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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
f55d9c47-1003-41a7-ab96-9ca0aeb92f76
|
Korsakoff s syndrome is due to deficiency of
|
Thiamine
|
niacine
|
riboflavine
|
pyridoxine
| 0a
|
single
|
Wernickes encephalopathyis a triad of GLOBAL CONFUSION, OPHTHALMOPLEGIA AND ATAXIA It is due to deficiency of thiamine It is 100% reversible Most impoant symptom needed for the diagnosis is confusion If the patients wernickes encephalopathy is not trated it would result in koraskoff's psychosis koraskoff's psychosis is a misnomer it is associated with confabulation that is fluent plausible lying, where the patient fills up with memory gaps with information and she is not aware that wat is she is saying is not truth Ref.Kaplon and Sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition,pg no.624
|
Anatomy
|
Substance abuse
|
465b08cd-0b2a-4fa8-b136-65fcf0fcaf57
|
Drug of choice for schizophrenic patient with poor oral absorption is:
|
Haloperidol
|
Fluphenazine
|
Clozapine
|
Olanzapie
| 2c
|
single
|
Clozapine
|
Psychiatry
| null |
9c79f7a8-ae5b-4e78-8baf-b4c3648c71f3
|
Products of oxygenase pathway are all, except:
|
PGE2
|
PG D2
|
PGF2
|
LT6
| 3d
|
multi
|
LT6
|
Biochemistry
| null |
03cecf80-755d-4431-8188-f6c2f3ee7aa7
|
A travelling nerve impulse does not depolarize the area immediately behind it, because:
|
It is hyperpolarized
|
It is refractory
|
It is not self-propagating
|
The condition is always orthodromic
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. It is refractory Ganong writes -"Once initiated, a moving impulse does not depolarize the area behind it to the firing level, because this area is refractory"
|
Physiology
|
Nerve Physiology
|
ad981d0a-caed-4fbd-8dfe-aecbb9370876
|
What is the most common cause of perinatal moality in twins ?
|
Single fetal demise
|
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome
|
Prematurity
|
Intra uterine growth restriction
| 2c
|
single
|
Perinatal moality in multifetal pregnancyis raised mainly because of prematurity. It is extremely high in monoamniotic monozygotic twins due to cord entanglement. Incidence of twins in India - 1 in 80 Increasing incidence of twins in India because of drugs like clomiphene and gonadotrophins Most common lie in twins at term is longitudnal Twin peak sign on ultrasound is seen in dichorionic twins
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
9d6fbc89-ff9a-4052-834f-cfa63a703d4f
|
Deep transverse arrest is seen in all except
|
Android pelvis
|
Epidural analgesia
|
Transverse lie
|
Uterine ineia
| 2c
|
multi
|
Causes of deep transverse arrest Android pelvis Depression of head Weak uterine contractions Laxity of pelvic floor muscles
|
Anatomy
|
Abnormal labor
|
fab00b01-c9cd-480a-ae0b-7db13de8af2b
|
Decrease in cell size refers to -
|
Atrophy
|
Metaplasia
|
Hyperplasia
|
Hyperophy
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Atrophy Atrophy o Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is known as atrophy. o Atrophy may be physiological or pathological. Physiological atrophy --> Atrophy of notochord and thyroglossal duct during fetal development, and decrease in uterus size after paurition. Pathological atrophy --> Atrophy may occur from different causes e.g.,. decreased workload (atrophy of disuse), loss of innervation (Denervation atrophy), Diminished blood supply, Aging (Senile atrophy), inadequate nutrition, or pressure. Mechanism of atrophy o Atrophy results from a reduction in the structural components of the cell. o Increased protein degradation probably plays a central role in atrophy. Defination of atrophy has been changed in 8111/e of Robbins o Atrophy is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number.
|
Pathology
| null |
3f8c15c5-be3d-4f5f-b098-767b7c705716
|
Which of the following regarding rheumatic nodules is false ?
|
Found over extensor surface
|
Tender on palpation
|
Associated with carditis
|
Pea size nodules
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Tender on palpation Articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis have already been emphasized."The typical picture of B/L symmetricalQ inflammatoryr polyarthritis involving smalQ joints initially and largeQ joints later on, with sparing of the axial skeleton except the cervical spine is very likely, rheumatoid arthritisBesides causing articular, manifestations. Rheumatoid arthritis also causes certain extraarticuiar manifestationsExtra articular manifestations of Rheumatoid arthritiso Systemic manifestationsFatigue, weight loss, low grade feverMore common with RA positive o Subcutaneous nodulesSeen almost exclusively in patients with RF (rheumatoid factor)May occur anywhere but most commonly occur subcutaneously on extensor surface particularly forearm, over joints or pressure points.Nontendero PulmonaryPleural effusionQ with low glucoseQ and pHLung nodulesQ - solid may calcify or cavitateDiffuse interstitial firbosiso EyeSjogren syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca from sjogren syndrome is the most common eye manifestation)Scleritiso NeurologicPeripheral nerve entrapment syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome0 (median nerve), Tarsal tunnel syndromeQ (anterior tibial nerve).Mononeuritis multiplexo CVSPericardial effusion (pericardium is the most common site of involvement)Constrictive pericarditisIncreased morbidity and mortality from coronary artery' diseaseCardiomyopathyo Enthesopathy i. e., inflammation of tendons and ligamentous attachment to bone is characteristic of psoriatic arthritis (not rheumatic).
