaves may fall intermittently and be replaced by new growth but most leaves remain intact for some time. Other tropical species and those in arid regions may shed all their leaves annually, such as at the start of the dry season. Many deciduous trees flower before the new leaves emerge. A few trees do not have true leaves but instead have structures with similar external appearance such as Phylloclades – modified stem structures – as seen in the genus Phyllocladus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.41481351852417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tree" }, { "answer": "Deciduous", "passage": "The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the grower). Bonsai practice focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees growing in a container, beginning with a cutting, seedling, or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development. Bonsai can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species that produces true branches and can be cultivated to remain small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some species are popular as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai and a miniature deciduous forest can even be created using such species as Japanese maple, Japanese zelkova or hornbeam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.006085395812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tree" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show Sesame Street. He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as \"Me want cookie!\" \"Me eat cookie!\" and \"Om nom nom nom\" (said through a mouth full of food). He often eats just about anything, including ice cream, hot dogs, cake, pizza, doughnuts, lettuce, apples, bananas, watermelon, as well as normally inedible objects. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind; oatmeal cookies are his second favorite. In a song in 2004, Cookie Monster revealed that, before he ate his first cookie, he believes his name was Sid. Despite his voracious appetite for cookies, Cookie Monster shows awareness of healthy eating habits for young children, and since 2006 he has said that cookies are \"a sometime snack,\" and that he also enjoys fruits and eggplant.", "precise_score": 8.219172477722168, "rough_score": 8.263400077819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "He is known to have a mother, a younger sister, and an identically-designed cousin (who ironically does not like cookies), who all share his characteristic navy blue fur and \"googly eyes.\" He also has a father, who appeared in a Monsterpiece Theater sketch promoting energy conservation, water conservation and environmentalism. Both Cookie Monster's mother and father share his enormous appetite and craving for cookies. He and his Sesame Street friends are popular motifs on T-shirts.", "precise_score": -2.945143938064575, "rough_score": -0.8704769015312195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Cookie Monster, still unnamed, made his Sesame Street debut in the first episode, interfering with Kermit the Frog's \"famous W lecture\" by eating a model \"W\" bit by bit. He turns it into an \"N,\" a \"V,\" and finally an \"I,\" to Kermit's frustration. He then tries to eat Kermit.", "precise_score": -2.256603956222534, "rough_score": -3.4549715518951416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "It was during the first season that Cookie Monster got his name and began using the growly vernacular (e.g., \"Me eat cookie!\") that would become part of his character. His signature song, \"C Is For Cookie\", was first aired during the 1971–72 season, and became one of the best-known songs from Sesame Street.", "precise_score": -1.7951939105987549, "rough_score": -4.330591201782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "According to the 1978 special Christmas Eve on Sesame Street, Cookie Monster is allergic to peanut butter cookies and hazelnut cookies.", "precise_score": -5.033703804016113, "rough_score": -6.773528099060059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In 2006, in response to growing concerns about record levels of childhood obesity in the United States, Sesame Street began airing segments titled Healthy Habits for Life. In these segments, the Muppet characters of Sesame Street talk about healthy habits, such as eating properly and exercising. The Healthy Habits for Life segments spawned Internet rumors that Cookie Monster's name had been changed to Veggie Monster or would be taken off the show entirely. ", "precise_score": -3.609375, "rough_score": -7.012968063354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Familiar to generations of Sesame Street watchers, Cookie Monster is remembered for his gluttony and his distinctive voice.", "precise_score": -2.889334201812744, "rough_score": -5.283599853515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In Family Guy, Cookie Monster's voracious appetite was parodied and compared to the habits of a drug addict. He was shown being taken into a drug rehabilitation center, where his \"contraband\" was confiscated by security officials. Later in the episode, Lois walks in on C. M. squeezing a tube of cookie dough into a spoon and setting it alight; he yells at Lois to go away.", "precise_score": -1.6128827333450317, "rough_score": -5.436913013458252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "The book Jim Henson's Designs and Doodles explains Cookie Monster's origin as follows: \"In 1966, Henson drew three monsters that ate cookies and appeared in a General Foods commercial that featured three crunchy snack foods: Wheels, Crowns and Flutes. Each snack was represented by a different monster. The Wheel-Stealer was a short, fuzzy monster with wonky eyes and sharply pointed teeth. The Flute-Snatcher was a speed demon with a long, sharp nose and windblown hair. The Crown-Grabber was a hulk of a monster with a Boris Karloff accent and teeth that resembled giant knitting needles.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.480925559997559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Two years later, Henson used a similarly-designed and equally ravenous monster for three commercials selling Munchos, a Frito-Lay potato chip. This time, the puppet was called Arnold, the Munching Monster. After the three ads were produced, Henson had the opportunity to renew the contract. He chose not to, because at that point he was working on Sesame Street — and that monster puppet was moving on to the next stage in his career. According to Frank Oz, in a later routine the then unnamed monster won a quiz show and for winning was \"given the choice of $10,000 cash, a new car, a trip to Hawaii, or a cookie.\" He took the cookie and from then on he was Cookie Monster. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.239611625671387, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In a 2007 appearance on Martha Stewart's TV program, Cookie Monster explained his new philosophy that \"Cookies are a sometimes food.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555047988891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "On February 10, 2008, NPR host Elizabeth Blair interviewed Cookie Monster for the All Things Considered segment In Character. He answered the Proust Questionnaire, as well as revealing some of his favorite and non-favorite things. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.917059898376465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In a June 19, 2008, appearance on The Colbert Report, Cookie Monster again explained that \"Cookies are a sometimes food.\" He also attempted to eat Stephen Colbert's Peabody Award. Colbert had asked agitatedly why Cookie Monster had \"abandoned the pro-cookie agenda\" and thus caused fruit to become the favorite snack of American children, according to a study Colbert had heard. Colbert criticized Cookie Monster for not wearing a cookie lapel pin. Cookie Monster also claimed to have \"crazy times during the '70s and '80s,\" referring to himself as \"the Robert Downey, Jr. of cookies.\" After eating a cookie to prove he still likes cookies, Cookie Monster asked if the Peabody Award, a round medallion on a small pedestal, was a cookie. When Colbert returned to speak to Cookie Monster at the end of the show, the award had disappeared and Cookie Monster was wiping his mouth with a napkin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.035636901855469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "On November 24, 2010, Cookie Monster started a Facebook page as part of a campaign to host Saturday Night Live. Though his bid to host Saturday Night Live failed, he was allowed to appear with Jeff Bridges when he hosted the show and sing the Christmas song \"Silver Bells\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.928004264831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "David Rudman officially became Cookie Monster in Sesame Street's 2002 season (taped 2001), but the year before that, Rudman shared the part with Eric Jacobson, Frank Oz's primary successor. Once Jacobson was cast as Grover and Bert, Sesame Workshop chose Rudman as Cookie Monster to allow for more interaction between Cookie Monster and Bert/Grover. Frank Oz still performs Cookie Monster and his other Sesame Street characters a couple of times per year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.118098258972168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Various toys and other icons of the Cookie Monster have been produced over the years. The most obvious is a cookie jar, of which several types have been offered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887643814086914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Numerous children's books featuring Cookie Monster have been published over the years:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.227934837341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Happy Birthday, Cookie Monster", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.346720695495605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Kitchen", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.360152244567871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Christmas", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288878440856934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster and the Cookie Tree", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433511734008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Good Time to Eat", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356826782226562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Blue Book", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.345130920410156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster, Where are You?", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.437603950500488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster!", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.363373756408691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Activity Book", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.40722942352295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster Mammoth Color", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.421221733093262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "* Cookie Monster's Book of Cookie Shapes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392814636230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In 1990 U.S. Budget Director Richard Darman wrote an introduction to the federal budget with a section \"Green Eyeshades and the Cookie Monster\" in which he called Cookie \"the quintessential consumer,\" and the enormous budget \"the Ultimate Cookie Monster.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.694228172302246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In the Food Network program Good Eats episode \"Three Chips for Sister Marsha\" (first aired December 13, 2000), a puppet named Maj. Wilfred D. Cookie who looks like a green version of Cookie Monster appears. Asked about his well-known \"brother\", he responds, \"I told you never to mention that ruffian. All he knows about cookies is how to shovel them into his face.\" In the Fox animated series Family Guy episode \"Model Misbehavior\", Cookie Monster is shown in a psychiatric hospital, repeatedly foiling drug rehab-styled efforts to cure his cookie addiction. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.92289924621582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Trekkie Monster in Avenue Q is loosely based on Cookie Monster.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703755378723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "The guttural singing style in death metal bands is commonly (if facetiously) compared to Cookie Monster's low-pitched, gravelly voice. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.66635513305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "He appears briefly in the episode \"Back to the Pilot\", in which, due to alterations in the past, Cookie Monster invents a Facebook analogue called Cookiebook. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522104263305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "In the The Empire Strikes Back spoof \"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side\", Cookie Monster is cast as the Wampa. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741710662841797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "Cookie Monster also appears in MAD, first in \"Mouse M.D\", a parody of House M.D., then as the main character in \"Cookie Blue,\" a parody of Rookie Blue.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.435982704162598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "When the Apple personal assistant Siri is asked the question, \"what is zero divided by zero,\" she responds with the answer: \"Imagine that you have zero cookies and you split them evenly among zero friends. How many cookies does each person get? See? It doesn’t make sense. And Cookie Monster is sad that there are no cookies, and you are sad that you have no friends.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.986761093139648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" }, { "answer": "Cookie Monster", "passage": "On March 16, 2016, Apple released an ad titled \"Timer\" starring Cookie Monster, where he uses the \"Hey Siri\" feature in the iPhone 6S to set a timer and play an album while he waits for cookies to bake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.41269302368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cookie Monster" } ]

[ { "answer": "South America", "passage": "A piranha or piraña (,, or;, ) is a member of family Characidae in order Characiformes, an omnivorous freshwater fish that inhabits South American rivers. In Venezuela, they are called caribes. They are known for their sharp teeth and powerful jaws.", "precise_score": 7.019515514373779, "rough_score": 8.624937057495117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piranha" }, { "answer": "South America", "passage": "These fish inhabit a wide range and a variety of habitats. They originate in the Americas, ranging from southwestern Texas and Mexico through Central and South America.Nelson (2006) Many of these fish come from rivers, but, for example, the blind cave tetra even inhabits caves.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.5492939949035645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characidae" }, { "answer": "South America", "passage": "* Ctenocheirodon Malabarba, L.R. & Jerep, F.C. (2012): A New Genus and Species of Cheirodontine Fish from South America (Teleostei: Characidae). Copeia, 2012 (2): 243-250.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8739328384399414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Characidae" } ]

[ { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for 7.2 million U.S. dollars at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km2). The actual transfer of sovereignty took place on the 6th October 1867 (Julian calendar), which was equivalent to the 18th October in the Gregorian one. To complicate matters further, the time zone changed from 14 hours ahead of Greenwich to 10 hours behind, which meant that Alaska had two Fridays in succession, the only place to have ever done so. The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11, 1912. It was admitted as the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959. ", "precise_score": 8.806035995483398, "rough_score": 5.46707010269165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the President of the United States. A federal district court was headquartered in Sitka.", "precise_score": 3.1504385471343994, "rough_score": -1.688223123550415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The Alaska Purchase () was the United States' acquisition of Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 by a treaty ratified by the United States Senate.", "precise_score": 6.753803253173828, "rough_score": 0.29876405000686646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mostly positive; some opponents called it \"Seward's Folly\" (after Secretary of State William H. Seward), while many others praised the move for weakening both Britain and Russia as rivals to American commercial expansion in the Pacific region. The purchase threatened British control of its Pacific coast colony, giving added impetus to Canadian Confederation, which was realized just three months later, in July 1867. The Dominion of Canada would welcome British Columbia to confederation in 1871, ending US hopes of annexation and an uninterrupted connection of Alaska to the United States. ", "precise_score": 2.3106889724731445, "rough_score": -3.66216778755188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Seward and many other Americans believed that Asia would become an important market for the country's products, and expected that Alaska would serve as a base for American merchant ships. Senator Charles Sumner was unusual in expecting that the territory would be valuable on its own; having studied the records of explorers, he believed that it contained valuable animals and forests. As chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, he sponsored the bill to acquire the territory. Seward told the nation that the Russians estimated that Alaska contained about 2,500 Russians and those of mixed race (that is, a Russian father and native mother), and 8,000 indigenous people, in all about 10,000 people under the direct government of the Russian fur company, and possibly 50,000 Inuit and Alaska Natives living outside its jurisdiction. The Russians were settled at 23 trading posts, placed at accessible islands and coastal points. At smaller stations only four or five Russians were stationed to collect furs from the natives for storage and shipment when the company's boats arrived to take it away. There were two larger towns. New Archangel, now named Sitka, had been established in 1804 to handle the valuable trade in the skins of the sea otter and in 1867 contained 116 small log cabins with 968 residents. St. Paul in the Pribilof Islands had 100 homes and 283 people and was the center of the seal fur industry. The treaty passed the United States Senate with 37 votes for versus 2 opposed. ", "precise_score": -2.2386536598205566, "rough_score": -6.446450233459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The transfer ceremony took place in Sitka on October 18, 1867. Russian and American soldiers paraded in front of the governor's house; the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag raised amid peals of artillery.", "precise_score": 0.35301315784454346, "rough_score": -4.8916544914245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Alaska Day celebrates the formal transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States, which took place on October 18, 1867. The date is by the Gregorian calendar, which came into effect in Alaska the following day to replace the Julian calendar used by the Russians (the Julian calendar in the 19th century was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar). Alaska Day is a holiday for all state workers. ", "precise_score": 6.445371627807617, "rough_score": 3.789459705352783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Alaska is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the Americas. The Canadian administrative divisions of British Columbia and Yukon border the state to the east; it has a maritime border with Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's residents (the total estimated at 738,432 by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015) live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaska's economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, and oil industries, resources which it has in abundance. Military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.511181831359863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The name \"Alaska\" (Аляска) was introduced in the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the peninsula. It was derived from an Aleut, or Unangam idiom, which figuratively refers to the mainland of Alaska. Literally, it means object to which the action of the sea is directed., at pp. 49 (Alaxsxi-x ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.53980541229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The state is bordered by Yukon and British Columbia in Canada, to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3 mi apart. Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U.S. states combined. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.515790939331055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.706986427307129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in the 17th century. According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition came ashore in Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the testimony of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin, who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and who had reported on a village on the Kheuveren River, populated by \"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.363948822021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The first European vessel to reach Alaska is generally held to be the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732 during an expedition of Siberian cossak A. F. Shestakov and Belorussian explorer Dmitry Pavlutsky (1729—1735). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.928367614746094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia with sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia toward the Aleutian Islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.184947967529297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Between 1774 and 1800, Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound. These expeditions gave names to places such as Valdez, Bucareli Sound, and Cordova. Later, the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early-to-mid-19th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.068536758422852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America. It remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the United States. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable. Evidence of Russian settlement in names and churches survive throughout southeast Alaska.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.474148750305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.941126823425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, Christian music singer/songwriter Lincoln Brewster, metal/post hardcore band 36 Crazyfists and the groups Pamyua and Portugal. The Man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.234254837036133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "What a Country! is set in a class of recent immigrants to the United States who are trying to pass the citizenship test. Their teacher, Taylor Brown (played by Garrett M. Brown) is an American English language teacher, while the students include Nikolai (a Russian taxi driver), Laszlo (a retired Hungarian doctor), Ali (a Pakistani), Robert (the son of a deposed African king), Maria (a housekeeper working for a rich Beverly Hills family), Victor (a Hispanic in love with Maria), Yung Hee (a shy Japanese woman) and Sheikh El Hamid (an Arabian sheikh). Gail Strickland initially played the character of Principal Joan Courtney, though she was replaced by Don Knotts during the series' run. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34367561340332, "source": "wiki", "title": "What a Country!" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with the United Kingdom. Russia's primary activities in the territory had been fur trade and missionary work among the Native Alaskans. The land added of new territory to the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7013750076293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Russia was in a difficult financial position and feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British, whom they had fought in the Crimean War (1853–1856). While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended, with a large gold rush there prompting the creation of a British crown colony on the mainland in addition to the one that was already established on Vancouver Island, where the French and British fleets had retreated after the Battle of Petropavlovsk in the Russian Far East.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.967191696166992, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The Russians decided that in any future war with Britain, their hard-to-defend colony might become a prime target, and would be easily captured. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell the territory. Perhaps in the hope of starting a bidding war, both the British and the Americans were approached. However, the British expressed little interest in buying Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, Great Britain. However, no deal was reached, as the risk of an American Civil War was a more pressing concern in Washington. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.861366271972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Grand Duke Konstantin, a younger brother of the Tsar, began to press for the handover of Russian America to the United States in 1857. In a memorandum to Foreign Minister Alexander Gorchakov he stated that ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.141127586364746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "This proposal was a topic in the higher echelons of the Russian government throughout 1857 and 1858. Konstantin's letter was shown to his brother, Tsar Alexander II, who wrote \"this idea is worth considering\" on the front page.Bolkhovitinov, Nikolay N. The Crimean War and the Emergence of Proposals for the Sale of Russian America, 1853-1861. Pacific Historical Review 59, No. 1 (1990), pp. 15-49. Supporters of Konstantin's proposal to immediately withdraw from North America included Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin and the Russian minister to the United States, Eduard de Stoeckl. Gorchakov agreed with the necessity of abandoning Russian America, but argued for a gradual process leading to its sale. He found a supporter in the naval minister and former chief manager of the Russian-American Company (RAC), Ferdinand von Wrangel. Wrangel pressed for some proceeds to be invested in the economic development of Kamchatka and the Amur Basin. The Emperor eventually sided with Gorchakov, deciding to postpone negotiations until the end of the RAC's patent, set to expire in 1861.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.528728485107422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Over the winter of 1859-1860 De Stoeckl held meetings with American officials, though he had been instructed not to initiate discussions about the sale of the RAC assets. Communicating primarily with Assistant Secretary of State John Appleton and Senator William M. Gwin, De Stoeckl reported the interest expressed by the Americans in acquiring Russian America. While President James Buchanan kept these hearings informal, preparations were made for further negotiations. Senator Gwin tendered a hypothetical offer of five million dollars for the Russian colony, a figure Gorchakov found far too low. De Stoeckl informed Appleton and Gwin of this, the latter saying that his Congressional colleagues in Oregon and California would support a larger figure. Buchanan's increasingly unpopular presidency forced the matter to be shelved until a new presidential election. With the oncoming American Civil War, De Stoeckl proposed a renewal of the RAC's charter. Two of its ports were to be open to foreign traders and commercial agreements with Peru and Chile to be signed to give \"a fresh jolt\" to the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547642707824707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Additionally, the Russian Crown sought to repay money to its landowners after its emancipation reform of 1861 and borrowed 15 million pounds sterling from Rothschilds at 5% annually. When the time came to repay the loan, the Russian government was short of funds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.98666763305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "Russia continued to see an opportunity to weaken British power by causing British Columbia, including the Royal Navy base at Esquimalt, to be surrounded or annexed by American territory. Following the Union victory in the civil war, the Tsar instructed the Russian minister to the United States, Eduard de Stoeckl, to re-enter into negotiations with William Seward in the beginning of March 1867. President Johnson was entangled in negotiations about Reconstruction and Seward had alienated a number of Republicans, so they believed that the purchase would help divert attention from the current domestic matters. The negotiations concluded after an all-night session with the signing of the treaty at 04:00 on March 30, 1867, with the purchase price set at $7.2 million ($ million today), or about 2 cents per acre ($4.74/km2).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.730449199676514, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "The notion that the purchase was unpopular among Americans is, a scholar wrote 120 years later, \"one of the strongest historical myths in American history. It persists despite conclusive evidence to the contrary, and the efforts of the best historians to dispel it\", likely in part because it fits American and Alaskan writers' view of the territory as distinct and filled with self-reliant pioneers. American public opinion was not universally positive; to some the purchase was known as \"Seward's folly\", or \"Seward's icebox\". Newspaper editorials contended that taxpayer money had been wasted on a \"Polar bear garden\". Nonetheless, most newspaper editors argued that the U.S. would probably derive great economic benefits from the purchase; friendship with Russia was important; and it would facilitate the acquisition of British Columbia. Forty-five percent of newspapers endorsing the purchase cited the increased potential for annexing British Columbia in their support. W. H. Dall in 1872 wrote that \"...there can be no doubt that the feelings of a majority of the citizens of the United States are in favor of it...\" while referring to purchasing the territories of Russia in America. A review of dozens of newspapers of the day reveals general support for the purchase, especially in California and most of the 48 major newspapers supported the purchase at the time.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.882318496704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "An Aleut name, \"Alaska\", was chosen by the Americans. This name had earlier, in the Russian era, denoted the Alaska Peninsula, which the Russians had called \"Аляска\" (Alyaska) (also Alyaksa is attested, especially in older sources).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.662460327148438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "When the business with the flags was finally over, Captain of 2nd Rank Aleksei Alekseyevich Peshchurov said: \"General Rousseau, by authority from His Majesty, the Emperor of Russia, I transfer to the United States the territory of Alaska.\" General Lovell Rousseau accepted the territory. (Peshchurov had been sent to Sitka as commissioner of the Russian government in the transfer of Alaska.) A number of forts, blockhouses and timber buildings were handed over to the Americans. The troops occupied the barracks; General Jefferson C. Davis established his residence in the governor's house, and most of the Russian citizens went home, leaving a few traders and priests who chose to remain. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.033020973205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" }, { "answer": "Russia", "passage": "After the transfer, a number of Russian citizens remained in Sitka, but very soon nearly all of them decided to return to Russia, which was still possible at the expense of the Russian-American Company. Ahllund's story \"corroborates other accounts of the transfer ceremony, and the dismay felt by many of the Russians and creoles, jobless and in want, at the rowdy troops and gun-toting civilians who looked on Sitka as merely one more western frontier settlement.\" Ahllund gives a vivid account of what life was like for civilians in Sitka under U.S. rule, and it helps to explain why hardly any of the Russian subjects wanted to stay there. Moreover, Ahllund's article is the only known description of the return voyage on the Winged Arrow, a ship especially purchased in order to transport the Russians back to their native country. \"The over-crowded vessel, with crewmen who got roaring drunk at every port, must have made the voyage a memorable one.\" Ahllund mentions stops at the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, Tahiti, Brazil, London, and finally Kronstadt, the port for St. Petersburg, where they arrived on August 28, 1869. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258099555969238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alaska Purchase" } ]

[ { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand.", "precise_score": 1.9878462553024292, "rough_score": 3.1301300525665283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur spent his graduation furlough with his parents at Fort Mason, California, where his father, now a major general, was serving as commander of the Department of the Pacific. Afterward, he joined the 3rd Engineer Battalion, which departed for the Philippines in October 1903. MacArthur was sent to Iloilo, where he supervised the construction of a wharf at Camp Jossman. He went on to conduct surveys at Tacloban City, Calbayog City and Cebu City. In November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas; he shot and killed both with his pistol. He was promoted to first lieutenant in Manila in April 1904. In October 1904, his tour of duty was cut short when he contracted malaria and dhobi itch during a survey on Bataan. He returned to San Francisco, where he was assigned to the California Debris Commission. In July 1905, he became chief engineer of the Division of the Pacific.", "precise_score": -2.1061317920684814, "rough_score": -0.7730109691619873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The revolts in the Philippines had been suppressed, the islands were peaceful now, and in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty, the garrison was being reduced. MacArthur's friendships with Filipinos like Manuel Quezon offended some people. \"The old idea of colonial exploitation\", he later conceded, \"still had its vigorous supporters.\" In February and March 1923 MacArthur returned to Washington to see his mother, who was ill from a heart ailment. She recovered, but it was the last time he saw his brother Arthur, who died suddenly from appendicitis in December 1923. In June 1923, MacArthur assumed command of the 23rd Infantry Brigade of the Philippine Division. On 7 July 1924, he was informed that a mutiny had broken out amongst the Philippine Scouts over grievances concerning pay and allowances. Over 200 were arrested and there were fears of an insurrection. MacArthur was able to calm the situation, but his subsequent efforts to improve the salaries of Filipino troops were frustrated by financial stringency and racial prejudice. On 17 January 1925, at the age of 44, he was promoted, becoming the Army's youngest major general.", "precise_score": -1.857276439666748, "rough_score": -2.3987553119659424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "On 26 July 1941, Roosevelt federalized the Philippine Army, recalled MacArthur to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general, and named him commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general the following day, and then to general on 20 December. On 31 July 1941, the Philippine Department had 22,000 troops assigned, 12,000 of whom were Philippine Scouts. The main component was the Philippine Division, under the command of Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright. The initial American plan for the defense of the Philippines called for the main body of the troops to retreat to the Bataan peninsula in Manila Bay to hold out against the Japanese until a relief force could arrive. MacArthur changed this plan to one of attempting to hold all of Luzon and using B-17 Flying Fortresses to sink Japanese ships that approached the islands. MacArthur persuaded the decision-makers in Washington that his plans represented the best deterrent to prevent Japan from choosing war and of winning a war if worse did come to worse.", "precise_score": -1.7278186082839966, "rough_score": -2.1163504123687744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia. On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean, son Arthur, and Arthur's Cantonese amah, Ah Cheu, fled Corregidor. MacArthur and his party reached Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao, where B-17s picked them up, and flew them to Australia. His famous speech, in which he said, \"I came through and I shall return\", was first made on Terowie railway station in South Australia, on 20 March. Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to \"We shall return\". He ignored the request.", "precise_score": 5.010112762451172, "rough_score": 5.6821370124816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur had one of the most powerful PR machines of any Allied general during the war, which made him into an extremely popular war hero with the American people. In late 1943-early 1944, there was a serious effort by the conservative faction in the Republican Party centered in the Midwest who regarded the two men most likely to win the Republican nomination to be the candidate for the presidency in the 1944 election, namely Wendell Willkie and Governor Thomas Dewy of New York as too liberal, to have MacArthur seek the Republican nomination. For a time, MacArthur, who long seen himself as a potential president was in the words of the U.S historian Gerhard Weinberg \"very interested\" in running as the Republican candidate in 1944. However, MacArthur's vow to \"return\" to the Philippines had not been fulfilled in early 1944 and he decided not to run for president until he had liberated the Philippines.", "precise_score": 2.379624605178833, "rough_score": 1.5437147617340088, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In July 1944, President Roosevelt summoned MacArthur to meet with him in Hawaii \"to determine the phase of action against Japan.\" Nimitz made the case for attacking Formosa. MacArthur stressed America's moral obligation to liberate the Philippines. In September, Admiral William Halsey, Jr.'s carriers made a series of air strikes on the Philippines. Opposition was feeble and Halsey concluded, incorrectly, that Leyte was \"wide open\" and possibly undefended, and recommended that projected operations be skipped in favor of an assault on Leyte.", "precise_score": -1.5145926475524902, "rough_score": -1.0441566705703735, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur's concept of the role of the soldier as encompassing a broad spectrum of roles that included civil affairs, quelling riots and low-level conflict, was dismissed by the majority of officers who had fought in Europe during World War II, and afterwards saw the Army's role as fighting the Soviet Union. Unlike them, in his victories in New Guinea in 1944, the Philippines in 1945 and Korea in 1950, he fought outnumbered, and relied on maneuver and surprise for success. The American Sinologist John Fairbank called MacArthur \"our greatest soldier\".", "precise_score": -1.9305776357650757, "rough_score": -2.4451351165771484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines began on 11 March 1942, during World War II, when General Douglas MacArthur and members of his family and staff left Corregidor Island, where his forces had been surrounded by the Japanese. They traveled in PT boats (patrol torpedo boats) for two days through stormy seas patrolled by Japanese warships to reach Mindanao. From there, MacArthur and his party flew to Australia in a pair of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, ultimately arriving in Melbourne by train on 21 March. In Australia, he made his famous speech in which he declared, \"I came through and I shall return\".", "precise_score": 4.708016395568848, "rough_score": 3.9024131298065186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The staff that MacArthur brought with him from Corregidor formed the nucleus of General Headquarters (GHQ) Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). The \"Bataan Gang\", as they came to be called, remained with MacArthur for the duration, and were noted for their fanatical loyalty to him. So too was Bulkeley, who lauded MacArthur as \"the greatest general as well as statesman since George Washington\", and hailed his decision to escape on PT boats as a stroke of genius. MacArthur eventually kept his promise, and returned to the Philippines. The Bataan Gang returned to Corregidor in March 1945 on four PT boats.", "precise_score": 0.7458398938179016, "rough_score": 2.2603602409362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 - 5 April 1964) was an American five-star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur, Jr., the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.6514174938201904, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny. In 1925, he became the Army's youngest major general. He served on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army. As such, he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D.C. in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.8200907707214355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur became romantically involved with socialite and multi-millionaire heiress Louise Cromwell Brooks. They were married at her family's villa in Palm Beach, Florida on 14 February 1922. Rumors circulated that General Pershing, who had also courted Louise, had threatened to exile them to the Philippines if they were married. This was denied by Pershing as \"all damn poppycock.\" In October 1922, MacArthur left West Point and sailed to the Philippines with Louise and her two children, Walter and Louise, to assume command of the Military District of Manila. MacArthur was fond of the children, and spent much of his free time with them. MacArthur's marriage was not a happy one, and his wife was often made remarks at parties such as MacArthur was a general, but he was a \"buck private in the boudoir\" and that \"Douglas doesn't know what his penis is for except to pee with\". MacArthur was deeply humiliated by his wife's behavior and her very public claims that he was unable to satisfy her sexually.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7998592853546143, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "PHILIPPINE", "passage": "In 1927, MacArthur and Louise separated, and she moved to New York City. In August that year, William C. Prout—the president of the American Olympic Committee—died suddenly and the committee elected MacArthur as their new president. His main task was to prepare the U.S. team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. MacArthur saw the team as representatives of the United States, and its task was to win medals. \"We have not come 3,000 miles,\" he told them, \"just to lose gracefully.\" The Americans had a successful meet, earning 24 gold medals, and setting 17 Olympic records and seven world records. Upon returning to the U.S., MacArthur received orders to assume command of the Philippine Department. In 1929, while he was in Manila, Louise obtained a divorce, ostensibly on the grounds of \"failure to provide\". In view of Louise's great wealth, William Manchester described this legal fiction as \"preposterous\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.058680534362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "By 1930, MacArthur was still, at age 50, the youngest of the U.S. Army's major generals, and the best known. He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco. On 21 November, he was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, with the rank of general. While in Washington, he would ride home each day to have lunch with his mother. At his desk, he would wear a Japanese ceremonial kimono, cool himself with an oriental fan, and smoke cigarettes in a jeweled cigarette holder. In the evenings, he liked to read military history books. About this time, he began referring to himself as \"MacArthur\". MacArthur had already hired a public relations staff to promote his image with the American public, and together with a set of ideas he was known to favor, namely; a belief that America needed a strongman leader to deal with the possibility that Communists might lead all of the great masses of unemployed into a revolution, that America's destiny was in the Asia-Pacific region, and a strong hostility to the British Empire. One contemporary described MacArthur as the greatest actor to ever serve as a U.S Army general while another wrote that MacArthur had a court rather than a staff.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.901294231414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In 1934, MacArthur sued journalists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen for defamation after they described his treatment of the Bonus marchers as \"unwarranted, unnecessary, insubordinate, harsh and brutal\". In turn, they threatened to call Isabel Rosario Cooper as a witness. MacArthur had met Isabel, a Eurasian woman, while in the Philippines, and she had become his mistress. MacArthur was forced to settle out of court, secretly paying Pearson $15,000.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.182770252227783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "PHILIPPINE", "passage": "Field Marshal of the Philippine Army", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332645416259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "When the Commonwealth of the Philippines achieved semi-independent status in 1935, President of the Philippines Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter's father had been Governor-General of the Philippines, 35 years earlier. With President Roosevelt's approval, MacArthur accepted the assignment. It was agreed that MacArthur would receive the rank of field marshal, with its salary and allowances, in addition to his major general's salary as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. It would be his fifth tour in the Far East. MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the in October 1935, accompanied by his mother and sister-in-law. He brought Eisenhower and Major James B. Ord along as his assistants. Another passenger on the President Hoover was Jean Marie Faircloth, an unmarried 37-year-old socialite. Over the next two years, MacArthur and Faircloth were frequently seen together. His mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila on 3 December 1935.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.144773483276367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "PHILIPPINE", "passage": "President Quezon officially conferred the title of field marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on 24 August 1936, and presented him with a gold baton and a unique uniform. The Philippine Army was formed from conscription. Training was conducted by a regular cadre, and the Philippine Military Academy was created along the lines of West Point to train officers. MacArthur and Eisenhower found that few of the training camps had been constructed and the first group of 20,000 trainees did not report until early 1937. Equipment and weapons were \"more or less obsolete\" American cast offs, and the budget of six million was completely inadequate. MacArthur's requests for equipment fell on deaf ears, although MacArthur and his naval advisor, Lieutenant Colonel Sidney L. Huff, persuaded the Navy to initiate the development of the PT boat. Much hope was placed in the Philippine Army Air Corps, but the first squadron was not organized until 1939.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.081910610198975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony on 30 April 1937. Their marriage produced a son, Arthur MacArthur IV, who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938. On 31 December 1937, MacArthur officially retired from the Army. He ceased to represent the U.S. as military adviser to the government, but remained as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity. Eisenhower returned to the U.S., and was replaced as MacArthur's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland, while Richard J. Marshall became deputy chief of staff. The fact that MacArthur lived much of his life in the Philippines together with his belief that America's destiny lay in the Asia-Pacific region allowed him to present himself as an expert on Asia and Asians. The American Japanologist Michael Schaller stated in an interview:\"Most people have enough humility to realize that it's hard to be an expert on the world's largest continent, where people speak hundreds of languages, and there are many different cultures, religions, ethnicities...MacArthur would, with little humility, describe himself throughout his life as America's greatest Oriental expert, an expert in Oriental psychology. And by some measure you could argue he was familiar with the Orient as or more than many Americans. He had travelled there, he lived there. But yet his experience in Asia was really circumscribed by the Philippine islands, which were perhaps the least representative part of Asia. During his long tours of duty there, from the early twentieth century through the 1930s, he'd lived in a Manila hotel, he socialized with Westernized Filipino leaders who spoke English, he really knew little about mainland Asia, the peasantry which was 90 percent of Asia, China, Japan, and continental Asia\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.85840106010437, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Philippines Campaign (1941–42)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85628890991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Between July and December 1941, the garrison received 8,500 reinforcements. After years of parsimony, much equipment was shipped. By November, a backlog of 1,100,000 shipping tons of equipment intended for the Philippines had accumulated in U.S. ports and depots awaiting vessels. In addition, the Navy intercept station in the islands, known as Station CAST, had an ultra secret Purple cipher machine, which decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages, and partial codebooks for the latest JN-25 naval code. Station CAST sent MacArthur its entire output, via Sutherland, the only officer on his staff authorized to see it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.993439674377441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "On 1 January 1942, MacArthur accepted $500,000 from President Quezon of the Philippines as payment for his pre-war service. MacArthur's staff members also received payments: $75,000 for Sutherland, $45,000 for Richard Marshall, and $20,000 for Huff. Eisenhower—after being appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force (AEF)—was also offered money by Quezon, but declined. These payments were known only to a few in Manila and Washington, including President Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, until they were made public by historian Carol Petillo in 1979. The revelation tarnished MacArthur's reputation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.910309791564941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The staff of MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) was built around the nucleus that had escaped from the Philippines with him, who became known as the \"Bataan Gang\". Though Roosevelt and George Marshall pressed for Dutch and Australian officers to be assigned to GHQ, the heads of all the staff divisions were American and such officers of other nationalities as were assigned served under them. Initially located in Melbourne, GHQ moved to Brisbane—the northernmost city in Australia with the necessary communications facilities—in July 1942, occupying the AMP Insurance Society building.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.9345128536224365, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur formed his own signals intelligence organization, known as the Central Bureau, from Australian intelligence units and American cryptanalysts who had escaped from the Philippines. This unit forwarded Ultra information to Willoughby for analysis. After a press release revealed details of the Japanese naval dispositions during the Battle of the Coral Sea, at which a Japanese attempt to capture Port Moresby was turned back, Roosevelt ordered that censorship be imposed in Australia, and the Advisory War Council granted GHQ censorship authority over the Australian press. Australian newspapers were restricted to what was reported in the daily GHQ communiqué. Veteran correspondents considered the communiqués, which MacArthur drafted personally, \"a total farce\" and \"Alice-in-Wonderland information handed out at high level.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.979256629943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In early November, MacArthur's plan for a westward advance along the coast of New Guinea to the Philippines was incorporated into plans for the war against Japan. Three months later, airmen reported no signs of enemy activity in the Admiralty Islands. Although Willoughby did not agree that the islands had been evacuated, MacArthur ordered an amphibious landing there, commencing the Admiralty Islands campaign. He accompanied the assault force aboard the light cruiser , the flagship of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, the new commander of the Seventh Fleet, and came ashore seven hours after the first wave of landing craft, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star. It took six weeks of fierce fighting before the 1st Cavalry Division captured the islands.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.480472564697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Philippines Campaign (1944–45)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61065673828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur's next move was the invasion of Mindoro, where there were good potential airfield sites. Willoughby estimated, correctly as it turned out, that the island had only about 1,000 Japanese defenders. The problem this time was getting there. Kinkaid balked at sending escort carriers into the restricted waters of the Sulu Sea, and Kenney could not guarantee land based air cover. The operation was clearly hazardous, and MacArthur's staff talked him out of accompanying the invasion on Nashville. As the invasion force entered the Sulu Sea, a kamikaze struck Nashville, killing 133 people and wounding 190 more. Australian and American engineers had three airstrips in operation within two weeks, but the resupply convoys were repeatedly attacked by kamikazes. During this time, MacArthur quarreled with Sutherland, notorious for his abrasiveness, over the latter's mistress, Captain Elaine Clark. MacArthur had instructed Sutherland not to be bring Clark to Leyte, due to a personal undertaking to Curtin that Australian women on the GHQ staff would not be taken to the Philippines, but Sutherland had brought her along anyway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.781710147857666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The way was now clear for the invasion of Luzon. This time, based on different interpretations of the same intelligence data, Willoughby estimated the strength of General Tomoyuki Yamashita's forces on Luzon at 137,000, while Sixth Army estimated it at 234,000. MacArthur's response was \"Bunk!\". He felt that even Willoughby's estimate was too high. \"Audacity, calculated risk, and a clear strategic aim were MacArthur's attributes\", and he disregarded the estimates. In fact, they were too low; Yamashita had more than 287,000 troops on Luzon. This time, MacArthur traveled aboard the light cruiser , watching as the ship was nearly hit by a bomb and torpedoes fired by midget submarines. His communiqué read: \"The decisive battle for the liberation of the Philippines and the control of the Southwest Pacific is at hand. General MacArthur is in personal command at the front and landed with his assault troops.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.439244270324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "After the Battle of Manila, MacArthur turned his attention to Yamashita, who had retreated into the mountains of central and northern Luzon. Yamashita chose to fight a defensive campaign, being pushed back slowly by Krueger, and was still holding out at the time the war ended, much to MacArthur's intense annoyance as he had wished to liberate the entire Philippines before the war ended. On 2 September 1945, Yamashita (who had a hard time believing that the Emperor had ordered Japan to sign an armistice) came down from the mountains to surrender with some 100,000 of his men.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.711978912353516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Southern Philippines", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.519610404968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Although MacArthur had no specific directive to do so, and the fighting on Luzon was far from over, he committed his forces to liberate the remainder of the Philippines. In the GHQ communiqué on 5 July, he announced that the Philippines had been liberated and all operations ended, although Yamashita still held out in northern Luzon. Starting in May 1945, MacArthur used his Australian troops in the invasion of Borneo. He accompanied the assault on Labuan, and visited the troops ashore. While returning to GHQ in Manila, he visited Davao, where he told Eichelberger that no more than 4,000 Japanese remained alive on Mindanao. A few months later, six times that number surrendered. In July 1945, he was awarded his fourth Distinguished Service Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5348005294799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "After his recovery, MacArthur methodically began to carry out the closing acts of his life. He visited the White House for a final reunion with Eisenhower. In 1961, he made a \"sentimental journey\" to the Philippines, where he was decorated by President Carlos P. Garcia with the Philippine Legion of Honor. MacArthur also accepted a $900,000 (equivalent to $7.25 million in 2016) advance from Henry Luce for the rights to his memoirs, and wrote the volume that would eventually be published as Reminiscences. Sections began to appear in serialized form in Life magazine in the months before his death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.54672384262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur has a contested legacy. In the Philippines in 1942, he suffered a defeat that Gavin Long described as \"the greatest in the history of American foreign wars.\" Despite this, \"in a fragile period of the American psyche when the general American public, still stunned by the shock of Pearl Harbor and uncertain what lay ahead in Europe, desperately needed a hero, they wholeheartedly embraced Douglas MacArthur—good press copy that he was. There simply were no other choices that came close to matching his mystique, not to mention his evocative lone-wolf stand—something that has always resonated with Americans.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4494564533233643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "PHILIPPINE", "passage": "MacArthur was a well-known and experienced officer with a distinguished record in World War I, who had retired from the United States Army in 1937 and had become a defense advisor to the Philippine government. He was recalled to active duty with the United States Army in July 1941, a few months before the outbreak of the Pacific War between the United States and the Empire of Japan, to become commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), uniting the Philippine and United States Armies under one command.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5497310161590576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "By March 1942, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines had compelled MacArthur to withdraw his forces on Luzon to Bataan, while his headquarters and his family moved to Corregidor. The doomed defense of Bataan captured the imagination of the American public. At a time when the news from all fronts was uniformly bad, MacArthur became a living symbol of Allied resistance to the Japanese.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.5826668739318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "PHILIPPINE", "passage": "Douglas MacArthur was a well-known and experienced officer. The son of Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur Jr., who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his services in the American Civil War, MacArthur had graduated at the top of the United States Military Academy class of 1903. He was an aide-de-camp to his father from 1905 to 1906, and to President Theodore Roosevelt from 1906 to 1907. During World War I he commanded the 84th Brigade of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division in the fighting on the Western Front. After the war he served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and as Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He retired from the United States Army in 1937, and became a field marshal in the Philippine Army.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.54707932472229, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "MacArthur's job was to advise the Philippine government on defense matters, and prepare the Philippine defense forces when the Philippines became fully independent, which was to be in 1946. The Philippine Army, almost entirely manned and officered by Filipinos with only a small number of American advisors, was raised by conscription, with two classes of 20,000 men being trained each year, starting in 1937. In addition, there was a regular U.S. Army garrison of about 10,000, half of whom were Filipinos serving in the U.S. Army known as Philippine Scouts. When MacArthur was recalled from retirement in July 1941 to become commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) at the age of 61, he united the Philippine and United States Armies under one command. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.818920135498047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In getting the Philippine Army ready for war, MacArthur faced an enormous task On a visit to the United States in 1937, MacArthur lobbied the Navy Department for the development of PT boats—small, fast boats armed with torpedoes—for which he believed that the geography of the Philippines, with its shallow waters and many coves, was ideally suited. The nascent Philippine Navy acquired three, known as Q boats, after President Manuel L. Quezon. In August 1941, the U.S. Navy created Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three, under the command of Lieutenant (junior grade) John D. Bulkeley. It was a half-strength squadron, with only six PT boats instead of the normal twelve, numbered 31 to 35 and 41. It arrived at Manila in September 1941. It was understood that a fleet consisting of more than PT boats would be required for a successful defense of the Philippines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.767120838165283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "As early as 1907, U.S. naval and military planners had concluded that it would be impractical to repel an invasion of the Philippines. The best that could be hoped for was that the garrison could hold out on the Bataan peninsula until help arrived. In the 1920s it was estimated that they could do so for about 60 days. By the 1930s, the planners had become decidedly pessimistic in view of the increased capability of aircraft, and by 1936 they were agreed that the Philippine should be written off. But in July 1941, this decision was abruptly reversed, and it became the policy of the U.S. government to defend and hold the Philippines. This was based, at least in part, in the belief that Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers could deter or defeat an invading force.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.734602928161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Soon after the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, MacArthur, in accordance with the pre-war plan, declared Manila an open city, and ordered his forces on Luzon to withdraw to Bataan. The Philippine government, the High Commissioner's office and MacArthur's USAFFE headquarters moved to Corregidor Island. Although the dependents of U.S. military personnel had been sent back to the United States, MacArthur was, until his recall from retirement, a Philippine government employee, so his family had remained in the Philippines. MacArthur's wife, Jean MacArthur, and young son, Arthur MacArthur IV, went with him to Corregidor. Arthur celebrated his fourth birthday on Corregidor, on 21 February 1942. When an aide asked about Arthur's possible fate, MacArthur replied: \"He is a soldier's son.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.3894004821777344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "Most of the United States Asiatic Fleet retired to the south of the Philippines. A small force was left behind under the command of Rear Admiral Francis W. Rockwell consisting of the submarine tender , the submarine rescue ship , gunboats , and , minesweepers , and , five tugboats, three small patrol boats, and the PT boats of Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three. The loss of Manila and the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay meant that fuel and spare parts became scarce. The PT boats relied on Canopus and the floating dry dock for assistance with maintenance. Despite this, Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three continued to patrol. On 17 December, , and rescued 296 survivors from SS Corregidor, which had been carrying refugees to Australia when it struck a mine and sank in Manila Bay. A week later, ran aground while patrolling south of Manila Bay, and was set on fire to prevent her being salvaged by the Japanese. met a similar fate a month later, after its engines failed and it drifted onto a reef. The PT boats attacked enemy barges off Luzon on the night of 23 January 1942, a small Japanese warship on 1 February, and a small vessel, probably a fishing trawler, on 17 February.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338724136352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The President considered sending MacArthur to Mindanao to coordinate the defense of the Philippines from there, but another consideration arose. The fall of Singapore sealed the fate of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA), of which MacArthur's command was nominally a part. Discussions were held with the British about future command arrangements. A broad agreement was reached that the United States would assume responsibility for the Southwest Pacific. A senior American officer was required, and MacArthur was the obvious choice. On 23 February, MacArthur received a message that had been drafted by the President, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and Marshall. It read:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2759904861450195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "When some days passed without any further word on the matter, follow-up messages were sent on 6 and 9 March. By 10 March, MacArthur had decided that the Bataan front was not in danger of imminent collapse, and replied that he planned to depart on 15 March, when the submarine was scheduled to arrive at Corregidor. Radio broadcasts in the United States calling for MacArthur to be placed in charge in Australia had been picked up by MacArthur's headquarters in Corregidor, and it had to be assumed that the Japanese had heard them too. There were ominous signs: Japanese surface patrols had been stepped up in the Subic Bay area, and there were reports of Japanese destroyers heading north from the southern Philippines. MacArthur therefore elected not to wait for the Permit, but to leave as soon as possible, by PT boat on the night of 11 March. Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright was left in command on Bataan and Corregidor. \"When I get back\", MacArthur told him, \"if you're still on Bataan, I'll make you a lieutenant general.\" Wainwright replied: \"I'll be on Bataan if I'm still alive.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5924952030181885, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "In case a doctor was needed, Major Charles H. Morhouse was summoned from Bataan to accompany the party. The remaining thirteen were members of MacArthur's staff. They were loyal and experienced, and some of them had been with MacArthur for years. Creating a new staff in Australia would have taken time, while taking his existing one would enable him to commence work soon after arrival in Australia. They would be more valuable there than in the Philippines. Sutherland included two of his own men: his assistant, Lieutenant Colonel Francis H. Wilson, and his stenographer, Master Sergeant Paul P. Rogers. Promoted from private that day, Rogers was the only enlisted man on the list, which he typed. A number of men gave him letters to post.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.960809230804443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "The commander of U.S. Army Forces in Australia, Lieutenant General George H. Brett, received a radiogram from General Marshall in Washington, D.C., alerting him that MacArthur would be requesting bombers to transport his party from Mindanao to Australia. A subsequent message from MacArthur requested his \"most experienced pilots, and the best available planes in top condition\", but the only long-range aircraft that Brett had were Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses of the 19th Bombardment Group which had seen hard service in the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies campaigns. He therefore approached Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary, the commander of naval forces in the Anzac Area, to ask for a loan of some of twelve newly arrived Navy B-17s. Leary, who had a reputation for refusing requests unless he could see how the Navy would benefit, turned Brett down.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.0650110244750977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" }, { "answer": "Philippines", "passage": "On Bataan, the reaction to MacArthur's escape was mixed, with many American and Filipino troops feeling bitter and betrayed. When Wainwright broke the news to his generals \"they were all at first depressed by the news … But I soon saw that they understood just as I understood.\" Some people with family members in the Philippines were dismayed. One wrote to Roosevelt that \"Nothing you could have done would have broken their morale and that of their parents at home so thoroughly\". Wainwright held out on Corregidor until 6 May. To Joseph Goebbels, MacArthur was a \"fleeing general\", while Benito Mussolini labeled him a coward. Marshall decided that the best way to counter this was to award MacArthur the Medal of Honor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.490292549133301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines" } ]

[ { "answer": "Crisco", "passage": "Cottonseed oil has traditionally been used in foods such as potato chips and was for many years a primary ingredient in Crisco, the shortening product. The current formulation of Crisco includes no cottonseed oil. Significantly less expensive than olive oil or canola oil, cottonseed oil is a popular frying oil for the restaurant and snack-food manufacturing industries. ", "precise_score": 0.9259121417999268, "rough_score": 0.4013547897338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cottonseed oil" }, { "answer": "Crisco", "passage": "It was cottonseed's depressed value that led a newly formed Procter & Gamble to utilize its oil. The Panic of 1837 caused the two brothers-in-law to merge their candlestick and soap manufacturing businesses in an effort to minimize costs and weather the bear market. Looking for a replacement for expensive animal fats in production, the brothers finally settled on cottonseed oil. Procter & Gamble cornered the cottonseed oil market to circumvent the meat packer's monopoly on the price. But as electricity emerged, the demand for candles decreased. Procter and Gamble then found an edible use for cottonseed oil. Through patented technology, the brothers were able to hydrogenate cottonseed oil and develop a substance that closely resembled lard. In 1911, Procter & Gamble launched an aggressive marketing campaign to publicize its new product, Crisco, a vegetable shortening that could be used in place of lard. Crisco placed ads in major newspapers advertising that the product was \"easier on digestion...a healthier alternative to cooking with animal fats. . . and more economical than butter.” The company also gave away free cookbooks, with every recipe calling for Crisco. By the 1920s the company developed cookbooks for specific ethnicities in their native tongues. Additionally, Crisco starting airing radio cooking programs. Similarly, in 1899 David Wesson, a food chemist, developed deodorized cottonseed oil, Wesson cooking oil. Wesson Oil also was marketed heavily and became quite popular too.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.419212818145752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cottonseed oil" }, { "answer": "Crisco", "passage": "Over the next 30 years cottonseed oil became the pre-eminent oil in the United States. Crisco and Wesson oil became direct substitutes for lard and other more expensive oils in baking, frying, sautéing, and salad dressings. But by World War Two cottonseed oil shortages forced the utilization of another direct substitute, soybean oil. By 1944, soybean oil production outranked cottonseed oil production due to cottonseed shortages and soybean oil costs falling below that of cottonseed oil. By 1950, soybean oil replaced cottonseed oil in the use of shortenings like Crisco due to soybeans comparatively low price. Prices for cottonseed were also increased by the replacement of cotton acreage by corn and soybeans, a trend fueled in large part by the boom in demand for corn syrup and ethanol. Cottonseed oil and production continued to decline throughout the mid and late 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0867929458618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cottonseed oil" }, { "answer": "Crisco", "passage": "In the mid to late 2000s, the consumer trend of avoiding trans fats, and mandatory labeling of trans fats in some jurisdictions, sparked an increase in the consumption of cottonseed oil, with some health experts and public health agencies recommending it as a healthy oil. Crisco and other producers have been able to reformulate cottonseed oil so it contains little to no trans fats. Still, some health experts claim that cottonseed oil’s high ratio of polyunsaturated fats to monounsaturated fats and processed nature make it unhealthy. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.4549665451049805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cottonseed oil" } ]

[ { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown first catches sight of her in the November 19, 1961 strip, saying he would \"give anything in the world if that little girl with the red hair would come over and sit with me.\" In July 1969, a story arc ran depicting the Little Red-Haired Girl moving away. Charlie Brown despaired that he would never see her again. He saw her from a distance later that year while skiing. Peppermint Patty and Marcie encountered her at summer camp a few years later in 1972, where it is stated that she is aware of Charlie Brown (despite his belief that she does not know he exists) and is talking about him to the other girls at camp, although what she says of him and how she feels about him are not stated. Eventually, the Little Red-Haired Girl moved back to Charlie Brown's neighborhood, with no further mention of her ever having been away.", "precise_score": 0.6251934766769409, "rough_score": -0.9316931962966919, "source": "wiki", "title": "Little Red-Haired Girl" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "The initial cast of Peanuts was small, featuring only Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty (not to be confused with Peppermint Patty) and (two days after the release of the first strip) a beagle, Snoopy. The first addition, Violet, was made on February 7, 1951. Other character introductions that soon followed were Schroeder, on May 30, 1951, as a baby; Lucy, on March 3, 1952; Lucy's baby brother Linus, on September 19, 1952 (after his existence was first mentioned back on July 14); and Pig-Pen, on July 13, 1954.", "precise_score": -3.505995750427246, "rough_score": -2.2956621646881104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown frequently becomes involved in love. His general love interest was dubbed \"The Little Red-Haired Girl\", as he didn't know her name and had never even talked to her. Charlie Brown liked to watch the little Red-Haired girl, but hid from her sight because he is too shy to let her see him. She was usually not shown, being outside the panel, and her only actual appearance was silhouetted. Most of the other girls call him \"wishy-washy\"; however, the characters Peppermint Patty and Marcie were both infatuated towards him. Peppermint Patty had delusions that Charlie Brown liked her, though Charlie Brown considered her as only a friend. Her delusions show when she asks Charlie Brown on a Sunday Strip: \"You kind of like me, don't you, Chuck?\"; her saying on another Sunday strip that Charlie Brown \"doesn't even understand who he likes\"; her sending a Valentine to Charlie Brown that said \"I know you like me.\" Marcie, on the other hand, was usually too shy to admit her feelings.", "precise_score": 2.202335834503174, "rough_score": -0.3622359335422516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "The 1960s is known as the \"golden age\" for Peanuts. During this period some of the most well known themes and characters appeared, including: Peppermint Patty, Snoopy as the \"World War One Flying Ace\", Frieda and her \"naturally curly hair\", and Franklin. Peanuts is remarkable for its deft social commentary, especially compared with other strips appearing in the 1950s and early 1960s. Schulz did not explicitly address racial and gender equality issues so much as he assumed them to be self-evident in the first place. Peppermint Patty's athletic skill and self-confidence is simply taken for granted, for example, as is Franklin's presence in a racially integrated school and neighborhood. (Franklin came about at least in part as a result of Schulz's correspondence in 1968 with a socially progressive fan.Evon, Dan (December 24, 2015). [http://www.snopes.com/charlie-brown-racist-franklin/ \"You're a Racist, Charlie Brown?: A closer look at allegations of racism in the comic strip 'Peanuts'\"]. Snopes.com.) The fact that Charlie Brown's baseball team had three girls was also at least ten years ahead of its time (and in fact, the TV special Charlie Brown's All-Stars dealt with Charlie Brown refusing sponsorship of the team because the sponsor said the league does not allow girls or dogs to play).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.5618977546691895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Schulz continued to introduce new characters into the strip, particularly including a tomboyish, freckle-faced, shorts-and-sandals-wearing girl named Patricia Reichardt, better known as Peppermint Patty. Peppermint Patty is an assertive, athletic but rather obtuse girl who shakes up Charlie Brown's world by calling him \"Chuck\", flirting with him and giving him compliments he is not so sure he deserves. She also brings in a new group of friends (and heads a rival baseball team), including the strip's first black character, Franklin; a Mexican-Swedish kid named José Peterson, and Peppermint Patty's bookish sidekick Marcie, who calls Peppermint Patty \"Sir\" and Charlie Brown \"Charles\" and sometimes \"Chuck\" (most characters only referred to him as \"Charlie Brown\", though he was known as \"Charles\" to Eudora, \"big brother\" to his sister Sally Brown, \"that round-headed kid\" to Snoopy, and as \"Brownie Charles\" to Peggy Jean after misspeaking his name out of nervousness).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.795333385467529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown's traits and the events he underwent are inspired by those of Schulz, who admitted in interviews that he'd often felt shy and withdrawn in his life. In an interview with Charlie Rose in May 1997, Schulz observed: \"I suppose there’s a melancholy feeling in a lot of cartoonists, because cartooning, like all other humor, comes from bad things happening. Furthermore, both Charlie Brown's and Schulz's fathers were barbers and their mothers housewives. Charlie Brown's friends, such as Linus and Shermy, were named after good friends of Schulz, and Peppermint Patty was inspired by Patricia Swanson, one of Schulz's cousins on his mother's side. Schulz devised the character's name when he saw peppermint candies in his house. Even Charlie Brown's unrequited love for the Little red-haired girl was inspired by Schulz's own love for Donna Mae Johnson, an Art Instruction Inc. accountant; When Schulz finally proposed to her in June 1950, shortly after he'd made his first contract with his syndicate, she turned him down and married another man.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.045664310455322, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown is a meek, gentle, innocent, kind-hearted character with many anxieties, and is depicted as being shy. The dust jacket describes the book as \"The warmhearted biography of a wonderful man (real) and a wonderful boy (almost-as-real) who proved that being a loser could be the biggest success story of all.\" He is a child possessed of significant determination and hope, but often fails due to his insecurities. Charlie Brown is always referred to by his full name (with the exception of Peppermint Patty who calls him 'Chuck,' and Marcie and Eudora who call him 'Charles') and his usual catchphrase is \"good grief\". Like Schulz, Charlie Brown is the son of a barber. The character is an example of \"the great American un-success story\" in that he fails in almost everything he does, with an almost continuous streak of bad luck, but tried with large efforts and work, resulting either in more losses or great victories; some of these victories are hitting a game-winning home run off a pitch by a minor character named Royanne on a strip from 1993, and his victory over Joe Agate (another minor character) in a game of marbles on a strip from 1995. Although Charlie Brown is often unlucky within the strip's storylines, in some ways Charles M. Schulz created through the ever-persevering character \"the most shining example of the American success story in the comic strip field\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.810268402099609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Interactions with Peppermint Patty ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.218783378601074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Peppermint Patty is perhaps Charlie Brown's closest female friend. Charlie Brown and Peppermint Patty lead baseball teams which often play against each other. Peppermint Patty is infatuated with Charlie Brown, who, while being a close friend, probably has no romantic interest in her, even though he doesn't say anything to hurt her feelings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.7782135009765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown is often brought by Peppermint Patty into lover's games, but does not take the bait; he does like Peppermint Patty, but only as a friend (though their friendship is occasionally strained by her strong personality and bossiness toward him). Originally, Peppermint Patty played reverse psychology; she would often say, \"You kind of like me, don't you, Chuck?\" when it was clear that it was Peppermint Patty who had the crush on Charlie Brown, while he not only did not have a crush on her, he also did not quite know what to make of her.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.912576675415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Charlie Brown is often conversed with by Peppermint Patty about matters of the heart (often depicted with both characters sitting under a tree) and even often receives phone calls from her (with Peppermint Patty usually taking up the majority of the conversation), and Charlie Brown usually evades the issue, often by simply pretending to be dumb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.532219886779785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" }, { "answer": "Peppermint Patty", "passage": "Marcie is infatuated with Charlie Brown and they are good friends and while she is usually too shy, she has occasionally managed to confess to him. Marcie often asks Charlie Brown if he likes her. As he does with Peppermint Patty, Charlie Brown often responds to Marcie's inquiries by trying to evade the issue, though it seems as if Charlie has feelings for her, which more than once has made Marcie so angry that she kicked him in the shins out of frustration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.540794849395752, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charlie Brown" } ]

[ { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "It is located in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south, and Montana to the west. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States.", "precise_score": -1.2712275981903076, "rough_score": -4.0485382080078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "North Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre, North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra, Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.", "precise_score": -5.248598098754883, "rough_score": -8.271034240722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. Bismarck, located in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River, has been North Dakota's capital city since 1883, first as capital of the Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889. Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest. Located a few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New Salem is the site of the world's largest statue of a holstein cow; the world's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown.", "precise_score": 0.5407760739326477, "rough_score": -3.9960315227508545, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Grand Forks and Devils Lake are located in scenic areas of North Dakota. West Fargo, the fifth largest city in North Dakota, is one of the fastest growing cities. and was recognized as a Playful City USA by the KaBOOM! Foundation in 2011. Williston is located near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana. Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Fort Yates, located along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull (Mobridge, South Dakota also claims his gravesite).", "precise_score": -4.919316291809082, "rough_score": -8.209200859069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013-2014 \"more than 68 refugees\" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state. In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state. Fargo \"Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.\" In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was \"awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.641379356384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang, country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee, big band leader Lawrence Welk, and pop singer Bobby Vee. The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic (of Fargo, signed to Secretly Canadian).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.710915565490723, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "North Dakota is also the only state with a state-owned bank, the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck, and a state-owned flour mill, the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks. Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees, and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.588103294372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at Fargo, with I-29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state, and I-94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana. A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system, is that virtually all of it is paved in concrete, rather than blacktop, because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure. The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.156350135803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "North Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), Bismarck Municipal Airport (BIS), Minot International Airport (MOT) and Sloulin Field International Airport (ISN) in Williston.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50602912902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Amtrak's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at Fargo (2:13 am westbound, 3:35 am eastbound), Grand Forks (4:52 am westbound, 12:57 am eastbound), Minot (around 9 am westbound and around 9:30 pm eastbound), and four other stations. It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway, which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.623684883117676, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines. Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.16954517364502, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis, Missouri.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705301284790039, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "*North Dakota State University in Fargo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.954545974731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "*North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.888161659240723, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "*Rasmussen College in Fargo and Bismarck", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.389281272888184, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "The state has 10 daily newspapers, the largest being The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the alternative weekly High Plains Reader.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000880241394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "The state's oldest radio station, WDAY-AM, was launched on May 23, 1922. North Dakota's three major radio markets center around Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations. KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.551931381225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMC-TV) in Minot started operations. North Dakota's television media markets are Fargo-Grand Forks, (117th largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and Minot-Bismarck (152nd), making up the western half of the state. There are currently 31 full-power television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 digital subchannels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.509929656982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" }, { "answer": "Fargo", "passage": "Public broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public, with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR. Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, and Jamestown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.576031684875488, "source": "wiki", "title": "North Dakota" } ]

[ { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America wears a costume that bears an American flag motif, and is armed with a nearly indestructible shield that he throws at foes. The character is usually depicted as the alter ego of Steve Rogers, a frail young man enhanced to the peak of human perfection by an experimental serum to aid the United States government's efforts in World War II. Near the end of the war, he was trapped in ice and survived in suspended animation until he was revived in the present day. Although Captain America often struggles to maintain his ideals as a man out of his time with its modern realities, he remains a highly respected figure in his community which includes becoming the long-time leader of the Avengers.", "precise_score": -1.0634554624557495, "rough_score": -4.821103572845459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "After Rogers' return, Barnes, at Rogers' insistence, continued as Captain America, beginning in the one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield? (Feb. 2010). While Bucky Barnes continued adventuring in the pages of Captain America, Steve Rogers received his own miniseries (Steve Rogers: Super-Soldier) as well as taking on the leadership position in a new Secret Avengers ongoing series.", "precise_score": 0.6873793601989746, "rough_score": 1.0803433656692505, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Unable to create new Super-Soldiers and willing to hide the Project Rebirth fiasco, the American government casts Rogers as a patriotic superhero, able to counter the menace of the Red Skull as a counter-intelligence agent. He is supplied with a patriotic uniform of his own design, a bulletproof shield, a personal side arm, and the codename Captain America, while posing as a clumsy infantry private at Camp Lehigh in Virginia. He forms a friendship with the camp's teenage mascot, James Buchanan \"Bucky\" Barnes.", "precise_score": -0.6646972894668579, "rough_score": -2.7365353107452393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Barnes learns of Rogers' dual identity and offers to keep the secret if he can become Captain America's sidekick. During their adventures, Franklin D. Roosevelt presents Captain America with a new shield, forged from an alloy of steel and vibranium, fused by an unknown catalyst, so effective that it replaces his own firearm. Throughout World War II, Captain America and Bucky fight the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team the Invaders as seen in the 1970s comic of the same name. Captain America fights in numerous battles in WWII, primarily as a member of 1st Battalion, 26th Infantry Regiment \"Blue Spaders\". Captain America battles a number of criminal menaces on American soil, including a wide variety of costumed villains: the Wax Man, the Hangman, the Fang, the Black Talon, and the White Death, among others.", "precise_score": 2.552762031555176, "rough_score": 3.2625951766967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "During the Fear Itself storyline, Steve Rogers is present when the threat of the Serpent is known. Following the apparent death of Bucky at the hands of Sin (in the form of Skadi), Steve Rogers ends up changing into his Captain America uniform. When the Avengers and the New Avengers are fighting Skadi, the Serpent ends up joining the battle and breaks Captain America's shield with his bare hands. Captain America and the Avengers teams end up forming a militia for a last stand against the forces of the Serpent. When it comes to the final battle, Captain America uses Thor's hammer to fight Skadi until Thor manages to kill the Serpent. In the aftermath of the battle, Iron Man presents him with his reforged shield, now stronger for its uru-infused enhancements despite the scar it bears. It is then revealed that Captain America, Nick Fury, and Black Widow are the only ones who know that Bucky actually survived the fight with Skadi as Bucky resumes his identity as Winter Soldier. ", "precise_score": -2.2137291431427, "rough_score": -2.2960073947906494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "During a battle with an enemy called the Iron Nail, the Super-Soldier Serum within Rogers's body was neutralized, causing him to age rapidly to match his chronological age of over 90 years. No longer able to take part in field missions but retaining his sharp mind, Rogers decided to take on a role as mission coordinator, organizing the Avengers' plans of attack from the mansion, while appointing Sam Wilson as his official \"replacement\" as Captain America. When various Avengers and X-Men were inverted into villains and several villains inverted into heroism due to a miscast spell by the Scarlet Witch and Doctor Doom, Rogers not only coordinated the efforts of Spider-Man and the inverted villains, now called the \"Astonishing Avengers\", but also donned his old armor to battle the inverted Falcon, until the heroes and villains could be returned to normal with the aid of the White Skull (the inverted Red Skull). ", "precise_score": -3.6873931884765625, "rough_score": -4.6316351890563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Rogers' battle experience and training make him an expert tactician and an excellent field commander, with his teammates frequently deferring to his orders in battle. Thor has stated that Rogers is one of the very few humans he will take orders from and follow \"through the gates of Hades\". Rogers' reflexes and senses are extraordinarily keen. He has blended judo, western boxing, kickboxing, and gymnastics into his own unique fighting style and is a master of multiple martial arts. Years of practice with his near-indestructible shield make him able to aim and throw it with almost unerring accuracy. His skill with his shield is such that he can attack multiple targets in succession with a single throw or even cause a boomerang-like return from a throw to attack an enemy from behind. In canon, he is regarded by other skilled fighters as one of the best hand-to-hand combatants in the Marvel Universe, limited only by his human physique. Although the super-soldier serum is an important part of his strength, Rogers has shown himself still sufficiently capable against stronger opponents, even when the serum has been deactivated reverting him to his pre-Captain America physique. ", "precise_score": -4.093687534332275, "rough_score": -5.083286762237549, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America has used multiple shields throughout his history, the most prevalent of which is a nigh-indestructible disc-shaped shield made from an experimental alloy of steel and the fictional vibranium. The shield was cast by American metallurgist Dr. Myron MacLain, who was contracted by the U.S. government, from orders of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to create an impenetrable substance to use for tanks during World War II. This alloy was created by accident and never duplicated, although efforts to reverse-engineer it resulted in the discovery of adamantium. ", "precise_score": 1.772629976272583, "rough_score": 0.7539998292922974, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "When without his trademark shield, Captain America sometimes uses other shields made from less durable metals such as steel, or even a photonic energy shield designed to mimic a vibranium matrix. Rogers, having relinquished his regular shield to Barnes, carried a variant of the energy shield which can be used with either arm, and used to either block attacks or as an improvised offensive weapon able to cut through metal with relative ease. Much like his Vibranium shield, the energy shield can be thrown, including ricocheting off multiple surfaces and returning to his hand. ", "precise_score": 4.108522415161133, "rough_score": 3.0109498500823975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America's uniform is made of a fire-retardant material, and he wears a lightweight, bulletproof duralumin scale armor beneath his uniform for added protection. Originally, Rogers' mask was a separate piece of material, but an early engagement had it dislodged, thus almost exposing his identity. To prevent a recurrence of the situation, Rogers modified the mask with connecting material to his uniform, an added benefit of which was extending his armor to cover his previously exposed neck. As a member of the Avengers, Rogers has an Avengers priority card, which serves as a communications device.", "precise_score": -4.159453392028809, "rough_score": -4.657932758331299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Vibranium is a fictional metal appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is most commonly known as one of the materials used to construct Captain America's shield, but it is also noted for its connection to the Black Panther and his native homeland of Wakanda (a fictional country in Africa).", "precise_score": 1.1989184617996216, "rough_score": -1.756434679031372, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "During the early 1940s, a small amount of Wakandan Vibranium came into the possession of the scientist Myron MacLain. He tried to combine Vibranium with iron to form a new tank armor, but was unable to fuse the elements. One morning, he found that the two materials had bonded on their own in an unknown manner. The ultra-resilient alloy was used to create Captain America's shield. MacLain worked for decades (without success) to duplicate the accident. However, during an experiment in the 1960s, he developed the virtually indestructible metal adamantium.", "precise_score": 0.22904683649539948, "rough_score": -3.116318941116333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "When a small sub-molecular imperfection was introduced into Captain America's shield, each impact over the years spread to neighboring molecules. It grew until the molecular bonds of the shield were completely broken down, shattering the shield. The shattering effect continued to spread to other vibranium, unconnected to the shield. This created a vibranium \"cancer\", a shock wave propagating throughout the world. It violently detonated any vibranium it found, from mineral deposits to components of ships or equipment. The shock wave was traveling to the \"Great Vibranium Mound\" in Wakanda, where the resulting explosion could destroy the world. With the unwitting aid of the villain Klaw, Captain America was able to stop the cancer and restore his shield.", "precise_score": -1.2787524461746216, "rough_score": -5.129373550415039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* It is most known for being used in the construction of Captain America's Shield, the vibranium was of an ultra-resilient vibranium-iron alloy created by Dr. Myron MacLain. The formula has never been reproduced despite numerous attempts. ", "precise_score": 2.2413933277130127, "rough_score": 0.14602546393871307, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* After Steve Rogers resigned as Captain America, the Black Panther sent him a new, pure vibranium shield. When Rogers resumed his role as Captain America, the vibranium shield was given to U.S. Agent. ", "precise_score": 4.590843200683594, "rough_score": 3.141079902648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* In an effort to reproduce the special vibranium composition of Captain America's Shield, Dr. Myron MacLain, the maker of said composition created \"True\" Adamantium.", "precise_score": 0.07996933162212372, "rough_score": -3.5855555534362793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* In Ultimate Avengers: The Movie, vibranium is shown as a metal used by the Chitauri (the Ultimate Universe's versions of the Skrulls). It is used primarily in their spacecraft hulls and personal armor. Later, one of their ships is salvaged by S.H.I.E.L.D. and used to construct Captain America's shield (which also was constructed with adamantium though in the comics in the Ultimate Universe, his shield is only composed of adamantium) and other items such as vibranium-tipped bullets and knives. In the movie, S.H.I.E.L.D. developed a satellite dubbed Shield 1 that was capable of locating vibranium on Earth. This was done in an effort to find the Chitauri and though it worked, the Chitauri soon destroyed it after its introduction in the movie. It should also be noted that according to the movie the only thing S.H.I.E.L.D. knew capable of penetrating vibranium was a nuclear blast or vibranium itself.", "precise_score": 0.42106181383132935, "rough_score": -3.2454590797424316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* Vibranium appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and is first named on-screen in the feature film Captain America: The First Avenger, shown to exist in the 1940s. Howard Stark states that vibranium is stronger than steel and weighs only one third as much. It is completely vibration-absorbent. All the vibranium available to Stark was used to make Captain America's shield. In The Avengers, Captain America's shield proves strong enough to absorb and repel an attack from Thor's mystical hammer Mjölnir, and in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, the shield is also shown to be able to cushion falls from great heights. In the film Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ultron uses vibranium from Ulysses Klaue for his armor. In the film Captain America: Civil War, Black Panther's suit is composed of a weaved vibranium suit with retractable vibranium claws.", "precise_score": 0.6574760675430298, "rough_score": -3.3314154148101807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Some superheroes use their powers to counter day-to-day crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superhero's archenemy. Some long-running superheroes such as Superman, Batman, Spider-Man, Wonder Woman, Captain America, Wolverine, Green Lantern, The Flash, Hulk, Thor and Iron Man have a rogues gallery of many villains.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.54877758026123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* Extraordinary powers or abilities. Superhero powers vary widely; superhuman strength, the ability to fly, enhanced senses, and the projection of energy bolts are all common. Some characters like Batman, Mockingbird, the Phantom and the Question possess no superhuman powers but have mastered skills such as martial arts, espionage techniques, and applied or forensic sciences to a highly remarkable degree. Others rely on fantastical weapons or technology, such as Iron Man's powered armor suits, Green Lantern’s power ring, and trick arrows employed by Green Arrow and Hawkeye, some have acquired their abilities from cosmic rays such as the Fantastic Four. Many characters supplement their innate superhuman powers with a special weapon or device (e.g. Captain America's shield, Wonder Woman's lasso and bracelets, Thor's weather manipulating hammer, and Wolverine's adamantium claws).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.43161392211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* A secret identity that protects the superhero's friends and family from becoming targets of his or her enemies, such as Clark Kent (Superman), or to protect themselves from getting arrested by the police, like Spider-Man, although many superheroes have a confidant (usually a friend or relative who has been sworn to secrecy). Most superheroes use a descriptive or metaphoric code name for their public deeds. However, there are also rare ones whose true identities are common public knowledge, even with a costumed identity (e.g. Iron Man and Captain America).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.048380851745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Many superheroes work independently. However, there are also many superhero teams. Some, such as the Fantastic Four, DNAgents, and the X-Men, have common origins and usually operate as a group. Some are families in which the parents and kids have superpowers, like The Incredibles. Others, such as DC Comics’s Justice League and Marvel’s Avengers, are \"all-star\" groups consisting of heroes with separate origins who also operate individually, yet will team up to confront larger threats. The shared setting or \"universes\" of Marvel, DC and other publishers also allow for regular superhero crossover team-ups. Some superheroes, especially those introduced in the 1940s, work with a young sidekick (e.g. Batman and Robin, Captain America and Bucky). This has become less common since more sophisticated writing and older audiences have lessened the need for characters who specifically appeal to child readers. Sidekicks are seen as a separate classification of superheroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083440780639648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "A superhero's costume helps make him or her recognizable to the general public. Costumes are often colorful to enhance the character's visual appeal and frequently incorporate the superhero's name and theme. For example, Daredevil resembles a red devil, Captain America's costume echoes the American flag, Batman's costume resembles a large bat, and Spider-Man's costume features a spiderweb pattern. The convention of superheroes wearing masks (frequently without visible pupils) and skintight unitards originated with Lee Falk's comic strip The Phantom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.516294479370117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Superhero" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 (cover dated March 1941) from Timely Comics, a predecessor of Marvel Comics. Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950, with a short-lived revival in 1953. Since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0088472366333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character to have appeared in media outside comics with the release of the 1944 movie serial, Captain America. Since then, the character has been featured in other films and television series, more recently in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) portrayed by Chris Evans in Captain America: The First Avenger, The Avengers, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, and the upcoming Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.950807571411133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America is ranked sixth on IGN's \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time\" in 2011, second in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012, and second in their \"Top 25 best Marvel superheroes\" list in 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988838195800781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. \"I wrote the name 'Super American' at the bottom of the page,\" Simon said in his autobiography, and then considered: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.709774017333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead and directed that a Captain America solo comic book series be published as soon as possible. Needing to fill a full comic with primarily one character's stories, Simon did not believe that his regular creative partner, artist Jack Kirby, could handle the workload alone:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.250690460205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Simon said Captain America was a consciously political creation; he and Kirby were morally repulsed by the actions of Nazi Germany in the years leading up to the United States' involvement in World War II and felt war was inevitable: \"The opponents to the war were all quite well organized. We wanted to have our say too.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0859375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America Comics #1 — cover-dated March 1941 and on sale December 20, 1940, a year before the attack on Pearl Harbor, but a full year into World War II — showed the protagonist punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler; it sold nearly one million copies. While most readers responded favorably to the comic, some took objection. Simon noted, \"When the first issue came out we got a lot of ... threatening letters and hate mail. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for.\" The threats, which included menacing groups of people loitering out on the street outside of the offices, proved so serious that police protection was posted with New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia personally contacting Simon and Kirby to give his support. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06643009185791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Though preceded as a \"patriotically themed superhero\" by MLJ's The Shield, Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of that wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II, as evidenced by the unusual move at the time of premiering the character in his own title instead of an anthology title first. This popularity drew the attention and a complaint from MLJ that the character's triangular shield too closely resembled the chest symbol of their Shield character. In response, Goodman had Simon and Kirby create a distinctive round shield for issue 2, which went on to become an iconic element of the character. With his sidekick Bucky, Captain America faced Nazis, Japanese, and other threats to wartime America and the Allies. Stanley Lieber, now better known as Stan Lee, contributed to the character in issue #3 in the filler text story \"Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge\", which introduced the character's use of his shield as a returning throwing weapon. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fan-club called the \"Sentinels of Liberty\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.124114990234375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines such as Time during the period. After the Simon and Kirby team moved to DC Comics in late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (January 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencillers of the celebrated title, with one generally inking over the other. The character was featured in All Winners Comics #1–19 (Summer 1941 – Fall 1946), Marvel Mystery Comics #80–84 and #86–92, USA Comics #6–17 (Dec. 1942 – Fall 1945), and All Select Comics #1–10 (Fall 1943 – Summer 1946).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030667304992676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely's first superhero team, the All-Winners Squad, in its two published adventures, in All Winners Comics #19 and #21 (Fall–Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend, Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine Golden Girl. Captain America Comics ran until issue #73 (July 1949), at which time the series was retitled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues, with the finale being a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.080686569213867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Atlas Comics attempted to revive its superhero titles when it reintroduced Captain America, along with the original Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in Young Men #24 (Dec. 1953). Billed as \"Captain America, Commie Smasher!\" Captain America appeared during the next year in Young Men #24–28 and Men's Adventures #27–28, as well as in issues #76–78 of an eponymous title. Atlas' attempted superhero revival was a commercial failure, and the character's title was canceled with Captain America #78 (Sept. 1954).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.954439163208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the Human Torch story titled \"Captain America\" in Marvel Comics' Strange Tales #114 (Nov. 1963), writer-editor Stan Lee and artist and co-plotter Jack Kirby depicted the brash young Fantastic Four member Johnny Storm, the Human Torch, in an exhibition performance with Captain America, described as a legendary World War II and 1950s superhero who has returned after many years of apparent retirement. The 18-page story ends with this Captain America revealed as an impostor: it was actually the villain the Acrobat, a former circus performer the Torch had defeated in Strange Tales #106, who broke two thieves out of jail, hoping to draw the police away while trying to rob the local bank. Afterward, Storm digs out an old comic book in which Captain America is shown to be Steve Rogers. A caption in the final panel says this story was a test to see if readers would like Captain America to return. According to Lee, fan response to the tryout was very enthusiastic. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.230586051940918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America was then formally reintroduced in The Avengers #4 (March 1964), which explained that in the final days of World War II, he had fallen from an experimental drone plane into the North Atlantic Ocean and spent decades frozen in a block of ice in a state of suspended animation. The hero found a new generation of readers as leader of that superhero team. Following the success of other Marvel characters introduced during the 1960s, Captain America was recast as a hero \"haunted by past memories, and trying to adapt to 1960s society\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22126293182373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "After then guest-starring in the feature \"Iron Man\" in Tales of Suspense #58 (Oct. 1964), Captain America gained his own solo feature in that \"split book\", beginning the following issue. Issue #63 (March 1965), which retold Captain America's origin, through issue #71 (Nov. 1965) was a period feature set during World War II and co-starred Captain America's Golden Age sidekick, Bucky. Kirby drew all but two of the stories in Tales of Suspense, which became Captain America with #100 (April 1968); Gil Kane and John Romita Sr., each filled in once. Several stories were finished by penciller-inker George Tuska over Kirby layouts, with one finished by Romita Sr. and another by penciller Dick Ayers and inker John Tartaglione. Kirby's regular inkers on the series were Frank Giacoia (as \"Frank Ray\") and Joe Sinnott, though Don Heck and Golden Age Captain America artist Syd Shores inked one story each.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.772021293640137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "This series — considered Captain America volume one by comics researchers and historians, following the 1940s Captain America Comics and its 1950s numbering continuation of Tales of Suspense — ended with #454 (Aug. 1996).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339219093322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "This series was almost immediately followed by the 13-issue Captain America vol. 2 (Nov. 1996 – Nov. 1997, part of the \"Heroes Reborn\" crossover), the 50-issue Captain America vol. 3 (Jan. 1998 – Feb. 2002), the 32-issue Captain America vol. 4 (June 2002 – Dec. 2004), and Captain America vol. 5 (Jan. 2005 – Aug. 2011). Beginning with the 600th overall issue (Aug. 2009), Captain America resumed its original numbering, as if the series numbering had continued uninterrupted after #454.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.812013626098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "As part of the aftermath of Marvel Comics' company-crossover storyline \"Civil War\", Steve Rogers was ostensibly killed in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.940990447998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The storyline of Rogers' return began in issue #600. Rogers, who was not dead but caroming through time, returned to the present day in the six-issue miniseries Captain America: Reborn (Sept. 2009 – March 2010). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.635307312011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Spinoff series included Captain America Sentinel of Liberty (Sept. 1998 – Aug. 1999) and Captain America and the Falcon (May 2004 – June 2005). The 1940s Captain America appeared alongside the 1940s Human Torch and Sub-Mariner in the 12-issue miniseries Avengers/Invaders. The 2007 mini-series Captain America: The Chosen, written by David Morrell and penciled by Mitchell Breitweiser, depicts a dying Steve Rogers' final minutes, at S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters, as his spirit guides James Newman, a young American Marine fighting in Afghanistan. The Chosen is not part of the main Marvel Universe continuity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.639325141906738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The character, first as agent Steve Rogers and later after resuming his identity as Captain America, appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010–2013 Avengers series, from issue #1 (July 2010) through its final issue #34 (January 2013). The character appeared as agent Steve Rogers as a regular character in the 2010–2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue #1 (July 2010) through issue #21 (March 2012); the character made guest appearances as Captain America in issues #21.1, #22–23, #35, and the final issue of the series #37 (March 2013).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.034489631652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Marvel stated in May 2011 that Rogers, following the public death of Bucky Barnes in the Fear Itself miniseries, would resume his Captain America identity in a sixth volume of Captain America, by writer Ed Brubaker and artist Steve McNiven. The Captain America title continued from issue #620 featuring team up stories with Bucky (#620-#628), Hawkeye (#629-#632), Iron Man (#633–635), Namor (#635.1), and Black Widow (#636-#640), and the title ended its print run with issue #640.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.88808822631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America is a regular character in Uncanny Avengers (2012), beginning with issue #1 as part of Marvel NOW!. Captain America vol. 7 was launched in November 2012 with a January 2013 cover date by writer Rick Remender and artist John Romita Jr.. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.078601837158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "On July 16, 2014 Marvel Comics announced that the mantle of Captain America would be passed on by Rogers (who in the most recent storyline has been turned into a 90-year-old man) to his long-time ally The Falcon to which the series will be relaunched as All-New Captain America. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.071102142333984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Marvel announced that Rogers will become Captain America once again in the comic series Captain America: Steve Rogers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.140860557556152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In 1999, Simon filed to claim the copyright to Captain America under a provision of the Copyright Act of 1976 which allowed the original creators of works that had been sold to corporations to reclaim them after the original 56-year copyright term (but not the longer term enacted by the new legislation) had expired. Marvel Entertainment challenged the claim, arguing that the settlement of Simon's 1966 suit made the character ineligible for termination of the copyright transfer. Simon and Marvel settled out of court in 2003, in a deal that paid Simon royalties for merchandising and licensing use of the character. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.270659446716309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Disturbed by the rise of the Third Reich, Rogers attempts to enlist but is rejected due to his frail body. His resolution attracts the notice of U.S. Army General Chester Phillips and \"Project: Rebirth\". Rogers is used as a test subject for the Super-Soldier project, receiving a special serum made by \"Dr. Josef Reinstein\", later retroactively changed to a code name for the scientist Abraham Erskine. The name \"Erskine\" was first used in a Captain America novel The Great Gold Steal by Ted White published by Bantam Books in 1968.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.321019172668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Erskine refused to write down every crucial element of the treatment, leaving behind a flawed, imperfect knowledge of the steps. Thus, when the Nazi spy Heinz Kruger killed him, Erskine's method of creating new Super-Soldiers died. Captain America, in his first act after his transformation, avenges Erskine. In the 1941 origin story and in Tales of Suspense #63, Kruger dies when running into machinery but is not killed by Rogers; in the Captain America #109 and #255 revisions, Rogers causes the spy's death by punching him into machinery.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.008545875549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In addition to Bucky, Captain America was occasionally assisted by the Sentinels of Liberty. Sentinels of Liberty was the title given to members of the Captain America Comics fan club who Captain America sometimes addressed as an aside, or as characters in the Captain America Comics stories.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109850883483887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In late April 1945, during the closing days of World War II, Captain America and Bucky try to stop the villainous Baron Zemo from destroying an experimental drone plane. Zemo launches the plane with an armed explosive on it with Rogers and Barnes in hot pursuit. The pair reaches the plane just before take off. When Bucky tries to defuse the bomb, it explodes in mid-air. Rogers is hurled into the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. Both are presumed dead, though it is later revealed that neither one died.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.322476387023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America appeared in comics for the next few years, changing from World War II-era hero fighting the Nazis to confronting the United States' newest enemy, Communism. The revival of the character in the mid-1950s was short-lived, and events during that time period are later retconned to show that multiple people operated using the code name to explain the changes in the character. These post World War II successors are listed as William Naslund and Jeffrey Mace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.083587646484375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The last of these other official Captains, William Burnside, was a history graduate enamored with the Captain America mythos, having his appearance surgically altered to resemble Rogers and legally changing his name to \"Steve Rogers\", becoming the new \"1950s Captain America\". He self-administered to himself and his pupil James \"Jack\" Monroe a flawed, incomplete copy of the Super-Serum, which made no mention about the necessary Vita-Ray portion of the treatment. As a result, while Burnside and Monroe became the new Captain America and Bucky, they became violently paranoid, often raving about innocent people being communist sympathizers during the height of the Red Scare of the 1950s. Their insanity forced the U.S. government to place them in indefinite cryogenic storage until they could be cured of their mental illness. Monroe would later be cured and assume the Nomad identity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.343245506286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America is plagued by guilt for having been unable to prevent Bucky's death. Although he takes the young Rick Jones (who closely resembles Bucky) under his tutelage, he refuses for some time to allow Jones to take up the Bucky identity, not wishing to be responsible for another youth's death. Insisting that his hero move on from that loss, Jones convinces Rogers to let him don the Bucky costume, but this partnership lasts only a short time; a disguised Red Skull, impersonating Rogers with the help of the Cosmic Cube, drives Jones away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.910387992858887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Rogers later meets and trains Sam Wilson, who becomes the superhero the Falcon, the first African-American superhero in mainstream comic books. The characters established an enduring friendship and adventuring partnership, sharing the series title for some time as Captain America and the Falcon. The two later encounter the revived but still insane 1950s Captain America. Although Rogers and the Falcon defeat the faux Rogers and Jack Monroe, Rogers becomes deeply disturbed that he could have suffered his counterpart's fate. During this period, Rogers temporarily gains super strength. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.663158416748047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The series dealt with the Marvel Universe's version of the Watergate scandal, making Rogers so uncertain about his role that he abandons his Captain America identity in favor of one called Nomad, emphasizing the word's meaning as \"man without a country\". During this time, several men unsuccessfully assume the Captain America identity. Rogers eventually re-assumes it after coming to consider that the identity could be a symbol of American ideals and not its government; it's a personal conviction epitomized when he later confronted a corrupt Army officer attempting to manipulate him by appealing to his loyalty, \"I'm loyal to nothing, General ... except the [American] Dream.\" Jack Monroe, cured of his mental instability, later takes up the Nomad alias. Sharon Carter is believed to have been killed while under the mind control of Dr. Faustus. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.165761947631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The 1980s included a run by writer Roger Stern and artist John Byrne. Stern had Rogers consider a run for President of the United States in Captain America #250 (June 1980), an idea originally developed by Roger McKenzie and Don Perlin. Stern, in his capacity as editor of the title, originally rejected the idea but later changed his mind about the concept. McKenzie and Perlin received credit for the idea on the letters page at Stern's insistence. Stern additionally introduced a new love interest, law student Bernie Rosenthal, in Captain America #248 (Aug. 1980). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.256440162658691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Writer J. M. DeMatteis revealed the true face and full origin of the Red Skull in Captain America #298–300, and had Captain America take on Jack Monroe, Nomad, as a partner for a time. Around this time, the heroes gathered by the Beyonder elect Rogers as leader during their stay on Battleworld in the 1984 miniseries Secret Wars. Homophobia is dealt with as Rogers runs into a childhood friend named Arnold Roth who is gay. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.05435848236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Mark Gruenwald became the writer of the series with issue #307 (July 1985) and wrote 137 issues for 10 consecutive years from until #443 (Sept. 1995), the most issues by any single author in the character's history. Gruenwald created several new foes, including Crossbones and the Serpent Society. Other Gruenwald characters included Diamondback, Super Patriot, and Demolition Man. Gruenwald explored numerous political and social themes as well, such as extreme idealism when Captain America fights the anti-nationalist terrorist Flag-Smasher; and vigilantism when he hunts the murderous Scourge of the Underworld. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.756135940551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Rogers receives a large back-pay reimbursement dating back to his disappearance at the end of World War II, and a government commission orders him to work directly for the U.S. government. Already troubled by the corruption he had encountered with the Nuke incident in New York City, Rogers chooses instead to resign his identity, and then takes the alias of \"the Captain\". A replacement Captain America, John Walker, struggles to emulate Rogers' ideals until pressure from hidden enemies helps to drive Walker insane. Rogers returns to the Captain America identity while a recovered Walker becomes the U.S. Agent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.473028182983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Because of his altered biochemistry, Rogers' body begins to deteriorate, and for a time he must wear a powered exoskeleton and is eventually placed again in suspended animation. During this time, he is given a transfusion of blood from the Red Skull, which cures his condition and stabilizes the Super-Soldier virus in his system. Captain America returns to crime fighting and the Avengers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.785946846008301, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rogers reveals his identity to the world and establishes a residence in the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, as seen in Captain America vol. 4, #1–7 (June 2002 – Feb. 2003). Following the disbandment of the Avengers in the \"Avengers Disassembled\" story arc, Rogers, now employed by S.H.I.E.L.D., discovers Bucky is alive, having been saved and deployed by the Soviets as the Winter Soldier. Rogers resumes his on-again, off-again relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter. After a mass supervillain break-out of the Raft, Rogers and Tony Stark assemble a new team of Avengers to hunt the escapees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.262641906738281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the 2006–2007 company-wide story arc \"Civil War\", and its anchoring, seven-issue miniseries, Civil War (July 2006 – Jan. 2007), Rogers opposes the new mandatory federal registration of super-powered beings, and leads the underground anti-registration movement. After significant rancor and danger to the public as the two sides clash, Captain America voluntarily surrenders and orders the Anti-Registration forces to stand down, feeling that the fight had reached a point where they were just fighting rather than trying to make a stand on principle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.199822425842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the story arc \"The Death of Captain America\", Rogers is indicted on criminal charges for his anti-registration efforts, and in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (April 2007) is shot outside a federal courthouse; taken to a hospital, he is pronounced dead. The assassination, orchestrated by the Red Skull, involves Crossbones as a sniper and Dr. Faustus, who poses as a S.H.I.E.L.D. psychiatrist and gives Carter a hypnotic suggestion to surreptitiously shoot Rogers at close range during the chaos surrounding the sniper shot.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.803974151611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The miniseries Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America #1–5 (June–Aug. 2007) follows the stunned superhero community after the apparent assassination. Captain America is purportedly laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, but Tony Stark (Iron Man) and others have actually returned Rogers' body to the Arctic where Rogers had been found years before, and whereupon Namor swore to guard him. In Captain America vol. 5, #30 (Sept. 2007), Stark, who previously had tried to convince close friend and colleague of both Rogers and Stark Clint Barton to take up the role, receives a letter containing Rogers' request that Bucky become the next Captain America, which Bucky agrees to do four issues later. Adopting the original shield, he dons a new costume incorporating a pistol and a knife. The Norse god superhero Thor communicates with what appears to be Rogers' spirit on the first anniversary of Rogers' death, setting up a massive electromagnetic surge to shut down global communications and give Rogers' spirit a moment of silence instead of the debates about what he would have done if he was still alive. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.111330032348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America: Reborn #1 (Aug. 2009) reveals that Rogers did not die, and that the gun Sharon Carter had been hypnotized to use had caused Rogers to phase in and out of space and time, appearing at events in his lifetime and fighting various battles. Although Rogers manages to relay a message to the future by giving a time-delayed command to the Vision during the Kree-Skrull War, the Skull returns Rogers to the present, where he takes control of Rogers' mind and body. Rogers eventually regains control, and, with help from his allies, defeats the Skull in the fourth and final issues of this miniseries. In the subsequent one-shot comic Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield?, Rogers formally grants Bucky his Captain America shield and asks his former sidekick to continue as Captain America. The American President grants Rogers a full pardon for his anti-registration actions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.566980838775635, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The U.S. president appoints Rogers, in his civilian identity, as \"America's top cop\" and head of the nation's security, replacing Norman Osborn as the tenth Executive Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.. The Superhuman Registration Act is repealed and Rogers re-establishes the superhero team the Avengers, spearheaded by Iron Man, Thor, and Bucky as Captain America. In the miniseries Steve Rogers: Super Soldier, he encounters Jacob Erskine, the grandson of Professor Abraham Erskine and the son of Tyler Paxton, one of Rogers' fellow volunteers in the Super-Soldier program. Shortly afterward, Rogers becomes leader of the Secret Avengers, a black-ops superhero team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.176697731018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In the Avengers vs. X-Men story arc, Captain America attempts to apprehend Hope Summers of the X-Men. She is the targeted vessel for the Phoenix Force, a destructive cosmic entity. Captain America believes that this Phoenix Force is too dangerous to entrust in one person and seeks to prevent Hope from having it. Cyclops and the X-Men believe that the Phoenix Force will save their race, and oppose Captain America's wishes. The result is a series of battles that eventually take both teams to the blue area of the moon. The Phoenix Force eventually possesses the five X-Men present, leaving the Avengers at an extreme disadvantage. The Phoenix Five, who become corrupted by the power of the Phoenix, are eventually defeated and scattered, with Cyclops imprisoned for turning the world into a police state and murdering Charles Xavier after being pushed too far, only for him to note that, in the end, he was proven right about the Phoenix's intentions. From there, Captain America proceeds to assemble the Avengers Unity Squad, a new team of Avengers composed of both classic Avengers and X-Men. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.686023712158203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The Red Skull's skills were still erratic, and couldn't completely control Captain America, an attack against him was enough of a distraction to lose control of Rogue and the Scarlet Witch. After being overpowered by the rest of the Uncanny Avengers, the Red Skull decided to escape, but promises to return. In the aftermath, both Rogue and the Scarlet Witch joined the team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825631141662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Steve Rogers learns from Rick Jones that S.H.I.E.L.D. has established the gated community of Pleasant Hill to be the most unlikeliest of prisons where they use Kobik to transform the villains into ordinary citizens. When Steve Rogers is brought to Pleasant Hill, he confronts Maria Hill about the Kobik project. Their argument is interrupted when Baron Helmut Zemo and Fixer had restored the inmates to normal. After Maria Hill is injured, Steve Rogers reasons with Baron Zemo to let Maria Hill get medical attention. Steve Rogers is then escorted to Dr. Erik Selvig's clinic by Father Patrick. Erik Selvig tells Captain America that Kobik is at the Pleasant Hill Bowling Alley. During an attempt to reason with Kobik, Steve Rogers is then attacked by Crossbones. Before Steve Rogers can be killed, Kobik uses her abilities to restore Steve Rogers back to his prime. Declaring that \"It's good to be back,\" Steve Rogers defeats Crossbones as Captain America and Winter Soldier catch up to him. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.714444637298584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "In May 25, 2016's Captain America: Steve Rogers #1, the final panel apparently revealed that Rogers has been a Hydra double-agent since his early youth. However, this is subsequently revealed to be the result of false memories implanted by Kobik when she restored Rogers' youth as she was secretly under the control of the Red Skull's clone at the time. Some of Rogers' original heroic minds remain intact, and his further past revealed his fuel hatred towards HYDRA, such as manipulating his mother, Sarah and tries to separate Rogers from her. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.353520393371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America has no superhuman powers, but through the Super-Soldier Serum and \"Vita-Ray\" treatment, he is transformed and his strength, endurance, agility, speed, reflexes, durability, and healing are at the zenith of natural human potential. Rogers' body regularly replenishes the super-soldier serum; it does not wear off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.025579452514648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "The formula enhances all of his metabolic functions and prevents the build-up of fatigue poisons in his muscles, giving him endurance far in excess of an ordinary human being. This accounts for many of his extraordinary feats, including bench pressing 1200 pounds (545 kg) and running a mile (1.6 km) in 73 seconds (49 mph/78 kph). Furthermore, his enhancements are the reason why he was able to survive being frozen in suspended animation for decades. He is highly resistant to hypnosis or gases that could limit his focus. The secrets of creating a super-soldier were lost with the death of its creator, Dr. Abraham Erskine. In the ensuing decades there have been numerous attempts to recreate Erskine's treatment, only to have them end in failure. Even worse, the attempts have instead often created psychopathic supervillains of which Captain America's 1950s imitator and Nuke are the most notorious examples.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.412895202636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Rogers has vast U.S. military knowledge and is often shown to be familiar with ongoing, classified Defense Department operations. He is an expert in combat strategy, survival, acrobatics, military strategy, piloting, and demolitions. Despite his high profile as one of the world's most popular and recognizable superheroes, Rogers has a broad understanding of the espionage community, largely through his ongoing relationship with S.H.I.E.L.D. He is a talented artist, and has worked on the Captain America comic book published in the Marvel universe. Other career fields include commercial arts, teaching high school history, and law enforcement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.200874328613281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Although he lacks superhuman strength, Captain America is one of the few mortal beings who has been deemed worthy enough to wield Thor's hammer Mjolnir. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915183067321777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America often uses his shield as an offensive throwing weapon. The first instance of Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss occurs in Stan Lee's first comics writing, the two-page text story \"Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge\" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941). The legacy of the shield among other comics characters includes the time-traveling mutant superhero Cable telling Captain America that his shield still exists in one of the possible futures; Cable carries it into battle and brandishes it as a symbol. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94770336151123, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America has used a custom specialized motorcycle, modified by the S.H.I.E.L.D. weapons laboratory, as well as a custom-built battle van, constructed by the Wakanda Design Group with the ability to change its color for disguise purposes (red, white and blue), and fitted to store and conceal the custom motorcycle in its rear section with a frame that allows Rogers to launch from the vehicle riding it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.389533996582031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Captain America has faced numerous foes in over 70 years of published adventures. Many of his recurring foes embody ideals contrary to the American values that Captain America is shown to strive for and believe. Some examples of these opposing values are Nazism (Red Skull, Baron Zemo), Neo-Nazism (Crossbones, Doctor Faustus), technocratic fascism (AIM, Arnim Zola), Communism (Aleksander Lukin), anarchism (Flag Smasher) and international and domestic terrorism (Hydra).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.739458084106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Captain America" }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "A year after that series ended, the one-shot Fury (May 1994) retconned the events of those previous two series, recasting them as a series of staged events designed to distract Fury from the resurrection plans of Hydra head von Strucker. The following year, writer Howard Chaykin and penciler Corky Lehmkuhl produced the four-issue miniseries Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D. (April–July 1995). Various publications have additionally focused on Nick Fury's solo adventures, such as the graphic novels and one-shots Wolverine—Nick Fury: The Scorpio Connection (1989), Wolverine/Nick Fury: Scorpio Rising (Oct. 1994), Fury/Black Widow: Death Duty and Captain America/Nick Fury: Blood Truce (both Feb. 1995), and Captain America/Nick Fury: The Otherworld War (Oct. 2001).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.712502479553223, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Its headquarters is the Helicarrier, a massive flying aircraft carrier kept airborne at all times and, among other things, containing a squadron of jet fighters and housing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). In addition, S.H.I.E.L.D. maintains strong ties to the superhero community, especially Captain America, the Avengers, and the Fantastic Four, and often calls upon that community for aid on particular missions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832357406616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Prior to the events of the Civil War, Captain America estimated there to be 3,000 agents on active duty. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.405264854431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "Although the various Helicarriers built over the years have long been considered S.H.I.E.L.D.'s primary mobile home base, the Directorate also maintains a number of land bases throughout the world, most notably \"S.H.I.E.L.D. Central\" in New York City. While some of these bases are publicly accessible on a limited basis, most are not publicly disclosed for reasons of planetary security. There are several fully equipped S.H.I.E.L.D. fall-out shelters scattered around the world, with twenty-eight of these being known only to Nick Fury. During the events of Civil War, Nick Fury was hiding in an American-based shelter. He also divulged the location of one to Captain America, so the Resistance to the Superhuman Registration Act could use it as a safe house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057985305786133, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "H.A.M.M.E.R. replaces S.H.I.E.L.D. after it is dissolved when Norman Osborn is appointed the new head following the conclusion of the Skrull attack. It was not established what H.A.M.M.E.R. stands for; in Dark Avengers #1, Osborn told Victoria Hand, the new Deputy Director, that it does stand for something, and when she asked what it stands for, he told her, \"Get to work on it for me. That is one of the many things on your 'To Do' list\". Former S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and members of Hydra are hired as agents. H.A.M.M.E.R. promotes Osborn's personal team of Avengers, a group composed mostly of former Thunderbolts members and former members of the Mighty Avengers. Osborn also eliminates all of Tony Stark's influence on S.H.I.E.L.D., including the Cape-Killer Armor and the Red and Gold Helicarrier. He also replaces all agents loyal to Nick Fury, Captain America, or Iron Man with agents loyal to himself. Also, in the Captain America: Reborn Prelude, when Sin, who is captured by H.A.M.M.E.R, asks what it stands for, the agent present says that it's classified and she does not have security clearance. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70047664642334, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "After Ross stepped down and retired, Nick Fury was then selected as the organization's executive director. His first actions were to shut down Weapon X and resurrect the Super Soldier program, commissioning Richard Parker, Dr. Bruce Banner, Franklin Storm, and young intern Hank Pym to try to recreate the formula that made Captain America. This failed and resulted in the creation of the Hulk when Banner injected his serum into himself. It was later revealed that the chemical called Oz, which turned Norman Osborn into the Green Goblin, was also created in hopes of recreating the Super Soldier formula. Spider-Man was also a product of the Oz formula. Also, the creation of the supervillains Sandman and Electro are due to Hammer Industries attempting to recreate the Super Soldier formula for S.H.I.E.L.D. Then S.H.I.E.L.D. created its own superhero team, the Ultimates. Later still, it brought the X-Men and Spider-Man under S.H.I.E.L.D. jurisdiction. In Ultimate X-Men #65 (Jan. 2006), S.H.I.E.L.D. severed ties with the X-Men. After the events of Ultimate Power, S.H.I.E.L.D. is under the directorship of Carol Danvers, as Nick Fury was temporarily stranded in the Supreme Power Universe. After \"Ultimatum\", Nick Fury becomes head of the Black-Ops division in Ultimate Comics: Avengers. It is also revealed he is plotting to take back his position as director. After a mysterious force frames Danvers for selling super-soldiers to rival nations, it was revealed to be a ploy by Gregory Stark to become Director, until Fury, the Avengers, and Ultimates stop him, resulting in Thor electrocuting Dr. Stark to death. After the Death of Spider-Man, Marvin Flumm was promoted to Director by the U.S. President. After an arc called \"Divided We Stand\", a crossover involving Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, Ultimate Comics: X-Men, and Ultimate Comics: Ultimates, Monica Chang (one of Nick Fury's ex-wives and 2nd Black Widow) was promoted by Captain America to Director after Agent Flumm was dismissed. S.H.I.E.L.D. is later disassembled after the events of Cataclysm, for although the Ultimates were able to defeat Galactus, the destruction caused by Galactus's attack and the loss of Captain America and Thor make it the last straw for the United States Government, who immediately decide to shut S.H.I.E.L.D. down, resulting in villains such as Norman Osborn (Green Goblin) and Victor Van Damme (Doctor Doom), who are revealed to be alive, being released into the custody of other federal agencies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.749049186706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "** S.H.I.E.L.D. appears at the end of Captain America: The First Avenger. When Steve Rogers awakens in modern times and makes his way out of a building, he is greeted by Nick Fury and some S.H.I.E.L.D. agents.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.738821029663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "** S.H.I.E.L.D features prominently in Captain America: The Winter Soldier with Captain America as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent, along with Black Widow, Nick Fury, Maria Hill, Jasper Sitwell, Sharon Carter, Brock Rumlow, Jack Rollins, and Alexander Pierce. The history of S.H.I.E.L.D. is further explored in the film. It is revealed that Arnim Zola was brought on board in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s inception for his scientific expertise, but he secretly regrew Hydra within the organization with the purpose of identifying and eliminating potential threats to Hydra's goals. Pierce, Rumlow, Rollins, and Sitwell are revealed to be sleeper agents of Hydra within the agency. When Rogers exposes Hydra within S.H.I.E.L.D., Fury, Romanoff, Carter, Hill, and others leave the agency as it falls apart.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.501964569091797, "source": "wiki", "title": "S.H.I.E.L.D." }, { "answer": "Captain America", "passage": "* The story \"Flags of Our Fathers\", which happens during World War II, tells how Black Panther, Captain America, Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos fight the Nazis who want to steal vibranium from the Wakandans. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.224565505981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vibranium" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot (referred to in some countries and often in colloquial speech simply as Home Depot) is a home improvement supplies superstore that sells tools, construction products and services.", "precise_score": -5.088942050933838, "rough_score": -6.563784599304199, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot was founded in 1978 by Bernard Marcus, Arthur Blank, and Pat Farrah. The Home Depot's proposition was to build home-improvement superstores, larger than any of their competitors' facilities. Investment banker Ken Langone helped Marcus and Blank to secure the necessary capital.", "precise_score": -7.0679216384887695, "rough_score": -8.109214782714844, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Nardelli had pushed hard to make the company more efficient, instituting many metrics and centralizing operations, while cutting jobs, benefits, and associate pay to meet quarterly earnings targets. While this initially doubled earnings and reduced expenses, it alienated many of the store managers and rank-and-file store associates, and by extension the customers. Nardelli, who regarded home improvement store-by-store sales as less important due to market saturation from competition such as Lowe's, aimed to dominate the wholesale housing-supply business through building up HD Supply, a unit that Blake sold for $8.5 billion in August 2007 since it was not part of Home Depot's integrated business. In comparison to Nardelli, whose numbers-driven approach never appreciated the role of the store and its associates, Blake's strategy has revolved around reinvigorating the stores and its service culture (engaging employees, making products readily available and exciting to customers, improving the store environment, and dominating the professional contracting business, an area in which Home Depot's closest rivals trail far behind), as he recognized that employee morale is a more sensitive issue in retail compared to other industry sectors like manufacturing. ", "precise_score": -6.64943265914917, "rough_score": -7.398782730102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The slogan \"More saving. More doing.\" was introduced by The Home Depot in the March 18, 2009 circular, replacing \"You can do it. We can help.\" which had been used since 2003. Other slogans used in the past 25 years include \"The Home Depot, Low prices are just the beginning\" in the early 1990s and \"When you're at the Home Depot, You'll feel right at home\" in the late 1990s and \"The Home Depot: First In Home Improvement!\" from 1999–2003.", "precise_score": 6.5572428703308105, "rough_score": 7.0049614906311035, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot has stated on their website that they have a commitment \"to the environment and pledge to continue to be an industry leader in looking for products and services that are respectful of our world\". The Home Depot introduced a label on nearly 3,000 products in 2007. The label promotes energy conservation, sustainable forestry and clean water. Home Depot executives said that as the world's-largest buyer of construction material, their company had the power to persuade thousands of suppliers, homebuilders and consumers to follow its lead on environment sustainability. \"Who in the world has a chance to have a bigger impact on this sector than Home Depot?\" asked Ron Jarvis, vice president for environmental innovation at Home Depot. This program is following The Home Depot's promise in the late 1990s to eliminate the number of sales of lumber from endangered forests in countries including Chile and Indonesia. Home Depot has since worked with environmental groups to create a variety of green programs. For example, Home Depot planted thousands of trees at its headquarters in Atlanta to offset carbon emissions. In 2007, The Home Depot Foundation (the company's charitable foundation) committed to investing $100 million over the next decade to build over 100,000 green affordable homes and plant 3,000,000 trees.", "precise_score": -7.942296028137207, "rough_score": -7.955728530883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In January 2007, The Home Depot became the official Home Improvement sponsor of ESPN's College Gameday. ", "precise_score": -5.816749095916748, "rough_score": -7.419421672821045, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Home Depot Canada is the Canadian unit of the Home Depot and one of Canada's top home improvement retailers. The Canadian operation consists of 182 stores and employs over 28,000 people in Canada. Home Depot Canada has stores in all ten Canadian provinces and serves territorial Nunavut, Northwest Territories, and Yukon through electronic means (Online Sales). The Canadian head office is located in Toronto.", "precise_score": -7.982006072998047, "rough_score": -9.717827796936035, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot operates 106 stores in Mexico and has become one of the largest retailers in Mexico since it entered the market in 2001. The Home Depot increased its presence in Mexico in 2004, with the acquisition of Home Mart, the second largest Mexican home improvement retailer.", "precise_score": -7.851694107055664, "rough_score": -9.522265434265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In December 2006, the Home Depot announced its acquisition of the Chinese home improvement retailer The Home Way. The acquisition gave the Home Depot an immediate presence in China, with 12 stores in six cities.", "precise_score": -5.915735721588135, "rough_score": -8.700263977050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot's lack of success in China has been attributed to the disconnect between The Home Depot's do-it-yourself ethos and Chinese culture. In 2012, the Home Depot conceded that it misread the country's appetite for do-it-yourself products. As a spokeswoman for the company said in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, \"The market trend says this is more of a do-it-for-me culture\". Culturally, manual labor is seen as an activity for lower-class citizens, and some have speculated that The Home Depot could have capitalized on this by offering a do-it-for-me model to Chinese consumers. Chinese consumers prefer to see a finished product, such as a renovated room, rather than light bulbs and lumber. Ironically, the same issue does not exist outside of China, especially in Canada where Chinese Home Depot advertisements and store signage can be found in areas with large Chinese demographics.", "precise_score": -9.178129196166992, "rough_score": -8.571815490722656, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "In 1997, Home Depot entered the Chilean and Argentine markets. While the venture was viewed with great optimism by founders Bernard Marcus and Arthur Blank, it eventually proved unprofitable. In October 2001, Chilean partners Falabella bought out Home Depot's share of the five Chilean Home Center stores and rebranded them Home Store. In 2003, after merging with Sodimac, all stores adopted that brand. The company has since expanded across Latin America very profitably and successfully. It's currently the N°1 Home Improvement company in South America.", "precise_score": -7.146411895751953, "rough_score": -8.870018005371094, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "In 2002,Argentina's Home Depots were bought out by Chilean company Cencosud and rebranded Easy stores, a company that has also expanded across South America. It's currently the N°2 Home Improvement company in South America.", "precise_score": -5.7603278160095215, "rough_score": -8.467342376708984, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Its 2005 sales totaled US$91.8 billion (US$77.0 billion in retail sales). Despite the 10% increase in revenue, it dropped three spots to No. 17 on the 2007 FORTUNE magazine's FORTUNE 500 list (it was No. 13 in 2005 and No. 14 in 2006). The Home Depot owned EXPO Design Center, a chain of home decorating and appliance stores, but closed the chain in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.565576553344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2001, it acquired distributor Your Other Warehouse (YOW), which still operates as its own division. In 2006, the Home Depot acquired Hughes Supply which was assimilated into HD Supply serving contractors, which it sold in June 2007. In September 2005, Home Depot Direct launched its online home-furnishings store, 10 Crescent Lane, shortly followed by the launch of Paces Trading Company, its online lighting store. In mid 2006, the Home Depot acquired Home Decorators Collection, which was placed as an additional brand under its Home Depot Direct division. Home Depot Landscape Supply, with only a few stores each in metro Atlanta and Dallas/Fort Worth, was founded in 2002 and closed in late 2007.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592483520507812, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "On January 2, 2007, the Home Depot and Robert Nardelli mutually agreed on Nardelli's resignation as CEO after a six-year tenure. Nardelli resigned amid complaints over his heavy-handed management and whether his pay package of $123.7 million (excluding stock option grants) over the previous five years was excessive, considering the stock's poor performance versus its competitor Lowe's. His severance package of $210 million was criticized because when the stock went down his pay went up. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.73026180267334, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "His successor, Frank Blake, previously served as the company's vice chairman of the board and executive vice president. Blake agreed to a much more conservative compensation package than Nardelli, that is very heavily dependent upon the success of the company. Although a longtime deputy to Nardelli at GE and Home Depot, Blake was said to lack Nardelli's hard edge and instead preferred to make decisions by consensus. Indeed, Blake repudiated many of his predecessor's strategies, and it has been reported that the two men have not spoken since Nardelli departed Home Depot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57681655883789, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2007, the Home Depot sold its $13 billion revenue wholesale (trade) division, HD Supply, to a consortium of three private equity firms, The Carlyle Group, Bain Capital and Clayton, Dubilier and Rice (with each agreeing to buy a one-third stake in the division). Home Depot sold their wholesale construction supply business to fund a stock repurchase estimated at $40 billion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.959220886230469, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2008 and 2009, with the downturn in the housing market, The Home Depot announced the layoff of several thousand associates, as well as the closing of 54 stores nationwide, including the entire EXPO Design Center chain. Associates at EXPO were allowed to re-apply for Home Depot jobs after the layoffs, and did not lose any tenure if hired back. In the year of February 2009, sales totaled $71.288 billion, more than $20 billion down from the peak of two years earlier due to the sale of HD Supply and falling revenue at the retained business. In 2012, they proceeded to close the big-box style stores that they had in China, however smaller stores that specialized in custom products and focused on more intimate interactions between customers and associates remain open there.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.92149829864502, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Menear joined The Home Depot in 1997, and served in various management and vice-presidential positions, until 2003, including Merchandising Vice President of Hardware, Merchandising Vice President of the Southwest Division, and Divisional Merchandise Manager of the Southwest Division. He subsequently served as Senior Vice President of Merchandising from August 2003 to April 2007. He then served as an Executive Vice President of Merchandising from April 2007 to February 2014. Until becoming CEO Menear served as President of U.S. Retail from February 2014 to November 1, 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130721092224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "The company had a data breach in September 2014. One major reason for the data breach was the practice of entering credit card numbers directly into computers at the service-desk, pro-desk, and in specialty departments including flooring, kitchen cabinets, appliances, and millwork, rather than using POS credit card terminals directly. The practice was stopped and Home Depot offered a year of free credit monitoring through AllClearID for any customers who requested it. There were also reports of credit card numbers being stolen when used to make purchases on Homedepot.com.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.092304229736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "On July 22, 2015 Home Depot acquired Interline Brands from P2 Capital Partners, Goldman Sachs' private equity arm, and the management of Interline Brands for $1.6 billion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.751317977905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Home Depot stores average 105,000 ft2 (9,755 m2) in size and are organized warehouse-style, stocking a large range of supplies. Home Depot's two largest stores are located in Union, New Jersey, which encompasses 217,000 ft2 of space, and in Anaheim Hills, California where it encompasses 204,000 ft2. The company color is a bright orange (PMS 165, CMYK 60M100Y, HEX FF6600), on signs, equipment and employee aprons. It was announced in August 2014 that Craig Menear will take over for Frank Blake as CEO while Blake will remain the chairman of the board. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.845955848693848, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Current members of the board of directors of the Home Depot are: F. Duane Ackerman, David H. Batchelder, Frank Blake, Ari Bousbib, Gregory D. Brenneman, Albert P. Carey, Armando Codina, Bonnie G. Hill, and Karen Katen. The Home Depot's board consists of 9 members, with 8 of them being independent directors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.027331352233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Long-time employee Marc Powers became the head of Home Depot's US stores division in 2014. He took the place of Marvin Ellison, who left to become the chief executive of J.C. Penney. In January, 2016 Home Depot announced the departure of Powers as division head, to be replaced by another veteran employee, Ann-Marie Campbell, one of Powers' deputies. The change in leadership is effective as of February 1, 2016. Ms. Campbell has been employed by Home Depot for over 30 years, beginning as a cashier in a branch in South Florida. Her most recent role was as president of Home Depot's northern and western divisions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.574745178222656, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "HomeDepot.com", "passage": "The domain homedepot.com attracted at least 120 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey. In the US HomeDepot.com has 5 Call centers located in Kennesaw, GA; Atlanta, GA; Marietta, GA; Ogden, Utah and Tempe, AZ.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.79474925994873, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot exclusively carries several major brands, including:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.546595573425293, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home Decorators Collection", "passage": "*Home Decorators Collection", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.839646339416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Hampton Bay", "passage": "*Hampton Bay (ceiling fans, lighting, outdoor furnishings, and outdoor shelters)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.18579387664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Starting in 2006, the Home Depot has started testing with fuel centers at some of its stores. The first such \"Home Depot Fuel\" convenience store (C-Store) was located in Brentwood, Tennessee followed a month later by a center about 20 mi away in Hermitage, both suburbs of Nashville. Four additional prototype stores were built within the year at Acworth, Georgia; Smyrna, Tennessee; Greensboro, Georgia; and then Winchester, Tennessee in that order. The centers are expected to earn $5–$7 million per year, though the actual number is reported to be much higher. The fuel centers sell beer, hot food, snacks along with providing diesel fuel and gas at a separate island. This allows contractors with large trucks to be able to fill their vehicles. The fuel centers offer car washes, which are large enough to accommodate full-size pickup trucks and other large commercial vehicles. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.337996482849121, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot Foundation is the philanthropic arm of the company created in 2002. It has contributed over $200 million in time, labor, money, and supplies to a number of causes, including Habitat for Humanity, California-based City of Hope National Medical Center, and playground construction organization KaBOOM! Home Depot supports the U.S. Military community with a [http://gruntroll.com/company/home-depot 10% military discount].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522124290466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot has partnered with the Georgia Emergency Management Agency's Ready Georgia campaign, leading both supplies and facility use to this statewide effort to increase emergency preparedness among Georgia's children. The company also provided ready kits and other prizes for an art and essay contest for Georgia elementary school students. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.803938865661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2005, The Home Depot was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.61732292175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Additionally, The Home Depot promotes compact fluorescent light bulbs in their stores. As part of this effort, the company has created the largest recycling program in the United States for the bulbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.57945442199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "As of March 2013 Home Depot locations in Canada have stopped accepting compact fluorescent light bulbs for recycling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059914588928223, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Since 1991, the company has become a large supporter of athletics, sponsoring the United States and Canadian Olympic teams, and launching a program which offered employment to athletes that accommodates their training and competition schedules. The Home Depot ceased to be a sponsor of the Canadian Olympic Team in 2005.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.795960426330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Company co-founder Arthur Blank also purchased the Atlanta Falcons franchise of the National Football League in February 2002, although Home Depot makes no association with the team.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090866088867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Since 1999, The Home Depot has been a major sponsor for Joe Gibbs Racing in NASCAR. Their arrival into the series coincided with Tony Stewart leaving the Indy Racing League to join what is now the Sprint Cup Series. Stewart drove The Home Depot-sponsored #20 car for Joe Gibbs Racing until 2008, winning 2 of his 3 series championships in the car, and was succeeded by Joey Logano, who took the car to victory lane twice. After Matt Kenseth joined the team, The Home Depot's status as the #20's primary sponsor was taken over by Dollar General, but the company still serves as its most frequent secondary sponsor through its Husky Tools division. On June 23, 2014, the company announced it would end its NASCAR sponsorship after 2014. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665287971496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot was the title sponsor of The Home Depot Center in Carson, California, home to both the Los Angeles Galaxy and Chivas USA of Major League Soccer, and Los Angeles Riptide (Major League Lacrosse), and many past major sporting events. The venue is now called StubHub Center.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.76237964630127, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2006, The Home Depot partnered with Duke University's Edmund T. Pratt Jr. School of Engineering to create \"The Home Depot Smart Home\". The smart home is a live-in laboratory for ten upper-class engineering students that allows them to immerse themselves in the work. The goal of the project is to help provide innovative solutions for the home in areas such as security and home monitoring, communications, energy efficiency, entertainment, environment and health. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.897256851196289, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Seventy-three percent of The Home Depot's campaign contributions went to Republican candidates in the 2005–2006 US elections. \"Home Depot's PAC gives money based on a candidate's voting record, committee assignment and leadership position,\" said company spokesman Jerry Shields. The CEO in this period was Bob Nardelli, a friend of U.S. President George W. Bush. Nardelli hosted a garden reception/fundraiser for Bush at his Atlanta home on May 20, 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.414202690124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In 2002, The Home Depot joined PBS as a sponsor of This Old House and Ask This Old House.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.004011154174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Canadian unit was created with the purchase of Aikenhead's Hardware. Home Depot management has an ambitious plan to overtake its biggest competitor, RONA, which has about four times as many stores. However, some of RONA's stores are smaller than the typical Home Depot store. In terms of big box stores, the Home Depot has more stores than RONA, (not including other Rona banners such as Réno Dépôt or Cashway). As of 2007, RONA pulled ahead of The Home Depot in total retail sales, due to aggressive consolidation efforts by RONA, combined with the loss of The Home Depot's industrial supply division, HD Supply, in July 2007. The Home Depot now faces competition from Lowe's as they have moved into the Canadian market effective the end of 2007; Lowe's now has 35 outlets in Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.088282585144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot banner in Quebec, where it has 22 stores, reads \"Home Depot\" without the definite article \"the\" in order to ensure a more cross-compatible proper name (that does not read like an English sentence) between both the French and English languages. However, Home Depot is still in English and not in French, which would be Entrepôt de la maison.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.739856719970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot Mexico employs more than 11,000 associates throughout the country and has an annual growth rate of 10 percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.703790664672852, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Beginning of April, 2011, Home Depot recently shut its last Beijing store, the fifth Home Depot to close in China in the past two years. In September 2012, The Home Depot announced it was closing all big box stores in China. The Home Depot retains two specialty stores in China, a Home Decorators Collection Store and a paint and flooring store. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.998998641967773, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "As of September 16, 2012 all seven of the box stores in China had been shut down. The Home Depot has no immediate plans to further expand its specialty stores in China. The company is taking a \"wait-and-see\" attitude towards the Chinese market, but does not want to completely pull out because re-entry into the market would be very costly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.230269432067871, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "There were reports that the Home Depot was interested in acquiring B&Q, the largest DIY retailer in the United Kingdom, Ireland and China. Speculation of a takeover began in 1999 when the retailer Asda was purchased by Walmart. The Home Depot would have to acquire Kingfisher plc, B&Q's parent company, to acquire B&Q. Kingfisher consists of several European DIY chains, however the Home Depot was only interested in B&Q operations and says that it would dispose of the Castorama chain which operates in France, Italy, Poland and Russia. Talks ending in 2005 did not result in any takeover deal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718433380126953, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "In 2004, Home Depot workers at a suburban Detroit store in Harper Woods, Michigan, rejected a bid to be represented by a labor union, voting 115 to 42 against joining the United Food and Commercial Workers. If the union had won, the Michigan store would have been the first Home Depot to have union representation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.861042022705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The Home Depot was embroiled in whistleblower litigation brought under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) law. In July 2005, former employee Michael Davis, represented by attorney Mark D. Schwartz filed a whistleblower lawsuit against the Home Depot, alleging that his discharge was in retaliation for refusing to make unwarranted backcharges against vendors. Davis alleges that the Home Depot forced its employees to meet a set quota of backcharges to cover damaged or defective merchandise, forcing employees to make chargebacks to vendors for merchandise that was undamaged and not defective. The Home Depot alleges that it fired Davis for repeatedly failing to show up for work.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.358593940734863, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "The trial initially was concluded in June 2006, but in April 2007, U.S. Department of Labor Judge Pamela Lakes Wood ordered the case reopened after the Home Depot's law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld revealed that the retail giant's in-house counsel had told them that two Home Depot employees who testified at the trial had lied. Akin Gump sent Wood a letter on September 29, 2006, in which the law firm requested that the testimony be stricken. In response to Akin Gump's revelation, Davis' attorney Mark D. Schwartz asked for the case to be reopened to permit further questioning of the witnesses. On April 6, 2007, Wood ordered the case to be reopened.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.92246150970459, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "Schwartz was quoted by the New York Post as saying, \"I have reason to believe these witnesses were intimidated into giving false testimony.\" The Home Depot called Schwartz's allegations \"meritless\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.628782272338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Home Depot has settled the dispute in a stipulation of settlement dated March 28, 2008. In the settlement, Home Depot changed some of its corporate governance provisions. Home Depot also agreed to pay the plaintiff's counsel $6 million in cash and $8.5 million in common stock. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021617889404297, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Powell v. Home Depot USA, Inc. (2008cv61862) (2011) was a decision by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida concerning patent infringement on a “safe hands” device that Michael Powell, an independent contractor for Home Depot, created in response to injuries to the hands of associates using in-store radial arm saws. The District Court jury returned a verdict in favor of Powell.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.82904052734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "In 2011, Home Depot appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, challenging the district court’s denial of its renewed motion for judgment as a matter of law on the issues of infringement, willfulness, and damages. They also challenged the district court’s claim construction, inequitable conduct, and attorney fees determinations. The appellate court found no inequitable conduct and insufficiently egregious misconduct on the part of Powell’s attorney. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.45569896697998, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "In the wake of the 2011 Joplin tornado in which the walls of a Home Depot collapsed in Joplin after being hit by an EF5 tornado, The Kansas City Star citing engineers criticized Home Depot's practice of using tilt up construction in hundreds of its big box stores (other nearby big box stores in Joplin including a Walmart and Academy Sports which had a different concrete block construction lost their roofs but the walls remained intact). In tilt up construction the concrete is poured on site and lifted into place and then attached to the roof. The engineers told the Star that the practice while normally safe and efficient is dangerous in major storms because once the roof is lifted (as happened in Joplin) the walls collapse in a domino effect. Seven people were killed in the front of the store when the 100,000 pound walls collapsed on them while 28 people in the back of the store survived when those walls collapsed outward. Only two of the slab walls in the Home Depot survived. In contrast 3 people died in the Walmart but 200 survived. Engineers noted that when concrete blocks construction fail, it breaks in pieces and usually not in huge slabs. Home Depot said it fundamentally disagreed with the Star engineers and said it would use tilt up construction when it rebuilds the Joplin store. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540911674499512, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "Home Depot payment system breach", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21873950958252, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "The Home Depot", "passage": "On September 2, 2014, security news reporter Brian Krebs reported that he was seeing evidence of credit card numbers linked to Home Depot purchases being sold online, which he concluded to suggest that The Home Depot's payment systems were breached by hackers. On September 8, 2014 [https://corporate.homedepot.com/MediaCenter/Pages/Statement1.aspx Home Depot confirmed] that their payment systems were compromised. According to their press release, this breach affected any customers who made purchases at any Home Depot store from April 2014 to September 2014. Home Depot offered their affected customers free one-year credit monitoring service from AllClear ID. Also in their press release, they made sure to emphasize that there was no evidence to suggest that online customers were affected by the breach. On September 18, 2014, Home Depot released a statement saying that the hackers obtained a total of [http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/09/home-depot-56m-cards-impacted-malware-contained/ 56 million credit card numbers] as a result of the breach. Since the breach, Home Depot has rolled out new encryption technology for their cash registers and self-checkout systems to protect customers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.420340538024902, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" }, { "answer": "Home depo", "passage": "In September 2012, Home Depot, agreed to pay $100,000 and furnish other relief to settle a disability discrimination lawsuit filed by the U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, for the alleged failure to provide a reasonable accommodation for a cashier with cancer at its Towson, Maryland, store and then for purportedly firing her because of her condition.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775909423828125, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Home Depot" } ]

[ { "answer": "Vikings", "passage": "Western Washington University, located in Bellingham, is home to NCAA Division II National Women's Rowing Champions. Although always nationally ranked, the Lady Vikings, in 2005, became Western's very first NCAA champion team and won again in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2011. The 2011-2012 Western Men's Basketball team won the NCAA Division II National Championship.", "precise_score": 4.022573471069336, "rough_score": 5.8687052726745605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bellingham, Washington" }, { "answer": "Vikings", "passage": "WWU offers a variety of bachelor's and master's degrees. In 2014, there were 15,060 students, 14,407 of whom were undergraduate students, and 764 faculty. Its athletic teams are known as the Vikings and the school colors are Western blue, bay blue, and white.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.723869323730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Western Washington University" }, { "answer": "Vikings", "passage": "WWU has been an official member of NCAA Division II since September 1998. In 2011–12, approximately 350 students are participating in 15 varsity sports at Western, six for men and nine for women. In 2010–11, WWU placed seventh among 310 NCAA Division II schools in the Sports Director’s Cup national all-sports standings, the second-highest finish in school history. The Vikings were sixth in 2009–10 and 10th in 2008–09. WWU has had eight straight Top 50 finishes and been among the Top 100 in each of its first 13 seasons as a NCAA II member.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.2546968460083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Western Washington University" }, { "answer": "Vikings", "passage": "In 2010–11, Western won its third straight and seventh overall Great Northwest Athletic Conference All-Sports championship, taking league titles in volleyball, men’s golf and women’s golf, and the regular-season crown in women’s basketball. The Vikings, who won the Northwest Collegiate Rowing Conference championship, placed second in men’s and women’s cross country, men’s and women’s outdoor track, men’s indoor track and softball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.160577774047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Western Washington University" }, { "answer": "VIKING", "passage": "The Viking field varsity teams in the following sports: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.385825157165527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Western Washington University" } ]

[ { "answer": "Sterling silver", "passage": "Jewelry and silverware are traditionally made from sterling silver (standard silver), an alloy of 92.5% silver with 7.5% copper. In the US, only alloys at least 0.900-fine silver can be sold as \"silver\" (frequently stamped 900). Sterling silver (stamped 925) is harder than pure silver and has a lower melting point (893 °C) than either pure silver or pure copper. Britannia silver is an alternative, hallmark-quality standard containing 95.8% silver, often used for silver tableware and wrought plate. The patented alloy Argentium sterling silver is formed by the addition of germanium, having improved properties including resistance to firescale.", "precise_score": 5.841015338897705, "rough_score": 7.113973140716553, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silver" }, { "answer": "Sterling silver", "passage": "Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of \"Eureka!\" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9810009002685547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alloy" }, { "answer": "Sterling silver", "passage": "Silver, in the form of electrum (a gold–silver alloy), was coined around 700 BC by the Lydians. Later, silver was refined and coined in its pure form. Many nations used silver as the basic unit of monetary value. In the modern world, silver bullion has the ISO currency code XAG. The name of the pound sterling (£) reflects the fact it originally represented the value of one pound Tower weight of sterling silver; the names of other historical currencies, such as the French livre, have similar origins. In some languages, including Sanskrit, Spanish, French, and Hebrew, the word for silver may be used to mean money.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0347139835357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silver" }, { "answer": "Sterling silver", "passage": "Sterling silver jewelry is often plated with a thin coat of .999-fine silver to create a shiny finish. This process is called \"flashing\". Silver jewelry can also be plated with rhodium (for a bright shine) or gold (silver gilt).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.400605201721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Silver" }, { "answer": "Sterling silver", "passage": "Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from ) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as Sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.684335708618164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Copper" } ]

[ { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Gerund ( or) is a term for a verb form that functions as a noun. In English, the term has been applied to -ing forms in certain uses. Traditional grammar made a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern linguistically-informed grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.", "precise_score": 3.6586718559265137, "rough_score": 5.097661018371582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Thus, in English, the term gerund is used for an -ing form used in non-finite clauses such as playing on computers . This is not a normal use of the Latin gerund.", "precise_score": 0.9636536836624146, "rough_score": 1.1889287233352661, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The contrast with the Latin gerund is also clear when the clause consists of a single word.", "precise_score": -1.089092493057251, "rough_score": -0.628912091255188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*Computing is fun. (so-called \"gerund\" as Subject)", "precise_score": -2.7352547645568848, "rough_score": -4.127030849456787, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*I like computing (so-called \"gerund\" as Object)", "precise_score": -2.3598122596740723, "rough_score": -3.6878058910369873, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The objection to the term gerund in English grammar is that -ing forms are frequently used in ways that do not conform to the clear-cut three-way distinction made by traditional grammar into gerunds, participles and nouns.", "precise_score": 0.7418423891067505, "rough_score": 0.024153321981430054, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "These functions could be fulfilled by other abstract nouns derived from verbs such as vẽnãtiõ 'hunting'. Gerunds are distinct in two ways.", "precise_score": 0.6017177104949951, "rough_score": -3.5360028743743896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "# A gerund may function syntactically in the same way as a finite verb. Typically the gerund of a finite verb may be followed by a direct object e.g. ad discernendum vocis verbis figuras 'for discerning figures of speech', hominem investigando opera dabo 'I will devote effort to investigating the man'.", "precise_score": 0.7404842376708984, "rough_score": -0.22763368487358093, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Meanings of the term gerund as used in relation to various languages are listed below.", "precise_score": -0.9585687518119812, "rough_score": -0.8892101645469666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Several Romance languages have inherited the form, but without case inflections. They use it in primarily in an adverbial function, comparably to the Latin ablative use. The same form may be used in an adjectival function and to express progressive aspect meaning. These languages do not use the term present participle. Grammars of these languages written in English may use the form gerund.", "precise_score": -0.23954357206821442, "rough_score": -4.35092830657959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":* English has no vestige of the West Germanic gerund. Traditional grammar uses the term gerund for the -ing form of a verb when it is used as a noun (for example, the verb reading in the sentence \"I enjoy reading.\"). See the sections below for further detail.", "precise_score": 3.942124366760254, "rough_score": 5.123499870300293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Arabic, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the masdar form (Arabic: المصدر). This form ends in a tanwin and is generally the equivalent of the -ing ending in English.", "precise_score": -3.0707430839538574, "rough_score": -5.2303948402404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Turkish, it refers to a large number of verb endings subject to vowel harmony and sometimes used in conjunction with postpositions. Turkish gerunds may act as an adverb or constitute a part of an (adverbial) clause.", "precise_score": 1.8029896020889282, "rough_score": -1.1777851581573486, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In traditional grammars of English, the term gerund is used to label an important use of the form of the verb ending in -ing (for details of its formation and spelling, see English verbs). Other important uses are termed ", "precise_score": 4.085358619689941, "rough_score": 5.605708599090576, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "An -ing form is termed gerund when it behaves as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object); but the resulting clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) functions as a noun within the larger sentence.", "precise_score": 3.344454050064087, "rough_score": 3.3064355850219727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "For example, consider the sentence \"Eating this cake is easy.\" Here, the gerund is the verb eating, which takes an object this cake. The entire clause eating this cake is then used as a noun, which in this case serves as the subject of the larger sentence.", "precise_score": 2.0964903831481934, "rough_score": -0.6507174372673035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "An item such as eating this cake in the foregoing example is an example of a non-finite verb phrase; however, because phrases of this type do not require a subject, it is also a complete clause. (Traditionally, such an item would be referred to as a phrase, but in modern linguistics it has become common to call it a clause.) A gerund clause such as this is one of the types of non-finite clause. The structure may be represented as follows:", "precise_score": -2.8992817401885986, "rough_score": -2.5676000118255615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Non-finite verb forms ending in -ing, whether termed gerund or participle may be marked like finite forms as Continuous or Non-continuous, Perfect or Non-perfect, Active or Passive. Thus, traditional grammars have represented the gerund as having ", "precise_score": 3.302504301071167, "rough_score": 3.027553081512451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The following sentences illustrate some uses of gerund clauses, showing how such a clause serves as a noun within the larger sentence. In some cases, the clause consists of just the gerund (although in many such cases the word could equally be analyzed as a pure verbal noun).", "precise_score": 2.634709119796753, "rough_score": 0.2270248830318451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Swimming is fun. (gerund as subject of the sentence)", "precise_score": -4.024322509765625, "rough_score": -5.308890342712402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* I like swimming. (gerund as direct object)", "precise_score": -3.415027618408203, "rough_score": -4.713352680206299, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* I never gave swimming all that much effort. (gerund as indirect object)", "precise_score": -3.9886481761932373, "rough_score": -5.557232856750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Eating biscuits in front of the television is one way to relax. (gerund phrase as subject)", "precise_score": -4.576454162597656, "rough_score": -6.117992877960205, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* On being elected president, he moved with his family to the capital. (gerund phrase as complement of a preposition)", "precise_score": -2.9503846168518066, "rough_score": -3.5258326530456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Using gerunds of the appropriate auxiliary verbs, one can form gerund clauses that express perfect aspect and passive voice:", "precise_score": -0.15597942471504211, "rough_score": 0.4883432388305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In traditional grammars, gerunds are distinguished from other uses of a verb's -ing form: the present participle (which is a non-finite verb form like the gerund, but is adjectival or adverbial in function), and the pure verbal noun or deverbal noun.", "precise_score": 3.474477767944336, "rough_score": 2.8913071155548096, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In some cases, particularly with a non-personal subject, the use of the possessive before a gerund may be considered redundant even in quite a formal register. For example, \"There is no chance of the snow falling\" (rather than the prescriptively correct \"There is no chance of the snow's falling\").", "precise_score": 0.7868766784667969, "rough_score": -6.116051197052002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The term gerund is used to describe certain uses of -ing clauses as 'complementation' of individual English verbs, that is to say the choice of class that are allowable after that word.", "precise_score": 3.536652088165283, "rough_score": 4.280736446380615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Verbs such as start and stop, although similar to verbs like keep, are generally classified with verbs like remember. Therefore, She started coming is termed a gerund use.", "precise_score": 1.745864748954773, "rough_score": 1.885593295097351, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The proposed test of possible possessive subject successfully distinguishes [4b] (traditional gerund) from [5b] (traditionally participle). ", "precise_score": -2.282576560974121, "rough_score": -6.3400349617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In addition, the COBUILD team identifies four groups of verbs followed by -ing forms which are hard to class as objects. In the verb + -ing object construction the action or state expressed by the verb can be separated from the action or state expressed by the -ing form. In the following groups, the senses are inseparable, jointly expressing a single complex action or state. Some grammarians do not recognise all these patterns as gerund use. ", "precise_score": -0.6703707575798035, "rough_score": -1.5772138833999634, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "English verb forms ending in -ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases, they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses which are not found in English. For instance, camping means \"campsite\" in many languages, while parking often means a car park. Both these words are treated as nouns, with none of the features of the so-called \"gerund\" in English. For more details and examples, see -ing words in other languages.", "precise_score": 2.2519354820251465, "rough_score": -0.43169817328453064, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*Playing on computers is fun. (-ing clause as Subject)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.304228782653809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*I like playing on computers (-ing clause as Object)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343777656555176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Traditional English grammar distinguishes non-finite clauses used as above from adverbial use, adjective-like modification of nouns, and use in finite progressive (continuous) forms", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.230155944824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*Playing on computers, they whiled the day away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0864896774292, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The boys playing on computers are my nephews.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.473756790161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "*They are always playing on computers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44301700592041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In these uses playing is traditionally labelled a participle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.383247375488281, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Traditional grammar also distinguishes -ing forms with exclusively noun properties as in ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.380266189575195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* a nominal Inflectional ending", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.75543212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Related gerundive forms are composed in a similar way with adjectival inflexional endings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.877882957458496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ": However, this was a rare construction. Writers generally preferred the gerundive construction e.g. res evertendae reipublicae 'matters concerning the overthrow of the state' (literally 'of the state being overthrown').", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.146797180175781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::*gérondif when the form is used adverbially, without inflection, generally after the preposition en. In Modern French, the gérondif cannot be used to express progressive meaning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.45745849609375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Hebrew, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive following the infinitival prefix (also called the infinitival construct).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.775801181793213, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Hungarian, it practically refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are -ás (adás, giving), -és (kérés, asking).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.601781845092773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Korean, it refers to the word '것'('thing') modified by the adjective form of the verb.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.0795259475708, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -јќи (-jki) to the verb form, like in јаде (jade, he eats) — јадејќи (jadejki, while eating).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.061178207397461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In Polish, it refers to the verbal noun, formed by appending a suffix. Common suffixes are -anie (pływanie, swimming), -enie (jedzenie, eating).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.586898803710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Do you fancy going out? (gerund phrase as direct object)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.345529079437256, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Being deceived can make someone feel angry. (passive)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.273226737976074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Having read the book once before makes me more prepared. (perfect)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379881858825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* He is ashamed of having been gambling all night. (perfect progressive aspect)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.477981567382812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Distinction from other uses of the -ing form", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.057304382324219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Non finite -ing clauses may have the following roles in a sentence: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3806734085083, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "For more details and examples of the distinctions introduced here, see -ing: uses.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.00622272491455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In traditional grammars, a grammatical subject has been defined in such a way that it occurs only in finite clauses, where it is liable to 'agree' with the 'number' of the finite verb form. Nevertheless, non-finite clauses imply a 'doer' of the verb, even if that doer is indefinite 'someone or something'. For example,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.659181594848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We enjoy singing. (ambiguous: somebody sings, possibly ourselves)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.445650100708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Licking the cream was a special treat (somebody licked the cream)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513032913208008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Being awarded the prize is a great honour (someone is or may be awarded the prize)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.416168212890625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We enjoyed singing yesterday (we ourselves sang)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521413803100586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The cat responded by licking the cream (the cat licked the cream)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.534977912902832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* His heart is set on being awarded the prize (he hopes that he himself will be awarded the prize)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508252143859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* Meg likes eating apricots (Meg herself eats apricots)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.57016658782959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We enjoyed them singing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484145164489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The cat licking the cream was not generally appreciated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.541513442993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We were delighted at Paul being awarded the prize.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.515753746032715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Traditional grammarians may object to the term subject for these 'doers'. And prescriptive grammarians go further, objecting to the use of forms more appropriate to the subjects (or objects) of finite clauses. The argument is that this results in two noun expressions with no grammatical connection. They prefer to express the 'doer' by a possessive form, such as used with ordinary nouns:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.774470329284668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We enjoyed their singing. (cf their voices, their attempt to sing)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.414944648742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The cat's licking the cream was not generally appreciated. (cf the cat's purr, the cat's escape)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.491101264953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* We were delighted at Paul's being awarded the prize. (cf Paul's nomination, Paul's acceptance)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.485798835754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The possessive construction with -ing clauses is actually very rare in present-day English. Works of fiction show a moderate frequency, but the construction is highly infrequent in other types of text. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.066962242126465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* I saw the cat licking the cream.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.531816482543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The sense of the cat as notional subject of licking is disregarded. Rather they see the cat as exclusively the object of I saw The modifying phrase licking the cream is therefore described as a participle use.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.081023216247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "It has been claimed that if the prescriptive rule is followed, the difference between the two forms may be used to make a slight distinction in meaning:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.705533981323242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The teacher's shouting startled the student. (shouting is a gerund, the shouting startled the student)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.912301540374756, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The teacher shouting startled the student. (shouting can be interpreted as a participle, qualifying the teacher; the teacher startled the student by shouting)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330101013183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* I don't like Jim's drinking wine. (I don't like the drinking)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518640518188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* I don't like Jim drinking wine. (I don't like Jim when he is drinking wine)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.557514190673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "However, Quirk et al. show that the range of senses of -ing forms with possessive and non-possessive subjects is far more diverse and nuanced: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793477058410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* In [6a] and [6b] coming is related to the so-called participle use as an adverbial.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.96451473236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* in [5a] and [5b] the verbs kept and coming refer to the same event. Coming is related to the progressive aspect use in She is coming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.285285949707031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "* The proposed test of passivisation to distinguish gerund use after remember from participle use after keep fails with sentences like [5b].", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.34865140914917, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The variant * We kept Jane's coming is not grammatically acceptable.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.423614501953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The variant I remember Jane's coming is acceptable — indeed required by prescriptive grammarians", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.260205268859863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Historically, the -ing suffix was attached to a limited number of verbs to form abstract nouns, which were used as the object of verbs such as like. The use was extended in various ways: the suffix became attachable to all verbs; the nous acquired verb-like characteristics; the range of verbs allowed to introduce the form spread by analogy first to other verbs expressing emotion, then by analogy to other semantic groups of verbs associated with abstract noun objects; finally the use spread from verbs taking one-word objects to other semantically related groups verbs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.780088424682617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The present-day result of these developments is that the verbs followed by -ing forms tend to fall into semantic classes. The following groups have been derived from analysis of the commonest verbs in the COBUILD data bank: ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.109599113464355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 4a: I remember seeing her ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51034164428711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "OTHERS WITH -ING OBJECT", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.343504905700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 5a: She kept coming", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.550049781799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "'GO RIDING' GROUP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.513442993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 4b: I remember her coming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.440937995910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs with this pattern do not normally allow the 'subject' of the -ing clause to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as *She is remembered coming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.234682083129883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The COBUILD Guide analyses her coming as the single object of I remember.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.206376075744629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 5b: We kept her coming", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.518159866333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In contrast to Pattern 4b, these verbs allow the 'subject' of the -ing clauses to be used in an equivalent passive construction such as She was kept coming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.40476131439209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The COBUILD guide analyses her coming as a string of two objects of We kept:– (1)her and (2)coming.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.085294723510742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "'BRING' GROUP", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.271206855773926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":bring, have, keep, leave, send, set", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185525894165039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 6a: She ended up coming", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433338165283203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "These verbs refer to starting, spending or ending time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.258922576904297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The following -ing form is an adverbial, traditionally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.315885543823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Pattern 6b: She wasted time coming", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500831604003906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "However, the object of busy or occupy must be a reflexive pronoun e.g. She busied herself coming. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.712363243103027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "The following -ing form is an adverbial, generally classed as a participle rather than a gerund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.9958271980285645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Like the -ing suffix, the to-infinitive spread historically from a narrow original use, a prepositional phrase referring to future time. Like the -ing form it spread to all English verbs and to form non-finite clauses. Like the -ing form, it spread by analogy to use with words of similar meaning.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.370115280151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 4a and 3a: I remember seeing her and She remembered to come ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.50926685333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'START' AND 'STOP' (-ing) GROUP and 'BEGIN' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.106708526611328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":Also go on — with different meanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341085433959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She went on singing — 'She continued singing'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.560593605041504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She went on to sing — 'Afterwards, she sang'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478330612182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She went on at me to sing — 'She nagged me to sing' (i.e. that I should sing)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.45340347290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She stopped to sing — 'She stopped in order to sing'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.487646102905273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":However, the phrase to sing is quite separate and separable", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03426742553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":: She stopped for a moment to sing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302626609802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":: She stopped what she was doing to sing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392433166503906, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She travelled to Paris to sing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.468794822692871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She abandoned her husband and her children to sing", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.567176818847656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'DREAD' AND LOOK FORWARD TO' (-ing) GROUP and 'HOPE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9285306930542, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verb in both 'CONSIDER' (-ing) GROUP and 'HOPE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.828458786010742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verb in both 'REMEMBER' (-ing) GROUP and 'MANAGE' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.798624038696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":remember — with different meanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.330829620361328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I remembered going —'I remembered that I had previously gone'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.481865882873535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'NEED' (-ing) GROUP and 'NEED' ('to+infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.189013481140137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 4a, 4b, 3a and 3b: I remember coming, She remembered to come, I remember her coming and I reminded her to come ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.460339546203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'LIKE AND DISLIKE' (-ing) and WITH OBJECT (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.0392427444458, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":With would there is often a difference of meaning", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.27567195892334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I like living in Ambridge — 'I live in Ambridge, and I like it'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.483206748962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I would like living in Ambridge — 'I don't live in Ambridge, but if I ever did live there, I would enjoy it'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.52763557434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I like boxing — 'I box and I enjoy it'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.433111190795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I like boxing — 'I watch other people boxing and I enjoy it'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.51462459564209, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":However, only the former meaning is possible with an extended non-finite clause", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.312007904052734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I like boxing with an experienced opponent — 'I like it when I box with an experienced opponent'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484651565551758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 4a and 3b: I remember coming and I reminded her to come ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.347553253173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'RECOMMEND' (-ing) and 'TELL' or 'NAG' AND 'COAX'(to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.807442665100098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":These verbs do not admit -ing Pattern 4b with a word serving as object of the RECOMMEND verb. However they can be used with a possessive 'subject' of the -ing form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.573248863220215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I advised leaving — 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that we (or the person or people that we have in mind) should leave'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384116172790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I advised him to leave — 'I advised him that he should leave' but not *I advised him leaving", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493337631225586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I advised his leaving — 'I advised somebody (unidentified) that he should leave", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.479531288146973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both 'CONSIDER' (-ing) and 'BELIEVE' or 'EXPECT' (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.137049674987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 4b and 3b: I remember her coming and I reminded her to come ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.351543426513672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'OBSERVE' (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.599018096923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":In corresponding active clauses the bare infinitive pattern is used e.g. We saw her come.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.400870323181152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verbs in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'BELIEVE' (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.640563011169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verb in both the 'ENTAIL' subgroup (-ing) and the 'EXPECT' (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.984404563903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":mean — with different meanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.246498107910156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::That means her going tomorrow — 'In that case she'll go tomorrow'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.292229652404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 5a and 3a: She kept coming and She remembered to come ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.532050132751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verb in both the 'TRY' (-ing) and 'TRY' (to-infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.442642211914062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":try — with different meanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.392462730407715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::She tried leaving — 'She left in order to see what might happen (or how she might feel)'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.407266616821289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Patterns 4b and 2: I remember her coming and I saw her come", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44858169555664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Verb in both the 'SEE ' (-ing) and 'SEE' (bare infinitive) GROUPS", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.63826847076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": ":These patterns are sometimes used to express different meanings", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.983548164367676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "::I saw him leaving — 'I saw him as he was leaving'", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.478170394897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "Borrowings of English -ing forms in other languages", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.3987398147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In the Molesworth books by Geoffrey Willans and Ronald Searle, Searle included a series of cartoons on the \"private life of the gerund\", intended to parody the linguistic snobbery of Latin teachers' striving after strict grammatical correctness and the difficulty experienced by students in comprehending the construction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.351556777954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In an episode of Dan Vs., \"The Ninja\", after Dan's milk carton exploded from the ninja's shuriken, a teenager said to Dan \"Drinking problem much?\" and Dan complained that the sentence had no verb, just a gerund.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.106279373168945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" }, { "answer": "ING", "passage": "In Alan Bennett's play, 'The History Boys', Dakin, when flirting with Irwin, states that 'your sucking me off' is a gerund and 'would please Hector'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.475564956665039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gerund" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chocolate chip cookie", "passage": "Wallace \"Wally\" Amos, Jr. (born July 1, 1936) is an American TV personality, entrepreneur and author from Tallahassee, Florida. He is the founder of the \"Famous Amos\" chocolate chip cookie brand. He also was the host of the adult reading program, Learn To Read. He later co-founded Uncle Wally's muffins. He currently resides in Kailua, Hawaii, and also Long Island, New York, where he runs the Chip & Cookie gourmet cookie brand and stores.", "precise_score": 3.279350757598877, "rough_score": -2.3125662803649902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wally Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate Chip Cookies", "passage": "In 1975, a friend suggested to Amos that he set up a store to sell his cookies, and in March of that year, the first \"Famous Amos\" cookie store opened in Los Angeles, California. He started the business with the help of a $25,000 loan from Marvin Gaye and Helen Reddy. The new company began to expand, and, eventually, \"Famous Amos\" chocolate chip cookies could be found on supermarket shelves across the United States. He became a well enough known figure culturally that he appeared as himself in the Taxi episode \"Latka's Cookies\" in 1981. Thanks in part to the success of his cookie company, he was hired to deliver speeches. He has written nine books, many of which have a self-help theme, including The Cookie Never Crumbles and The Power in You. ", "precise_score": 5.3538055419921875, "rough_score": 3.8220162391662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wally Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate Chip Cookies", "passage": "Amos lived in Tallahassee, Florida, until he was twelve. When his parents divorced, he moved to Manhattan, New York with his aunt, where he enrolled at the Food Trades Vocational High School. He showed his interest in cooking at a very young age, and it was from his aunt, who would bake cookies for him, that Amos would develop his chocolate chip cookie recipe. Amos would improve on his aunt's recipe, which was already uncommon because it included several ingredients not generally associated with chocolate chip cookies.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.792171478271484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wally Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate Chip Cookies", "passage": "Returning to New York City, Amos went to college to become a secretary, and following graduation, took a clerical job with the William Morris Agency. Eventually, he became the agency's first African American talent agent. Amos attracted clients by sending them chocolate chip cookies along with an invitation to visit him. He represented superstars, such as Diana Ross & the Supremes and Simon & Garfunkel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.796929359436035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wally Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate Chip Cookies", "passage": "He’s the William Morris talent agent who took his Auntie’s recipe for chocolate chip cookies, opened the world’s first gourmet cookie store, and became a famous and beloved figure in American pop culture. Wally Amos declared that all products should be made from the finest and PUREST INGREDIENTS; the taste became renowned.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.188485145568848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Wally Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate Chip Cookies", "passage": "Wallace \"Wally\" Amos was born in Tallahassee, Florida July 1, 1936. In 1948 he moved to New York City to live with his Aunt where they often baked cookies together. As an adult, Wally Amos, an Air Force veteran who worked as a talent agent with the William Morris Agency, would send his home-baked chocolate chip cookies to celebrities to entice them to meet and perhaps sign a deal with his agency. Amos hit a plateau working for the William Morris Agency and decided to strike out on his own.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.709847927093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Famous Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate chip cookie", "passage": "The original package consisted of a round, tin metal box, similar to the blue packages of a European brand of cookies, except that Famous Amos' package was white, and with a photo of what seemed to be a large chocolate chip cookie spinning on Wally Amos' finger. Amos himself was pictured on these packages, wearing his trademark straw hat and cotton shirt. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.418937683105469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Famous Amos" }, { "answer": "Chocolate chip cookie", "passage": "The 1980s packages consisted of small plastic bags that resembled the larger bags of the same material used by supermarkets during that period. They had the brand's name inscribed in small letters, and once again, with a photo of Amos apparently spinning a large chocolate chip cookie on his finger, in a way that was similar to the basketball spinning trick made famous by the Harlem Globetrotters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.656991004943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Famous Amos" } ]

[ { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world. Constitution was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. Constitution was built in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt's shipyard. Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.", "precise_score": -4.678033351898193, "rough_score": -5.958066940307617, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "Ship Constitution", "passage": "Captain Edward Preble recommissioned Constitution on 13 May 1803 as his flagship, and made preparations to command a new squadron for a third blockade attempt. The copper sheathing on Constitutions hull needed to be replaced; Paul Revere supplied the copper sheets necessary for the job. Constitution departed Boston on 14 August. On 6 September, near the Rock of Gibraltar, she encountered an unknown ship in the darkness. Constitution went to general quarters, then ran alongside of her. Preble hailed the unknown ship, only to receive a hail in return. After identifying his ship as the United States frigate Constitution, he received the same question again. Preble, losing his patience, said: \"I am now going to hail you for the last time. If a proper answer is not returned, I will fire a shot into you.\" The stranger returned, \"If you give me a shot, I'll give you a broadside.\" Asking once more, Preble demanded an answer, to which he received, \"This is His Britannic Majesty's ship Donegal, 84 guns, Sir Richard Strachan, an English commodore,\" as well as a command to \"Send your boat on board.\" Preble, now devoid of all patience, exclaimed, \"This is United States ship Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an American commodore, who will be damned before he sends his boat on board of any vessel.\" And then to his gun crews: \"Blow your matches, boys!\"\"Blow on your matches\" was the term for the gun crews to blow on their slow matches to make them white hot for igniting a cannon. The modern-day equivalent might be \"Prepare to fire\". Before the incident escalated further, a boat arrived from the other ship and a British lieutenant relayed his captain's apologies. The ship was in fact not Donegal but instead , a 32-gun frigate. Constitution had come alongside her so quietly that Maidstone had delayed answering with the proper hail while she readied her guns. This act began the strong allegiance between Preble and the officers under his command, known as \"Preble's boys\", as he had shown that he was willing to defy a presumed ship of the line. ", "precise_score": -5.460813999176025, "rough_score": -4.692622184753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "The hull was designed so that all the weight from the guns was upon the keel itself. Joshua Humphreys proposed that only live oak, a tree that grew only in America, should be used to build these ships. The method was to use diagonal riders, eight on each side that sat at a 45 degree angle. These beams of live oak were about two feet wide and around a foot thick and helped to maintain the shape of the hull, serving also to reduce flexibility and to minimize impacts. These ideas were considered revolutionary in the late 18th and early 19th century. A three-layer method was used in which the planks along the sides of the hull were laid horizontally across the ribs, making a crossing or checker board pattern. The sides of the ship could be as thick as 25 inches, and were able to absorb substantial damage. The strength of this braced construction earned USS Constitution the nickname \"Old Ironsides\".", "precise_score": -5.883022785186768, "rough_score": -4.891908645629883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frigate" }, { "answer": "Old Constitution", "passage": "In 1905, Secretary of the Navy Charles Joseph Bonaparte suggested that she be towed out to sea and used as target practice, after which she would be allowed to sink. Reading about this in a Boston newspaper, Moses H. Gulesian, a businessman from Worcester, Massachusetts, offered to purchase Constitution for $10,000. The State Department refused, but Gulesian initiated a public campaign which began from Boston and ultimately \"spilled all over the country.\" The storms of protest from the public prompted Congress to authorize $100,000 for her restoration in 1906. First to be removed was the barracks structure on her spar deck, but the limited amount of funds allowed just a partial restoration. By 1907 she began to serve as a museum ship with tours offered to the public. On 1 December 1917 she was renamed Old Constitution, to free her name for a planned new . Originally destined for the lead ship of the class, the name Constitution was shuffled around between hulls until CC-5 was given the name; construction of CC-5 was canceled in 1923 due to the Washington Naval Treaty. The incomplete hull was sold for scrap, and Old Constitution was granted the return of her name on 24 July 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.343594551086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "The privately run USS Constitution Museum opened on 8 April 1976, and one month later Commander Martin dedicated a tract of land located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Indiana as \"Constitution Grove.\" The 25000 acres now supply the majority of the white oak required for repair work. On 10 July Constitution led the parade of tall ships up Boston Harbor for Operation Sail, firing her guns at one-minute intervals for the first time in approximately 100 years. On the 11th she rendered a 21-gun salute to Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia as Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, arrived for a state visit. The royal couple were piped aboard and privately toured the ship for approximately thirty minutes with Commander Martin and Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf. Upon their departure the crew of Constitution rendered three cheers for the Queen. Over 900,000 visitors toured \"Old Ironsides\" that year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.02239465713501, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "Constitution was previously berthed at Pier One of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail. She is currently docked in Dry Dock 1, and is open to the public year round. The privately run USS Constitution Museum is nearby, located in a restored shipyard building at the foot of Pier Two. Prior to her dry-docking, Constitution would typically make one \"turnaround cruise\" each year during which she would be towed out into Boston Harbor to perform underway demonstrations, including a gun drill, and then returned to her dock, where she would be berthed in the opposite direction to ensure that she weathers evenly. The \"turnaround cruise\" was open to the general public based on a \"lottery draw\" of interested persons each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.476569175720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "Old Constitution", "passage": "After the USS Simpson was decommissioned in September 2015, the 217-year-old Constitution became the only United States ship still in active service to have sunk an enemy vessel. (Modern US warships in Operation Ocean Shield have sunk pirate skiffs. )", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.330084800720215, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:USS Constitution underway, August 19, 2012 by Castle Island cropped.jpg|thumb|USS Constitution underway", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.226192474365234, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:Inside the USS Constitution.jpg|Inside USS Constitution in 2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.06263542175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:US Navy 110704-N-AU127-185 USS Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence on Castle Island.jpg|alt=A photo of a ship without sails. There is white cannon smoke emitting from the left and right sides of the ship. A tugboat is alongside|Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.760902404785156, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Constitution sails into Boston Harbor.jpg|Constitution sails into Boston Harbor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.076578140258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:USS Constitution in drydock in Boston, 2016.JPG|USS Constitution in dry dock for restoration work in 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.152851104736328, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "In 1812, Britain's Royal Navy was the world's largest, with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels. Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against (usually French) privateers, the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters, counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters. But, the Royal Navy's North American squadron based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which bore the brunt of the war, numbered one small ship of the line, seven frigates, nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners. By contrast, the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates, 14 smaller sloops and brigs, and no ships of the line. The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor, New York and continued to produce new ships. Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class, larger than any British frigate in North America. Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship, usually carrying up to 50 guns, with its main battery consisting of 18-pounder guns; USS Constitution, President, and United States, in comparison, were rated as 44-gun ships, carrying 56–60 guns with a main battery of 24-pounders.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.061081886291504, "source": "wiki", "title": "War of 1812" } ]

[ { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel and was the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder. Nobel obtained patents for his invention in England on May 7, 1867, in Sweden on October 19, 1867.Schück & Sohlman (1929), p. 101. After its introduction, dynamite rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safe alternative to black powder and nitroglycerin. Nobel tightly controlled the patents, and unlicensed duplicating companies were quickly shut down. However, a few American businessmen got around the patent by using a slightly different formula. ", "precise_score": 2.912022113800049, "rough_score": 0.1225893497467041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dynamite" }, { "answer": "Alfred Bernhard Nobel", "passage": "Alfred Bernhard Nobel (; ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.", "precise_score": 4.2530927658081055, "rough_score": 5.599913120269775, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Carolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel (1805–1889). The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished, and only Alfred and his three brothers survived past childhood. Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age. Alfred Nobel's interest in technology was inherited from his father, an alumnus of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. ", "precise_score": -4.229236602783203, "rough_score": -2.135455369949341, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay) and stabilizers. It was invented by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Nobel in Geesthacht, and patented in 1867. It rapidly gained wide-scale use as a safer alternative to gun powder and nitroglycerin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.4278762340545654, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dynamite" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "An industrialist, engineer, and inventor, Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel Nobel, built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. His construction work inspired him to research new methods of blasting rock. Immanuel's work with explosives later on inspired Alfred to make explosives safer and more effective. Today dynamite is mainly used in the mining, quarrying, construction, and demolition industries. Dynamite is still the product of choice for trenching applications, and as a cost-effective alternative to cast boosters. Dynamite is occasionally used as an initiator or booster for AN and ANFO explosive charges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.569817066192627, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dynamite" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Accused of “high treason against France” for selling Ballistite to Italy, Nobel moved from Paris to Sanremo, Italy in 1891. On December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel succumbed to a lingering heart ailment, suffered a stroke, and died. Unbeknownst to his family, friends or colleagues, he had left most of his wealth in trust, in order to fund the awards that would become known as the Nobel Prizes. He is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.251607894897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Through baptism and confirmation Alfred Nobel was Lutheran and during his Paris years he regularly attended the Church of Sweden Abroad led by pastor Nathan Söderblom who would in 1930 also be the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02308177947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Nobel travelled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in various countries in Europe and North America and keeping a permanent home in Paris from 1873 to 1891. He remained a solitary character, given to periods of depression. Though Nobel remained unmarried, his biographers note that he had at least three loves. Nobel's first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra, who rejected his proposal. In 1876 Austro-Bohemian Countess Bertha Kinsky became Alfred Nobel's secretary, but after only a brief stay she left him to marry her previous lover, Baron Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner. Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief, she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision to include a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will. Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize, 'for her sincere peace activities'.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.09205436706543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, ' (\"The merchant of death is dead\") and went on to say, \"Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.\" Alfred (who never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999269485473633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given \"in Alfred Nobel's memory\" from the five other awards. This request added to the controversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a legitimate \"Nobel Prize\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.634660720825195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "The Monument to Alfred Nobel (, ) in Saint Petersburg is located along the Bolshaya Nevka River on Petrogradskaya Embankment. It was dedicated in 1991 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Nobel Prize presentation. Diplomat [http://www.cyclopaedia.info/wiki/Tomas-Bertelman Thomas Bertelman] and Professor Arkady Melua initiators of creation of the monument (1989). Professor A. Melua has provided funds for the establishment of the monument ([http://humanistica.ru/pages_en/news_nobeldv.htm J.S.Co. \"Humanistica\"], 1990–1991). The abstract metal sculpture was designed by local artists Sergey Alipov and Pavel Shevchenko, and appears to be an explosion or branches of a tree. Petrogradskaya Embankment is the street where the Nobel's family lived until 1859. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.432010650634766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Alfred Nobel", "passage": "Alfred Nobel has also been criticized for his leading role in the manufacture and sales of weaponry, and focus has been given to the question of the prizes being intended to improve his reputation in that regard.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.62679672241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" } ]

[ { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Deere & Company (brand name John Deere) is an American corporation that manufactures agricultural, construction, and forestry machinery, diesel engines, drivetrains (axles, transmissions, gearboxes) used in heavy equipment, and lawn care equipment. In 2014, it was listed as 80th in the Fortune 500 America's ranking and was ranked 307th in the Fortune Global 500 ranking in 2013. ", "precise_score": 0.7299509048461914, "rough_score": -8.02830696105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Deere is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols DE. The company's slogan is \"Nothing Runs Like a Deere\", and its logo is a leaping deer, with the words 'JOHN DEERE' under it. The logo of the leaping deer has been used by this company for over 135 years. Over the years, the logo has had minor changes and pieces removed. Some of the older style logos have the deer leaping over a log. The company uses different logo colors for agricultural vs. construction products. The company's agricultural products are identifiable by a distinctive shade of green paint, augmented by yellow trim.", "precise_score": 0.9300686120986938, "rough_score": 0.8017730116844177, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Deere bought out Tate and Gould's interests in the company in 1853, and was joined in the business by his son Charles Deere. At that time, the company was manufacturing a variety of farm equipment products in addition to plows; including wagons, corn planters and cultivators. In 1857, the company's production totals reached almost 1,120 implements per month. In 1858, a nationwide financial recession took a toll on the company. To prevent bankruptcy, the company was reorganized and Deere sold his interests in the business to his son in law, Christopher Webber, and his son, Charles Deere, who would take on most of his father's managerial roles. John Deere served as president of the company until 1886. The company was reorganized again in 1868, when it was incorporated as Deere & Company. While the company's original stockholders were Charles Deere, Stephen Velie, George Vinton, and John Deere, Charles effectively ran the company. In 1869, Charles began to introduce marketing centers and independent retail dealers to advance the company's sales nationwide. This same year, Deere & Company won \"Best and Greatest Display of Plows in Variety\" at the 17th Annual Illinois State Fair, for which it won $10 and a Silver Medal.Reynolds, John P. \"Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, with Reports from County and District Agricultural Societies\", Illinois Journal Printing Office, 1871, pg. 43,", "precise_score": -6.812208652496338, "rough_score": -9.063905715942383, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Increased competition during the early 1900s from the new International Harvester Company led the company to expand its offerings in the implement business, but it was the production of gasoline tractors which would come to define Deere & Company's operations during the twentieth century. In 1912, Deere & Company president William Butterworth (Charles' son-in-law), who had replaced Charles Deere after his death in 1907, began the company's expansion into the tractor business. Deere & Company briefly experimented with its own tractor models, the most successful of which was the Dain All-Wheel-Drive, but in the end decided to continue its foray into the tractor business by purchasing the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company in 1918, which manufactured the popular Waterloo Boy tractor at its facilities in Waterloo, Iowa. Deere & Company continued to sell tractors under the Waterloo Boy name until 1923, when the [http://www.tractordata.com/farm-tractors/000/0/2/23-john-deere-d.html John Deere Model D] was introduced. The company still manufactures most of its tractors in Waterloo, Iowa.", "precise_score": -7.690568923950195, "rough_score": -9.795062065124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "The company produced its first combine harvester, the John Deere No. 2 in 1927. A year later, this innovation was followed up by the introduction of John Deere No. 1, a smaller, machine that was more popular with customers. By 1929, the No. 1 and No. 2 were replaced by newer, lighter-weight harvesters. In the 1930s John Deere and other farm equipment manufacturers began developing hillside harvesting technology. Harvesters now had the ability to effectively use their combines to harvest grain on hillsides with up to a 50% slope gradient. ", "precise_score": -5.320662975311279, "rough_score": -9.731812477111816, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "During World War II, The great-grandson of John Deere, Charles Deere Wiman, was president of the company, but he accepted a commission as a Colonel in the U.S. Army. A replacement was hired and before returning to work at the company in late 1944, Wiman directed the farm machinery and equipment division of the War Production Board. In addition to farm machinery, John Deere manufactured military tractors, and transmissions for the M3 tank. They also made aircraft parts, ammunition, and mobile laundry units to support the war effort. ", "precise_score": -6.558586597442627, "rough_score": -10.033268928527832, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "On August 30, 1960, John Deere dealers from around the world converged on Dallas, Texas for an unprecedented product showcase. Deere Day in Dallas, as the event was called, introduced the world to the \"New Generation of Power\", the company’s first modern four-cylinder and six-cylinder tractors, during a day packed with high-tech presentations, live demonstrations, and of course a parking lot full of brand-new green and yellow machines. The line of tractors introduced that day was five years in the making, and the event itself took months to plan. Deere chose Dallas to host the event partly because it was home to facilities large enough to accommodate the 6,000 guests and the equipment they were all there to see. The Dallas Memorial Auditorium, the Texas State Fairgrounds Coliseum, the Cotton Bowl, and the Cotton Bowl parking lot were each the site of part of the event. During the event a new John Deere tractor with a diamond-covered nameplate was displayed for all to see inside Neiman-Marcus a popular Dallas based department store.", "precise_score": -3.778256416320801, "rough_score": -6.376140117645264, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In 1972 Deere introduced its new Sound Idea\" the 4030, 4230, 4430, and 4630. While these tractors were mechanically similar to the New Generation tractors they replaced they featured re-designed sheet metal and most importantly they were available with an optional completely integrated operators cab that John Deere called the Sound Gard body. This cab that included a Roll Over Protective Structure had a distinctive rounded windshield and came equipped with heat and air conditioning as well as speakers for an optional radio and 8 track tape player. The 5020 was replaced by the very similar 6030 and continued in production until 1977 when the 30 Series tractors were replaced by Deere's Iron Horse series that included the 90 Hp 4040, 110 HP 4240, 130 HP 4440, 150 HP 4640 and the 180 HP 4840. ", "precise_score": -8.760093688964844, "rough_score": -9.622090339660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In the 1962 Illinois Manufacturers Directory (50th anniversary edition), John Deere, listed as Deere and Company claimed a total work force of 35,000 of which 9,000 were in Illinois. The corporate headquarters were located at 1325 Third Ave. in Moline, IL with six manufacturing plants located around that city and a seventh plant in Hoopston, IL. The six plants in Moline were listed as follows: the John Deere Harvester Works at 1100 - 13th Ave., East Moline where 3,000 employees made agricultural implements. The John Deere Industrial Equipment Works at 301 Third Ave., Moline where 500 employees made earth moving equipment. The John Deere Malleable Works at 1335-13th Street, East Moline where 600 employees made malleable and nodular iron castings. The John Deere Planter Works at 501 Third ave., Moline where 1,000 employees made agricultural implements. The John Deere Plow Works at 1225 Third Ave., Moline where 1,100 employees made agricultural implements. The sixth plant was the John Deere Spreader Works at 1209-13th Ave., Moline where 800 employees made agricultural implements. The John Deere Vermilion Works was located at North Sixth Ave., Hoopston, Illinois where 140 employees were listed as making iron work; implement parts. Moline with 42,705 residents in 1962 saw the local 7,000 employees of John Deere represent 16% of the city's entire population. ", "precise_score": -7.953022003173828, "rough_score": -9.560073852539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In the late 1970s International Harvester had pioneered rotary combines with their Axial flow machines, but Deere continued to build only conventional walker combines through the 1980s and into the 1990s. In 1999 John Deere introduced the Single-Tine Separation (STS) system on its 9650 and 9750 Maximizer combines, representing a step forward in rotary combine technology. The STS system uses less horsepower and improves material handling.", "precise_score": -8.429741859436035, "rough_score": -9.83537769317627, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "Deere & Co", "passage": ", Deere & Company employed approximately 67,000 people worldwide, of which half are in the United States and Canada, and is the largest agriculture machinery company in the world. In August 2014 the company announced it was indefinitely laying off 600 of its workers at plants in Illinois, Iowa and Kansas due to less demand for its products. Inside the United States, the company's primary locations are its administrative center in Moline, Illinois and manufacturing factories in central and southeastern United States. ", "precise_score": 1.1398227214813232, "rough_score": -6.940554618835449, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "John Deere manufactures a range of forestry machinery, amongst others, harvesters, forwarders, and skidders. Timberjack is a subsidiary of John Deere since 2000. Also feller bunchers and logloaders", "precise_score": -1.6803205013275146, "rough_score": -9.928177833557129, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "Green magazine", "passage": "Green magazine ", "precise_score": -6.344951152801514, "rough_score": -9.946152687072754, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "John Deere also provides financial services and other related activities.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.412863731384277, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Deere & Company began when John Deere, born in Rutland, Vermont, USA on February 7, 1804, moved to Grand Detour, Illinois in 1836 in order to escape bankruptcy in Vermont. Already an established blacksmith, Deere opened a 1378 sqft shop in Grand Detour in 1837 which allowed him to serve as a general repairman in the village, as well as a manufacturer of small tools such as pitchforks and shovels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.030434608459473, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Small tools was just a start, the item that set him apart, was the self-scouring steel plow, which was pioneered in 1837 when John Deere fashioned a Scottish steel saw blade into a plow. Prior to Deere's steel plow, most farmers used iron or wooden plows that the rich Midwestern soil stuck to and had to be cleaned frequently. The smooth sided steel plow solved this problem, and greatly aided migration into the American Great Plains in the 19th and early 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.287945747375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "The core focus remained on the agricultural implements, but John Deere apparently also made a few bicycles in the 90's.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.125473022460938, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "Deere & Co", "passage": "On an episode of the Travel Channel series \"Made in America\" that profiled Deere & Company, host John Ratzenberger stated that the company never repossessed any equipment from American farmers during the Great Depression. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.878816604614258, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In 1947 John Deere introduced its first self-propelled combine, the model 55. It was soon followed by the smaller models 40 and 45, the larger model 95 and an even larger model 105 was introduced in the 1960s. In the mid-1950s, Deere introduced attachable corn heads, allowing crop producers to cut, shell, and clean corn in one smooth operation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.643553733825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "Deere & Co", "passage": "In 1956, Deere & Company bought-out the German tractor manufacturer, Heinrich Lanz AG (see Lanz Bulldog).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880450248718262, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "According to information released by the company at the time of the event, John Deere dealers and key employees came to Dallas via the \"largest commercial airlift of its type ever attempted.\" During the 24 hours leading up to the event, 16 airlines brought Deere employees and sales people from all over the United States and Canada to Love Field in Dallas. Bill Hewitt, then chairman and CEO of Deere & Company, welcomed the dealers and introduced the new tractors. Hewitt told the guests they were about to see \"a line", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.962146759033203, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Since entering the tractor business in 1918 John Deere had focused on two-cylinder machines. The New Generation of Power introduced at Deere Day in Dallas was very different from anything Deere had built before. The new line of four-and six-cylinder tractors, the model 1010, 2010, 3010, and 4010 were more far more powerful than Deere's two cylinder models, and also easier and more comfortable to operate, with conveniently located controls, better visibility and improved seat suspension. These new tractors were also easier to service. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.790053367614746, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "The 4010 was rated at 80 horsepower in 1960, but tested at 84 horsepower during testing trials making it one of the most powerful two wheel drive farm tractors at that time. The 4010 was the predecessor to the 4020 which is widely regarded as the most popular tractor ever produced by John Deere, and perhaps any tractor manufacturer in the United States. Although the 4020 which was available with Deere's optional Power Shift enjoyed greater popularity it was the 4010 that catapulted John Deere into the modern era of farm tractor technology and design following its successful history as a tractor manufacturer that was by the late 1950s experiencing waning market share due to its outdated two engine cylinder technology.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.598838806152344, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In addition to the advanced engine technology, the \"10\" series tractors offered many other upgrades from the older two-cylinder models they replaced including significantly higher horsepower-to-weight ratio, advanced hydraulics, more convenient and comfortable operator station as well as many other improvements. Of the \"10\" series John Deere tractors introduced in 1960, the 4010 was by far the most popular with more than 58,000 units sold from 1960 to 1963. The success of the \"10\" series John Deere tractors, led by the 4010, helped propel John Deere from a 23% market share in 1959 to 34% by 1964 when the 4020 was introduced making it the top manufacturer of farm equipment in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695022583007812, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "In 1969 John Deere followed its New Generation tractors of the 1960s with a \"New Generation\" of combines. These included the 3300, 4400, 6600 and 7700. These models were also the first to come with Quik-Tatch header mounting capabilities as standard equipment. In the 1980s these combines were followed by the 4420, 6620, 7720, 8820 that were essentially updated and improved versions of the previous models with larger capacity, a nicer cab, and easier maintenance and service. The 4420 was discontinued in 1984 and replaced by the 4425 combine imported from Germany. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.42528247833252, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "John Deere manufactures a wide range of products, with several models of each in many cases.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633156776428223, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 8345 R.jpg|Tractor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.428879737854004, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 9630T Iowa.jpg|Tracked tractor (9630T)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.504724502563477, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 663 front loader, parked.jpg|FEL attachment", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.38027572631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 2266 Extra 1.jpg|Combine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.44482135772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere Sprayers.jpg|Field sprayer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.374195098876953, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere Horse Drawn Manure Spreader Canton Michigan.JPG|Horse drawn manure spreader", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.533370971679688, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:Excavator (John Deere).jpg|Excavator", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.462081909179688, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere loader (1).jpg|Loader", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452425956726074, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 110 Backhoe.jpg|Backhoe", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441071510314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:2008-08-12 John Deere 280 (right).jpg|Skid-steer", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26047420501709, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere grader.JPEG|Grader", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.542279243469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 648H skidder.jpg|Skidder", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.508671760559082, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "File:John Deere 3350 tractor cut engine angle.JPG|Diesel engine", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.476078987121582, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* Industrias John Deere (agricultural tractors; construction equipment) (Monterrey, Mexico)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.175027847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* Motores John Deere (Power Systems; 6- and 4-cylinder engines) Torreon, Mexico.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.207937240600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Usine Saran (Power Systems), Fleury-les-Aubrais, France", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.332572937011719, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Argentina (engines, tractors and combine harvesters), Granadero Baigorria, Santa Fe, Argentina", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.832633018493652, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Equipment Pvt Ltd (5000-series tractors) Pune, India", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.03819465637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Equipment Pvt Ltd (5000-series tractors), Dewas, India", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.838675498962402, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Electronic solutions, Pune, India", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.348434448242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Harvester Works, Sirhind-Fategarh, India", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.231602668762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Werke Mannheim (6000-series tractors), Mannheim, Germany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.120101928710938, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Brasil: Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul (tractors), Horizontina - RS (harvesters and planters), Catalão - GO (sugarcane harvesters).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.930590629577637, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Werke Zweibrücken (harvesting equipment) Zweibrücken, Germany", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153614044189453, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Fabriek Horst (pulled & self-propelled agricultural sprayers) Horst, The Netherlands", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.544210433959961, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Forestry Oy (forwarders, wheeled harvesters) Joensuu, Finland", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.547445297241211, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Reman remanufacturing components for off-highway vehicles: facilities in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (cylinders, axles, transmissions, pumps, hydraulic and powertrain components) and Springfield, Missouri, USA (engines, fuel systems, turbochargers).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.236021041870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*AGRIS Corporation (John Deere Agri Services)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.140539169311523, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*John Deere Ag Management Solutions (intelligent mobile equipment technologies) Urbandale, Iowa", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.24107551574707, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*John Deere Capital Corporation", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359477996826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*John Deere Financial (John Deere Credit and Finance) Johnston, Iowa.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.466988563537598, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*John Deere Electronic Solutions (Ruggedized electronics) Fargo, North Dakota", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.39859390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "*John Deere Technology Innovation Center located in Research Park, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394201278686523, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "John Deere Renewables, LLC, a wind energy plant manufacturing arm which represented John Deere's extension into the renewable energy industry - under which it had successfully completed 36 projects in eight US states - was sold to Exelon Energy in August 2010. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.823262214660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere Classic is an American professional golf tournament sponsored by the company.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.316044807434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "* John Deere sponsored the #23 & #97 car for NASCAR driver Chad Little in the late 1990s ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.558340072631836, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Some groups, including the Electronic Frontier Foundation, have taken issue with the fact that John Deere's license covering the internal software on tractor control computers does not allow them to modify the software and that John Deere claims doing so would be DMCA forbidden bypassing of DRM. John Deere locks tractors digitally under usage of the DMCA DRM-law to prevent the DIY repairing by the owning farmers, stating safety concerns as reason. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197267532348633, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" }, { "answer": "John Deere", "passage": "Green Magazine is a publication devoted to John Deere enthusiasts which began in November 1984 by Richard and Carol Hain of Bee, Nebraska.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.301045417785645, "source": "wiki", "title": "John Deere" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The table or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides. Chemically-different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not classified as sugars. Some are used as lower-calorie food substitutes for sugar described as artificial sweeteners.", "precise_score": -0.5365556478500366, "rough_score": -0.67717444896698, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "*In general, galactose does not occur in the free state but is a constituent with glucose of the disaccharide lactose or milk sugar. It is less sweet than glucose. It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood groups. ", "precise_score": -0.33529725670814514, "rough_score": 0.6446161866188049, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "*Lactose is the naturally occurring sugar found in milk. A molecule of lactose is formed by the combination of a molecule of galactose with a molecule of glucose. It is broken down when consumed into its constituent parts by the enzyme lactase during digestion. Children have this enzyme but some adults no longer form it and they are unable to digest lactose. ", "precise_score": 7.35032320022583, "rough_score": 4.955183029174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Whole milk, butter and cream have high levels of saturated fat. The sugar lactose is found only in milk, forsythia flowers, and a few tropical shrubs. The enzyme needed to digest lactose, lactase, reaches its highest levels in the small intestine after birth and then begins a slow decline unless milk is consumed regularly. Those groups who do continue to tolerate milk, however, often have exercised great creativity in using the milk of domesticated ungulates, not only of cattle, but also sheep, goats, yaks, water buffalo, horses, reindeer and camels. The largest producer and consumer of cattle and buffalo milk in the world is India. ", "precise_score": 4.071392059326172, "rough_score": 3.9392595291137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Milk contains several different carbohydrate including lactose, glucose, galactose, and other oligosaccharides. The lactose gives milk its sweet taste and contributes approximately 40% of whole cow's milk's calories. Lactose is a disaccharide composite of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose. Bovine milk averages 4.8% anhydrous lactose, which amounts to about 50% of the total solids of skimmed milk. Levels of lactose are dependent upon the type of milk as other carbohydrates can be present at higher concentrations that lactose in milks.", "precise_score": 4.937678813934326, "rough_score": -2.61810302734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "* Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams.", "precise_score": 0.730618953704834, "rough_score": -1.6751996278762817, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Monosaccharides in a closed-chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides (such as sucrose) and polysaccharides (such as starch). Enzymes must hydrolyze or otherwise break these glycosidic bonds before such compounds become metabolized. After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Many pentoses and hexoses can form ring structures. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.683778762817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula C6H12O6. They have five hydroxyl groups (−OH) and a carbonyl group (CO) and are cyclic when dissolved in water. They each exist as several isomers with dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.293832778930664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula C12H22O11. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.072426795959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.923933506011963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "In many cultures of the world, especially the West, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a food product. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase, an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. Milk was therefore converted to curd, cheese and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood. This allowed milk to be used as a new source of nutrition which could sustain populations when other food sources failed. Milk is processed into a variety of dairy products such as cream, butter, yogurt, kefir, ice cream, and cheese. Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additives and industrial products.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.824185848236084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Milk is an emulsion or colloid of butterfat globules within a water-based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals. Because it is produced as a food source for the young, all of its contents provide benefits for growth. The principal requirements are energy (lipids, lactose, and protein), biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids supplied by proteins (essential amino acids and amino groups), essential fatty acids, vitamins and inorganic elements, and water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.485527038574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "* Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, 0.7% minerals and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. See also Nutritional value further on", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.374956130981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "The protein range for these four breeds is 3.3% to 3.9%, while the lactose range is 4.7% to 4.9%.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.452642440795898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Lactose intolerance", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.48283576965332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Lactose, the disaccharide sugar component of all milk, must be cleaved in the small intestine by the enzyme, lactase, in order for its constituents, galactose and glucose, to be absorbed. The production of the enzyme lactase declines significantly after weaning in all mammals. Consequently, many humans become unable to digest lactose properly as they mature. There is a great deal of variance, with some individuals reacting badly to even small amounts of lactose, some able to consume moderate quantities, and some able to consume large quantities of milk and other dairy products without problems. The gene in humans that controls lactase production, and hence lactose tolerance and intolerance, is labeled C/T-13910. An individual who consumes milk without producing sufficient lactase may suffer diarrhea, intestinal gas, cramps and bloating, as the undigested lactose travels through the gastrointestinal tract and serves as nourishment for intestinal microflora that excrete gas in processes known as fermentation and anaerobic respiration.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.226490497589111, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "It is estimated that 30 to 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant, including 75% of Native Americans and African Americans, and 90% of Asian Americans. Lactose intolerance is less common among those descended from northern Europeans. Other genetic groups that have a lower prevalence of lactose intolerance are the Tuareg of the Sahara, the Fulani of the West African Sahel, and the Beja and Kabbabish of Sudan, as well as possibly the Tutsi population of the Uganda–Rwanda area. Another locus of lactose tolerance is in Northern India.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.975875854492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Lactose intolerance is a natural process and there is no reliable way to prevent or reverse it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49118423461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Milk must be offered at every meal if a United States school district wishes to get reimbursement from the federal government. A quarter of the largest school districts in the US offer rice or soy milk and almost 17% of all US school districts offer lactose-free milk. Seventy-one percent of the milk served in US school cafeterias is flavored, causing some school districts to propose a ban because flavored milk has added sugars. (Though some flavored milk products use artificial sweeteners instead.) The Boulder, Colorado, school district banned flavored milk in 2009 and instead installed a dispenser that keeps the milk colder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.826970100402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "* reduction or elimination of lactose,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.501608848571777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Reduction or elimination of lactose", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.506476402282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Lactose-free milk can be produced by passing milk over lactase enzyme bound to an inert carrier. Once the molecule is cleaved, there are no lactose ill effects. Forms are available with reduced amounts of lactose (typically 30% of normal), and alternatively with nearly 0%. The only noticeable difference from regular milk is a slightly sweeter taste due to the generation of glucose by lactose cleavage. It does not, however, contain more glucose, and is nutritionally identical to regular milk.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.940048694610596, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Finland, where approximately 17% of the Finnish-speaking population has hypolactasia, has had \"HYLA\" (acronym for hydrolysed lactose) products available for many years. Lactose of low-lactose level cow's milk products, ranging from ice cream to cheese, is enzymatically hydrolysed into glucose and galactose. The ultra-pasteurization process, combined with aseptic packaging, ensures a long shelf life. In 2001, Valio launched a lactose-free milk drink that is not sweet like HYLA milk but has the fresh taste of ordinary milk. Valio patented the chromatographic separation method to remove lactose. Valio also markets these products in Sweden, Estonia, Belgium, and the United States, where the company says ultrafiltration is used. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.425811767578125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "In the UK, where an estimated 15% of the population are affected by lactose intolerance, Lactofree produces milk, cheese, and yogurt products that contain only 0.03% lactose.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.037530899047852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "To aid digestion in those with lactose intolerance, milk with added bacterial cultures such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (\"acidophilus milk\") and bifidobacteria (\"a/B milk\") is available in some areas. Another milk with Lactococcus lactis bacteria cultures (\"cultured buttermilk\") often is used in cooking to replace the traditional use of naturally soured milk, which has become rare due to the ubiquity of pasteurization, which also kills the naturally occurring Lactococcus bacteria. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.962596893310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns \"sour\". This is the result of fermentation, where lactic acid bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk into lactic acid. Prolonged fermentation may render the milk unpleasant to consume. This fermentation process is exploited by the introduction of bacterial cultures (e.g. Lactobacilli sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., etc.) to produce a variety of fermented milk products. The reduced pH from lactic acid accumulation denatures proteins and causes the milk to undergo a variety of different transformations in appearance and texture, ranging from an aggregate to smooth consistency. Some of these products include sour cream, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, viili, kefir, and kumis. See Dairy product for more information.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.833978652954102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" }, { "answer": "Lactose", "passage": "Pasteurization of cow's milk initially destroys any potential pathogens and increases the shelf life, but eventually results in spoilage that makes it unsuitable for consumption. This causes it to assume an unpleasant odor, and the milk is deemed non-consumable due to unpleasant taste and an increased risk of food poisoning. In raw milk, the presence of lactic acid-producing bacteria, under suitable conditions, ferments the lactose present to lactic acid. The increasing acidity in turn prevents the growth of other organisms, or slows their growth significantly. During pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.69726276397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Milk" } ]

[ { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the United States Navy, named by President George Washington after the Constitution of the United States of America. Constitution is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world. Constitution was launched in 1797, one of six original frigates authorized for construction by the Naval Act of 1794 and the third constructed. Joshua Humphreys designed the frigates to be the young Navy's capital ships, and so Constitution and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. Constitution was built in the North End of Boston, Massachusetts at Edmund Hartt's shipyard. Her first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during the Quasi-War with France and to defeat the Barbary pirates in the First Barbary War.", "precise_score": 4.1176581382751465, "rough_score": 6.94936990737915, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "Old Constitution", "passage": "After the USS Simpson was decommissioned in September 2015, the 217-year-old Constitution became the only United States ship still in active service to have sunk an enemy vessel. (Modern US warships in Operation Ocean Shield have sunk pirate skiffs. )", "precise_score": -7.136428356170654, "rough_score": -4.455392837524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "The oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world, Constitution is berthed at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Massachusetts and is used to promote understanding of the Navy’s role in war and peace through educational outreach, historic demonstration, and active participation in public events. Constitution is open to visitors year-round, providing free tours, with the USS Constitution Museum nearby.", "precise_score": 0.8636571168899536, "rough_score": 4.0307111740112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Original six frigates of the United States Navy" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "The hull was designed so that all the weight from the guns was upon the keel itself. Joshua Humphreys proposed that only live oak, a tree that grew only in America, should be used to build these ships. The method was to use diagonal riders, eight on each side that sat at a 45 degree angle. These beams of live oak were about two feet wide and around a foot thick and helped to maintain the shape of the hull, serving also to reduce flexibility and to minimize impacts. These ideas were considered revolutionary in the late 18th and early 19th century. A three-layer method was used in which the planks along the sides of the hull were laid horizontally across the ribs, making a crossing or checker board pattern. The sides of the ship could be as thick as 25 inches, and were able to absorb substantial damage. The strength of this braced construction earned USS Constitution the nickname \"Old Ironsides\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.621506690979004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Frigate" }, { "answer": "Ship Constitution", "passage": "Captain Edward Preble recommissioned Constitution on 13 May 1803 as his flagship, and made preparations to command a new squadron for a third blockade attempt. The copper sheathing on Constitutions hull needed to be replaced; Paul Revere supplied the copper sheets necessary for the job. Constitution departed Boston on 14 August. On 6 September, near the Rock of Gibraltar, she encountered an unknown ship in the darkness. Constitution went to general quarters, then ran alongside of her. Preble hailed the unknown ship, only to receive a hail in return. After identifying his ship as the United States frigate Constitution, he received the same question again. Preble, losing his patience, said: \"I am now going to hail you for the last time. If a proper answer is not returned, I will fire a shot into you.\" The stranger returned, \"If you give me a shot, I'll give you a broadside.\" Asking once more, Preble demanded an answer, to which he received, \"This is His Britannic Majesty's ship Donegal, 84 guns, Sir Richard Strachan, an English commodore,\" as well as a command to \"Send your boat on board.\" Preble, now devoid of all patience, exclaimed, \"This is United States ship Constitution, 44 guns, Edward Preble, an American commodore, who will be damned before he sends his boat on board of any vessel.\" And then to his gun crews: \"Blow your matches, boys!\"\"Blow on your matches\" was the term for the gun crews to blow on their slow matches to make them white hot for igniting a cannon. The modern-day equivalent might be \"Prepare to fire\". Before the incident escalated further, a boat arrived from the other ship and a British lieutenant relayed his captain's apologies. The ship was in fact not Donegal but instead , a 32-gun frigate. Constitution had come alongside her so quietly that Maidstone had delayed answering with the proper hail while she readied her guns. This act began the strong allegiance between Preble and the officers under his command, known as \"Preble's boys\", as he had shown that he was willing to defy a presumed ship of the line. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.550984859466553, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "Old Constitution", "passage": "In 1905, Secretary of the Navy Charles Joseph Bonaparte suggested that she be towed out to sea and used as target practice, after which she would be allowed to sink. Reading about this in a Boston newspaper, Moses H. Gulesian, a businessman from Worcester, Massachusetts, offered to purchase Constitution for $10,000. The State Department refused, but Gulesian initiated a public campaign which began from Boston and ultimately \"spilled all over the country.\" The storms of protest from the public prompted Congress to authorize $100,000 for her restoration in 1906. First to be removed was the barracks structure on her spar deck, but the limited amount of funds allowed just a partial restoration. By 1907 she began to serve as a museum ship with tours offered to the public. On 1 December 1917 she was renamed Old Constitution, to free her name for a planned new . Originally destined for the lead ship of the class, the name Constitution was shuffled around between hulls until CC-5 was given the name; construction of CC-5 was canceled in 1923 due to the Washington Naval Treaty. The incomplete hull was sold for scrap, and Old Constitution was granted the return of her name on 24 July 1925.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.72805404663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "The privately run USS Constitution Museum opened on 8 April 1976, and one month later Commander Martin dedicated a tract of land located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Indiana as \"Constitution Grove.\" The 25000 acres now supply the majority of the white oak required for repair work. On 10 July Constitution led the parade of tall ships up Boston Harbor for Operation Sail, firing her guns at one-minute intervals for the first time in approximately 100 years. On the 11th she rendered a 21-gun salute to Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia as Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, arrived for a state visit. The royal couple were piped aboard and privately toured the ship for approximately thirty minutes with Commander Martin and Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf. Upon their departure the crew of Constitution rendered three cheers for the Queen. Over 900,000 visitors toured \"Old Ironsides\" that year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.22810173034668, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "Constitution was previously berthed at Pier One of the former Charlestown Navy Yard, at one end of Boston's Freedom Trail. She is currently docked in Dry Dock 1, and is open to the public year round. The privately run USS Constitution Museum is nearby, located in a restored shipyard building at the foot of Pier Two. Prior to her dry-docking, Constitution would typically make one \"turnaround cruise\" each year during which she would be towed out into Boston Harbor to perform underway demonstrations, including a gun drill, and then returned to her dock, where she would be berthed in the opposite direction to ensure that she weathers evenly. The \"turnaround cruise\" was open to the general public based on a \"lottery draw\" of interested persons each year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.624598503112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:USS Constitution underway, August 19, 2012 by Castle Island cropped.jpg|thumb|USS Constitution underway", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.357545852661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:Inside the USS Constitution.jpg|Inside USS Constitution in 2015", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.659778594970703, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:US Navy 110704-N-AU127-185 USS Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence on Castle Island.jpg|alt=A photo of a ship without sails. There is white cannon smoke emitting from the left and right sides of the ship. A tugboat is alongside|Constitution fires a 21-gun salute toward Fort Independence", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.065326690673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:Flickr - Official U.S. Navy Imagery - USS Constitution sails into Boston Harbor.jpg|Constitution sails into Boston Harbor", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.763000011444092, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" }, { "answer": "USS Constitution", "passage": "File:USS Constitution in drydock in Boston, 2016.JPG|USS Constitution in dry dock for restoration work in 2016", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.018489837646484, "source": "wiki", "title": "USS Constitution" } ]

[ { "answer": "Thomas Hearns", "passage": "Notable boxer-punchers include Muhammad Ali, Wladimir Klitschko, Lennox Lewis, Joe Louis, Wilfredo Gómez, Oscar de la Hoya, Archie Moore, Miguel Cotto, Nonito Donaire, Sam Langford, Henry Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale, Carlos Monzón, Alexis Argüello, Erik Morales, Terry Norris, Marco Antonio Barrera, Naseem Hamed and Thomas Hearns.", "precise_score": -4.24459981918335, "rough_score": -8.024882316589355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Boxing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "The main poets of this movement were William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Keats. The birth of English Romanticism is often dated to the publication in 1798 of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads. However, Blake had been publishing since the early 1780s. Much of the focus on Blake only came about during the last century when Northrop Frye discussed his work in his book \"The Anatomy of Criticism.\" Shelley is most famous for such classic anthology verse works as Ozymandias, and long visionary poems which include Prometheus Unbound. Shelley's groundbreaking poem The Masque of Anarchy calls for nonviolence in protest and political action. It is perhaps the first modern statement of the principle of nonviolent protest.http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance was influenced and inspired by Shelley's verse, and would often quote the poem to vast audiences. ", "precise_score": 4.397966384887695, "rough_score": 6.645716190338135, "source": "wiki", "title": "English poetry" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "In English literature, the key figures of the Romantic movement are considered to be the group of poets including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Keats, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and the much older William Blake, followed later by the isolated figure of John Clare. Also such novelists as Walter Scott from Scotland and Mary Shelley, and the essayists William Hazlitt and Charles Lamb. The publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads, with many of the finest poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, is often held to mark the start of the movement. The majority of the poems were by Wordsworth, and many dealt with the lives of the poor in his native Lake District, or his feelings about nature—which he more fully developed in his long poem The Prelude, never published in his lifetime. The longest poem in the volume was Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which showed the Gothic side of English Romanticism, and the exotic settings that many works featured. In the period when they were writing, the Lake Poets were widely regarded as a marginal group of radicals, though they were supported by the critic and writer William Hazlitt and others.", "precise_score": 5.399698734283447, "rough_score": 7.777538299560547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Romanticism" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan, as well as the major prose work Biographia Literaria. His critical work, especially on Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many familiar words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was a major influence on Emerson and American transcendentalism.", "precise_score": 8.680496215820312, "rough_score": 9.625508308410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the starting point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that \"the artist's feeling is his law\". To William Wordsworth, poetry should begin as \"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,\" which the poet then \"recollect[s] in tranquility,\" evoking a new but corresponding emotion the poet can then mould into art. To express these feelings, it was considered that the content of the art had to come from the imagination of the artist, with as little interference as possible from \"artificial\" rules that dictated what a work should consist of. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were natural laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creator's own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own original work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism, and to be derivative was the worst sin. This idea is often called \"romantic originality.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6843350529670715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Romanticism" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "Arthur Lovejoy attempted to demonstrate the difficulty of defining Romanticism in his seminal article \"On The Discrimination of Romanticisms\" in his Essays in the History of Ideas (1948); some scholars see Romanticism as essentially continuous with the present, some like Robert Hughes see in it the inaugural moment of modernity, and some like Chateaubriand, Novalis and Samuel Taylor Coleridge see it as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to Enlightenment rationalism—a \"Counter-Enlightenment\"— to be associated most closely with German Romanticism. An earlier definition comes from Charles Baudelaire: \"Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in the way of feeling.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.641968250274658, "source": "wiki", "title": "Romanticism" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads (1798).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.15596866607666, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Wordsworth" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "It was also in 1795 that he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close friendship. In 1797, Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved to Alfoxton House, Somerset, just a few miles away from Coleridge's home in Nether Stowey. Together Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads (1798), an important work in the English Romantic movement. The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name as author. One of Wordsworth's most famous poems, \"Tintern Abbey\", was published in this collection, along with Coleridge's \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner\". The second edition, published in 1800, had only Wordsworth listed as the author, and included a preface to the poems. It was augmented significantly in the next edition, published in 1802. In this preface, which some scholars consider a central work of Romantic literary theory, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of verse, one that is based on the \"real language of men\" and avoids the poetic diction of much 18th-century verse. Wordsworth also gives his famous definition of poetry as \"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility,\" and calls his own poems in the book \"experimental\". A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.634957790374756, "source": "wiki", "title": "William Wordsworth" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "\"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in a Dream: A Fragment\" is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, completed in 1797 and published in 1816. According to Coleridge's Preface to \"Kubla Khan\", the poem was composed one night after he experienced an opium-influenced dream after reading a work describing Xanadu, the summer palace of the Mongol ruler and Emperor of China Kublai Khan. Upon waking, he set about writing lines of poetry that came to him from the dream until he was interrupted by a person from Porlock. The poem could not be completed according to its original 200–300 line plan as the interruption caused him to forget the lines. He left it unpublished and kept it for private readings for his friends until 1816 when, at the prompting of Lord Byron, it was published.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5164055824279785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kubla Khan" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (originally The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere) is the longest major poem by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, written in 1797–98 and published in 1798 in the first edition of Lyrical Ballads. Modern editions use a revised version printed in 1817 that featured a gloss. Along with other poems in Lyrical Ballads, it was a signal shift to modern poetry and the beginning of British Romantic literature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.575556755065918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "John Coleridge had three children by his first wife. Samuel was the youngest of ten by the Reverend Mr. Coleridge's second wife, Anne Bowden (1726–1809), probably the daughter of John Bowden, Mayor of South Molton, Devon, in 1726. Coleridge suggests that he \"took no pleasure in boyish sports\" but instead read \"incessantly\" and played by himself.Coleridge,Samuel Taylor, Joseph Noel Paton, Katharine Lee Bates.Coleridge's Ancient Mariner Ed Katharine Lee Bates. Shewell, & Sanborn (1889) p.2 After John Coleridge died in 1781, 8-year-old Samuel was sent to Christ's Hospital, a charity school which was founded in the 16th century in Greyfriars, London, where he remained throughout his childhood, studying and writing poetry. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a schoolmate, and studied the works of Virgil and William Lisle Bowles.Morley, Henry. Table Talk of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Christobel, &c. New York: Routledge (1884) pp.i-iv", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9522759914398193, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Silas Tomkyn Comberbache", "passage": "From 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade. In December 1793, he left the college and enlisted in the Royal Dragoons using the false name \"Silas Tomkyn Comberbache\", perhaps because of debt or because the girl that he loved, Mary Evans, had rejected him. Afterwards, he was rumoured to have had a bout of severe depression. His brothers arranged for his discharge a few months later under the reason of \"insanity\" and he was readmitted to Jesus College, though he would never receive a degree from the University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.032920837402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" }, { "answer": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "passage": "A current standard edition is The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, edited by Kathleen Coburn and many other editors (1969–2002), which appeared (from Princeton University Press and Routledge and Kegan Paul) in Bollingen Series 75, in 16 volumes, broken down as follows into further volumes and parts, to a total of 34 separate printed volumes:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.196944236755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Mega knitting uses the same stitches and techniques as conventional knitting, except that hooks are carved into the ends of the needles. The hooked needles greatly enhance control of the work, catching the stitches and preventing them from slipping off.", "precise_score": 4.002838611602783, "rough_score": 4.2616777420043945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knitting" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Various tools have been developed to make hand-knitting easier. Tools for measuring needle diameter and yarn properties have been discussed above, as well as the yarn swift, ballwinder and \"yarntainers\". Crochet hooks and a darning needle are often useful in binding/casting off or in joining two knitted pieces edge-to-edge. The darning needle is used in duplicate stitch (also known as Swiss darning). The crochet hook is also essential for repairing dropped stitches and some specialty stitches such as tufting. Other tools such as knitting spools or pom-pom makers are used to prepare specific ornaments. For large or complex knitting patterns, it is sometimes difficult to keep track of which stitch should be knit in a particular way; therefore, several tools have been developed to identify the number of a particular row or stitch, including circular stitch markers, hanging markers, extra yarn and row counters. A second potential difficulty is that the knitted piece will slide off the tapered end of the needles when unattended; this is prevented by \"point protectors\" that cap the tapered ends. Another problem is that too much knitting may lead to hand and wrist troubles; for this, special stress-relieving gloves are available. In traditional Shetland knitting a special belt is often used to support the end of one needle allowing the knitting greater speed. Finally, there are sundry bags and containers for holding knitting, yarns and needles.", "precise_score": 6.214262008666992, "rough_score": 5.888609409332275, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knitting" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "The early instruction books make frequent reference to the alternate use of 'ivory, bone, or wooden hooks' and 'steel needles in a handle', as appropriate to the stitch being made. Taken with the synonymous labeling of shepherd's- and single crochet, and the similar equivalence of French- and double crochet, there is a strong suggestion that crochet is rooted both in tambour embroidery and shepherd's knitting, leading to thread and yarn crochet respectively; a distinction that is still made. The locus of the fusion of all these elements — the \"invention\" noted above — has yet to be determined, as does the origin of shepherd's knitting.", "precise_score": 4.154013633728027, "rough_score": 7.204231262207031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "It is possible to use the same yarn or wool for both crochet and knitting, providing you have the correct size knitting needles or crochet hooks for the yarn you are using. There are some yarn that are only made for crochet, for example DMC make Cebelia No.10 which is a very thin yarn and works well with Amigurumi crochet. ", "precise_score": 5.452619552612305, "rough_score": 8.9979829788208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "If they are not secured, the loops of a knitted course will come undone when their yarn is pulled; this is known as ripping out, unravelling knitting, or humorously, frogging (because you 'rip it', this sounds like a frog croaking: 'rib-bit'). To secure a stitch, at least one new loop is passed through it. Although the new stitch is itself unsecured (\"active\" or \"live\"), it secures the stitch(es) suspended from it. A sequence of stitches in which each stitch is suspended from the next is called a wale. To secure the initial stitches of a knitted fabric, a method for casting on is used; to secure the final stitches in a wale, one uses a method of binding/casting off. During knitting, the active stitches are secured mechanically, either from individual hooks (in knitting machines) or from a knitting needle or frame in hand-knitting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.3453667163848877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knitting" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Mega knitting needles are generally considered to be any knitting needles larger than size 17 (half inch diameter). Mega needles may or may not have hooks carved in the ends. Hooks on large diameter needles help enormously to control the stitches whilst knitting.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.703526258468628, "source": "wiki", "title": "Knitting" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": ":\"Crochet needles, sometimes called Shepherds' hooks, are made of steel, ivory, or box-wood. They have a hook at one end similar in shape to a fish-hook, by which the wool or silk is caught and drawn through the work. These instruments are to be procured of various sizes...\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.3583712577819824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "The strong taper of the shepherd's hook eases the production of slip-stitch crochet but is less amenable to stitches that require multiple loops on the hook at the same time. Early yarn hooks were also continuously tapered but gradually enough to accommodate multiple loops. The design with a cylindrical shaft that is commonplace today was largely reserved for tambour-style steel needles. Both types gradually merged into the modern form that appeared toward the end of the 19th century, including both tapered and cylindrical segments, and the continuously tapered bone hook remained in industrial production until World War II.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9387532472610474, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Shepherd's hooks are still being made for local slip-stitch crochet traditions. The form in the accompanying photograph is typical for contemporary production. A longer continuously tapering design intermediate between it and the 19th-century tapered hook was also in earlier production, commonly being made from the handles of forks and spoons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.220463275909424, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "The crochet hook comes in many sizes and materials, such as bone, bamboo, aluminium, plastic, and steel. Because sizing is categorized by the diameter of the hook's shaft, a crafter aims to create stitches of a certain size in order to reach a particular gauge specified in a given pattern. If gauge is not reached with one hook, another is used until the stitches made are the needed size. Crafters may have a preference for one type of hook material over another due to aesthetic appeal, yarn glide, or hand disorders such as arthritis, where bamboo or wood hooks are favored over metal for the perceived warmth and flexibility during use. Hook grips and ergonomic hook handles are also available to assist crafters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.6085155010223389, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Steel crochet hooks range in size from 0.4 to 3.5 millimeters, or from 00 to 16 in American sizing. These hooks are used for fine crochet work such as doilies and lace.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.620236396789551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Aluminium, bamboo, and plastic crochet hooks are available from 2.5 to 19 millimeters in size, or from B to S in American sizing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.023198127746582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Artisan-made hooks are often made of hand-turned woods, sometimes decorated with semi-precious stones or beads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322107315063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Crochet hooks used for Tunisian crochet are elongated and have a stopper at the end of the handle, while double-ended crochet hooks have a hook on both ends of the handle. There is also a double hooked apparatus called a Cro-hook that has become popular.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4089112281799316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "The thickness or weight of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require large-diameter crochet hooks, whereas thinner yarns may be crocheted with thick or thin hooks. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to work up a given project. Patterns and motifs are coarser with thicker yarns and produce bold visual effects, whereas thinner yarns are best for refined or delicate patternwork. Yarns are standardly grouped by thickness into six categories: superfine, fine, light, medium, bulky and superbulky. Quantitatively, thickness is measured by the number of wraps per inch (WPI). The related weight per unit length is usually measured in tex or denier.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.9564895629882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "As hyperbolic and mathematics-based crochet has continued to become more popular, there have been several events highlighting work from various fiber artists. Two such shows include [http://crochetcoralreef.org/exhibitions/smithsonian.php Sant Ocean Hall] at the Smithsonian in Washington D.C. and [http://galleries.lafayette.edu/2011/09/01/sticks-hooks-and-the-mobius-knit-and-crochet-goes-cerebral/ Sticks, Hooks, and the Mobius: Knit and Crochet Go Cerebral] at Lafayette College in Pennsylvania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.114178657531738, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" }, { "answer": "Hooks", "passage": "Prolegs of lepidopteran larvae have a small circle of gripping hooks, called \"crochets\". The arrangement of the crochets can be helpful in identification to family level. Although the point has been debated, prolegs are not widely regarded as true legs, derived from the primitive uniramous limbs. Certainly in their morphology they are not jointed, and so lack the five segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus) of thoracic insect legs. Prolegs do have limited musculature, but much of their movement is hydraulically powered.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.536530017852783, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crochet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lucy Locket", "passage": "Fisher is mentioned in the nursery rhyme, Lucy Locket:", "precise_score": 1.2250741720199585, "rough_score": 5.401055335998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kitty Fisher" }, { "answer": "Lucy Locket", "passage": "\"Lucy Locket lost her pocket,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.793195724487305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kitty Fisher" } ]

[ { "answer": "Maryland and Pennsylvania", "passage": "The conflict became more of an issue when settlement extended into the interior of the colonies. In 1732 the proprietary governor of Maryland, Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, signed a provisional agreement with William Penn's sons, which drew a line somewhere in between and renounced the Calvert claim to Delaware. But later, Lord Baltimore claimed that the document he had signed did not contain the terms he had agreed to, and refused to put the agreement into effect. Beginning in the mid-1730s, violence erupted between settlers claiming various loyalties to Maryland and Pennsylvania. The border conflict would be known as Cresap's War.", "precise_score": -10.318212509155273, "rough_score": -6.54080867767334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mason–Dixon line" }, { "answer": "Maryland and Pennsylvania", "passage": "The line was established to end a boundary dispute between the British colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania/Delaware. Maryland had been granted the territory north of the Potomac River up to the fortieth parallel. Pennsylvania's grant defined the colony's southern boundary as following a 12-mile (radius) circle counter-clockwise from the Delaware River until it hit \"the beginning of the fortieth degree of Northern latitude.\" From there the boundary was to follow the fortieth parallel due west for five degrees of longitude. But the fortieth parallel does not in fact intersect the 12-mile circle, instead lying significantly farther north. Thus Pennsylvania's southern boundary as defined in its charter was contradictory and unclear. The most serious problem was that the Maryland claim would put Philadelphia, which became the major city in Pennsylvania, within Maryland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.706625938415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mason–Dixon line" } ]

[ { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the tenor is the second lowest vocal range, above the bass and below the alto and soprano. Men's chorus usually denotes an ensemble of TTBB in which the first tenor is the highest voice. While certain choral music does require the first tenors to ascend the full tenor range, the majority of choral music places the tenors in the range from approximately B2 up to A4. The requirements of the tenor voice in choral music are also tied to the style of music most often performed by a given choir. Orchestra choruses require tenors with fully resonant voices, but chamber or a cappella choral music (sung with no instrumental accompaniment) can sometimes rely on light baritones singing in falsetto.", "precise_score": 3.13936710357666, "rough_score": 3.436297655105591, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Even so, one nearly ubiquitous facet of choral singing is the shortage of tenor voices. Most men tend to have baritone voices and for this reason the majority of men tend to prefer singing in the bass section of a choir (however, true basses are even rarer than tenors). Some men sing tenor even if they lack the full range, and sometimes low altos sing the tenor part. In men's choruses which comprise 4 male vocal parts TTBB (tenor 1, tenor 2, bass 1, bass 2), tenors will often sing both in chest tone and falsetto, extending the vocal range of the choir.", "precise_score": 6.053215503692627, "rough_score": 7.985071659088135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of the tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The leggero tenor has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes.", "precise_score": 5.199509143829346, "rough_score": 2.715163469314575, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Baritone range: The vocal range of the baritone lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. (Helpful in a theory test) The typical baritone range is from A2 (the second A below middle C) to A4 (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F2 or up to C5. The baritone voice type is the most common male voice.", "precise_score": 7.686685085296631, "rough_score": 7.78564453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex: soprano and alto vocal ranges for females, tenor and bass vocal ranges for males (SATB), and occasionally treble for children. As a result, the typical chorus affords many opportunities for misclassification to occur. Since most people have medium voices, they are often assigned a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low, than in singing too high.", "precise_score": 4.0097150802612305, "rough_score": 4.755810260772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "However, most classical music systems acknowledge seven different major voice categories. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. When considering voices of pre-pubescent children an eighth term, treble, can be applied. Within each of these major categories there are several sub-categories that identify specific vocal qualities like coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.074796676635742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Singing" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "It should be noted that within choral music, singers' voices are divided solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into high and low voices within each sex (SATB, or soprano, alto, tenor, and bass). As a result, the typical choral situation affords many opportunities for misclassification to occur. Since most people have medium voices, they must be assigned to a part that is either too high or too low for them; the mezzo-soprano must sing soprano or alto and the baritone must sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low than in singing too high. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.073566436767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Singing" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Within contemporary forms of music (sometimes referred to as contemporary commercial music), singers are classified by the style of music they sing, such as jazz, pop, blues, soul, country, folk, and rock styles. There is currently no authoritative voice classification system within non-classical music. Attempts have been made to adopt classical voice type terms to other forms of singing but such attempts have been met with controversy. The development of voice categorizations were made with the understanding that the singer would be using classical vocal technique within a specified range using unamplified (no microphones) vocal production. Since contemporary musicians use different vocal techniques, microphones, and are not forced to fit into a specific vocal role, applying such terms as soprano, tenor, baritone, etc. can be misleading or even inaccurate. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.9812331199646, "source": "wiki", "title": "Singing" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Following Fender's lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. Gibson renamed the Electric Bass in 1958 to the EB-1 (The EB-1 was reissued around 1970, but this time without the end pin.) Also in 1958 Gibson released the maple arched top EB-2 described in the Gibson catalogue as A hollow-body electric bass that features a Bass/Baritone pushbutton for two different tonal characteristics. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass. The EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance (although the earliest examples have a slab-sided body shape closer to that of the double-cutaway Les Paul Special).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.430633544921875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bass guitar" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Fender also began production of the Mustang Bass; a 30 in scale length instrument used by bassists such as Tina Weymouth of Talking Heads and Bill Wyman of The Rolling Stones (\"P\" and \"J\" basses have a scale length of 34 in, a design echoed on most current production electric basses of all makes). In the 1950s and 1960s, the instrument was often called the \"Fender bass\", due to Fender's early dominance in the market. The Fender VI, a baritone guitar, was tuned one octave lower than standard guitar tuning. It was released in 1961, and was favored by Jack Bruce of Cream. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.376877784729004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bass guitar" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "The tenor saxophone is commonly used in classical music (such as concert bands, chamber music and solo repertoire), military bands, marching bands and jazz (such as big bands, jazz combos, etc). It is occasionally included in pieces written for symphony orchestra; three examples of this are Ravel's Boléro, Prokofiev's suite from Lieutenant Kijé, and Webern's Quartet for violin, clarinet, tenor saxophone and piano. In concert bands, the tenor plays mostly a supporting role, sometimes sharing parts with the euphonium, horn and trombone. In jazz ensembles, the tenor plays a more prominent role as a member of a section that includes the alto and baritone saxes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.126344203948975, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor saxophone" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "File:Straight saxes.jpg|Five unusual members of the saxophone family including a straight E baritone (top left), and a straight B tenor (top right).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.280718803405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor saxophone" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "The tenor saxophone first gained popularity in one of its original intended roles: the military band. Soon after its invention, French and Belgian military bands began to take full advantage of the instrument which Sax had designed specifically for them. Modern military bands typically incorporate a quartet of saxophone players playing the E baritone, tenor, E alto and B soprano. British military bands customarily make use only of the tenor and alto saxes, with two or more musicians on each instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.050177097320557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor saxophone" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Also \"tenore di forza\" or \"robusto\", the dramatic tenor has an emotive, ringing and very powerful, clarion, heroic tenor sound. The dramatic tenor's approximate range is from the B one octave below middle C (B2) to the B one octave above middle C (B4) with some able to sing up to the C one octave above middle C (C5). Many successful dramatic tenors though have historically avoided the coveted high C in performance. Their lower range tends to extend into the baritone tessitura or, a few notes below the C3, even down to A♭2. Some dramatic tenors have a rich and dark tonal colour to their voice (such as the mature Enrico Caruso) while others (like Francesco Tamagno) possess a bright, steely timbre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624431133270264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "The heldentenor (English: heroic tenor) has a rich, dark, powerful and dramatic voice. As its name implies, the heldentenor vocal fach features in the German romantic operatic repertoire. The heldentenor is the German equivalent of the tenore drammatico, however with a more baritonal quality: the typical Wagnerian protagonist. The keystone of the heldentenor's repertoire is arguably Wagner's Siegfried, an extremely demanding role requiring a wide vocal range and great power, plus tremendous stamina and acting ability. Often the heldentenor is a baritone who has transitioned to this fach or tenors who have been misidentified as baritones. Therefore, the heldentenor voice might or might not have facility up to high B or C. The repertoire, however, rarely calls for such high notes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.971536159515381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "There are four parts in Barbershop harmony: bass, baritone, lead, and tenor (lowest to highest), with \"tenor\" referring to the highest part. The tenor generally sings in falsetto voice, corresponding roughly to the countertenor in classical music, and harmonizes above the lead, who sings the melody. The barbershop tenor range is B-below-middle C (B3) to D-above-high C (D5), though it is written an octave lower. The \"lead\" in barbershop music is equivalent to the normal tenor range.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.22857335209846497, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "In bluegrass music, the melody line is called the lead. Tenor is sung an interval of a third above the lead. Baritone is the fifth of the scale that has the lead as a tonic, and may be sung below the lead, or even above the lead (and the tenor), in which case it is called \"high baritone.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.523665428161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Though strictly not musical, the Muslim call to prayer (azan) is always chanted by tenors, possibly due to the highly placed resonance of the tenor voice which allows it to be heard from a longer distance than baritones or basses during pre-amplification times. Some such chanters (termed bilals) may modulate up to E3 in certain passages, while incorporating a distinctive Middle-Eastern coloratura run.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0301852226257324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tenor" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, and bass. Some women fall into the tenor or baritone groups, while men identified as countertenors can be grouped as contralto, mezzo-soprano, or soprano. When considering the pre-pubescent voice, an eighth term, treble, is applied. Within each of these major categories, subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.60724139213562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Baritone", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.160127878189087, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Baritone tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the tenor and bass voices, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.968329906463623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into nine subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, bel canto or coloratura baritone, kavalierbariton, heldenbaritone, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble, and bass-baritone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7106239795684814, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" }, { "answer": "Baritone", "passage": "Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: basso profondo, basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and bass-baritone.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7174947261810303, "source": "wiki", "title": "Voice type" } ]

[ { "answer": "4", "passage": "In Euclidean geometry, a rhombus(◊), plural rhombi or rhombuses, is a simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral whose four sides all have the same length. Another name is equilateral quadrilateral, since equilateral means that all of its sides are equal in length. The rhombus is often called a diamond, after the diamonds suit in playing cards which resembles the projection of an octahedral diamond, or a lozenge, though the former sometimes refers specifically to a rhombus with a 60° angle (see Polyiamond), and the latter sometimes refers specifically to a rhombus with a 45° angle.", "precise_score": 7.147465705871582, "rough_score": 6.12733793258667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhombus" }, { "answer": "four", "passage": "A rhombus is a tangential quadrilateral. That is, it has an inscribed circle that is tangent to all four sides.", "precise_score": 6.426351070404053, "rough_score": 6.637707233428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhombus" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "In the theory of high-dimensional convex polytopes, a facet or side of a d-dimensional polytope is one of its (d − 1)-dimensional features, a ridge is a (d − 2)-dimensional feature, and a peak is a (d − 3)-dimensional feature. Thus, the edges of a polygon are its facets, the edges of a 3-dimensional convex polyhedron are its ridges, and the edges of a 4-dimensional polytope are its peaks..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454583168029785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Edge (geometry)" }, { "answer": "four", "passage": "*a quadrilateral with four sides of equal length (by definition)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.368705749511719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhombus" }, { "answer": "4", "passage": "\\displaystyle 4a^2=p^2+q^2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.454792022705078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhombus" }, { "answer": "four", "passage": "The rhombic icosahedron is a polyhedron composed of 20 rhombic faces, of which three, four, or five meet at each vertex. It has 10 faces on the polar axis with 10 faces following the equator.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9572839736938477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhombus" } ]

[ { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "A golf club is a club used to hit a golf ball in a game of golf. Each club is composed of a shaft with a grip and a club head. Woods are mainly used for long-distance fairway or tee shots; irons, the most versatile class, are used for a variety of shots; hybrids that combine design elements of woods and irons are becoming increasingly popular; putters are used mainly on the green to roll the ball into the hole. A standard set consists of 14 golf clubs, and while there are traditional combinations sold at retail as matched sets, players are free to use any combination of 14 or fewer legal clubs.", "precise_score": -1.5707277059555054, "rough_score": -8.088155746459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "As with woods, \"irons\" get their name because they were originally made from forged iron. Modern irons are investment-cast out of steel alloys, which allows for better-engineered \"cavity-back\" designs that have lower centers of mass and higher moments of inertia, making the club easier to hit and giving better distance than older forged \"muscle-back\" designs. Forged irons with less perimeter weighting are still seen, especially in sets targeting low-handicap and scratch golfers, because this less forgiving design allows a skilled golfer to intentionally hit a curved shot (a \"fade\" or \"draw\"), to follow the contour of the fairway or \"bend\" a shot around an obstacle.", "precise_score": -7.386674880981445, "rough_score": -6.962390899658203, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Most chippers have a loft greater than 10 degrees, which is the maximum loft permitted by the Rules of Golf for a club to be classed as a putter, so these clubs are actually classed as irons. To be legal for sanctioned play, a chipper cannot have any feature that is defined in the rules as allowable only on putters, e.g. two striking faces or a flat-topped \"putter grip\". This disqualifies many chipper designs, but there are some USGA-conforming chippers, and non-conforming designs can still be used in non-sanctioned \"informal\" play.", "precise_score": -0.3279426395893097, "rough_score": -0.34971123933792114, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "An important variation in different clubs is loft, or the angle between the club's face and the vertical plane. It is loft that is the primary determinant of the ascending trajectory of the golf ball, with the tangential angle of the club head's swing arc at impact being a secondary and relatively minor consideration (though these small changes in swing angle can nevertheless have a significant influence on launch angle when using low-lofted clubs). The impact of the club compresses the ball, while grooves on the club face give the ball backspin. Together, the compression and backspin create lift. The majority of woods and irons are labeled with a number; higher numbers indicate shorter shafts and higher lofts, which give the ball a higher and shorter trajectory.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.679900169372559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Irons are clubs with a solid, all-metal head featuring a flat angled face, and a shorter shaft and more upright lie angle than a wood, for ease of access. Irons are designed for a variety of shots from all over the course, from the tee box on short or dog-legged holes, to the fairway or rough on approach to the green, to tricky situations like punching through or lobbing over trees, getting out of hazards, or hitting from tight lies requiring a compact swing. Most of the irons have a number from 1 to 9 (the numbers in most common use are from 3 to 9), corresponding to their relative loft angle within a matched set. Irons are typically grouped according to their intended distance (which also roughly corresponds to their shaft length and thus their difficulty to hit the ball); in the numbered irons, there are long irons (2–4), medium irons (5–7), and short irons (8–9), with progressively higher loft angles, shorter shafts, and heavier club heads.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.708294868469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Wedges are a sub-class of irons with greater loft than the numbered irons (generally starting at 47°-48° of loft, above the 9-iron's 44°-45°), and other features such as high-mass club heads and wide soles that allow for easier use in tricky lies. Wedges are used for a variety of short-distance, high-altitude, high-accuracy \"utility\" shots, such as hitting the ball onto the green (\"approach\" shots), placing the ball accurately on the fairway for a better shot at the green (\"lay-up\" shots), or hitting the ball out of hazards or rough onto the green (chipping). There are five types of wedges, with lofts ranging from 45° to 64°: pitching wedge (PW, 48–50°), gap wedge (GW, also \"approach\", \"attack\", \"utility\", or \"dual\" wedge, typically 52–54°), sand wedge (SW, 55–56°), lob wedge (LW, 58°-60°), and ultra lob wedge (sometimes called the \"flop wedge\" or FW, 64°-68°).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.545506477355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Hybrids are a cross between a wood and an iron, giving these clubs the wood's long distance and higher launch, with the iron's familiar swing. The club head of a hybrid has a wood-inspired, slightly convex face, and is typically hollow like modern metal woods to allow for high impulse on impact and faster swing speeds. The head is usually smaller than true woods, however, not extending as far back from the face, and the lie and shaft length are similar to an iron giving similar swing mechanics. These clubs generally replace low-numbered irons in a men's set (between 2 and 5, most commonly 3–4), which are typically the hardest clubs in a player's bag to hit well. By doing so they also generally make higher-lofted woods redundant as well. However, some manufacturers produce \"iron replacement\" sets that use hybrid designs to replace an entire set of traditional irons, from 3 to pitching wedge. Ladies' and seniors' sets commonly feature a combination of high-lofted woods (up to 7w) and hybrids to replace the 5, 6 and 7-irons, allowing these players to get greater carry distances with slower swings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.459712982177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The trim ring, usually black (It may have additional trim colors), that is found directly on top of the hosel on many woods and irons. The ferrule is mostly decorative, creating a continuous line between the shaft and the wider hosel, but in some cases it can form part of the securing mechanism between hosel and shaft. Ferrules of differing weights can fine-tune the center of mass of the overall club head, but for these minute adjustments, screw-in weighted inserts at specific points on the club head are usually used instead.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.022018432617188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* A matched set of 7 numbered irons from 3 through 9, plus a pitching wedge or \"10-iron\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.130436897277832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "* Another fairway wood, often a 5-wood lofted around 18°, to allow other options besides long irons in the 180–250 yard range,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.965363502502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "The most common omissions are the \"long irons\", numbered from 2 to 5, which are notoriously difficult to hit well. The player can supplement the gaps in distance with either higher-numbered woods such as the 5 and even the 7-wood, or may replace the long irons with equivalently-numbered hybrid clubs. If hybrids are used, higher-lofted woods are often omitted as redundant, but ladies' and seniors' sets commonly feature both hybrids and high-lofted woods, omitting the long irons entirely in favor of the lofted woods, and replacing the mid-irons (5–7) with hybrids. The combination allows for higher launch angles on the long-distance clubs, which gives better distance with slower swing speeds. Where a club is omitted and not replaced with a club of similar function, players may add additional clubs of a different function such as additional wedges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.173962593078613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "While 14 clubs is a maximum, it is not a minimum; players are free to use any lesser number of clubs they think will be useful, so substitutions for the common omissions above are not always made; a player may simply choose to play without a 5-wood or 2–4 irons, instead using a 4-wood and moving directly to their 5-iron as desired distance decreases (a 4-wood in a skilled golfer's hands averages 200 yards; a 5-iron in the same player's hands would be about 160, which is a large gap but not unplayable). Other clubs may be omitted as well. On courses where bags must be carried by the player, the player may take only the odd-numbered irons; without the 4, 6 or 8 irons (the 3 is sometimes removed instead of the 4) the bag's weight is considerably reduced. Carrying only a driver, 3-wood, 4-hybrid, 5-7-9 irons, pitching and sand wedges, and a putter reduces the number of clubs in the bag to 9; this is a common load-out for a \"Sunday bag\" taken to the driving range or to an informal game. A skilled player can usually overcome the lesser selection of club lofts by reducing their swing speed on a lower-loft iron and/or placing the ball further forward in their stance to get the same carry distance and/or launch angle as the next higher loft number.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.385129928588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" }, { "answer": "Irons", "passage": "Other large scale USGA rulings involve a 1990 lawsuit, and subsequent settlement, against Karsten Manufacturing, makers of the PING brand, for their use of square, or U-grooves in their immensely popular Ping Eye2 irons. The USGA argued that players who used the Eye2 had an unfair advantage in imparting spin on the ball, which helps to stop the ball on the putting greens. The USGA utilized John L. Saksun, founder of Canadian golf company Accuform Golf, as a consultant to set up methods of measuring the unique grooves and determining PING's compliance with the rulings. Saksun, by proposing a cost-effective solution to help PING change the design of subsequent Eye2s, saved PING hundreds of millions. PING subsequently withdrew their US$100 million lawsuit against the USGA. Ping’s older clubs were \"grandfathered in\" and allowed to remain in play as part of the settlement. Today, square grooves are considered perfectly legal under the Rules of Golf. However, the USGA has determined that square grooves are illegal in elite-level competition. According to the USGA, as January 1, 2010, professional golfers on one of the top tours, or those attempting to qualify for one of the three Open Championships, will need to use new conforming wedges (those without square grooves). Moreover, those who plan to qualify for any other USGA championship will need new conforming wedges by 2014. In addition, this regulation might include amateur events as well, as a \"condition of competition\". Casual golfers may use square groove wedges (and other square-grooved irons) until at least 2024. Wedges that conform to the new standard are often marketed as \"CC\" or \"Condition of Competition\" wedges; this moniker is likely to fall into disuse as players upgrade clubs and the use of non-conforming irons diminishes.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.713004112243652, "source": "wiki", "title": "Golf club" } ]

[ { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Democrats sought a candidate who could help them retain the White House after Truman, who many felt could not win re-election. Hoping that Eisenhower would run on behalf of the Democratic Party, Truman wrote to Eisenhower in December 1951, saying: \"I wish you would let me know what you intend to do.\" Eisenhower responded: \"I do not feel that I have any duty to seek a political nomination.\" Republican New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts meanwhile worked to persuade him to run. Lodge began encouraging Eisenhower to run more than two years before the 1952 Republican National Convention, and Dewey on 15 October 1950 had announced his support for the general. Republican admirers coined the phrase \"I like Ike\" (referring to \"Ike\", Eisenhower's nickname) in the spring of 1951 as a symbol of their hopes. The \"I Like Ike\" slogan was created when Peter G. Peterson of Market Facts (he would be Secretary of Commerce for Nixon), did research for the campaign and found out more people wanted to talk about how they trusted and felt comfortable with Ike, but didn't like to describe their views on all the issues. Thus, 'I Like Ike' went on all Ike paraphernalia.", "precise_score": 5.097660541534424, "rough_score": 3.1915197372436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "*\"I like Ike\" – 1952 U.S presidential campaign slogan of Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "precise_score": 8.254422187805176, "rough_score": 8.844611167907715, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "*\"I still like Ike\" – 1956 U.S presidential campaign slogan of Dwight D. Eisenhower", "precise_score": 7.947239398956299, "rough_score": 8.844170570373535, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "*\"Peace and Prosperity\" – 1956 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of Dwight D. Eisenhower", "precise_score": 1.5092837810516357, "rough_score": 6.675302505493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "The Draft Eisenhower movement was the first successful political draft of the 20th century to take a private citizen to the Oval Office. It was a widespread American grassroots political movement that eventually persuaded Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for President. The movement culminated in the 1952 presidential election in which Eisenhower won the Republican nomination and defeated Democrat Adlai Stevenson to become the 34th President of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.883429527282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Eisenhower's rise to fame", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95359992980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Dwight Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, in June 1911, and graduated in 1915. He steadily rose through the ranks of the U.S. military from 1915 to 1952.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.947324752807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "At the end of the War in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower had supreme command of all operational Allied forces. Eisenhower was named Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army in November 1945, and in December 1950 was named Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952. During this period Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University from 1948 until 1953.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71069622039795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Draft Eisenhower movements had emerged ahead of the 1948 election, mostly in the Democratic Party; in July 1947 Truman offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if Douglas MacArthur won the Republican nomination. Eisenhower rejected all requests to enter politics. He considered making a statement \"similar to Sherman's\", but did not reject running for the presidency as definitively as William T. Sherman because, as he wrote to Walter Bedell Smith, \"I do not believe that you or I or anyone else has the right to state, categorically, that he will not perform any duty that his country might demand of him\". The movements reemerged in 1951 in both the Republican and Democratic parties, as Eisenhower had not yet announced any political party affiliation and believed that he needed to remain nonpartisan, citing Army regulation 600-10.18.i forbidding partisan political activity by serving officers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.055523872375488, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Eisenhower had told Kansas newspaper editor Roy A. Roberts in 1947 that he was \"a good Kansas Republican like yourself\". Although Roberts disclosed their conversation in 1951, Americans remained uncertain of Eisenhower's politics. Although he believed that he would win the presidency more easily and with a larger congressional majority as a Democrat, Eisenhower believed that the Truman administration had become corrupt and that the next president would have to reform the government without having to defend past policies. The internationalist wing of the Republican party, in turn, saw Eisenhower as an alternative to the more isolationist candidate, Senator Robert A. Taft who, before the primaries, was widely considered by insiders to be the frontrunner for the nomination. While Taft had voted against NATO, Eisenhower believed that the United States and its allies needed to oppose Communism through NATO and other collective security efforts. He hoped to settle the issue before taking the NATO post in Paris and met with Taft at the Pentagon in January 1951. Eisenhower offered to make a Shermanesque statement rejecting any possibility of running for the presidency if Taft agreed to support collective security with Europe. Taft refused. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.351248264312744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "During 1951 more Republican politicians announced their support for Eisenhower, while Democrats continued to assure him that he could win the presidency as a Democrat. Taft announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination on 16 October. On 17 November Lodge became the campaign manager for the Draft Eisenhower movement, still without any authorization from its candidate. By December, the movement had grown to the point that Eisenhower had his friend Clifford Roberts secretly organize a political advisory group of close, trusted persons to watch it, and as momentum behind Taft's candidacy grew, Eisenhower's reluctance to run declined. Lodge was perhaps the most vocal, effective, and persistent supporter of the movement, and after months of argument, persuaded Eisenhower to at least not repudiate a draft movement; Eisenhower also told Lodge that he was a Republican, which Lodge revealed during a 6 January 1952 press conference. Eisenhower announced through the military that Lodge was correct, and that while he would not ask to be relieved of his NATO assignment for political reasons, if the Republican party gave him \"a duty that would transcend my present responsibility\" at the convention in July and nominate him, he would run.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.48094367980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "On January 6, 1952, Lodge entered Eisenhower's name into the New Hampshire primary ballot without Eisenhower's permission. Soon 24 newspapers including The New York Times endorsed Eisenhower, and Senator Paul Douglas even suggested that both parties nominate Eisenhower with differing vice-presidential running mates. For several weeks Eisenhower was a non-participant, however, and would not speak out on his views or declare himself a candidate. Through January and February Eisenhower wrote to friends and family members saying that he was flattered by the movement, but did not really believe it was as widespread as the media implied.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.5315523147583, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "On 8 February the movement demonstrated its size. A Draft Eisenhower rally was scheduled to be held in Madison Square Garden on that day. The event planners expected no more than the arena's 16,000-person capacity, but over 25,000 showed up, and the New York police and fire marshals could get very few people to leave. On 11 February, famous businesswoman and aviator Jacqueline Cochran flew to Paris to show Eisenhower Serenade to Ike, a tribute film she had made. The film visibly touched Eisenhower, who began to shed tears when, at the end of the film, Cochran toasted to Eisenhower, saying, \"To the President of the United States.\" Eisenhower later wrote of the event, describing his inner turmoil by stating, \"I've never been so upset in years.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.429818630218506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Despite remaining in Paris and doing no campaigning other than stating that he would run if nominated by the Republicans, on 11 March, Eisenhower won the New Hampshire primary against Taft by 50% to 38% and captured all of the Republican delegates. Eisenhower announced that he was \"astounded\" and \"moved\" by the results and told a reporter, \"Any American who would have that many other Americans pay him that compliment would be proud or he would not be an American.\" On 18 March, more than 106,000 voted for \"Eisenhower\", \"Isenhowr\", or \"Ike\" as a write-in candidate in the Minnesota presidential primary, only 20,000 behind favorite son Harold Stassen, who was on the ballot. That so many fellow citizens viewed him as \"Ike\" especially pleased the surprised general, who asked to be relieved of his NATO assignment and retired from the military on 2 June. On 4 June Eisenhower made his first political speech in his home town of Abilene, Kansas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7239530086517334, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Eisenhower won the Republican nomination and defeated Adlai Stevenson in the general election in November 1952.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.025629043579102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Draft Eisenhower movement" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Barack Obama has been elected to a second term, and will complete his term on 20 January 2017, if he does not die or resign before that date. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.283429145812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Eisenhower", "passage": "The White House in Washington, D.C., serves as the official place of residence for the president. As well as access to the White House staff, facilities available to the president include medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family and guest dry cleaning and food; the high food bill often amazes new residents. Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland, used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests. Blair House, located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70000 sqft of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.817005157470703, "source": "wiki", "title": "President of the United States" } ]

[ { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "A rack is the name given to a frame (usually wood, plastic or aluminium) used to organize billiard balls at the beginning of a game. This is traditionally triangular in shape, but varies with the type of billiards played. There are two main types of racks; the more common triangular shape which is used for eight-ball and straight pool and the diamond-shaped rack used for nine-ball.", "precise_score": 7.753081798553467, "rough_score": 6.93145751953125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "There are several other types of less common rack types that are also used, based on a \"template\" to hold the billiard balls tightly together. Most commonly it is a thin plastic sheet with diamond-shaped cut-outs that hold the balls that is placed on the table with the balls set on top of the rack. The rack is used to set up the \"break\" and removed before the \"break shot\" occurs.", "precise_score": 1.259567379951477, "rough_score": -4.248724937438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "American-style pool balls are 57 mm ( in), are used in many pool games found throughout the world, come in sets of two of object balls, seven and seven , an and a ; the balls are racked differently for different games (some of which do not use the entire ball set). Blackball (English-style eight-ball) sets are similar, but have unmarked of (or ) and balls instead of solids and stripes, and at 56 mm ( in) are smaller than the American-style; they are used principally in Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries, though not exclusively, since they are unsuited for playing nine-ball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.001106262207031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "Rack", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23924446105957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "In eight-ball and nine-ball, the object is to sink object balls until one can legally pocket the winning eponymous \"\". Well-known but waning in popularity is straight pool, in which players seek to continue sinking balls, rack after rack if they can, to reach a pre-determined winning score (typically 150). Related to nine-ball, another well-known game is rotation, where the lowest-numbered object ball on the table must be struck first, although any object ball may be pocketed (i.e., combination shot). Each pocketed ball is worth its number, and the player with the highest score at the end of the rack is the winner. Since there are only 120 points available (1 + 2 + 3 ⋯ + 15 = 120), scoring 61 points leaves no opportunity for the opponent to catch up. In both one-pocket and bank pool, the players must sink a set number of balls; respectively, all in a particular , or all by . In snooker, players score points by alternately potting and various special \"\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.28245735168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" }, { "answer": "Rack", "passage": "*Straight pool (a.k.a. 14.1 continuous pool): The goal is to reach a predetermined number of (e.g. 100); a point is earned by pocketing any called ball into a designated pocket; game play is by of 15 balls, and the last object ball of a rack is not pocketed, but left on the table with the opponent re-racking the remaining 14 before game play continues.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.776117324829102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cue sports" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Steven Earl \"Steve\" Gaines (September 14, 1949 – October 20, 1977) was an American musician. He is most well known as a guitarist, vocalist and songwriter for Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd from May 11, 1976 until his death on October 20, 1977 and is the younger brother of Cassie Gaines, who was a back up vocalist for the band's live performances.", "precise_score": 1.7894140481948853, "rough_score": 2.0698747634887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Gaines" }, { "answer": "Skynyrd", "passage": "His guitar-picking and songwriting skills were a major revelation to the band, as proven on his one studio album, 1977's Street Survivors. Publicly and privately, Ronnie Van Zant marveled at the vocal and instrumental skill of Skynyrd's newest member, claiming that the band would \"all be in his shadow one day\". Steve's contributions included his co-lead vocal with Ronnie on the co-written \"You Got That Right\" (a solid hit single released after the plane crash) and the rousing guitar boogie \"I Know a Little\" which he had written before he joined Skynyrd. So confident was Skynyrd's leader of Steve's abilities that the album (and some concerts) featured Steve delivering his self-penned bluesy \"Ain't No Good Life\" – one of the few songs in the pre-crash Skynyrd catalog to feature a lead vocalist other than Ronnie Van Zant.", "precise_score": -0.36513322591781616, "rough_score": 2.1858866214752197, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Cassie LaRue Gaines (January 9, 1948 – October 20, 1977) was an American singer, best known for her work with Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd.", "precise_score": -0.3897395133972168, "rough_score": -0.6836904883384705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassie Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Ronald Wayne \"Ronnie\" Van Zant (January 15, 1948 – October 20, 1977) was an American lead vocalist, primary lyricist, and a founding member of the Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. He was the older brother of current Lynyrd Skynyrd lead vocalist Johnny Van Zant, and of the founder and vocalist of 38 Special, Donnie Van Zant. He was the father of singer Tammy Van Zant, and cousin of musician Jimmie Van Zant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0552709102630615, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.880606651306152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "The band went through several names before deciding on the name Lynyrd Skynyrd. Van Zant formed Skynyrd (then called My Backyard at the time, their earliest name) late in the summer of 1964 with friends and schoolmates Allen Collins (guitar), Gary Rossington (guitar), Larry Junstrom (bass), and Bob Burns (drums). Lynyrd Skynyrd's name is a mock tribute to a gym teacher that three of the members (Allen Collins had gone to a different high school, Nathan B. Forrest High School) had in high school, Leonard Skinner, who disapproved of male students with long hair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.125690460205078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Lynyrd Skynyrd's biggest hit single was \"Sweet Home Alabama\" from the album Second Helping. \"Sweet Home Alabama\" was an answer song to Neil Young's \"Alabama\" and \"Southern Man.\" Young's song \"Powderfinger\" on the 1979 album Rust Never Sleeps was reportedly written for Skynyrd, and Van Zant is pictured on the cover of Street Survivors wearing a T-shirt of Young's Tonight's the Night and in the 2 July, 1977 Oakland Coliseum concert (excerpted in Freebird... The Movie). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.806813716888428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Van Zant married Nadine Inscoe on January 2, 1967. The couple had a daughter, Tammy (born 1967), before divorcing in 1969; Tammy would later go on to become a musician in her own right. He married Judy Seymour in 1972 after meeting her at The Comic Book Club through Gary Rossington in 1969 (The club closed in 1975 and is now a parking garage). They remained married up until his death in 1977 and Judy remarrying to Jim Jenness and founding The Freebird Foundation up until its dissolution in 2001. They had one daughter, Melody, born in 1976. Judy Van Zant-Jenness founded the Freebird Live in 1999, a music venue located in Jacksonville Beach, Florida. It features Lynyrd Skynyrd memorabilia and is co-owned by Melody Van Zant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5474371910095215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "According to former bandmate Artimus Pyle and family members, Van Zant frequently discussed his mortality. Pyle recalls a moment when Lynyrd Skynyrd was in Japan: \"Ronnie and I were in Tokyo, Japan, and Ronnie told me that he would never live to see thirty and that he would go out with his boots on, in other words, on the road. I said, 'Ronnie, don't talk like that,' but the man knew his destiny.\" Van Zant's father, Lacy, said, \"He said to me many times, 'Daddy, I'll never be 30 years old.' I said, 'Why are you talking this junk?' and he said, 'Daddy, that's my limit.'\" Van Zant's father later noted that, \"God was a jealous god. Taking him for reasons I don't know.\" Van Zant was 29 years old at the time of his death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.847930908203125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Several members of his family have immortalized him in their music. Johnny, prior to joining Lynyrd Skynyrd, memorialized Ronnie in the 1990 title track \"Brickyard Road\" (co-written along with brother Donnie Van Zant and family friend Robert White Johnson, who had also produced the album) and in the music video with the reformed band for the posthumously-released track \"What's Your Name\" in which a white hat similar to Ronnie's sits atop a microphone at the end of the video. Tammy, who was only 10 years old when he died, dedicated the album title track, \"Freebird Child\" as well as the music video to Ronnie in 2009. Jimmie Van Zant recorded the tribute track \"Ronnie's Song\" on the album Southern Comfort (2000). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.64924430847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ronnie Van Zant" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Gaines was born in Seneca, Missouri, and raised in Miami, Oklahoma. When he was 15 years old, he saw The Beatles live in Kansas City. After being driven home from the concert, he pestered his father enough to buy him his first guitar. His band, Manalive, recorded at the famous Sun Records Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. In the 1970s Steve played with bands Rio Smokehouse, Detroit with Rusty Day (an offshoot of The Detroit Wheels) and Crawdad (a band that Steve had started around 1974). In 1975, he recorded several songs with Crawdad at Capricorn studios in Macon, Georgia which were released by MCA in 1988 as One in the Sun (when the present day Lynyrd Skynyrd band began touring) and is listed as his only official solo album. Steve has two other albums, which are known to be very rare CDs from Steve's widow Teresa: I Know a Little (a collection of live recordings with Crawdad as well as Manalive) and Okie Special (a collection of live recordings with Crawdad as well as Detroit). Only 100 copies of each of the two CDs have been made.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.814380168914795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "In December 1975, Steve's older sister, Cassie, became a member of Lynyrd Skynyrd's female backup singers, The Honkettes. During this time, the band was in the midst of searching for a guitarist to replace Ed King, who left the band in mid-1975. Cassie recommended her brother, and after initial reluctance, the band allowed Steve to join them onstage for a show at Hoch Auditorium (University of Kansas) in Lawrence, Kansas on May 11, 1976. Although the band themselves couldn't hear Steve's playing onstage, soundman Kevin Elson was listening through headphones and told the band that Steve was an outstanding player. They jammed with him informally a couple of times more, then invited him into the band just in time for the recording of Skynyrd's live album One More from the Road. The first of three shows recorded for the album was Gaines' third gig with the band. Ed King and Steve Gaines were both born on September 14, 1949.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.6437301635742188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": ";Lynyrd Skynyrd", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.849108695983887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "Gaines was invited by JoJo Billingsley and Ronnie Van Zant to join Lynyrd Skynyrd as a backup singer. She had never heard of Skynyrd at the time, so JoJo lent to her a copy of the band's first two albums: (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd) and Second Helping. In late 1975, Cassie, JoJo, and Leslie Hawkins became The Honkettes, a female gospel vocal trio for Skynyrd.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1078343391418457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassie Gaines" }, { "answer": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "passage": "When Lynyrd Skynyrd was in need of a guitar player to replace recently departed Ed King, Cassie recommended her younger brother, Steve, who joined the band soon after.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.009058952331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cassie Gaines" } ]

[ { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Slinky is a toy; a precompressed helical spring invented by Richard James in the early 1940s. It can perform a number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps end-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum, or appear to levitate for a period of time after it has been dropped. These interesting characteristics have contributed to its success as a toy in its home country of United States, resulting in many popular toys with slinky components in a wide range of countries.", "precise_score": -2.010502576828003, "rough_score": -3.524627447128296, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1943, Richard James, a naval mechanical engineer stationed at the William Cramp and Sons shipyards in Philadelphia, was developing springs that could support and stabilize sensitive instruments aboard ships in rough seas. James accidentally knocked one of the springs from a shelf, and watched as the spring \"stepped\" in a series of arcs to a stack of books, to a tabletop, and to the floor, where it re-coiled itself and stood upright. James' wife Betty later recalled, \"He came home and said, 'I think if I got the right property of steel and the right tension; I could make it walk.'\" James experimented with different types of steel wire over the next year, and finally found a spring that would walk. Betty was dubious at first, but changed her mind after the toy was fine-tuned and neighborhood children expressed an excited interest in it. She dubbed the toy Slinky (meaning \"sleek and graceful\"), after finding the word in a dictionary, and deciding that the word aptly described the sound of a metal spring expanding and collapsing. ", "precise_score": -4.66298770904541, "rough_score": -7.03580904006958, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Where T is the time of the period of oscillation, m is the mass of the slinky and k is the spring constant of the slinky.", "precise_score": -6.069372177124023, "rough_score": -7.186697483062744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Where L is the length of the slinky, W is the weight of the slinky, and k is the spring constant of the slinky.", "precise_score": -4.901467323303223, "rough_score": -6.8408732414245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "When set in motion on a stepped platform such as a stairway, the slinky transfers energy along its length in a longitudinal wave. The whole spring descends end over end in a periodical motion, as if it were somersaulting down one step at a time. ", "precise_score": -0.5755972862243652, "rough_score": 2.830029249191284, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "When the top end of the Slinky is dropped, the information of the tension change must propagate to the bottom end before both sides begin to fall; the top of an extended Slinky will drop while the bottom initially remains in its original position, compressing the spring. This creates a suspension time of ~0.3 s for an original Slinky, but has potential to create a much larger suspension time.", "precise_score": -6.47169303894043, "rough_score": -7.440582275390625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Slinkys and similar springs can be used to create a 'laser gun' like sound effect. ", "precise_score": -2.3509409427642822, "rough_score": -7.900804042816162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "The toy was invented and developed by naval engineer Richard T. James in 1943 and demonstrated at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia in November 1945. The toy was a hit, selling its entire inventory of 400 units in ninety minutes. James and his wife Betty formed James Industries in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania to manufacture Slinky and several related toys such as the Slinky Dog and Suzie, the Slinky Worm. In 1960, James' wife Betty became president of James Industries, and, in 1964, moved the operation to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. In 1998, Betty James sold the company to Poof Products, Inc..", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938766479492188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Slinky was originally priced at $1, but many paid much more due to price increases of spring steel throughout the state of Pennsylvania, and has remained modestly priced throughout its history as a result of Betty James' concern about the toy's affordability for financially disadvantaged customers. Slinky has seen uses other than as a toy in the playroom: it has appeared in the classroom as a teaching tool, in wartime as a radio antenna, and in physics experiments with NASA. Slinky was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 2000. In 2002, Slinky became Pennsylvania's official state toy, and, in 2003, was named to the Toy Industry Association's \"[http://web.archive.org/web/20030401214230/http://www.toy-tia.org/industry/news/press/tf03_centuryoftoys.html Century of Toys List].\" In its first 60 years Slinky has sold 300 million units.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.729589462280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "With a US$500 loan, the couple formed James Industries (originally James Spring & Wire Company), had 400 Slinky units made by a local machine shop, hand-wrapped each in yellow paper, and priced them at $1 a piece. Each was 2\" tall, and included 98 coils of high-grade blue-black Swedish steel. The Jameses had difficulty selling Slinky to toy stores but, in November 1945, they were granted permission to set up an inclined plane in the toy section of Gimbels department store in Philadelphia to demonstrate the toy. Slinky was a hit, and the first 400 units were sold within ninety minutes. In 1946, Slinky was introduced at the American Toy Fair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.792272567749023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Richard James opened shop in Albany, New York after developing a machine that could produce a Slinky within seconds. The toy was packaged in a black-lettered box, and advertising saturated America. James often appeared on television shows to promote Slinky. In 1952, the Slinky Dog debuted. Other Slinky toys introduced in the 1950s included the Slinky train Loco, the Slinky worm Suzie, and the Slinky Crazy Eyes, a pair of glasses that uses Slinkys over the eyeholes attached to plastic eyeballs. James Industries licensed the patent to several other manufacturers including Wilkening Mfg. Co. of Philadelphia and Toronto which produced spring-centered toys such as Mr. Wiggle's Leap Frog and Mr. Wiggle's Cowboy. In its first 2 years, James Industries sold 100 million Slinkys (At $1 apiece, that would be the equivalent to 6 Billion, adjusted for inflation, in gross revenue over those 5 years).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.4245023727417, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Betty James insisted upon keeping the original Slinky affordable. In 1996, when the price ranged from $1.89 to $2.69, she told The New York Times: “So many children can't have expensive toys, and I feel a real obligation to them. I'm appalled when I go Christmas shopping and $60 to $80 for a toy is nothing.\" In 2008, Slinkys cost $4 to $5, and Slinky Dogs about $20.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.189263343811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1998, James Industries was sold to Poof Products, Inc. of Plymouth, Michigan, a manufacturer of foam sports balls. Slinky continued production in Hollidaysburg. In 2003, James Industries merged with Poof Products, Inc. to create Poof-Slinky, Inc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.037842750549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Betty James died of congestive heart failure in November 2008, aged 90, after having served as president of James Industries from 1960 to 1998. Over 300 million Slinkys have been sold between 1945 and 2005, and the original Slinky is still a bestseller.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887351036071777, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "The rules that govern the mechanics of a slinky are due to Hooke's law and the effects of gravitation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.030672073364258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Due to simple harmonic motion the period of oscillation of a dangling slinky is", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.435800552368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In the state of equilibrium of a slinky, all net force is cancelled throughout the entire slinky. This results in a stationary slinky with zero velocity. As the positions of each part of the slinky is governed by the slinky's mass, the force of gravity and the spring constant, various other properties of the slinky may be induced. The length of a perfect slinky with zero length when extended is", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.10757827758789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Due to the forces of gravity, the slinky appears bunched up towards the bottom end, as the function of the position of a slinky is", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.718173027038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Where n is the dimensionless variable ranging from 0 to 1, 0 being the top and 1 being the bottom of the slinky, and each number between is the percentage of the slinky's mass above point n, and p(n) gives the position that n is above the bottom of the slinky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.724080085754395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "This quadratic equation means that rather than the center of mass being at the middle of the slinky, it lies one quarter of the length above the bottom end,", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.211426734924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "The famous jingle for the SLINKY television commercial was created in Columbia, South Carolina in 1962 with Johnny McCullough and Homer Fesperman writing the music and Charles Weagly penning the lyrics. It became the longest-running jingle in advertising history. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.098381042480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Slinky Dog", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.163370132446289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Early in the history of James Industries, Helen (Herrick) Malsed of the state of Washington sent the company a letter and drawings for developing Slinky pull-toys. The company liked her ideas, and Slinky Dog and Slinky Train were added to the company's product line. Slinky Dog, a small plastic dog whose front and rear ends were joined by a metal Slinky, debuted in 1952. Malsed received royalties of $60,000 to $70,000 annually for 17 years on her patent for the Slinky pull-toy idea, but never visited the plant. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.626686096191406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1995, the Slinky Dog was redesigned for all of Pixar's Toy Story. James Industries had discontinued their Slinky Dog a few years previously. Betty James approved of the new Slinky Dog, telling the press, \"[The earlier Slinky Dog] wasn't nearly as cute as this one.\" The molds used in manufacturing the new toy created problems for James Industries so the plastic front and rear ends were manufactured in China with James Industries doing the assembly and packaging. The entire run of 825,000 redesigned Slinky Dogs sold out well before Christmas 1995. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.722583770751953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Plastic Slinky", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.130680084228516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "Plastic Slinkys are also available. They can be made in different colors. Many of them are made with the colors of the rainbow in rainbow order. They were marketed in the 1970s as a safer alternative to metal slinkys as they did not present a hazard when inserted into electrical sockets. The plastic spring toy, known as the Plastic Slinky was invented by Donald James Reum, Sr. of Master Mark Plastics in Albany, Minnesota. Mr. Reum came up with the idea as he was playing with different techniques to produce a spiral hose for watering plants. However, as it came off the assembly line, according to his children, it looked more like a \"Slinky\". He worked at it until it came out perfectly and then went to Betty James with his prototype. Mr. Reum manufactured the Plastic Slinky for Betty James for several years. Eventually Betty James decided to manufacture the product exclusively through James manufacturing effectively ending the production of the toy by the small Minnesota company. Reum's patent number, 4120929 was filed on Dec 28, 1976 and issued by the US Patent Office on Oct 17, 1978. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.975810050964355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a Slinky postage stamp. The Slinky was inducted into the Toy Hall of Fame in 2000 in their Celebrate the Century stamp series. A bill to nominate the slinky as the state toy of Pennsylvania was introduced by Richard Geist in 2001 but not enacted. The same year, Betty James was inducted into the Toy Industry Association's Hall of Fame. In 2003, Slinky was named to the Toy Industry Association's \"Century of Toys List\", a roll call of the 100 most memorable and most creative toys of the twentieth century. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.65560245513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "High school teachers and college professors have used Slinkys to simulate the properties of waves, United States troops in the Vietnam War used them as mobile radio antennas (as have amateur radio operators ), and NASA has used them in zero-gravity physics experiments in the Space Shuttle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.805747985839844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "This is done by holding up a slinky in the air and striking one end, resulting in a metallic tone which sharply lowers in pitch. This is due to the properties of the metal; higher frequencies travel faster than the lower ones, so as to the listener the high-pitched sound is heard first, then gets progressively lower. The effect can be amplified by attaching a plastic cup to one end of the Slinky.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.47710132598877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1959, John Cage composed an avant garde work called Sounds of Venice scored for (among other things) a piano, a slab of marble and Venetian broom, a birdcage of canaries, and an amplified Slinky. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.770666122436523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1985 in conjunction with the Johnson Space Center and the Houston Museum of Natural Science, Discovery astronauts created a video demonstrating how familiar toys behave in space. \"It won't slink at all,\" Dr. M. Rhea Seddon said of Slinky, \"It sort of droops.\" The video was prepared to stimulate interest in school children about the basic principles of physics and the phenomenon of weightlessness. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.192057609558105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" }, { "answer": "Slinky", "passage": "In 1992, the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, hosted an interactive traveling exhibit developed by the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, called \"What Makes Music?\" Among other things, visitors could examine what makes musical sound by creating waves on an eight-foot-long version of a Slinky toy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.551377296447754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Slinky" } ]

[ { "answer": "2001", "passage": "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.", "precise_score": 0.4476728141307831, "rough_score": -2.9971790313720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\"Kahney, Leander.[http://www.wired.com/news/columns/cultofmac/0,71956-0.html Straight Dope on the iPod's Birth], Wired News, October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 30, 2006. so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.797481060028076, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.6368327140808105, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "# What a Year - 2001 - 6 November 2006", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.802191734313965, "source": "wiki", "title": "What a Year" } ]

[ { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The piano is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands. Invented in about 1700 (the exact date is uncertain), the piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, and for composing and rehearsal. Although the piano is not portable and is often expensive, its versatility, wide range, ability to play chords, ability to play louder or softer, the large number of musicians trained in playing it and its ubiquity in performance venues and rehearsal spaces have made it one of the Western world's most familiar musical instruments.", "precise_score": -7.035821437835693, "rough_score": -8.743646621704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Early technological progress in the late 1700s owed much to the firm of Broadwood. John Broadwood joined with another Scot, Robert Stodart, and a Dutchman, Americus Backers, to design a piano in the harpsichord case—the origin of the \"grand\". They achieved this in about 1777. They quickly gained a reputation for the splendour and powerful tone of their instruments, with Broadwood constructing pianos that were progressively larger, louder, and more robustly constructed. They sent pianos to both Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, and were the first firm to build pianos with a range of more than five octaves: five octaves and a fifth (interval) during the 1790s, six octaves by 1810 (Beethoven used the extra notes in his later works), and seven octaves by 1820. The Viennese makers similarly followed these trends; however the two schools used different piano actions: Broadwoods used a more robust action, whereas Viennese instruments were more sensitive.", "precise_score": -8.438671112060547, "rough_score": -8.9208345413208, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a grand set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys, and tuning pins below them. The term was later revived by many manufacturers for advertising purposes. \"Giraffe pianos\", \"pyramid pianos\" and \"lyre pianos\" were arranged in a somewhat similar fashion, using evocatively shaped cases.", "precise_score": -3.268101692199707, "rough_score": -8.354822158813477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "There are many sizes of grand piano. A rough generalization distinguishes the concert grand (between 2.2 and 3 meters long, about –3 m) from the parlor grand or boudoir grand (1.7 to 2.2 meters long, about –) and the smaller baby grand (around ).", "precise_score": 2.742089033126831, "rough_score": -1.427528977394104, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "All else being equal, longer pianos with longer strings have larger, richer sound and lower inharmonicity of the strings. Inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of overtones (known as partials or harmonics) sound sharp relative to whole multiples of the fundamental frequency. This results from the piano's considerable string stiffness; as a struck string decays its harmonics vibrate, not from their termination, but from a point very slightly toward the center (or more flexible part) of the string. The higher the partial, the further sharp it runs. Pianos with shorter and thicker string (i.e., small pianos with short string scales) have more inharmonicity. The greater the inharmonicity, the more the ear perceives it as harshness of tone.", "precise_score": -7.295697212219238, "rough_score": -8.853711128234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Inharmonicity requires that octaves be stretched, or tuned to a lower octave's corresponding sharp overtone rather than to a theoretically correct octave. If octaves are not stretched, single octaves sound in tune, but double—and notably triple—octaves are unacceptably narrow. Stretching a small piano's octaves to match its inherent inharmonicity level creates an imbalance among all the instrument's intervallic relationships, not just its octaves. In a concert grand, however, the octave \"stretch\" retains harmonic balance, even when aligning treble notes to a harmonic produced from three octaves below. This lets close and widespread octaves sound pure, and produces virtually beatless perfect fifths. This gives the concert grand a brilliant, singing and sustaining tone quality—one of the principal reasons that full-size grands are used in the concert hall. Smaller grands satisfy the space and cost needs of domestic use.", "precise_score": -7.130001544952393, "rough_score": -8.572750091552734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Upright pianos, also called vertical pianos, are more compact because the frame and strings are vertical. Upright pianos are widely used in elementary schools, high schools, music conservatories and university music programs as rehearsal and practice instruments and they are popular models for in-home purchase. The hammers move horizontally, and return to their resting position via springs, which are susceptible to degradation. Upright pianos with unusually tall frames and long strings are sometimes called upright grand pianos. Some authors classify modern pianos according to their height and to modifications of the action that are necessary to accommodate the height.", "precise_score": -4.237802982330322, "rough_score": -5.280052185058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "* Studio pianos are around 42 to 45 inches (106 to 114 cm) tall. This is the shortest cabinet that can accommodate a full-sized action located above the keyboard.", "precise_score": 0.1647571474313736, "rough_score": -3.285421371459961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "* Console pianos have a compact action (shorter hammers), and are a few inches shorter than studio models.", "precise_score": -3.3994545936584473, "rough_score": -7.244658946990967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Pianos can have upwards of 12,000 individual parts, supporting six functional features: keyboard, hammers, dampers, bridge, soundboard, and strings. ", "precise_score": -5.508714199066162, "rough_score": -5.0883283615112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The thick wooden posts on the underside (grands) or back (uprights) of the piano stabilize the rim structure, and are made of softwood for stability. The requirement of structural strength, fulfilled by stout hardwood and thick metal, makes a piano heavy. Even a small upright can weigh 136 kg (300 lb), and the Steinway concert grand (Model D) weighs 480 kg (990 lb). The largest piano available on the general market, the Fazioli F308, weighs 570 kg (1257 lb). ", "precise_score": -1.4039431810379028, "rough_score": -5.257074356079102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Small studio upright acoustical pianos with only 65 keys have been manufactured for use by roving pianists. Known as gig pianos and still containing a cast iron harp (frame), these are comparatively lightweight and can be easily transported to and from engagements by only two people. As their harp is longer than that of a spinet or console piano, they have a stronger bass sound that to some pianists is well worth the trade-off in range that a reduced key-set offers.", "precise_score": -4.671372413635254, "rough_score": -7.944050312042236, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The toy piano manufacturer Schoenhut started manufacturing both grands and uprights with only 44 or 49 keys, and shorter distance between the keyboard and the pedals. These pianos are true pianos with action and strings. The pianos were introduced to their product line in response to numerous requests in favor of it.", "precise_score": -5.811293125152588, "rough_score": -7.032973289489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Pianos have been built with alternative keyboard systems, e.g., the Jankó keyboard.", "precise_score": -5.596858024597168, "rough_score": -8.462746620178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "There are also non-standard variants. On some pianos (grands and verticals), the middle pedal can be a bass sustain pedal: that is, when it is depressed, the dampers lift off the strings only in the bass section. Players use this pedal to sustain a single bass note or chord over many measures, while playing the melody in the treble section. On the Stuart and Sons piano as well as the largest Fazioli piano, there is a fourth pedal to the left of the principal three. This fourth pedal works in the same way as the soft pedal of an upright piano, moving the hammers closer to the strings.", "precise_score": -6.441332817077637, "rough_score": -8.809659957885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Starting in Beethoven's later career, the fortepiano evolved into the modern piano as we know it today. Modern pianos were in wide use by the late 19th century. They featured an octave range larger than the earlier fortepiano instrument, adding around 30 more keys to the instrument. Factory mass production of upright pianos made them more affordable for a larger number of people. They appeared in music halls and pubs during the 19th century, providing entertainment through a piano soloist, or in combination with a small band. Pianists began accompanying singers or dancers performing on stage, or patrons dancing on a dance floor.", "precise_score": -6.317991733551025, "rough_score": -7.96436071395874, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Pianos have also been used prominently in rock and roll by entertainers such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Keith Emerson (Emerson, Lake & Palmer), Elton John, Ben Folds, Billy Joel, Nicky Hopkins, and Tori Amos, to name a few.", "precise_score": -4.916014194488525, "rough_score": -6.700261116027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Black key", "passage": "An acoustic piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings, and a row of 88 black and white keys (52 white keys for the note of the C Major scale and 36 shorter black keys, which are higher than the white keys, for the \"accidental\" notes, which are the sharp and flat notes needed to play in all 12 keys). The strings are sounded when the keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by a damper when the keys are released. The notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released, by the use of pedals at the base of the instrument. Unlike two of the major keyboard instruments that preceded the piano, the pipe organ and the harpsichord, the weight or force with which a performer presses or strikes the keys changes the dynamics and tone of the instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.273369789123535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Pressing one or more keys on the piano's keyboard causes a padded hammer (often padded with firm felt) to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the strings continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the strings' vibration, ending the sound. Although an acoustic piano has strings, it is usually classified as a percussion instrument rather than as a stringed instrument, because the strings are struck rather than plucked (as with a harpsichord or spinet); in the Hornbostel-Sachs system of instrument classification, pianos are considered chordophones. With technological advances, Electric pianos (1929), electronic (1970s), and digital pianos (1980s) have also been developed. The electric piano became a popular instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion and rock music.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.112748146057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianoforte", "passage": "The word piano is a shortened form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the instrument, which in turn derives from gravicembalo col piano e forte and fortepiano. The Italian musical terms piano and forte indicate \"soft\" and \"loud\" respectively, in this context referring to the variations in volume produced in response to a pianist's touch on the keys: the greater the velocity of a key press, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings, and the louder the sound of the note produced.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.719498634338379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments. The first string instruments with struck strings were the hammered dulcimers, which were used since the Middle Ages in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings. By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well developed. In a clavichord, the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord, they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.196137428283691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The invention of the modern piano is credited to Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) of Padua, Italy, who was employed by Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany, as the Keeper of the Instruments; he was an expert harpsichord maker, and was well acquainted with the body of knowledge on stringed keyboard instruments. It is not known exactly when Cristofori first built a piano. An inventory made by his employers, the Medici family, indicates the existence of a piano by the year 1700; another document of doubtful authenticity indicates a date of 1698. The three Cristofori pianos that survive today date from the 1720s. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.67924976348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianoforte", "passage": "Cristofori named the instrument un cimbalo di cipresso di piano e forte (\"a keyboard of cypress with soft and loud\"), abbreviated over time as pianoforte, fortepiano, and simply, piano. While the clavichord allowed expressive control of volume and sustain, it was too quiet for large performances. The harpsichord produced a sufficiently loud sound, but offered little expressive control over each note. A harpsichord could not produce a variety of dynamic levels from the same keyboard during a musical passage (although a harpischord with two manuals could be used to alternate between two different stops, which could include a louder stop and a quieter stop. The piano offered the best features of both instruments, combining the ability to play loudly with dynamic control that permitted a range of dynamics, including soft playing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.816919326782227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Cristofori's great success was solving, with no prior example, the fundamental mechanical problem of designing a stringed keyboard instrument in which the notes are struck by a hammer. The hammer must strike the string, but not remain in contact with it, because this would damp the sound. Moreover, the hammer must return to its rest position without bouncing violently, and it must return to a position in which it is ready to play almost immediately after its key is depressed so the player can repeat the same note rapidly. Cristofori's piano action was a model for the many approaches to piano actions that followed. Cristofori's early instruments were made with thin strings, and were much quieter than the modern piano, but much louder and with more sustain in comparison to the clavichord—the only previous keyboard instrument capable of dynamic nuance via the weight or force with which the keyboard is played.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946971893310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Early fortepiano", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.500785827636719, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Cristofori's new instrument remained relatively unknown until an Italian writer, Scipione Maffei, wrote an enthusiastic article about it in 1711, including a diagram of the mechanism, that was translated into German and widely distributed. Most of the next generation of piano builders started their work based on reading the article. One of these builders was Gottfried Silbermann, better known as an organ builder. Silbermann's pianos were virtually direct copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern sustain pedal, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously. This allows the pianist to sustain the notes that she has depressed even after her fingers are no longer pressing down the keys. This innovation enabled pianists to, for example, play a loud chord with both hands in the lower register of the instrument, sustain the chord with the sustain pedal, and then, with the chord continuing to sound, relocate their hands to a different register of the keyboard in preparation for a subsequent section.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.090184211730957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Silbermann showed Johann Sebastian Bach one of his early instruments in the 1730s, but Bach did not like it at that time, claiming that the higher notes were too soft to allow a full dynamic range. Although this earned him some animosity from Silbermann, the criticism was apparently heeded. Bach did approve of a later instrument he saw in 1747, and even served as an agent in selling Silbermann's pianos. \"Instrument: piano et forte genandt\"–a reference to the instrument's ability to play soft and loud–was an expression that Bach used to help sell the instrument when he was acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.572943687438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Piano-making flourished during the late 18th century in the Viennese school, which included Johann Andreas Stein (who worked in Augsburg, Germany) and the Viennese makers Nannette Streicher (daughter of Stein) and Anton Walter. Viennese-style pianos were built with wood frames, two strings per note, and leather-covered hammers. Some of these Viennese pianos had the opposite coloring of modern-day pianos; the natural keys were black and the accidental keys white. It was for such instruments that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his concertos and sonatas, and replicas of them are built in the 2000s for use in authentic-instrument performance of his music. The pianos of Mozart's day had a softer, more ethereal tone than 2000-era pianos or English pianos, with less sustaining power. The term fortepiano has in modern times come to be used to distinguish these early instruments (and modern re-creations of them) from later pianos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.351131439208984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Modern piano", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302653312683105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "In the period from about 1790 to 1860, the Mozart-era piano underwent tremendous changes that led to the modern form of the instrument. This revolution was in response to a preference by composers and pianists for a more powerful, sustained piano sound, and made possible by the ongoing Industrial Revolution with resources such as high-quality piano wire for strings, and precision casting for the production of massive iron frames that could withstand the tremendous tension of the strings. Over time, the tonal range of the piano was also increased from the five octaves of Mozart's day to the seven octave (or more) range found on modern pianos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.454571723937988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "By the 1820s, the center of piano innovation had shifted to Paris, where the Pleyel firm manufactured pianos used by Frédéric Chopin and the Érard firm manufactured those used by Franz Liszt. In 1821, Sébastien Érard invented the double escapement action, which incorporated a repetition lever (also called the balancier) that permitted repeating a note even if the key had not yet risen to its maximum vertical position. This facilitated rapid playing of repeated notes, a musical device exploited by Liszt. When the invention became public, as revised by Henri Herz, the double escapement action gradually became standard in grand pianos, and is still incorporated into all grand pianos currently produced in the 2000s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.019787788391113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "One innovation that helped create the powerful sound of the modern piano was the use of a strong, cast iron frame. Also called the \"plate\", the iron frame sits atop the soundboard, and serves as the primary bulwark against the force of string tension that can exceed 20 tons in a modern grand. The single piece cast iron frame was patented in 1825 in Boston by Alpheus Babcock, combining the metal hitch pin plate (1821, claimed by Broadwood on behalf of Samuel Hervé) and resisting bars (Thom and Allen, 1820, but also claimed by Broadwood and Érard). Babcock later worked for the Chickering & Mackays firm who patented the first full iron frame for grand pianos in 1843. Composite forged metal frames were preferred by many European makers until the American system was fully adopted by the early 20th century.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.826972007751465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The increased structural integrity of the iron frame allowed the use of thicker, tenser, and more numerous strings. In 1834, the Webster & Horsfal firm of Birmingham brought out a form of piano wire made from cast steel; according to Dolge it was \"so superior to the iron wire that the English firm soon had a monopoly.\" But a better steel wire was soon created in 1840 by the Viennese firm of Martin Miller, and a period of innovation and intense competition ensued, with rival brands of piano wire being tested against one another at international competitions, leading ultimately to the modern form of piano wire. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.021743774414062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Other important advances included changes to the way the piano is strung, such as the use of a \"choir\" of three strings rather than two for all but the lowest notes, and the implementation of an over-strung scale, in which the strings are placed in two separate planes, each with its own bridge height. (This is also called cross-stringing. Whereas earlier instruments' bass strings were a mere continuation of a single string plane, over-stringing placed the bass bridge behind and to the treble side of the tenor bridge area. This crossed the strings, with the bass strings in the higher plane.) This permitted a much narrower cabinet at the \"nose\" end of the piano, and optimized the transition from unwound tenor strings to the iron or copper-wrapped bass strings. Over-stringing was invented by Pape during the 1820s, and first patented for use in grand pianos in the United States by Henry Steinway, Jr. in 1859.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.641892433166504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Some piano makers developed schemes to enhance the tone of each note. Julius Blüthner developed Aliquot stringing in 1893 as well as Pascal Taskin (1788), and Collard & Collard (1821). These systems were used to strengthen the tone of the highest register of notes on the piano, which up till this time were viewed as being too weak-sounding. Each used more distinctly ringing, undamped vibrations of sympathetically vibrating strings to add to the tone, except the Blüthner Aliquot stringing, which uses an additional fourth string in the upper two treble sections. While the hitchpins of these separately suspended Aliquot strings are raised slightly above the level of the usual tri-choir strings, they are not struck by the hammers but rather are damped by attachments of the usual dampers. Eager to copy these effects, Theodore Steinway invented duplex scaling, which used short lengths of non-speaking wire bridged by the \"aliquot\" throughout much of upper the range of the piano, always in locations that caused them to vibrate sympathetically in conformity with their respective overtones—typically in doubled octaves and twelfths.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.082514762878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "The mechanical action structure of the upright piano was invented in London, England in 1826 by Robert Wornum, and upright models became the most popular model. Upright pianos took less space than a grand piano, and as such they were a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making and practice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.834636688232422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Some early pianos had shapes and designs that are no longer in use. The square piano (not truly square, but rectangular) was cross strung at an extremely acute angle above the hammers, with the keyboard set along the long side. This design is attributed to Gottfried Silbermann or Christian Ernst Friderici on the continent, and Johannes Zumpe or Harman Vietor in England, and it was improved by changes first introduced by Guillaume-Lebrecht Petzold in France and Alpheus Babcock in the United States. Square pianos were built in great numbers through the 1840s in Europe and the 1890s in the United States, and saw the most visible change of any type of piano: the iron-framed, over-strung squares manufactured by Steinway & Sons were more than two-and-a-half times the size of Zumpe's wood-framed instruments from a century before. Their overwhelming popularity was due to inexpensive construction and price, although their tone and performance were limited by narrow soundboards, simple actions and string spacing that made proper hammer alignment difficult.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.672563552856445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The very tall cabinet piano was introduced about 1805 and was built through the 1840s. It had strings arranged vertically on a continuous frame with bridges extended nearly to the floor, behind the keyboard and very large sticker action. The short cottage upright or pianino with vertical stringing, made popular by Robert Wornum around 1815, was built into the 20th century. They are informally called birdcage pianos because of their prominent damper mechanism. The oblique upright, popularized in France by Roller & Blanchet during the late 1820s, was diagonally strung throughout its compass. The tiny spinet upright was manufactured from the mid-1930s until recent times. The low position of the hammers required the use of a \"drop action\" to preserve a reasonable keyboard height.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.377080917358398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Modern upright and grand pianos attained their present, 2000-era forms by the end of the 19th century. While improvements have been made in manufacturing processes, and many individual details of the instrument continue to receive attention, the 19th century was the era of the most dramatic innovations and modifications of the instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.057944297790527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Modern acoustic pianos have two basic configurations, the grand piano and the upright piano, with various styles of each. There are also specialized and novelty pianos, electric pianos based on electromechanical designs, electronic pianos that synthesize piano-like tones using oscillators, and digital pianos using digital samples of acoustic piano sounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.35626220703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "In grand pianos, the frame and strings are horizontal, with the strings extending away from the keyboard. The action lies beneath the strings, and uses gravity as its means of return to a state of rest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.954691886901855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "* Anything taller than a studio piano is called an upright.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.291845321655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The toy piano, introduced in the 19th century, is a small piano-like instrument, that generally uses round metal rods to produce sound, rather than strings. The US Library of Congress recognizes the toy piano as a unique instrument with the subject designation, Toy Piano Scores: M175 T69.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.588638305664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "In 1863, Henri Fourneaux invented the player piano, which plays itself from a piano roll. A machine perforates a performance recording into rolls of paper, and the player piano replays the performance using pneumatic devices. Modern equivalents of the player piano include the Bösendorfer CEUS, Yamaha Disklavier and QRS Pianomation, using solenoids and MIDI rather than pneumatics and rolls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.569808006286621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "A silent piano is an acoustic piano having an option to silence the strings by means of an interposing hammer bar. They are designed for private silent practice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.083005905151367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Edward Ryley invented the transposing piano in 1801. It has a lever under the keyboard as to move the keyboard relative to the strings so a pianist can play in a familiar key while the music sounds in a different key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.786078453063965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The minipiano, an instrument patented by the Brasted brothers of the Eavestaff Ltd. piano company, was patented in 1934. This instrument has a braceless back, and a soundboard positioned below the keys—meaning that long metal rods pulled on the levers to make the hammers strike the strings. The first model, known as the Pianette, was unique in that the tuning pins extended through the instrument, so it could be tuned at the front.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.71712589263916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The prepared piano, present in some contemporary art music, is a piano with objects placed inside it to alter its sound, or has had its mechanism changed in some other way. The scores for music for prepared piano specify the modifications, for example instructing the pianist to insert pieces of rubber, paper, metal screws, or washers in between the strings. These either mute the strings or alter their timbre. A harpsichord-like sound can be produced by placing or dangling small metal buttons in front of the hammer.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.750447273254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "In 1954 a German company exhibited a wire-less piano at the Spring Fair in Frankfurt, Germany that sold for $238. The wires were replaced by metal bars of different alloys that replicated the standard wires when played. A similar concept is used in the electric-acoustic Rhodes piano.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.592609405517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The first electric pianos from the late 1920s used metal strings with a magnetic pickup, an amplifier and a loudspeaker. The electric pianos that became most popular in pop and rock music in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Fender Rhodes use metal tines in place of strings and use electromagnetic pickups similar to those on an electric guitar. The resulting electrical, analogue signal can then be amplified with a keyboard amplifier or electronically manipulated with effects units. Electric pianos are rarely used in classical music, where the main usage of them is as inexpensive rehearsal or practice instruments in music schools. However, electric pianos, particularly the Fender Rhodes, became important instruments in funk, jazz fusion and some rock music genres.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.16307258605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Electronic pianos are non-acoustic; they do not have strings, tines or hammers, but are a type of synthesizer that simulates or imitates piano sounds using oscillators that synthesize the sound of an acoustic piano. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68730640411377, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Digital pianos are also non-acoustic and do not have strings or hammers but use digital sampling technology to accurately reproduce the acoustic sound of each piano note. Digital pianos can include sustain pedals, weighted keys, multiple voice options (e.g., sampled or synthesized imitations of electric piano, Hammond organ, violin, etc.), and MIDI interfaces. MIDI inputs and outputs allow a digital piano to be connected to other electronic instruments or musical devices. For example, a digital piano's MIDI out signal could be connected by a patch cord to a synth module, which would allow the performer to use the keyboard of the digital piano to play modern synthesizer sounds. Early digital pianos tended to lack a full set of pedals but the synthesis software of later models such as the Yamaha Clavinova series synthesised the sympathetic vibration of the other strings (such as when the sustain pedal is depressed) and full pedal sets can now be replicated. The processing power of digital pianos has enabled highly realistic pianos using multi-gigabyte piano sample sets with as many as ninety recordings, each lasting many seconds, for each key under different conditions (e.g., there are samples of each note being struck softly, loudly, with a sharp attack, etc.). Additional samples emulate sympathetic resonance of the strings when the sustain pedal is depressed, key release, the drop of the dampers, and simulations of techniques such as re-pedalling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.755770683288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Digital, MIDI-equipped, pianos can output a stream of MIDI data, or record and play via a CD ROM or USB flash drive using MIDI format files, similar in concept to a pianola. The MIDI file records the physics of a note rather than its resulting sound and recreates the sounds from its physical properties (e.g., which note was struck and with what velocity). Computer based software, such as Modartt's 2006 Pianoteq, can be used to manipulate the MIDI stream in real time or subsequently to edit it. This type of software may use no samples but synthesize a sound based on aspects of the physics that went into the creation of a played note.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733843803405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Many parts of a piano are made of materials selected for strength and longevity. This is especially true of the outer rim. It is most commonly made of hardwood, typically hard maple or beech, and its massiveness serves as an essentially immobile object from which the flexible soundboard can best vibrate. According to Harold A. Conklin, the purpose of a sturdy rim is so that, \"... the vibrational energy will stay as much as possible in the soundboard instead of dissipating uselessly in the case parts, which are inefficient radiators of sound.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.887238502502441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Hardwood rims are commonly made by laminating thin, hence flexible, strips of hardwood, bending them to the desired shape immediately after the application of glue. The bent plywood system was developed by C.F. Theodore Steinway in 1880 to reduce manufacturing time and costs. Previously, the rim was constructed from several pieces of solid wood, joined and veneered, and this method continued to be used in Europe well into the 20th century. A modern exception, Bösendorfer, the Austrian manufacturer of high-quality pianos, constructs their inner rims from solid spruce, the same wood that the soundboard is made from, which is notched to allow it to bend; rather than isolating the rim from vibration, their \"resonance case principle\" allows the framework to more freely resonate with the soundboard, creating additional coloration and complexity of the overall sound. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.662031173706055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The pinblock, which holds the tuning pins in place, is another area where toughness is important. It is made of hardwood (typically hard maple or beech), and is laminated for strength, stability and longevity. Piano strings (also called piano wire), which must endure years of extreme tension and hard blows, are made of high carbon steel. They are manufactured to vary as little as possible in diameter, since all deviations from uniformity introduce tonal distortion. The bass strings of a piano are made of a steel core wrapped with copper wire, to increase their mass whilst retaining flexibility. If all strings throughout the piano's compass were individual (monochord), the massive bass strings would overpower the upper ranges. Makers compensate for this with the use of double (bichord) strings in the tenor and triple (trichord) strings throughout the treble.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364042282104492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The plate (harp), or metal frame, of a piano is usually made of cast iron. A massive plate is advantageous. Since the strings vibrate from the plate at both ends, an insufficiently massive plate would absorb too much of the vibrational energy that should go through the bridge to the soundboard. While some manufacturers use cast steel in their plates, most prefer cast iron. Cast iron is easy to cast and machine, has flexibility sufficient for piano use, is much more resistant to deformation than steel, and is especially tolerant of compression. Plate casting is an art, since dimensions are crucial and the iron shrinks about one percent during cooling.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.884847640991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Including an extremely large piece of metal in a piano is potentially an aesthetic handicap. Piano makers overcome this by polishing, painting, and decorating the plate. Plates often include the manufacturer's ornamental medallion. In an effort to make pianos lighter, Alcoa worked with Winter and Company piano manufacturers to make pianos using an aluminum plate during the 1940s. Aluminum piano plates were not widely accepted, and were discontinued.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24386978149414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The numerous parts of a piano action are generally made from hardwood, such as maple, beech, and hornbeam, however, since World War II, makers have also incorporated plastics. Early plastics used in some pianos in the late 1940s and 1950s, proved disastrous when they lost strength after a few decades of use. Beginning in 1961, the New York branch of the Steinway firm incorporated Teflon, a synthetic material developed by DuPont, for some parts of its Permafree grand action in place of cloth bushings, but abandoned the experiment in 1982 due to excessive friction and a \"clicking\" that developed over time; Teflon is \"humidity stable\" whereas the wood adjacent to the Teflon swells and shrinks with humidity changes, causing problems. More recently, the Kawai firm built pianos with action parts made of more modern materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and the piano parts manufacturer Wessell, Nickel and Gross has launched a new line of carefully engineered composite parts. Thus far these parts have performed reasonably, but it will take decades to know if they equal the longevity of wood.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.328145980834961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "In all but the poorest pianos the soundboard is made of solid spruce (that is, spruce boards glued together along the side grain). Spruce's high ratio of strength to weight minimizes acoustic impedance while offering strength sufficient to withstand the downward force of the strings. The best piano makers use quarter-sawn, defect-free spruce of close annular grain, carefully seasoning it over a long period before fabricating the soundboards. This is the identical material that is used in quality acoustic guitar soundboards. Cheap pianos often have plywood soundboards. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.495283126831055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "In the early years of piano construction, keys were commonly made from sugar pine. Today they are usually made of spruce or basswood. Spruce is typically used in high-quality pianos. Black keys were traditionally made of ebony, and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory. However, since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, makers use plastics almost exclusively. Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic. Legal ivory can still be obtained in limited quantities. The Yamaha firm invented a plastic called Ivorite that they claim mimics the look and feel of ivory. It has since been imitated by other makers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302154541015625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Almost every modern piano has 52 white keys and 36 black keys for a total of 88 keys (seven octaves plus a minor third, from A0 to C8). Many older pianos only have 85 keys (seven octaves from A0 to A7). Some piano manufacturers extend the range further in one or both directions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.952106475830078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Some Bösendorfer pianos, for example, extend the normal range down to F0, and one of their models has 97 keys reaches a bottom C0 for a full eight octave range. These extra keys are sometimes hidden under a small hinged lid that can cover the keys to prevent visual disorientation for pianists unfamiliar with the extra keys, or the colors of the extra white keys are reversed (black instead of white).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.569459915161133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The extra keys are added primarily for increased resonance from the associated strings; that is, they vibrate sympathetically with other strings whenever the damper pedal is depressed and thus give a fuller tone. Only a very small number of works composed for piano actually use these notes. More recently, the Stuart and Sons company has also manufactured extended-range pianos, with the first 102 key piano. On their instruments, the frequency range extends from C0 to F8, which is the widest practical range for the acoustic piano. The extra keys are the same as the other keys in appearance.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.816119194030762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianoforte", "passage": "There is a rare variants of piano that has double keyboards called the Emánuel Moór Pianoforte. It was invented by Hungarian composer and pianist, Emánuel Moór (19 February 1863 – 20 October 1931). It consisted of two keyboards lying one above each other. The lower keyboard has the usual 88 keys and the upper keyboard has 76 keys. When pressing the upper keyboard the internal mechanism pulls down the corresponding key on the lower keyboard, but an octave higher. This lets a pianist reach two octaves with one hand, impossible on a conventional piano. Due to its double keyboard musical work that were originally created for double-manual Harpsichord such as Goldberg Variations by Bach become much easier to play, since playing on a conventional single keyboard piano involve complex and hand-tangling cross-hand movements. The design also featured a special fourth pedal that coupled the lower and upper keyboard, so when playing on the lower keyboard the note one octave higher also played. Only about 60 Emánuel Moór Pianoforte were made, mostly manufactured by Bösendorfer. Other piano manufactures such as Bechstein, Chickering, and Steinway & Sons had also manufactured a few. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.993609428405762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Pianos have had pedals, or some close equivalent, since the earliest days. (In the 18th century, some pianos used levers pressed upward by the player's knee instead of pedals.) Most grand pianos in the US have three pedals: the soft pedal (una corda), sostenuto, and sustain pedal (from left to right, respectively), while in Europe, the standard is two pedals: the soft pedal and the sustain pedal. Most modern upright pianos also have three pedals: soft pedal, practice pedal and sustain pedal, though older or cheaper models may lack the practice pedal. In Europe the standard for upright pianos is two pedals: the soft and the sustain pedals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.591708183288574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "The soft pedal or una corda pedal is placed leftmost in the row of pedals. In grand pianos it shifts the entire action/keyboard assembly to the right (a very few instruments have shifted left) so that the hammers hit two of the three strings for each note. In the earliest pianos whose unisons were bichords rather than trichords, the action shifted so that hammers hit a single string, hence the name una corda, or 'one string'. The effect is to soften the note as well as change the tone. In uprights this action is not possible; instead the pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings, allowing the hammers to strike with less kinetic energy. This produces a slightly softer sound, but no change in timbre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.07937240600586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "On grand pianos, the middle pedal is a sostenuto pedal. This pedal keeps raised any damper already raised at the moment the pedal is depressed. This makes it possible to sustain selected notes (by depressing the sostenuto pedal before those notes are released) while the player's hands are free to play additional notes (which aren't sustained). This can be useful for musical passages with pedal points and other otherwise tricky or impossible situations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.696288108825684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "On many upright pianos, the middle pedal is called the \"practice\" or celeste pedal. This drops a piece of felt between the hammers and strings, greatly muting the sounds. This pedal can be shifted while depressed, into a \"locking\" position.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.805060386657715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The rare transposing piano (an example of which was owned by Irving Berlin) has a middle pedal that functions as a clutch that disengages the keyboard from the mechanism, so the player can move the keyboard to the left or right with a lever. This shifts the entire piano action so the pianist can play music written in one key so that it sounds in a different key.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896015167236328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Some piano companies have included extra pedals other than the standard two or three. Crown and Schubert Piano Co. produced a four-pedal piano. Fazioli currently offers a fourth pedal that provides a second soft pedal, that works by bringing the keys closer to the strings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.630049705505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Wing and Son of New York offered a five-pedal piano from approximately 1893 through the 1920s. There is no mention of the company past the 1930s. Labeled left to right, the pedals are Mandolin, Orchestra, Expression, Soft, and Forte (Sustain). The Orchestral pedal produced a sound similar to a tremolo feel by bouncing a set of small beads dangling against the strings, enabling the piano to mimic a mandolin, guitar, banjo, zither and harp, thus the name Orchestral. The Mandolin pedal used a similar approach, lowering a set of felt strips with metal rings in between the hammers and the strings ( aka rinky-tink effect). This extended the life of the hammers when the Orch pedal was used, a good idea for practicing, and created an echo-like sound that mimicked playing in an orchestral hall. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.059059143066406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The pedalier piano, or pedal piano, is a rare type of piano that includes a pedalboard so players can user their feet to play bass register notes, as on an organ. There are two types of pedal piano. On one, the pedal board is an integral part of the instrument, using the same strings and mechanism as the manual keyboard. The other, rarer type, consists of two independent pianos (each with separate mechanics and strings) placed one above the other—one for the hands and one for the feet. This was developed primarily as a practice instrument for organists, though there is a small repertoire written specifically for the instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.915876388549805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "When the key is struck, a chain reaction occurs to produce the sound. First, the key raises the wippen, which forces the jack against the hammer roller (or knuckle). The hammer roller then lifts the lever carrying the hammer. The key also raises the damper; and immediately after the hammer strikes the wire it falls back, allowing the wire to resonate. When the key is released the damper falls back onto the strings, stopping the wire from vibrating. The vibrating piano strings themselves are not very loud, but their vibrations are transmitted to a large soundboard that moves air and thus converts the energy to sound.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.127786636352539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "The irregular shape and off-center placement of the bridge ensure that the soundboard vibrates strongly at all frequencies. (See Piano action for a diagram and detailed description of piano parts.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900736808776855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "On the piano string, waves reflect from both ends. The superposition of reflecting waves results in a standing wave pattern, but only for wavelengths , where is the length of the string. Therefore, the only frequencies produced on a single string are . Timbre is largely determined by the content of these harmonics. Different instruments have different harmonic content for the same pitch. A real string vibrates at harmonics that are not perfect multiples of the fundamental. This results in a little inharmonicity, which gives richness to the tone but causes significant tuning challenges throughout the compass of the instrument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.688519477844238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Striking the piano key with greater velocity increases the amplitude of the waves and therefore the volume. From pianissimo (pp) to fortissimo (ff) the hammer velocity changes by almost a factor of a hundred. The hammer contact time with the string shortens from 4 ms at pp to less than 2 ms at ff. If two wires adjusted to the same pitch are struck at the same time, the sound produced by one reinforces the other, and a louder combined sound of shorter duration is produced. If one wire vibrates out of synchronization with the other, they subtract from each other and produce a softer tone of longer duration. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540818214416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Pianos are heavy yet delicate instruments. Over the years, professional piano movers have developed special techniques for transporting both grands and uprights, which prevent damage to the case and to the piano's mechanics. Pianos need regular tuning to keep them on pitch. The hammers of pianos are voiced to compensate for gradual hardening, and other parts also need periodic regulation. Aged and worn pianos can be rebuilt or reconditioned. Often, by replacing a great number of their parts, and adjusting them, they can perform as well as new pianos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.30647087097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Piano tuning involves adjusting the tensions of the piano's strings, thereby aligning the intervals among their tones so that the instrument is in tune. While guitar and violin players tune their own instruments, a pianist usually hires a piano tuner, a specialized technician, to tune their piano. The piano tuner uses special tools. The meaning of the term in tune in the context of piano tuning is not simply a particular fixed set of pitches. Fine piano tuning carefully assesses the interaction among all notes of the chromatic scale, different for every piano, and thus requires slightly different pitches from any theoretical standard. Pianos are usually tuned to a modified version of the system called equal temperament (see Piano key frequencies for the theoretical piano tuning). In all systems of tuning, each pitch is derived from its relationship to a chosen fixed pitch, usually the internationally recognized standard concert pitch of A4 (the A above middle C). The term A440 refers to a widely accepted frequency of this pitch - 440 Hz.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.64709186553955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "As with any other musical instrument, the piano may be played from written music, by ear, or through improvisation. Piano technique evolved during the transition from harpsichord and clavichord to fortepiano playing, and continued through the development of the modern piano. Changes in musical styles and audience preferences, as well as the emergence of virtuoso performers contributed to this evolution, and to the growth of distinct approaches or schools of piano playing. Although technique is often viewed as only the physical execution of a musical idea, many pedagogues and performers stress the interrelatedness of the physical and mental or emotional aspects of piano playing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.522529602050781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "Well-known approaches to piano technique include those by Dorothy Taubman, Edna Golandsky, Fred Karpoff, Charles-Louis Hanon and Otto Ortmann.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767335891723633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "Many classical music composers, including Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, composed for the fortepiano, a rather different instrument than the modern piano. Even composers of the Romantic movement, like Liszt, Chopin, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, and Johannes Brahms, wrote for pianos substantially different from modern pianos. Contemporary musicians may adjust their interpretation of historical compositions to account for sound quality differences between old and new instruments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.187864303588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Piano", "passage": "During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly African-American composers, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano. Ragtime music, popularized by composers such as Scott Joplin, reached a broader audience by 1900. The popularity of ragtime music was quickly succeeded by Jazz piano. New techniques and rhythms were invented for the piano, including ostinato for boogie-woogie, and Shearing voicing. George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue broke new musical ground by combining American jazz piano with symphonic sounds. Comping, a technique for accompanying jazz vocalists on piano, was exemplified by Duke Ellington's technique. Honky-tonk music, featuring yet another style of piano rhythm, became popular during the same era. Bebop techniques grew out of jazz, with leading composers such as Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell. In the late 20th century, Bill Evans composed pieces combining classical techniques with his jazz experimentation. Herbie Hancock was one of the first jazz pianists to find mainstream popularity working with newer urban music techniques.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.374837875366211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Grand Piano", "passage": "Modernist styles of music have also appealed to composers writing for the modern grand piano, including John Cage and Philip Glass.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.84911060333252, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" }, { "answer": "Pianos", "passage": "The piano is a crucial instrument in Western classical music, jazz, blues, rock, folk music, film and television scoring, and many other Western musical genres. A large number of composers are proficient pianists because the piano keyboard offers an effective means of experimenting with complex melodic and harmonic interplay. The piano is an essential tool in music education in universities and colleges, and most classrooms and practice rooms have a piano. Pianos are used to help teach music theory, music history and music appreciation classes. Many conductors are trained in piano, because it allows them to play parts of the symphonies they are conducting (using a piano reduction or doing a reduction from the full score), so that they can develop their interpretation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.549334526062012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Piano" } ]

[ { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "In cooking, a syrup or sirup (from ; sharāb, beverage, wine, via ) is a condiment that is a thick, viscous liquid consisting primarily of a solution of sugar in water, containing a large amount of dissolved sugars but showing little tendency to deposit crystals. Its consistency is similar to that of molasses. The viscosity arises from the multiple hydrogen bonds between the dissolved sugar, which has many hydroxyl (OH) groups, and the water.", "precise_score": 2.3871843814849854, "rough_score": -2.256277561187744, "source": "wiki", "title": "Syrup" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a refining process to remove the molasses. Raw sugar is a sucrose which is synthesized from sugarcane or sugar beet and cannot immediately be consumed before going through the refining process to produce refined sugar or white sugar. ", "precise_score": -1.871084213256836, "rough_score": -2.5150036811828613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there. The first stage is known as affination and involves immersing the sugar crystals in a concentrated syrup that softens and removes the sticky brown coating without dissolving them. The crystals are then separated from the liquor and dissolved in water. The resulting syrup is treated either by a carbonatation or by a phosphatation process. Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out, many of the impurities are removed at the same time. Removal of colour is achieved by using either a granular activated carbon or an ion-exchange resin. The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals, causing the sugar to crystallize out. The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used. The surplus liquor is made into refiners' molasses. ", "precise_score": -3.4308724403381348, "rough_score": -5.042140960693359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Bone char or coal-based activated carbon is traditionally used in this role. Some remaining color-forming impurities adsorb to the carbon. The purified syrup is then concentrated to supersaturation and repeatedly crystallized in a vacuum, to produce white refined sugar. As in a sugar mill, the sugar crystals are separated from the molasses by centrifuging. Additional sugar is recovered by blending the remaining syrup with the washings from affination and again crystallizing to produce brown sugar. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 20–30 percent sucrose and 15–25 percent glucose and fructose.", "precise_score": -3.974093437194824, "rough_score": -4.311323642730713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "*molasses – from sugar refining", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.213631629943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "By-product" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a perennial grass in the family Poaceae. It is cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions for the sucrose that is found in its stems. It requires a frost-free climate with sufficient rainfall during the growing season to make full use of the plant's great growth potential. The crop is harvested mechanically or by hand, chopped into lengths and conveyed rapidly to the processing plant. Here, it is either milled and the juice extracted with water or extracted by diffusion. The juice is then clarified with lime and heated to kill enzymes. The resulting thin syrup is concentrated in a series of evaporators, after which further water is removed by evaporation in vacuum containers. The resulting supersaturated solution is seeded with sugar crystals and the sugar crystallizes out and is separated from the fluid and dried. Molasses is a by-product of the process and the fiber from the stems, known as bagasse, is burned to provide energy for the sugar extraction process. The crystals of raw sugar have a sticky brown coating and either can be used as they are or can be bleached by sulfur dioxide or can be treated in a carbonatation process to produce a whiter product. About 2500 l of irrigation water is needed for every one kilogram of sugar produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.117371559143066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "*Brown sugars are granulated sugars, either containing residual molasses, or with the grains deliberately coated with molasses to produce a light- or dark-colored sugar. They are used in baked goods, confectionery, and toffees.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.403291702270508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "*Molasses is commonly used to make rum, and sugar byproducts are used to make ethanol for fuel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.992855548858643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "*Syrups and treacles are dissolved invert sugars heated to develop the characteristic flavors. (Treacles have added molasses.) They are used in a range of baked goods and confectionery including toffees and licorice.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1545538902282715, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugar" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "The world demand for sugar is the primary driver of sugarcane agriculture. Cane accounts for 80% of sugar produced; most of the rest is made from sugar beets. Sugarcane predominantly grows in the tropical and subtropical regions (sugar beets grow in colder temperate regions). Other than sugar, products derived from sugarcane include falernum, molasses, rum, cachaça (a traditional spirit from Brazil), bagasse and ethanol. In some regions, people use sugarcane reeds to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. The young unexpanded inflorescence of tebu telor is eaten raw, steamed or toasted, and prepared in various ways in certain island communities of Indonesia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.828707218170166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean during his second voyage to the Americas; initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the triangle trade of New World raw materials, along with European manufactured goods, and African slaves. Sugar (often in the form of molasses) was shipped from the Caribbean to Europe or New England, where it was used to make rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were then used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.243438720703125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Boiling houses in the 17th through 19th centuries converted sugarcane juice into raw sugar. These houses were attached to sugar plantations in the Western colonies. Slaves often ran the boiling process under very poor conditions. Rectangular boxes of brick or stone served as furnaces, with an opening at the bottom to stoke the fire and remove ashes. At the top of each furnace were up to seven copper kettles or boilers, each one smaller and hotter than the previous one. The cane juice began in the largest kettle. The juice was then heated and lime added to remove impurities. The juice was skimmed and then channeled to successively smaller kettles. The last kettle, the \"teache\", was where the cane juice became syrup. The next step was a cooling trough, where the sugar crystals hardened around a sticky core of molasses. This raw sugar was then shoveled from the cooling trough into hogsheads (wooden barrels), and from there into the curing house.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.5963335037231445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Sugarcane processing produces cane sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane. Other products of the processing include bagasse, molasses, and filtercake.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.345417976379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "Molasses is produced in two forms: Blackstrap, which has a characteristic strong flavor, and a purer molasses syrup. Blackstrap molasses is sold as a food and dietary supplement. It is also a common ingredient in animal feed, is used to produce ethanol and rum, and in the manufacturing of citric acid. Purer molasses syrups are sold as molasses, and may also be blended with maple syrup, invert sugars, or corn syrup. Both forms of molasses are used in baking.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.884072303771973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "* Molasses: used as a sweetener and a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.211750984191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "* Jaggery: a solidified molasses, known as gur or gud or gul in India, is traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge, and then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color. It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets and desserts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.02011489868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" }, { "answer": "Molasses", "passage": "* Rum: is a liquor made from sugarcane products, typically molasses but sometimes also cane juice. It is most commonly produced in the Caribbean and environs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.96438217163086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sugarcane" } ]

[ { "answer": "Mice or hamsters", "passage": "Habitrail, a product made by the Hagen corporation, is a series of translucent plastic tubes and \"houses\" for use in home terrariums, designed specially for small pets, such as mice or hamsters. The design of the Habitrail is modular and can be configured however the owner likes, as well as disassembled for cleaning. The Habitrail is meant to mimic the habitat of the animal in question, usually a warren, or series of underground tunnels. The mascot for Habitrail is \"Herbie the Hamster\", who even has a video game based on him called Habitrail Hamster Ball produced by Data Design Interactive in 2005 and released for the PS2, and the PC.", "precise_score": 1.8669569492340088, "rough_score": 4.8302836418151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Habitrail" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "He wrote a number of travel books in this period that were not particularly well received. His best-known contributions to literature were those considered risqué or even pornographic at the time and which were published under the auspices of the Kama Shastra society. These books include The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana (1883) (popularly known as the Kama Sutra), The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night (1885) (popularly known as The Arabian Nights), The Perfumed Garden of the Shaykh Nefzawi (1886) and The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night (seventeen volumes 1886–98).", "precise_score": -4.987693786621094, "rough_score": -3.420633554458618, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Perhaps Burton's best-known book is his translation of The Kama Sutra. In fact, it is untrue that he was the translator since the original manuscript was in ancient Sanskrit which he could not read. However, he collaborated with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot on the work and provided translations from other manuscripts of later translations. The Kama Shastra Society first printed the book in 1883 and numerous editions of the Burton translation are in print to this day.", "precise_score": -0.19451750814914703, "rough_score": -0.3801136612892151, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Burton's best-known achievements include a well-documented journey to Mecca, in disguise at a time when Europeans were forbidden access on pain of death; an unexpurgated translation of One Thousand and One Nights (commonly called The Arabian Nights in English after early translations of Antoine Galland's French version); the publication of the Kama Sutra in English; and a journey with John Hanning Speke as the first Europeans to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.576345443725586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Burton referred to the society and those who shared its views as Mrs Grundy. A way around this was the private circulation of books amongst the members of a society. For this reason Burton, together with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot, created the Kama Shastra Society to print and circulate books that would be illegal to publish in public.Ben Grant, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993841 \"Translating/'The' “Kama Sutra”\"], Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3, Connecting Cultures (2005), 509–516", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.346045970916748, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": " at:1883 text:\"1883: Translates the Kama Sutra with Forster Fitzgerald Arbuthnot.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.2811055183410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Richard Francis Burton" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Vātsyāyana is the name of a Hindu philosopher in the Vedic tradition who is believed to have lived around 2nd century AD in India. His name appears as the author of the Kama Sutra. Not to be confused with Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana, the author of Nyāya Sutra Bhāshya, the first preserved commentary on Gotama's Nyāya Sutras. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8821702003479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vātsyāyana" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Hardly anything is known about him, although it is believed that his disciples went on his instructions, on the request of the Hindu Kings in the Himalayan range to influence the hill tribals to give up the pagan cult of sacrifices. He is said to have created the legend of Tara among the hill tribes as a tantric goddess. Later as the worship spread to the east Garo hills,the goddess manifest of a 'yoni' goddess Kamakhya was created. His interest in human sexual behavior as a medium of attaining spirituality was recorded in his treatise Kama Sutra.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.769908905029297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vātsyāyana" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "At the close of the Kama Sutra this is what he writes about himself:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633328437805176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vātsyāyana" }, { "answer": "Kama Sutra", "passage": "Vatsyayana's Kama Sutra describes techniques of cryptography.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.280709266662598, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vātsyāyana" } ]

[ { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "A face-off is the method used to begin play in ice hockey and some other sports. The two teams line up in opposition to each other, and the opposing skaters attempt to gain control of the puck after it is dropped between their sticks by an official. Face-offs are generally handled by centres, although some wingers handle face-offs and very rarely, some defensemen as well. One of the referees drops the puck at centre ice to start each period and following the scoring of a goal. The linesmen are responsible for all other face-offs.", "precise_score": 2.120854377746582, "rough_score": 2.6915998458862305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "One player from each team stands at the face-off spot (see below) to await the drop of the puck. All teammates must be lateral to or behind the player taking the face-off (this is in contrast to basketball, for example, where the player taking the tipoff is encircled by teammates). Generally, the goal of the player taking the face-off is to draw the puck backward, toward teammates; however, they will, occasionally attempt to shoot the puck forward, past the other team, to kill time when shorthanded. However, where the face-off occurs at one of the five face-off spots that have circles marked around them, only the two opposing players responsible for taking the face-off may be in the circle. A common formation, especially at centre ice, is for a skater to take the face-off, with the wings lateral to the centre on either side, and the skater, usually a defenseman, behind the player handling the face-off, one toward each side. This is not mandatory, however, and other formations are seen—especially where the face-off is in one of the four corner face-off spots.", "precise_score": 2.377892255783081, "rough_score": 3.455406904220581, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "A face-off is also similar to a jump ball in basketball, a ball-up in Australian rules football, and a dropped-ball (if contested) in association football. All of these also involve two opposing players attempting to gain control of the ball after it is released by an official.", "precise_score": 0.7146688103675842, "rough_score": 1.9529706239700317, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "FaceOff", "passage": "The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck. Players are permitted to \"bodycheck\" opponents into the boards as a means of stopping progress. The referees, linesmen and the outsides of the goal are \"in play\" and do not cause a stoppage of the game when the puck or players are influenced (by either bouncing or colliding) into them. Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position. Play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a \"faceoff\". Two players \"face\" each other and an official drops the puck to the ice, where the two players attempt to gain control of the puck. Markings on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning of players.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.179880619049072, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "answer": "Face off", "passage": "In ice hockey, infractions of the rules lead to play stoppages whereby the play is restarted at a face off. Some infractions result in the imposition of a penalty to a player or team. In the simplest case, the offending player is sent to the \"penalty box\" and their team has to play with one fewer player on the ice for a designated amount of time. Minor penalties last for two minutes, major penalties last for five minutes, and a double minor penalty is two consecutive penalties of two minutes duration. A single minor penalty may be extended by a further two minutes for causing visible injury to the victimized player. This is usually when blood is drawn during high sticking. Players may be also assessed personal extended penalties or game expulsions for misconduct in addition to the penalty or penalties their team must serve. The team that has been given a penalty is said to be playing \"short-handed\" while the opposing team is on a \"power play.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.484202861785889, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "An additional rule that has never been a penalty, but was an infraction in the NHL before recent rules changes, is the \"two-line offside pass.\" Prior to the 2005–06 NHL season, play was stopped when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crossed the centre line, with a face-off held in the defending zone of the offending team. Now, the centre line is no longer used in the NHL to determine a two-line pass infraction, a change that the IIHF had adopted in 1998. Players are now able to pass to teammates who are more than the blue and centre ice red line away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.338641166687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "answer": "FaceOff", "passage": "A typical game of hockey is governed by two to four officials on the ice, charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two linesmen who are mainly responsible for calling \"offside\" and \"icing\" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs, and one or two referees, who call goals and all other penalties. Linesmen can, however, report to the referee(s) that a penalty should be assessed against an offending player in some situations. The restrictions on this practice vary depending on the governing rules. On-ice officials are assisted by off-ice officials who act as goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.625277042388916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ice hockey" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "Face-offs are typically conducted at designated places marked on the ice called face-off spots or dots. There are nine such spots: two in each attacking zone, two on each end of the neutral zone, and one in the centre of the rink. Face-offs did not always take place at the marked face-off spots. If a puck left the playing surface, for example, the face-off would take place wherever the puck was last played. On June 20, 2007, the NHL Board of Governors approved a change to NHL Rule 76.2, which governs face-off locations. The rule now requires that all face-offs take place at one of the nine face-off spots on the ice, regardless of what caused the stoppage of play. Rule 76.2 also dictates that, with some exceptions, a face-off following a penalty must occur at one of the two face-off dots of the offending team's end.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7687804102897644, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "An official may remove the player taking the face-off if the player or any players from the same team attempt to gain an unfair advantage during the face-off (called a face-off violation). When a player is removed, one of the teammates not originally taking the face-off is required to take the face-off. Common face-off violations include: moving the stick before the puck is dropped, not placing the stick properly when requested to do so, not placing the body square to the face-off spot, or encroachment into the face-off circle by a teammate. In the NHL, the player from the visiting team is required to place his stick on the ice for the face-off first when it takes place at the centre-line dot. For all other face-offs, the player from the defending team must place his stick first. Before the league's , the visiting player was required to place his stick first on all face-offs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5478405952453613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "Face-offs were first called \"faces\" of the puck, or a \"puck-off\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.303877830505371, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "In bandy, the game is restarted with a face-off when the game has been temporarily interrupted. The face-off is executed on the place where the ball was situated when the game was interrupted. If the ball was inside the penalty area when the game was interrupted, the face-off is moved to the nearest free-stroke point on the penalty line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.22789192199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "In a face-off one player of each team place themselves opposite each other and with their backs turned to their own end-lines. The sticks are held parallel to each other and on each side of the ball. The ball must not be touched until the referee has blown his whistle. At face-off the ball may be played in any direction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.576220512390137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "In bandy, face-offs are regulated in section 4.6 of the Bandy Playing Rules set up by the Federation of International Bandy (FIB).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.013324737548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "Face-offs are also used in lacrosse. In a lacrosse face-off, two players face each other in a crouching position with the ball placed between the two sticks. At a signal from the official, each tries to gain possession of the ball. A player can not hold on to the ball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.970828533172607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" }, { "answer": "Face-Off", "passage": "An event similar to a face-off has been attempted in at least two leagues of American football: the XFL, a short-lived professional football league that played its lone season in 2001, instituted an \"opening scramble,\" replacing the coin toss, in which one player from each team attempted to recover a loose football after a twenty-yard dash. The team whose player recovered the ball got first choice of kicking, receiving, or defending one side of the field. Because of an extremely high rate of injury in these events (in the league's first game, one XFL player was lost for the season after separating his shoulder in a scramble), the event has not gained mainstream popularity in most other football leagues. X-League Indoor Football nonetheless adopted a modified version opening scramble (using the name \"X-Dash\") when it began play in 2014, but tweaked to avoid the injuries so that each player chased after their own ball.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.368099689483643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Face-off" } ]

[ { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.", "precise_score": -2.42616868019104, "rough_score": -6.746303558349609, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom and prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from 1964 until 1991. Kaunda played a key role in regional diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Angola, and Namibia. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the sole legal political party under the motto \"One Zambia, One Nation\". Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, beginning a period of social-economic growth and government decentralisation. Levy Mwanawasa, Chiluba's chosen successor, presided over Zambia from January 2002 until his death in August 2008, and is credited with campaigns to reduce corruption and increase the standard of living. After Mwanawasa's death, Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008. Holding office for only three years, Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata. Sata died on 28 October 2014, the second Zambian president to die in office. Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015, in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President.", "precise_score": 1.864626169204712, "rough_score": -0.08308866620063782, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The territory of what is now Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911. It was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964.", "precise_score": 3.171668767929077, "rough_score": 1.080199956893921, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kenneth Kaunda as the first president. At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. This expertise was provided in part by John Willson CMG There were over 70,000 Europeans resident in Zambia in 1964, and they remained of disproportionate economic significance. ", "precise_score": 3.132145643234253, "rough_score": 3.0734052658081055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Civil strife in both Portuguese colonies and a mounting Namibian War of Independence resulted in an influx of refugees and compounded transportation issues. The Benguela railway, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to Zambian traffic by the late 1970s. Zambia's support for anti-apartheid movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) also created security problems as the South African Defence Force struck at dissident targets during external raids. ", "precise_score": -8.93043041229248, "rough_score": -8.180013656616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014. ", "precise_score": -3.068685531616211, "rough_score": -4.708386421203613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "After independence in 1964 the foreign relations of Zambia were mostly focused on supporting liberation movements in other countries in Southern Africa, such as the African National Congress and SWAPO. During the Cold War Zambia was a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "precise_score": -4.914761543273926, "rough_score": -6.274102210998535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Expatriates, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired. There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, but many have since left the country.", "precise_score": -7.422024726867676, "rough_score": -8.357087135314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia fell into poverty after international copper prices declined in the 1970s. The socialist regime made up for falling revenue with several abortive attempts at International Monetary Fund structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). The policy of not trading through the main supply route and line of rail to the sea – the territory known as Rhodesia (from 1965 to 1979), and now known as Zimbabwe – cost the economy greatly. After the Kaunda regime, (from 1991) successive governments began limited reforms. The economy stagnated until the late 1990s. In 2007 Zambia recorded its ninth consecutive year of economic growth. Inflation was 8.9%, down from 30% in 2000.", "precise_score": -6.241427898406982, "rough_score": -7.097692012786865, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia declared its independence on the day of the closing ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics, thereby becoming the first country ever to have entered an Olympic games as one country, and left it as another. Zambia took part in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.", "precise_score": -4.000306129455566, "rough_score": -6.874100208282471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "While the chiefs conferred, Northern Rhodesia became independent Zambia on 24 October 1964, emulating Nyasaland, which had achieved statehood as Malawi three months earlier. Reasoning that it was no longer necessary to refer to itself as \"Southern\" in the absence of a northern counterpart, Southern Rhodesia began calling itself simply Rhodesia. The same day, the commander of the Rhodesian Army, Major-General John \"Jock\" Anderson, resigned, announcing publicly that he was doing so because of his opposition to UDI, which he said he could not go along with because of his oath of allegiance to the Queen. Interpreting this as a sign that Smith intended to declare independence if a majority backed it in the referendum, Wilson wrote a stiff letter to Smith on 25 October, warning him of the consequences of UDI, and demanding \"a categorical assurance forthwith that no attempt at a unilateral declaration of independence on your part will be made\". Smith expressed confusion as to what he had done to provoke this, and ignored it.", "precise_score": 5.184722900390625, "rough_score": 3.986189126968384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Black nationalists in Rhodesia and their overseas supporters, prominently the OAU, clamoured for Britain to remove Smith's government with a military invasion, but Britain dismissed this option because of various logistical issues, the risk of provoking a pre-emptive Rhodesian strike on Zambia, and the psychological problems that were likely to accompany any confrontation between British and Rhodesian troops in what Smith said would be a \"fratricidal war\". Wilson instead resolved to end the Rhodesian rebellion through economic sanctions; these principally comprised the expulsion of Rhodesia from the Sterling area, a ban on the import of Rhodesian sugar, tobacco, chrome and other goods, and an oil boycott of Rhodesia. When the Rhodesians continued to receive oil, Wilson attempted to directly cut off their main supply lines, namely the Portuguese Mozambican ports at Beira and Lourenço Marques, by posting a Royal Navy squadron to the Mozambique Channel in March 1966. This blockade, the Beira Patrol, was endorsed the following month by UN Security Council Resolution 221. The United Nations proceeded to institute the first mandatory trade sanctions in its history with Security Council Resolutions 232 (December 1966) and 253 (April 1968), which required member states to cease all trade and economic links with Rhodesia. ", "precise_score": -4.18543004989624, "rough_score": -3.993251085281372, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "A wholly landlocked area, Rhodesia was bordered by South Africa to the south, Bechuanaland (later Botswana) to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique (a Portuguese province until 1975) to the east. The state was named after Cecil Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the late 19th century.", "precise_score": -2.7304389476776123, "rough_score": -6.633972644805908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "This naming dispute dated back to October 1964, when Northern Rhodesia became independent from Britain and concurrently changed its name to Zambia. The Southern Rhodesian colonial government in Salisbury felt that in the absence of a \"Northern\" Rhodesia, the continued use of \"Southern\" was superfluous. It passed legislation to become simply Rhodesia, but the British government refused to approve this on the grounds that the country's name was defined by British legislation and so could not be altered by the colonial government. Salisbury went on using the shortened name in an official manner nevertheless, while the British government continued referring to the country as Southern Rhodesia. This situation continued throughout the UDI period. in The shortened name was used by many people including the British government in the House of Commons.", "precise_score": 5.793553352355957, "rough_score": 5.213452339172363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In April 1966, two Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA – the military wing of ZANU) units, having received prior training at Nanjing Military College, crossed into Rhodesia from Zambia. They were armed with SKS carbines, Chinese hand grenades, explosives, and communist pamphlets, having been issued vague instructions to sabotage important installations before killing white persons indiscriminately. At least five guerrillas were simply arrested before getting very far. Another seven hoped to destroy a pylon carrying electricity to Sinoia in the northwest. Their faulty demolitions were uncovered by the Rhodesian Security Forces and the men easily tracked to a nearby ranch on 28 April, where they were shot resisting capture. This event is considered to have been the first engagement of what came to be known as the \"Bush War\" in Rhodesia and the \"Second \" (or rebellion in Shona) by supporters of the guerrillas. ", "precise_score": -5.077486038208008, "rough_score": -7.000043869018555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Until 1972, containing the guerrillas was little more than a police action. Even as late as August 1975 when Rhodesian government and black nationalist leaders met at Victoria Falls for negotiations brokered by South Africa and Zambia, the talks never got beyond the procedural phase. Rhodesian representatives made it clear they were prepared to fight an all out war to prevent majority rule. However, the situation changed dramatically after the end of Portuguese colonial rule in Mozambique in 1975. Rhodesia now found itself almost entirely surrounded by hostile states and even South Africa, its only real ally, pressed for a settlement.", "precise_score": -4.714735507965088, "rough_score": -4.240971565246582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "At this point, ZANU's alliance with FRELIMO (the Liberation Front of Mozambique) and the porous border between Mozambique and eastern Rhodesia enabled large-scale training and infiltration of ZANU/ZANLA fighters. The governments of Zambia and Botswana were also emboldened sufficiently to allow resistance movement bases to be set up in their territories. Guerrillas began to launch operations deep inside Rhodesia, attacking roads, railways, economic targets and isolated security force positions, in 1976. ", "precise_score": -7.737734794616699, "rough_score": -8.526333808898926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Rhodesian army continued its \"mobile counter-offensive\" strategy of holding key positions (\"vital asset ground\") while carrying out raids into the no-go areas and into neighbouring countries. While often extraordinarily successful in inflicting heavy guerrilla casualties, such raids also on occasion failed to achieve their objectives. In April 1979 special forces carried out a raid on Joshua Nkomo's residence in Lusaka (Zambia) with the stated intention of assassinating him. Nkomo and his family left hastily a few hours before the raid – having clearly been warned that the raid was coming.", "precise_score": -7.974827289581299, "rough_score": -7.543457984924316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia, formerly Northern Rhodesia, took a pragmatic approach towards Rhodesia. Kenneth Kaunda, heavily dependent on access through Rhodesia for his nation's copper ore exports, fuel, and power imports unofficially worked with the Rhodesian government. Rhodesia still allowed Zambia to export and import its goods through its territory to Mozambique ports, despite the Zambian government's official policy of hostility and non-recognition of the post-UDI Smith Administration.", "precise_score": -4.216464519500732, "rough_score": -7.51035737991333, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.45451545715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of the world's fastest economically reformed countries. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is headquartered in Lusaka.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.263776779174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The new name of Zambia was derived from the Zambezi river (Zambezi may mean \"River of God\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.707740783691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The area of modern Zambia is known to have been inhabited by the Khoisan until around AD 300, when migrating Bantu began to settle around these areas. These early hunter-gatherer groups were later either annihilated or absorbed by subsequent more organised Bantu groups.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.248875617980957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The early history of tribes of modern-day Zambia can only be gleaned from knowledge passed down by successive generations through word of mouth.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.207396507263184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In the 12th century, major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants arrived during the Bantu expansion. Among them, the Tonga people (also called Ba-Tonga, \"Ba-\" meaning \"men\") were the first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the east near the \"big sea\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.825873374938965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "By the late 12th century, more advanced kingdoms and empires had been established in most regions of modern-day Zambia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.501392364501953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In the early 19th century, the Nsokolo people settled in the Mbala district of Northern Province. During the 19th century, the Ngoni and Sotho peoples arrived from the south. By the late 19th century, most of the various peoples of Zambia were established in their current areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.194172859191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The earliest European to visit the area was the Portuguese explorer Francisco de Lacerda in the late 18th century. Lacerda led an expedition from Mozambique to the Kazembe region in Zambia (with the goal of exploring and to crossing Southern Africa from coast to coast for the first time), and died during the expedition in 1798. The expedition was from then on led by his friend Francisco Pinto. This territory, located between Portuguese Mozambique and Portuguese Angola, was claimed and explored by Portugal in that period. Other European visitors followed in the 19th century. The most prominent of these was David Livingstone, who had a vision of ending the slave trade through the \"3 Cs\": Christianity, Commerce and Civilization.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.22652816772461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "A railway (TAZARA – Tanzania Zambia Railways) to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, completed in 1975 with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railway lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Portuguese Angola. Until the completion of the railway, Zambia's major artery for imports and the critical export of copper was along the TanZam Road, running from Zambia to the port cities in Tanzania. The Tazama oil pipeline was also built from Dar es Salaam to Ndola in Zambia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.871454238891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. In Zambia's situation, the cost of transporting the copper great distances to market was an additional strain. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but, as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.63963508605957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In the 2000s, the economy stabilized, attaining single-digit inflation in 2006–2007, real GDP growth, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. Much of its growth is due to foreign investment in mining and to higher world copper prices. All this led to Zambia being courted enthusiastically by aid donors, and saw a surge in investor confidence in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.341734886169434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Politics in Zambia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government in a pluriform multi-party system. The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.997734069824219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "After Sata's death, Vice President Guy Scott, a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting President of Zambia. On 24 January 2015 it was announced that Edgar Chagwa Lungu had won the election to become the 6th President in a tightly contested race. He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, Hakainde Hichilema, with 46.67%. 9 other candidates all got less than 1% each.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.589902877807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Zambian Defence Force (ZDF) consists of the Zambia Army (ZA), the Zambia Air Force (ZAF), and the Zambian National Service (ZNS). The ZDF is designed primarily against external threats.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.638937950134277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is divided into ten regions, which are further divided into 105 districts, 150 constituencies and 1,430 wards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.677031517028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is a landlocked country in southern Africa, with a tropical climate, and consists mostly of high plateaus with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys. At 752614 km2 it is the 39th-largest country in the world, slightly smaller than Chile. The country lies mostly between latitudes 8° and 18°S, and longitudes 22° and 34°E.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.50294303894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the Zambezi/Kafue basin in the centre, west and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the Congo basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country. A very small area in the northeast forms part of the internal drainage basin of Lake Rukwa in Tanzania.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.003373146057129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In the Zambezi basin, there are a number of major rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the Kabompo, Lungwebungu, Kafue, Luangwa, and the Zambezi itself, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Its source is in Zambia but it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands. The edge of the Cuando River floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the Chobe River that river contributes very little water to the Zambezi because most is lost by evaporation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.531023025512695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia. Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and Luangwa town respectively. Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique. From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the Mozambique Channel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.882904052734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The north of Zambia is very flat with broad plains. In the west the most notable being the Barotse Floodplain on the Zambezi, which floods from December to June, lagging behind the annual rainy season (typically November to April). The flood dominates the natural environment and the lives, society and culture of the inhabitants and those of other smaller, floodplains throughout the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.604462623596191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In Eastern Zambia the plateau which extends between the Zambezi and Lake Tanganyika valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about 900 m in the south to 1200 m in the centre, reaching 1800 m in the north near Mbala. These plateau areas of northern Zambia have been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as a large section of the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands ecoregion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.718042373657227, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Eastern Zambia shows great diversity. The Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north east to south west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the Lunsemfwa River. Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, notably in its north-east the Nyika Plateau (2200 m) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the Mafinga Hills, containing the country's highest point, Mafinga Central (2339 m). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.8135404586792, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Muchinga Mountains, the watershed between the Zambezi and Congo drainage basins, run parallel to the deep valley of the Luangwa River and form a sharp backdrop to its northern edge, although they are almost everywhere below 1700 m. Their culminating peak Mumpu is at the western end and at 1892 m is the highest point in Zambia away from the eastern border region. The border of the Congo Pedicle was drawn around this mountain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.733294486999512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The southernmost headstream of the Congo River rises in Zambia and flows west through its northern area firstly as the Chambeshi and then, after the Bangweulu Swamps as the Luapula, which forms part of the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Luapula flows south then west before it turns north until it enters Lake Mweru. The lake's other major tributary is the Kalungwishi River, which flows into it from the east. The Luvua River drains Lake Mweru, flowing out of the northern end to the Lualaba River (Upper Congo River).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.069225311279297, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Lake Tanganyika is the other major hydrographic feature that belongs to the Congo basin. Its south-eastern end receives water from the Kalambo River, which forms part of Zambia's border with Tanzania. This river has Africa's second highest uninterrupted waterfall, the Kalambo Falls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.077987670898438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is located on the plateau of Central Africa, between 1000–1600 m above sea level. The average altitude of 1200 m generally has a moderate climate. The climate of Zambia is tropical, modified by elevation. In the Köppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small stretches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west and along the Zambezi valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933363914489746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "There are 14 ecosystems in Zambia, classed into Forest, Thicket, Woodland and Grassland vegetation types.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.95507526397705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is endowed with approximately 12,505 species—63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial and microorganism species .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81804084777832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "A total of 242 mammalian species exist, with most endemic ones occupying the woodland and grassland ecosystems. The Rhodesian giraffe and Kafue Lechwe are some of the well-known species that are endemic to Zambia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82292366027832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "An estimated 757 bird species are known to exist, of which 600 are either resident or afrotropic migrants; 470 breed in the country; and 100 are non-breding migrants. The Zambian barbet is a well-known species endemic to Zambia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.841897964477539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Roughly 490 known fish species, belonging to 24 fish families have been reported in Zambia, with Lake Tanganyika having the highest diverse and endemic species.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.771005630493164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia's population in November 2010 was 13,092,666. Zambia is significantly ethnically diverse, with a total of 73 ethnic tribes. During the country's occupation by the British, between 1911 and 1963, the country attracted immigrants from Europe and the Indian subcontinent, the latter whom came specifically as labourers. While most Europeans left after the collapse of white minority rule, a fair number of Asians still remain.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.396692276000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in sub-Saharan Africa with 44% of the population concentrated in a few urban areas along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated. The fertility rate was 6.2 (6.1 in 1996, 5.9 in 2001–02). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.551584243774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The population comprises approximately 73 ethnic groups, most of which are Bantu-speaking. Almost 90% of Zambians belong to the nine main ethnolinguistic groups: the Nyanja-Chewa, Bemba, Tonga, Tumbuka, Lunda, Luvale, Kaonde, Nkoya and Lozi. In the rural areas, each ethnic group is concentrated in a particular geographic region of the country and many groups are very small and not as well known. However, all the ethnic groups can be found in significant numbers in Lusaka and the Copperbelt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.933585166931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians and Chinese. There are 13,000 Indians in Zambia. An estimated 80,000 Chinese are resident in Zambia. In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left Zimbabwe at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.538346290588379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "According to the World Refugee Survey 2009 published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Zambia had a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 88,900. The majority of refugees in the country came from the Democratic Republic of Congo (47,300 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), Angola (27,100; see Angolans in Zambia), Zimbabwe (5,400) and Rwanda (4,900).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52687931060791, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Beginning in May 2008, the number of Zimbabweans in Zambia also began to increase significantly; the influx consisted largely of Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa who were fleeing xenophobic violence there. Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations. Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for official permits which can cost up to $500 per year. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.508971214294434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is officially a Christian nation according to the 1996 constitution, but a wide variety of religious traditions exist. Traditional religious thoughts blend easily with Christian beliefs in many of the country's syncretic churches. About three-fourths of the population is Protestant while about 20% follow Roman Catholicism. Christian denominations include Catholicism, Anglicanism, Pentecostalism, New Apostolic Church, Lutheranism, Jehovah's Witnesses, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Branhamites, and a variety of Evangelical denominations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.327950477600098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "These grew, adjusted and prospered from the original missionary settlements (Portuguese and Catholicism in the east from Mozambique) and Anglicanism (British influences) from the south. Except for some technical positions (e.g. physicians), Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers. After Frederick Chiluba (a Pentecostal Christian) became President in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country. Zambia has one of the largest percentage of Seventh-day Adventist per capita in the world, accounting for about 1 in 18 Zambians. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.227507591247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "One in 11 Zambians is member of the New Apostolic Church. With membership above 1,200,000 the Zambia district of the church is the third largest after Congo East and East Africa (Nairobi).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.482583999633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Baha'i population of Zambia is over 160,000, or 1.5% of the population. The William Mmutle Masetlha Foundation run by the Baha'i community is particularly active in areas such as literacy and primary health care. Approximately 1% of the population are Muslims, most of whom live in urban areas and play a large economic role in the country,. They are about 500 people who belong to the Ahmadiyya sect . There is also a small Jewish community, composed mostly of Ashkenazis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.022669792175293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The official language of Zambia is English, which is used to conduct official business and is the medium of instruction in schools. The main local language, especially in Lusaka, is Nyanja, followed by Bemba. In the Copperbelt Bemba is the main language and Nyanja second. Bemba and Nyanja are spoken in the urban areas in addition to other indigenous languages which are commonly spoken in Zambia. These include Lozi, Kaonde, Tonga, Lunda and Luvale, which feature on the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC)'s local languages section. The total number of languages spoken in Zambia is 73.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.800790786743164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Most will thus speak Bemba and Nyanja in the Copperbelt; Nyanja is dominantly spoken in Lusaka and Eastern Zambia. English is used in official communications and is the language of choice at home among – now common – intertribal families. This continuous evolution of languages has led to Zambian slang which can be heard in daily life throughout Lusaka and other major cities. Portuguese has been introduced into the school curriculum due to the presence of a large Portuguese-speaking Angolan community. French is commonly studied in private schools, while some secondary schools have it as an optional subject. A German course has been introduced at the University of Zambia (UNZA).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.545053482055664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The right to equal and adequate education for all is enshrined within the Zambian constitution. The Education Act of 2011 regulates the provision of equal and quality education. The Ministry of Education effectively oversees the provision of quality education through policy and regulation of the education curriculum.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.314453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Fundamentally, the aim of education in Zambia if to promote full and well-rounded development of the physical, intellectual, social, affective, moral and spiritual qualities of all learners. The education system is broadly composed of three core structures: Early childhood education and Primary education (Grades 1 - 7), Secondary education (Grades 8 - 12) and Tertiary education. Additionally, Adult Literacy programmes are available for semi-literate and illiterate individuals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.25207233428955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Ministry of Health (MOH) provides information pertaining to Zambian health. In 2010, public expenditure on health was 3.4% of GDP, among the lowest in southern Africa. The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Zambia was 51.83 years.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.923853874206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia faces a generalised HIV epidemic, with an estimated prevalence rate of 13.5% among adults (ages 15–49) in 2009. HIV incidence in Zambia has declined by more than 25% from 2001 to 2010, an indication that the epidemic appears to be declining. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.639826774597168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In Zambia, there are hospitals throughout the country which include: Levy Mwanawasa General Hospital, Chipata General Hospital, Kitwe Central Hospital, Konkola Mine Hospital, Lubwe Mission Hospital, Maacha Hospital, Mtendere Mission Hospital, Mukinge Mission Hospital, Mwandi Mission Hospital, Nchanga North Hospital, Chikankata Salvation Army Hospital, Kalene Mission Hospital, [http://www.saintfrancishospital.net/ St Francis Hospital], and [http://www.stlukesmissionhospital.org/ St Luke's Mission Hospital]. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.175603866577148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The University Teaching Hospital serves as both a hospital and a training site for future health workers. There are very few hospitals in rural or remote places in Zambia, where most communities rely on small government-run community health centres and rural health posts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344271659851074, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zambia is 470. This is compared with 602.9 in 2008 and 594.2 in 1990. The under-5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 145 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 25.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.855494499206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In Zambia the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 5 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 38. Female genital mutilation (FGM), while not widespread, is practiced in parts of the country. According to the 2009 Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey, 0.7% of women have undergone FGM. According to UNICEF, 45% of children under five years are stunted. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.789716720581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Presently, Zambia averages between $7 billion and $8 billion of exports annually. About 68% of Zambians live below the recognised national poverty line, with rural poverty rates standing at about 78% and urban rates at about 53%. Unemployment and underemployment in urban areas are serious problems. Most rural Zambians are subsistence farmers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.14184856414795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia ranked 117th out of 128 countries on the 2007 Global Competitiveness Index, which looks at factors that affect economic growth. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 40.9 years) and maternal mortality (830 per 100,000 pregnancies). The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS-related issues place on the economy.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846269607543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia is still dealing with economic reform issues such as the size of the public sector, and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems. Economic regulations and red tape are extensive, and corruption is widespread. The bureaucratic procedures surrounding the process of obtaining licences encourages the widespread use of facilitation payments. Zambia's total foreign debt exceeded $6 billion when the country qualified for Highly Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) debt relief in 2000, contingent upon meeting certain performance criteria. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.990854263305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In January 2003, the Zambian government informed the International Monetary Fund and World Bank that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatisation of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005, at the earliest. In an effort to reach HIPC completion in 2004, the government drafted an austerity budget for 2004, freezing civil service salaries and increasing a number of taxes. The tax hike and public sector wage freeze prohibited salary increases and new hires. This sparked a nationwide strike in February 2004. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555349349975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Zambian government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro-power.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.07606315612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The Zambian economy has historically been based on the copper mining industry. Output of copper had fallen to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998 after a 30-year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatisation. In 2002, following privatisation of the industry, copper production rebounded to 337,000 metric tons. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.91160774230957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In 2003, exports of nonmetals increased by 25% and accounted for 38% of all export earnings, previously 35%. The Zambian government has recently been granting licenses to international resource companies to prospect for minerals such as nickel, tin, copper and uranium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.110878944396973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "It is hoped that nickel will take over from copper as the country's top metallic export. In 2009, Zambia has been badly hit by the world economic crisis. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.009295463562012, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Agriculture plays a very important part in Zambia's economy providing many more jobs than the mining industry. Private local company [http://www.zambeefplc.com/ Zambeef Products Ltd.] is the leading agri-business in Zambia with over 4.000 employees, producing row crops (5.000 ha irrigated, 1.500 ha non-irrigated), cattle (Zambeef), pork (Master Pork), chicken (ZamChick), eggs (ZamChick Egg), dairy products, leather, fish, feedstock (Novatek) and edible oil (Zamanita). Zambeef operates eight abattoirs, four farms and numerous retail stores (also in co-operation with Shoprite) and a fast-food chain (ZamChick Inn) throughout the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.087919235229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia has some of nature's best wildlife and game reserves affording the country with abundant tourism potential. The North Luangwa, South Luangwa and Kafue National Parks have one of the most prolific animal populations in Africa. The Victoria Falls in the Southern part of the country is a major tourist attraction.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.968281745910645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In 2009, Zambia generated 10.3 Twh and has been rated high in use of both Solar power and Hydroelectricity. However, as of early 2015 Zambia began experiencing a serious energy shortage due to the poor 2014/2015 rain season which resulted in low water levels at the Kariba dam and other major dams.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.846081733703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Prior to the establishment of modern Zambia, the natives lived in independent tribes, each with their own ways of life. One of the results of the colonial era was the growth of urbanisation. Different ethnic groups started living together in towns and cities, influencing each other as well as adopting a lot of the European culture. The original cultures have largely survived in the rural areas. In the urban setting there is a continuous integration and evolution of these cultures to produce what is now called \"Zambian culture\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.2163667678833, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Traditional culture is very visible through colourful annual Zambian traditional ceremonies. Some of the more prominent are: Kuomboka and Kathanga (Western Province), Mutomboko (Luapula Province), Kulamba and Ncwala (Eastern Province), Lwiindi and Shimunenga (Southern Province), Lunda Lubanza (North Western), Likumbi Lyamize (North Western), Mbunda Lukwakwa (North Western Province), Chibwela Kumushi (Central Province), Vinkhakanimba (Muchinga Province), Ukusefya Pa Ng’wena (Northern Province).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.52628231048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Popular traditional arts are mainly in pottery, basketry (such as Tonga baskets), stools, fabrics, mats, wooden carvings, ivory carvings, wire craft and copper crafts. Most Zambian traditional music is based on drums (and other percussion instruments) with a lot of singing and dancing. In the urban areas foreign genres of music are popular, in particular Congolese rumba, African-American music and Jamaican reggae. Several psychedelic rock artists emerged in the 1970s to create a genre known as Zam-rock, including WITCH, Musi-O-Tunya, Rikki Ililonga, Amanaz, the Peace, Chrissy Zebby Tembo, Blackfoot, and the Ngozi Family.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.988361358642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "The [http://www.statehouse.gov.zm/en/ministry-of-information-and-broadcasting-services-p-o-box-50200-lusaka-zambia-tel-260-211-235410/ Ministry of Information, Broadcasting Services and Tourism In Zambia] is responsible for the Zambian News Agency, while there are also numerous media outlets throughout the country which include; television stations, newspapers, FM radio stations, and Internet news websites.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.21440601348877, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Football is the most popular sport in Zambia, and the Zambia national football team has had its triumphant moments in football history. At the Seoul Olympics of 1988, the national team defeated the Italian national team by a score of 4–0. Kalusha Bwalya, Zambia's most celebrated football player and one of Africa's greatest football players in history had a hat trick in that match. However, to this day, many pundits say the greatest team Zambia has ever assembled was the one that perished on 28 April 1993 in a plane crash at Libreville, Gabon. Despite this, in 1996, Zambia was ranked 15th on the official FIFA World Football Team rankings, the highest attained by any southern African team. In 2012, Zambia won the African Cup of Nations for the first time after losing in the final twice. They beat Côte d'Ivoire 8–7 in a penalty shoot-out in the final, which was played in Libreville, just a few kilometres away from the plane crash 19 years previously. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.959514617919922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Rugby Union, boxing and cricket are also popular sports in Zambia. Notably, at one point in the early 2000s, the Australia and South Africa national rugby teams were captained by players born in the same Lusaka hospital, George Gregan and Corné Krige. Zambia boasts having the highest rugby poles in the world, located at Luanshya Sports Complex in Luanshya.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.768858909606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Rugby union in Zambia is a minor but growing sport. They are currently ranked 73rd by the IRB and have 3,650 registered players and three formally organised clubs.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104518/http://www.irb.com/unions/union", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81995964050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "11000028/index.html Zambia]. International Rugby Board Zambia used to play cricket as part of Rhodesia. Zambia has also strangely provided a shinty international, Zambian-born Eddie Tembo representing Scotland in the compromise rules Shinty/Hurling game against Ireland in 2008. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.422174453735352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "In 2011, Zambia was due to host the tenth All-Africa Games, for which three stadiums were to be built in Lusaka, Ndola, and Livingstone. The Lusaka stadium would have a capacity of 70,000 spectators while the other two stadiums would hold 50,000 people each. The government was encouraging the private sector to get involved in the construction of the sports facilities because of a shortage of public funds for the project. Zambia has since revoked its bid to host the 2011 All-Africa Games, citing a lack of funds. Hence, Mozambique took Zambia's place as host.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.642434120178223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambia also produced the first black African (Madalitso Muthiya) to play in the United States Golf Open, one of the four major golf tournaments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.867290496826172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Zambias culture has been an integral part of their development post independence such as the uprising of cultural villages and private museums. The music which inroduced dance is part of their cultural expression and it embodies the beauty and spectacle of life in Zambia, from the intricacies of the talking drums to the Kamangu drum used to announce the beginning of Malaila traditional ceremony. Dance as a practice serves as a unifying factor bringing the people together as one.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.364412307739258, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zambia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "After unsuccessful appeals to Britain and the United States for military assistance, Robert Mugabe, who was based in Mozambique after that country's independence from Portugal in 1975, led ZANU to seek support from the People's Republic of China and countries of the Soviet Bloc. Joshua Nkomo, based in Zambia and also supported by the Soviet Union, led ZAPU. ZANU and ZAPU together formed 'the Patriotic Front'. Broadly, ZANLA recruited mainly from Mashonaland and Manicaland provinces, whilst the ZIPRA recruited from Mashonaland West, Midlands and Matabeleland provinces of Zimbabwe.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.854177474975586, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" }, { "answer": "Zambia", "passage": "Malawi, Israel, South Africa, Portugal, and Iran did not comply with economic sanctions against Rhodesia. The US, despite voting in favor of the sanctions at the UNSC, violated them to buy chrome ore from Rhodesia. Kenneth Kaunda, president of Zambia, also accused western oil companies of violating the sanctions and selling oil to Rhodesia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.783429145812988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rhodesia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nova", "passage": "Chile has a mix of Chevrolet models from different GM brands and platforms branded as Chevrolet. The models come for Chevrolet USA, GM Korea, Mexico, India and other origins. Chevrolet production in Chile began in 1962, although at first through local partners (in this case, Avayu with the Nova II). The Chevrolet C/K truck was manufactured in Chile between 1975-88.", "precise_score": -2.7264842987060547, "rough_score": -7.3480424880981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" }, { "answer": "RNe", "passage": "As part of Chevrolet's 100th anniversary in 2011, a dedicated channel was created by the American internet based Pandora Radio station, playing the Top 100 songs mentioning the brand. Beginning on November 3, 2011, Chevrolet celebrated the countdown to its 100th birthday by encouraging its customers and fans to tell their Chevy stories, vote for their favorite Chevrolet cars and trucks, and take the birthday party to their communities with the help of Chevrolet and its dealers. A feature-length documentary titled 'Chevy100, An American Story', produced by Roger Sherman, was premiered on November 3 at Detroit Institute of Arts in downtown Detroit, features drivers, collectors, restorers, racers and journalists who live and breathe cars and trucks. In honor of the 100th birthday of Chevrolet, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Chevrolet and Indianapolis businessman David Ring have arranged to properly mark the grave of Arthur Chevrolet, brother of Chevrolet co-founder Louis Chevrolet. ", "precise_score": -5.76600980758667, "rough_score": -8.512090682983398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" }, { "answer": "RNe", "passage": "Durant was cast out from the management of General Motors in 1910 for five years. He took over the Flint Wagon Works, incorporating the Mason and Little companies. As head of Buick Motor Company prior to founding GM, Durant had hired Louis Chevrolet to drive Buicks in promotional races. Durant planned to use Chevrolet's reputation as a racer as the foundation for his new automobile company. The first factory location was in Flint, Michigan at the corner of Wilcox and Kearsley Street, now known as \"Chevy Commons\" at coordinates , along the Flint River, across the street from Kettering University.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.791038513183594, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" }, { "answer": "Nova", "passage": "On March 12, 1962 the first Chevrolet 400 was made based on the North American Chevy II. The original plan considered a national integration of 50% during the first year of production; this amount had to be 90% in 1964 with a production of 15,000 units. By 1969, the Chevy line, derived from the American Chevy Nova, was presented.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.318346977233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" }, { "answer": "Nova", "passage": "In Brazil, the Chevrolet Opala was based on the German Opel Rekord and American Chevrolet Nova from the late 1960s, continuing in production until the early 1990s, when it was replaced by a version of the Opel Omega. In the basic version had 151 four-cylinder engine with 82 hp and 143.2 lbft. The top of the line version was called Opala SS and used the GM engine 250-S inline six-cylinder and possessed solid lifters with 171 hp and 278.5 lbft, which led to the record breaking South American speed road cars in 1976, with 118.36 mph (190.47 km / h), beating the Puma GTB (which also used the GM 250 engine inline six-cylinder, but without solid lifters) and the Brazilian version of the Dodge Charger R / T 318 and Ford Maverick V8 302 quadrijet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.596895217895508, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" }, { "answer": "RNe", "passage": "Chevrolet returned to IndyCar in 2012. After several years of Honda being the only engine provider, Chevrolet rejoined the series in 2012. Major teams include Team Penske, KV Racing, Chip Ganassi Racing and CFH Racing who all use Chevy engines. Chevrolet won several races including the 2013 and 2015 Indianapolis 500, as well as three drivers championships.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.38083267211914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chevrolet" } ]

[ { "answer": "Return", "passage": "MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand.", "precise_score": 1.178147792816162, "rough_score": 3.835186004638672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia. On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean, son Arthur, and Arthur's Cantonese amah, Ah Cheu, fled Corregidor. MacArthur and his party reached Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao, where B-17s picked them up, and flew them to Australia. His famous speech, in which he said, \"I came through and I shall return\", was first made on Terowie railway station in South Australia, on 20 March. Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to \"We shall return\". He ignored the request.", "precise_score": 3.3288702964782715, "rough_score": 4.051205158233643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "MacArthur had one of the most powerful PR machines of any Allied general during the war, which made him into an extremely popular war hero with the American people. In late 1943-early 1944, there was a serious effort by the conservative faction in the Republican Party centered in the Midwest who regarded the two men most likely to win the Republican nomination to be the candidate for the presidency in the 1944 election, namely Wendell Willkie and Governor Thomas Dewy of New York as too liberal, to have MacArthur seek the Republican nomination. For a time, MacArthur, who long seen himself as a potential president was in the words of the U.S historian Gerhard Weinberg \"very interested\" in running as the Republican candidate in 1944. However, MacArthur's vow to \"return\" to the Philippines had not been fulfilled in early 1944 and he decided not to run for president until he had liberated the Philippines.", "precise_score": 2.555875062942505, "rough_score": 3.677565813064575, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "MacArthur spent his graduation furlough with his parents at Fort Mason, California, where his father, now a major general, was serving as commander of the Department of the Pacific. Afterward, he joined the 3rd Engineer Battalion, which departed for the Philippines in October 1903. MacArthur was sent to Iloilo, where he supervised the construction of a wharf at Camp Jossman. He went on to conduct surveys at Tacloban City, Calbayog City and Cebu City. In November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas; he shot and killed both with his pistol. He was promoted to first lieutenant in Manila in April 1904. In October 1904, his tour of duty was cut short when he contracted malaria and dhobi itch during a survey on Bataan. He returned to San Francisco, where he was assigned to the California Debris Commission. In July 1905, he became chief engineer of the Division of the Pacific.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.222703456878662, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "In October 1905, MacArthur received orders to proceed to Tokyo for appointment as aide-de-camp to his father. A man who knew the MacArthurs at this time wrote that: \"Arthur MacArthur was the most flamboyantly egotistical man I had ever seen, until I met his son.\" They inspected Japanese military bases at Nagasaki, Kobe and Kyoto, then headed to India via Shanghai, Hong Kong, Java and Singapore, reaching Calcutta in January 1906. In India, they visited Madras, Tuticorin, Quetta, Karachi, the Northwest Frontier and the Khyber Pass. They then sailed to China via Bangkok and Saigon, and toured Canton, Tsingtao, Peking, Tientsin, Hankow and Shanghai before returning to Japan in June. The next month they returned to the United States, where Arthur MacArthur resumed his duties at Fort Mason, still with Douglas as his aide. In September, Douglas received orders to report to the 2nd Engineer Battalion at the Washington Barracks and enroll in the Engineer School. While there he also served as \"an aide to assist at White House functions\" at the request of President Theodore Roosevelt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.4968535900115967, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "MacArthur returned to the War Department, where he was promoted to major on 11 December 1915. In June 1916, he was assigned as head of the Bureau of Information at the office of the Secretary of War, Newton D. Baker. MacArthur has since been regarded as the Army's first press officer. Following the declaration of war on Germany on 6 April 1917, Baker and MacArthur secured an agreement from President Wilson for the use of the National Guard on the Western Front. MacArthur suggested sending first a division organized from units of different states, so as to avoid the appearance of favoritism toward any particular state. Baker approved the creation of this formation, which became the 42nd (\"Rainbow\") Division, and appointed Major General William A. Mann, the head of the National Guard Bureau, as its commander; MacArthur was its chief of staff, with the rank of colonel. At MacArthur's request, this commission was in the infantry rather than the engineers.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.016465380787849426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "The 42nd Division earned a few weeks rest, returning to the line for the Battle of Saint-Mihiel on 12 September 1918. The Allied advance proceeded rapidly and MacArthur was awarded a fifth Silver Star for his leadership of the 84th Infantry Brigade. He received a sixth Silver Star for his participation in a raid on the night of 25–26 September. The 42nd Division was relieved on the night of 30 September and moved to the Argonne sector where it relieved the 1st Division on the night of 11 October. On a reconnaissance the next day, MacArthur was gassed again, earning a second Wound Chevron.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5579147338867188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "Summerall nominated MacArthur for the Medal of Honor and promotion to major general, but he received neither. Instead he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross. The 42nd Division returned to the line for the last time on the night of 4–5 November 1918. In the final advance on Sedan. MacArthur later wrote that this operation \"narrowly missed being one of the great tragedies of American history.\" An order to disregard unit boundaries led to units crossing into each other's zones. In the resulting chaos, MacArthur was taken prisoner by men of the 1st Division, who mistook him for a German general. His performance in the attack on the Meuse heights led to his being awarded a seventh Silver Star. On 10 November, a day before the armistice that ended the fighting, MacArthur was appointed commander of the 42nd Division. For his service as chief of staff and commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.2240395545959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "His period in command was brief, for on 22 November he, like other brigadier generals, was replaced, and returned to the 84th Infantry Brigade. The 42nd Division was chosen to participate in the occupation of the Rhineland, occupying the Ahrweiler district. In April 1919, they entrained for Brest and Saint-Nazaire, where they boarded ships to return to the United States. MacArthur traveled on the ocean liner , which reached New York on 25 April 1919.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.988397598266602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "The revolts in the Philippines had been suppressed, the islands were peaceful now, and in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty, the garrison was being reduced. MacArthur's friendships with Filipinos like Manuel Quezon offended some people. \"The old idea of colonial exploitation\", he later conceded, \"still had its vigorous supporters.\" In February and March 1923 MacArthur returned to Washington to see his mother, who was ill from a heart ailment. She recovered, but it was the last time he saw his brother Arthur, who died suddenly from appendicitis in December 1923. In June 1923, MacArthur assumed command of the 23rd Infantry Brigade of the Philippine Division. On 7 July 1924, he was informed that a mutiny had broken out amongst the Philippine Scouts over grievances concerning pay and allowances. Over 200 were arrested and there were fears of an insurrection. MacArthur was able to calm the situation, but his subsequent efforts to improve the salaries of Filipino troops were frustrated by financial stringency and racial prejudice. On 17 January 1925, at the age of 44, he was promoted, becoming the Army's youngest major general.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.418407917022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "Returning to the U.S., MacArthur took command of the IV Corps Area, based at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Georgia, on 2 May 1925. However, he encountered southern prejudice because he was the son of a Union Army officer, and requested to be relieved. A few months later, he assumed command of the III Corps area, based at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, which allowed MacArthur and Louise to move to her Rainbow Hill estate near Garrison, Maryland. However, this relocation also led to what he later described as \"one of the most distasteful orders I ever received\": a direction to serve on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. MacArthur was the youngest of the thirteen judges, none of whom had aviation experience. Three of them, including Summerall, the president of the court, were removed when defense challenges revealed bias against Mitchell. Despite MacArthur's claim that he had voted to acquit, Mitchell was found guilty as charged and convicted. MacArthur felt \"that a senior officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.600489616394043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "In 1927, MacArthur and Louise separated, and she moved to New York City. In August that year, William C. Prout—the president of the American Olympic Committee—died suddenly and the committee elected MacArthur as their new president. His main task was to prepare the U.S. team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. MacArthur saw the team as representatives of the United States, and its task was to win medals. \"We have not come 3,000 miles,\" he told them, \"just to lose gracefully.\" The Americans had a successful meet, earning 24 gold medals, and setting 17 Olympic records and seven world records. Upon returning to the U.S., MacArthur received orders to assume command of the Philippine Department. In 1929, while he was in Manila, Louise obtained a divorce, ostensibly on the grounds of \"failure to provide\". In view of Louise's great wealth, William Manchester described this legal fiction as \"preposterous\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9667437076568604, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony on 30 April 1937. Their marriage produced a son, Arthur MacArthur IV, who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938. On 31 December 1937, MacArthur officially retired from the Army. He ceased to represent the U.S. as military adviser to the government, but remained as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity. Eisenhower returned to the U.S., and was replaced as MacArthur's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland, while Richard J. Marshall became deputy chief of staff. The fact that MacArthur lived much of his life in the Philippines together with his belief that America's destiny lay in the Asia-Pacific region allowed him to present himself as an expert on Asia and Asians. The American Japanologist Michael Schaller stated in an interview:\"Most people have enough humility to realize that it's hard to be an expert on the world's largest continent, where people speak hundreds of languages, and there are many different cultures, religions, ethnicities...MacArthur would, with little humility, describe himself throughout his life as America's greatest Oriental expert, an expert in Oriental psychology. And by some measure you could argue he was familiar with the Orient as or more than many Americans. He had travelled there, he lived there. But yet his experience in Asia was really circumscribed by the Philippine islands, which were perhaps the least representative part of Asia. During his long tours of duty there, from the early twentieth century through the 1930s, he'd lived in a Manila hotel, he socialized with Westernized Filipino leaders who spoke English, he really knew little about mainland Asia, the peasantry which was 90 percent of Asia, China, Japan, and continental Asia\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5148202776908875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" }, { "answer": "Return", "passage": "Although MacArthur had no specific directive to do so, and the fighting on Luzon was far from over, he committed his forces to liberate the remainder of the Philippines. In the GHQ communiqué on 5 July, he announced that the Philippines had been liberated and all operations ended, although Yamashita still held out in northern Luzon. Starting in May 1945, MacArthur used his Australian troops in the invasion of Borneo. He accompanied the assault on Labuan, and visited the troops ashore. While returning to GHQ in Manila, he visited Davao, where he told Eichelberger that no more than 4,000 Japanese remained alive on Mindanao. A few months later, six times that number surrendered. In July 1945, he was awarded his fourth Distinguished Service Medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.5995912551879883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Douglas MacArthur" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cheese Sauce", "passage": "The name origin of Mornay sauce is debated. It may be named after Philippe, duc de Mornay (1549–1623), Governor of Saumur and seigneur du Plessis-Marly, writer and diplomat, but a cheese sauce at his table would have to have been based on what we would term a velouté sauce, for Béchamel had not yet been concocted.", "precise_score": -2.120357036590576, "rough_score": -1.546679139137268, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mornay sauce" } ]

[ { "answer": "Kirstie Alley", "passage": "Fat Actress is an American comedy television series starring Kirstie Alley. It aired on Showtime in the United States in the spring (U.S. March–May) of 2005, on Movie Central in Western Canada, The Movie Network in Eastern Canada, FX in the UK, Network Ten in Australia and VOX, and Das Vierte in Germany. The series was created and written by Kirstie Alley and Brenda Hampton.", "precise_score": 2.832024097442627, "rough_score": 3.6142139434814453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Actress" }, { "answer": "Kirstie Alley", "passage": "* Kirstie Alley portrays Rebecca Howe. She starts out as a strong independent woman, managing the bar for the corporation that was given the bar by Sam after Diane jilted him. Eventually, when Sam regains ownership, she begs him to let her remain as business manager. She repeatedly has romantic failures with mainly rich men and becomes more and \"more neurotic, insecure, and sexually frustrated\". At the start, Sam frequently attempts to seduce Rebecca without success. As her personality changes, he loses interest in her. In the eleventh and final season, Rebecca marries the plumber Don Santry and quits working for the bar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.388639450073242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheers" }, { "answer": "Kirstie Alley", "passage": "The musician Harry Connick, Jr. appeared in an episode as Woody's cousin and plays a song from his Grammy-winning album We Are in Love (c. 1991). John Cleese won an Emmy for his guest appearance as \"Dr. Simon Finch-Royce\" in the fifth season episode, \"Simon Says\". Emma Thompson guest starred as Nanny G/Nannette Guzman, a famous singing nanny and Frasier's ex-wife. Christopher Lloyd guest starred as a tortured artist who wanted to paint Diane. Marcia Cross portrayed Rebecca's sister Susan in the season 7 episode Sisterly Love. John Mahoney once appeared as an inept jingle writer, which included a brief conversation with Frasier Crane, whose father he later portrayed on the spin-off Frasier. Peri Gilpin, who later played Roz Doyle on Frasier, also appeared in one episode of Cheers, in its 11th season, as Holly Matheson, a reporter who interviews Woody. The Righteous Brothers, Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley, also guest starred in different episodes, and Kate Mulgrew appeared in the three-episode finale of season four. In the final episode of Kirstie Alley's run as Rebecca, she was wooed away from Cheers by the guy who came to fix one of the beer keg taps – surprising for a \"high-class\" lady – who happened to be Tom Berenger.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.536716938018799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Cheers" }, { "answer": "Kirstie Alley", "passage": "At the beginning of the series \"Big Butts\" (Pilot) Kirstie Alley is at the end of her rope. After years of being on top, with a hit show in Cheers & Veronica's Closet, she has hit rock bottom because she is now fat - almost 300 pounds according to tabloids. Kirstie, desperate to rekindle the fame she once had off of Star magazine, She forces her agent to set her up on a big network meeting with Jeff Zucker for a project she has been thinking up. She finds out that he thinks she's too fat for TV. She flirts with an NBC exec and ends up with a development deal, so long as she loses a few pounds.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.0383049249649048, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Actress" }, { "answer": "Kirstie Alley", "passage": "* Kirstie Alley (Kirstie Alley) a successful television and movie star whose weight gain has become the subject of every tabloid imaginable as well as the blight of her existence as she tries to find work and true love in an unforgiving Hollywood. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.70517349243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fat Actress" } ]

[ { "answer": "2001", "passage": "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.", "precise_score": 6.694543838500977, "rough_score": 6.763051509857178, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "Though the iPod was released in 2001, its price and Mac-only compatibility caused sales to be relatively slow until 2004. The iPod line came from Apple's \"digital hub\" category, when the company began creating software for the growing market of personal digital devices. Digital cameras, camcorders and organizers had well-established mainstream markets, but the company found existing digital music players \"big and clunky or small and useless\" with user interfaces that were \"unbelievably awful,\"Kahney, Leander.[http://www.wired.com/news/columns/cultofmac/0,71956-0.html Straight Dope on the iPod's Birth], Wired News, October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 30, 2006. so Apple decided to develop its own. As ordered by CEO Steve Jobs, Apple's hardware engineering chief Jon Rubinstein assembled a team of engineers to design the iPod line, including hardware engineers Tony Fadell and Michael Dhuey, and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive. Rubinstein had already discovered the Toshiba disk drive when meeting with an Apple supplier in Japan, and purchased the rights to it for Apple, and had also already worked out how the screen, battery, and other key elements would work. The aesthetic was inspired by the 1958 Braun T3 transistor radio designed by Dieter Rams, while the wheel based user interface was prompted by Bang & Olufsen's BeoCom 6000 telephone. The product (\"the Walkman of the twenty-first century\" ) was developed in less than one year and unveiled on October 23, 2001. Jobs announced it as a Mac-compatible product with a 5 GB hard drive that put \"1,000 songs in your pocket.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1815275251865387, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase \"Open the pod bay door, Hal!\", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an \"iPod\" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.96006965637207, "source": "wiki", "title": "IPod" }, { "answer": "2001", "passage": "# What a Year - 2001 - 6 November 2006", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.734073638916016, "source": "wiki", "title": "What a Year" } ]

[ { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "As a result, films in the late 1920s and early 1930s included sexual innuendo, miscegenation, profanity, illegal drug use, promiscuity, prostitution, infidelity, abortion, intense violence, and homosexuality. Strong female characters were ubiquitous, in such films as Female, Baby Face, and Red-Headed Woman. Gangsters in films like The Public Enemy, Little Caesar, and Scarface were seen by many as heroic rather than evil. Along with featuring stronger female characters, films examined female subject matters that would not be revisited until decades later in American films. Nefarious characters were seen to profit from their deeds, in some cases without significant repercussions, and drug use was a topic of several films. Many of Hollywood's biggest stars such as Clark Gable, Barbara Stanwyck, Joan Blondell and Edward G. Robinson got their start in the era. Other stars who excelled during this period, however, like Ruth Chatterton (who decamped to England) and Warren William (the so-called \"king of Pre-Code\", who died in 1948), would wind up essentially forgotten by the general public within a generation. ", "precise_score": -9.117809295654297, "rough_score": -7.314938545227051, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" }, { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "A coincidental upswing in the fortunes of several studios was publicly explained by Code proponents such as the Motion Picture Herald as proof positive that the code was working. Another fortunate coincidence for Code supporters was the torrent of famous criminals such as John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, and Bonnie and Clyde that were killed by police shortly after the PCA took power. Corpses of the outlaws were shown in newsreels around the country, alongside clips of Al Capone and Machine Gun Kelly in Alcatraz. Among the unarguably positive aspects of the Code being enforced was the money it saved studios in having to edit, cut, and alter films to get approval from the various state boards and censors. The money saved was in the millions annually. A spate of more wholesome family films featuring performers such as Shirley Temple took off.", "precise_score": -8.887225151062012, "rough_score": -7.396577835083008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" }, { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "Female protagonists in aggressively sexual vice films were usually of two general kinds: the bad girl or the fallen woman. In so-called \"bad girl\" pictures, female characters profited from promiscuity and immoral behavior. Jean Harlow, an actress who was by all reports a lighthearted, kind person offscreen, frequently played bad girl characters and dubbed them \"sex vultures\". Two of the most prominent examples of bad girl films, Red-Headed Woman and Baby Face, featured Harlow and Stanwyck. In Red-Headed Woman Harlow plays a secretary determined to sleep her way into a more luxurious lifestyle, and in Baby Face Stanwyck is an abused runaway determined to use sex to advance herself financially. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.494866371154785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" }, { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "In Baby Face Stanwyck moves to New York and sleeps her way to the top of Gotham Trust. Her progress is illustrated in a recurring visual metaphor of the movie camera panning ever upward along the front of Gotham Trust's skyscraper. Men are driven mad with lust over her and they commit murder, attempt suicide, and are ruined financially for associating with her before she mends her ways in the final reel. In another departure from post Code films, Stanwyck's sole companion for the duration of the picture is a black woman named Chico (Theresa Harris), whom she took with her when she ran away from home at age 14. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.419778823852539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" }, { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "In the 1990s, MGM released several pre-Code films on laserdisc and VHS. \"The Forbidden Hollywood Collection\" included: Baby Face; Beauty and the Boss; Big Business Girl; Blessed Event; Blonde Crazy; Bombshell; Dance, Fools, Dance; Employees' Entrance; Ex-Lady; Female; Havana Widows; Heroes for Sale; Illicit; I've Got Your Number; Ladies They Talk About; Lady Killer; Madam Satan; Night Nurse; Our Dancing Daughters; Our Modern Maidens; The Purchase Price; Red-Headed Woman; Scarlet Dawn; Skyscraper Souls; The Strange Love of Molly Louvain; They Call It Sin; and Three on a Match. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.863749504089355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" }, { "answer": "Baby Face", "passage": "*Volume 1, released on December 5, 2006, includes Baby Face, Red-Headed Woman, and Waterloo Bridge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.194951057434082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pre-Code Hollywood" } ]

[ { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "On its north, Mexico shares a 3141 km border with the United States. The meandering Río Bravo del Norte (known as the Rio Grande in the United States) defines the border from Ciudad Juárez east to the Gulf of Mexico. A series of natural and artificial markers delineate the United States-Mexican border west from Ciudad Juárez to the Pacific Ocean. On its south, Mexico shares an 871 km border with Guatemala and a 251 km border with Belize.", "precise_score": 2.934757709503174, "rough_score": 4.223034381866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The Rio Grande ( or; , or simply Río Bravo) is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico (the other being the Colorado River). The Rio Grande rises from south-central Colorado in the United States and flows to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its total length was 1896 mi in the late 1980s, though course shifts occasionally result in length changes. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is the fourth- or fifth-longest river system in North America.", "precise_score": 4.409222602844238, "rough_score": 5.029369354248047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The Rio Grande rises in the western part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains, just east of the Continental Divide. From there, it flows through the San Luis Valley, then south into New Mexico, passing through Española, Albuquerque, and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico.", "precise_score": -2.2358875274658203, "rough_score": -4.038546562194824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "In 1944, the US and Mexico signed a treaty regarding the river, and in 1997, the US designated the Rio Grande as one of the American Heritage Rivers. Two portions of the Rio Grande are designated National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, one in northern New Mexico and the other in Texas, at Big Bend National Park.", "precise_score": -0.23407819867134094, "rough_score": -2.0576000213623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "Rio del Norte was most commonly used for the upper Rio Grande (roughly, within the present-day borders of New Mexico) from Spanish colonial times to the end of the Mexican period in the mid-19th century. This use was first documented by the Spanish in 1582. Early American settlers in South Texas began to use the modern 'English' name Rio Grande. By the late 19th century, in the United States, the name Rio Grande had become standard in being applied to the entire river, from Colorado to the sea.", "precise_score": -0.1849002242088318, "rough_score": -0.6247833371162415, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "General Antonio López de Santa Anna, a centralist and two-time dictator, approved the Siete Leyes in 1836, a radical amendment that institutionalized the centralized form of government. When he suspended the 1824 Constitution, civil war spread across the country. Three new governments declared independence: the Republic of Texas, the Republic of the Rio Grande and the Republic of Yucatán.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.637367248535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Mexico" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The river serves as part of the natural border between the U.S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. Since the mid–20th century, heavy water consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20% of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf. Near the river's mouth, the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region. The Rio Grande is one of 19 Great Waters recognized by America's Great Waters Coalition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.624000549316406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The Rio Grande's watershed covers 182200 sqmi. Many endorheic basins are situated within, or adjacent to, the Rio Grande's basin, and these are sometimes included in the river basin's total area, increasing its size to about 336000 sqmi.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.904071807861328, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The official river border measurement ranges from 889 mi to 1248 mi, depending on how the river is measured. A major tributary, the Rio Conchos, enters at Ojinaga, Chihuahua, below El Paso, and supplies most of the water in the border segment. Other well-known tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils, which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam. Despite its name and length, the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean-going ships, nor do smaller passenger boats or cargo barges use it as a route. It is barely navigable at all, except by small boats in a few places; at its deepest point, the river's depth is only 60 ft, and its average depth is far less: about ten feet.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.16119384765625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The Rio Grande rises in high mountains and flows for much of its length at high elevation; El Paso is 3762 ft above sea level. In New Mexico, the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment-filled basin to another, cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain. From El Paso eastward, the river flows through desert. Only in the subtropical lower Rio Grande Valley does extensive irrigated agriculture exist. The river ends in a small, sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico. During portions of 2001 and 2002, the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar. In the fall of 2003, the sandbar was cleared by high river flows around 7063 cuft/s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.566990852355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "Navigation was active during much of the 19th century, with over 200 different steamboats operating between the river's mouth close to Brownsville, and Rio Grande City, Texas. Many steamboats from the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers were requisitioned by the US government and moved to the Rio Grande during the Mexican War in 1846. They provided transport for the U.S. Army, under General Zachary Taylor, to invade Monterrey, Mexico, via Camargo Municipality, Tamaulipas. Army engineers recommended that with small improvements, the river could easily be made navigable as far north as El Paso. Those recommendations were never acted upon.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9703049659729, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "At the mouth of the Rio Grande, on the Mexican side, was the large commercial port of Bagdad. During the American Civil War, this was the only legitimate port of the Confederacy. European warships anchored offshore to maintain the port's neutrality, and managed to do so successfully throughout that conflict, despite occasional stare-downs with blockading ships from the US Navy. It was a shallow-draft river port, with several smaller vessels that hauled cargo to and from the deeper-draft cargo ships anchored off shore. These deeper-draft ships could not cross the shallow sandbar at the mouth of the river. The port's commerce was European military supplies, in exchange for bales of cotton.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.907933235168457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "During the late-1830s and early-1840s, the river marked the disputed border between Mexico and the nascent Republic of Texas; Mexico marked the border at the Nueces River. The disagreement provided part of the rationale for the US invasion of Mexico in 1846, after Texas had been admitted as a new state. Since 1848, the Rio Grande has marked the boundary between Mexico and the United States from the twin cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, to the Gulf of Mexico. As such, crossing the river was the escape route used by some Texan slaves to seek freedom. Mexico had liberal colonization policies and had abolished slavery in 1828. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.134044170379639, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "In the summer of 2001, a 328 ft-wide sandbar formed at the mouth of the river, marking the first time in recorded history that the Rio Grande failed to empty into the Gulf of Mexico. The sandbar was subsequently dredged, but it reformed almost immediately. Spring rains the following year flushed the reformed sandbar out to sea, but it returned in the summer of 2002. As of the fall of 2003, the river once again reaches the Gulf.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79675006866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "Use of that water belonging to the United States is regulated by the Rio Grande Compact, an interstate pact between Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The water of the Rio Grande is over-appropriated: that is, more users for the water exist than water in the river. Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged \"The Forgotten River\" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.056034088134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "A number of dams are on the Rio Grande, including Rio Grande Dam, Cochiti Dam, Elephant Butte Dam, Caballo Dam, Amistad Dam, Falcon Dam, Anzalduas Dam, and Retamal Dam. In southern New Mexico and the upper portion of the Texas border segment, the river's discharge dwindles. Diversions, mainly for agricultural irrigation, have increased the natural decrease in flow such that by the time the river reaches Presidio, little or no water is left. Below Presidio, the Rio Conchos restores the flow of water. Near Presidio, the river's discharge is frequently zero. Its average discharge is 178 cuft/s, down from 945 cuft/s at Elephant Butte Dam. Supplemented by other tributaries, the Rio Grande's discharge increases to its maximum annual average of 3504 cuft/s near Rio Grande City. Large diversions for irrigation below Rio Grande City reduce the river's average flow to 889 cuft/s at Brownsville and Matamoros.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.18433666229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "' is Spanish for \"Big River\" and ' means \"Great River of the North\". In English, Rio Grande is pronounced either or. Because río means \"river\" in Spanish, the phrase Rio Grande River is redundant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.517494201660156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Río Bravo", "passage": "In Mexico, it is known as Río Bravo or ', bravo meaning (among other things) \"furious\" or \"agitated\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.035869598388672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "Historically, the Pueblo and Navajo peoples also had names for the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.746906280517578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Río Bravo", "passage": "By 1602, Río Bravo had become the standard Spanish name for the lower river, below its confluence with the Rio Conchos.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.452906608581543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" }, { "answer": "Rio Grande", "passage": "The largest tributary of the Rio Grande by discharge is the Rio Conchos, which contributes almost twice as much water as any other. In terms of drainage basin size, the Pecos River is the largest.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1107988357543945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rio Grande" } ]

[ { "answer": "El Dorado", "passage": "After the conquest of Mexico, rumours of golden cities (Quivira and Cíbola in North America and El Dorado in South America) motivated several other expeditions. Many of those returned without having found their goal, or finding it much less valuable than was hoped. Indeed, the New World colonies only began to yield a substantial part of the Crown's revenues with the establishment of mines such as that of Potosí (Bolivia) and Zacatecas (Mexico) both started in 1546. By the late 16th century, silver from the Americas accounted for one-fifth of Spain's total budget.", "precise_score": -0.12426568567752838, "rough_score": -2.4221558570861816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Spanish Empire" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "Athos, Count de la Fère, is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He is a highly fictionalised version of the historical musketeer Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle (1615–1644).", "precise_score": 1.9235249757766724, "rough_score": -4.706915378570557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "In The Three Musketeers, he and the other two musketeers, Porthos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. He has a mysterious past connecting him with the villain of the novel, Milady de Winter. In one part of the book, he drunkenly implicates himself as the murderer of a sixteen-year-old girl, which disturbs d'Artagnan.", "precise_score": 2.9786477088928223, "rough_score": 0.6978460550308228, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "The fictional Athos is named after the historical musketeer Armand de Sillègue d'Athos d'Autevielle, though they have little in common beyond the name. His birthplace is the commune of Athos-Aspis in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. The name also resembles Mount Athos, which is referred to in chapter 13 of The Three Musketeers in which a Bastille guard says, \"But that is not a man's name; that is the name of a mountain.\" His title, Count de la Fère, while invented, is tied to the domains of La Fère which were once owned by Anne of Austria, Queen of France in these novels and in the historical period in which they are set.", "precise_score": 0.24787595868110657, "rough_score": -1.832380771636963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "Porthos, Baron du Vallon de Bracieux de Pierrefonds is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He and the other two musketeers, Athos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan.", "precise_score": 5.518617630004883, "rough_score": 4.9033074378967285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "In The Three Musketeers his family name is du Vallon. In Twenty Years After, having made a financially advantageous marriage, he is first known as du Vallon de Bracieux de Pierrefonds, before he earns the title of Baron.", "precise_score": -10.984389305114746, "rough_score": -10.291600227355957, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Charles Martinelli, in Les trois mousquetaires (1921)", "precise_score": -11.103071212768555, "rough_score": -11.173523902893066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Moroni Olsen, in The Three Musketeers (1935) and At Sword's Point (1952)", "precise_score": -11.243053436279297, "rough_score": -11.144224166870117, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "René d'Herblay, alias Aramis, is a fictional character in the novels The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas, père. He and the other two musketeers, Athos and Porthos, are friends of the novels' protagonist, d'Artagnan. ", "precise_score": 5.3355841636657715, "rough_score": 5.694222927093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "Aramis' political intrigues are matched by (and usually connected with) his amorous intrigues, as Dumas casts him in the role of the lover of politically powerful women of his time. In The Three Musketeers ca. 1627, he is the lover of the Duchesse de Chevreuse, the confidant of the queen (and is largely dependent on gold from her to survive, as military pay was low and infrequent), while in Twenty Years After he is the lover of the Duchesse de Longueville (and, it is broadly implied, the father of her son).", "precise_score": -3.4917328357696533, "rough_score": -1.864741563796997, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*C.N. Mortensen, in The Three Musketeers (1916)", "precise_score": -10.976387977600098, "rough_score": -11.124637603759766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Jacques François, in Les Trois Mousquetaires (1953)", "precise_score": -11.067299842834473, "rough_score": -11.236736297607422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Richard Chamberlain, in The Three Musketeers (1973), The Four Musketeers (1974), and The Return of the Musketeers (1989)", "precise_score": -11.269538879394531, "rough_score": -11.166218757629395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Grégori Derangère, in D'Artagnan et les trois mousquetaires (2005)", "precise_score": -10.799734115600586, "rough_score": -11.206196784973145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Herbert Delmar, in The Three Musketeers: Parts I and II (1911)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.384943962097168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Alfred Hollingsworth, in The Three Musketeers (1916)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336124420166016, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Henri Rollan, in Les trois mousquetaires (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.308486938476562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Léon Bary, in The Three Musketeers (1921) and The Iron Mask (1929)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.387909889221191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Henri Rollan, in Les Trois Mousquetaires (1933)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380082130432129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Paul Lukas, in The Three Musketeers (1935)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359537124633789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Van Heflin, in The Three Musketeers (1948)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.358479499816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*John Hubbard, in The Three Musketeers (1950)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.37558364868164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Jean Martinelli, in Les Trois Mousquetaires (1953)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.318608283996582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Paul Hansard, in The Three Musketeers (1954)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344736099243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Domenico Modugno, in The Three Musketeers (1956)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.379120826721191, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Barry Morse, in The Three Musketeers (TV movie) (1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.507803916931152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Georges Descrières, in Les Trois Mousquetaires: La Vengeance de Milady (1961) and Les Trois Mousquetaires: Les Ferrets de la Reine (1961)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.350432395935059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Jeremy Watson, in The Three Musketeers (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.43117904663086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Jeremy Young, in The Further Adventures of the Three Musketeers (1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.408895492553711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Powys Thomas, in The Three Musketeers (1969)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.400218963623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Oliver Reed, in The Three Musketeers (1973), The Four Musketeers (1974), and The Return of the Musketeers (1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.371834754943848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Kiefer Sutherland, in The Three Musketeers (1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.339289665222168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Three musketeers", "passage": "*Gordon Carpenter, in Three Musketeers (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.493851661682129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Heino Ferch, in D'Artagnan et les trois mousquetaires (2005)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.385697364807129, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Matthew Macfadyen, in The Three Musketeers (2011)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.396774291992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Athos (character)" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "At the time of The Three Musketeers (ca. 1627) he apparently has few lands or other resources to draw from. He was finally able to extract sufficient funds from an elderly lawyer's somewhat younger wife (whom he was romancing and later married) to equip himself for the Siege of La Rochelle.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.290278434753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Gig Young, in The Three Musketeers (1948)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.393797874450684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*John Colicos, in The Three Musketeers (TV movie) (1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.494148254394531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Frank Finlay, in The Three Musketeers (1973), The Four Musketeers (1974), and The Return of the Musketeers (1989)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.325329780578613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "Three musketeers", "passage": "*Valentin Smirnitskiy, in D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers (1978) and its sequels (1992, 1993) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.286750793457031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Oliver Platt, in The Three Musketeers (1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.442811965942383, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Joe Jonas, in The Three Musketeers (Disney TV series JONAS)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.505373001098633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Ray Stevenson in The Three Musketeers (2011) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.521967887878418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*David Ogden Stiers in Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2012)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.380271911621094, "source": "wiki", "title": "Porthos" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Harold M. Shaw, in The Three Musketeers: Parts I and II (1911)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.402920722961426, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Pierre de Guingand, in Les trois mousquetaires (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.288505554199219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Eugene Pallette, in The Three Musketeers (1921)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.283531188964844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Jean-Louis Allibert, in Les Trois Mousquetaires (1933)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.365044593811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Onslow Stevens, in The Three Musketeers (1935)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.282466888427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Robert Coote, in The Three Musketeers (1948)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.251440048217773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Keith Richards, in The Three Musketeers (1950)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.425027847290039, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Paul Hansard, in The Three Musketeers (1954)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.344736099243164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Paul Campbell, in The Three Musketeers (1956) and Le Avventure dei tre moschettieri (1957)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.2799072265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Tim O'Connor, in The Three Musketeers (TV movie) (1960)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.484808921813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Trois Mousquetaires", "passage": "*Jaques Toja, in Les Trois Mousquetaires: La Vengeance de Milady (1961) and Les Trois Mousquetaires: Les Ferrets de la Reine (1961)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.34415340423584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Gary Watson, in The Three Musketeers (1966)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.4241361618042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*John Woodvine, in The Further Adventures of the Three Musketeers (1967)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.356781959533691, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Colin Fox, in The Three Musketeers (1969)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.307146072387695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Charlie Sheen, in The Three Musketeers (1993)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.46015739440918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "Three musketeers", "passage": "*Thomas Beckett, in Three Musketeers (1999)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441202163696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Nick Jonas, in The Three Musketeers (Disney TV series JONAS)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49886703491211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" }, { "answer": "The Three Musketeers", "passage": "*Luke Evans, in The Three Musketeers (film in 3D) (2011) ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.49282169342041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Aramis" } ]

[ { "answer": "Max", "passage": "Where the Wild Things Are is a 2009 fantasy drama film directed by Spike Jonze. Written by Jonze and Dave Eggers, it is adapted from Maurice Sendak's 1963 children's book of the same name. It combines live-action, performers in costumes, animatronics, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). The film stars Max Records, and features the voices of James Gandolfini, Paul Dano, Lauren Ambrose, Forest Whitaker, Catherine O'Hara, and Chris Cooper. The film centers on a lonely nine-year-old boy named Max who sails away to an island inhabited by creatures known as the \"Wild Things,\" who declare Max their king.", "precise_score": 1.6058285236358643, "rough_score": -2.5279829502105713, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "In 2005, Jonze and Dave Eggers completed a 111-page screenplay, expanding the original ten-sentence story. On July 8, 2006, production began open auditions for the role of Max. The process took months, but, eventually Max Records was cast. Academy Award-winning make-up effects supervisor Howard Berger (The Chronicles of Narnia) turned down offers to work on the film four times. Although the book inspired him as a child to work in special effects, he felt filming it was a \"horrible idea.\" Jim Henson's Creature Shop provided the animatronic suits for the Wild Things.", "precise_score": -4.983929634094238, "rough_score": -9.200152397155762, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "The film was released in North America in both conventional and IMAX theaters on October 16, 2009. Early Friday box office estimates show the film earned about $32.7 million on its opening weekend in theaters. It grossed $77.2 million during its theatrical run in the U.S. and Canada, plus $22.8 million internationally. ", "precise_score": -6.581057548522949, "rough_score": -7.567529678344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "The film begins with Max, a lonely nine-year-old boy[http://warnerbros2009.warnerbros.com/assets/screenplays/wtwta_screenplay.pdf WBshop.com - The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios] with an active imagination whose parents are divorced, wearing a wolf costume and chasing his dog. His older sister, Claire, does nothing when her friends crush Max's snow fort (with him inside) during a snowball fight. Out of frustration, Max messes up her bedroom and destroys a frame that he had made for her. At school, Max's teacher teaches him and his classmates about the eventual death of the sun. Later on, his mother, Connie, invites her boyfriend Adrian to dinner. Max becomes upset with his mother for not coming to the fort he made in his room. He wears his wolf costume, acts like an animal, and demands to be fed. When his mother gets upset, he throws a tantrum and bites her on the shoulder. She yells at him and he runs away, scared by what has transpired. At the edge of a pond, Max finds a small boat that he boards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.807259559631348, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "The pond soon becomes an ocean. Max, still in his wolf suit, eventually reaches an island. There, he stumbles upon a group of seven large, monstrous creatures. One of them, Carol, is in the middle of a destructive tantrum (caused by the departure of a female Wild Thing named K.W.) while the others attempt to stop him. As Carol wreaks havoc Max tries to join in on the mayhem, but soon finds himself facing the suspicious anger of the Wild Things. When they contemplate eating him, Max convinces them that he is a king with magical powers capable of bringing harmony to the group. They crown him as their new king. Shortly after, K.W. returns and Max declares a wild rumpus, in which the Wild Things smash trees and tackle each other.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.524541854858398, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "The Wild Things introduce themselves as Carol, Ira, Judith, Alexander, Douglas, the Bull, and K.W. Soon, they all end up piling on one another before going to sleep, with Max at the center. Carol takes Max on a tour of the island, showing him a model he built depicting what he wishes the island looked like. Inspired by this, Max orders the construction of an enormous fort, with Carol in charge of construction. When K.W. brings her two owl friends Bob and Terry to the fort, a disagreement ensues, as Carol feels they are outsiders (Max had said earlier that if any outsiders entered the fort, they would \"have their brains automatically cut out\"). To release their frustrations, Max divides the tribe into \"good guys\" and \"bad guys\" for a dirt clod fight, but Alexander is hurt during the game. After an argument between K.W. and Carol, K.W. leaves once again.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.25510025024414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "Max finds Alexander alone in the fort and has a conversation with him. Alexander reveals that he always suspected that Max is not a king with magical powers, but warns him to never let Carol know. Soon enough, at pre-dawn, Carol throws another tantrum — this time, about the fort, K.W.'s absence, and the eventual death of the sun (which Max had talked to Carol about earlier in the film). When Carol gets angry with Max for not doing a good job as a king, Douglas tries to explain to him that he's \"just a boy, pretending to be a wolf, pretending to be a king\", thus exposing the truth to the rest of the Wild Things. Carol becomes enraged and ends up ripping off Douglas' right arm (though only sand pours out of the wound). Then he chases Max into the forest and attempts to eat him. Max is saved by K.W., who hides him in her stomach. Max listens as Carol and K.W. have an argument over Carol's misbehavior. After Carol leaves, K.W. explains that their lives are difficult, with Carol's tantrums only making it worse. Max realizes what his mother is going through, and decides to leave the island and head home.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.533862113952637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "Max finds the crushed remains of Carol's model island (presumably destroyed by Carol himself in a rage) and leaves a token of affection for him to find (a letter C inside a love-heart made of twigs). He finds Carol and tells him he is going home because he is not a king. The other Wild Things escort Max to his boat. Carol runs to join them after finding Max's token and arrives in time to see him off. He starts to howl and Max howls back, then all the other Wild Things join in. Carol looks at K.W. and she smiles kindly at him. Returning home, Max is embraced by his distraught mother, who gives him a bowl of hot soup, a piece of cake and a glass of milk and sits with him as he eats. He watches as she falls asleep.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.246487617492676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "* Max Records as Max, a lonely nine-year-old boy with a wild imagination.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.940211296081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "* Catherine Keener as Connie, Max's mother.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.646299362182617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "* Pepita Emmerichs as Claire, Max's sister.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.179062843322754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "* Steve Mouzakis as Max's teacher.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.135298728942871, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "* Max Pfeifer, Madeleine Greaves, Joshua Jay, and Ryan Corr as Claire's friends.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.672589302062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "Filming began in April 2006 at Docklands Studios Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia. Jonze kept in close consultation with Sendak throughout the process, and the author approved creature designs created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. To make the set a more comfortable environment for Max Records, Jonze encouraged the crew members to bring their children to the set. Some of them can be seen in the film's classroom scene. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.134589195251465, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" }, { "answer": "Max", "passage": "A series of collectible vinyl dolls of the Wild Things and Max was released from the Japanese company MediCom Toys. Other releases include an eight-inch articulated figure of Max in wolf costume and smaller scale sets of the characters released under their Kubrick figure banner.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.041558265686035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Where the Wild Things Are (film)" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Tracey Ullman Show is known for producing a series of shorts featuring the Simpson family, which was adapted into the TV series The Simpsons, which is also produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television (now 20th Television).", "precise_score": 4.443848133087158, "rough_score": 7.14879035949707, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Tracey Ullman Show" }, { "answer": "The Simpson", "passage": "The Simpson family debuted in short animated cartoons on The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons before being spun off into their own half-hour series. These shorts, also called \"bumpers\", aired before and after commercial breaks during the first and second seasons of the show. They eventually had their own full segments in between the live action segments during season three. They did not appear in the fourth and final season, as they had their own half-hour TV series by then.", "precise_score": 3.999444007873535, "rough_score": 7.471824645996094, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Tracey Ullman Show" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Simpsons shorts are an American animated TV series of 48 one-minute shorts that ran on the variety television program The Tracey Ullman Show for three seasons, before the characters spun off into The Simpsons, their own half-hour prime time show. It features Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. The series was created by Matt Groening, who designed the Simpson family and wrote many of the shorts. The shorts first aired on April 19, 1987 starting with \"Good Night\". The final short to air was \"TV Simpsons\", originally airing on May 14, 1989. The Simpsons later debuted on December 17, 1989, as an independent series with the Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\". ", "precise_score": 3.7552051544189453, "rough_score": 6.553784370422363, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Simpsons", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.185842514038086, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Tracey Ullman Show" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "All of them were written by Matt Groening and animated at Klasky-Csupo by a team of animators consisting of David Silverman, Wes Archer, and Bill Kopp. Tracey Ullman Show cast members Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner provide the voices of Homer Simpson and Marge Simpson respectively. In the beginning, the drawings appeared very crude because the animators were more or less just tracing over Groening's storyboards, but as the series developed, so did the designs and layouts of the characters and the \"Simpsons drawing style\" was ultimately conceived. This style evolved even more throughout the first few seasons of The Simpsons and was used more than a decade later on Futurama, another animated series created by Matt Groening.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.0880043506622314, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Tracey Ullman Show" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Dr. N!Godatu was another series of animated shorts created by M.K. Brown (and animated by the same Klasky-Csupo team). It originally alternated every other week with the Simpsons shorts, but was dropped after the first season of the show. By this point, Groening's shorts had gained much more popularity and the producers saw no reason to continue Brown's shorts. The character was voiced by Julie Payne.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.231945991516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Tracey Ullman Show" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Looking to add \"bumpers\" (before and after commercial breaks) to the show, two cartoon shorts were created: \"Dr. N!Godatu\" and \"The Simpsons.\" The Simpsons would go on to be spun off into its own television series. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.269482612609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tracey Ullman" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "After four seasons, Ullman decided to end the show in May 1990. In 1991, she filed a lawsuit against Twentieth Century Fox in Los Angeles Superior Court over profits from the later half-hour incarnation of The Simpsons. She wanted a share of The Simpsons merchandising and gross profits and believed she was entitled to $2.5 million of the estimated $50 million Fox made in 1992. The Fox network had paid her $58,000 in royalties for The Simpsons as well as $3 million for the 3½ seasons her show was on the air. According to an article, as Ullman had continued her professional relationship with former producer Brooks, only the studio and not Brooks was named in the suit. Brooks was allowed to videotape his testimony as he was in the middle of filming I'll Do Anything, in which Ullman appeared. The suit was ultimately dismissed. Ullman wasn't the only one to file a lawsuit; Tracey Ullman Show executive producer Ken Estin filed a similar suit against Fox claiming that his contract called for him to receive 7.5% of revenues from The Simpsons, including a portion of merchandise. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.3947367668151855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tracey Ullman" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Ullman provided the voices of Emily Winthrop, a British dog trainer, and Mrs. Winfield on The Simpsons episode \"Bart's Dog Gets an F\" (1991). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.732486724853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tracey Ullman" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "One marketing study found that only 14 percent of Americans were familiar with the shorts, compared to 85 percent in November 1990 who were familiar with the Simpsons family, 11 months after the full-length show began airing. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.214362144470215, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "Only a few of these shorts have been released on DVD. \"Good Night\" was included on The Simpsons Season 1 DVD. Five of these shorts were later used in the clip show episode \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\" on the half-hour show, which was released on the Season 7 DVD. These five shorts were \"Good Night\", which was featured in its entirety, and portions of \"The Perfect Crime\", \"Space Patrol\", \"World War III\", and \"Bathtime\". In \"You Kent Always Say What You Want\", the short \"Family Portrait\" replaces the entire opening sequence in celebration of the 400th episode. In June 2013, it was reported that FXX is trying to acquire the shorts for an October Simpsons app, \"Simpsons World\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.74578332901001, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The version of The Simpson family from the shorts was depicted as ghosts haunting The Simpsons house in the season twenty six episode \"Treehouse of Horror XXV\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.185836791992188, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "When producer James L. Brooks was working on the television variety show The Tracey Ullman Show, he decided that he wanted to include small animated sketches before and after the commercial breaks. Having seen one of cartoonist Matt Groening's Life in Hell comic strips, Brooks asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series. Groening later realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work. He therefore chose another approach while waiting in the lobby of Brooks's office for the pitch meeting, hurriedly formulating his version of a dysfunctional family that became the Simpsons. He named the characters after his own family members, substituting \"Bart\" for his own name. Bart was modeled after Groening's older brother, Mark, but given a different name which was chosen as an anagram of \"brat\". The stories were written and storyboarded by Matt Groening. The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead they just traced over his drawings. The animation was produced domestically at Klasky Csupo, with Wesley Archer, David Silverman, and Bill Kopp being animators for the first season. After season one, it would be animated by Archer and Silverman thereafter. Georgie Peluse was the colorist and the person who decided to make the characters yellow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.538286209106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The actors who voiced the characters later reprised their roles in The Simpsons. Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, and Krusty the Clown. Homer's voice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father. The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman Show cast, to do it. The kids still needed voices, and Nancy Cartwright, a journeyman voice actress, came in to audition. She recalled that \"I was already doing voicework for eight different shows at the time and thought this would just be another job. They originally wanted me for Lisa's voice, but I thought 'Nah, I don't want to be the boring middle child, I want to be a bratty 10-year old boy.' So as soon as I gave a demonstration, [Brooks and Groening] hired me on the spot.\" Some time later, Yeardley Smith, a 22-year-old B-movie actress whose most notable accomplishment to date was featuring in the notorious 1986 Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive, was brought in to do Lisa's voice. The recording of the shorts was often primitive; according to Cartwright, the dialogue for the Ullman shorts was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set. While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.217336177825928, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The shorts were featured on the first three seasons on The Tracey Ullman Show. By the fourth and last season of The Tracey Ullman Show the first season of the half-hour show was on the air. In the two first seasons the shorts were divided into three or four parts, but in the third season they were played as a single story. Tracey Ullman later filed a lawsuit, claiming that her show was the source of The Simpsons success and therefore should receive a share of the show's profit. Eventually the courts ruled in favor of the network. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.034832000732422, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Simpsons shorts" } ]

[ { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Halifax (, locally), legally known as the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM), is the capital of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The metropolitan area had a population of 414,400 in 2014, with 297,943 in the urban area centred on Halifax Harbour. The regional municipality consists of four former municipalities that were amalgamated in 1996; Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, and the Municipality of Halifax County.", "precise_score": 3.235837936401367, "rough_score": 3.446748971939087, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The establishment of Halifax marked the beginning of Father Le Loutre's War. The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports and a sloop of war on June 21, 1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War. Cornwallis brought along 1,176 settlers and their families. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill) (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), and Lawrencetown (1754), all areas within the modern-day Regional Municipality. St. Margaret's Bay was first settled by French-speaking Foreign Protestants at French Village, Nova Scotia who migrated from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia during the American Revolution.", "precise_score": -4.968291282653809, "rough_score": -5.259945869445801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "This urban area is the most populous on Canada's Atlantic coast, and the second largest coastal population centre in the country after Vancouver, British Columbia. Halifax currently accounts for 40% of Nova Scotia's population, and 15% of that of Atlantic Canada. Metropolitan Halifax benefits from a process of increased rural depopulation and corresponding urban growth in Atlantic Canada during the late 20th century—a demographic shift that was delayed several decades in the region compared with other parts of North America.", "precise_score": -2.1723852157592773, "rough_score": -4.77235221862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Halifax is a major cultural centre within the Atlantic provinces. The city has maintained many of its maritime and military traditions, while opening itself to a growing multicultural population. The municipality's urban core also benefits from a large population of post-secondary students who strongly influence the local cultural scene. Halifax has a number of art galleries, theatres and museums, as well as most of the region's national-quality sports and entertainment facilities. Halifax is also the home to many of the region's major cultural attractions, such as Halifax Pop Explosion, Symphony Nova Scotia, the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, The Khyber, the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic and the Neptune Theatre. The region is noted for the strength of its music scene and nightlife, especially in the central urban core. See List of musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia for a partial list.", "precise_score": -1.1957123279571533, "rough_score": -0.38398662209510803, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Halifax hosts a wide variety of festivals that take place throughout the year, including the Atlantic Film Festival, the Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, the Halifax International Busker Festival, Greekfest, the Atlantic Jazz Festival, the Multicultural Festival, the largest Canada Day celebration east of Ottawa, Natal Day, the Halifax Pop Explosion, periodic Tall Ship events, Nocturne Festival, and Shakespeare by the Sea, to name a few. Halifax Pride is the largest LGBT event in Atlantic Canada and one of the largest in the country. Many of Halifax's festivals and annual events have become world-renowned over the past several years.", "precise_score": -3.3135006427764893, "rough_score": -4.0620222091674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Halifax's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture, scenery and coastline. There are several museums and art galleries in downtown Halifax. The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, an immigrant entry point prominent throughout the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, was opened to the public as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1999 and is the only national museum in the Atlantic provinces. The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic is a maritime museum containing extensive galleries including a large exhibit on the famous Titanic, over 70 small craft and a 200 ft steamship CSS Acadia. In summertime the preserved World War II corvette operates as a museum ship and Canada's naval memorial. The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia is housed in a 150-year-old building containing over 9000 works of art. The Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia in Dartmouth reflects the region's rich ethnic heritage.", "precise_score": -1.9357011318206787, "rough_score": -4.951791286468506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Halifax Regional Municipality occupies an area of 5,577 square kilometres (2,353 sq mi), which is approximately 10% of the total land area of Nova Scotia. The land area of HRM is comparable in size to the total land area of the province of Prince Edward Island, and measures approximately 165 kilometres (102.5 mi) in length between its eastern and western-most extremities, excluding Sable Island. The nearest point of land to Sable Island is not in HRM, but rather in adjacent Guysborough County. However, Sable Island is considered part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Council.", "precise_score": -5.161568641662598, "rough_score": -4.903776168823242, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "As the capital city of Nova Scotia, Halifax is also the meeting place of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, the oldest assembly in Canada and the site of the first responsible government in British North America. The legislature meets in Province House, a nearly 200-year-old National Historic Site in downtown Halifax hailed as one of the finest examples of Palladian architecture in North America. ", "precise_score": 2.407932758331299, "rough_score": 2.3390989303588867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where the Métis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.", "precise_score": -4.5280890464782715, "rough_score": -4.132717132568359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia (Latin for \"New Scotland\", pronounced in English as) (French: Nouvelle-Écosse; ) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada, with an area of 55284 km2, including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second most-densely populated province in Canada with almost 20 PD/km2.", "precise_score": 5.903532028198242, "rough_score": 7.959599494934082, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin (although \"Scotia\" was originally a Roman name for Ireland) and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which also simply means New Scotland. The province was first named in the 1621 Royal Charter granting the right to settle lands including modern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and the Gaspé Peninsula to Sir William Alexander in 1632. ", "precise_score": 3.044443130493164, "rough_score": 5.983585834503174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island. The province's mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean. Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is also part of the province, as is Sable Island, a small island notorious for its shipwrecks, approximately 175 km from the province's southern coast.", "precise_score": -5.5945281982421875, "rough_score": -4.608612060546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island (Île Royale) to the French. Present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal. In 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population (the Acadians) were expelled; New England Planters arrived between 1759 and 1768 to replace them.", "precise_score": -1.5221383571624756, "rough_score": -2.9956116676330566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "In 1763, most of Acadia (Cape Breton Island, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), and New Brunswick) became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate colony. Nova Scotia included present-day New Brunswick until the establishment of that province in 1784, after the arrival of United Empire Loyalists. In 1867, Nova Scotia became one of the four founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation. ", "precise_score": -3.783159017562866, "rough_score": -4.762044906616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "After the Thirteen Colonies and their French allies forced the British forces to surrender (1781), approximately 33,000 Tories or Loyalists (the King's Loyal Americans, allowed to place \"United Empire Loyalist\" after their names) settled in Nova Scotia (14,000 of them in what became New Brunswick) on lands granted by the Crown as some compensation for their losses. (The British administration divided Nova Scotia and carved out the present-day province of New Brunswick in 1784). The Loyalist exodus created new communities across Nova Scotia, including Shelburne, which briefly became one of the larger British settlements in North America, and infused Nova Scotia with additional capital and skills. However the migration also caused political tensions between Loyalist leaders and the leaders of the existing New England Planters settlement. The Loyalist influx also pushed Nova Scotia's Mi'kmaq People to the margins as Loyalist land grants encroached on ill-defined native lands. As part of the Loyalist migration, approximately 3,000 Black Loyalists arrived; they founded the largest free Black settlement in North America at Birchtown, near Shelburne. However unfair treatment and harsh conditions caused about one-third of the Black Loyalists to resettle in Sierra Leone in 1792, where they founded Freetown and became known in Africa as the Nova Scotian Settlers.", "precise_score": -5.6224446296691895, "rough_score": -4.998244285583496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "According to the 2006 Canadian census the largest ethnic group in Nova Scotia is Scottish (31.9%), followed by English (31.8%), Irish (21.6%), French (17.9%), German (11.3%), Aboriginal origin (5.3%), Dutch (4.1%), Black Canadians (2.8%), Welsh (1.9%) Italian (1.5%), and Scandinavian (1.4%). 40.9% of respondents identified their ethnicity as \"Canadian\".", "precise_score": -6.072787284851074, "rough_score": -5.115680694580078, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has long been a centre for artistic and cultural excellence. The capital, Halifax, hosts institutions such as Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University, Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, Neptune Theatre, Dalhousie Arts Centre, Two Planks and a Passion Theatre, Ship's Company Theatre and the Symphony Nova Scotia. The province is home to avant-garde visual art and traditional crafting, writing and publishing and a film industry.", "precise_score": -0.536202609539032, "rough_score": -2.3389737606048584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Mainland Halifax is home to several significant parks, including Sir Sandford Fleming Park, gifted to the people of Halifax by Sir Sandford Fleming. It houses the Dingle Tower, dedicated in 1912 by the Duke of Connaught to commemorate 150 years of representative government in Nova Scotia. The Mainland Common, in Clayton Park, is a modern park home to various sports and community facilities. Long Lake Provincial Park, comprising more than 2,000 hectares, was designated in 1984 and affords Halifax residents access to a scenic wilderness in close proximity to the city. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.665007591247559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Farther away, rural communities in the municipality function like any resource-based area in Nova Scotia, being sparsely populated and their local economies developing around four major resource industries: agriculture, in the Musquodoboit Valley, fishing, along the coast, mining, in the Musquodoboit Valley and in Moose River Gold Mines and forestry, in most areas outside the urban core. Also, the tourism industry is beginning to change how some rural communities in Halifax function, particularly in communities such as Hubbards, Peggys Cove, with its notable lighthouse and Lawrencetown, with Lawrencetown Beach. There are two other large beaches along the coast, Martinique Beach, near Musquodoboit Harbour and Taylor Head Beach, located in Spry Bay, within the boundaries of Taylor Head Provincial Park.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.915668487548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The waterfront in Downtown Halifax is the site of the Halifax Harbourwalk, a 3-km boardwalk popular amongst tourists and locals alike. Many mid-sized ships dock here at one of the many wharfs. The harbourwalk is home to a Halifax Transit ferry terminal, hundreds of stores, Historic Properties, several office buildings, the Casino Nova Scotia, and several public squares where buskers perform, most prominently at the annual Halifax International Busker Festival every August.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.240978240966797, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Downtown Halifax, home to many small shops and vendors, is a major shopping area. It is also home to several shopping centres, including Scotia Square, Barrington Place Shops, and Maritime Mall. Numerous malls on Spring Garden Road, including the Park Lane Mall, are also located nearby. The area is home to approximately 200 restaurants and bars, offering a wide array of world cuisines. There are also more than 60 sidewalk cafes that open in the summer months. The nightlife is made up of bars and small music venues as well as Casino Nova Scotia, a large facility built partially over the water.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.882761001586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Scotiabank Centre is largest arena in Atlantic Canada. It plays host to most of the major sporting events and concerts that visit Halifax and is home to several semi-professional sport franchises, including the Halifax Hurricanes of the NBL Canada and the Halifax Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Nova Scotia International Tattoo is held here every year. The facility is connected to the Downtown Halifax Link, and directly to the World Trade and Convention Centre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.999293804168701, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Precipitation is high year-round. Winter features a mix of rain, freezing rain and snow with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Snowfall is heavy in winter, but snow cover is usually patchy owing to the frequent freeze-thaw cycles, which melt accumulated snow. Some winters feature colder temperatures and fewer freeze-thaw cycles; the most recent of which being the winter of 2014-2015, which was the coldest, snowiest and stormiest in about a century. Spring is often wet and cool and arrives much later than in areas of Canada at similar latitudes, due to cooler sea temperatures. Summers are mild and pleasant, with hot and humid conditions very infrequent. Warm, pleasant conditions often extend well into September, sometimes into mid-October. Average monthly precipitation is highest from November to February due to intense late-fall to winter storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S., and lowest in summer, with August being the year's warmest and driest month on average. Halifax can sometimes receive hurricanes, mostly between August and October. An example is when hurricane Hurricane Juan, a category 2 storm, hit in September 2003 and caused considerable damage to the region. Hurricane Earl grazed the coast as a category 1 storm in 2010. Atlantic sea surface temperatures have risen in recent years, making Halifax and the coast of Nova Scotia somewhat more susceptible to hurricanes than the area had been in the past.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.527957916259766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Major employers and economic generators include the Department of National Defence, the Port of Halifax, Irving Shipbuilding, the Nova Scotia Health Authority, IMP Group, Bell Aliant, Emera, the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, government, banks, and universities. The municipality has a growing concentration of manufacturing industries and is becoming a major multi-modal transportation hub through growth at the port, the Halifax Stanfield International Airport, and improving rail and highway connections. A real estate boom in recent years has led to numerous new property developments, including the gentrification of some former working-class areas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.783823013305664, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The municipality is also home to the following post-secondary educational institutions: Dalhousie University, Saint Mary's University, Mount Saint Vincent University, University of King's College, Atlantic School of Theology, NSCAD University, and Nova Scotia Community College, in addition to the Halifax campus of Université Sainte-Anne and several private institutions. The largest of these, Dalhousie University, is Atlantic Canada's premier research-intensive university ranking 7th in Maclean's and 228th in the world. This school is host to most of the province's professional schools while other institutions focus primarily though not exclusively on undergraduate education. The plethora of university and college students contributes to the vibrant youth culture in the region, as well as making it a major centre for university education in eastern Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.037126541137695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halifax, Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the 15th and 16th centuries, British and French claims were made on the area, with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1537. As a consequence of various conflicts, the United Kingdom gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left, in the late 18th century, with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.754807949066162, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland, Newfoundland, beginning in 1610. The Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after. A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years' War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.067124366760254, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.596585273742676, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.726929664611816, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec. Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in New Brunswick, Alberta, and Manitoba; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.607558250427246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Canada" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has long been a destination for paleontologists and other scientists as the province has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are particularly rich on the shores of the Bay of Fundy. Joggins Fossil Cliffs, located on the Bay of Fundy's shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils. Wasson's Bluff, located near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Laws in Nova Scotia prohibit the removal of fossils from these sites without the possession of a permit.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.549748420715332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone. Since the province is almost entirely surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean some of the time, however it can still get heat waves. However, winters are still cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in many ways similar to that being found around the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe, only wetter and snowier. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south. Areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.82636833190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Described on the provincial vehicle-licence plate as Canada's Ocean Playground, Nova Scotia is surrounded by four major bodies of water: the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southwest, and Atlantic Ocean to the east.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.34395694732666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The province includes regions of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'kma'ki (mi'gama'gi). The Mi'kmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time that the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada (and the first north of Florida) at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.583691596984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The warfare that took place on Nova Scotian soil during the 17th and 18th centuries significantly influenced the history of Nova Scotia. The Mi’kmaq had lived in Nova Scotia for centuries. The French arrived in 1604, and Catholic Mi’kmaq and Acadians formed the majority of the population of the colony for the next 150 years. During the first 80 years the French and Acadians lived in Nova Scotia, nine significant military clashes took place as the English and Scottish (later British), Dutch and French fought for possession of the area. These encounters happened at Port Royal, Saint John, Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia), Jemseg (1674 and 1758) and Baleine (1629). The Acadian Civil War took place from 1640 to 1645.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.629988670349121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Beginning with King William's War in 1688, six wars took place in Nova Scotia before the British defeated the French (and ultimately expelled of much of their population) and made peace with the Mi’kmaq:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.000083923339844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The battles during these wars took place primarily Port Royal, Saint John, Canso, Chignecto, Dartmouth (1751), Lunenburg (1756) and Grand-Pré. Despite the British conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq, who confined British forces to Annapolis and to Canso.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.29602336883545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "A generation later, Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749. A General Court, made up of the governor and the Council, was the highest court in the colony at the time. Jonathan Belcher was sworn in as chief justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court on October 21, 1754.[http://www.courts.ns.ca/history/timeline.htm \"Timeline History of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court\"] The first legislative assembly in Halifax, under the Governorship of Charles Lawrence, met on October 2, 1758. During the French and Indian War of 1754-1763 (North American theatre of the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763), the British deported the Acadians and recruited New England Planters to resettle the colony. The seventy-five-year period of war ended with the Burial of the Hatchet Ceremony between the British and the Mi'kmaq (1761). After the war, some Acadians were allowed to return and the British made treaties with the Mi’kmaq.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.305861473083496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The American Revolution (1775–1783) had a significant impact on shaping Nova Scotia. Initially, Nova Scotia - \"the 14th American Colony\" as some called it - displayed ambivalence over whether the colony should join the more southern colonies in their defiance of Britain, and rebellion flared at the Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776) and at the Siege of Saint John (1777). Throughout the war, American privateers devastated the maritime economy by capturing ships and looting almost every community outside of Halifax. These American raids alienated many sympathetic or neutral Nova Scotians into supporting the British. By the end of the war Nova Scotia had outfitted a number of privateers to attack American shipping. British military forces based at Halifax succeeded in preventing American support for rebels in Nova Scotia and deterred any invasion of Nova Scotia. However the British navy failed to establish naval supremacy. While the British captured many American privateers in battles such as the Naval battle off Halifax (1782), many more continued attacks on shipping and settlements until the final months of the war. The Royal Navy struggled to maintain British supply lines, defending convoys from American and French attacks as in the fiercely fought convoy battle, the Naval battle off Cape Breton (1781).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.991807460784912, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia's contribution to the British war effort involved communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to attack U.S. vessels. Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the war for Nova Scotia occurred when HMS Shannon escorted the captured American frigate USS Chesapeake into Halifax Harbour (1813). Many of the U.S. prisoners were kept at Deadman's Island, Halifax.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.223719596862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "During this century, Nova Scotia became the first colony in British North America and in the British Empire to achieve responsible government in January–February 1848 and become self-governing through the efforts of Joseph Howe. Nova Scotia had established representative government in 1758, an achievement later commemorated by the erection of the Dingle Tower in 1908.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.713764190673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotians fought in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The Welsford-Parker Monument in Halifax is the second-oldest war monument in Canada (1860) and the only Crimean War monument in North America. It commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.660400867462158, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Thousands of Nova Scotians fought in the American Civil War (1861–1865), primarily on behalf of the North. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.942632675170898, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The British Empire (including Nova Scotia) declared itself neutral in the conflict. As a result, Britain (and Nova Scotia) continued to trade with both the South and the North. Nova Scotia's economy boomed during the Civil War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.032509803771973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Soon after the American Civil War, Pro-Canadian Confederation premier Charles Tupper led Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, along with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada. The Anti-Confederation Party was led by Joseph Howe. Almost three months later, in the election of September 18, 1867, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 federal seats, and 36 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.430407524108887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia became a world leader in both building and owning wooden sailing ships in the second half of the 19th century. Nova Scotia produced internationally recognized shipbuilders Donald McKay and William Dawson Lawrence. The fame Nova Scotia achieved from sailors was assured when Joshua Slocum became the first man to sail single-handedly around the world (1895). International attention continued into the following century with the many racing victories of the Bluenose schooner. Nova Scotia was also the birthplace and home of Samuel Cunard, a British shipping magnate (born at Halifax, Nova Scotia) who founded the Cunard Line.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.032037734985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Throughout the 19th century, numerous businesses developed in Nova Scotia that became of pan-Canadian and international importance: the Starr Manufacturing Company (first skate-manufacturer in Canada), the Bank of Nova Scotia, Cunard Line, Alexander Keith's Brewery, Morse's Tea Company (first tea company in Canada), among others. (Early in the 20th century Sobey's was established, as was Maritime Life.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.806146621704102, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has a long history of social justice work to address issues such as racism and sexism within its borders. The Nova Scotia legislature was the third in Canada to pass human rights legislation (1963). The Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission was established in 1967. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.361303329467773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia's per capita GDP in 2010 was $38,475, significantly lower than the national average per capita GDP of $47,605 and a little more than half that of Canada's richest province, Alberta. GDP growth has lagged behind the rest of the country for at least the past decade. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.472411155700684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia's traditionally resource-based economy has diversified in recent decades. The rise of Nova Scotia as a viable jurisdiction in North America, historically, was driven by the ready availability of natural resources, especially the fish stocks off the Scotian Shelf. The fishery was a pillar of the economy since its development as part of New France in the 17th century; however, the fishery suffered a sharp decline due to overfishing in the late 20th century. The collapse of the cod stocks and the closure of this sector resulted in a loss of approximately 20,000 jobs in 1992. Other sectors in the province were also hit hard, particularly during the last two decades: coal mining in Cape Breton and northern mainland Nova Scotia has virtually ceased production, and a large steel mill in Sydney closed during the 1990s. More recently, the high value of the Canadian dollar relative to the US dollar has hurt the forestry industry, leading to the shut down of a long-running pulp and paper mill near Liverpool. Mining, especially of gypsum and salt and to a lesser extent silica, peat and barite, is also a significant sector. Since 1991, offshore oil and gas has become an increasingly important part of the economy, although production and revenue are now declining. Agriculture remains an important sector in the province, particularly in the Annapolis Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.095129013061523, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia’s defence and aerospace sector generates approximately $500 million in revenues and contributes about $1.5 billion to the provincial economy annually. To date, 40% of Canada’s military assets reside in Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia has the fourth-largest film industry in Canada hosting over 100 productions yearly, more than half of which are the products of international film and television producers. In 2015, the government of Nova Scotia eliminated tax credits to film production in the province, jeopardizing the industry given that most other jurisdictions continue to offer such credits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.030901908874512, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Nova Scotia tourism industry includes more than 6,500 direct businesses, supporting nearly 40,000 jobs. 200,000 cruise ship passengers from around the world flow through the Port of Halifax, Nova Scotia each year. This industry contributes approximately $1.3 billion annually to the economy. The province also boasts a rapidly developing Information & Communication Technology (ICT) sector which consists of over 500 companies, and employs roughly 15,000 people. In 2006, the manufacturing sector brought in over $2.6 billion in chained GDP, the largest output of any industrial sector in Nova Scotia. Michelin remains by far the largest single employer in this sector, operating three production plants in the province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.53841495513916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "As of 2012, the median family income in Nova Scotia was $67,910, below the national average of $74,540; in Halifax the figure rises to $80,490. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.37423324584961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The province is the world’s largest exporter of Christmas trees, lobster, gypsum, and wild berries. Its export value of fish exceeds $1 billion, and fish products are received by 90 countries around the world. Nevertheless, the province's imports far exceed its exports. While these numbers were roughly equal from 1992 until 2004, since that time the trade deficit has ballooned. In 2012, exports from Nova Scotia were 12.1% of provincial GDP, while imports were 22.6%. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.81139850616455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia is ordered by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the monarchy in Nova Scotia is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each of Canada's nine other provinces, and the Canadian federal realm, and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (presently John James Grant), carries out most of the royal duties in Nova Scotia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.666721343994141, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "In 1937, Everett Farmer was the last person hanged (for murder) in Nova Scotia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.23986530303955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited, though; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, elected House of Assembly and chosen and headed by the Premier of Nova Scotia (presently Stephen McNeil), the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Jamie Baillie) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900193214416504, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Each of the 51 Members of the Legislative Assembly in the House of Assembly is elected by single member plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the lieutenant governor on the advice of the premier, or may be triggered by the government losing a confidence vote in the House. There are three dominant political parties in Nova Scotia: the Liberal Party, the New Democratic Party, and the Progressive Conservative Party.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.113035202026367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia no longer has any incorporated cities; they were amalgamated into Regional Municipalities in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.132955551147461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Much of the historic public art sculptures in the province were made by the renowned New York sculptor J. Massey Rhind as well as Canadian sculptors Hamilton MacCarthy, George Hill, Emanuel Hahn and Louis-Philippe Hébert. Some of this public art was also created by internationally renowned Nova Scotian John Wilson (sculptor). Nova Scotian George Lang was a stone sculptor who also built many landmark buildings in the province, including the Welsford-Parker Monument.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.17097282409668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Some of the province's greatest painters were William Valentine, Maria Morris, Jack L. Gray, Mabel Killiam Day, Ernest Lawson, Frances Bannerman, Alex Colville, Tom Forrestall and ship portrait artist John O'Brien. Some of most renowned artists whose works have been acquired by Nova Scotia are British artist Joshua Reynolds (collection of Art Gallery of Nova Scotia); William Gush and William J. Weaver (both have works in Province House); Robert Field (Government House), as well as leading American artists Benjamin West (self portrait in The Halifax Club), John Singleton Copley, Robert Feke, and Robert Field (the latter three have works in the Uniacke Estate).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.287190437316895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Two famous Nova Scotian photographers are Wallace R. MacAskill and Sherman Hines. Two of the most accomplished illustrators were Bob Chambers (cartoonist) and Donald A. Mackay.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.093501091003418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has produced numerous film actors. Academy Award nominee Ellen Page (Juno, Inception) was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia; five time Academy Award nominee Arthur Kennedy (Lawrence of Arabia, High Sierra) called Nova Scotia his home; and two time Golden Globe winner Donald Sutherland (MASH, Ordinary People) spent most of his youth in the province. Other actors include John Paul Tremblay, Robb Wells, Mike Smith and John Dunsworth of (Trailer Park Boys).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.624025344848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has also produced numerous film directors such as Thom Fitzgerald (The Hanging Garden), Daniel Petrie (Resurrection—Academy Award nominee) and Acadian film director Phil Comeau's multiple award-winning local story (Le secret de Jérôme).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153335571289062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotian stories are the subject of numerous feature films: Margaret's Museum (starring Helena Bonham Carter); The Bay Boy (directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kiefer Sutherland); New Waterford Girl; The Story of Adele H. (the story of unrequited love of Adele Hugo); and two films of Evangeline (one starring Miriam Cooper and another starring Dolores del Río).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.664978981018066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "There is a significant film industry in Nova Scotia. Feature filmmaking began in Canada with Evangeline (1913), made by Canadian Bioscope Company in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which released six films before it closed. The film has since been lost. Some of the award winning feature films that have been made in the province are: Titanic (starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet); and The Shipping News (starring Kevin Spacey and Julianne Moore). Other films include K-19: The Widowmaker (starring Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson) and Amelia (starring Hilary Swank, Richard Gere and Ewan McGregor).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.262507438659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has also produced numerous television series: This Hour has 22 Minutes, Don Messer's Jubilee, Black Harbour, Haven, Trailer Park Boys, Mr. D, Call Me Fitz, and Theodore Tugboat. The Jesse Stone film series on CBS starring Tom Selleck is also routinely produced in the province.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.100105285644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "There are numerous Nova Scotian authors who have achieved international fame: Thomas Chandler Haliburton (The Clockmaker); Alistair MacLeod (No Great Mischief); Margaret Marshall Saunders (Beautiful Joe), Laurence B. Dakin (Marco Polo), and Joshua Slocum (Sailing Alone Around the World). Other authors include Johanna Skibsrud (The Sentimentalists), Alden Nowlan (Bread, Wine and Salt), George Elliott Clarke (Execution Poems), Lesley Choyce (Nova Scotia: Shaped by the Sea), Thomas Raddall (Halifax: Warden of the North), Donna Morrissey (Kit's Law), Frank Parker Day (Rockbound).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.735081672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has also been the subject of numerous literary books. Some of the international best-sellers are: Last Man Out: The Story of the Springhill Mining Disaster (by Melissa Fay Greene) ; Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion 1917 (by Laura MacDonald); \"In the Village\" (short story by Pulitzer Prize–winning author Elizabeth Bishop); and National Book Critics Circle Award winner Rough Crossings (by Simon Schama). Other authors who have written novels about Nova Scotian stories include: Linden MacIntyre (The Bishop's Man); Hugh MacLennan (Barometer Rising); Ernest Buckler (The Valley and the Mountain); Archibald MacMechan (Red Snow on Grand Pré), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (long poem Evangeline); Lawrence Hill (The Book of Negroes) and John Mack Faragher (Great and Nobel Scheme).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.079550266265869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has produced numerous musicians. The Grammy Award winners include Denny Doherty (from The Mamas & the Papas), Anne Murray, and Sarah McLachlan. Other musicians include country singer Hank Snow, country singer George Canyon, jazz singer Holly Cole, opera singers Portia White and Barbara Hannigan, multi-Juno Award nominated rapper Classified, Rita MacNeil, Matt Mays, Sloan, Feist, Todd Fancey, The Rankin Family, April Wine, Buck 65, Joel Plaskett, Grand Dérangement, and country music singer Drake Jensen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.118115425109863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "There are numerous songs written about Nova Scotia: The Ballad of Springhill (written by Peggy Seeger and performed by Irish folk singer Luke Kelly a member of The Dubliners, U2); numerous songs by Stan Rogers including Bluenose, The Jeannie C (mentions Little Dover, NS), Barrett's Privateers, Giant, and The Rawdon Hills; Farewell to Nova Scotia (traditional); Blue Nose (Stompin' Tom Connors); She’s Called Nova Scotia (by Rita MacNeil); Cape Breton (by David Myles); Acadian Driftwood (by Robbie Robertson); Acadie (by Daniel Lanois); and My Nova Scotia Home (by Hank Snow).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.476621627807617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has also produced some significant songwriters such as Grammy Award winning Gordie Sampson. Sampson has written songs for Carrie Underwood (\"Jesus, Take the Wheel\", \"Just a Dream\", \"Get Out of This Town\"), Martina McBride (\"If I Had Your Name\", You're Not Leavin Me\"), LeAnn Rimes (\"Long Night\", \"Save Myself\"), and George Canyon (\"My Name\"). Another successful Nova Scotia songwriter was Hank Snow whose songs have been recorded by The Rolling Stones, Elvis Presley, and Johnny Cash.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.858555793762207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Music producer Brian Ahern is a Nova Scotian. He got his start by being music director for CBC television's Singalong Jubilee. He later produced 12 albums for Anne Murray (“Snowbird,” Danny’s Song” and “You Won’t See Me”); 11 albums for Emmylou Harris (whom he married at his home in Halifax on January 9, 1977). He also produced discs for Johnny Cash, George Jones, Roy Orbison, Glen Campbell, Don Williams, Jesse Winchester and Linda Ronstadt. Another noted writer is Cape Bretoner Leon Dubinsky, who wrote the anthem, \"Rise Again\", among many other songs performed by various Canadian artists. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.822370529174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Sport is an important part of Nova Scotia culture. There are numerous semi pro, university and amateur sports teams, for example, The Halifax Mooseheads, 2013 Canadian Hockey League Memorial Cup Champions. & also the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles, both of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. The Halifax Rainmen of the National Basketball League of Canada is another team that previously called Nova Scotia home. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.892733573913574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Nova Scotia Open is a professional golf tournament on the Web.com Tour since 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.138710021972656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The province has also produced numerous athletes such as Sidney Crosby (Hockey), Nathan Mackinnon (Hockey), Brad Marchand (Hockey), Colleen Jones (Curling), Al MacInnis (Hockey), TJ Grant (Mixed martial artist), Rocky Johnson (Wrestling, and father of Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson) George Dixon (Boxer) and Kirk Johnson (Boxing). The achievements of Nova Scotian athletes are presented at the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.49386215209961, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The cuisine of Nova Scotia is typically Canadian with an emphasis on local seafood. One endemic dish (in the sense of \"peculiar to\" and \"originating from\") is the Halifax donair, a distant variant of the doner kebab that is prepared using thinly sliced beef meatloaf and a sweet condensed milk sauce. As well, hodge podge, a creamy soup of fresh baby vegetables, is native to Nova Scotia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.614441871643066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia's tourism industry showcases Nova Scotia's culture, scenery and coastline.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.678083419799805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has many museums reflecting its ethnic heritage, including the Glooscap Heritage Centre, Grand-Pré National Historic Site, Hector Heritage Quay and the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia. Others museums tell the story of its working history, such as the Cape Breton Miners' Museum, and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.824983596801758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia is home to several internationally renowned musicians and there are visitor centres in the home towns of Hank Snow, Rita MacNeil, and Anne Murray Centre. There are also numerous music and cultural festivals such as the Stan Rogers Folk Festival, Celtic Colours, the Nova Scotia Gaelic Mod, Royal Nova Scotia International Tattoo, the Atlantic Film Festival and the Atlantic Fringe Festival.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.171772003173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has two national parks, Kejimkujik and Cape Breton Highlands, and many other protected areas. The Bay of Fundy has the highest tidal range in the world, and the iconic Peggys Cove is internationally recognized and receives 600,000 plus visitors a year. Acadian Skies and Mi'kmaq is considered one of the best stargazing sights in the entire world. It was the first certified Starlight Tourism Destination and Reserve in North America. It's also home to the world's first Starlight Hotel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.419488906860352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "A 2008 Nova Scotia tourism campaign included advertising a fictional mobile phone called Pomegranate and establishing website, which after reading about \"new phone\" redirected to tourism info about region. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900341033935547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "Nova Scotia has more than 450 public schools for children. The public system offers primary to Grade 12. There are also private schools in the province. Public education is administered by seven regional school boards, responsible primarily for English instruction and French immersion, and also province-wide by the Conseil Scolaire Acadien Provincial, which administers French instruction to students for whom the primary language is French.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.446523666381836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "The Nova Scotia Community College system has 13 campuses around the province. The community college, with its focus on training and education, was established in 1988 by amalgamating the province's former vocational schools.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.338107109069824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" }, { "answer": "Nova Scotia", "passage": "There are also more than 90 registered private commercial colleges in Nova Scotia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.869336128234863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nova Scotia" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "precise_score": 7.500506401062012, "rough_score": 6.038009166717529, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" } ]

[ { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "The success of A Charlie Brown Christmas was the impetus for CBS to air many more prime-time Peanuts specials over the years, beginning with Charlie Brown's All-Stars and It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown in 1966. In total, more than thirty animated specials were produced. Until his death in 1976, jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi composed musical scores for the specials; in particular, the piece \"Linus and Lucy\" which has become popularly known as the signature theme song of the Peanuts franchise.", "precise_score": -2.404834508895874, "rough_score": -4.121919631958008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "The Great Pumpkin is a holiday figure (comparable to Santa Claus or the Easter Bunny) in whom only Linus van Pelt seems to believe. Every year, Linus sits in a pumpkin patch on Halloween night waiting for the Great Pumpkin to appear. Invariably, the Great Pumpkin fails to turn up, and a humiliated but undefeated Linus vows to wait for him again the following Halloween. The Great Pumpkin was first mentioned by Linus in Peanuts in 1959, but the premise was reworked by Schulz many times throughout the run of the strip, and also inspired the 1966 animated television special It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and had a brief mention in You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown (in which the mention of it blows Linus' chances in a school election). The best-known quote regarding Linus and the Great Pumpkin, originally from the comic strip but made famous by the TV special, is: \"There are three things I have learned never to discuss with people: religion, politics, and the Great Pumpkin.\" ", "precise_score": 7.00822639465332, "rough_score": 7.465422630310059, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "In the opening cameo of \"Treehouse of Horror II\" the Peanuts gang in Halloween costumes are passing in front of the Simpson house. The final segment of \"Treehouse of Horror XIX\" (the fourth episode of the twentieth season of The Simpsons), called \"It's the Grand Pumpkin, Milhouse\", is a parody of It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and contains numerous references to the Peanuts characters. Milhouse Van Houten wears the same clothes and plays the same role as Linus van Pelt. Lisa Simpson is modeled after Sally Brown, and Bart is patterned after Charlie Brown (even saying \"Good grief!\" at one point). A redesigned version of Santa's Little Helper can be seen sleeping atop his dog house a la Snoopy, while Homer is seen sleeping on top of the family house in a similar manner. ", "precise_score": 2.3448691368103027, "rough_score": 3.079319715499878, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "A sketch in the episode 'Vegetable Funfest' of the stop-motion parody show Robot Chicken featured a Peanuts parody in which Linus tires of never seeing the Great Pumpkin. He conducts a magical ritual involving a pentagram to summon the entity, which is revealed to be a Lovecraftian in nature, feeding on children. The Pumpkin murders Linus and proceeds to stalk the other characters with similar intentions. Charlie Brown is saved by the similarly demonic Kite-Eating Tree, which consumes the Pumpkin. Charlie Brown declares that his deceased friends can now rest in peace. The murdered characters are then shown in Hell literally dancing with the devil as Schroeder plays his piano. The Great Pumpkin's voice was supplied by character actor Abraham Benrubi.", "precise_score": 1.5386234521865845, "rough_score": -0.873331606388092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Peanuts premiered on October 2, 1950, in nine newspapers: The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Tribune, The Allentown Morning Call, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, The Seattle Times, The New York World-Telegram & Sun, and The Boston Globe. It began as a daily strip. The first strip was four panels long and showed Charlie Brown walking by two other young children, Shermy and Patty. Shermy lauds Charlie Brown as he walks by, but then tells Patty how he hates him in the final panel. This was groundbreaking. Until then, rarely had children expressed hatred for others in comic strips. Snoopy was also an early character in the strip, first appearing in the third strip, which ran on October 4. Its first Sunday strip appeared January 6, 1952, in the half-page format, which was the only complete format for the entire life of the Sunday strip. Most of the other characters that eventually became the main characters of Peanuts did not appear until later: Violet (February 1951), Schroeder (May 1951), Lucy (March 1952), Linus (September 1952), Pig-Pen (July 1954), Sally (August 1959), Frieda (March 1961), \"Peppermint\" Patty (August 1966), Woodstock (introduced April 1967; given a name in June 1970), Franklin (July 1968), Marcie (July 1971), and Rerun (March 1973).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.22655963897705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Schulz would throw satirical barbs at any number of topics when he chose. Over the years he tackled everything from the Vietnam War to school dress codes to the \"New math.\" One strip on May 20, 1962 even had an icon that stated \"Defend Freedom, Buy US Savings Bonds.\" In 1963 he added a little boy named \"5\" to the cast, whose sisters were named \"3\" and \"4,\" and whose father had changed their family name to their ZIP Code, giving in to the way numbers were taking over people's identities. In 1958, a strip in which Snoopy tossed Linus into the air and boasted that he was the first dog ever to launch a human, parodied the hype associated with Sputnik 2's launch of \"Laika\" the dog into space earlier that year. Another sequence lampooned Little Leagues and \"organized\" play, when all the neighborhood kids join snowman-building leagues and criticize Charlie Brown when he insists on building his own snowmen without leagues or coaches.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.327234268188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Peanuts touched on religious themes on many occasions, most notably the classic television special A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965, which features the character Linus van Pelt quoting the King James Version of the Bible (Luke 2:8–14) to explain to Charlie Brown what Christmas is all about (in personal interviews, Schulz mentioned that Linus represented his spiritual side). Because of the explicit religious material in A Charlie Brown Christmas, many have interpreted Schulz' work as having a distinct Christian theme, though the popular perspective has been to view the franchise through a secular lens. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.11751127243042, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "The initial cast of Peanuts was small, featuring only Charlie Brown, Shermy, Patty (not to be confused with Peppermint Patty) and (two days after the release of the first strip) a beagle, Snoopy. The first addition, Violet, was made on February 7, 1951. Other character introductions that soon followed were Schroeder, on May 30, 1951, as a baby; Lucy, on March 3, 1952; Lucy's baby brother Linus, on September 19, 1952 (after his existence was first mentioned back on July 14); and Pig-Pen, on July 13, 1954.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.432991027832031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "As the years went by, Shermy, Patty and Violet appeared less often and were demoted to supporting roles (eventually disappearing from the strip in 1969, 1976, and 1984 respectively, although Patty and Violet were still seen as late as November 27, 1997), while new major characters were introduced. Schroeder, Lucy van Pelt, and her brother Linus debuted as very young children—with Schroeder and Linus both in diapers and pre-verbal. Snoopy also started to verbalize his thoughts via thought bubbles.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676472663879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "One recurring theme in the strip is Charlie Brown's neighborhood baseball team. Charlie Brown is the player-manager of the team and, usually, its pitcher, and Schroeder is the catcher. The other characters of the strip comprise the rest of the team, including Linus playing as second baseman and Lucy as right fielder. Charlie Brown is a terrible pitcher, often giving up tremendous hits which either knock him off the mound or leave him with only his shorts on. The team itself is also poor, with only Snoopy, at shortstop, being particularly competent. Because of this, the team consistently loses. However, while the team is often referred to as \"win-less,\" it does win at least ten games over the course of the strip's run, most of these when Charlie Brown is not playing, a fact that Charlie Brown finds highly dispiriting. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.86435317993164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Several additional family members of the characters were also introduced: Charlie Brown's younger sister Sally, who became fixated on Linus; Linus and Lucy van Pelt's younger brother Rerun, who almost always found himself on the back of his mother's bike for a time; and Spike, Snoopy's desert-dwelling brother from Needles, California, who was apparently named for Schulz' own childhood dog. Snoopy also had six other siblings, and a total of five of his siblings made some appearances in the strip (his brothers Andy, Olaf, and Marbles (in addition to Spike) and his sister Belle).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.046525955200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Schulz also added some fantastical characters, sometimes imbuing inanimate objects with sparks of life. Charlie Brown's nemesis, the Kite-Eating Tree, is one example. Sally Brown's school building, that expressed thoughts and feelings about the students (and the general business of being a brick building), is another. Linus' famous \"security blanket\" also displayed occasional signs of anthropomorphism. Another example is Charlie Brown's pitching mound, which at times would express thoughts and opinions (\"Why don't you learn how to pitch, you stupid kid?\").", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.060498237609863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "It's Your First Kiss, Charlie Brown and What a Nightmare, Charlie Brown! featured Linus & Lucy arrangement's Ed Bogas and Judy Munsen.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.300373077392578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Other jazz artists have recorded Peanuts-themed albums, often featuring cover versions of Guaraldi's compositions. These include Ellis Marsalis, Jr. and Wynton Marsalis (Joe Cool's Blues, 1995); George Winston (Linus & Lucy, 1996); David Benoit (Here's to You, Charlie Brown!, 2000, and Jazz for Peanuts, 2008); and Cyrus Chestnut (A Charlie Brown Christmas, 2000). The 1989 GRP Records release Happy Anniversary, Charlie Brown! and the 2005 Peak Records release 40 Years: A Charlie Brown Christmas also include interpretations of Guaraldi's themes by various smooth jazz and blues artists.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.553993225097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Peanuts on Parade is St. Paul, Minnesota's tribute to Peanuts. It began in 2000, with the placing of 101 5 ft statues of Snoopy throughout the city of Saint Paul. The statues were later auctioned at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. In 2001, there was \"Charlie Brown Around Town\", 2002 brought \"Looking for Lucy\", and in 2003, \"Linus Blankets Saint Paul\". Permanent bronze statues of the Peanuts characters are found in Landmark Plaza in downtown Saint Paul. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.24706745147705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Peanuts" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "The Great Pumpkin has been a symbol of strong faith and foolish faith, leading to vastly different interpretations of creator Charles Schulz's own faith. As described in the book on Schulz's religious views, A Charlie Brown Religion, Schulz's views were very personal and often misinterpreted. Linus' seemingly unshakable belief in the Great Pumpkin, and his desire to foster the same belief in others, has been interpreted as a parody of Christian evangelism by some observers. Others have seen Linus' belief in the Great Pumpkin as symbolic of the struggles faced by anyone with beliefs or practices that are not shared by the majority. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.501280784606934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "Still others view Linus' lonely vigils, in the service of a being that may or may not exist and which never makes its presence known in any case, as a metaphor for mankind's basic existential dilemmas. Charles Schulz himself, however, claimed no motivation beyond the humor of having one of his young characters confuse Halloween with Christmas. In the 1959 sequence of strips in which the Great Pumpkin is first mentioned, for instance, Schulz also has Linus suggest that he and the other kids \"go out and sing pumpkin carols\", something which he also asks the trick-or-treating kids in the special itself.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.560665607452393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" }, { "answer": "Linus", "passage": "On October 30, 2015, the Wizard of Id comic strip made a tribute to Linus and the Great Pumpkin. The wizard makes a spell \"making a dream come true for a special little boy\". The last panel shows a large pumpkin, growling, chasing a boy who has a blue blanket (ostensibly Linus).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.178401947021484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Great Pumpkin" } ]

[ { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write. It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers, after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point. The US edition was not released until December 1939; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None, the last five words in the original American version of the nursery rhyme (\"Ten Little Indians\"). ", "precise_score": 9.07155704498291, "rough_score": 8.289566993713379, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written. Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, \"If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer\", he continued. \"It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.\" ", "precise_score": 6.232376575469971, "rough_score": 4.949274063110352, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "Many other reviews were also complimentary; in The New York Times Book Review (25 February 1940), Isaac Anderson detailed the set-up of the plot up to the point where \"the voice\" accuses the ten \"guests\" of their past crimes or sins, which have all resulted in the deaths of other human beings, and then said, \"When you read what happens after that you will not believe it, but you will keep on reading, and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading. The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating. It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written, and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory. We are referring, of course, to mysteries that have logical explanations, as this one has. It is a tall story, to be sure, but it could have happened.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.376002788543701, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "Such was the quality of Christie's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). For instance, an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said, \"Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie, but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending. With And Then There Were None... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising... is, indeed, considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.27721330523490906, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings. Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observers issue of 5 November 1939 which began, \"No wonder Agatha Christie's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance. We will refrain, however, from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best, most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written. We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly, as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody, and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure.\" After stating the set-up of the plot, Richardson concluded, \"Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie's baleful form. Her plot may be highly artificial, but it is neat, brilliantly cunning, soundly constructed, and free from any of those red-herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7779364585876465, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. They often used Christie's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play, and frequently changed the setting to locations other than an island.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.886347770690918, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None in 2005, the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels. In February 2008, it was ported to the Wii console. The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0102546215057373, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "Another parody, the 1976 Broadway musical Something's Afoot, stars Tessie O'Shea as a female sleuth resembling Miss Marple. Something's Afoot takes place in a remote English estate, where six guests have been invited for the weekend. The guests, as well as three servants and a young man who claims to have wandered innocently onto the estate, are then murdered one by one, several in full view of the audience, with the murderer's surprise identity revealed at the end. For an encore, the murdered cast members perform a song, \"I Owe It All to Agatha Christie\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.091081619262695, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" }, { "answer": "Agatha Christie", "passage": "In the 2016 novel The Baker Street Jurors, a judge takes his barristers and jurors on a site visit to an English resort island, soon to become isolated by bad weather, and the hotel owner mentions the Agatha Christie story to the judge--who responds that he has read the story too, but has no intention of murdering anyone. Murders happen, even so.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.226053237915039, "source": "wiki", "title": "And Then There Were None" } ]

[ { "answer": "Rum", "passage": "According to the original recipe, the Zombie cocktail included three different kinds of rum, lime juice, falernum, Angostura bitters, Pernod, grenadine, and “Don’s Mix,” a combination of cinnamon syrup and grapefruit juice. ", "precise_score": 6.719782829284668, "rough_score": 3.6851511001586914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zombie (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Rum", "passage": "Shot sizes vary significantly from country to country. In the United Kingdom, serving size in licensed premises is regulated under the Weights and Measures Act (1985). A single serving size of spirits (gin, whisky, rum, and vodka) are sold in 25 ml or 35 ml quantities or multiples thereof. Beer is typically served in pints (568 ml), but is also served in half-pints or third-pints. In Israel, a single serving size of spirits is about twice as much, 50 or 60 mL.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169979095458984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alcoholic beverage" }, { "answer": "Rum", "passage": "The Zombie, (also known as skull-puncher), is a cocktail made of fruit juices, liqueurs, and various rums. It first appeared in late 1934, invented by Donn Beach (formerly Ernest Raymond Beaumont-Gannt) of Hollywood's Don the Beachcomber restaurant. It was popularized soon afterwards at the 1939 New York World's Fair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5927537679672241, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zombie (cocktail)" }, { "answer": "Rum", "passage": "The Zombie was occasionally served heated (a drink more commonly known today as the I.B.A. Hot Zombie), as outlined by the Catering Industry Employee (CIE) journal: \"Juice of 1 lime, unsweetened pineapple juice, bitters, 1 ounce heavily bodied rum, 2 ounces of Gold Label rum, 1 ounce of White Label rum, 1 ounce of apricot-flavored brandy, 1 ounce of papaya juice\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.8442273139953613, "source": "wiki", "title": "Zombie (cocktail)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Stephen King", "passage": "It is a 1986 horror novel by American author Stephen King. The story follows the exploits of seven children as they are terrorized by the eponymous being, which exploits the fears and phobias of its victims in order to disguise itself while hunting its prey. \"It\" primarily appears in the form of a clown in order to attract its preferred prey of young children. The novel is told through narratives alternating between two time periods, and is largely told in the third-person omniscient mode. It deals with themes that eventually became King staples: the power of memory, childhood trauma, and the ugliness lurking behind a façade of traditional small-town values. The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1987, and received nominations for the Locus and World Fantasy Awards that same year. Publishers Weekly listed It as the best-selling book in the United States in 1986.", "precise_score": -1.855881690979004, "rough_score": 0.6117811799049377, "source": "wiki", "title": "It (novel)" }, { "answer": "Stephen King", "passage": "Derry is a fictional town and a part of Stephen King's fictional Maine topography. Derry has served as the setting for a number of his novels, novellas, and short stories. Derry first appeared in King's 1981 short story The Bird and the Album, and has reappeared as late as his 2011 novel 11/22/63 (see list below). Derry is said to be near Bangor, but King has acknowledged that Derry is actually his portrayal of Bangor. A map on King's official website, though, places Derry in the vicinity of the town of Etna. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7966829538345337, "source": "wiki", "title": "Derry (Stephen King)" }, { "answer": "Stephen King", "passage": "On December 13, 2011, Cemetery Dance published a special limited edition of It for the 25th anniversary of the novel (ISBN 978-1587672705) in three editions: an unsigned limited gift edition of 2,750, a signed limited edition of 750, and a signed and lettered limited edition of 52. All three editions are oversized hardcovers, housed in a slipcase or traycase, and feature premium binding materials. This anniversary edition features a new dust jacket illustration by Glen Orbik, as well as numerous interior illustrations by Alan M. Clark and Erin Wells. The book also contains a new afterword by Stephen King discussing his reasons for writing the novel. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.434856414794922, "source": "wiki", "title": "It (novel)" }, { "answer": "Stephen King", "passage": "On March 12, 2009, Warner Bros. announced that a new adaptation of Stephen King's novel had started. Dan Lin, Roy Lee and Doug Davison are set to produce, with Jon Silk executive producing. In 2010, the screenplay was being re-written by Dave Kajganich. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.07301139831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "It (novel)" }, { "answer": "Stephen King", "passage": "On September 21, 2010, film director Guillermo del Toro announced that he would like to direct new adaptations of the Stephen King novels It and Pet Sematary, but stated that he is very busy and unlikely to be able to make them any time soon. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.819965362548828, "source": "wiki", "title": "It (novel)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "Nancy Jean Cartwright (born October 25, 1957) is an American voice actress, film and television actress, and comedian. She is known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney, and Database.", "precise_score": 8.99110221862793, "rough_score": 8.858394622802734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "Cartwright is best known for her role as Bart Simpson on the long-running animated television show The Simpsons. On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright auditioned for a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on The Tracey Ullman Show, a sketch comedy program. Cartwright originally intended to audition for the role of Lisa Simpson, the eldest daughter. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\". Creator Matt Groening let her try out for Bart, and gave her the job on the spot. Bart's voice came naturally to Cartwright, as she had previously used elements of it in My Little Pony, Snorks, and Pound Puppies. Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform compared with other characters. The recording of the shorts was often primitive; the dialog was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio above the bleachers on the set of the The Tracey Ullman Show. Cartwright, the only cast member to have been professionally trained in voice acting, described the sessions as \"great fun\". However, she wanted to appear in the live-action sketches and occasionally showed up for recording sessions early, hoping to be noticed by a producer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.7742824554443359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Eat My Shorts", "passage": "In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the Fox network called The Simpsons. Bart quickly became the show's breakout personality and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as \"Bartmania\". Bart was described as \"television's brightest new star\" by Mike Boone of The Gazette and was named 1990's \"entertainer of the year\" by Entertainment Weekly. Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of The Simpsons, Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\", and she believes her role is \"the best acting job in the world\", since she is rarely recognized in public. When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it \"freaks [them] out\". Bart's catchphrase \"Eat My Shorts\" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual \"Fairmont West! Fairmont West!\" to the irreverent \"Eat my shorts!\" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.859701156616211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" }, { "answer": "Bart Simpson", "passage": "In January 2009, Cartwright used Bart's voice in an automated telephone message to Scientologists, inviting them to an event in Hollywood, California. She opened the message in Bart's voice, saying \"Yo, what's happenin' man, this is Bart Simpson [laugh]\", then used her normal voice in most of the remaining message. In a 2000 interview, Cartwright explained that a character's voice is copyrighted and she can use Bart's voice in public but cannot record original dialogue without approval. Al Jean, executive producer of The Simpsons, said that the calls had not been \"authorized by us\", while The Simpsons creator Matt Groening commented that the issue had been \"blown up beyond what was intended\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.118971347808838, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nancy Cartwright" } ]

[ { "answer": "A swastika", "passage": "In the 1980s, Manson gave four notable interviews. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin Prison and aired March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch; it won the national news Emmy Award for \"Best Interview\" in 1987. The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of that journalist's prime-time special on Satanism. At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika, in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been. ", "precise_score": 1.732322096824646, "rough_score": -0.39612528681755066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Manson" }, { "answer": "Swastika", "passage": "In March 2009, a photograph taken of a 74-year-old Manson, showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair and the swastika tattoo still prominent on his forehead, was released to the public by California corrections officials. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.56649112701416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charles Manson" } ]

[ { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "The \"Legend\" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham \"Brom Bones\" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassel's extravagant wealth. Bones, the local hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrina's hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster, and the fate of Sleepy Hollow's fortune weighs in the balance for some time. The tension between the three is soon brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His intentions, however, are ill-fated.", "precise_score": 0.4331631660461426, "rough_score": 2.9930551052093506, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* \"Halloween Hound: The Legend of Creepy Collars\" was the second-season premiere of the PBS series Wishbone. In this 1997 episode, Wishbone imagines himself as Ichabod Crane and re-enacts the Headless Horseman story in his imagination when his owner, Joe Talbot goes on a Halloween night scavenger hunt along with his two schoolmates, David Barnes and Samantha Kepler. In Wishbone's imagination, he is scared off by the Headless Horseman. Like the original story, it is heavily implied that Brom is the Headless Horseman when his horse's collar resembles the Horseman's horse collar. ", "precise_score": -0.19182609021663666, "rough_score": 0.9249731302261353, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* Sleepy Hollow (1999) was a feature film directed by Tim Burton. The adaptation takes many liberties with the plot and characters, changing Crane from the local schoolmaster into a police constable sent from New York City to investigate recent murders, and the Horseman being used as a weapon against the local landowners. Johnny Depp starred as Ichabod Crane while Christopher Walken plays the Headless Horseman. The cast also featured Christina Ricci as Katrina and Casper Van Dien as Brom.", "precise_score": -0.6375321745872498, "rough_score": 2.9779810905456543, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* Sleepy Hollow (2013), a fantasy mystery drama series co-created by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, Phillip Iscove and Len Wiseman airing on the Fox network. In the series, Ichabod Crane is reimagined as an English professor and turncoat during the American Revolutionary War, who awakens in the 21st century and encounters the Headless Horseman, a felled mercenary Crane had decapitated 250 years prior. Crane teams up with Abbie Mills, a lieutenant in the town of Sleepy Hollow's sheriff's department, and together they try to stop the murderous Horseman (who is purportedly Death), and uncover a conspiracy involving supernatural forces. ", "precise_score": -2.6566147804260254, "rough_score": -0.25858011841773987, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "Irving, while he was an aide-de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. He may have patterned the character in \"The Legend\" after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809. The inspiration for the character of Katrina Van Tassel is uncertain, although both Catriena Ecker Van Tessel and her niece Eleanor Van Tassel Brush are buried in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery and have been proposed as models. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.745361089706421, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* The Headless Horseman (1922) was a silent version directed by Edward Venturini, and starring Will Rogers as Ichabod Crane. It was filmed on location in New York's Hudson River Valley.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.992146015167236, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1980), was a television film directed by Henning Schellerup. It aired on NBC, was filmed in Utah, and starred Jeff Goldblum as Ichabod Crane, Meg Foster as Katrina, and Richard Butkus as Brahm Bones. Executive producer Charles Sellier was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the movie. The film is not closely adapted from the original story, depicting Crane as a skeptic regarding ghosts and the supernatural, although it foreshadows Tim Burton's similar 1999 treatment.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.099828243255615, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* \"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow\" (1985), an episode of Shelley Duvall's Tall Tales and Legends, starred Ed Begley, Jr. as Ichabod Crane, Beverly D'Angelo as Katrina Van Tassel, Tim Thomerson as Brom and Charles Durning as Doffue Van Tassel, who is also the narrator. It was produced and hosted by Shelley Duvall.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.435685157775879, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* The Real Ghostbusters featured an episode with a descendant of Ichabod Crane, cursed by a headless apparition on a motorcycle who viciously pursues men to whom she is attracted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.207791328430176, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* In the Nickelodeon horror anthology television series Are You Afraid of the Dark?, its third season episode \"The Tale of the Midnight Ride\" serves as a sequel to the classic story. In this episode a boy named Ian Matthews moves to Sleepy Hollow, New York, where he develops a crush on Katie. One night after the Halloween dance, they see the ghost of Ichabod Crane and send him over the bridge that the Headless Horseman cannot cross, unintentionally prompting the Headless Horseman to pursue them instead of Crane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.044212818145752, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* The Hollow (2004) was a TV movie that premiered on the ABC Family Channel, starring Kevin Zegers and Kaley Cuoco. The adaptation focused on a teenage descendant of Ichabod Crane.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.477569580078125, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (2005). Produced by The Colonial Radio Theatre on the Air and released by Blackstone Audio. Faithfully adapted from the book by Washington Irving, this production has an elaborate music score by Jeffrey Gage, sound effects, and a full cast. Originally released as a \"Halloween Pick\" by Barnes & Noble bookstores, the production went on to win the Ogle Award for \"Best Fantasy Production of 2005.\" The cast includes Lincoln Clark as Ichabod Crane, Joseph Zamparelli Jr. as Brom Bones, and Diane Capen as Katrina Van Tassel. The book was dramatized, produced and directed by Jerry Robbins. On Halloween 2005, the production was broadcast coast to coast on XM Radio's Sonic Theater, and repeated the following year. It continues to be one of Colonial's most popular titles in release.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.007362127304077, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* \"Ichabod Crane, Master of the Occult\" (2012) is a sequel to the original story, written by D. K. Thompson and produced by Marshal Latham on the Journey Into podcast.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.570942878723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* Tom Mison, who plays Ichabod Crane in the television series Sleepy Hollow, was the narrator for a 2014 recording for Audible Studios.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.702006340026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "* In 2006, a large statue depicting the Headless Horseman chasing Ichabod Crane was placed along Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow/Tarrytown, New York.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.964716911315918, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" }, { "answer": "Ichabod Crane", "passage": "** The Ichabod Crane School District, Valatie, New York. The school's sports teams are called \"The Riders\" and a silhouette of Ichabod Crane on his horse is often representative of the home team while a silhouette of the Headless Horseman is representative of the opponent. The wings in the junior high school are also named for characters and places, such as Katrina Van Tassel and Sleepy Hollow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.2567806243896484, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" } ]

[ { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "George Orson Welles (; May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. He is remembered for his innovative work in all three: in theatre, most notably Caesar (1937), a Broadway adaptation of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar; in radio, the 1938 broadcast \"The War of the Worlds\", one of the most famous in the history of radio; and in film, Citizen Kane (1941), consistently ranked as one of the all-time greatest films.", "precise_score": -4.013942718505859, "rough_score": -3.051114559173584, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Welles directed a number of high-profile stage productions for the Federal Theatre Project in his early twenties, including an innovative adaptation of Macbeth with an entirely African American cast, and the political musical The Cradle Will Rock. In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre, an independent repertory theatre company that presented an acclaimed series of productions on Broadway through 1941. Welles found national and international fame as the director and narrator of a 1938 radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds performed for his radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was occurring. Although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated, they rocketed Welles to notoriety.", "precise_score": 2.1299896240234375, "rough_score": 2.943807363510132, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The Mercury Theatre's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells October 30, 1938, brought Welles instant fame. The combination of the news bulletin form of the performance with the between-breaks dial spinning habits of listeners was later reported to have created widespread confusion among listeners who failed to hear the introduction, although the extent of this confusion has come into question. Panic was reportedly spread among listeners who believed the fictional news reports of a Martian invasion. The myth of the result created by the combination was reported as fact around the world and disparagingly mentioned by Adolf Hitler in a public speech some months later. ", "precise_score": 5.750729084014893, "rough_score": 6.133790493011475, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "On 28 October 1940, on the radio station KTSA in San Antonio, Texas, Wells took part in a radio interview with Orson Welles, who two years previously had performed a famous radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds. During the interview, by Charles C Shaw, a KTSA radio host, Wells admitted his surprise at the widespread panic that resulted from the broadcast, but acknowledged his debt to Welles for increasing sales of one of his \"more obscure\" titles. ", "precise_score": 6.530276775360107, "rough_score": 6.904092788696289, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "\"The War of the Worlds\" is an episode of the American radio drama anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It was performed as a Halloween episode of the series on Sunday, October 30, 1938, and aired over the Columbia Broadcasting System radio network. Directed and narrated by actor and future filmmaker Orson Welles, the episode was an adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds (1898). It became famous for allegedly causing mass panic, although the reality of the panic is disputed as the program had relatively few listeners. ", "precise_score": 3.8535172939300537, "rough_score": 4.1955037117004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Radio programming charts in Sunday newspapers listed the CBS drama, \"The War of the Worlds\". The New York Times for October 30, 1938, also included the show in its \"Leading Events of the Week\" (\"Tonight — Play: H. G. Wells's 'War of the Worlds'\") and published a photograph of Welles with some of the Mercury players, captioned, \"Tonight's show is H. G. Wells' 'War of the Worlds'\".", "precise_score": 1.837428092956543, "rough_score": 2.9923036098480225, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Another announcement was repeated on the full CBS network that same evening at 10:30 p.m., 11:30 p.m. and midnight: \"For those listeners who tuned in to Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast from 8 to 9 p.m. Eastern Standard Time tonight and did not realize that the program was merely a modernized adaptation of H. G. Wells's famous novel War of the Worlds, we are repeating the fact which was made clear four times on the program, that, while the names of some American cities were used, as in all novels and dramatizations, the entire story and all of its incidents were fictitious.\" ", "precise_score": -2.855954170227051, "rough_score": -1.2572077512741089, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "H. G. Wells and Orson Welles met for the first and only time in late October 1940, shortly before the second anniversary of the Mercury Theatre broadcast, when they both happened to be lecturing in San Antonio, Texas. On October 28, 1940, the two men visited the studios of KTSA radio for an interview by Charles C. Shaw, who introduced them by characterizing the panic generated by \"The War of the Worlds\": \"The country at large was frightened almost out of its wits\". ", "precise_score": 5.033647060394287, "rough_score": 5.646757125854492, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "A condensed version of the script for \"The War of the Worlds\" appeared in the debut issue of Radio Digest magazine (February 1939), in an article on the broadcast that credited \"Orson Welles and his Mercury Theatre players\". The complete script appeared in The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic (1940), the book publication of a Princeton University study directed by psychologist Hadley Cantril. Welles strongly protested Koch being listed as sole author since many others contributed to the script, but by the time the book was published he had decided to end the dispute.", "precise_score": -2.609428644180298, "rough_score": -2.3217084407806396, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "In 1973, Welles completed F for Fake, a personal essay film about art forger Elmyr de Hory and the biographer Clifford Irving. Based on an existing documentary by François Reichenbach, it included new material with Oja Kodar, Joseph Cotten, Paul Stewart and William Alland. An excerpt of Welles's 1930s War of the Worlds broadcast was recreated for this film; however, none of the dialogue heard in the film actually matches what was originally broadcast. Welles filmed a five-minute trailer, rejected in the U.S., that featured several shots of a topless Kodar.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.307904243469238, "source": "wiki", "title": "Orson Welles" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "[http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/wells_h_g \"Wells, H. G.\"]. Revised 20 May 2015. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (sf-encyclopedia.com). Retrieved 2015-08-22. Entry by 'JC/BS', John Clute and Brian Stableford.—was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, and social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels, and is called the father of science fiction, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.685025215148926, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "During 1888 Wells stayed in Stoke-on-Trent, living in Basford, and also at the Leopard Hotel in Burslem. The unique environment of The Potteries was certainly an inspiration. He wrote in a letter to a friend from the area that \"the district made an immense impression on me.\" The inspiration for some of his descriptions in The War of the Worlds is thought to have come from his short time spent here, seeing the iron foundry furnaces burn over the city, shooting huge red light into the skies. His stay in The Potteries also resulted in the macabre short story \"The Cone\" (1895, contemporaneous with his famous The Time Machine), set in the north of the city.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.77949333190918, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Some of his early novels, called \"scientific romances\", invented several themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon. He also wrote realistic novels that received critical acclaim, including Kipps and a critique of English culture during the Edwardian period, Tono-Bungay. Wells also wrote dozens of short stories and novellas, including, \"The Flowering of the Strange Orchid\", which helped bring the full impact of Darwin's revolutionary botanical ideas to a wider public, and was followed by many later successes such as \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.346384048461914, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "*Wells is portrayed in the 1985 story Timelash from the 22nd season of the BBC science-fiction television series Doctor Who. In this story, Herbert, an enthusiastic temporary companion to the Doctor, is revealed to be a young H. G. Wells. The plot is loosely based upon the themes and characters of The Time Machine with references to The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man and The Island of Doctor Moreau. The story jokingly suggests that Wells's inspiration for his later novels came from his adventure with the Sixth Doctor. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.015895843505859, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "In 1954, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign purchased the H. G Wells literary papers and correspondence collection. The University's Rare Book & Manuscript Library holds the largest collection of Wells manuscripts, correspondence, first editions and publications in the United States. Among these is an unpublished material and the manuscripts of such works as The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine. The collection includes first editions, revisions, translations. The letters contain general family correspondence, communications, from publishers, material regarding the Fabian Society, and letters from politicians and public figures, most notably George Bernard Shaw and Joseph Conrad.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.010759353637695, "source": "wiki", "title": "H. G. Wells" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The first two-thirds of the one-hour broadcast was presented as a series of simulated news bulletins, which suggested an actual alien invasion by Martians was currently in progress. The illusion of realism was furthered because the Mercury Theatre on the Air was a sustaining show without commercial interruptions, and the first break in the program came almost thirty minutes into the broadcast. Popular legend holds that some of the radio audience may have been listening to Edgar Bergen and tuned in to \"The War of the Worlds\" during a musical interlude, thereby missing the clear introduction that the show was a drama, but recent research suggests this only happened in rare instances. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.79378890991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The first two-thirds of the hour-long play is a contemporary retelling of events of the novel, presented as news bulletins interrupting another program. \"I had conceived the idea of doing a radio broadcast in such a manner that a crisis would actually seem to be happening,\" Welles later said, \"and would be broadcast in such a dramatized form as to appear to be a real event taking place at that time, rather than a mere radio play. This approach was similar to Ronald Knox's satirical newscast of a riot overtaking London broadcast by the BBC in 1926, which Welles later said gave him the idea for \"The War of the Worlds\". A 1927 drama aired by Adelaide station 5CL depicted an invasion of Australia via the same techniques and inspired reactions similar to those of the Welles broadcast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.211137771606445, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "\"The War of the Worlds\" broadcast used techniques similar to those of The March of Time, the CBS news documentary and dramatization radio series. Welles was a member of the program's regular cast, having first performed on The March of Time in March 1935. The Mercury Theatre on the Air and The March of Time shared many cast members, as well as sound effects chief Ora D. Nichols.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.629187107086182, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Welles discussed his fake newscast idea with producer John Houseman and assistant director Paul Stewart; together they decided to adapt a work of science fiction. They considered adapting M. P. Shiel's The Purple Cloud and Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World before purchasing the radio rights to The War of the Worlds. Houseman later wrote that he suspected Welles had never read it. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.774798393249512, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Howard Koch had written the first drafts for the Mercury Theatre broadcasts \"Hell on Ice\" (October 9), \"Seventeen\" (October 16) and \"Around the World in 80 Days\" (October 23). Monday, October 24, he was assigned to re-script \"The War of the Worlds\" for broadcast the following Sunday night.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.293737411499023, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Tuesday night, 36 hours before rehearsals were to begin, Koch telephoned Houseman in what the producer characterized as \"deep distress\". Koch said he could not make The War of the Worlds interesting or credible as a radio play, a conviction echoed by his secretary Anne Froelick, a typist and aspiring writer that Houseman had hired to assist him. With only his own abandoned script for Lorna Doone to fall back on, Houseman told Koch to continue adapting the Wells fantasy. He joined Koch and Froelick and they worked on the script throughout the night. On Wednesday night the first draft was finished on schedule.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.20425033569336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "To create the role of reporter Carl Phillips, actor Frank Readick went to the record library and played the recording of Herbert Morrison's radio report of the Hindenburg disaster over and over. Working with Bernard Herrmann and the orchestra that had to sound like a dance band fell to Paul Stewart, the person Welles would later credit as being largely responsible for the quality of \"The War of the Worlds\" broadcast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.830263137817383, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The cast of characters of \"The War of the Worlds\" appears in order as first heard in the broadcast. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.720845222473145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "\"The War of the Worlds\" begins with a paraphrase of the beginning of the novel, updated to contemporary times. The announcer introduces Orson Welles:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.14329719543457, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "You are listening to a CBS presentation of Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre of the Air, in an original dramatization of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells. The performance will continue after a brief intermission.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.610595226287842, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Announcements that \"The War of the Worlds\" is a dramatization of a work of fiction were made on the full CBS network at four points during the broadcast October 30, 1938 — at the beginning, before the middle break, after the middle break, and at the end. The middle break was delayed ten minutes to accommodate the dramatic content.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.482767105102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Producer John Houseman noticed that at about 8:32 p.m. ET, CBS supervisor Davidson Taylor received a telephone call in the control room. Creasing his lips, Taylor left the studio and returned four minutes later, \"pale as death\". He had been ordered to interrupt \"The War of the Worlds\" broadcast immediately with an announcement of the program's fictional content, but by that time actor Ray Collins was choking on the roof of Broadcasting Building and the break was less than a minute away.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.166007995605469, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Because of the crowd of newspaper reporters, photographers and police, the cast left the CBS building by the rear entrance. Aware of the sensation the broadcast had made but not its extent, Welles went to the Mercury Theatre where an all-night rehearsal of Danton's Death was in progress. Shortly after midnight one of the cast, a late arrival, told Welles that news about \"The War of the Worlds\" was being flashed in Times Square. They immediately left the theatre and, standing on the corner of Broadway and 42nd Street, they read the lighted bulletin that circled the New York Times building: ORSON WELLES CAUSES PANIC.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.755029678344727, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "In its editions of October 31, 1938, the Tucson Citizen reported that three Arizona affiliates of CBS—KOY in Phoenix, KTUC in Tucson and KSUN in Bisbee—had originally scheduled a delayed broadcast of The War of the Worlds that night; CBS had shifted The Mercury Theater on the Air from Monday nights to Sunday nights on September 11, but the three affiliates preferred to keep the series in its original Monday slot so as not to have it compete with NBC's top-rated Chase and Sanborn Hour. However, late on that Sunday night, CBS contacted KOY and KTUC owner Burridge Butler and instructed him not to air the program the following night. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.682354927062988, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Later studies indicate that many missed the repeated notices about the broadcast being fictional, partly because The Mercury Theatre on the Air, an unsponsored CBS cultural program with a relatively small audience, ran at the same time as the NBC Red Network's popular Chase and Sanborn Hour featuring ventriloquist Edgar Bergen. At the time, many Americans assumed that a significant number of Chase and Sanborn listeners changed stations when the first comic sketch ended and a musical number by Nelson Eddy began, thereby tuning in \"The War of the Worlds\" after the opening announcements. But historian A. Brad Schwartz, after studying hundreds of letters from people who heard \"The War of the Worlds\" as well as contemporary audience surveys, concluded that very few people frightened by Welles's broadcast had tuned out Bergen's program. \"All the hard evidence suggests that The Chase & Sanborn Hour was only a minor contributing factor to the Martian hysteria,\" he wrote. \"...in truth, there was no mass exodus from Charlie McCarthy to Orson Welles that night.\" Because the broadcast was unsponsored, Welles and company could schedule breaks at will rather than arranging them around advertisements. As a result, the only notices that the broadcast was fictional came at the start of the broadcast and about 40 and 55 minutes into it.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.008601188659668, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "A study by the Radio Project discovered that fewer than one-third of frightened listeners understood the invaders to be aliens; most thought they were listening to reports of a German invasion or a natural catastrophe. \"People were on edge\", wrote Welles biographer Frank Brady. \"For the entire month prior to 'The War of the Worlds', radio had kept the American public alert to the ominous happenings throughout the world. The Munich crisis was at its height. … For the first time in history, the public could tune into their radios every night and hear, boot by boot, accusation by accusation, threat by threat, the rumblings that seemed inevitably leading to a world war.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.037189483642578, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Historical research suggests the panic was far less widespread than newspapers had indicated at the time. \"[T]he panic and mass hysteria so readily associated with 'The War of the Worlds' did not occur on anything approaching a nationwide dimension\", American University media historian W. Joseph Campbell wrote in 2003. He quotes Robert E. Bartholomew, an authority on mass panic outbreaks, as having said that \"there is a growing consensus among sociologists that the extent of the panic … was greatly exaggerated\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.141331672668457, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "This position is supported by contemporary accounts. \"In the first place, most people didn't hear [the show]\", said Frank Stanton, later president of CBS. Of the nearly 2,000 letters mailed to Welles and the Federal Communications Commission after \"The War of the Worlds\", currently held by the University of Michigan and the National Archives and Records Administration, roughly 27% came from frightened listeners or people who witnessed any panic. After analyzing those letters, A. Brad Schwartz concluded that although the broadcast briefly misled a significant portion of its audience, very few of those listeners fled their homes or otherwise panicked. The total number of protest letters sent to Welles and the FCC is also low in comparison with other controversial radio broadcasts of the period, further suggesting the audience was small and the fright severely limited.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3806023597717285, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Editorialists chastised the radio industry for allowing this to happen. This response may have reflected newspaper publishers' fears that radio, to which they had lost some of the advertising revenue that was scarce enough during the Great Depression, would render them obsolete. In \"The War of the Worlds\", they saw an opportunity to cast aspersions on the newer medium. \"The nation as a whole continues to face the danger of incomplete, misunderstood news over a medium which has yet to prove that it is competent to perform the news job,\" wrote Editor & Publisher, the newspaper industry's trade journal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.540386199951172, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "In a study published in book form as The Invasion from Mars (1940), Princeton professor Hadley Cantril calculated that some six million people heard \"The War of the Worlds\" broadcast. He estimated that 1.7 million listeners believed the broadcast was an actual news bulletin and, of those, 1.2 million people were frightened or disturbed. Media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow have since concluded, however, that Cantril's study has serious flaws. Its estimate of the program's audience is more than twice as high as any other at the time. Cantril himself conceded this, but argued that unlike Hooper his estimate had attempted to capture the significant portion of the audience that did not have home telephones at that time. Since those respondents were contacted only after the media frenzy, Cantril allowed that their recollections could have been influenced by what they read in the newspapers. Claims that Chase and Sanborn listeners who missed the disclaimer at the beginning when they turned to CBS during a commercial break or musical performance on that show and thus mistook \"The War of the Worlds\" for a real broadcast inflated the show's audience and the ensuing alleged panic are impossible to substantiate.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.902514934539795, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The FCC also received letters from the public that advised against taking reprisals. Singer Eddie Cantor urged the commission not to overreact, as \"censorship would retard radio immeasurably.\" The FCC not only chose not to punish Welles or CBS, it barred complaints about \"The War of the Worlds\" from being brought up during license renewals. \"Janet Jackson's 2004 'wardrobe malfunction' remains far more significant in the history of broadcast regulation than Orson Welles' trickery,\" wrote media historians Jefferson Pooley and Michael Socolow.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.633658409118652, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Welles appreciated the comment: \"I think that’s the nicest thing that a man from England could say about the men from Mars. Mr. Hitler made a good deal of sport of it, you know … It's supposed to show the corrupt condition and decadent state of affairs in democracy, that 'The War of the Worlds' went over as well as it did. I think it's very nice of Mr. Wells to say that not only I didn’t mean it, but the American people didn’t mean it.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.94055461883545, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Hosted by Edward R. Murrow, the live presentation of Nelson S. Bond's documentary play recreated the 1938 performance of \"The War of the Worlds\" in the CBS studio, using the script as a framework for a series of factual narratives about a cross-section of radio listeners. No member of the Mercury Theatre is named. The courts ruled against Welles, who was found to have abandoned any rights to the script after it was published in Cantril's book. Koch had granted CBS the right to use the script in its program. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.161894798278809, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The book, The Panic Broadcast, was first published in 1970. The best-selling album was a sound recording of the broadcast titled Orson Welles' War of the Worlds, \"released by arrangement with Manheim Fox Enterprises, Inc.\" The source discs for the recording are unknown. Welles told Peter Bogdanovich that it was a poor-quality recording taken off the air at the time of broadcast — \"a pirated record which people have made fortunes of money and have no right to play.\" Welles received no compensation. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.8736958503723145, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "The 75th anniversary of \"The War of the Worlds\" was marked by an international rebroadcast with an introduction by George Takei, and an episode of the PBS documentary series American Experience. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54885482788086, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "On January 27, 2003, the Mercury Theatre broadcast of \"The War of the Worlds\" was one of the first 50 recordings made part of the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.738184928894043, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" }, { "answer": "War of the Worlds", "passage": "Since the original Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast of \"The War of the Worlds\", there have been many re-airings, remakes, reenactments, parodies and new dramatizations. Many American radio stations, particularly those that regularly air old-time radio programs, re-air the original program as a Halloween tradition. Some notable examples include:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.21357250213623, "source": "wiki", "title": "The War of the Worlds (radio drama)" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "Although Bond had made him a star, Connery eventually tired of the role and the pressure the franchise put on him, saying \"[I am] fed up to here with the whole Bond bit\" and \"I have always hated that damned James Bond. I'd like to kill him\". Michael Caine said of the situation, \"If you were his friend in these early days you didn't raise the subject of Bond. He was, and is, a much better actor than just playing James Bond, but he became synonymous with Bond. He'd be walking down the street and people would say, \"Look, there's James Bond.\" That was particularly upsetting to him.\" While making the Bond films, Connery also starred in other acclaimed films such as Alfred Hitchcock's Marnie (1964) and The Hill (1965). Apart from The Man Who Would Be King and The Wind and the Lion, both released in 1975, most of Connery's successes in the next decade were as part of ensemble casts in films such as Murder on the Orient Express (1974) with Vanessa Redgrave and John Gielgud and A Bridge Too Far (1977) co-starring Dirk Bogarde and Laurence Olivier. Connery shared a Henrietta Award with Charles Bronson for \"World Film Favorite – Male\" in 1972.", "precise_score": -3.2335567474365234, "rough_score": -1.647688865661621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sean Connery" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "*Kafiristan is where the bulk of Rudyard Kipling's famous story The Man Who Would Be King (1888) takes place. The story was made into a film in 1975.", "precise_score": 0.8940197825431824, "rough_score": 2.222708225250244, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kafiristan" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "Kipling's works of fiction include The Jungle Book (1894), Kim (1901), and many short stories, including \"The Man Who Would Be King\" (1888). His poems include \"Mandalay\" (1890), \"Gunga Din\" (1890), \"The Gods of the Copybook Headings\" (1919), \"The White Man's Burden\" (1899), and \"If—\" (1910). He is regarded as a major innovator in the art of the short story; his children's books are classics of children's literature; and one critic described his work as exhibiting \"a versatile and luminous narrative gift\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.33478307723999, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rudyard Kipling" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "Kipling so loved his masonic experience that he memorialised its ideals in his famous poem, \"The Mother Lodge\", and used the fraternity and its symbols as vital plot devices in his novella, The Man Who Would Be King.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.033232688903809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Rudyard Kipling" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "Sean Connery has a villa in Kranidi, Greece. His neighbour is King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, with whom he shares a helicopter platform. Michael Caine (who co-starred with Connery in The Man Who Would Be King (1975) which saw the double act receive critical acclaim) is among Connery's closest friends. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8976800441741943, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sean Connery" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "He made his breakthrough in the 1960s with starring roles in a number of acclaimed British films, including Zulu (1964), The Ipcress File (1965), Alfie (1966), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, The Italian Job (1969), and Battle of Britain (1969). His most notable roles in the 1970s included Get Carter (1971), The Last Valley, Sleuth (1972), for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination, The Man Who Would Be King (1975), and A Bridge Too Far (1977). He achieved some of his greatest critical success in the 1980s, with Educating Rita (1983) earning him the BAFTA and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor. In 1986, he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.90757942199707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Caine" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "When his career took him to London in 1954 after his provincial apprenticeship, his agent informed him that there was already a Michael Scott performing as an actor in London and that he had to come up with a new name immediately. Speaking to his agent from a telephone box in Leicester Square, London, he looked around for inspiration, noted that The Caine Mutiny was being shown at the Odeon Cinema in 1954, and decided to change his name to \"Michael Caine\". He joked on television in 1987 that, had a tree partly blocking his view been a few feet to the left, he might have been called \"Michael Mutiny\". (Humphrey Bogart was his \"screen idol\" and he would later play the part originally intended for Bogart in John Huston's The Man Who Would Be King. ) He also later joked in interviews that had he looked the other way, he would have ended up as \"Michael One Hundred and One Dalmatians\". In 1959, he was Peter O'Toole's understudy in Lindsay Anderson's West End staging of Willis Hall's The Long and the Short and the Tall. He took over the role when O'Toole left to make Lawrence of Arabia and went on to a four-month tour of Britain and Ireland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.8597044944763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Caine" }, { "answer": "The Man Who Would Be King", "passage": "After working on The Italian Job with Noël Coward, and a solid role as RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in the all-star cast of Battle of Britain (both 1969), Caine played the lead in Get Carter (1971), a British gangster film. Caine was busy with successes including Sleuth (1972) opposite Laurence Olivier, and John Huston's The Man Who Would Be King (1975) co-starring Sean Connery which received widespread acclaim. The Times applauded the \"lovely double act of Caine and Connery, clowning to their doom\", while Huston paid tribute to Caine's improvisation as an actor: \"Michael is one of the most intelligent men among the artists I've known. I don't particularly care to throw the ball to an actor and let him improvise, but with Michael it's different. I just let him get on with it.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.0616531372070312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Michael Caine" } ]

[ { "answer": "Apple bobbing", "passage": "Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising), attending Halloween costume parties, decorating, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing and divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories and watching horror films. In many parts of the world, the Christian religious observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead, remain popular, although elsewhere it is a more commercial and secular celebration. Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows' Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes and soul cakes. ", "precise_score": -9.924145698547363, "rough_score": -8.69337272644043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "Apple bobbing", "passage": "There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called \"dooking\" in Scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is thought by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.61018180847168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" } ]

[ { "answer": "It is black", "passage": "By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. All new cars were black; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, \"Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black\". Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model Ts were available in other colors, including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. This record was achieved in 19 years from the introduction of the first Model T (1908).", "precise_score": 6.7151055335998535, "rough_score": 6.059754848480225, "source": "wiki", "title": "Henry Ford" }, { "answer": "It is black", "passage": "By 1918, half of all the cars in the US were Model Ts. However, it was a monolithic bloc; Ford wrote in his autobiography that in 1909 he told his management team that in the future “Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black”. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.719953536987305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Model T" }, { "answer": "It is black", "passage": "However, in the first years of production from 1908 to 1913, the Model T was not available in black but rather only grey, green, blue, and red. Green was available for the touring cars, town cars, coupes, and Landaulets. Grey was only available for the town cars, and red only for the touring cars. By 1912, all cars were being painted midnight blue with black fenders. It was only in 1914 that the \"any color so long as it is black\" policy was finally implemented. It is often stated that Ford suggested the use of black from 1914 to 1926 due to the cheap cost and durability of black paint. During the lifetime production of the Model T, over 30 types of black paint were used on various parts of the car. These were formulated to satisfy the different means of applying the paint to the various parts, and had distinct drying times, depending on the part, paint, and method of drying.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.777340292930603, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ford Model T" } ]

[ { "answer": "White", "passage": "Candy corn is a candy most often found in the United States and Canada, popular primarily around Halloween. The three colors of the candy – a broad yellow end, a tapered orange center, and a pointed white tip – mimic the appearance of kernels of corn. Each piece is approximately three times the size of a real kernel from a ripe or dried ear.", "precise_score": 7.000082492828369, "rough_score": 7.735357761383057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Candy corn" }, { "answer": "White", "passage": "A popular variation called \"Indian corn\" features a chocolate brown wide end, orange center and pointed white tip, often available around Thanksgiving. During the Halloween season, blackberry cobbler candy corn can be found in eastern Canada. Confectioners have introduced additional color variations suited to other holidays. The Christmas variant (sometimes called \"reindeer corn\") typically has a red end and a green center; the Valentine's Day variant (sometimes called \"cupid corn\") typically has a red end and a pink center; In the United States during Independence Day celebrations, corn with a blue end, white center, and red tip (named \"freedom corn\") can be found at celebratory cook outs and patriotic celebrations; the Easter variant (sometimes called \"bunny corn\") is typically only a two-color candy, and comes with a variety of pastel bases (pink, green, yellow, and purple) with white tips all in one package. In 2011, there were caramel apple and green apple candy corn variants. In 2013 there were s'mores and pumpkin spice variants. In 2014, carrot corn was also introduced for the Easter season, typically being green and orange, and having a carrot cake type flavor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4167208671569824, "source": "wiki", "title": "Candy corn" } ]

[ { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "The Bell X-1, designated originally as XS-1, was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics-U.S. Army Air Forces-U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by the Bell Aircraft. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1000 mph in 1948. A derivative of this same design, the Bell X-1A, having greater fuel capacity and hence longer rocket burning time, exceeded 1600 mph in 1954. The X-1, piloted by Chuck Yeager, was the first manned airplane to exceed the speed of sound in level flight and was the first of the so-called X-planes, a series of American experimental rocket planes (and non-rocket planes) designated for testing of new technologies and often kept secret.", "precise_score": 3.505038022994995, "rough_score": 4.462018966674805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "After NACA started its high-speed testing with the Douglas Skyrocket, culminating in Scott Crossfield achieving Mach 2.005 on 20 November 1953, the Air Force started a series of tests with the X-1A, which the test pilot of the series, Chuck Yeager, named \"Operation NACA Weep\". These culminated on 12 December 1953, when Yeager achieved an altitude of 74700 ft and a new airspeed record of Mach 2.44 (equal to 1620 mph, 724.5 m/s, 2608 km/h at that altitude). Unlike Crossfield in the Skyrocket, Yeager achieved that in level flight. Soon afterwards, the aircraft spun out of control, due to the then not yet understood phenomenon of inertia coupling. The X-1A dropped from maximum altitude to 25000 ft, exposing the pilot to accelerations of as much as 8g, during which Yeager broke the canopy with his helmet before regaining control. ", "precise_score": -5.392364501953125, "rough_score": -1.9336252212524414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "answer": "Glennis Faye Dickhouse", "passage": "Stationed in the United Kingdom at RAF Leiston, Yeager flew P-51 Mustangs in combat with the 363d Fighter Squadron. He named his aircraft Glamorous Glen after his girlfriend, Glennis Faye Dickhouse, who became his wife in February 1945. Yeager had gained one victory before he was shot down over France in his 1st aircraft (P-51B-5-NA s/n 43-6763) on , 1944 during his eighth mission.[http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item", "precise_score": -5.225666046142578, "rough_score": 3.2187001705169678, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "Following conversion of the X-1's horizontal tail to all-moving (or \"all-flying\"), test pilot Chuck Yeager verified it experimentally, and all subsequent supersonic aircraft would either have an all-moving tailplane or be \"tailless\" delta winged types. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.270590782165527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Bell X-1" }, { "answer": "Glennis Dickhouse", "passage": "Yeager was born , 1923, to farming parents Susie Mae and Albert Hal Yeager in Myra, West Virginia, and graduated from high school in Hamlin, West Virginia, in June 1941. He had two brothers, Roy and Hal, Jr., and two sisters, Doris Ann (accidentally killed at age 2 by 6-year-old Roy playing with a shotgun) and Pansy Lee. His first experience with the military was as a teen at the Citizens Military Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Indiana, during the summers of 1939 and 1940. On , 1945, Yeager married Glennis Dickhouse, and the couple had four children. Glennis died in 1990. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.980743885040283, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "Now a full colonel in 1962, after completion of a year's studies at the Air War College, Yeager became the first commandant of the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School, which produced astronauts for NASA and the USAF, after its redesignation from the USAF Flight Test Pilot School. (Yeager himself had only a high school education, so was not eligible to become an astronaut like those he trained.) Between December 1963 and January 1964,[http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/NF-104A_crash_site.htm \"The Crash of Chuck Yeager's NF-104A\".] check-six.com, December 10, 1963. Yeager completed five flights in the NASA M2-F1 lifting body. An accident during a test flight in one of the school's NF-104s put an end to his record attempts.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.158595085144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "The Civil Air Patrol, the volunteer auxiliary of the USAF, awards the Charles E. \"Chuck\" Yeager Award to its Senior Members as part of its Aerospace Education program. The General Chuck Yeager Cadet Squadron (SER-FL-237), associated with the Florida Wing, Civil Air Patrol, and based in Brandon, Florida, is also named in his honor.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.247184753417969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Glennis Yeager", "passage": "Yeager and Glennis moved to Grass Valley, California, after his retirement from the Air Force in 1975. The couple prospered because of Yeager's best-selling autobiography, speaking engagements and commercial ventures. Glennis Yeager died of ovarian cancer in 1990. They had four children (Susan, Don, Mickey and Sharon). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.28879165649414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Victoria Scott D'Angelo", "passage": "In 2000, Yeager met actress Victoria Scott D'Angelo on a hiking trail in Nevada County. The pair started dating shortly thereafter, and married in August 2003. Subsequent to the commencement of their relationship, a bitter dispute arose between Yeager, his children and D'Angelo. The children contended that D'Angelo, 41 years Yeager's junior, had married him for his fortune. Yeager and D'Angelo both denied the charge. Litigation ensued, in which his children accused D'Angelo of \"undue influence\" on Yeager, and Yeager accused his children of diverting hundreds of thousands of dollars from his pension fund.Hubler, Shawn. [http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/02/entertainment/et-hubler2 \"Far from heavens.\"] Los Angeles Times, July 2, 2004. Retrieved: September 26, 2011.[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/07/us/07brfs-brief-006.html?_r1&ex", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.856866836547852, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "5070 \"Record-Setting Pilot Chuck Yeager Sues His Children.\"] The New York Times, June 7, 2006. In August 2008, the California Court of Appeal ruled for Yeager, finding that his daughter Susan had breached her duty as trustee. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.334588050842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" }, { "answer": "Chuck Yeager", "passage": "Yeager and Victoria reside in Penn Valley, California, the location of the General Chuck Yeager Foundation, which supports programs that \"teach the ideals by which General Yeager has lived.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209842681884766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chuck Yeager" } ]

[ { "answer": "Morton Salt Company", "passage": "The company began in Chicago, Illinois, in 1848 as a small sales agency, E. I. Wheeler, started by the Onondaga salt companies to sell their salt to the Midwest. In 1910, the business, which had by that time become both a manufacturer and a merchant of salt, was incorporated as the Morton Salt Company. It was named after the owner and founder, Joy Morton, the son of J. Sterling Morton who founded Arbor Day. Joy Morton starting working for E. I. Wheeler in 1880, buying into the company for $10,000, with which he bought a fleet of lake boats to move salt west. In 1982, the business was purchased by Thiokol Corporation, producing Morton Thiokol Incorporated (MTI). Morton Thiokol divested itself of Morton in 1989, following the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, which was blamed on Morton Thiokol products. Morton received the company's consumer chemical products divisions, while Thiokol retained only the space propulsion systems concern.", "precise_score": -10.991228103637695, "rough_score": -10.432418823242188, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "Morton Salt's hand-drawn logo features the \"Morton Salt Girl,\" a young girl walking in the rain with an opened umbrella and scattering salt behind her from a cylindrical container of table salt, and is one of the ten best-known symbols in the United States. The company's logo (from 1914) and its motto, \"When it rains it pours\" (from 1911), were developed to illustrate the point that Morton Salt was free flowing even in rainy weather after the company began adding magnesium carbonate as an absorbing agent to its table salt in 1911 to ensure that it poured freely; calcium silicate is now used instead for the same purpose. The Morton Salt Girl, also known as the Umbrella Girl, has gone through seven different iterations, including the latest update in 2014 for its \"hundredth birthday\", with other updates being in 1921, 1933, 1941, 1956, and 1968; the company sells associated memorabilia and makes some of its vintage advertisements freely available. In addition to the Morton Salt Girl being updated, its centennial in 2014 was celebrated with 100 parties in 100 cities, Morton Salt Girl Centennial Scholarships to benefit certain fine arts and culinary arts students at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the Kendall College School of Culinary Arts, Morton Salt Girl day at Wrigley Field, Facebook and Instagram lookalike contests, and other activities. Also in 2014, the Morton Salt Girl was voted into the Advertising Week Walk of Fame on Madison Avenue in New York City; it is the first girl icon to be inducted.", "precise_score": 2.5699098110198975, "rough_score": -3.0151827335357666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "*When it rains it pours, advertising salt for Morton Salt, coined in 1912.", "precise_score": 6.122319221496582, "rough_score": 0.643372654914856, "source": "wiki", "title": "N. W. Ayer & Son" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "Morton Salt is an American company producing salt for food, water conditioning, industrial, agricultural, and road/highway use. Based in Chicago, the business is North America's leading producer and marketer of salt. It is a subsidiary of the German company K+S.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.54762077331543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "In 1999 Morton Salt was acquired by the Philadelphia-based Rohm and Haas Company, Inc. and operated as a division of that company along with the Canadian Salt Company (which Morton had acquired in 1954).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.105896949768066, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "On 2 April 2009, it was reported that Morton Salt was being acquired by German fertilizer and salt company K+S for a total enterprise value of US$1.7bn. The sale, completed by October 2009, was in conjunction with the Dow Chemical Company's takeover of Rohm and Haas. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.741873741149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "In or about 1919, Morton acquired Bevis Rock Salt Company, a family business then run by A. Bevis Longstreth, who took the reins upon his return from active duty in WWI. Longstreth had designed and invented a container for Bevis Salt that included both a spout for pouring and a grill for shaking. It depicted a little girl holding the container over a bird and pouring salt on its tail. Longstreth went on to found Thiokol Chemical Corporation, which in or about 1982 acquired Morton Salt.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.793020248413086, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton Salt Company", "passage": "The Morton Salt Company's headquarters address is 123 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. Prior to its acquisition in 1999, the firm's corporate headquarters was at 100 N. Riverside Plaza (later the headquarters of Boeing) and before that at 110 N. Wacker Drive and 208 W. Washington Street ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.305904388427734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "Morton Salt is the sponsor of the Morton Arboretum, a 1700 acre botanical garden in Lisle, Illinois. It was established by Joy Morton, the company's founder, in 1922 to encourage the display and study of shrubs, trees, and vines. About 300,000 visitors a year hike on miles of trails, and over 3,600 kinds of plants are displayed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.01636791229248, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "Morton Salt is one of three official endorsements by Ron Swanson on \"Parks and Recreation\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.213353157043457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" }, { "answer": "Morton salt", "passage": "The Timbers Army used the Morton Salt Girl in a large tifo display and T-shirts during the kickoff match to the 2013 Major League Soccer season between the Portland Timbers and the New York Red Bulls.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355911254882812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Morton Salt" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween specials, is a series of Halloween specials in the animated series The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments. These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They take place outside the show's normal continuity and completely abandon any pretense of being realistic. The first, entitled \"Treehouse of Horror\", aired on October 25, 1990, as part of the second season and was inspired by EC Comics horror tales. The episodes are known for being far more violent and much darker than an average Simpsons episode. As of 2015, there are 26 Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year.", "precise_score": 8.227828025817871, "rough_score": 9.049147605895996, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpson", "passage": "While the early Treehouse of Horror episodes featured a Halloween themed opening sequence, the later ones only included the title and the \"created by\" and \"developed by\" credits. Every episode between \"Treehouse of Horror II\" and \"Treehouse of Horror X\" featured a couch gag with a Halloween theme, including the Simpson family dressed as skeletons, zombies and characters from previous Halloween episodes.", "precise_score": 5.533324241638184, "rough_score": 8.090015411376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "Simpsons", "passage": "Many of the episodes are popular among fans and critics of the show and have inspired a whole offshoot of Simpsons merchandise, including action figures, playsets, video games, books, DVDs, comic books and a special version of Monopoly. Several of the episodes have won awards for animation and sound editing. In 1996 and 2013, \"Treehouse of Horror VI\" and \"Treehouse of Horror XXIII\" were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the \"Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)\" category.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.346496105194092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpson", "passage": "Other Treehouse of Horror episodes have opened with parodies; for example, \"Treehouse of Horror III\" had Homer introduce the episode in a manner similar to Alfred Hitchcock in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, \"Treehouse of Horror IV\" had Bart introduce the episode and segments in a manner similar to Night Gallery, and \"Treehouse of Horror V\" featured a parody of The Outer Limits. The sixth and seventh episodes featured short clips with no lines because the episodes had run long and longer segments were cut. Following \"Treehouse of Horror VII\", the opening has been upwards of a minute long and sometimes featured an introduction by a character, such as Mr. Burns in \"Treehouse of Horror XVII\" or included over-the-top violence, such as \"Treehouse of Horror VIII\" (which showed a Fox Network censor being brutally murdered) and \"Treehouse of Horror XIV\" (which showed the Simpson family killing each other).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.577422142028809, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "Simpsons", "passage": "In the opening segment of the first five episodes, the camera zooms through a cemetery where tombstones with humorous epitaphs can be seen. These messages include the names of canceled shows from the previous season, deceased celebrities such as Walt Disney and Jim Morrison and a tombstone with an inscription that read \"TV violence\" that was riddled with bullets as the camera panned on it. They were last used in \"Treehouse of Horror V\", which included a solitary tombstone with the words \"Amusing Tombstones\" to signal this. The tombstone gags were easy for the writers in the first episode, but like Marge's warnings, they eventually got more difficult to write, so they were abandoned. Another reason they were dropped was that the tombstones would list television shows that had been canceled the previous season; after a few years, several of the shows that were canceled were produced by former Simpsons writers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.129070281982422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The first Treehouse of Horror episode aired in 1990 as part of the second season, and its on-screen title was \"The Simpsons Halloween Special.\" It was inspired by EC Comics Horror tales. Although every episode is entitled \"Treehouse of Horror\", the first one was the only episode that actually used the treehouse motif. During production of the first episode, Matt Groening was nervous about \"The Raven\" segment, and felt it would be \"the worst, most pretentious thing [they had] ever done.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.6497673988342285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "There has been a variety of merchandise based on the Treehouse of Horror episodes, including books, action figures, comic books, video games, DVDs and a \"Treehouse of Horror\" version of Hasbro's board game Monopoly. Although every Treehouse of Horror episode until \"Treehouse of Horror XVI\" has been released along with its season in a boxset, in 2003, The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror DVD was released. It includes Treehouse of Horrors V, VI, VII and XII. A Treehouse of Horror comic book has been published annually since 1995, and collected into several books, including The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Fun-Filled Frightfest, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Spine-Tingling Spooktacular, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Heebie-Jeebie Hullabaloo and The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Hoodoo Voodoo Brouhaha. Several video games based on The Simpsons include levels with a Halloween theme, including The Simpsons: Hit & Run and The Simpsons Game. In 2001, Fox Interactive and THQ released The Simpsons: Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror on Game Boy Color. The entire game has a Halloween theme as the player tries to save the Simpson family from the Treehouse of Horror. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.4095683097839355, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "The Treehouse of Horror episodes are often among the top-rated episodes of their seasons and many of the Treehouse of Horrors have generally been well-received by fans. However, like The Simpsons itself, critics have noted a decline in the quality of the later episodes. In its first airing, \"Treehouse of Horror\" finished with a 15.7 Nielsen rating and a 25% audience share and would lose to The Cosby Show. It was said that it \"set a level of excellence that viewers never expected creator Matt Groening to repeat\", although it was also described as \"kind of stupid and unsatisfying\". \"Treehouse of Horror V\" is considered the best episode by several critics: it finished ninth on Entertainment Weeklys top 25 The Simpsons episode list, fifth on AskMen.com's \"Top 10: Simpsons Episodes\" list, and was named best episode of the sixth season by IGN.com. In 2006, James Earl Jones, who guest starred in \"Treehouse of Horror\" and \"Treehouse of Horror V\" was named seventh on IGN's \"Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances\" list. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.6147074699401855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "The Simpsons", "passage": "In 2006, IGN.com published a list of the top ten Treehouse of Horror segments, and they placed \"The Shinning\" from \"Treehouse of Horror V\" at the top, saying it was \"not only a standout installment of the annual Halloween episode, but of The Simpsons, period.\" Rounding out the list were \"Dial \"Z\" for Zombies\", \"The Devil and Homer Simpson\", \"Time and Punishment\", \"Hungry Are the Damned\", \"Clown Without Pity\", \"Citizen Kang\", \"If I Only Had a Brain\", \"Bart Simpson's Dracula\" and \"Starship Poopers\". The third, fourth and fifth episodes were each represented by two segments. The most recent episode on the list was \"Treehouse of Horror IX\", which first aired in 1998. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.416164398193359, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" }, { "answer": "Simpsons", "passage": "\"Treehouse of Horror VII\" is Simpsons creator Matt Groening's seventh favorite episode, and the line he likes best is \"We have reached the limit of what rectal probing can teach us.\" \"King Homer\" of \"Treehouse of Horror III\" is one of Matt Groening's favorite segments. \"Treehouse of Horror III\" is also noted for the moment where Homer shoots Ned Flanders and Bart says \"Dad, you killed the Zombie Flanders!\" only for Homer to reply, \"He was a zombie?\" It is also one of Groening's favorite lines.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.5807294845581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Treehouse of Horror (series)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Progress", "passage": "The Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster is an image of Barack Obama designed by artist Shepard Fairey, which was widely described as iconic and came to represent his 2008 presidential campaign. It consists of a stylized stencil portrait of Obama in solid red, beige and (light and dark) blue, with the word \"progress\", \"hope\" or \"change\" below (and other words in some versions).", "precise_score": 3.5940194129943848, "rough_score": 4.0800628662109375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster" }, { "answer": "Progress", "passage": "As the campaign progressed, many parodies and imitations of Fairey's design appeared. For example, one anti-Obama version replaced the word \"\" with \"\", while parody posters featuring opponents Sarah Palin and John McCain had the word \"\". In January 2009 Paste magazine launched a site allowing users to create their own versions of the poster. More than 10,000 images were uploaded to the site in its first two weeks. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.821547269821167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Barack Obama \"Hope\" poster" } ]