|
Medicine
|
Rheumatic
|
fbbce6f5-dd0f-4460-a047-1d78ffa8bbb9
|
APUD cells are seen in:
|
Bronchial adenoma
|
Bronchial carcinoid
|
Hepatic adenoma
|
Villous adenoma
| 1b
|
single
|
Bronchial carcinoid
|
Pathology
| null |
8fadf5b1-f49b-4a55-97dc-53389742e76e
|
All of the following muscles are innervated by branches from the brachial plexus except
|
supraspinatus
|
Lattismusdorsi
|
Rhomboid major
|
Trapezius
| 3d
|
multi
|
BRACHIAL PLEXUS BRANCHES Branches of roots Nerve to Serratus anterior (long thoracic N) -C5, C6, C7 Nerve to Rhomboideus (Dorsal scapular N) -C5 Branches of trunks Suprascapular nerve -C5, C6 Nerve to subclavious -C5,C6 BRANCHES OF CORDS Lateral cord Lateral pectoral nerve -C5, C6, C7 Musculocutaneous nerve -C5, C6, C7 Lateral root of median nerve - C5, C6, C7 Medial cord Medial pectoral nerve - C8, T1 Medial cutaneous nerve of arm - C8, T1 Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm - C8, T1 Ulnar fibres - C7, C8, T1 Median root of median nerve - C8, T1 Posterior cord Upper subscapular nerve - C5, C6 Nerve to latissmusdorsi (Thoracodorsal N) - C6, C7, C8 Lower subscapular nerve - C5, C6 Axillary (circumflex) nerve - C5, C6 Radial nerve - C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 ALSO REMEMBER Nerve supply of Trapezius muscle: Spinal pa of Accessory nerve (Cranial nerve XI) (motor) Branches from C3, C4 (propriceptive)
|
Anatomy
|
Upper limb nerve supply and brachial plexus
|
3723232a-0ebd-416d-8fc0-3d4bac494c55
|
Which of the following laser is most commonly used in laryngeal surgery
|
CO2 Laser
|
Nd YAG laser
|
Argon Laser
|
KTP Laser
| 0a
|
single
|
Treatment consists of: 1. Radiotherapy 2. Surgery (a) Conservation laryngeal surgery (b) Total laryngectomy 3. Combined therapy. Surgery with pre- or postoperative radiotherapy 4. Endoscopic CO2 laser excision Ref: PL Dhingra; Textbook of EAR, NOSE and THROAT; edition 7; page no 351
|
ENT
|
Larynx
|
acad0ac8-47e8-470d-872b-4639b6323580
|
The sudden appearance Dumb-bell shaped swelling during third molar nerve block is mainly due to:
|
Injection in pterygoid plexus
|
Injection in parotid gland
|
Injection into internal maxillary artery
|
Injection into nasal cavity
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Surgery
| null |
f822f9b0-1c51-4905-b2de-7f40453020f9
|
Highly repetitive DNA is seen in:
|
Centromere
|
Microsatelite DNA
|
Telomere
|
All
| 0a
|
multi
|
A i.e. Centromere; B ie. Microsatelite DNA ; C i.e. Telomere
|
Biochemistry
| null |
ffa5b47b-7d02-489f-9bcf-f6753b2be449
|
Rescue P.C.I is done for which of the following?
|
Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 60 min after thrombolysis
|
Persistent chest pain with ST elevation > 30 min after thrombolysis
|
Persistent Chest pain with ST elevation >90 min after thrombolysis
|
Pain with ST elevation for >120minutes after thrombolysis
| 2c
|
single
|
Option C = Rescue P.C.I. After thrombolysis ST Elevation begin to reduce If ST Elevation persisting in spite of thrombolysis. So it's failure of thrombolysis | within 90 minutes Rescue PCI Types of PCI Primary PCI done for STEMI (Door to device time < 90 minutes). Delayed PCI done for Unstable Angina NSTEMI Rescue PCI Failure of thrombolysis (within 90 minutes).
|
Medicine
|
Acute coronary syndrome
|
02824d0f-5437-49cd-8a05-c5e5751f35d6
|
Actinomycete is the source of which of the following anti microbials ?
|
Tetracycline
|
Polyene
|
Aztreonam
|
Colistin
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
241d2385-b917-4893-a7d9-7dad39f89f9b
|
After the first postoperative year of cardiac transplantation, the most common cause of death is
|
Infection
|
Arrhythmia
|
Accelerated graft arteriosclerosis
|
Acute rejection episode
| 2c
|
single
|
Chronic graft rejection is manifested in cardiac allografts as chronic vascular rejection of main and intramuscular coronary arteries. Myointimal proliferation and medial scarring result in diffuse and eccentric arterial narrowing referred to as accelerated graft atherosclerosis. Infection remains the primary cause of death within the first year of cardiac transplant, but accelerated graft arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of mortality thereafter. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass grafting, and re-transplantation are the current options for combating this problem.
|
Surgery
|
Transplantation
|
09cd14b2-8077-494c-ab3f-d03b8b758d2d
|
Which of following is hypeonic?
|
5%dextrose
|
0.45% normal saline
|
0.9%normal saline
|
3% normal saline
| 3d
|
single
|
3% normal saline REF: Fluids & electrolytes by By Lippincott Williams & Wilkins page 264 Isotonic Hypeonic Hypotonic Dextrose 5% in water 5% dextrose in half normal saline 0.45% normal saline 0.9% normal saline (NaC1) 5% dextrose in normal saline Ringer lactate Dextrose 10% in water
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
11643ab7-38bc-460b-9426-1de6c5109b67
|
True about Incremental or Historic budget is:
|
Baseline expenditure is automatically approved.
|
Does not depend on data of previous budget.
|
Proceeds from target to resource (reverse direction).
|
Not only the changes but every line of the budget must be approved.
| 0a
|
multi
|
PPBS (Planning Programming Budgeting System):
|
Dental
| null |
f7c1bc0c-9639-4f4f-964a-b6f4b1e06580
|
Which of the following graft is known as wolf's graft
|
Split thickness graft
|
Full thickness graft
|
Partial thickness graft
|
Myocutaneous graft
| 1b
|
single
|
Wolfes graft → Full thickness graft
Thiersche graft → Partial thickness graft
|
Surgery
| null |
1bb44819-3996-4272-a71a-d99c0ceb1c1d
|
A 3 year old child presents with a history of 1 episode of GTCS lasting for 3-4 minutes, 6 hours ago, accompanied fever of 102degF and mild coryza. On examination, the child is conscious and ale, hemodynamically stable and has no meningeal signs. Which of the following is true about child's condition?
|
Antiepileptics should be staed and given for at least 2 years
|
Intermittent prophylaxis with Clobazam is recommended
|
Lumbar puncture and CSF study should be done
|
Paracetamol will decrease the recurrence risk of seizures
| 1b
|
multi
|
This is a case of Febrile Seizure - Seizure + Significant fever (>100.4degF) without any evidence of CNS infection in the age group of 6 months -5 years. 2 types: Simple Complex Generalized Focal <15 min 15min or longer Single episode in 24 hrs Frequent episode So as a pa of treatment:- Intermittent prophylaxis with Clobazam is recommended Long term antiepileptic treatment is of no use in Simple febrile seizure.
|
Pediatrics
|
Febrile seizures
|
c270bfac-55a1-4ced-8ec3-92fa7985814b
|
Contraindication for platelet transfusion are all except:-
|
Flavivirus infection
|
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
|
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
|
Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
| 0a
|
multi
|
Platelet transfusion is done in :- Thrombocytopenia Non functional Platelet Platelet is not given in thrombocytopenic condition where the cause of low platelet is due to presence of antibody against antigen on platelet. Such as:- Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenic (HIT) Immune Thrombocytopenic (ITP) In condition like TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura), we avoid Platelet transfusion because during platelet transfusion, there is increase risk of thrombosis. Therefore Platelet transfusion is CI:- TTP ITP HIT
|
Pathology
|
Bleeding disorder
|
359342be-6dda-49eb-aa14-eba032f44ffa
|
Treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum is ?
|
Steroids
|
I.V. antibiotics
|
Surgery + antibiotics
|
Surgery alone
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Surgery + antibiotics
|
Surgery
| null |
d5d047cc-785b-4ebf-ab2e-7d36ad9ec2b5
|
Thermophilus actinomycetes is NOT a causative agent for?
|
Bagasosis
|
Mushroom workers lung disease
|
Miller's lung disease
|
Farmer lung disease
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C. Miller's lung disease. (Ref. Table 249-1; pg. 1608).# Thermophilus actinomycetes is NOT a causative agent for Miller's lung disease.# The causative agent of Miller's lung is Sitophilus granarius (wheat weevil).# Thermophilus actinomycetes is causative agent of:Baggasosis, Mushroom Workers lung disease, Farmer lung disease.Selected Examples of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP):DiseaseAntigenSource of AntigenBagassosisThermophilic actinomycetes"Moldy" bagasse (sugar cane)Bird fancier's, breeder's, or handler's lungParakeet, pigeon, chicken, turkey proteinsAvian droppings or feathersCephalosporium HPContaminated basement (sewage)CephalosporiumCheese washer's lungPenicillium caseiMoldy cheeseChemical worker's lungIsocyanatesPolyurethane foam, varnishes, lacquerCoffee worker's lungCoffee bean dustCoffee beansCompost lungAspergillusCompostDetergent worker's diseaseBacillus subtilis enzymes (subtilisins)DetergentFamilial HPBacillus subtilisContaminated wood dust in wailsFarmer's lungThermophilic actinomycetes"Moldy" hay, grain, silageFish food lungUnknownFish foodFish meal worker's lungFish meal dustFish mealFurrier's lungAnimal fur dustAnimal peltsHot tub lungCladosporium spp., Mycobacterium avium complexMold on ceiling; contaminated waterHumidifier or air-conditioner lung (ventilation pneumonitis)Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans,Thermophilic actinomycetes, mycobacterium spp., other microorganismsContaminated water in humidification or forced-air air-conditioning systemsJapanese summer-type HPTrichosporon cutaneum , T. asahii, and T. mucoidesHouse dust? Bird droppingsLaboratory worker's HPMale rat urineLaboratory ratLycoperdonosisLycoperdon puffballsPuffball sporesMalt worker's lungAspergillus fumigatus or A. clavatusMoldy barleyMaple bark diseaseCryptostroma corticateMaple barkMetalworking fluid lungMycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp.Contaminated metalworking fluidMiller's lungSitophilus granarius (wheat weevil)Infested wheat flourMiscellaneous medicationAmiodarone, bleomycin, efavirenz, gemcitabine, hydralazine, hydroxyurea, isoniazid, methot rexate, paclitaxel, penicillin, procarbazine, propranolol, riluzole, sirolimus, sulfasalazineMedicationMushroom worker's lungThermophilic actinomycetes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Bunashimeji, and other exotic mushroomsMushroom compost; mushroomsPituitary snuff taker's lungAnimal proteinsHeterologous pituitary snuffPotato riddler's lungThermophilic actinomycetes, Aspergillus"Moldy" hay around potatoesSauna taker's lungAureobasidium spp., otherContaminated sauna waterSausage worker's lungPenicillium nalgiovenseDry sausage moldSequoiosisAureobasidium, Graphium spp.Redwood sawdustStreptomyces albus HPStreptomyces albusContaminated fertilizerSuberosisPenicillium g la brum and Chrysonilia sitophilaCork dustTap water lungMycobacteria spp.Contaminated tap waterThatched roof diseaseSacchoromonospora viridisDried grasses and leavesTobacco worker's diseaseAspergillus spp.Mold on tobaccoWinegrower's lungBotrytis cinereaMold on grapesWood trimmer's diseaseRhizopus spp., Mucor spp.Contaminated wood trimmingsWoodman's diseasePenicillium spp.Oak and maple treesWoodworker's lungWood dust, AlternariaOak, cedar, pine, and mahogany dustsAdditional Educational points:# "Farmer's lung" is the term most commonly used for HP due to inhalation of antigens present in moldy hay, such as thermophilic actinomyces, Micropolyspora faeni, and Aspergillus species.
|
Medicine
|
Infection
|
6a55c624-b31b-4687-af8d-35c16fbeb184
|
Which of the laryngeal cartilage unpaired -
|
Cuneiform
|
Arytenoid
|
Cricoid
|
None
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Cricoid [Ref: Dhingra 5th/ep. 201J In Larynx o Cartilages : - i) Paired: - Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform ii) Unpaired: - Thyroid, Cricoid. Epiglottis o Muscles:- All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are paired except interarytenoid (Transverse arytenoid) o Mucosal:- Vocal cords (vocal folds) and false vocal cords (vestibular folds) are paired.
|
ENT
|
Anatomy of Larynx
|
e7959924-66f1-45a2-afef-97acff23782a
|
AUER rods are seen in
|
Ml AML
|
M6AML
|
ALL
|
M3 AML
| 3d
|
multi
|
Acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML)
AML is a cancer of myeloid line of WBCs, characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal cells which accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells,
AML is the most common acute leukaemia affecting adults.
The diagnosis of AML is based on finding that myeloid blasts make up more than 20% of the cells in the marrow,
Myeloblasts are myeloperoxidase (peroxidase positive)
Auer rods (represent abnormal azurophilic granule) are also present in myeloblasts and their presence is taken to be definitive evidence of myeloid different.