[ { "answer": "An ogre", "passage": "Along the way, Shrek and Fiona find they have more in common and fall in love. The trio is almost at Duloc, and that night Fiona shelters in a windmill. When Donkey hears strange noises coming from it, he finds Fiona turned into an ogre. She explains her childhood curse and transforms each night, which is why she was locked away, and that only her true love's kiss will return her to her \"love's true form\". Shrek, about to confess his feelings for Fiona with a sunflower, partly overhears them, and is heartbroken as he mistakes her disgust with her transformation to an \"ugly beast\" as disgust with him. Fiona makes Donkey promise not to tell Shrek, vowing to do it herself. The next morning, Shrek has brought Lord Farquaad to Fiona. The couple return to Duloc, while a hurt Shrek angrily leaves his friendship with Donkey and returns to his now-vacated swamp, remembering what Fiona \"said\" about him.", "precise_score": 0.08535555750131607, "rough_score": 2.6637494564056396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shrek" }, { "answer": "An ogre", "passage": "Shrek and Donkey travel to the castle and split up to find Fiona. Donkey encounters the dragon and sweet-talks the beast before learning that it is female. Dragon takes a liking to him and carries him to her chambers. Shrek finds Fiona, who is appalled at his lack of romanticism. As they leave, Shrek saves Donkey, caught in Dragon's tender clutches, and forces her to chase them out of the castle. At first, Fiona is thrilled to be rescued but is quickly disappointed when Shrek reveals he is an ogre.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.6569105982780457, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shrek" }, { "answer": "An ogre", "passage": "Shrek interrupts the wedding before Farquaad can kiss Fiona. He tells her that Farquaad is not her true love and only marrying her to become king. The sun sets, which turns Fiona into an ogre in front of everyone in the church, causing a surprised Shrek to fully understand what he overheard. Outraged by Fiona, Farquaad orders Shrek killed and Fiona detained. Shrek whistles for Dragon who bursts in along with Donkey and devours Farquaad. Shrek and Fiona profess their love and share a kiss; Fiona is bathed in light as her curse is broken but is surprised that she is still an ogre, as she thought she would become beautiful, to which Shrek replies that she is beautiful. They marry in the swamp and leave on their honeymoon while the rest celebrate by singing \"I'm a Believer\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.985122561454773, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shrek" }, { "answer": "An ogre", "passage": "Nicolas Cage was initially offered the role of Shrek but he turned it down because he did not want to look like an ogre. In 2013, Cage explained furthermore: \"When you're drawn, in a way it says more about how children are going to see you than anything else, and I so care about that.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.026516437530518, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shrek" } ]

[ { "answer": "Lenore", "passage": "\"The Raven\" follows an unnamed narrator on a dreary night in December who sits reading \"forgotten lore\" by a dying fire as a way to forget the death of his beloved Lenore. A \"tapping at [his] chamber door\" reveals nothing, but excites his soul to \"burning\". The tapping is repeated, slightly louder, and he realizes it is coming from his window. When he goes to investigate, a raven flutters into his chamber. Paying no attention to the man, the raven perches on a bust of Pallas above the door.", "precise_score": 3.789548635482788, "rough_score": 4.9390339851379395, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Raven" }, { "answer": "Lenore", "passage": "\"The Raven\" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. First published in January 1845, the poem is often noted for its musicality, stylized language, and supernatural atmosphere. It tells of a talking raven's mysterious visit to a distraught lover, tracing the man's slow fall into madness. The lover, often identified as being a student,Meyers, 163Silverman, 239 is lamenting the loss of his love, Lenore. Sitting on a bust of Pallas, the raven seems to further instigate his distress with its constant repetition of the word \"Nevermore\". The poem makes use of a number of folk, mythological, religious, and classical references.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.7827353477478027, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Raven" }, { "answer": "Lenore", "passage": "Even so, the narrator pulls his chair directly in front of the raven, determined to learn more about it. He thinks for a moment in silence, and his mind wanders back to his lost Lenore. He thinks the air grows denser and feels the presence of angels, and wonders if God is sending him a sign that he is to forget Lenore. The bird again replies in the negative, suggesting that he can never be free of his memories. The narrator becomes angry, calling the raven a \"thing of evil\" and a \"prophet\". Finally, he asks the raven whether he will be reunited with Lenore in Heaven. When the raven responds with its typical \"Nevermore\", he is enraged, and, calling it a liar, commands the bird to return to the \"Plutonian shore\"—but it does not move. Presumably at the time of the poem's recitation by the narrator, the raven \"still is sitting\" on the bust of Pallas. The narrator's final admission is that his soul is trapped beneath the raven's shadow and shall be lifted \"Nevermore\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.8163328170776367, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Raven" }, { "answer": "Lenore", "passage": "Nepenthe, a drug mentioned in Homer's Odyssey, erases memories; the narrator wonders aloud whether he could receive \"respite\" this way: \"Let me quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!\" Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead, a reference to the Book of Jeremiah (8:22) in the Bible: \"Is there no balm in Gilead; is there no physician there? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered?\" In that context, the Balm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes (suggesting, perhaps, that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore). He also refers to \"Aidenn\", another word for the Garden of Eden, though Poe uses it to ask if Lenore has been accepted into Heaven.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.45872688293457, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Raven" }, { "answer": "Lenore", "passage": "Poe capitalized on the success of \"The Raven\" by following it up with his essay \"The Philosophy of Composition\" (1846), in which he detailed the poem's creation. His description of its writing is probably exaggerated, though the essay serves as an important overview of Poe's literary theory. He explains that every component of the poem is based on logic: the raven enters the chamber to avoid a storm (the \"midnight dreary\" in the \"bleak December\"), and its perch on a pallid white bust was to create visual contrast against the dark black bird. No aspect of the poem was an accident, he claims, but is based on total control by the author. Even the term \"Nevermore\", he says, is used because of the effect created by the long vowel sounds (though Poe may have been inspired to use the word by the works of Lord Byron or Henry Wadsworth Longfellow). Poe had experimented with the long o sound throughout many other poems: \"no more\" in \"Silence\", \"evermore\" in \"The Conqueror Worm\". The topic itself, Poe says, was chosen because \"the death... of a beautiful woman is unquestionably the most poetical topic in the world.\" Told from \"the lips ... of a bereaved lover\" is best suited to achieve the desired effect. Beyond the poetics of it, the lost Lenore may have been inspired by events in Poe's own life as well, either to the early loss of his mother, Eliza Poe, or the long illness endured by his wife, Virginia. Ultimately, Poe considered \"The Raven\" an experiment to \"suit at once the popular and critical taste\", accessible to both the mainstream and high literary worlds. It is unknown how long Poe worked on \"The Raven\"; speculation ranges from a single day to ten years. Poe recited a poem believed to be an early version with an alternate ending of \"The Raven\" in 1843 in Saratoga, New York. An early draft may have featured an owl. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.956563472747803, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Raven" } ]

[ { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (, tr. Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; , tr. Ihor Ivanovych Sikorskyj; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972), was a Russian-American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. First success came with the S-2, the second fixedwing plane of his design and construction. His fifth airplane, the S-5, won him national recognition as well as F.A.I. license Number 64. His S-6-A received the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition. and in the fall of that year the aircraft won for its young designer, builder and pilot first prize in the military competition at Petrograd. ", "precise_score": 3.5259077548980713, "rough_score": 2.7086832523345947, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "In 1939 Sikorsky designed and flew the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300, the first viable American helicopter, which pioneered the rotor configuration used by most helicopters today. Sikorsky modified the design into the Sikorsky R-4, which became the world's first mass-produced helicopter in 1942.", "precise_score": -6.2078680992126465, "rough_score": -5.8911638259887695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "Igor Sikorsky's mother, Mariya Stefanovna Sikorskaya (née Temryuk-Cherkasova), was a physician who did not work professionally. She is sometimes called Zinaida Sikorsky. While homeschooling young Igor, she gave him a great love for art, especially in the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci, and the stories of Jules Verne. In 1900, at age 11, he accompanied his father to Germany and through conversations with his father, became interested in natural sciences. After returning home, Sikorsky began to experiment with model flying machines, and by age 12, he had made a small rubber band-powered helicopter.Woods 1979, p. 254.", "precise_score": -4.178944110870361, "rough_score": -4.999919891357422, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "With financial backing from his sister Olga, At the time, Paris was the center of the aviation world. Sikorsky met with aviation pioneers, to ask them questions about aircraft and flying. In May 1909, he returned to Russia and began designing his first helicopter, which he began testing in July 1909. Despite his progress in solving technical problems of control, Sikorsky realized that the aircraft would never fly. He finally disassembled the aircraft in October 1909, after he determined that he could learn nothing more from the design. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.683533191680908, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "I had learned enough to recognize that with the existing state of the art, engines, materials, and – most of all – the shortage of money and lack of experience... I would not be able to produce a successful helicopter at that time.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543984/Igor-Ivan-Sikorsky \"Igor Sikorsky.\"] Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009 via britannica.com. Retrieved: October 14, 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.682112693786621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "*VS-300 Experimental Prototype Helicopter – 1939", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.85663890838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "*R-4 World's first production helicopter – 1942", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187740325927734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "Meanwhile, Sikorsky also continued his earlier work on vertical flight while living in Nichols, Connecticut. On February 14, 1929, he filed an application to patent a \"direct lift\" amphibian aircraft which used compressed air to power a direct lift \"propeller\" and two smaller propellers for thrust. On June 27, 1931, Sikorsky filed for a patent for another \"direct lift aircraft\", and was awarded patent #1,994,488 on March 19, 1935. His design plans eventually culminated in the first (tethered) flight of the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 on September 14, 1939, with the first free flight occurring eight months later on May 24, 1940. Sikorsky's success with the VS-300 led to the R-4, which became the world's first mass-produced helicopter in 1942. Sikorsky's final VS-300 rotor configuration, comprising a single main rotor and a single antitorque tail rotor, has proven to be one of the most popular helicopter configurations, being used in most helicopters produced today.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.742025852203369, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "The Sikorsky Memorial Bridge, which carries the Merritt Parkway across the Housatonic River next to the Sikorsky corporate headquarters, is named for him. Sikorsky has been designated a Connecticut Aviation Pioneer by the Connecticut State Legislature. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in Stratford, Connecticut, continues to the present day as one of the world's leading helicopter manufacturers, and a nearby small airport has been named Sikorsky Memorial Airport. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.716488838195801, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "The helicopter", "passage": "*Sikorsky, Igor Ivan. The Story of the Winged-S: Late Developments and Recent Photographs of the Helicopter, an Autobiography. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1967. OCLC 1396277", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.699914455413818, "source": "wiki", "title": "Igor Sikorsky" }, { "answer": "HElicopTEr", "passage": "A number of prominent Soviet aerospace engineers, inspired by the theoretical works of Nikolai Zhukovsky, supervised the creation of many dozens of models of military and civilian aircraft and founded a number of KBs (Construction Bureaus) that now constitute the bulk of Russian United Aircraft Corporation. Famous Russian airplanes include the first supersonic passenger jet Tupolev Tu-144 by Alexei Tupolev, MiG fighter aircraft series by Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich, and Su series by Pavel Sukhoi and his followers. MiG-15 is the world's most produced jet aircraft in history, while MiG-21 is most produced supersonic aircraft. During World War II era Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 was introduced as the first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, and Ilyushin Il-2 bomber became the most produced military aircraft in history. Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik is the world's most produced biplane, and Mil Mi-8 is the most produced helicopter.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.908496856689453, "source": "wiki", "title": "Russian culture" } ]

[ { "answer": "Hallowmas", "passage": "Today's Halloween customs are also thought to have been influenced by Christian dogma and practices derived from it. Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day). Since the time of the early Church, major feasts in the Christian Church (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils which began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows'. These three days are collectively referred to as Allhallowtide and are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. All Saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on 13 May,Hutton, p.364 the same date as Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead. In 835, it was officially switched to 1 November, the same date as Samhain, at the behest of Pope Gregory IV. Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea, although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. [http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac13.htm Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead]. It may have been seen as the most fitting time to do so, as it was when the plants themselves were 'dying'. It is also suggested that the change was made on the \"practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it\", and perhaps because of public health considerations regarding Roman Fever – a disease that claimed a number of lives during the sultry summers of the region. ", "precise_score": 1.7765425443649292, "rough_score": 3.363865375518799, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Hallows' Day", "passage": "In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland. Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use \"Hell houses\" and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration. Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, the Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers and/or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations. ", "precise_score": 2.624591588973999, "rough_score": 3.331204652786255, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Hallows' Day", "passage": "Halloween, or Hallowe'en (a contraction of All Hallows’ Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. It begins the three-day observance of Allhallowtide, the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.2177374362945557, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Hallows' Day", "passage": "The word Halloween or Hallowe'en dates to about 1745 and is of Christian origin. The word \"Hallowe'en\" means \"hallowed evening\" or \"holy evening\". It comes from a Scottish term for All Hallows' Eve (the evening before All Hallows' Day). In Scots, the word \"eve\" is even, and this is contracted to e'en or een. Over time, (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en evolved into Hallowe'en. Although the phrase \"All Hallows'\" is found in Old English (ealra hālgena mæssedæg, all saints mass-day), \"All Hallows' Eve\" is itself not seen until 1556. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.999467849731445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Saints'", "passage": "By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for the souls in purgatory. In addition, \"it was customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls.\" \"Souling\", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls, has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating. The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th centuryHutton, pp.374–375 and was found in parts of England, Flanders, Germany and Austria. Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers' friends and relatives. Soul cakes would also be offered for the souls themselves to eat, or the 'soulers' would act as their representatives. Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593). On the custom of wearing costumes, Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh wrote: \"It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities\". In the Middle Ages, churches displayed the relics of martyred saints and those parishes that were too poor to have relics let parishioners dress up as the saints instead, a practice that some Christians continue at Halloween today. Lesley Bannatyne, an American author, believes that this was a Christianization of a previous pagan custom.Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p.9 It has been suggested that the carved jack-o'-lantern, a popular symbol of Halloween, originally represented the souls of the dead. On Halloween, in medieval Europe, \"fires [were] lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk.\" Households in Austria, England and Ireland often had \"candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes\". These were known as \"soul lights\". Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed \"that once a year, on Hallowe'en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival\" known as the danse macabre, which has often been depicted in church decoration. Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that \"Christians were moved by the sight of the Infant Jesus playing on his mother's knee; their hearts were touched by the Pietà; and patron saints reassured them by their presence. But, all the while, the danse macabre urged them not to forget the end of all earthly things.\" An article published by Christianity Today claimed that the danse macabre was enacted at village pageants and at court masques, with people \"dressing up as corpses from various strata of society\", and suggested this was the origin of modern-day Halloween costume parties. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.220892429351807, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Hallows' Day", "passage": "The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil \"when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting\" for feast day on the next day (All Saints' Day). This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints; an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom. After the service, \"suitable festivities and entertainments\" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day. In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light votive candles there, they \"are known as valomeri, or seas of light.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.295259475708008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Saints'", "passage": "Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it. This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to All Saints' Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows' Eve. Often, \"Harvest Festivals\" or \"Reformation Festivals\" are held on All Hallows' Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers. In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe'en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe'en celebrations. Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.597994327545166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" }, { "answer": "All Saints day", "passage": "The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going \"guising\", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, (most) continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia. In the Philippines, during Halloween, Filipinos return to their hometowns and purchase candles and flowers, in preparation for the following All Saints Day (Araw ng mga Patay) on 1 November and All Souls Day —though it falls on 2 November, most of them observe it on the day before.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.029190540313721, "source": "wiki", "title": "Halloween" } ]

[ { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "Prohibition came into force at midnight on January 17, 1920, and the first documented infringement of the Volstead Act occurred in Chicago on January 17 at 12:59 a.m. According to police reports, six armed men stole $100,000 worth of \"medicinal\" whiskey from two freight train cars. This trend in bootlegging liquor created a domino effect, with criminals across the United States. Some gang leaders were stashing liquor months before the Volstead Act was enforced. The ability to sustain a lucrative business in bootlegging liquor was largely helped by the minimal police surveillance at the time. There were only 134 agents designated by the Prohibition Unit to cover all of Illinois, Iowa, and parts of Wisconsin. According to Charles C. Fitzmorris, Chicago's Chief of Police during the beginning of the Prohibition period: \"Sixty percent of my police [were] in the bootleg business.\" ", "precise_score": -0.24286916851997375, "rough_score": -0.6930643320083618, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" }, { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "Congress passed the Blaine Act, a proposed constitutional amendment to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment to end Prohibition, in February. On December 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, voiding the Volstead Act, and restored control of alcohol to the states. The creation of the Federal Alcohol Administration in 1935 defined a modest role for the federal government with respect to alcohol and its taxation.", "precise_score": -1.909456491470337, "rough_score": -3.945899248123169, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" }, { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States. The Anti-Saloon League's Wayne Wheeler conceived and drafted the bill, which was named for Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, who managed the legislation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9466753005981445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" }, { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "The bill was vetoed by President Woodrow Wilson, largely on technical grounds because it also covered wartime prohibition, but his veto was overridden by the House on the same day, October 27, 1919, and by the Senate one day later. The three distinct purposes of the Act were:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.37157917022705, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" }, { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "It provided further that \"no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, or furnish any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act.\" It did not specifically prohibit the use of intoxicating liquors. The act defined intoxicating liquor as any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol by volume and superseded all existing prohibition laws in effect in states that had such legislation.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.187460899353027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" }, { "answer": "Prohibition", "passage": "Prohibition lost advocates as ignoring the law gained increasing social acceptance and as organized crime violence increased. By 1933, public opposition to prohibition had become overwhelming. In March of that year, Congress passed the Cullen–Harrison Act, which legalized \"3.2 beer\" (i.e., beer containing 3.2% alcohol by weight or 4% by volume) and wines of similarly low alcohol content, rather than the 0.5% limit defined by the original Volstead Act. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.676855087280273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Volstead Act" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gila Monster", "passage": "Most lizard species are harmless to humans. Only the largest lizard species, the Komodo dragon, which reaches 3.3 m (11 ft) in length and weighs up to 166 kg (365 lb), has been known to stalk, attack, and, on occasion, kill humans. An eight-year-old Indonesian boy died from blood loss after an attack in 2007. The venoms of the Gila monster and beaded lizard are not usually deadly, but they can inflict extremely painful bites due to powerful jaws.", "precise_score": -0.21289613842964172, "rough_score": 1.3271833658218384, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lizard" }, { "answer": "Gila Monster", "passage": "Aside from snakes, venom is found in a few other reptiles such as the Mexican beaded lizard and gila monster, and may be present in a few species of monitor lizards.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.8103203773498535, "source": "wiki", "title": "Venom" }, { "answer": "Gila Monster", "passage": "** Family Helodermatidae (Gila monsters and beaded lizards)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.892749786376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lizard" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American film, television and voice actor. Majors is best known portraying the roles of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley (1965–1969), Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action series The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978), and, Colt Seavers in American television action series The Fall Guy (1981–1986).", "precise_score": 4.305550575256348, "rough_score": 4.641691207885742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Majors' co-starring role on Owen Marshall led him to a starring role as Colonel Steve Austin, an ex-astronaut with bionic implants in The Six Million Dollar Man, a 1973 television movie broadcast on ABC. In 1974, the network decided to turn it into a weekly series. The series became an international success, being screened in over 70 countries, turning Majors into a pop icon. Majors also made his directorial debut in 1975, on an episode called \"One of Our Running Backs Is Missing\" which co-starred professional football players such as Larry Csonka and Dick Butkus.", "precise_score": 4.482199668884277, "rough_score": 6.173088073730469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Steve Austin is an science fiction character created by Martin Caidin for his 1972 novel, Cyborg. The lead character, Colonel Steve Austin, became an iconic 1970s television science fiction action hero, portrayed by American actor Lee Majors, in American television series 'The Six Million Dollar Man', which aired on the ABC network as a regular series for five seasons from 1974 to 1978. In the television series, Steve Austin takes on special high-risk government missions using his superhuman bionic powers. The television character Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s.", "precise_score": 5.100208282470703, "rough_score": 5.0703816413879395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Following the The Six Million Dollar Man television series, Lee Majors reprised the role of Colonel Steve Austin in a several bionic reunion television movies in the late 1980s and 1990s.", "precise_score": 4.375919342041016, "rough_score": 4.997655391693115, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Austin's backstory is barely described by Caidin. The TV series, however, introduced his mother and stepfather (who live in Ojai, California), and eventually, a fiancée, Jaime Sommers, who would herself become bionic after a skydiving accident, leading to a spin-off series, The Bionic Woman. Lee Majors made frequent guest appearances on the spin-off series, which springboarded from Jaime being brought back to life after her bionics failed; a consequence of this was she lost all memory of her relationship to Austin. Both The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman went off the air in 1978.", "precise_score": 1.3677027225494385, "rough_score": 3.1920242309570312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "The Six Million Dollar Man is an American science fiction and action television series about a former astronaut, Colonel Steve Austin, portrayed by American actor Lee Majors. Austin has superhuman strength due to bionic implants and is employed as a secret agent by a fictional U.S. government office named OSI. The series was based on the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg, which was the working title of the series during pre-production. ", "precise_score": 5.964197158813477, "rough_score": 6.775070667266846, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In March 1973, Cyborg was loosely adapted as a made-for-TV movie titled The Six Million Dollar Man starring Majors as Austin. (When re-edited for the later series, it was re-titled \"The Moon and the Desert, Parts I and II\".) The adaptation was done by writer Howard Rodman, working under the pseudonym of Henri Simoun. The film, which was nominated for a Hugo Award, modified Caidin's plot, and notably made Austin a civilian astronaut rather than a colonel in the United States Air Force. Absent were some of the standard features of the later series: the electronic sound effects, the slow-motion running, and the character of Oscar Goldman. Instead, another character named Oliver Spencer, played by Darren McGavin, was Austin's supervisor, of an organization here called the OSO. (In the novels, \"OSO\" stood for Office of Special Operations. The CIA did have an Office of Scientific Intelligence in the 1970s.) The lead scientist involved in implanting Austin's bionic hardware, Dr. Rudy Wells, was played in the pilot by Martin Balsam, then on an occasional basis in the series by Alan Oppenheimer, and, finally, as a series regular, by Martin E. Brooks. Austin did not use the enhanced capabilities of his bionic eye during the first TV movie.", "precise_score": 0.4398399293422699, "rough_score": 0.8772903680801392, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Bionic Man", "passage": "In the opening sequence, a narrator (series producer Harve Bennett) identifies the protagonist, \"Steve Austin, astronaut. A man barely alive.\" Richard Anderson, in character as Oscar Goldman, then intones off-camera, \"Gentlemen, we can rebuild him. We have the technology. We have the capability to make the world's first bionic man. Steve Austin will be that man. Better than he was before. Better...stronger...faster.\" During the first season, beginning with \"Population: Zero\", Anderson, as Goldman, intoned more simply, \"We can rebuild him. We have the technology. We can make him better than he was. Better...stronger...faster.\" During the operation, when he is having his bionics fitted, a list of items and numbers is displayed and lists his powerplant as \"atomic\".", "precise_score": 5.163723945617676, "rough_score": 5.133166790008545, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In the television series The Six Million Dollar Man, Steve Austin takes on special high-risk government missions using his superhuman bionic powers. The television character Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.465207815170288, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "1970s: The Six Million Dollar Man", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.195566177368164, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In 1977, with The Six Million Dollar Man still a hit series, Majors tried to renegotiate his contract with Universal Television. The studio in turn filed a lawsuit to force him to report to work due to stipulations within his existing contract that had not yet expired. It was rumored that Majors was holding out for more money, but his manager denied this: according to him, Majors was fighting to have his own production company, Fawcett Majors Productions, brought on as an independent producer in association with Universal in order to make the company viable. After Majors did not report to work that June, studio executives ultimately relented. However, ratings began to decline and The Six Million Dollar Man was cancelled in 1978 (as was The Bionic Woman). In November 2010, Time Life released a 40 DVD set featuring every episode and bonus features from the show. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.594919204711914, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In 1981, Majors returned in another long-running television series. Producer Glen A. Larson (who had first worked with Majors on Alias Smith and Jones, where Majors had a one-episode part, and later on The Six Million Dollar Man) asked him to star in the pilot of The Fall Guy. Majors played Colt Seavers, a Hollywood stuntman who moonlights as a bounty hunter. Majors was also a producer and a director on the show, and even sang its theme song, the self-effacing \"Unknown Stuntman.\" Majors also invited several longtime friends, Linda Evans, Peter Breck, Lindsay Wagner and Richard Anderson, to guest-star in various episodes. The series ran for five seasons until it was cancelled in 1986.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.210761547088623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "His 1980s films include the made-for-TV sequel High Noon, Part II: The Return of Will Kane (1980), playing Gary Cooper's original role, the science fiction film The Last Chase (1981), and the disaster movie Starflight: The Plane That Couldn't Land (1983). Between 1987 and 1994, Majors and Lindsay Wagner reunited in three The Six Million Dollar Man/The Bionic Woman TV movies. Majors also made cameo appearances in Circle of Two (1980) and as himself in the 1988 holiday comedy Scrooged.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.40349817276001, "source": "wiki", "title": "Lee Majors" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "The Six Million Dollar Man television series had as its original working title during pre-production the Martin Caidin novel Cyborg title. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.029114723205566, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In the pilot episode of The Six Million Dollar Man, Austin's background is adjusted: he is a civilian test pilot who was the only civilian to walk on the Moon. In the regular series, however, Austin once again became a military man, holding the rank of colonel in the Air Force. In the episode \"Pilot Error\" Austin is shown to be wearing both the Vietnam Service Medal and the Vietnam Campaign Medal on his dress uniform, implying that he is a Vietnam veteran.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.10035514831543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "Rudy Wells", "passage": "In both versions of his origin, Austin is testing an experimental lifting body aircraft when a malfunction causes a crash. Austin's injuries are severe: both legs and one arm are lost, and he is also blinded in one eye and his skull is pulverized (the TV version does not suffer the skull injury). One of Austin's best friends is Dr. Rudy Wells, a doctor and scientist who is a specialist in the newly emerging field of bionics; unknown to Wells, a secret American government intelligence agency, the Office of Strategic Operations (OSO; later changed to Office of Scientific Intelligence or OSI for TV) has been looking at a way of reducing agent casualties. Their solution is to take a severely injured man, rebuild him with bionics, and create a cyborg—part man, part machine. Wells is ordered to perform the procedure on Austin, who expresses a desire to commit suicide after learning about the loss of his limbs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.86610221862793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Further details about Austin's later life were filled in during three made-for-TV reunion movies that aired between 1987 and 1994. In the first (The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman), which takes place several years after Austin retires from the OSI, it is revealed that he had a son, Michael, born in the mid-1960s. His mother is not identified. Michael subsequently suffers traumatic injuries in a crash similar to that which his father experienced, and undergoes bionic rebuilding which renders him more powerful than his bionic father. In exchange for Michael's operation, Austin agrees to return to OSI and his son also becomes an operative, though he would not appear in any subsequent films. In the second film, Bionic Showdown, Austin is shown to be a senior OSI operative helping thwart a terrorist attack against an athletic event in Canada. Bionic Ever After?, the final reunion film, saw Austin's bionics malfunctioning due to a computer virus, but in the end he is rescued by Jaime and the two finally marry as the film ends. Unlike Jaime, who undergoes an upgrade to her bionics in Bionic Ever After? which apparently adds new abilities, no such upgrade was ever evidenced for Austin in the telefilms, with the exception of an apparent enhancement to his bionic eye which is illustrated in Bionic Ever After?.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.21034049987793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "# While the subsequent Six Million Dollar Man TV series also identified Austin's mission as Apollo 17, there were also contradictory names given at other times. In the 1973 pilot telefilm, Wine, Women and War, Austin's flight is identified in dialogue as Apollo 19. Later, when the original Six Million Dollar Man telefilm (based upon the Cyborg novel) was reedited for syndication as a two-part episode entitled \"The Moon and the Desert\", a prologue was added that identified Austin's flight by the name.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.932382106781006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "# The name of the lifting body varies. In the Cyborg novel (and sequel books) and the later telefilm Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman, the aircraft is identified as the M3-F5. In the Six Million Dollar Man episode, \"The Deadly Replay\", it is identified as the real-life Northrop HL-10. The actual footage used in the original telefilm (and subsequently in the opening credits of the series) was of both an HL-10 and the crash of an M2-F2. At no point in the original telefilm or later series was Austin's aircraft ever identified in dialogue as the M2-F2.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.971357345581055, "source": "wiki", "title": "Steve Austin (character)" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Following three television pilot movies, which all aired in 1973, the The Six Million Dollar Man aired on the ABC network as a regular episodic series for five seasons from 1974 to 1978. Steve Austin became a pop culture icon of the 1970s. A spin-off television series, The Bionic Woman, featuring the lead female character Jaime Sommers, ran from 1976 to 1978 (and was the subject of a remake in 2007). Three television movies featuring both bionic characters were also produced from 1987 to 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.866380214691162, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "The first movie was a major ratings success and was followed by two more made-for-TV movies in October and November 1973 as part of ABC's rotating \"Suspense Theater\" series. The first was titled The Six Million Dollar Man: \"Wine, Women and War\", and the second was titled The Six Million Dollar Man: \"The Solid Gold Kidnapping\". The first of these two bore strong resemblances to Caidin's second Cyborg novel, Operation Nuke; the second, however, was an original story. This was followed in January 1974 by the debut of The Six Million Dollar Man as a weekly hour-long series. The last two movies, produced by Glen A. Larson, notably introduced a James Bond flavor to the series and reinstated Austin's status from the novels as an Air Force colonel; the hour-long series, produced by Harve Bennett, dispensed with the James Bond-gloss of the movies, and portrayed a more down-to-earth Austin. (Majors said of Austin, \"[He] hates...the whole idea of spying. He finds it repugnant, degrading. If he's a James Bond, he's the most reluctant one we've ever had.\")", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.819109916687012, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In 1975, a two-part episode entitled \"The Bionic Woman\", written for television by Kenneth Johnson, introduced the lead character Jaime Sommers (played by Lindsay Wagner), a professional tennis player who rekindled an old romance with Austin, only to experience a parachuting accident that resulted in her being given bionic parts similar to Austin. Ultimately, her body \"rejected\" her bionic hardware and she died. The character was very popular, however, and the following season it was revealed that she had actually survived, having been saved by an experimental cryogenic procedure, and she was given her own spin-off series, The Bionic Woman. This spin-off ran until 1978 when both it and The Six Million Dollar Man were simultaneously cancelled, even though the two series were on different networks at the time their final seasons aired.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.359451770782471, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Steve Austin and Jaime Sommers returned in three subsequent made-for-television movies: The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1987), Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989) which featured Sandra Bullock in an early role as a new bionic woman; and Bionic Ever After? (1994) in which Austin and Sommers finally marry. Majors reprised the role of Steve Austin in all three productions, which also featured Richard Anderson and Martin E. Brooks, and Lindsay Wagner reprising the role of Jaime Sommers. The reunion films addressed the partial amnesia Sommers had suffered during the original series, and all three featured Majors' son, Lee Majors II, as OSI agent Jim Castillian. The first two movies were written in the anticipation of creating new bionic characters in their own series, but nothing further was seen of the new characters introduced in those produced. The third TV movie was intended as a finale.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.5159820914268494, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Bionic Man", "passage": "In a July 2006 interview at Comic Con, Richard Anderson (who played Oscar Goldman in the series) stated that he was involved with producing a movie of the series, but the rights were at the time in litigation between Miramax and Universal. Smith's screenplay was later adapted for The Bionic Man, an ongoing comic book series launched in 2011 by Dynamite Comics.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.597500801086426, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "The dialogue spoken by actor Lee Majors during the opening credits is based upon communication prior to the M2-F2 crash that occurred on May 10, 1967: (\"Flight com, I can't hold her! She's breaking up! She's break—\"). Test pilot Bruce Peterson's lifting body aircraft hit the ground at approximately 250 mph and tumbled six times. But Peterson survived what appeared to be a fatal accident, though he later lost an eye due to infection. In the episode \"The Deadly Replay\", Oscar Goldman refers to the lifting body aircraft in which Austin crashed as the \"HL-10\", stating \"We've rebuilt the HL-10.\" In the 1987 TV film The Return of the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman, Austin refers to the craft as the \"M3-F5\", which was the name used for the aircraft that crashed in the original Cyborg novel.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8757082223892212, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Bionic Man", "passage": "Dusty Springfield, backed by Ron \"Escalade\" Piscina, sang the theme song written by Glen A. Larson , which was used in the opening and closing credits for the Wine, Women & War and The Solid Gold Kidnapping telefilms. The song was also used in the promotion of the series, but when the weekly series began the song was replaced by the instrumental theme by Oliver Nelson. The first regular episode, \"Population: Zero\", introduced a new element to the opening sequence: a voiceover by Oscar Goldman stating the rationale behind creating a bionic man. The first season narration was shorter than that used in the second and subsequent seasons.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.885950088500977, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Rudy Wells", "passage": "* Dr. Rudy Wells (played by Martin Balsam in pilot; Alan Oppenheimer, seasons 1 & 2; Martin E. Brooks, seasons 3–5, as well as on The Bionic Woman and in three movies), Austin's physician and primary overseer of the medical aspects of bionic technology", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.697525501251221, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "A British comic strip version was also produced, written by Angus P. Allan, drawn by Martin Asbury and printed in TV comic Look-In. A series of standalone comic strips was printed on the packaging of a series of model kits by Fundimensions based upon the series. In Colombia, a black and white comic book series was published in the late 70s, with art and stories by Jorge Peña. This series was licensed by Universal studios to Greco (Grupo Editorial Colombiano), then known as Editora Cinco, now part of Grupo Editorial Televisa. In France, Télé-Junior, a magazine devoted to comic book adaptations of all sorts of TV series and cartoons also featured a Six Million Dollar Man comic (under its French title, L'Homme qui valait trois milliards) with art by Pierre Le Goff and stories by P. Tabet and Bodis. A tradepaperback reprinting several episodes from the magazine was released in October, 1980. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.059211730957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In 1996, a new comic book series entitled Bionix was announced, to be published by Maximum Press. The comic was to have been an updated version of both the Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman and feature new renditions of the two characters. Although the magazine was advertised in comic book trade publications, it was ultimately never published. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.008783340454102, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "On August 24, 2011, Dynamite Comics published the first issue of The Bionic Man, an adaptation written by Kevin Smith based upon a screenplay he'd written for a never-produced 1990s motion picture version of The Six Million Dollar Man. After concluding the adaptation in the spring of 2012 the comic series moved on to original stories, as well as a re-imagining of the original TV series' Secret of Bigfoot storyline. A spin-off comic re-imagining The Bionic Woman followed a few months later, and in January 2013 Dynamite launched a crossover mini-series, The Bionic Man vs. The Bionic Woman. The artwork in these series, covers and interiors, varies between Austin being rendered in the likeness of Lee Majors and not. As 2014 began, Dynamite discontinued its reboot titles and replaced them with a new ongoing series, The Six Million Dollar Man Season 6, continuing the adventures of Austin from the conclusion of the 1977-78 season and featuring not only the likeness of Lee Majors, but also other recurring actors such as Richard Anderson, as well as Darren McGavin as Oliver Spencer from the first TV movie. Jaime Sommers was reintroduced from issue 3, with a spin-off comic series, The Bionic Woman Season 4, announced in June 2014 with a scheduled launch in the fall of 2014.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.130537986755371, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "In the animated cartoon show The Venture Bros on Adult Swim, a character named Steve Summers satirizes The Six Million Dollar Man. The character mimics the appearance, mannerisms and bionic implants of the popular television series in a comical fashion. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.677874565124512, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "The Six Million Dollar Man spawned a number of toys, two Parker Brothers boardgames (\"The Six Million Dollar Man\", \"Bionic Crisis\"), and other licensed merchandise. Everything from lunch boxes and running shoes to children's eyeglasses and bedsheets all carried images of Steve Austin. The 12 in tall Steve Austin action figure marketed by Kenner in the mid-1970s was particularly popular and intact Six Million Dollar Man and Bionic Woman toys continue to attract premium prices on the collector's market. Besides the lead characters, 12 in scale action figures were also produced of Oscar Goldman, equipped with an \"exploding\" briefcase similar to the type used by James Bond in From Russia with Love; \"Maskatron\", an android character based on a robot duplicate of one of Austin's friends, Major Fred Sloan (both Sloan and his robot double were played by John Saxon in the first-season episode \"Day Of The Robot\"); a Fembot (from a Bionic Woman episode); and the recurring character of Bigfoot (Bigfoot doll was more than 12 in high). Associated merchandise for use with the action figures included a rocketship that could transform into a bionic repair station, an inflatable command base, auxiliary bionic arms (critical assignment arms) with different features (such as one that included a flashlight), auxiliary bionic legs (critical assignment legs) with different features.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.612791061401367, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Bally Manufacturing produced a Six Million Dollar Man coin operated pinball machine in 1978. This was the only pinball machine they produced that could be played by up to six players at a time. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.026923179626465, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Universal Playback released the first two seasons of The Six Million Dollar Man on DVD in Region 2 and Region 4 in 2005–2006. The first three seasons were also released on the Italian market (Region 2) in late 2008. The season 1 release also features the three pilot movies that preceded the weekly series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97573471069336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "On July 21, 2010 however, Time–Life (under license from Universal) announced the release of a complete series box set of The Six Million Dollar Man on DVD in Region 1 for the first time on November 23, 2010. The 40-disc set features all 99 episodes of the series as well as the three pilot films and the three reunion TV-movies which also feature Jaime Sommers, along with several episodes of The Bionic Woman that were part of inter-series crossovers (i.e. part one aired on one series, and part two on another) in order to include complete storylines. In addition, the set features extensive bonus features including interviews and featurettes with all major cast members and the set comes encased in collectible packaging that includes a sound chip, activated when the box is opened, that plays back part of the first season opening credits dialogue. The release is available directly through Time-Life's \"6mdm\" website as well a through several third-party on-line vendors.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.079322814941406, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "Several episodes of The Six Million Dollar Man actually saw their North American DVD debut several weeks in advance of the box set, as Universal Home Video included the three \"crossover\" episodes that helped launch The Bionic Woman as bonuses on the October 19, 2010 DVD release of Season 1 of The Bionic Woman. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.850296974182129, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" }, { "answer": "The Six Million Dollar Man", "passage": "On October 13, 2015, Universal Studios released a retail version of The Six Million Dollar Man- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.023346900939941, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Six Million Dollar Man" } ]

[ { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "In novels set after the events of the original-trilogy film series, The New Jedi Order was the restored and reformed Jedi organization, in the wake of the Great Jedi Purge and subsequent fall of the Galactic Empire. The Jedi Knights, reduced in number to only a handful, were slowly restored, primarily under the leadership of Grandmaster Luke Skywalker. Luke Skywalker abolished the traditional Master/Padawan system. He believed all Jedi should be both teachers and students; that they should both learn from and mentor each other, and not just from one Master. Luke Skywalker re-established the Jedi High Council as part of his New Jedi Order. Half of the council are made up of Jedi, while the other half consist of politicians. Following the Yuuzhan Vong War, the Jedi withdrew their support from any one political entity and relocated to The Great Library of Ossus, where a full Jedi Council was re-established.", "precise_score": 0.725259006023407, "rough_score": 5.092648029327393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "* Jedi Padawan: An Initiate who successfully completes \"fundamental training\" is given a second-class education and then undergoes Padawan training under the tutelage of Mentor (usually a Jedi Knight or Jedi Master). They are also called \"Apprentices\" and \"Padawan learners\". As a rite of passage and the final test before the trials to knighthood, Padawans must build their own lightsabers. In the Old Republic, Padawans usually wore a hair braid on the right side of their head which was removed with a lightsaber upon attaining knighthood. They also served as Commanders in the Clone Wars. The term Padawan appears to originate in Sanskrit and can be understood as “learner,\" both in Sanskrit and by contemporary native speakers of Sanskrit-based languages.", "precise_score": 1.3598787784576416, "rough_score": 5.564460277557373, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "* Jedi Master: A term of respect used by beings who respect the Jedi. Regarded as among the most recognized polymaths in the known galaxy. Upon completion of vocational or postgraduate education, a Jedi Knight becomes a Jedi Master after successfully training a Padawan learner to Knight status. Though this is the most common manner, there are other ways of attaining the rank.", "precise_score": 3.70607852935791, "rough_score": 6.056029319763184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Kanan Jarrus (born Caleb Dume) is a male human taken as a Padawan by falsely-rumoured fallen Jedi Master Depa Billaba during the Clone Wars and a character of Star Wars Rebels. Surviving the Great Jedi Purge at age 14, he exiled himself to the Imperial-controlled planet Lothal and became the de facto leader of the crew of the Ghost. Though still a Padawan, he has taken Lothal street urchin Ezra Bridger as his Padawan. When he found himself in Lothal's Jedi temple, he was put through a trial and ended up passing the test, becoming a Jedi Knight in the process.", "precise_score": 2.296351194381714, "rough_score": 5.7380805015563965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "The original trilogy begins with the Galactic Empire nearing completion of the Death Star space station, which will allow the Empire to crush the Rebel Alliance, an organized resistance formed to combat Emperor Palpatine's tyranny. Palpatine's Sith apprentice Darth Vader captures Princess Leia, a member of the rebellion who has stolen the plans to the Death Star and hidden them in the astromech droid R2-D2. R2, along with his protocol droid counterpart C-3PO, escapes to the desert planet Tatooine. There, the droids are purchased by farm boy Luke Skywalker and his step-uncle and aunt. While Luke is cleaning R2, he accidentally triggers a message put into the droid by Leia, who asks for assistance from the legendary Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi. Luke later assists the droids in finding the exiled Jedi, who is now passing as an old hermit under the alias Ben Kenobi. When Luke asks about his father, whom he has never met, Obi-Wan tells him that Anakin Skywalker was a great Jedi who was betrayed and murdered by Vader. Obi-Wan and Luke hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to take them to Alderaan, Leia's home world, which they eventually find has been destroyed by the Death Star. Once on board the space station, Luke and Han rescue Leia while Obi-Wan allows himself to be killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader; his sacrifice allows the group to escape with the plans that help the Rebels destroy the Death Star. Luke himself (guided by the power of the Force) fires the shot that destroys the deadly space station during the Battle of Yavin.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.068274974822998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "The prequel trilogy begins 32 years before the original film, with the corrupt Trade Federation setting up a blockade of battleships around the planet Naboo. The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego, Senator Palpatine, a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Galactic Republic. At the Chancellor's request, the Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice, a younger Obi-Wan Kenobi, are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation. However, the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo, Padmé Amidala, escape from the blockade and plead her planet's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant. When their starship is damaged during the escape, they land on Tatooine for repairs, where Qui-Gon discovers a nine-year-old Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon comes to believe that Anakin is the \"Chosen One\" foretold by Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force, and he helps liberate the boy from slavery. The Jedi Council, led by Yoda, reluctantly allows Obi-Wan to train Anakin after Qui-Gon is killed by Palpatine's first apprentice, Darth Maul, during the Battle of Naboo. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.065488338470459, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Lucas hired 'the Dean of Special Effects' John Stears, who created R2-D2, Luke Skywalker's Landspeeder, the Jedi Knights' lightsabers, and the Death Star. The technical lightsaber choreography for the original trilogy was developed by leading filmmaking sword-master Bob Anderson. Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker) and performed all the sword stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, wearing Vader's costume. Anderson's role in the original Star Wars trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade, where he shares his experiences as the fight choreographer developing the lightsaber techniques for the movies. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.005887985229492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "For the second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications, and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. \"The Force\" was also introduced as a mystical energy field. The next draft removed the father character and replaced him with a substitute named Ben Kenobi, and in 1976 a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.91391134262085, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple is a live show where children are selected to learn the teachings of the Jedi Knights and the Force to become Padawan learners. The show is present at Disney's Hollywood Studios and at the Tomorrowland Terrace at Disneyland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.5556235313415527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Star Wars" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study, serve and utilize a mystical power called the Force, in order to help and protect those in need. The Jedi members, known as Jedi Knights, respect all life by defending and protecting those who cannot do it for themselves, striving for peaceful and non-combative solutions to any altercations they encounter and fighting only in self-defense and for the defense of those they protect. Like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals and groups they come in contact with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.773272514343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "The exact size of the Jedi's membership and operations are never specified. However, in the Star Wars Rebels episode \"Path of the Jedi\", Kanan Jarrus stated: \"...There were around 10,000 Jedi Knights defending the galaxy. Now, we are few. But in those days, we had small outposts, temples spread throughout the stars. The Empire sought out these temples and destroyed many of them...\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.95636248588562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "* Jedi Knight: Disciplined and experienced, Jedi Knights become so only when they have completed \"the trials\" (final tests) and may continue to pursue a third-class education (see below) to obtain the equivalent of a habilitation or post-doctoral degree. As the most common rank, it is interchangeably referred to as \"Jedi\", \"Jedi Knight\" and \"Master Jedi\" (although the latter are honorifics used only by Younglings and Padawans when addressing Jedi Knights or above). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.51495361328125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Ahsoka Tano is a female Togrutan. During the Clone Wars, she was taken as a Padawan by then Mentor, Anakin Skywalker, and the two developed a big brother/kid sister relationship which ultimately foreshadowed Anakin's tragic future. She developed uncanny courage, tactical skills, leadership and trust, which was proven after she refused to abaddon other Padawans kidnapped by Trandoshan slavers. In Star Wars: The Clone Wars fifth season, she was framed for bombing the Temple and murdering a suspect-in-question by her friend Barriss Offee. She was then expelled from the Jedi Order and turned over to the Republic for trial. After proven innocent, the Jedi Council personally invited her to rejoin the Order, offering to reinstate her to \"Jedi Knighthood\", but she declined. Ahsoka understood that the Council didn't believe in her; stating that she needed to follow her own path, without the Order and Anakin, she left the Temple in tears. She resurfaced 14 years later in Star Wars Rebels, where she is revealed to be the mysterious \"Fulcrum\", and allied her rebel cell, Phoenix Squadron, with the crew of the Ghost. In \"Shroud of Darkness\", she is forced to accept Darth Vader is her corrupted former master. In \"Twilight of the Apprentice,\" Ahsoka takes Ezra and Kanan to Malachor to search for Sith knowledge. She later sacrifices herself to buy Ezra and Kanan some time to get away from Darth Vader, forcing him to fight her as a temple collapses on top of them; her ultimate fate is left unknown.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.2834898233413696, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "The term and concept of \"Dark Jedi\" is never officially used nor endorsed as Star Wars canon anywhere within the seven Star Wars saga films. They exist by that name only in the Star Wars Expanded Universe, including video games such as Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic and the Star Wars: Jedi Knight series. Darth Vader was described as \"Dark Lord of the Sith\" in the published screenplay. Because the term Sith was never spoken in the original trilogy, early Expanded Universe products usually considered the \"evil Jedi,\" those who joined the dark side of the Force, as \"Dark Jedi.\" In his novel series The Thrawn Trilogy, author Timothy Zahn labeled Sith Lord Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine as Dark Jedi, and the term \"Sith\" was never mentioned in the series until later reprints of the novels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.268242597579956, "source": "wiki", "title": "Jedi" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace. The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet. However, in the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace, the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character. In the film, which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) brings the young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) to the Jedi Council. Qui-Gon is convinced that Anakin is the fabled \"Chosen One\" who will bring balance to the Force, and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi Knight. Yoda senses great fear in Anakin, especially his attachment to the memory of his mother, and foresees \"grave danger\" in his training. The council, led at the time by Yoda's former padawan Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson), initially rejects the request.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.00132155418396, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yoda" }, { "answer": "Jedi Knight", "passage": "Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars: Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the show, Yoda is made a General, like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters. Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet, but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum. Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum, Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum. In the animated series' final episode, Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant, which is under attack from the Separatists. The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine. The Jedi Master's effort to stop Grievous fails, and Palpatine is taken hostage, thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.736346960067749, "source": "wiki", "title": "Yoda" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary. It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, ' (\"The merchant of death is dead\") and went on to say, \"Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday.\" Alfred (who never had a wife or children) was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.", "precise_score": -0.5546908974647522, "rough_score": -2.9193880558013916, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Known for inventing dynamite, Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. After reading a premature obituary which condemned him for profiting from the sales of arms, he bequeathed his fortune to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of mergers with companies Nobel himself established.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.780618190765381, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "On 3 September 1864, a shed, used for the preparation of nitroglycerin, exploded at the factory in Heleneborg, Stockholm, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother Emil. Dogged by more minor accidents but unfazed, Nobel went on to build further factories, focusing on improving the stability of the explosives he was developing. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining and the building of transport networks internationally. In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a predecessor of cordite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.111720085144043, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceous earth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as 'dynamite'. Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with the dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance \"Nobel's Safety Powder\", but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for \"power\" ().", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.371455192565918, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" }, { "answer": "Dynamite", "passage": "Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. 'Gelignite', or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances. Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.410014152526855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred Nobel" } ]

[ { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from the album Back in Black. The song also reappeared on their later album Who Made Who. It is AC/DC's first single to feature Brian Johnson as the lead singer and reached number 35 on the USA's Hot 100 pop singles chart in 1980. The single was re-released internationally in 1986, following the release of the album Who Made Who. The re-released single in 1986 contains the B-side(s): B1. \"She's Got Balls\" (Live, Bondi Lifesaver '77); B2. \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" (Live '83 – 12-inch maxi-single only).", "precise_score": 2.763970136642456, "rough_score": -8.259612083435059, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "Four live versions of the song were officially released. The first one appeared on the 1986 maxi-single \"You Shook Me All Night Long\"; the second one was included on the band's album Live; the third version is on the soundtrack to the Howard Stern movie Private Parts, and also appears on the AC/DC box set Backtracks; and the fourth one is on the band's live album, Live at River Plate.", "precise_score": 0.6001085638999939, "rough_score": -8.8924560546875, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"Guns for Hire\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, from their album Flick of the Switch, released on 15 August 1983. Written by band members, Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson, it was also released in August as a single with \"Landslide\" as the B-side. It charted at No. 37 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 84 on the United States Billboard Hot 100. It also reached No. 19 in Ireland. ", "precise_score": -1.487107753753662, "rough_score": -9.00768756866455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guns for Hire" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" placed at number 10 on VH1's list of \"The 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s\". It was also number 1 on VH1's \"Top Ten AC/DC Songs\". Guitar World placed \"You Shook Me All Night Long\" at number 80 on their \"100 Greatest Guitar Solos\" list.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.594552993774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "The song has also become a staple of AC/DC concerts, and is rarely excluded from the setlist. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.045677185058594, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"You Shook Me All Night Long\" was also the second song to be played by AC/DC on Saturday Night Live in 2000, following their performance of \"Stiff Upper Lip.\" When AC/DC was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2003 by Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, they performed this song with Tyler. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.78475284576416, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "The VH1 series Pop-Up Video revealed that, during the scene with the mechanical bull, the woman playing Johnson's lover accidentally jabbed herself with her spur twice. The roadie who came to her aid married her a year later, and Angus Young gave them a mechanical bull for a wedding present as a joke. The original 1980 video features drummer Phil Rudd, while the 1986 video features drummer Simon Wright, who replaced Rudd in 1983. Rudd returned to AC/DC in 1994.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.620647430419922, "source": "wiki", "title": "You Shook Me All Night Long" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "The track served as the opening song during the band's performances during the ensuing tour in support of Flick of the Switch, but has never been performed on any other AC/DC tours since. A promotional video was produced for the song, which featured drummer Simon Wright rather than Phil Rudd. Rudd had left the band during the recording of Flick of the Switch and was replaced by Wright before the start of the tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.387378692626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Guns for Hire" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"Touch Too Much\" is the fourth track on AC/DC's 1979 album Highway to Hell, their last with lead vocalist Bon Scott, who died the following year. The song was performed by Scott and AC/DC on BBC music show \"Top of the Pops\" 12 days before his death. This episode, dated 7 February 1980, was repeated by BBC Four on 19 February 2015, the 35th anniversary of Scott's death.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.424615859985352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Touch Too Much" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "Prior to joining AC/DC on the Rock or Bust World Tour, Axl Rose said this was his favorite AC/DC song. The song was first performed live on May 22, 2016 in Prague. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.128690719604492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Touch Too Much" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "\"Moneytalks\" is a song written by Malcolm and Angus Young and produced by Bruce Fairbairn for the hard rock band AC/DC. Originally released on 21 September 1990 on the album The Razors Edge, it was later released as a single in December later that year. A live version of the song recorded on the band's 1990-1991 Razors Edge World Tour appeared on AC/DC's 1992 live album, Live .", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.039140701293945, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moneytalks" }, { "answer": "AC/DC", "passage": "The song is one of AC/DC's biggest hits, breaking the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, the UK Singles Charts, and the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It is still the band's highest charting single in the United States, at number 23 (no other AC/DC single has even cracked the top 30). During their subsequent world tour, thousands of \"Angus Bucks\" were dropped on the audience during the song. A music video of the song, directed by David Mallet, was also released, featuring a live performance during the tour.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.792372703552246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Moneytalks" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gaff", "passage": "Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle. Some examples are hooks, lines, sinkers, floats, rods, reels, baits, lures, spears, nets, gaffs, traps, waders and tackle boxes.", "precise_score": -2.2538089752197266, "rough_score": -6.612633228302002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fishing" }, { "answer": "Gaff", "passage": "The British dogger was an early type of sailing trawler from the 17th century, but the modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century, at the English fishing port of Brixham. By the early 19th century, the fishermen at Brixham needed to expand their fishing area further than ever before due to the ongoing depletion of stocks that was occurring in the overfished waters of South Devon. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a sleek build and had a tall gaff rig, which gave the vessel sufficient speed to make long distance trips out to the fishing grounds in the ocean. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water. The great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of 'Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries'. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.823713302612305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Fishing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Salt", "passage": "Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from the days when sumo was used in the Shinto religion. Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the Japan Sumo Association. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal sumo training stables, known in Japanese as heya, where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict tradition.", "precise_score": 0.4901101589202881, "rough_score": 2.509387493133545, "source": "wiki", "title": "Sumo" } ]

[ { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Highlander is a film and television franchise that began with a 1986 fantasy movie starring Christopher Lambert, who played Connor MacLeod, the Highlander. Born in Glenfinnan, in the Scottish Highlands in the 16th century, MacLeod is one of a number of Immortals. There have been five Highlander movies, two television series, an animated series, an animated movie, an animated flash-movie series, ten original novels, nineteen comic book issues, and various licensed merchandise.", "precise_score": 5.295501232147217, "rough_score": 6.395192623138428, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "A 1994 animated series, Highlander: The Animated Series, was set in the far future, and featured the character of Quentin MacLeod, voiced by Miklos Perlus.", "precise_score": 0.9662120938301086, "rough_score": 6.461486339569092, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "In 2007, an anime film, Highlander: The Search for Vengeance was released, featuring the immortal Colin MacLeod in the year 2187. ", "precise_score": 0.4664216637611389, "rough_score": 5.395790100097656, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Clan membership goes through the surname, except when a married woman takes that of her husband's surname, and then on to her children. Children who take their father's surname are part of their father's clan and not their mother's. However, there have been several cases where a descendant through the maternal line has changed their surname in order to claim the chiefship of a clan, such as the late chief of the Clan MacLeod who was born John Wolridge-Gordon and changed his name to the maiden name of his maternal grandmother in order to claim the chiefship of the MacLeods. Today, clans may have lists of septs. Septs are surnames, families or clans that historically, currently or for whatever reason the chief chooses, are associated with that clan. There is no official list of clan septs, and the decision of what septs a clan has is left up to the clan itself. Confusingly, sept names can be shared by more than one clan, and it may be up to the individual to use his or her family history or genealogy to find the correct clan they are associated with.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.875510215759277, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scottish clan" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Where the oighreachd (land owned by the clan elite or fine) did not match the common heritage of the dùthchas (the collective territory of the clan) this led to territorial disputes and warfare. The fine resented their clansmen paying rent to other landlords. Some clans used disputes to expand their territories. Most notably, the Clan Campbell and the Clan Mackenzie were prepared to play off territorial disputes within and among clans to expand their own land and influence. Feuding on the western seaboard was conducted with such intensity that the Clan MacLeod and the Clan MacDonald on the Isle of Skye were reputedly reduced to eating dogs and cats in the 1590s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.366081237792969, "source": "wiki", "title": "Scottish clan" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "The first of what became a series of films, Highlander, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was released on March 7, 1986, with the tagline \"There Can Be Only One.\" The film features a number of flashback scenes establishing Connor MacLeod of the Clan MacLeod's early history, and builds up to his final destiny among the last of the mysterious Immortals. Through a mentor and fellow Immortal — Juan Sánchez Villa-Lobos Ramírez, played by Sean Connery — he learns of the existence of other Immortals, who appear spontaneously throughout history. An Immortal can die only after being beheaded, and Immortals battle one another in ritual single combat to the death, until the \"Gathering,\" when the few remaining Immortals will fight until only one remains to take \"The Prize.\" The Gathering occurs in modern-day (1985) New York City, when the Highlander, who has fallen in love again despite trying to distance himself from humanity, narrowly defeats his powerful and evil enemy, The Kurgan, whom he has encountered repeatedly over the previous centuries, and who had slain Ramírez and many others. The movie was originally titled Shadow Clan in the earliest drafts of the film. Upon its release, the film was not a financial success and was panned by critics. However, it gained a strong cult following, was a hit internationally, and is regarded by many as the best movie in the series.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.9437971115112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Highlander II: The Quickening, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was released on November 1, 1991. The film mainly takes place in 2024, with flashbacks to events in 1999, and also a very distant past on the planet Zeist. MacLeod designs an energy shield to protect the Earth after its ozone layer began to disintegrate, but the Shield's heavy red clouds and blocking of natural sunlight have plunged mankind into despair. The Shield has also fallen under the control of the Shield Corporation, which taxes heavily for its services in the pursuit of profit. Meanwhile, MacLeod has physically aged into a frail old man — his mortality part of winning the Prize – and expects that he will eventually die of natural causes. After he kills one of the Immortals from Zeist sent to kill him, he becomes young and Immortal again, much to his dismay. He then joins with Louise Marcus (Virginia Madsen), who had led a group of terrorists who try to dismantle the Shield.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.04652738571167, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "This film offers an alternative origin for the Immortals, who are depicted as aliens exiled to Earth from Zeist. In direct contradiction to the original film, Ramírez and MacLeod were friends before their exile from Zeist. In the original, they first met in Scotland in 1541, with no mention of Zeist whatsoever. This was a primary reason the movie immediately met with harsh criticism. This film was made almost entirely in Argentina; after the country's economy crashed, the film's investors took direct control of the film, removing Mulcahy and his creative influence almost entirely from the film. When it was released in 1991, it was almost totally panned by critics worldwide, and is now considered to be one of the worst movies ever made. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.920013904571533, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "The third movie contradicts both the second film and the television series, acting as a stand-alone sequel to the original movie.[http://www.scifimoviepage.com/highlan3.html Highlander III: The Final Dimension] MacLeod battles a warrior who missed the original Gathering, because he was buried deep in a Japanese cave that is holy ground, isolating him from the supposedly final contest of the first film. Kane (played by Mario Van Peebles) is a master of the \"power of illusion,\" which allows him to create false imagery to deceive his enemies. Connor, who has lived with his adopted son John for years with the belief that he is the final Immortal, must return to New York and finish the job he started back in 1985. Along the way, he finds a new love, Dr. Alex Johnson (Deborah Unger). The movie was a box office bomb. Critics and fans claim that it was little more than a carbon copy of the first film.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.0569548606872559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Highlander: Endgame, first released on September 1, 2000, was an attempt to merge characters from both the original film and from the Highlander TV series.[http://www.flipsidearchive.com/highlanderendgame.html Flipside Movie Emporium: Highlander: Endgame Movie Review] The story follows Duncan MacLeod as he confronts Jacob Kell, an evil Immortal who has assembled a group of fellow warriors, as well as an impressive body-count. Kell, who holds a centuries-old grudge against the elder Connor MacLeod, has slain Connor's dearest loved ones, and he does not follow the traditions of single combat. Connor has spent a decade trying to escape the Game in a hidden Watcher fortress known as the Sanctuary, but he and Duncan are forced to confront this new threat that neither one of them alone can succeed against. As the two MacLeods will not break the single-combat tradition, Connor convinces Duncan to decapitate him, thus gaining the power that he needs to defeat Kell. This directly contradicts Highlander 2: The Quickening, in which Connor McLeod, is seen in the future, as an old man. However, Highlander 2 also features a method whereby one Immortal can resurrect another so it does not necessarily create a paradox.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.203294515609741, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Highlander: The Source is the fifth and final installment of the Highlander film series, which premiered on the Sci Fi Channel on September 15, 2007.[http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Sci-Fi-Network-To-Air-The-Next-Highlander-Film-5665.html Sci-Fi Network To Air The Next Highlander Film] The film follows Duncan MacLeod and a group of fellow Immortals seeking the source of immortality.[http://highlander-thesource.com/album/secret_site.html Highlander: The Source] The film retcons the meaning of the Game and the phrase, \"There can be only one.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.5572797060012817, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "28 Weeks Later director Juan Carlos Fresnadillo signed on to direct the remake, replacing Lin. Vinnie Jones and Ray Stevenson are rumored to be considered for the role of The Kurgan. In June 2012, Ryan Reynolds was confirmed to play Connor MacLeod in the remake. However, in December 2012, Fresnadillo left the project due to creative differences and On June 17, 2013, Reynolds also dropped out of the film. On June 28, 2013, David Abramowitz who wrote the TV series will polish the film's script. The film remains in developmental limbo as of 2013. On October 28, 2013, Summit has hired Snow White and the Huntsman visual effects supervisor and second unit director Cedric Nicolas-Troyan to direct the reboot. As of November 2014, the studio wanted actor Tom Cruise in the role of Ramírez. At this point, the interest appears to be one-sided, as Cruise has been busy shooting “Mission: Impossible 5” and isn’t focused on future projects at the moment. James Bryhan has since been rumored to play Ramirez. On February 11, 2015, wrestler turned actor Dave Bautista was cast as The Kurgan. Nicolas-Troyan has stated to Slash Film that he's still involved with the reboot. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.780264854431152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Adrian Paul starred as Duncan MacLeod, another immortal from the same clan. The series also starred Alexandra Vandernoot, Stan Kirsch, Amanda Wyss, Jim Byrnes, Philip Akin, Michel Modo, Lisa Howard, Elizabeth Gracen and Peter Wingfield. Over its six-year run, the series had guest stars including Joan Jett, Vanity, Roger Daltrey, Richard Moll, Traci Lords, Sheena Easton, \"Rowdy\" Roddy Piper, Nia Peeples, Rae Dawn Chong, Eric McCormack, Sandra Bernhard and Ron Perlman.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.1905810832977295, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "Big Finish Productions have the licence to produce Highlander audio dramas. The format (like many of their other ranges) is one actor reading the script with another playing one other important part. The first four audios star Adrian Paul as Duncan MacLeod and were released monthly from June 2009. The stories themselves are set after Highlander: Endgame.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.9434808492660522, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" }, { "answer": "MacLeod", "passage": "*Highlander: The Last of the MacLeods — a 1995 video game based on Highlander: The Animated Series, developed for the Atari Jaguar CD.[http://www.mobygames.com/game/jaguar/highlander-the-last-of-the-macleods Highlander: The Last of the MacLeods for Jaguar - MobyGames]", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.096788167953491, "source": "wiki", "title": "Highlander (franchise)" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "precise_score": 8.48051929473877, "rough_score": 8.203941345214844, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "Joseph Isaac \"Ike\" Clanton (1847 – June 1, 1887) was a member of a loosely associated group of outlaws known as the The Cowboys that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp as well as Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, Ike was present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, but was unarmed and ran from the gunfight, in which his 19-year-old brother, Billy, was killed.", "precise_score": 5.490409851074219, "rough_score": 7.066143035888672, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ike Clanton" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was married three times. His first wife died less than a year after they were married while carrying their first child. Wyatt held a variety of jobs during his life. He was a gambler, lawman, buffalo hunter, saloon keeper, gold/copper miner, pimp, and boxing referee. He arrived with his brothers Virgil and Morgan in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. They became embroiled in a conflict with outlaw Cowboys that led to a confrontation and shootout on October 26, 1882, later known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.1417250633239746, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nicholas Porter Earp" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "Morgan Seth Earp joined his brothers Virgil and Wyatt in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. He became embroiled in the conflict between the Earp lawmen and a loose federation of outlaw Cowboys. He took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and was wounded. He was charged by Ike Clanton with murder, but during a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer ruled that they had acted within the law and dismissed the charges.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 3.4532008171081543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nicholas Porter Earp" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "It appeared Holliday and Kate were settling in to life in Las Vegas when Wyatt Earp arrived on October 18, 1879, with news of the boom going on in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. Holiday and his common-law wife Big Nose Kate joined Wyatt and his wife Mattie, Jim Earp and his wife and step daughter, and they all left the next day for Prescott, Arizona Territory. They arrived within a few weeks and went straight to the home of Constable Virgil Earp and his wife Allie. Holliday and Kate checked into a hotel and when Wyatt, Virgil, and James Earp with their wives left for Tombstone, Holliday remained in Prescott, where he thought the gambling opportunities were better. Holliday finally joined the Earps in Tombstone in September 1880. Some accounts report that the Earps sent for Holliday for assistance with dealing with the outlaw Cochise County Cowboys. Holliday quickly became embroiled in the local politics and violence that led up to the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in October 1881.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.9496493339538574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Doc Holliday" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "Clanton's mother died in 1866. Ike stayed with the family when they moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory, about 1877 (before Tombstone became a town or even a mining center). At that time, Newman Clanton was living with his sons Phin (or \"Fin\"), Ike, and Billy. By 1878 Ike was running a small \"lunch counter\" at the Tombstone Mill site (now Millville on the San Pedro River—not in modern Tombstone). By 1881, however, he was working on his father's ranch at Lewis Springs, about 12 mi west of Tombstone and 5 mi from Charleston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.171710014343262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ike Clanton" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "Tom McLaury (June 30, 1853 – October 26, 1881) and his brother Frank owned a ranch outside Tombstone, Arizona, Arizona Territory during the 1880s. He was a member of group of outlaw Cowboys and cattle rustlers that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil, and Morgan Earp. The McLaury brothers repeatedly threatened the Earps because they interfered with the Cowboys' illegal activities. On October 26, 1881, Tom and Frank were both killed in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. The Tombstone shootout was his only gunfight.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.4623332023620605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom McLaury" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona Territory", "passage": "By 1879 the two brothers cattle business was growing and they purchased land and built a house at Soldiers Holes. Their ranching operation was near the silver-mining boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, as its population exploded due to the silver rush. They became associated with \"Curly Bill\" Brocius. On October 27, 1880, the two brothers were briefly detained when Brocius accidentally shot and killed Tombstone Town Marshal Fred White.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.027839660644531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Tom McLaury" } ]

[ { "answer": "Wiener dog", "passage": "The de facto national championship of wiener dog racing is the Wienerschnitzel Wiener Nationals, held in San Diego, California, every December as part of the Holiday Bowl; however, there are many other venues that claim title to the true \"national\" champion. ", "precise_score": 0.4963498115539551, "rough_score": 3.6273269653320312, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dachshund racing" }, { "answer": "Dachshund", "passage": "Dachshund racing, or wiener dog racing, is a popular, yet controversial sporting event, primarily found in North America. Typical Dachshund races are either 25 or 50 yards in length, and are run on various surfaces. Many race tracks across America host these events as fundraising or publicity events, and routinely draw the venues' largest attendance numbers of the year.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.6759061813354492, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dachshund racing" }, { "answer": "Dachshund", "passage": "The Dachshund Club of America opposes dachshund races, because the breed has a genetic predisposition to back injuries.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.159734725952148, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dachshund racing" }, { "answer": "Dachshund", "passage": "Dachshund racing was first held in Australia in the 1970s. The early meets featured Whippet, Afghan Hound, and Dachshund racing, purely for fun. The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine in California holds an annual Doxie Derby as part of the university's Picnic Day event.Ternus-Bellamy, A. [http://www.davisenterprise.com/local-news/uc-davis-may-be-the-home-of-the-aggies-but-on-picnic-day-it-seems-its-all-about-the-dogs/ UC Davis may be the home of the Aggies, but on Picnic Day, it seems it’s all about the dogs.] Davis Enterprise April 17, 2008. For over 30 years the races have been a fundraiser for veterinary students.[http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whatsnew/article.cfm?id=1866 School of Veterinary Medicine Doxie Derby big crowd pleaser at UC Davis Picnic Day.] UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. April 15, 2008.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.503433227539062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dachshund racing" }, { "answer": "Dachshund", "passage": "The sport rose in popularity in North America after a 1993 Miller Lite television commercial that listed odd sports, and continued to grow after the release of Wiener Takes All a documentary film that chronicles two years of the Wiener Nationals circuit. In 2009, the Wiener Dog Nationals in Fort Wayne, Indiana, held its 16th annual Dachshund race. Zeus, the Germanfest champ from 2006-2009, is generally recognized as the greatest racing dachshund of all time. Germantown, Tennessee, a suburb of Memphis, also hosts its own '[http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/dachshund-dash/Content?oid=1139311 Running of the Wienies]' for charity.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.799659490585327, "source": "wiki", "title": "Dachshund racing" } ]

[ { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Courtyard by Marriott is a brand of hotels owned by Marriott International. Courtyard by Marriott is designed for business travelers but also accommodates families. Its rooms have desks, couches, and free Internet access. The majority of locations have a bistro which sell fresh cooked and prepared breakfast,(not complimentary) appetizers, sandwiches, and more. All have 24-hour \"mini-marts.\"", "precise_score": 2.842963457107544, "rough_score": -2.9043664932250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Courtyard by Marriott" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Marriott International spent $2 billion in the mid-1980s on building out the Courtyard by Marriott chain in order to target Holiday Inn's clientele.", "precise_score": 3.0699069499969482, "rough_score": 3.125709295272827, "source": "wiki", "title": "Courtyard by Marriott" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "The first location was built in 1983 in Atlanta and was Marriott's first sister brand. The brand was always meant to target business travelers. However, over the years, it has come to cater to the leisure traveler, too. Most now have a swimming pool or fitness center, microwaves and mini-fridges for rent, and family rates. Many properties have a mini-fridge in every room and usually have a complimentary guest microwave in The Market. Usually, microwaves are found in suite rooms.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.597199440002441, "source": "wiki", "title": "Courtyard by Marriott" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Full service hotels often contain upscale full-service facilities with a large volume of full service accommodations, on-site full service restaurant(s), and a variety of on-site amenities such as swimming pools, a health club, children's activities, ballrooms, on-site conference facilities, and other amenities. Examples include: Holiday Inn, Starwood – Sheraton Westin, Hilton, Marriott, and Hyatt hotels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.1101274490356445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hotel" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Small to medium-sized hotel establishments that offer a limited amount of on-site amenities that only cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler. Most focused or select service hotels may still offer full service accommodations but may lack leisure amenities such as an on-site restaurant or a swimming pool. Examples include Crowne Plaza, Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Garden Inn.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.713969707489014, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hotel" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Extended stay hotels are small to medium-sized hotels that offer longer term full service accommodations compared to a traditional hotel. Extended stay hotels may offer non-traditional pricing methods such as a weekly rate that cater towards travelers in need of short-term accommodations for an extended period of time. Similar to limited and select service hotels, on-site amenities are normally limited and most extended stay hotels lack an on-site restaurant. Examples include Staybridge Suites, Candlewood Suites, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Home2 Suites by Hilton, Residence Inn by Marriott, Element, and Extended Stay Hotels.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.3379740715026855, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hotel" }, { "answer": "Marriott", "passage": "Timeshare and Destination clubs are a form of property ownership also referred to as a vacation ownership involving the purchase and ownership of an individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage during a specified period of time. Timeshare resorts often offer amenities similar that of a Full service hotel with on-site restaurant(s), swimming pools, recreation grounds, and other leisure-oriented amenities. Destination clubs on the other hand may offer more exclusive private accommodations such as private houses in a neighborhood-style setting. Examples of timeshare brands include Hilton Grand Vacations, Marriott Vacation Club International, Westgate Resorts, Starwood Vacation Ownership, Disney Vacation Club, and Holiday Inn Club Vacations.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.393743515014648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hotel" } ]

[ { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Theodore Roosevelt, in one of his final acts as Governor of New York before becoming Vice President of the United States in March 1901, continued reforms he began when he was Police Superintendent by signing legislation that replaced the police commission and office of Police Chief (previously superintendent) with a single Police Commissioner. ", "precise_score": -4.504879951477051, "rough_score": -4.54710054397583, "source": "wiki", "title": "New York City Police Commissioner" }, { "answer": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "passage": "* U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897–1898, during the William McKinley administration.", "precise_score": -4.908566951751709, "rough_score": -7.310626029968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assistant Secretary of the Navy" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "*According to author Edward J. Renehan, Jr., no less than five members of the extended Roosevelt clan served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr. who served from 1921 through 1924 under Harding and Coolidge, Theodore Douglas Robinson (the son of Corinne Roosevelt) who served from 1924 through 1929 under Coolidge, and finally Henry Latrobe Roosevelt, a descendant of Robert Fulton's old friend \"Steamboat Nicholas\" Roosevelt, who served from 1933 through 1936 under FDR. ", "precise_score": -7.176145553588867, "rough_score": -7.500565052032471, "source": "wiki", "title": "Assistant Secretary of the Navy" }, { "answer": "26th President of the United States", "passage": "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century.", "precise_score": -3.0748157501220703, "rough_score": -7.450619220733643, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, at East 20th Street in New York City, New York. He was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart \"Mittie\" Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr. He had an older sister, Anna (nicknamed \"Bamie\"), a younger brother, Elliott, and a younger sister, Corinne. Elliott was later the father of First Lady Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of Theodore's distant cousin, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. His paternal grandfather was of Dutch descent; his other ancestry included primarily Scottish and Scots-Irish, English and smaller amounts of German, Welsh, and French. Theodore Sr. was the fifth son of businessman Cornelius Van Schaack \"C.V.S.\" Roosevelt and Margaret Barnhill. Thee's fourth cousin, James Roosevelt I, who was also a businessman, was the father of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Mittie was the younger daughter of Major James Stephens Bulloch and Martha P. \"Patsy\" Stewart. Through the Van Schaacks Roosevelt is a descendant of the Schuyler family. ", "precise_score": -2.171720027923584, "rough_score": -6.366668701171875, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt became president of the board of the New York City Police Commissioners for two years in 1895 and radically reformed the police force. The New York Police Department (NYPD) was reputed as one of the most corrupt in America; the NYPD's history division records that Roosevelt was \"an iron-willed leader of unimpeachable honesty, (who) brought a reforming zeal to the New York City Police Commission in 1895\". Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams; he appointed 1,600 recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications, regardless of political affiliation, established Meritorious Service Medals and closed corrupt police hostelries. During his tenure, a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities, and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board; he also had telephones installed in station houses. ", "precise_score": -4.202516555786133, "rough_score": -7.151839733123779, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "In November 1899, William McKinley's first Vice-President Garret Hobart died of heart failure. Theodore Roosevelt had anticipated a second term as governor or, alternatively, a cabinet post in the War Department; his friends (especially Henry Cabot Lodge) saw this as a dead end. They supported him for Vice President, and no one else of prominence was actively seeking that job. Some people in the GOP wanted Roosevelt as Vice President. His friends were pushing, and so were his foes. Roosevelt's reforming zeal ran afoul of the insurance and franchise businesses, who had a major voice in the New York GOP. Platt engineered Roosevelt's removal from the state by pressuring him to accept the GOP nomination. McKinley refused to consider Roosevelt as Secretary of War, but saw no risk in making him Vice President. Roosevelt accepted the nomination, although his campaign manager, Mark Hanna, thought Roosevelt was too cowboy-like. While the party executives were pleased with their success in engineering Roosevelt's next political foray, Roosevelt, very much to the contrary, thought he had \"stood the state machine on its head\". Roosevelt proved highly energetic, and an equal match for William Jennings Bryan's famous barnstorming style of campaigning. Roosevelt's theme was that McKinley had brought America peace and prosperity and deserved reelection. In a whirlwind campaign, Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states. Roosevelt showed the nation his energy, crisscrossing the land denouncing the radicalism of William Jennings Bryan, in contrast to the heroism of the soldiers and sailors who fought and won the war against Spain. Bryan had strongly supported the war itself, but he denounced the annexation of the Philippines as imperialism, which would spoil America's innocence. Roosevelt countered that it was best for the Filipinos to have stability, and the Americans to have a proud place in the world. With the nation basking in peace and prosperity, the voters gave conservative McKinley an even larger landslide than in 1896. The Republicans won by a landslide.", "precise_score": -8.884650230407715, "rough_score": -7.650894641876221, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "* Theodore Roosevelt, 1895–1897, Superintendent", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.496796607971191, "source": "wiki", "title": "New York City Police Commissioner" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "File:tr nyc police commissioner.jpg|Theodore Roosevelt", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333065032958984, "source": "wiki", "title": "New York City Police Commissioner" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "The governor of New York is often considered a potential candidate for President. Ten governors have been major-party candidates for president, and four, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin D. Roosevelt have won. Six New York governors have gone on to serve as vice president. Additionally two Governors of New York, John Jay and Charles Evans Hughes, have served as Chief Justice of the United States.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.896526336669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Governor of New York" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Two vice presidents served under different presidents. George Clinton served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, while John C. Calhoun served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. In the modern era, Adlai Stevenson I became the first former vice president to seek election with a different running mate, running in 1900 with William Jennings Bryan after serving under Bryan's rival, Grover Cleveland. (He was also narrowly defeated for Governor of Illinois in 1908.) Charles W. Fairbanks, vice president under Theodore Roosevelt, sought unsuccessfully to return to office as Charles Evans Hughes' running mate in 1916.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.172805786132812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Vice President of the United States" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt's father significantly influenced him. His father had been a prominent leader in New York's cultural affairs; he helped to found the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and had been especially active in mobilizing support for the Union war effort. Roosevelt wrote: \"My father, Theodore Roosevelt, was the best man I ever knew. He combined strength and courage with gentleness, tenderness, and great unselfishness. He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty, idleness, cowardice, or untruthfulness.\" Family trips abroad, including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870, and Egypt in 1872, also had a lasting impact. Hiking with his family in the Alps in 1869, Roosevelt found that he could keep pace with his father. He had discovered the significant benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits. With encouragement from his father, Roosevelt began a heavy regime of exercise. After being manhandled by two older boys on a camping trip, he found a boxing coach to teach him to fight and strengthen his weakened body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.734267234802246, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T. Roosevelt", "passage": "After recovering from devastation over his father's death on February 9, 1878, Roosevelt doubled his activities. He did well in science, philosophy, and rhetoric courses but continued to struggle in Latin and Greek. He studied biology intently and was already an accomplished naturalist and a published ornithologist; he read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory. While at Harvard, Roosevelt participated in rowing and boxing; he was once runner-up in a Harvard boxing tournament. Roosevelt was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi literary society, the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and the Porcellian Club; he was also an editor of The Harvard Advocate. On June 30, 1880, Roosevelt graduated Phi Beta Kappa (22nd of 177) from Harvard with an A.B. magna cum laude.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.767162322998047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt was soon put forth as the Republican party's candidate for the District's House seat in Albany. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 21st D.) in 1882, 1883 and 1884. He immediately began making his mark, specifically in corporate corruption issues. He blocked a corrupt effort by financier Jay Gould to lower his taxes. Roosevelt exposed suspected collusion in the matter by Judge Theodore Westbrook, and argued for and received approval for an investigation to proceed, aiming for the impeachment of the judge. The investigation committee rejected impeachment, but Roosevelt had exposed the potential corruption in Albany, and thus assumed a high and positive political profile in multiple New York publications. In 1883, Roosevelt became the Assembly Minority Leader. In 1884, he lost the nomination for Speaker to Titus Sheard by a vote of 41 to 29 in the GOP caucus. Roosevelt was also Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities; he wrote more bills than any other legislator. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.798164367675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T. Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1886, Roosevelt was the Republican candidate for mayor of New York City, portraying himself as \"The Cowboy of the Dakotas\". GOP precinct workers warned voters that the independent radical candidate Henry George was leading and that Roosevelt would lose, thus causing a last-minute defection of GOP voters to the Democratic candidate Abram Hewitt. Roosevelt took third place with 27% (60,435 votes). Hewitt won with 41% (90,552 votes), and George was held to 31% (68,110 votes). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.957528114318848, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T. Roosevelt", "passage": "In the 1888 presidential election, Roosevelt successfully campaigned, primarily in the Midwest, for Benjamin Harrison. President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission, where he served until 1895. While in office, Roosevelt vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws. The New York Sun then described Roosevelt as \"irrepressible, belligerent, and enthusiastic\". Despite Roosevelt's support for Harrison's reelection bid in the presidential election of 1892, the eventual winner, Grover Cleveland (a Bourbon Democrat), reappointed him to the same post. Roosevelt's close friend and biographer, Joseph Bucklin Bishop, described his assault on the spoils system:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.696601867675781, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T. Roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt had demonstrated, through his research and writing, a fascination with naval history; President William McKinley, urged by Roosevelt's close friend Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge, appointed Roosevelt as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897. Secretary of the Navy John D. Long was more concerned about formalities than functions, was in poor health, and left major decisions to Roosevelt. Roosevelt seized the opportunity and began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley. Roosevelt was particularly adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba, to foster the latter's independence and to demonstrate the U.S. resolve to reinforce the Monroe Doctrine. Ten days after the battleship Maine exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, the Secretary left the office and Roosevelt became Acting Secretary for four hours. Roosevelt cabled the Navy worldwide to prepare for war, ordered ammunition and supplies, brought in experts and went to Congress asking for the authority to recruit as many sailors as he wanted. Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the Spanish–American War. Roosevelt had an analytical mind, even as he was itching for war. He explained his priorities to one of the Navy's planners in late 1897:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.006306648254395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "As governor, Roosevelt learned much about ongoing economic issues and political techniques that later proved valuable in his presidency. He was exposed to the problems of trusts, monopolies, labor relations, and conservation. Chessman argues that Roosevelt's program \"rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state\". The rules for the Square Deal were \"honesty in public affairs, an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility, and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.938715934753418, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "The New York state government affected many interests, and the power to make appointments to policy-making positions was a key role for the governor. Platt insisted that he be consulted; Roosevelt appeared to comply, but then made his own decisions. Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first-rate men with Platt's approval. He even enlisted Platt's help in securing reform, such as in the spring of 1899, when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called \"superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.28136920928955, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure, and did not suit Roosevelt's aggressive temperament. Roosevelt's six months as Vice President (March to September 1901) were uneventful. On September 2, 1901, Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.303604125976562, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "In 1905, Roosevelt offered to mediate a treaty to end the Russo-Japanese War. The parties agreed to meet in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and they resolved the final conflict over the division of Sakhalin– Russia took the northern half, and Japan the south; Japan also dropped its demand for an indemnity. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his successful efforts. George E. Mowry concludes that Roosevelt handled the arbitration well, doing an \"excellent job of balancing Russian and Japanese power in the Orient, where the supremacy of either constituted a threat to growing America\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.615106582641602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "The most striking evolution in the twenty-first century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist.... [Regarding British relations these studies] have underlined cogently Roosevelt's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth-century \"special relationship\". ...The twenty-sixth president's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and realpolitician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty-first century...yet, his Philippine policy still prompts criticism. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.982649803161621, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "The press did briefly target Roosevelt in one instance. Ever since 1904, he had been periodically criticized for the manner in which he facilitated the Panama Canal. In the least judicious use of executive power, according to biographer Brands, Roosevelt, near the end of his term, demanded that the Justice Department bring charges of criminal libel against Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. The publication had accused him of \"deliberate misstatements of fact\" in defense of family members who were criticized as a result of the Panama affair. Though indictment was obtained, the case was ultimately dismissed in federal court—it was not a federal offense, but one enforceable at the state court level. The Justice Department had predicted that result, and had also advised Roosevelt accordingly.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.24703311920166, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "In March 1909, shortly after the end of his presidency, Roosevelt left New York for the Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition, a safari in east and central Africa outfitted by the Smithsonian Institution. Roosevelt's party landed in Mombasa, British East Africa (now Kenya), traveled to the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo), before following the Nile to Khartoum in modern Sudan. Financed by Andrew Carnegie and by his own writings, Roosevelt's party hunted for specimens for the Smithsonian Institution and for the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The group, led by the legendary hunter-tracker RJ Cunninghame, included scientists from the Smithsonian, and was joined from time to time by Frederick Selous, the famous big game hunter and explorer. Among other items, Roosevelt brought with him four tons of salt for preserving animal hides, a lucky rabbit's foot given to him by boxer John L. Sullivan, a Holland & Holland double rifle in .500/450 donated by a group of 56 admiring Britons, a Winchester 1895 rifle in .405 Winchester, an Army (M1903) Springfield in .30-06 caliber stocked and sighted for him, a Fox No. 12 shotgun, and the famous Pigskin Library, a collection of classics bound in pig leather and transported in a single reinforced trunk. Participants on the expedition included Kermit Roosevelt, Edgar Alexander Mearns, Edmund Heller, and John Alden Loring. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.80550765991211, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T. Roosevelt", "passage": "Once in South America, a new, far more ambitious goal was added: to find the headwaters of the Rio da Duvida, the River of Doubt, and trace it north to the Madeira and thence to the Amazon River. It was later renamed Roosevelt River in honor of the former President. Roosevelt's crew consisted of his son Kermit, naturalist Colonel Rondon, George K. Cherrie, sent by the American Museum of Natural History, Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira, team physician Dr. José Antonio Cajazeira, and 16 skilled paddlers and porters (called camaradas [comrades] in Portuguese). The initial expedition started somewhat tenuously on December 9, 1913, at the height of the rainy season. The trip down the River of Doubt started on February 27, 1914. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.555485725402832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Theodore Roosevelt introduced the phrase \"Square Deal\" to describe his progressive views in a speech delivered after leaving the office of the Presidency in August 1910. In his broad outline, he stressed equality of opportunity for all citizens and emphasized the importance of fair government regulations of corporate \"special interests\". Roosevelt was one of the first Presidents to make conservation a national issue. In his speech at Osawatomie, Kansas, on August 31, 1910, he outlined his views on conservation of the lands of the United States. He favored using America's natural resources, but opposed wasteful consumption. One of his most lasting legacies was his significant role in the creation of 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 National Forests, among other works of conservation. Roosevelt was instrumental in conserving about 230 e6acre of American soil among various parks and other federal projects. In the 21st century, historians have paid renewed attention to President Roosevelt as \"The Wilderness Warrior\" and his energetic promotion of the conservation movement. He collaborated with his chief advisor, Gifford Pinchot, the chief of the Forest Service. Pinchot and Roosevelt scheduled a series of news events that garnered nationwide media attention in magazines and newspapers. They used magazine articles, speeches, press conferences, interviews, and especially large-scale presidential commissions. Roosevelt's goal was to encourage his middle-class reform-minded base to add conservation to their list of issues. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.425979614257812, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt was a prolific author, writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system. Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry. Poet Robert Frost said that Roosevelt \"was our kind. He quoted poetry to me. He knew poetry.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.337305068969727, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "T Roosevelt", "passage": "Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage and making character as important as the issues. His notable accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism. He is a hero to liberals for his proposals in 1907–12 that presaged the modern welfare state of the New Deal Era, and put the environment on the national agenda. Conservatives admire his \"big stick\" diplomacy and commitment to military values. Dalton says, \"Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency, as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century and redefined America's place in the world.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.633472442626953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Roosevelt was included with Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial, designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge. For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge on San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish–American War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.352499961853027, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Theodore Roosevelt Association", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.188089370727539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "In 1919, the Theodore Roosevelt Association (originally known as the Permanent Memorial National Committee) was founded by friends and supporters of Roosevelt. Soon renamed the Roosevelt Memorial Association (RMA), it was chartered in 1920 under Title 36 of the United States Code. In parallel with the RMA was an organization for women, The Women's Theodore Roosevelt Association, that had been founded in 1919 by an act of the New York State Assembly. Both organizations merged in 1956 under the current name. This organization preserved Roosevelt's papers in a 20-year project, preserved his photos and established four public sites: the reconstructed Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, New York City, dedicated in 1923 and donated to the National Park Service in 1963; Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park, Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, dedicated in 1928 and given to the people of Oyster Bay; Theodore Roosevelt Island in the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., given to the federal government in 1932; Sagamore Hill (house), Roosevelt's Oyster Bay home, opened to the public in 1953 and was donated to the National Park Service in 1963 and is now the Sagamore Hill National Historic Site. The organization has its own web site at http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org and maintains a Facebook page at https://www.facebook.com/pages/Theodore-Roosevelt-Association/41852696878.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.999724388122559, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "Other locations named for Roosevelt include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in North Dakota, and Theodore Roosevelt Lake and Theodore Roosevelt Dam in Arizona.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.169692993164062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "One lasting, popular legacy of Roosevelt is the stuffed toy bears—teddy bears—named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902. Roosevelt famously refused to shoot a defenseless black bear that had been tied to a tree. After the cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman illustrated the President with a bear, a toy maker heard the story and named the teddy bear after Roosevelt. Bears, and later bear cubs, became closely associated with Roosevelt in political cartoons, despite Roosevelt openly despising being called \"Teddy\". On June 26, 2006, Roosevelt was on the cover of TIME magazine with the lead story, \"The Making of America—Theodore Roosevelt—The 20th Century Express\": \"At home and abroad, Theodore Roosevelt was the locomotive President, the man who drew his flourishing nation into the future.\" ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.896184921264648, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "answer": "Theodore roosevelt", "passage": "* Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity. Several of his recorded speeches survive. A 4.6-minute voice recording, which preserves Roosevelt's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time, is among those available from the Michigan State University libraries (this is the 1912 recording of The Right of the People to Rule, recorded by Edison at Carnegie Hall). The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense of the Progressive Party in 1912, wherein he proclaims it the \"party of the people\", in contrast with the other major parties.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.903179168701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ]

[ { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "Shareholders of a corporation are legally separate from the corporation itself. They are generally not liable for the debts of the corporation; and the shareholders' liability for company debts are said to be limited to the unpaid share price, unless if a shareholder has offered guarantees. The assets of the corporation are not assets of the shareholders. The only entitlement of shareholders is to a dividend declared and paid in accordance with the applicable laws and rules of the corporation, and to a share of the capital of the corporation on winding up.", "precise_score": 0.23400704562664032, "rough_score": 1.4438751935958862, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shareholder" }, { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a joint-stock company the members are known as shareholders and each of their shares in the ownership, control and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.", "precise_score": 1.9583898782730103, "rough_score": 3.282862901687622, "source": "wiki", "title": "Corporation" }, { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "* The right to dividends if they are declared.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.33532428741455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Shareholder" }, { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "* Earnings After Tax/ Net Profit After Tax minus payable dividends becomes Retained Earnings.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.46839427947998, "source": "wiki", "title": "Profit (accounting)" }, { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "The income received from the ownership of shares is a dividend. The process of purchasing and selling shares often involves going through a stockbroker as a middle man. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.999721050262451, "source": "wiki", "title": "Share (finance)" }, { "answer": "Dividend", "passage": "Tax treatment of dividends varies between tax jurisdictions. For instance, in India, dividends are tax free in the hands of the shareholder, but the company paying the dividend has to pay dividend distribution tax at 12.5%. There is also the concept of a deemed dividend, which is not tax free. Further, Indian tax laws include provisions to stop dividend stripping. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.545650482177734, "source": "wiki", "title": "Share (finance)" } ]

[ { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (original title in , literally, the air castle that was blown up) is the third novel in the best-selling Millennium series by Swedish writer Stieg Larsson.; It was published Swedish in 2007; in English, in the UK, in October 2009; and in the US and Canada on 25 May 2010. The first three novels in the series, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005), The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006), and The Girl who Kicked the Hornet's Nest were written by Stieg Larsson before being shown to a publisher and were published posthumously after his fatal heart attack in 2004. Additionally, all three novels were adapted as films.", "precise_score": 9.431565284729004, "rough_score": 9.952007293701172, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "* Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition is the title of the TV miniseries release on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand in the US. This version of the miniseries comprises nine hours of story content, including over two hours of additional footage not seen in the theatrical versions of the original Swedish films. The four-disc set includes: THE GIRL WITH THE DRAGON TATTOO – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO PLAYED WITH FIRE – EXTENDED EDITION, THE GIRL WHO KICKED THE HORNET’S NEST – EXTENDED EDITION, and a BONUS DISC including two hours of special features. ", "precise_score": 4.020207405090332, "rough_score": 5.356600761413574, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "His second novel, Flickan som lekte med elden (2006, The Girl Who Played with Fire), received the Best Swedish Crime Novel Award in 2006 and was published in the United Kingdom in January 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.517163276672363, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "Flickan som lekte med elden", "passage": "* 2006 – Best Swedish Crime Novel Award, Flickan som lekte med elden", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619872093200684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "*Flickan som lekte med elden (\"The Girl Who Played with Fire\"), 2006. English translation by Reg Keeland under the title The Girl Who Played with Fire, January 2009. US release 28 July 2009.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.107818603515625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Stieg Larsson" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "In the \"Hot Hands\" vignette, a pair of rough, distorted hands that embrace Salander's face and melt it represent all that's bad in men. The hands that embrace Blomkvist's face and shatter it, represent wealth and power. Themes of domestic violence become apparent as a woman's face shatters after a merciless beating; this also ties in the brutal beating of Salander's mother by her father, an event revealed in the sequel, The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.333332061767578, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "In December 2011, Fincher stated that he wanted to film the sequels, The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest, \"back to back.\" There was an announced release date of 2013 for a film version of The Girl Who Played with Fire, although by August 2012 it was delayed due to difficulties with the script, being written by Zaillian. In July 2013, Andrew Kevin Walker was hired to re-write the script. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.469342231750488, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)" }, { "answer": "The Girl Who Played with Fire", "passage": "The book begins as Lisbeth Salander is flown to Sahlgrenska Hospital. It picks up where The Girl Who Played with Fire left off.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.203075885772705, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest" } ]

[ { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The Maine Coon is the largest domesticated breed of cat. ", "precise_score": 6.23541259765625, "rough_score": 7.769547462463379, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "No records of the Maine Coon's exact origins and date of introduction to the United States exist, so several competing hypotheses have been suggested. The breed was popular in cat shows in the late 19th century, but its existence became threatened when long-haired breeds from overseas were introduced in the early 20th century. The Maine Coon has since made a comeback and is now one of the more popular cat breeds in the world.", "precise_score": 7.417978286743164, "rough_score": 8.391858100891113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The Maine Coon is a large and sociable cat, hence its nickname, \"the gentle giant\". It is characterized by a robust bone structure, rectangular body shape, a silky flowing coat and a long, bushy tail. The breed's colors vary widely, with only lilac and chocolate disallowed for pedigree. Reputed for its intelligence and playful, gentle personality, the Maine Coon is often cited as having \"dog-like\" characteristics. Professionals notice certain health problems in the breed including feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hip dysplasia, but reputable breeders use modern screening methods to minimize the frequency of these problems.", "precise_score": 6.535531520843506, "rough_score": 7.941730499267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The ancestral origins of the Maine Coon are unknown — there is only speculation and folk tales. One such folk tale involves Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France, who was executed in 1793. The story goes that before her death, Antoinette attempted to escape France with the help of Captain Samuel Clough. She loaded Clough's ship with her most prized possessions, including six of her favorite Turkish Angora cats. Although she did not make it to the United States, her pets safely reached the shores of Wiscasset, Maine, where they bred with other short-haired breeds and developed into the modern breed of the Maine Coon.", "precise_score": 3.59999942779541, "rough_score": 6.461105823516846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The generally accepted hypothesis among breeders is that the Maine Coon is descended from the pairings of local short-haired domestic cats and long-haired breeds brought overseas by English seafarers (possibly by Captain Charles Coon) or 11th-century Norsemen. The connection to the Norsemen is seen in the strong resemblance of the Maine Coon to the Norwegian Forest Cat, another breed that is said to be a descendant of cats that traveled with the Norsemen.", "precise_score": 4.795110702514648, "rough_score": 6.768150806427002, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "In the early 20th century, the Maine Coon's popularity began to decline with the introduction of other long-haired breeds, such as the Persian, which originated in the Middle East. The last recorded win by a Maine Coon in a national cat show for over 40 years was in 1911 at a show in Portland, Oregon. The breed was rarely seen after that. The decline was so severe that the breed was declared extinct in the 1950s, although this declaration was considered to be exaggerated and reported prematurely at the time. The Central Maine Cat Club (CMCC) was created in the early 1950s by Alta Smith and Ruby Dyer in attempts to increase the popularity of the Maine Coon. For 11 years, the CMCC held cat shows and hosted exhibitions of photographs of the breed and is noted for creating the first written breed standards for the Maine Coon.", "precise_score": 6.523020267486572, "rough_score": 6.959063529968262, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The Maine Coon was denied provisional breed status—one of the three steps required for a breed not yet recognized by the CFA to be able to compete in championship competitions—by the CFA three times, which led to the formation of the Maine Coon Cat Club in 1973. The breed was finally accepted by the CFA under provisional status on 1 May 1975, and was approved for championship status on 1 May 1976. The next couple of decades saw a rise in popularity of the Maine Coon, with championship victories and an increase in national rankings. In 1985, the state of Maine announced that the breed would be named the official State Cat. The state cat shall be the Maine Coon Cat. Today the Maine Coon is the third most popular cat breed, according to the number of kittens registered with the CFA. ", "precise_score": 6.702296257019043, "rough_score": 7.388397693634033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Maine Coons are the largest breed of domestic cat. On average, males weigh from with females weighing from . The height of adults can vary between 10 and and they can reach a length of up to , including the tail, which can reach a length of and is long, tapering, and heavily furred, almost resembling a raccoon's tail. The body is solid and muscular, which is necessary for supporting their own weight, and the chest is broad. Maine Coons possess a rectangular body shape and are slow to physically mature; their full potential size is normally not reached until they are three to five years old, while other cats take about one year. ", "precise_score": 4.887572765350342, "rough_score": 6.151986598968506, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The Maine Coon is a longhaired, or medium-haired, cat. The coat is soft and silky, although texture may vary with coat color. The length is shorter on the head and shoulders, and longer on the stomach and flanks with some cats having a lion-like ruff around their neck. Minimal grooming is required for the breed, compared to other long-haired breeds, as their coat is mostly self-maintaining owing to a light-density undercoat. The coat is subject to seasonal variation, with the fur being thicker in the winter and thinner during the summer.", "precise_score": 5.718803405761719, "rough_score": 6.998376369476318, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Maine Coons are known as the \"gentle giants\" and possess above-average intelligence, making them relatively easy to train. They are known for being loyal to their family and cautious—but not mean—around strangers, but are independent and not clingy. The Maine Coon is generally not known for being a \"lap cat\" but their gentle disposition makes the breed relaxed around dogs, other cats, and children. They are playful throughout their lives, with males tending to be more clownish and females generally possessing more dignity, yet both are equally affectionate. Many Maine Coons have a fascination with water and some theorize that this personality trait comes from their ancestors, who were aboard ships for much of their lives. Maine Coons are also well known for being very vocal cats. They are known for their frequent yowling or howling, trilling, chirping, and making other loud vocalizations. ", "precise_score": 5.050302028656006, "rough_score": 6.659865379333496, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "It has a distinctive physical appearance and valuable hunting skills. It is one of the oldest natural breeds in North America, specifically \"native\" to the state of Maine (though the feline was simply introduced there), where it is the official state cat.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.3519216775894165, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Another folk tale involves Captain Charles Coon, an English seafarer who kept long-haired cats aboard his ships. Whenever Coon's ship would anchor in New England ports, the felines would exit the ship and mate with the local feral cat population. When long-haired kittens began appearing in the litters of the local cat population, they were referred to as one of \"Coon's cats\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.912674903869629, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "A myth which is trait-based, though genetically impossible, is the idea that the modern Maine Coon descended from ancestors of semi-feral domestic cats and raccoons. This myth is likely based on the common color of the breed (brown tabby) and its bushy tail. Another idea is that the Maine Coon originated between the matings of domestic cats and wild bobcats, which could explain the tufts of hairs that are so commonly seen on the tips of the ears.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.136638164520264, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Cat shows and popularity ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.68669319152832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The first mention of Maine Coons in a literary work was in 1861, in Frances Simpson's The Book of the Cat (1903). F.R. Pierce, who owned several Maine Coons, wrote a chapter about the breed. During the late 1860s, farmers located in Maine told stories about their cats and held the \"Maine State Champion Coon Cat\" contest at the local Skowhegan Fair.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.886373519897461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "In 1895, a dozen Maine Coons were entered into a show in Boston. On 8 May 1895, the first North American cat show was hosted at Madison Square Garden in New York City. A female Maine Coon brown tabby, named Cosey, was entered into the show. Owned by Mrs. Fred Brown, Cosey won the silver collar and medal and was named Best in Show. The silver collar was purchased by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) Foundation with the help of a donation from the National Capital Cat Show. The collar is housed at the CFA Central Office in the Jean Baker Rose Memorial Library.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.899233341217041, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "In 2010, the Guinness World Records accepted a male purebred Maine Coon named \"Stewie\" as the \"Longest Cat\" measuring from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail. Stewie died 4 February 2013, from cancer at his home in Reno, Nevada, at age 8. Large Maine coons can overlap in length with Eurasian lynxes, although with a much lighter build and lower height.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 1.236051082611084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Maine Coons can have any colors that other cats have. Colors indicating crossbreeding, such as chocolate, lavender, the Siamese pointed patterns or the \"ticked\" patterns, are not accepted by some breed standards (the 'ticked' pattern, for example, is accepted by TICA). The most common pattern seen in the breed is brown tabby. All eye colors are accepted under breed standards, with the exception of the occurrence of blue-colored or odd-eyes (i.e. two eyes of different colors) in cats possessing coat colors other than white.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.7081515789031982, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Many of the original Maine Coon cats that inhabited the New England area possessed a trait known as polydactylism (having one or more extra toes on the feet). While some sources claim that trait is thought to have occurred in approximately 40% of the Maine Coon population in Maine at one time, little evidence has been given to substantiate this claim. Polydactylism is rarely, if ever, seen in Maine Coons in the show ring since it is unacceptable by competition standards. The gene for polydactylism is a simple autosomal dominant gene, which has shown to pose no threat to the cat's health. The trait was almost eradicated from the breed due to the fact that it was an automatic disqualifier in show rings. Private organizations and breeders were created in order to keep polydactylism in Maine Coons from disappearing.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.370724201202393, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Maine Coons require ample protein and nutrients in their diets. Since they are a large cat breed with high levels of energy, it is best to feed them quality food. Their dietary needs are fulfilled with both dry food and wet food. However, the wet food should be mixed in with the dry food only 2-3 times a week. Feeding the cat with quality dry food can reduce tartar build up on the teeth. Avoid grain based foods. A cat's natural diet does not contain grain and grain can also lead to both obesity and diabetes. Maine Coons should not eat food that lists soy or some grains as the first ingredient on the label. Food that lists meat as the first ingredient is best for the Maine Coon. Cats can develop allergies from plastic bowls, so it is best if they eat out of a glass or stainless steel bowl. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 2.455777645111084, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Pet insurance data obtained from a study during years 2003–2006 in Sweden puts the median lifespan of the Maine Coon at >12.5 years. 74% lived to 12 years or more and 54% lived to 16.5 years or more. Maine Coons are generally a healthy and hardy breed and have adapted to survive the New England climate. The most severe threat is feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common heart disease seen in cats, whether pure bred or not. In Maine Coons, it is thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Middle-aged to older cats as well as males are thought to be predisposed to the disease. HCM is a progressive disease and can result in heart failure, paralysis of the hind legs due to clot embolization originating in the heart, and sudden death. A specific mutation that causes HCM is seen in Maine Coons for which testing services are offered. Of all the Maine Coons tested for the MyBPC mutation at the Veterinary Cardiac Genetics Lab at the College of Veterinary Medicine located at Washington State University, approximately one-third tested positive. Not all cats that tested positive will have clinical signs of the disease and some Maine Coon cats with clinical evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy test negative for this mutation, strongly suggesting that a second mutation exists in the breed. The HCM prevalence was found to be 10.1% (95% CI 5.8 -14.3 % ) in this study. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 4.934769153594971, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint which can cause crippling lameness and arthritis. The cats most commonly affected with hip dysplasia tend to be males of the larger, big-boned breeds such as Persians and Maine Coons. This is similar to the situation with dogs, but the relatively smaller size and weight of cats frequently results in symptoms that are less pronounced. X-rays submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) between 1974 and 2011 indicates that 24.3% of Maine Coons in the database were dysplastic. The Maine Coon is the only cat breed listed in the database.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 5.284374237060547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a slowly progressive disease affecting Persian and Persian-related breeds, in which fluid-filled cysts expand within the kidneys, destroying functional tissue. While renal cysts are observed with a low incidence in Maine Coons, PKD appears to be a misnomer in this particular breed. In a recent study spanning 8 years, renal cysts were documented by ultrasound in 7 of 187 healthy Maine Coons enrolled in a pre-breeding screening programme. The cysts were mostly single and unilateral (6/7, 85.7%) small (mean 3.6 mm in diameter)and located at corticomedullary junction (4/6, 66.7%), thus different in size, numbers and location from those observed in Persian-related breeds. In the same study, not only did all six Maine Coon cats with renal cysts test negative for the PKD1 mutation, proving the disease in these cats to be unrelated to the PKD observed in Persians and related breeds, but gene sequencing of these cats failed to demonstrate any common genetic sequences. The presence of renal cysts, in the absence of other changes, does not appear to negatively impact the patients' quality of life, as those for which follow-up was available were reported alive and well in adulthood. Although the exact nature and clinical relevance of renal cysts in Maine Coons is currently unknown, its screening is still recommended for pre-breeding assessment. Ultrasonography is currently the only valid diagnostic method for its detection in this breed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 0.35401472449302673, "source": "wiki", "title": "Maine Coon" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Pets provide their owners (or guardians ) physical and emotional benefits. Walking a dog can supply both the human and pet with exercise, fresh air, and social interaction. Pets can give companionship to elderly adults who do not have adequate social interaction with other people, as well as other people that are living alone. There is a medically approved class of therapy animals, mostly dogs or cats, that are brought to visit confined humans. Pet therapy utilizes trained animals and handlers to achieve specific physical, social, cognitive, and emotional goals with patients.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.619744300842285, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The most popular pets are likely dogs and cats, but people also keep house rabbits, ferrets; rodents such as gerbils, hamsters, chinchillas, fancy rats, and guinea pigs; avian pets, such as canaries, parakeets, corvids and parrots; reptile pets, such as turtles, lizards and snakes; aquatic pets, such as goldfish, tropical fish and frogs; and arthropod pets, such as tarantulas and hermit crabs.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.839168906211853, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Some scholars and animal rights organizations have raised concern over pet-keeping with regards to the autonomy and objectification of nonhuman animals.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.157031059265137, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "States, cities, and towns in Western nations commonly enact local ordinances to limit the number or kind of pets a person may keep personally or for business purposes. Prohibited pets may be specific to certain breeds (such as pit bulls or Rottweilers), they may apply to general categories of animals (such as livestock, exotic animals, wild animals, and canid or felid hybrids), or they may simply be based on the animal's size. Additional or different maintenance rules and regulations may also apply. Condominium associations and owners of rental properties also commonly limit or forbid tenants' keeping of pets.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.813247680664062, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "There are approximately 78.2 million pet dogs in the United States, approximately 86.4 million pet cats in the United States, and 5.3 million house rabbits. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.557297229766846, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The two most popular pets in most Western countries have been cats and dogs. In the United States, a 2007–2008 survey showed that dog-owning households outnumbered those owning cats, but that the total number of pet cats was higher than that of dogs. The same was true for 2011. In 2013, pets outnumbered children four to one in the United States. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.127566814422607, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "For a small to medium-size dog, the total cost over a dog's lifetime is about $7,240 to $12,700. For an indoor cat, the total cost over a cat's lifetime is about $8,620 to $11,275. People most commonly get pets for companionship, to protect a home or property, or because of the beauty or attractiveness of the animals. The most common reasons for not owning a pet are lack of time, lack of suitable housing, and lack of ability to care for the pet when traveling. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.179286003112793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "The latest survey done by Colin Siren of Ipsos Reid estimates that there are 7.9 million cats and 5.9 million dogs in Canada. The survey also shows that 35% of Canadian households have a dog, while 38% have a cat, which is consistent with other surveys conducted around the world. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.697961807250977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "A 2007 survey by the University of Bristol found that 26% of UK households owned cats and 31% owned dogs, estimating total domestic populations of", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.810253143310547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "approximately 10.3 million cats and 10.5 million dogs in 2006. The survey also found that 47.2% of households with a cat had at least one person educated to degree level, compared with 38.4% of homes with dogs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.766334533691406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Household animals in Italy are about 45 million in number, according to a survey promoted by Italian family associations in 2009: 7 million dogs, 7.5 million cats, 16 million fishes, 12 million birds, 10 million snakes plus 3,000 wild animals held as \"pets\", mainly lions, panthers and cheetahs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.620487213134766, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Certain species of houseplants can also prove toxic if consumed by pets. Examples include philodendrons and Easter lilies (which can cause severe kidney damage to cats) and poinsettias, begonia, and aloe vera (which can sicken or, in extreme cases, kill dogs). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.552942276000977, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Housepets, particularly dogs and cats in industrialized societies, are also highly susceptible to obesity. Overweight pets have been shown to be at a higher risk of developing diabetes, liver problems, joint pain, kidney failure, and cancer. Lack of exercise and high-caloric diets are considered to be the primary contributors to pet obesity. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.202400207519531, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "People residing in a long-term care facility, such as a hospice or nursing home, experience health benefits from pets. Pets help them to cope with the emotional issues related to their illness. They also offer physical contact with another living creature, something that is often missing in an elder's life. Pets for nursing homes are chosen based on the size of the pet, the amount of care that the breed needs, and the population and size of the care institution. Appropriate pets go through a screening process and, if it is a dog, additional training programs to become a therapy dog. There are three types of therapy dogs: facility therapy dogs, animal-assisted therapy dogs, and therapeutic visitation dogs. The most common therapy dogs are therapeutic visitation dogs. These dogs are household pets whose handlers take time to visit hospitals, nursing homes, detention facilities, and rehabilitation facilities. Different pets require varying amounts of attention and care; for example, cats may have lower maintenance requirements than dogs. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.282369613647461, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "While many people have kept many different species of animals in captivity over the course of human history, only a relative few have been kept long enough to be considered domesticated. Other types of animals, notably monkeys, have never been domesticated but are still commonly sold and kept as pets. There are also inanimate objects that have been kept as \"pets\", either as a form of game, or humorously (e.g. the Pet Rock or Chia Pet).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.636507034301758, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Domesticated", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.197911262512207, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Domesticated pets are the most common types of pet. A domesticated animal is any animal that has been tamed and made fit for a human environment. They have consistently been kept in captivity over a long enough period of time that they exhibit marked differences in behavior and appearance from their wild relatives.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.508639335632324, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "*Cats", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.995415687561035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "*Domesticated silver foxes", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109475135803223, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Wild animals are often kept as pets. The term wild in this context specifically applies to any species of animal which has not undergone a fundamental change in behavior to facilitate a close co-existence with humans. Some species listed here may have been bred in captivity for a considerable length of time, but are still not recognized as domesticated.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.9072265625, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "*Felidae like bobcats, ocelots, margays, and servals", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.244245529174805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "*Procyonidae like cacomistles, coatimundi, kinkajous, raccoons, and ringtail cats", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.775972366333008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "*Caterpillars", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.322183609008789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Animals were typically used for ‘utility’ and practical purposes. The church deemed affection for animals as immoral and against natural order. Divine justification implied that the purpose for animals was to sustain humanity. However, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century pet keeping gradually became accepted throughout Britain. Initially, aristocrats kept dogs for both companionship and hunting. Thus, pet keeping was a sign of elitism within society. By the nineteenth century, the rise of the middle class stimulated the development of pet keeping and it became inscribed within the bourgeois culture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.72790241241455, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" }, { "answer": "Cat", "passage": "Pets and animals also had social and cultural implications throughout the nineteenth century. The categorization of dogs by their breeds reflected the hierarchical, social order of the Victorian Era. The pedigree of a dog represented the high status and lineage of their owners and reinforced social stratification. Middle-class owners, however, valued the ability to associate with the upper-class through ownership of their pets. The ability to care for a pet signified respectability and the capability to be self-sufficient. According to Harriet Ritvo, the identification of “elite animal and elite owner was not a confirmation of the owner’s status but a way of redefining it.” ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.888126850128174, "source": "wiki", "title": "Pet" } ]

[ { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Hyundai Group (;) was a multinational chaebol (conglomerate) headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947 as a construction firm and Chung was directly in control of the company until his death in 2001.", "precise_score": 1.289697527885437, "rough_score": -1.4861928224563599, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hyundai" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Following the 1997 East Asian financial crisis and Chung's death, Hyundai underwent a major restructuring and break-up, which reduced the Hyundai Group's business to encompass only container shipping services, the manufacturing of elevators, and tourism. Today, most companies bearing the name Hyundai are not legally connected to Hyundai Group. They include Hyundai Motor Group, Hyundai Department Store Group, Hyundai Heavy Industries Group and Hyundai Development Company. However, most of the former subsidiaries of the Hyundai conglomerate continue to be run by relatives of Chung. If these companies were considered as forming a single broad family business, then it would remain the largest company in South Korea with enormous economic and political power in the country.", "precise_score": 2.3941423892974854, "rough_score": 3.585325241088867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hyundai" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Hyundai was founded as a small construction firm by Chung Ju-yung in 1947. Hyundai Construction began operating outside of South Korea in 1965, initially entering the markets of Guam, Thailand and Vietnam.", "precise_score": 0.37715718150138855, "rough_score": -1.2188642024993896, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hyundai" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Hyundai branded vehicles are manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company, which along with Kia comprises the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. Headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, Hyundai operates the world's largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, which is capable of producing 1.6 million units annually. The company employs about 75,000 people around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 6,000 dealerships and showrooms worldwide. In 2012, Hyundai sold over 4.4 million vehicles worldwide. Popular models include the Sonata midsize sedan and Elantra compact. ", "precise_score": 3.626300096511841, "rough_score": 7.12645959854126, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hyundai" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Hyundai and its subsidiaries created a variety of initiatives in the social sphere, initially in South Korea and then internationally as the company expanded. The Asan Foundation, established by Chung Ju-yung in 1977 with 50 percent of the stock of Hyundai Construction, subsidizes medical services in Korea primarily through the Asan Medical Center and six other hospitals. The foundation has sponsored conferences on Eastern ethics and funded academic research into traditional Korean culture. In 1991, it established the annual Filial Piety Award.", "precise_score": -0.6371281743049622, "rough_score": -1.0776772499084473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Hyundai" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "LG Corporation (Korean: 주식회사 LG), formerly Lucky-Goldstar (Korean: Leokki Geumseong (럭키금성/樂喜金星)), is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation. It is the fourth-largest chaebol in South Korea. It is headquartered in the LG Twin Towers building in Yeouido-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul. LG makes electronics, chemicals, and telecom products and operates subsidiaries such as LG Electronics, Zenith, LG Display, LG Uplus and LG Chem in over 80 countries.", "precise_score": 1.546653389930725, "rough_score": 3.070479393005371, "source": "wiki", "title": "LG Corporation" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Kia Motors Corporation (,) (stylized as KIΛ), headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 2.7 million vehicles in 2012 and almost 2.75 million vehicles in 2013. , the company is 33.88% owned by the Hyundai Motor Company.", "precise_score": 3.735706329345703, "rough_score": 6.0985307693481445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Kia Motors Corporation (KMC), founded in 1944, is South Korea's oldest manufacturer of motor vehicles and is now a subsidiary of the Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group. Over 1.5 million vehicles a year are produced in 13 manufacturing and assembly operations in eight countries, which are then sold and serviced through a network of distributors and dealers covering 172 countries. Kia today has 40,000 full-time employees worldwide and annual revenues of over US$14.6 billion. Kia Motors Corporation's brand slogan is \"The Power to Surprise\". From August 2009 until December 2012, the company has been led by Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee. ", "precise_score": 2.0424156188964844, "rough_score": 5.557966709136963, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Kia Motors America (KMA) is the American sales, marketing, and distribution arm of Kia Motors Corporation based in Seoul, South Korea. KMA offers a complete line of vehicles through more than 755 dealers throughout the United States. For 2008, KMA recorded its 14th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share.", "precise_score": 0.8082610368728638, "rough_score": -0.02776515670120716, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "GoldStar produced South Korea's first radio. Many consumer electronics were sold under the brand name GoldStar, while some other household products (not available outside South Korea) were sold under the brand name of Lucky. The Lucky brand was famous for hygiene products such as soaps and HiTi laundry detergents, but the brand was mostly associated with its Lucky and Perioe toothpaste. Even today, LG continues to manufacture some of these products for the South Korean market, such as laundry detergent.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485867500305176, "source": "wiki", "title": "LG Corporation" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "* Coca-Cola Beverage Company (South Korea)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.139050483703613, "source": "wiki", "title": "LG Corporation" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Starting in 1986 (when only 26 cars were manufactured, followed by over 95,000 the next year), Kia rejoined the automobile industry in partnership with Ford. Kia produced several Mazda-derived vehicles for both domestic sales in South Korea and for export into other countries. These models included the Kia Pride, based on the Mazda 121, and the Avella, which were sold in North America and Australasia as the Ford Festiva and Ford Aspire.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.9889349937438965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "ROK", "passage": "In October 2006, Kia Motors America broke ground for Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia in West Point, Georgia, representing a $1 billion USD investment for the company. Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia opened in February 2010, after Kia recorded its 15th consecutive year of increased U.S. market share. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.1185784339904785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "In August 2014, the company received international attention when Pope Francis of the Catholic Church rode in one of their compact cars, the Kia Soul, during a five-day visit to South Korea. The Kia Soul drew bigger attention than two other vehicles used by the Pope, their Kia Carnival and Hyundai's Santa Fe, because it appeared in the high-profile welcoming ceremony of his arrival at the Seoul Airport on 14 August. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.9831466674804688, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "From 1995 to 1999, Kia produced left- and right-hand drive versions of the Sportage SUV at the Karmann factory in Osnabrück, Germany. From 1999 until production of the model ceased in 2003, all Sportage production reverted to South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.563436985015869, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "ROK", "passage": "With the range expanded by 1999, sales for that year reached almost 6,400 – more than double the previous year's total. That annual sales figure had almost been matched in 2000 by the end of May, reflecting Kia's growing popularity with British buyers. By 2009, Kia was firmly established as a popular brand in Britain, when sales broke the 50,000 barrier for the first time and the brand now had a share of more than 2% in the new car market. The Picanto was the most popular single model with nearly 17,000 sales. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.784199714660645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Kia Motors has specialized in the production of military vehicles with variants and other transportation equipment and by supplying them as a sole maker of military vehicles designated by the South Korean Government since 1976, when Kia Heavy Industry Co., Ltd was established. Kia is currently designing a Kaiser Jeep M715-type vehicle named the [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rok/kia.htm KM450] for the South Korean Army on license from the U.S. Government. Kia is also the owner of the former ex-Asia Motors factory at Gwangju.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.7161338329315186, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Most of Kia's main plant locations are in South Korea:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.37423038482666, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "*South Korea national speed skating team", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.341216087341309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Kia Motors" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung (;) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, and is the largest South Korean chaebol (business conglomerate).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.717326045036316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Notable Samsung industrial subsidiaries include Samsung Electronics (the world's largest information technology company measured by 2012 revenues, and 4th in market value), Samsung Heavy Industries (the world's 2nd-largest shipbuilder measured by 2010 revenues), and Samsung Engineering and Samsung C&T (respectively the world's 13th and 36th-largest construction companies). Other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance (the world's 14th-largest life insurance company), Samsung Everland (operator of Everland Resort, the oldest theme park in South Korea) and Cheil Worldwide (the world's 15th-largest advertising agency measured by 2012 revenues). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.643182277679443, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung has a powerful influence on South Korea's economic development, politics, media and culture and has been a major driving force behind the \"Miracle on the Han River\". Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Korea's total exports. Samsung's revenue was equal to 17% of South Korea's $1,082 billion GDP. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.751699924468994, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "ROK", "passage": "In 1938, Lee Byung-chull (1910–1987) of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe (삼성상회, 三星商會). Samsung started out as a small trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong (now Ingyo-dong). It dealt in locally-grown groceries and made noodles. The company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul. He started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong, Daegu. It was the largest woollen mill ever in the country.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.3980278968811035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung became the world's largest producer of memory chips in 1992 and is the world's second-largest chipmaker after Intel (see Worldwide Top 20 Semiconductor Market Share Ranking Year by Year). In 1995, it created its first liquid-crystal display screen. Ten years later, Samsung grew to be the world's largest manufacturer of liquid-crystal display panels. Sony, which had not invested in large-size TFT-LCDs, contacted Samsung to cooperate, and, in 2006, S-LCD was established as a joint venture between Samsung and Sony in order to provide a stable supply of LCD panels for both manufacturers. S-LCD was owned by Samsung (50% plus one share) and Sony (50% minus one share) and operates its factories and facilities in Tangjung, South Korea. As of December 26, 2011, it was announced that Samsung had acquired the stake of Sony in this joint venture. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.361929416656494, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "S Korea", "passage": "Compared to other major Korean companies, Samsung survived the 1997 Asian financial crisis relatively unharmed. However, Samsung Motor was sold to Renault at a significant loss. , Renault Samsung is 80.1 percent owned by Renault and 19.9 percent owned by Samsung. Additionally, Samsung manufactured a range of aircraft from the 1980s to 1990s. The company was founded in 1999 as Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), the result of merger between then three domestic major aerospace divisions of Samsung Aerospace, Daewoo Heavy Industries and Hyundai Space and Aircraft Company. However, Samsung still manufactures aircraft engines and gas turbines. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.7983020544052124, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "On August 24, 2012, nine American jurors ruled that Samsung had to pay Apple $1.05 billion in damages for violating six of its patents on smartphone technology. The award was still less than the $2.5 billion requested by Apple. The decision also ruled that Apple did not violate five Samsung patents cited in the case. Samsung decried the decision saying that the move could harm innovation in the sector. It also followed a South Korean ruling stating that both companies were guilty of infringing on each other's intellectual property. In first trading after the ruling, Samsung shares on the Kospi index fell 7.7%, the largest fall since 24 October 2008, to 1,177,000 Korean won. Apple then sought to ban the sales of eight Samsung phones (Galaxy S 4G, Galaxy S2 AT&T, Galaxy S2 Skyrocket, Galaxy S2 T-Mobile, Galaxy S2 Epic 4G, Galaxy S Showcase, Droid Charge and Galaxy Prevail) in the United States which has been denied by the court. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.058404922485352, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "In October 2014, Samsung announced a $14.7 billion investment to build a chip plant in South Korea. Construction will begin next year with production beginning in 2017. The company has not yet decided the type of chips to be produced. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.11938762664795, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "In October 2014, Samsung also announced it would invest 633 billion South Korean won ($560 million USD) in the construction of a new 700,000 square metre production complex in Vietnam. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.842436790466309, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung lost a chance to revive its failed bid to take over Dutch aircraft maker Fokker when other airplane makers rejected its offer to form a consortium. The three proposed partners—Hyundai, Hanjin and Daewoo—notified the South Korean government that they would not join Samsung Aerospace Industries. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.943179607391357, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "ROK", "passage": "Samsung Securities was one of a handful of brokerages looking into Lehman Brothers Holdings. But Nomura Holdings has reportedly waved the biggest check to win its bid for Lehman Brothers Holdings' Asian operations, beating out Samsung Securities, Standard Chartered and Barclays. Ironically, after few months Samsung Securities Co., Ltd. and City of London-based N M Rothschild & Sons (more commonly known simply as Rothschild) have agreed to form a strategic alliance in investment banking business. Two parties will jointly work on cross border mergers and acquisition deals. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.728039741516113, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "In December 2010, Samsung Electronics bought MEDISON Co., a South Korean medical-equipment company, the first step in a long-discussed plan to diversify from consumer electronics. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.717884063720703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "On 19 August 2014, Samsung said it had acquired U.S. air conditioner distributor Quietside LLC as part of its push to strengthen its \"smart home\" business. A Samsung Electronics spokesman said the South Korean company acquired 100 percent of Quietside, but declined to elaborate on the price or other details. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.206405639648438, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "In FY 2009, Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 220 trillion KRW ($172.5 billion). In FY 2010, Samsung reported consolidated revenues of 280 trillion KRW ($258 billion), and profits of 30 trillion KRW ($27.6 billion) (based upon a KRW-USD exchange rate of 1,084.5 KRW per USD, the spot rate ). However, it should be noted that these amounts do not include the revenues from all of Samsung's subsidiaries based outside South Korea. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.219789505004883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung Electro-Mechanics, established in 1973 as a manufacturer of key electronic components, is headquartered in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 009150). ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -5.899012565612793, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance is a multinational general insurance company headquartered in Seoul. It was founded in January 1952 as Korea Anbo Fire and Marine Insurance and was renamed Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance in December 1993. Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance offers services including accident insurance, automobile insurance, casualty insurance, fire insurance, liability insurance, marine insurance, personal pensions and loans. As of March 2011 it had operations in 10 countries and 6.5 million customers. Samsung Fire & Marine Insurance had a total premium income of $11.7 billion in 2011 and total assets of $28.81 billion on 31 March 2011. It is the largest provider of general insurance in South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.758115768432617, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung Life Insurance Co., Ltd. is a multinational life insurance company headquartered in Seoul. It was founded in March 1957 as Dongbang Life Insurance and became an affiliate of the Samsung Group in July 1963. Samsung Life's principal activity is the provision of individual life insurance and annuity products and services. As of December 2011 it had operations in seven countries, 8.08 million customers and 5,975 employees. Samsung Life had total sales of 22,717 billion won in 2011 and total assets of 161,072 billion won at 31 December 2011. It is the largest provider of life insurance in South Korea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.193570137023926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "S Korea", "passage": "S-1 was founded as Korea's first specialized security business in 1997 and has maintained its position at the top of industry with the consistent willingness to take on challenges. S1 Corporation is listed on the Korea Exchange stock-exchange (number 012750).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.627931594848633, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "State-run Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corp. set up the venture, aT Grain Co., in Chicago, with three other South Korean companies, Korea Agro-Fisheries owns 55 percent of aT Grain, while Samsung C&T Corp, Hanjin Transportation Co. and STX Corporation each hold 15 percent. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.360661506652832, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung Corning Precision Glass is a joint venture between Samsung and Corning, which was established in 1973 to manufacture and market cathode ray tube glass for black and white televisions. The company's first LCD glass substrate manufacturing facility opened in Gumi, South Korea, in 1996.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.790877342224121, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "ROK", "passage": "GE Samsung Lighting was a joint venture between Samsung and the GE Lighting subsidiary of General Electric. The venture was established in 1998 and was broken up in 2009. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.525704383850098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Samsung Life Insurance currently holds a 7.4% stake in the South Korean banking company DGB Financial Group, making it the largest shareholder. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.0399651527404785, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "Shell unveiled plans to build the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) platform. In October 2012 at Samsung Heavy Industries' shipyard on Geoje Island in South Korea work started on a \"ship\" that, when finished and fully loaded, will weigh 600,000 tonnes, the world's biggest \"ship\". That is six times larger than the largest U.S. aircraft carrier. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.849933624267578, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "A consortium of South Korean firms, including Samsung, Korea Electric Power Corporation and Hyundai, won a deal worth $40 billion to build nuclear power plants in the United Arab Emirates. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -2.117063522338867, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" }, { "answer": "South Korea", "passage": "\"You can even say the Samsung chairman is more powerful than the President of South Korea. [South] Korean people have come to think of Samsung as invincible and above the law\", said Woo Suk-hoon, host of a popular economics podcast in a Washington Post article headlined \"In South Korea, the Republic of Samsung\", published on 9 December 2012. Critics claimed that Samsung knocked out smaller businesses, limiting choices for South Korean consumers, and sometimes colluded with fellow giants to fix prices while bullying those who investigate. Lee Jung-hee, a South Korean presidential candidate, said in a debate, \"Samsung has the government in its hands. Samsung manages the legal world, the press, the academics and bureaucracy\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.034873962402344, "source": "wiki", "title": "Samsung" } ]

[ { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "Today, Seoul is considered a leading and rising global city, resulting from an economic boom called the Miracle on the Han River which transformed it to the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US$845.9 billion in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2015, it was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. A world leading technology hub centered on Gangnam and Digital Media City, the Seoul Capital Area boasts 15 Fortune Global 500 companies such as Samsung, the world's largest technology company, as well as LG and Hyundai-Kia. In 2014, the city's GDP per capita (PPP) of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences. ", "precise_score": -1.2726020812988281, "rough_score": 3.236935615539551, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "Seoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2, with a radius of approximately 15 km, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea). The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. Historically, the city was during the Joseon Dynasty bounded by the Seoul Fortress Wall, which stretched between the four main mountains in central Seoul: Namsan, Naksan, Bukaksan and Inwangsan. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. Due to its geography and to economic development policies, Seoul is a very polycentric city. The area that was the old capital in the Joseon Dynasty, and mostly comprises Jongno District and Jung District, constitutes the historical and political center of the city. However, for example, the city's financial capital is widely considered to be in Yeouido, while its economic capital is Gangnam District.", "precise_score": -1.7900886535644531, "rough_score": 0.9793544411659241, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "Insadong is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. Hwanghak-dong Flea Market and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products. Some shops for local designers have opened in Samcheong-dong, where numerous small art galleries are located. Itaewon caters mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. The Gangnam district is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and is noted for the fashionable and upscale Apgujeong-dong and Cheongdam-dong areas and the COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market. The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -0.1970270723104477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005. Jongno street, meaning \"Bell Street,\" has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial steets of the city, on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and controlled the four major gates to the city. North of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs, Yongsan District and Mapo District. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam District, Seocho District and surrounding neighborhoods.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.8127167224884033, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "Various high-rise office buildings and residential buildings, like the Gangnam Finance Center, the Tower Palace, N Seoul Tower and Jongno Tower, dominate the city's skyline. A series of new high rises are under construction, including the Lotte World Tower, scheduled to be completed by 2016. As of July 2016, and excluding the still unopened Lotte World Tower, the tallest building in the city is the 279m high Three International Finance Center. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -4.37163782119751, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "The World Trade Center Seoul, located in Gangnam District, hosts various expositions and conferences. Also in Gangnam District is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam District is Yeouido, an island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the Yoido Full Gospel Church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa District, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam District. Two new modern landmarks of Seoul are Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park, designed by Zaha Hadid, and the new wave-shaped Seoul City Hall, by Yoo Kerl of iArc.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -3.585341691970825, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" }, { "answer": "Gangnam", "passage": "In addition, Suseo Station,in Gangnam District, is scheduled to open in late 2016, and offer KTX service on the newly built Suseo High Speed Railway.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.760608673095703, "source": "wiki", "title": "Seoul" } ]

[ { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30-second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen. It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West. The gunfight took place at about 3:00 p.m. on Wednesday, October 26, 1881, in Tombstone, Arizona Territory. It was the result of a long-simmering feud, with Cowboys Billy Claiborne, Ike and Billy Clanton, Tom and Frank McLaury on one side and town Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Policeman Morgan Earp, Special Policeman Wyatt Earp and temporary policeman Doc Holliday on the other side. Billy Clanton and both McLaury brothers were killed. Ike Clanton, who had repeatedly threatened to kill the Earps, claimed he was unarmed and ran from the fight, along with Billy Claiborne. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday were wounded, but Wyatt Earp was unharmed. The fight has come to represent a period in American Old West when the frontier was virtually an open range for outlaws, largely unopposed by law enforcement officers, who were spread thin over vast territories, leaving some areas unprotected.", "precise_score": 7.363624572753906, "rough_score": 7.672651290893555, "source": "wiki", "title": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "Morgan Seth Earp joined his brothers Virgil and Wyatt in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. He became embroiled in the conflict between the Earp lawmen and a loose federation of outlaw Cowboys. He took part in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and was wounded. He was charged by Ike Clanton with murder, but during a month-long preliminary hearing, Judge Wells Spicer ruled that they had acted within the law and dismissed the charges.", "precise_score": 4.991491317749023, "rough_score": 6.350080490112305, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nicholas Porter Earp" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "* Morgan Seth Earp (April 24, 1851 in Pella, Iowa — March 18, 1882 in Tombstone, Arizona).", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.884472846984863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nicholas Porter Earp" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "Wyatt Berry Stapp Earp was married three times. His first wife died less than a year after they were married while carrying their first child. Wyatt held a variety of jobs during his life. He was a gambler, lawman, buffalo hunter, saloon keeper, gold/copper miner, pimp, and boxing referee. He arrived with his brothers Virgil and Morgan in Tombstone, Arizona Territory on December 1, 1879. They became embroiled in a conflict with outlaw Cowboys that led to a confrontation and shootout on October 26, 1882, later known as the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -1.1264898777008057, "source": "wiki", "title": "Nicholas Porter Earp" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "Joseph Isaac \"Ike\" Clanton (1847 – June 1, 1887) was a member of a loosely associated group of outlaws known as the The Cowboys that had ongoing conflicts with lawmen Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan Earp as well as Doc Holliday. On October 26, 1881, Ike was present at the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in the boomtown of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, but was unarmed and ran from the gunfight, in which his 19-year-old brother, Billy, was killed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": 6.134607315063477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ike Clanton" }, { "answer": "Tombstone, Arizona", "passage": "Clanton's mother died in 1866. Ike stayed with the family when they moved to Tombstone, Arizona Territory, about 1877 (before Tombstone became a town or even a mining center). At that time, Newman Clanton was living with his sons Phin (or \"Fin\"), Ike, and Billy. By 1878 Ike was running a small \"lunch counter\" at the Tombstone Mill site (now Millville on the San Pedro River—not in modern Tombstone). By 1881, however, he was working on his father's ranch at Lewis Springs, about 12 mi west of Tombstone and 5 mi from Charleston. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.553497314453125, "source": "wiki", "title": "Ike Clanton" } ]

[ { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "In 1850, after William Wordsworth's death and Samuel Rogers' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Leigh Hunt had also been considered. He held the position until his own death in 1892, the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. Tennyson fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best-known works, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. Other esteemed works written in the post of Poet Laureate include Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington and Ode Sung at the Opening of the International Exhibition.", "precise_score": 4.0243635177612305, "rough_score": 5.979741096496582, "source": "wiki", "title": "Alfred, Lord Tennyson" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "\"The Charge of the Light Brigade\" is an 1854 narrative poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. He was the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom at the time he wrote the poem.", "precise_score": 7.2081403732299805, "rough_score": 8.19936752319336, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "Rudyard Kipling's poem \"The Last of the Light Brigade\" (1891), written some 40 years after the appearance of \"The Charge of the Light Brigade\", focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.", "precise_score": 3.757158041000366, "rough_score": 3.3556149005889893, "source": "wiki", "title": "The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854, in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall commander of the British forces, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery, a task well-suited to light cavalry. However, due to miscommunication in the chain of command, the Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault against a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire.", "precise_score": 3.4074673652648926, "rough_score": 5.000045299530029, "source": "wiki", "title": "Charge of the Light Brigade" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs. The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the British Isles was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.", "precise_score": 0.7393338084220886, "rough_score": -5.54965877532959, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Baltic was a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.", "precise_score": -6.6539483070373535, "rough_score": -5.843253135681152, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of Britain and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\"", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -6.7087483406066895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Russian War", "passage": "* The Straits Convention of 1841, which allowed only Ottoman and Russian warships in the Black Sea, was to be revised;", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.299885749816895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Turkish/Ottoman move up the Danube River was also of concern to the Austrians, who moved forces into Transylvania in response. However, the Austrians had begun to fear the Russians more than the Turks. Indeed, like the British, the Austrians were now coming to see that an intact Ottoman Empire was necessary as a bulwark against the Russians. Accordingly, the Austrians resisted Russian diplomatic attempts to join the war on the Russian side. Austria remained neutral in the Crimean War. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.645179748535156, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The naval operations of the Crimean war commenced with the dispatch, in the summer of 1853, of the French and British fleets to the Black Sea region, to support the Ottomans and to dissuade the Russians from encroachment. By June 1853, both fleets were stationed at Besikas bay, outside the Dardanelles. With the Russian occupation of the Danube Principalities in October, they moved to the Bosphorus and in November entered the Black Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.896312713623047, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "Part of the Russian resistance was credited to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: \"Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol\", as one American officer put it in 1860.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.520060539245605, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Russian War", "passage": "The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.894035339355469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.485816955566406, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent, the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, \"Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness.\" The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.412381172180176, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first \"live\" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.375813484191895, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The Crimean War was a contributing factor in the Russian abolition of serfdom in 1861: Tsar Alexander II (Nicholas I's son and successor) saw the military defeat of the Russian serf-army by free troops from Britain and France as proof of the need for emancipation. The Crimean War also led to the eventual realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority, in military practices as well as weapons. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.971007347106934, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "The British issued the Crimea Medal with 5 clasps, and the Baltic Medal, as well as Valour medals, including the newly created Distinguished Conduct Medal, the Turkish the Turkish Crimea Medal, the French did not issue a campaign medal, issuing Médaille militaire and Legion of Honour for bravery, Sardinia also issued a medal. Russia issued a Defense of Sevastopol, and a Crimean War medal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.732705116271973, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Russian War", "passage": "* Charles Nathan (1834–1934). Last French soldier, also saw action in Italy, Syria, Mexico and the Franco-Prussian War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.792668342590332, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* Luigi Palma di Cesnola (1832–1904). An Italian soldier who served with the British Army in the Crimean War as the aide-de-camp to General Enrico Fardella. Also served in the American Civil War, on the Union Side.Maria Luisa Moncassoli Tibone. \"Dal Piemonte a Cipro, a New York: un’avventura appassionante\". ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.968814849853516, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* In James Joyce's Finnegans Wake II.3, the Crimean War, especially the Battle of Balaclava, figures prominently. One of the focuses of that dense chapter is a radio program in which Butt & Taff retell an idiosyncratic anecdote from that battle, in which an Irishman named Buckley shot a Russian general.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.9638090133667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* Jack Archer: A Tale of the Crimea by G. A. Henty, 1883, a historical novel, details the adventures of two British midshipmen in the Crimean War.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.529160499572754, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* The events of the Crimean War are depicted in the 1973 novel Flashman at the Charge in which the eponymous antihero participates in the battles of Sevastopol and Balaclava.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.310848236083984, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* The Eyre Affair by Jasper Fforde is an alternative history novel where the Crimean War has been raging for over 130 years and is still ongoing, albeit at a stalemate at the time of the novel.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -9.523425102233887, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* A different alternative history treatment of the Crimean War is S. M. Stirling's story \"The Charge of Lee's Brigade\" . ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -7.45076847076416, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* The Great Train Robbery by Michael Crichton was set on the English homefront during the Crimean War. The plot revolved around stealing gold intended for the British troops from a moving railway train. It was later made into The First Great Train Robbery (known as The Great Train Robbery in the U.S.), starring Sean Connery. The novel was based on the Great Gold Robbery of 1855.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -8.556571960449219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* Boris Akunin, under his Anatoly Brusnikin pen name, published the historical novel Bellona (Беллона) (2012), centering on the Crimean War from the Russian side.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.250697135925293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" }, { "answer": "Crimean War", "passage": "* Jasper Kent's novel The Third Section takes Crimean War as a background event for its theme", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.665424346923828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Crimean War" } ]

[ { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (derived from Neo-Latin, kalium) and atomic number 19. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals). All elements in Group 1 have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, which combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight ), and is part of many minerals.", "precise_score": 5.6199188232421875, "rough_score": 6.4581403732299805, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Neutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the extremely stable configuration of the noble gas argon. Because of this and its low first ionization energy of 418.8 kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge than to gain one and acquire a negative charge (though negatively charged alkalide ions are not impossible. ) This process requires so little energy that potassium is readily oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (3052 kJ/mol), because removal of two electrons breaks the stable noble gas electronic configuration (the configuration of the inert argon). Potassium therefore does not readily form compounds with the oxidation state of +2 or higher.", "precise_score": -7.664008140563965, "rough_score": -2.9009530544281006, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "There are 24 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally: (93.3%), (0.0117%), and (6.7%). Naturally occurring has a half-life of 1.250×109 years. It decays to stable by electron capture or positron emission (11.2%) or to stable by beta decay (88.8%). The decay of to is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as tracers in studies of weathering and for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life. ", "precise_score": -8.996426582336426, "rough_score": -8.36445140838623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": " occurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations. is the radioisotope with the largest abundance in the body. In healthy animals and people, represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than . In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4,400 nuclei of decay per second. The activity of natural potassium is 31 Bq/g. ", "precise_score": -10.274581909179688, "rough_score": -9.688373565673828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Neither elemental potassium nor potassium salts (as separate entities from other salts) were known in Roman times, and the Latin name of the element, kalium, is not Classical Latin but rather neo-Latin. Kalium was taken from the word alkali, which in turn came from ' al-qalyah \"plant ashes.\" The similar-sounding English term alkali is from this same root, whereas the word for potassium in Modern Standard Arabic is بوتاسيوم būtāsyūm. ", "precise_score": 3.129429340362549, "rough_score": -1.2742139101028442, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of \"plant alkali\", \"vegetable alkali\", \"potash\", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying \"mineral alkali\", \"soda\", etc.) In 1809, the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Kalium for Humphry Davy's \"potassium\" and Natronium for Davy's \"sodium\". In 1814, the Swedish chemist Berzelius advocated the name kalium for potassium, with the chemical symbol K. ", "precise_score": 3.0881214141845703, "rough_score": -3.38161301612854, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "*The ion transport system moves potassium across the cell membrane using two mechanisms. One is active and pumps sodium out of, and potassium into, the cell. The other is passive and allows potassium to leak out of the cell. Potassium and sodium cations influence fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments by osmotic forces. The movement of potassium and sodium through the cell membrane is mediated by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump. This ion pump uses ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient and electromotive force across the cell membrane. The highly selective potassium ion channels (which are tetramers) are crucial for hyperpolarization inside neurons after an action potential is triggered, to cite one example. The most recently discovered potassium ion channel is KirBac3.1, which makes a total of five potassium ion channels (KcsA, KirBac1.1, KirBac3.1, KvAP, and MthK) with a determined structure. All five are from prokaryotic species.", "precise_score": -10.868743896484375, "rough_score": -9.435233116149902, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium nitrate () or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured via the Haber process; it is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is used industrially to dissolve copper and precious metals, in particular silver and gold, by forming complexes. Its applications include gold mining, electroplating, and electroforming of these metals; it is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles. Potassium carbonate ( or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments. Potassium permanganate () is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of saccharin. Potassium chlorate () is added to matches and explosives. Potassium bromide (KBr) was formerly used as a sedative and in photography.", "precise_score": -10.18559741973877, "rough_score": -10.137816429138184, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium chromate () is used in inks, dyes, stains (bright yellowish-red color); in explosives and fireworks; in the tanning of leather, in fly paper and safety matches, but all these uses are due to the properties of chromate ion containment rather than potassium ions.", "precise_score": -9.776089668273926, "rough_score": -9.962089538574219, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "An alloy of sodium and potassium, NaK is a liquid used as a heat-transfer medium and a desiccant for producing dry and air-free solvents. It can also be used in reactive distillation. The ternary alloy of 12% Na, 47% K and 41% Cs has the lowest melting point of −78 °C of any metallic compound.", "precise_score": -9.531405448913574, "rough_score": -7.827845096588135, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter, as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals, metals, compounds, alloys, mixtures, and other materials, although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds. As they were identified as elements, the existing names for anciently-known elements (e.g., gold, mercury, iron) were kept in most countries. National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience, linguistic niceties, or nationalism. For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use \"Wasserstoff\" (water substance) for \"hydrogen\", \"Sauerstoff\" (acid substance) for \"oxygen\" and \"Stickstoff\" (smothering substance) for \"nitrogen\", while English and some romance languages use \"sodium\" for \"natrium\" and \"potassium\" for \"kalium\", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer \"azote/azot/azoto\" (from roots meaning \"no life\") for \"nitrogen\".", "precise_score": -7.299980640411377, "rough_score": -5.525816917419434, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal. Since Latin was the common language of science at that time, they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals. Cu comes from Cuprum, Fe comes from Ferrum, Ag from Argentum. The symbols were not followed by a period (full stop) as with abbreviations. Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols, based on the name of the element, but not necessarily in English. For example, sodium has the chemical symbol 'Na' after the Latin natrium. The same applies to \"W\" (wolfram) for tungsten, \"Fe\" (ferrum) for iron, \"Hg\" (hydrargyrum) for mercury, \"Sn\" (stannum) for tin, \"K\" (kalium) for potassium, \"Au\" (aurum) for gold, \"Ag\" (argentum) for silver, \"Pb\" (plumbum) for lead, \"Cu\" (cuprum) for copper, and \"Sb\" (stibium) for antimony.", "precise_score": 0.5881315469741821, "rough_score": 4.212824821472168, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "On Earth (and elsewhere), trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of natural transmutation processes. These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions (see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides), and others produced as decay products of long-lived primordial nuclides. For example, trace (but detectable) amounts of carbon-14 (14C) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms, and argon-40 (40Ar) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium-40 (40K). Also, three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides, thorium, uranium, and plutonium, decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon, which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds. Three other radioactive elements, technetium, promethium, and neptunium, occur only incidentally in natural materials, produced as individual atoms by natural fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes.", "precise_score": -9.617936134338379, "rough_score": -8.605151176452637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time). ", "precise_score": -6.878839492797852, "rough_score": -8.326905250549316, "source": "wiki", "title": "Atomic number" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which is radioactive. Traces of are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.865964889526367, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in Group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. That they are different elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts was suspected in 1702, and was proven in 1807 using electrolysis.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.585373878479004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Most industrial applications of potassium exploit the high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this depletion is prevented and remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.258537292480469, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium ions are necessary for the function of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions through nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium depletion in excess can result in numerous abnormalities, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, with a shift of potassium from outside to inside cells and an increase in potassium excretion by the kidney.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.302895545959473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point, and can be easily cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air.Greenwood, p. 76 In a flame test, potassium and its compounds emit a lilac color with a peak emission wavelength of 766.5 nanometers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.26191234588623, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is an extremely active metal that reacts violently with oxygen and water in air. With oxygen it forms potassium peroxide, and with water potassium forms potassium hydroxide. The reaction of potassium with water is dangerous because of its violent exothermic character and the production of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen reacts again with atmospheric oxygen, producing water, which reacts with the remaining potassium. This reaction requires only traces of water; because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium — NaK — are potent desiccants that can be used to dry solvents prior to distillation.Burkhardt, p. 35", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.870768547058105, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Because of the sensitivity of potassium to water and air, reactions with other elements are possible only in an inert atmosphere such as argon gas using air-free techniques. Potassium does not react with most hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or kerosene. It readily dissolves in liquid ammonia, up to 480 g per 1000 g of ammonia at 0 °C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. In a pure solution, potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts.Burkhardt, p. 32 Because it can reduce the salts to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the Rieke method. For example, the preparation of magnesium by this method employs potassium as the reductant:", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.315515518188477, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The only common oxidation state for potassium is +1. Potassium metal is a powerful reducing agent that is easily oxidized to the monopositive cation, . Once oxidized, it is very stable and difficult to reduce back to the metal.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.215473175048828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium hydroxide reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate, and is used to remove traces of the gas from air. In general, potassium compounds have excellent water solubility, owing to the high hydration energy of the ion. The potassium ion is colorless in water and is very difficult to precipitate; possible precipitation methods include reactions with sodium tetraphenylborate, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.794734001159668, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium oxidizes faster than most metals and forms oxides with oxygen-oxygen bonds, as do all alkali metals except lithium. Three species are formed during the reaction: potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, and potassium superoxide formed of three different oxygen-based ions: oxide (), peroxide (), and superoxide (). The last two species, especially the superoxide, are rare and are formed only in reaction with very electropositive metals; these species contain oxygen-oxygen bonds. All potassium-oxygen binary compounds are known to react with water violently, forming potassium hydroxide. This compound is a very strong alkali, and 1.21 kg of it can dissolve in as little as a liter of water. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.726354598999023, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium compounds are typically highly ionic and thus most of them are soluble in water. The main species in water solution are the aquated complexes where n 6 and 7.Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. \"Metal Aqua Ions\" in J. A. McCleverty and T. J. Meyer (eds.) [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780080437484 Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II], Vol. 1, pp. 515–555, ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4. Some of the few poorly soluble potassium salts include potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, and potassium cobaltinitrite.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.517001152038574, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is formed in supernovas by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovas via the explosive oxygen-burning process. is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.160774230957031, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust. It is the 17th most abundant element by weight in the earth, and 20th most abundant element in the solar system. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39 g/L (0.039 wt/v%), about one-quarter the concentration of sodium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.676708221435547, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The English name for the element potassium comes from the word \"potash\", and refers to the method of producing potassium: placing in a pot the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.783245086669922, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potash is primarily a mixture of potassium salts because plants have little or no sodium content, and the rest of a plant's major mineral content consists of calcium salts of relatively low solubility in water. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789. For a long time the only significant applications for potash were the production of glass, bleach, soap and gunpowder as potassium nitrate. Potassium soaps from animal fats and vegetable oils were especially prized because they tend to be more water-soluble and of softer texture, and are therefore known as soft soaps. The discovery by Justus Liebig in 1840 that potassium is a necessary element for plants and that most types of soil lack potassium caused a steep rise in demand for potassium salts. Wood-ash from fir trees was initially used as a potassium salt source for fertilizer, but, with the discovery in 1868 of mineral deposits containing potassium chloride near Staßfurt, Germany, the production of potassium-containing fertilizers began at an industrial scale. Other potash deposits were discovered, and by the 1960s Canada became the dominant producer. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.410643577575684, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash (KOH, potassium hydroxide) by electrolysis of molten KOH with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. Later in the same year, Davy reported extraction of the metal sodium from a mineral derivative (caustic soda, NaOH, or lye) rather than a plant salt, by a similar technique, demonstrating that the elements, and thus the salts, are different. Although the production of potassium and sodium metal should have shown that both are elements, it took some time before this view was universally accepted.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.97816276550293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Elemental potassium does not occur in nature because of its high reactivity. It reacts violently with water (see section Precautions below) and also reacts with oxygen. Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) is a common rock-forming mineral. Granite for example contains 5% potassium, which is well above the average in the Earth's crust. Sylvite (KCl), carnallite , kainite and langbeinite are the minerals found in large evaporite deposits worldwide. The deposits often show layers starting with the least soluble at the bottom and the most soluble on top. Deposits of niter (potassium nitrate) are formed by decomposition of organic material in contact with atmosphere, mostly in caves; because of the good water solubility of niter the formation of larger deposits requires special environmental conditions. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.900041580200195, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium salts such as carnallite, langbeinite, polyhalite, and sylvite form extensive deposits in ancient lake bottoms and seabeds, making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium – potash – is mined in Canada, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, United States, Jordan, and other places around the world. The first mined deposits were located near Staßfurt, Germany, but the deposits span from Great Britain over Germany into Poland. They are located in the Zechstein and were deposited in the Middle to Late Permian. The largest deposits ever found lie 1000 m below the surface of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The deposits are located in the Elk Point Group produced in the Middle Devonian. Saskatchewan, where several large mines have operated since the 1960s pioneered the technique of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) to drive mine shafts through them. The main potash mining company in Saskatchewan is the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan. The water of the Dead Sea is used by Israel and Jordan as a source of potash, while the concentration in normal oceans is too low for commercial production at current prices.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.75771713256836, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Several methods are used to separate potassium salts from sodium and magnesium compounds. The most-used method is fractional precipitation using the solubility differences of the salts at different temperatures. Electrostatic separation of the ground salt mixture is also used in some mines. The resulting sodium and magnesium waste is either stored underground or piled up in slag heaps. Most of the mined potassium mineral ends up as potassium chloride after processing. The mineral industry refers to potassium chloride either as potash, muriate of potash, or simply MOP.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.960602760314941, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Pure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a process that has changed little since Davy. Although the electrolysis process was developed and used in industrial scale in the 1920s, the thermal method by reacting sodium with potassium chloride in a chemical equilibrium reaction became the dominant method in the 1950s.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.035892486572266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The production of sodium potassium alloys is accomplished by changing the reaction time and the amount of sodium used in the reaction. The Griesheimer process employing the reaction of potassium fluoride with calcium carbide was also used to produce potassium. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.191431999206543, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Reagent-grade potassium metal costs about $10.00/pound ($22/kg) in 2010 when purchased by the tonne. Lower purity metal is considerably cheaper. The market is volatile because long-term storage of the metal is difficult. It must be stored in a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of potassium superoxide, a pressure-sensitive explosive that detonates when scratched. The resulting explosion often starts a fire difficult to extinguish. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.209569931030273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60 kg adult contains a total of about 120 g of potassium. The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant. Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.70447826385498, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium levels influence multiple physiological processes, including ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.517984390258789, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium homeostasis denotes the maintenance of the total body potassium content, plasma potassium level, and the ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentrations within narrow limits, in the face of pulsatile intake (meals), obligatory renal excretion, and shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.355719566345215, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Plasma potassium is normally kept at 3.5 to 5.0 millimoles (mmol) [or milliequivalents (mEq)] per liter by multiple mechanisms. Levels outside this range are associated with an increasing rate of death from multiple causes, and some cardiac, kidney, and lung diseases progress more rapidly if serum potassium levels are not maintained within the normal range.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.320316314697266, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "An average meal of 40-50 mmol presents the body with more potassium than is present in all plasma (20-25 mmol). However, this surge causes the plasma potassium to rise only 10% at most as a result of prompt and efficient clearance by both renal and extra-renal mechanisms. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.153524398803711, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Hypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrintestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhea), and increased renal loss (diuresis). Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, and cardiac arrhythmia. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.394986152648926, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium content in the plasma is tightly controlled by four basic mechanisms, which have various names and classifications. The four are 1) a reactive negative-feedback system, 2) a reactive feed-forward system, 3) a predictive or circadian system, and 4) an internal or cell membrane transport system. Collectively, the first three are sometimes termed the \"external potassium homeostasis system\"; and the first two, the \"reactive potassium homeostasis system\".", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.922945022583008, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "*The reactive negative-feedback system refers to the system that induces renal secretion of potassium in response to a rise in the plasma potassium (potassium ingestion, shift out of cells, or intravenous infusion.)", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.217973709106445, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "*The reactive feed-forward system refers to an incompletely understood system that induces renal potassium secretion in response to potassium ingestion prior to any rise in the plasma potassium. This is probably initiated by gut cell potassium receptors that detect ingested potassium and trigger vagal afferent signals to the pituitary gland.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225024223327637, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "*The predictive or circadian system increases renal secretion of potassium during mealtime hours (e.g. daytime for humans, nighttime for rodents) independent of the presence, amount, or absence of potassium ingestion. It is mediated by a circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain (central clock), which causes the kidney (peripheral clock) to secrete potassium in this rhythmic circadian fashion.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.142542839050293, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Renal handling of potassium is closely connected to sodium handling. Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells [150 mmol/L, (4.8 g)], while sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid [150 mmol/L, (3.345 g)]. In the kidneys, about 180 liters of plasma is filtered through the glomeruli and into the renal tubules per day. This filtering involves about 600 g of sodium and 33 g of potassium. Since only 1–10 g of sodium and 1–4 g of potassium are likely to be replaced by diet, renal filtering must efficiently reabsorb the remainder from the plasma.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.0868558883667, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Sodium is reabsorbed to maintain extracellular volume, osmotic pressure, and serum sodium concentration within narrow limits; potassium is reabsorbed to maintain serum potassium concentration within narrow limits. Sodium pumps in the renal tubules operate to reabsorb sodium. Potassium must be conserved also, but, because the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about thirty times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) Donnan equilibrium, the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is excreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules. At that point, urine usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.225358963012695, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "With no potassium intake, it is excreted at about 200 mg per day until, in about a week, potassium in the serum declines to a mildly deficient level of 3.0–3.5 mmol/L. If potassium is still withheld, the concentration continues to fall until a severe deficiency causes eventual death. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.359220504760742, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The potassium moves passively through pores in the cell membrane. When ions move through pumps there is a gate in the pumps on either side of the cell membrane and only one gate can be open at once. As a result, approximately 100 ions are forced through per second. Pores have only one gate, and there only one kind of ion can stream through, at 10 million to 100 million ions per second. The pores require calcium to open although it is thought that the calcium works in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores.; includes a detailed picture of atoms in the pump. Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimic the water hydration that takes place in water solution by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.056431770324707, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium can be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of taste sensations, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ions taste sweet, allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices, while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high-potassium solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.395405769348145, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Adequate potassium intake is achieved by eating a variety of foods. Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include yam, parsley, dried apricots, dried milk, chocolate, all nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), potatoes, bamboo shoots, bananas, avocados, coconut water, soybeans, and bran. Dried apricots have the highest concentration of potassium by weight of any food. Many processed foods contain no potassium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.386781692504883, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Epidemiological studies indicate that diets high in potassium can reduce the risk of hypertension and possibly stroke (by a mechanism independent of blood pressure). The 2004 guidelines of the Institute of Medicine specify a Dietary Reference Intake (DRI]) of 4,700 mg of potassium (100 mEq); most Americans consume only half that amount per day. Likewise, in the European Union, in particular in Germany and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common. A meta-analysis concluded that a 1640 mg increase in the daily intake of potassium was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.090673446655273, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Diets low in potassium can lead to hypertension and hypokalemia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.555371284484863, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Supplements of potassium are most widely used in conjunction with diuretics that block reabsorption of sodium and water upstream from the distal tubule (thiazides and loop diuretics), because this promotes increased distal tubular potassium secretion, with resultant increased potassium excretion. A variety of prescription and over-the counter supplements are available. Potassium chloride may be dissolved in water, but the salty/bitter taste make liquid supplements unpalatable. Typical doses range from 10 mmol (400 mg), to 20 mmol (800 mg). Potassium is also available in tablets or capsules, which are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix, since very high concentrations of potassium ion that occur adjacent to a solid tablet can injure the gastric or intestinal mucosa. For this reason, non-prescription potassium pills are limited by law in the US to a maximum of 99 mg of potassium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.409829139709473, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Since the kidneys are the site of potassium excretion, individuals with impaired kidney function are at risk for hyperkalemia if dietary potassium and supplements are not restricted. The more severe the impairment, the more severe is the restriction necessary to avoid hyperkalemia.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.441303253173828, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium ions are an essential component of plant nutrition and are found in most soil types. They are used as a fertilizer in agriculture, horticulture, and hydroponic culture in the form of chloride (KCl), sulfate (), or nitrate (). Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. The potassium content of most plants range from 0.5% to 2% of the harvested weight of crops, conventionally expressed as amount of . Modern high-yield agriculture depends upon fertilizers to replace the potassium lost at harvest. Most agricultural fertilizers contain potassium chloride, while potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex minerals kainite () and langbeinite (). Only a very few fertilizers contain potassium nitrate. In 2005, about 93% of world potassium production was consumed by the fertilizer industry.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.695672988891602, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "The potassium cation is a nutrient necessary for human life and health. Potassium chloride and bicarbonate are used by those seeking to control hypertension. The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, potatoes, bananas and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.303780555725098, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium sodium tartrate (, Rochelle salt) is the main constituent of baking powder; it is also used in the silvering of mirrors. Potassium bromate () is a strong oxidizer (E924), used to improve dough strength and rise height. Potassium bisulfite () is used as a food preservative, for example in wine and beer-making (but not in meats). It is also used to bleach textiles and straw, and in the tanning of leathers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.302906036376953, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Major potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.349954605102539, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium hydroxide is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids, to control pH and to manufacture potassium salts. It is also used to saponify fats and oils, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.02365493774414, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "There are thousands of uses of various potassium compounds. One example is potassium superoxide, , an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. It is widely used in respiration systems in mines, submarines and spacecraft as it takes less volume than the gaseous oxygen. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.4075927734375, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Another example is potassium cobaltinitrite, , which is used as artist's pigment under the name of Aureolin or Cobalt Yellow. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.946946144104004, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Metallic potassium is used in several types of magnetometers. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.109457969665527, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium metal reacts violently with water producing potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hydrogen gas.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.336061477661133, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "This reaction is exothermic and releases enough heat to ignite the resulting hydrogen in the presence of oxygen, possibly explosively splashing onlookers with potassium hydroxide, which is a strong alkali that destroys living tissue and causes skin burns. Finely grated potassium ignites in air at room temperature. The bulk metal ignites in air if heated. Because its density is 0.89 g/cm3, burning potassium floats in water that exposes it to atmospheric oxygen. Many common fire extinguishing agents, including water, either are ineffective or make a potassium fire worse. Nitrogen, argon, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium carbonate (soda ash), and silicon dioxide (sand) are effective if they are dry. Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are also effective. These agents deprive the fire of oxygen and cool the potassium metal. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.941829681396484, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Potassium reacts violently with halogens and detonates in the presence of bromine. It also reacts explosively with sulfuric acid. During combustion, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.256367683410645, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Because potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene. Unlike lithium and sodium, however, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than 6 months, unless in an inert (oxygen free) atmosphere, or under vacuum. After prolonged storage in air dangerous shock-sensitive peroxides can form on the metal and under the lid of the container, and can detonate upon opening. ", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.306599617004395, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "Because of the highly reactive nature of potassium metal, it must be handled with great care, with full skin and eye protection and preferably an explosion-resistant barrier between the user and the metal. Ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system. Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions.", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -10.826470375061035, "source": "wiki", "title": "Potassium" }, { "answer": "Potassium", "passage": "* Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, and calcium", "precise_score": -100, "rough_score": -11.252387046813965, "source": "wiki", "title": "Chemical element" } ]