In some AMLs, blast cells exhibit different of other myeloid stem cell line (other than myeloblast),
e.g., Monoblast → Lack Auer rods, peroxidase negative, but nonspecific esterase positive. Megakaryocyte different Erythroblast
|
Pathology
| null |
8a78d29e-fad5-4d68-a9b2-0d3f1f99e917
|
Donovan bodies are seen in ?
|
Leishmaniadonovani
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
Klebsiella
|
Calymmatobacteriumgranulomatis
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Calymmatobacteriumgranulomatis
|
Skin
| null |
4b40e365-aeb7-4097-a338-5027b3b27a11
|
Gottron papules are seen in-
|
Dermatomyositis
|
Inclusion body myositis
|
Polymyositis
|
DLE
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is `a' i.e., Dermatomyositis
|
Skin
| null |
5acd303d-b2c1-458e-bc83-a5820dfb7e0d
|
Difference between total cations and anions is called-
|
Cation gap
|
Anion gap
|
Equivalent concentration
|
Molar concentration
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Anion gap "The anion gap is calculated by substracting the serum concentration of anions (Chloride and bicarbonates) from the concentration of cations (Na+ & K+)"Anion gap* The plasma anion gap is the total concentration of anions, excluding HCO3 and Cl, that are present in the plasma. It therefore represents the total plasma concentration of anions like albumin, phosphates, sulfates, and other organic acids.* Since the molar concentration of plasma anions and cations must be equal, the plasma anion gap can be calculated by substracting concentration of HCO3 and Cl from the total concentration of cations.* Since Na+ is the predominant cation in plasma (concentration of K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 being negligible in comparison), the formula for anion gap can be wirtten as: -Plasma anion gap = Plasma Na+ - (Plasma HCO3 + Plasma Cl)* The normal value of anion gap is 12 +- 2 mEq/L. Plasma albumin accounts for most of the anion gap.* The urine anion gap provides an indirect way of estimating the urinary NH4+. It is given by the formula.Urine anion gap = Urinary Na+ + Urinary K+ - Urinary Cl* It assumes that the major cations in urine are Na+, K+, and NH4 while the major anion is only Cl since urinary HCO3 is zero at pH more than 6.5. Normally, the urinary anion gap is negative and gives the urinary NH4+ concentration. It becomes zero if renal ammonium production is defective and becomes positive in bicarbonaturia.
|
Physiology
|
General
|
b35059e5-c113-46d4-9923-6c65fb0a18a1
|
A newborn boy has isolated cleft lip and palate. What is the most likely form of inheritance of this defect?
|
Autosomal recessive
|
Autosomal dominant
|
X-Iinked
|
Multifactorial
| 3d
|
single
|
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate can result from teratogenic exposure; it can be pa of the fetal alcohol syndrome; it can be inherited as a multifactorial disorder; or it can be pa of an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X- linked condition in all, more than 50 syndromes are associated with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head, serum alcohol level, and urine toxic screen might be helpful in specific situations, depending on the physical examination and history. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is not associated with amino acid disorders. When isolated, cleft lip with or without cleft palate is considered a multifactorial disorder, resulting from the effects of genes contributed by both parents (genetic liability) and some nongenetic (environmental) factors, which often cannot be identified.
|
Surgery
| null |
5f21b34a-9dde-4da3-8964-f92f1b1ba363
|
Most common Thyroid CA post radiation exposure
|
Papillary CA
|
Medullary CA
|
Follicular CA
|
None
| 0a
|
multi
|
Papillary Carcinomas are the most common form of thyroid cancer which can occur at any time of life but more oftenly between the ages of 25 and 50 and they are associated with previous exposure to ionizing radiation. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1095
|
Pathology
|
Endocrinology
|
cefe5249-fb20-4d9b-90d0-1f33b25d0ca4
|
Epulis arises from -
|
Enamel
|
Root of teeth
|
Gingiva
|
Pulp
| 2c
|
single
|
Gingiva Epulis literally means &;upon the gum&;. Thus it is a swelling situated on the gum. It can originate from the mucous membrane, the periosteum or the bone giving rise to different varieties of Epulis. Ref : Bailey and love surgery text book 27th Ed.
|
Surgery
|
All India exam
|
74b423a0-e7da-4261-9c3d-ce779fe3b13d
|
Advantage of brachytherapy – a) Non-invasiveb) Less radiation hazard to normal tissuec) Max.radiation to diseased tissued) Can be given in all malignanciese) Doesn't require trained personnel
|
a
|
c
|
ac
|
bc
| 3d
|
multi
|
As the radiotherapy source is placed directly in contact with tumor, maximum radiation exposure occurs to tumor tissue with relative sparing of adjacent normal tissue.
Brachytherapy is invasive and requires trained personnel.
Brachytherapy can be used in most (not all) of the malignancies where radiotherapy is the component of treatment.
|
Radiology
| null |
146bcd5c-8eb4-4ff1-a8cc-9cb14109a1ba
|
Investigation of choice for diagnosing lung sequestration is: March 2009
|
X-ray chest-PA view
|
Plain CT scan-chest
|
Angiography
|
MRI
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C: Angiography A pulmonary sequestration, also known as a bronchopulmonary sequestration or a cystic lung lesion, is a medical condition where a piece of tissue that develops into lung tissue is not attached to the pulmonary blood supply and does not communicate with the other lung tissue. Often it gets its blood supply from the thoracic aoa. This condition is normally detected in children and is generally held to be congenital in nature. The treatment for this is a segmentectomy a thoracotomy. More and more, these lesions are diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound. Symptoms can vary greatly, but they include a persistent dry cough. Sequestrations can be identified in-utero an abnormal aery on ultrasound. The gold standard for diagnosis is pulmonary angiography, but it being a very invasive procedure is getting replaced by CT Scan with a contrasting fluid, as the investigation of choice.
|
Medicine
| null |
a90aaed7-6387-44d3-964b-751395b310c5
|
Which of the following statement is NOT true about p53 protein?
|
It is present on chromosomes 17
|
It causes cell cycle arrest in G1
|
53 KDa
|
Non mutated wild p53 is associated with neoplasm in childhood
| 3d
|
multi
|
The tumor suppressor p53, a protein of apparent MW 53 kDa. The gene for human p53 cellular tumor antigen is located on chromosome 17 sho arm (17p13). When DNA Is damaged, the p53 protein accumulates in cells. It first arrests the cell cycle (at the G1 phase) to allow the DNA to be repaired before it is replicated. A cell with damaged DNA that cannot be repaired is directed by p53 to either enter senescence or undergo apoptosis. In view of these activities, p53 has been called the 'guardian of the genome'. With homozygous loss of the TP53 gene, DNA damage goes unrepaired, mutations become fixed in dividing cells, and the cell turns to malignant transformation. Ref: Robbins Basic Pathology By Vinay Kumar, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Richard Mitchell, 2012, Page 20, 185-187
|
Biochemistry
| null |
1d47fd65-e736-4659-8b67-827cb3b1d188
|
Following are radiological features of scurvy except?
|
Bony thickening
|
Metaphyseal widening
|
Metaphyseal calcification
|
Epiphyseal separation
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Metaphyseal wideningRadiological features of scurvyo The typical radiological features occur at the ends of long bones, paicularly around knee, i.e. lower end offemur and upper end of tibia. Other common site is proximal end of humerus.o Features are -Ground glass appearace of bone Pencil thin coex White line offraenkel --> represents well calcified cailage in metaphysic. Wimburger sign --> white ring surrounding the epiphyseal centres of ossification. Zone of rarefaction under the white line --> represents a linear break in the bone, proximal and parallel to white line and epiphyseal separation may occur along this line. Lateral pa of this rarefaction is seen as a triangular defect. Palkan spur or lateral spur --> lateral prolongation of white line. During healing phase, subperiosteal hemorrhages becomes calcified and the affected bone assumes a dumbbell or club shape.RememberWhite line of fraenkel is seen in -i) Scurvy iii) Plumbism v) Severe protein energy malnutritionii) Healing rickets iv) Acute leukemia vi) Congenital syphilis
|
Pediatrics
| null |
cc1a17b2-77f9-426e-b518-799d5ad464ab
|
Einthoven's law
|
I + III = II
|
I – III = II
|
I + II + III = 0
|
I + III = avL
| 0a
|
single
|
Einthoven's Law states that if the electrical potentials of any two of the three bipolar limb electrocardiographic leads are known at any given instant, the third one can be determined mathematically by simply summing the first two (but note that the positive and negative signs of the different leads must be observed when making this summation). Thus the sum of the voltages in leads I and III equals the voltage in lead II.
|
Physiology
| null |
3c3d397b-2ea2-4f63-a243-3d866f9f42db
|
Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus is related with all, except:
|
Body mass index <19
|
Positive past history of pancreatitis
|
Commoner variety is fibrocalculous pancreatic type
|
Ketosis
| 3d
|
multi
|
The hallmark of malnutrition-related diabetes is the absence of ketoacidosis.
Malnutrition-related diabetes is commonly seen in tropical countries.
It is of the following 2 type → 1. Protein deficient diabetes mellitus 2. Fibro calculus diabetes mellitus
It may be associated with low birth • This one is associated with pancreatitis. weight and lower body weight (• It is more common of the 2 types, choice ‘B’ can be explained by it)
|
Pathology
| null |
d36d0bd1-4055-4ee9-a1b4-9e463214e39b
|
The position adopted for tonsillectomy is also adopted for this procedure. -
|
Direct laryngoscopy
|
Bronchoscopy
|
Tracheostomy
|
Indirect laryngoscopy
| 2c
|
single
|
The position of a patient during tonsillectomy is Rose's position, i.e. patient lies supine with head extended by placing a pillow under the shoulder.
Rose's position is used in the ENT for : Tonsillectomy, Adenoidectomy, Tracheostomy.
|
ENT
| null |
01c8035a-7a48-4c2c-ac93-a5bf489ec9e7
|
Griseofulvin is given for the treatment of onychomycosis for finger nail for a period of:
|
2 weeks
|
6 weeks
|
2 months
|
6 months
| 3d
|
single
|
The treatment of dermatophytosis using Griseofulvin is as follows: Dosage - 125 - 250 QID with meal Finger nails - 4 - 6 months Toenails - 8 - 12 months Ref: Illustrated Synopsis of Dermatology and STD's By Neena Khanna, Page 121
|
Skin
| null |
9d3de7d6-5ceb-412f-ba2f-d72a5b5763ec
|
Poisoning with all the following causes constriction of the pupils except:
|
Dhatura
|
Morphine
|
Organophosphorus compounds
|
Pontine hemorrhage
| 0a
|
multi
|
A i.e. Dhatura In aconite poisoning pupils alternatively contract & dilate (hippus) but remain dilated in later stages.Q In Barbiturate the pupils are constrict but respond to light & in terminal stage becomes dilated.
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
23517878-d3ba-4250-b003-3f8333fa4cc6
|
Infection of CNS spread in inner ear is through:
|
Cochlear aqueduct
|
Endolymphatic sac
|
Vestibular aqueduct
|
Hyl fissure
| 0a
|
single
|
Cochlear aqueduct (Aqueduct of Cochlea) is a connection between scala tympani (containing perilymph) and the subarachnoid space (containing CSF). On occassions, paicularly in young children, the Cochlear aqueduct is large and open.Infection can spread to the inner ear from the infected CSF or vice versa, the cochlear aqueduct resulting in severe profound hearing loss (meningitic labyrinthitis).
|
ENT
| null |
69a37d2b-ad7d-4f43-b755-5f2d976569bd
|
Zero order kinetics is independent of:
|
Plasma concentration
|
Clearance
|
Volume of distribution
|
Half life
| 0a
|
single
|
Plasma concentration REF: Katzung's pharmacology 10th edition page 38 See APPENDIX-33 for 'Chemical kinetics of drugs" Drugs may follow zero order, first order or second order kinetics. It depends on following formula: Rate of elimination a degr`l" Thus for zero order kinetics, rate of elimination is independent of plasma concentration.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
7b804ab3-5eea-44fd-a256-d575b37a82fb
|
A 65-year-old man with H/O 30 pack years of smoking presents with weight loss, cough with expectoration and hemoptysis for 40 days. Serum Na was found to be 124 mEq/L. Serum Ca -10 mg/dl. Chest X ray showed a hilar mass. Brush cytology and sputum was positive for tumor cells. What of the following subtypes of lung carcinoma does this this patient most likely have?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
Small cell carcinoma
|
Large cell carcinoma
| 2c
|
multi
|
Hilar mass suggests either squamous cell or small cell carcinoma. Hyponatremia due to SIADH is more likely in ors of Small cell. Hypercalcemia and cavitation are more likely in ors of squamous cell carcinoma
|
Unknown
|
Integrated QBank
|
b1bb627e-196c-468b-b581-1bde5d2a3a1a
|
During Protein biosynthesis, high energy bonds are not utilized in which one of the following steps?
|
Formation of aminoacyl RNA
|
Binding of aminoacyl tRNA to A site of ribosome
|
Formation of peptide bone (peptidyl transferase step)
|
Translocation step
| 2c
|
multi
|
Peptide Bond Formationi. The alpha amino group at the incoming amino acid in the "A" site forms a peptide bond (CONH) with carboxyl group of the peptidyl tRNA occupying the "P" site. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme peptidyl transferase (28S rRNA, a component of 60S subunit). This is an example of ribozyme; RNA acts as the enzyme.ii. Since the amino acid brought in by the tRNA is already activated, there is no need for fuher energy supply for the purpose of peptide bond formation. Now the growing peptide chain is occupying the "A" siteRef: Textbook of biochemistry (DM Vasudevan), 6th edition, page no. 492
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of protein and amino acid
|
5ed2261b-5bc2-4ad8-b76c-c6ec5633817d
|
A 85-year-old female developed multiple blisters on trunk and thigh. Nikolsky's sign negative. The lesions came on and off. The most probable diagnosis is:
|
Pemphigus vulgaris
|
Bullous pemphigoid
|
Lichen planus
|
Lepra reaction
| 1b
|
single
|
Elderly patient, -ve nikolsky sign and multiple blisters on trunk and thigh point towards BP Other features BP AI subepidermal blistering disease. MHC II - HLA-DQ1*0301 is prevalent. Oral mucosal lesions are found rarely (10-40%) Pruritus +/- Nontraumatized blisters heal without scarring Tense blisters-->rupture--> flaccid lesions/ erosions+/- surmounting crust Rx: Mainstay- systemic glucocoicoids -Prednisone, 40 to 60 mg/d.(good response) Azathioprine (1-2 mg/kg/day), Mycophenolate mofetil (20-35mg/kg/day), or Cyclophosphamide (1-2 mg/kg/day)
|
Dental
|
Blistering disorders
|
f83cc359-bae9-4bf0-8236-3291d022613c
|
Rule of Hasse is used to determine?
|
The age of fetus
|
Height of an adult
|
Race of a person
|
Identification
| 0a
|
single
|
(A) The age of fetus # HASSE'S RULE is employed to calculate the age of the foetus on the basis of the length according to months of gestation and calculating the age of fetus from its length.> During the first five months of pregnancy, the length in cms is square of the age in months i.e. Rule of Hasse.
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Misc.
|
21b343e9-1baf-43ff-b6dc-d5b170d420d5
|
A patient is suffering from SLE. On immunofluorescence showed granular deposits at the dermoepidermal junction. What is the constituent in these depostis?
|
Anticuclear antibodies
|
Antiepithelial antibodies
|
Antibodies against collagen
|
Immune complex deposits
| 3d
|
single
|
Immunofluoresence in dermatology Disease IgG IgM IgA C3 Flbrin IF pattern Antigen Pemphigus Vulgaris ++ ++ Intercellular- between epidermal cells Network pattern Desmoglein 3 Ig A pemphigus ++ Do Paraneoplastic pemphigus + + + + Do Desmoplakin Bullous pemphigoid ++ ++ Linear deposits along BMZ BP230 BP180 Epidemolysis bullosa aquisita ++ ++ do Collagen 7 Dermatitis Herpatiformis ++ + Granular papillary tip deposits along BMZ Epidermal transglutaminase SLE ++ ++ ++ Granular deposits along BMZ Lichen planus + + + + ++ Ovoid bodies with ragged fibrin band along BMZ Bollous SLE + ++ Linear BMZ deposits Collagen 7 Porphyria ++ + Perivascular and BMZ deposits Amyloid + ++ ++ ++ Globular deposits in tips of apillary dermis
|
Pathology
| null |
c0b49cc5-6dcc-4f85-b6da-9c779a026290
|
Among the following the Best indicator of health in a community is:
|
Maternal moality rate
|
Infant moality rate
|
Life expectancy
|
Neonatal moality rate
| 1b
|
single
|
IMR is most impoant indicator of Health status of community Level of living and Effectiveness of MCH services in general The infant moality rate is 'The best predictors of State failure' IMR = Infant deaths/live bihs x 1000
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Obstetric Care in RCH: Visits, IFA, TT, MCH Indicators
|
56e009ab-e97d-45ba-a55c-366e8a286ac3
|
Purple lining over gums is seen in which chronic poisoning:
|
Magnesium
|
Lead
|
Copper
|
Mercury
| 2c
|
single
|
C i.e. Copper
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
9ec06a2b-09c1-471e-a57f-d79180a63045
|
A 30- years old female presented with unilateral breast cancer associated with axillary lymph node enlargement. Modified radical mastectomy was done, further treatment plan will be:
|
Observation and follow-up
|
Adriamycin based chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen depending on estrogen/progesterone receptor status
|
Adriamycin based chemotherapy only
|
Tamoxifen only
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. (b) Adriamycin based chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen depending on estrogen/progesterone receptor status* A case of LABC- MRM is followed by - CAF+ Hormone therapy based on ER +/-
|
Surgery
|
Breast
|
d7c6c097-5e91-4e48-ae3f-1d5dbfd9f2c5
|
Not a member of SAARC region
|
India
|
Africa
|
Sri Lanka
|
Afghanistan
| 1b
|
single
|
Members of SAARC region
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
India
Sri Lanka
Nepal
Bhutan
Maldives Islands
Pakistan
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
513a58c0-abcf-4cdc-adc9-d091d7ff46d1
|
In a study it is observed that the right ovary ovulates more than left, all are possible explanations for the cause except-
|
Anatomical asymmetry
|
Difference in blood supply to both sides
|
Right handedness is more common in population
|
Some embryological basis
| 2c
|
multi
|
Right handedness is more common in population 730full.pdf] In the primate it is suggested that ovulations occur with equal .frequency in the left and right ovary. In the humans it there is some controversy about the frequency of ovulation on each side. It is believed that in normally menstruating women ovulation was significantly higher in right ovary. It is believed that right sided predominance was either genetically determined or due to difference in the vasculature of the ovaries. The anatomical asymmetry between the left and right side are also thought to be the reason. The left ovarian vein drains to the left renal vein and the right ovarian vein to the inferior venacava. The left renal vein is thought to be under high pressure than the right and therefore drain slower. Because the left ovary drains slower, the collapsed follicle (corpus luteum) takes longer to clean and thereby diminishes the chances that ovulation will occur on that side the .following month. - No such condition exists on the right side which is why successive right side ovulation is more common.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
24ed022a-ef24-435b-aac2-b59ad45563a0
|
Girl is suffering from:
|
Treacher Collins syndrome
|
Pierre Robin syndrome
|
Craniofacial dysostosis
|
Sainton's disease
| 0a
|
single
|
Clinical Features. Wide variations in the clinical expression of this syndrome are recognized, ranging from a complete, typical form manifesting all abnormalities listed below through incomplete, abortive, and atypical forms. The important clinical manifestations of the disease are:
Antimongoloid palpebral fissures with a coloboma of the outer portion of the lower lids, and deficiency of the eye-lashes (and sometimes the upper lids).
Hypoplasia of the facial bones, especially of the malar bones and mandible.
Malformation of the external ear, and occasionally of the middle and internal ears.
Macrostomia, high palate (sometimes cleft) and abnormal position and malocclusion of the teeth.
Blind fistulas between the angles of the ears and the angles of the mouth.
Atypical hair growth in the form of a tongue-shaped process of the hairline extending towards the cheeks.
Other anomalies such as facial clefts and skeletal deformities.
The characteristic faces of the patients have often been described as being bird like or fish like in nature.
The syndrome is thought to result from a retardation or failure of differentiation of maxillary mesoderm at and after the 50 mm stage of the embryo. The fact that the teeth of the upper jaw are usually unaffected, and ordinarily are present by the sixth week, is further evidence of retardation or arrest of differentiation at or after the second month of fetal life. The first visceral arch of the visceral mesoderm also advances secondarily to form the mandible, and again retardation occurs on the same basis.
A disease that has sometimes been confused with mandibulofacial dysostosis, because of certain clinical features in common is hemifacial microsomia (also known as oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia or Goldenhar syndrome). However, hemifacial microsomia is sporadic in the vast majority of cases, although familial cases have been reported. In addition as the name implies, this disease is unilateral and has been suggested to be related to an abnormality in the vascular supply of the head. It has been discussed in detail by Gorlin and his associates.
Ref: Shafer’s Ed 7th pg 721
|
Pathology
| null |
dac0aeef-4d58-4c9a-9a68-053e56c1a9e4
|
Thiazide diuretic does not cause :
|
Hyper calcaemia
|
Hypo magnesemia
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Hyperuricemia
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
1280de9c-2208-4626-853e-492f7ed514dd
|
Saturated fatty acid is present in high quantity –
|
Coconut oil
|
Sunflower oil
|
Safflower oil
|
Soyabeen
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
fac7b857-b312-4645-bfb4-de6bb154559e
|
Which of the following(s) is are state responsibility for healthsector
|
water supply and sanitation
|
Promotion of research through reseach centres & other bodies
|
Prevention of adulteration
|
Prevention of communicable disease
| 0a
|
single
|
For purpose of planning health sector has been divided into the following subsectors Water supply and sanitation Control of communicable diseases Medical education training and research Public health services Family planning Indigenous system of medicine(refer pgno:876 park 23 rd edition)
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health education & planning
|
3ea7110c-fcb8-419e-a0f6-6ec20b24c3b1
|
The presumption of legitimacy of a child is defined under:-
|
112 IEA
|
112 Cr P C
|
113 IEA
|
113 Cr P C
| 0a
|
single
|
Section 112 Indian evidence act - Bih during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacy. The fact that any person was born. during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and any man, or within two hundred and eighty days (280 days)after its dissolution, the mother remaining unmarried, shall be conclusive proof that he is the legitimate son of that man, unless it can be shown that the paies to the marriage had no access to each other at any time when he could have been begotten.
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Impotency, Virginity, pregnancy & aboion
|
038f9d2c-fb62-4683-bb9d-950c6d165d98
|
A 35 year old male presented with nasal discharge, facial pain and fever which subsided with a course of antibiotics and antihistaminics, which recurred again after 2 months. O/E mucopurulent discharge from middle meatus, and inflammed sinus openings, investigationof choice
|
X-ray PNS
|
NCCT PNS
|
MRI of the face
|
Inferior meatal puncture
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. NCCT PNS * Findings are suggestive of maxillary sinusitis * NCCT is the investigation of choice
|
Unknown
| null |
cf3777ab-8918-45be-9116-cf274815ad02
|
Thin filaments in skeletal muscles are mainly composed of which of the following?
|
Myosin
|
Actin
|
Tropomyosin
|
Dystrophin
| 1b
|
single
|
Thin filaments are polymers made up of two chains of actin that forms a long double helix. Tropomyosin molecules are long filaments located in the groove between the two chains in the actin. Each thin filament contains 300-400 actin molecules and 40-60 tropomyosin molecules. Troponin molecules are small globular units located at intervals along the tropomyosin molecules. There are 3 troponin subunits. Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin. Troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps to initiate contraction. Thick filaments have twice the diameter of thin filaments and are made up of myosin. Ref: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e, chapter 5
|
Physiology
| null |
d655e3d5-7246-4b3c-ae6c-0bbeb9e5e1f3
|
All are chlolinergic agents except
|
Galantamine
|
Donepezil
|
Tacrine
|
Memantine
| 3d
|
multi
|
Donepezil,rivastigmine,gallantamine and tacrine are cholinergic (due to inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme) drugs useful for alzheimer's disease. Memantine is an NMDA blocker,used for Alzheimer's disease. Ref-KDT 6/3 p472,473
|
Pharmacology
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
ad9a9873-2fe9-4ec8-ade3-11bc1fec9181
|
Which is the most common antigen implicated in hemolytic disease of the newborn?
|
C antigen in Rh group
|
D antigen in Rh group
|
E antigen in Rh group
|
Duffy antigen
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., D antigen in Rh group o Repeat from previous sessions
|
Pediatrics
|
Hemolytic Anemias
|
10957cbd-4a0e-4d84-afef-f08ee2a1cf1a
|
What is the average number of fleas of each species per rodent called -
|
General Flea index
|
Specific Flea index
|
Incidence of Fle species
|
Flea infestation Rate
| 1b
|
multi
|
<p> It is the average number of each species per rat/rodent. Reference:Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,K.Park,23rd edition,page no:294. <\p>
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Communicable diseases
|
7cb20e1a-54a6-402d-b015-c18b1a81f15f
|
Which of the following is seen in the HSG shown?
|
Hydro salpinx
|
Bicornuate uterus
|
Ashermann syndrome
|
Septate uterus
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. (a) Hydro salpinx. style="font-size: 1.04761904761905em; font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif; margin: 0">
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Miscellaneous (Gynae)
|
07f46f52-8802-4fc0-a9d5-4ace3646b0fb
|
Therapeutic drug monitoring is required for: March 2010
|
Sulfonamides
|
Metformin
|
Cycloserine
|
Gentamycin
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. D: Gentamycin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
1bae5f07-2bc9-476f-9382-f187d796c139
|
Vitamin C is the co-enzyme for the following hydroxylases EXCEPT
|
Peptidyl glycine hydroxylase
|
Dopamine betahydroxylase
|
Prolyl/ lysyl hydroxylase
|
Aspartate betahydroxylase
| 3d
|
multi
|
-Vitamin C plays the role of a coenzyme in hydroxylation of proline and lysine while protocollagen is converted to collagen (i.e. post-translational modification). The hydroxylation reaction is catalysed by lysyl hydroxylase (for lysine) and prolyl hydroxylase (for proline).
-Hydroxylation of glycine is carried out by peptidylglycine hydroxylase which requires vitamin C.
-Ascorbic acid is required for the oxidation of p-hydroxy phenylpyruvate (enzyme hydroxylase) to homogentisic acid in tyrosine metabolism.
|
Biochemistry
| null |
ebbfc0ca-0d1e-45c1-a118-2c73bbfbf13d
|
A crisis in a patient with sickle cell disease is most likely to be caused by
|
Alkalosis
|
Acidosis
|
Increased oxygen concentration
|
Decreased CO2 concentration
| 1b
|
single
|
A crisis in sickle cell disease occurs when deoxygenated HbS precipitates, deforming (sickling) red blood cells and .blocking capillaries. Variables that increase the propoion of ofHbS in the "deoxy" state tend to increase the probability of a crisis by increasing the extent of sickling. The "deoxy" form of hemoglobin is ored by a decrease in pH (acidosis). An increase in pH (alkalosis), increased oxygen concentration, decreased CO2 concentration and decreased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentration would all or the" oxy" form of hemoglobin. Ref - Harrison's internal medicine 20e pg 692-93
|
Medicine
|
Haematology
|
eaf688a5-db02-431d-a070-3bc145806fe8
|
Pale infarcts seen in A/E-
|
Kidney
|
Spleen
|
Hea
|
Lung
| 3d
|
single
|
. Lung
|
Pathology
| null |
56fbabe5-dbd9-495d-88ad-8062e94f6c58
|
Skin test useful in hydatid disease is
|
Casoni's test
|
Schick test
|
Patch test
|
Dick's test
| 0a
|
single
|
casoni's test It is an immediate hypersensitivity skin test introduced by casoni using fresh sterile hydatid fluid. The antigen in hydatid fluid is collected from animal or human cysts and is sterilised by seitz or membrane filtration. The fluid is injected intradermally in one arm and an equal volume of saline as control is injected in other aarm. In a positive reaction ,a large wheal of about 5 cm in diameter with multiple pseudopodia appears within half an hour at the test side and fades in about an hour. Ref : panickers textbook of medical parasitology 8th edition page 134
|
Microbiology
|
parasitology
|
90ce7786-e427-4a23-b3e3-899401cdb59d
|
Clinical manifestations of chalcosis include all of the following except:
|
Kayser-Fleischer ring
|
Sunflower cataract
|
Greenish discolouration of iris
|
Deposition of golden plaque at the posterior pole of the retina
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. Greenish discolouration of iris
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
c266b24e-c4b3-4c86-8e05-092debd16f42
|
How many doses of MMR are given: September 2007
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. A: 1
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
17c7a565-83ed-4fe8-bd71-5654012ee23f
|
Unilateral renal agenesis is associated with
|
Polycystic disease of pancreas
|
Hiatus Hernia
|
Single umbilical artery
|
Hypogonadism
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' Single Umbilical Artery Nelson says "Incidence of unilateral Renal Agenesis is increased in Newborns with a single umbilical artery "Other associated malformations with U/L renal agenesisAbsent ureterContralateral vesicoureteric refluxAbsent Ipsilateral vas deferensNow something about bilateral renal agenesisBilateral Renal agenesis is incompatible with extrauterine life, death occurs shortly after birth from pulmonary hypoplasia.Bilateral renal agenesis is also known as Potter syndrome*
|
Pediatrics
|
Nephropathy
|
1f4a1b0f-1ee2-4be8-9154-29e2bf2c8a9c
|
Inhibin is secreted by :
|
Graffian follicle
|
Corpus luteum
|
Endometrium
|
Placenta
| 0a
|
single
|
Graffian follicle
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
ce3893bd-2656-465a-8552-b11e759c1f8d
|
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to hypoxia using which channel
|
Sodium channel
|
Chloride channel
|
Calcium channel
|
Potassium channel
| 3d
|
single
|
Peripheral chemoreceptors * Carotid bodies and aoic bodies (these carotid bodies and aoic bodies should not be confused with the baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aoic arch) * The major function of these carotid and aoic bodies is to sense hypoxia in the aerial blood and send signals to the medulla to increase ventilation * The signals are carried through afferents of vagus for aoic bodies and glossopharyngeal nerve for carotid bodies * The glomus cell is the chemosensor in the carotid and aoic bodies Ref:- Boron Medical Physiology 2nd ed; pg num:- 738
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
686bd31b-e635-4666-b0e7-0cda2318b62d
|
Internal organs in the fetus develop at :
|
24 wks
|
12 wks27
|
10 wks
|
6 wks
| 3d
|
single
|
6 wks
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
c6b2a296-9253-4903-b67b-a0eaa1a03df1
|
A young person presents with self mutilating behaviour and impulsivity. What is he most likely suffering from?
|
Dependent personality disorder
|
Borderline personality disorder
|
Adjustment disorder
|
Paranoid personality disorder
| 1b
|
single
|
The primary features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are unstable interpersonal relationships, affective distress, marked impulsivity, and unstable self-image. Individuals with BPD tend to experience frequent, strong and long-lasting states of aversive tension, often triggered by perceived rejection, being alone or perceived failure. They may show changeability between anger and anxiety or between depression and anxietyand temperamental sensitivity to emotional stimuli. The negative emotional states specific to BPD fall into four categories: destructive or self-destructive feelings; extreme feelings in general; feelings of fragmentation or lack of identity; and feelings of victimization.
|
Psychiatry
| null |
43a9ea3a-05fe-435e-b4e7-a0453c9de175
|
Retinal tear is associated with which degeneration: March 2010
|
Equatorial drusen
|
Reticular pigmentary degeneration
|
Paving stone degeneration
|
Lattice retinal degeneration
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. D: Lattice retinal degeneration There are a number of retinal degenerations known as benign peripheral retinal degeneration which do not threaten the retina or lead to retinal breaks. Such lesions are known as snowflakes, because of their dotted white appearance, which soon come close to the ora serrata. For example: Paving stone degeneration Reticular pigmentary degeneration Equatorial drusen Peripheral microcystoid degeneration
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
9221ef74-d021-4a36-9072-eafb1aeb3b22
|
All of the following conditions produce restrictive cardiomyopathy except -
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Amyloidosis
|
Hyper-eosinophilic syndrome
|
Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis
| 0a
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
78480f96-9e01-4bd3-adcf-80566c5738af
|
The quadrangular space is bounded by the following structures, except the-
|
Surgical neck of the humerus
|
Long head of triceps
|
Deltoid
|
Teres major
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. C. DeltoidTHE QUADRANGULAR AND TRIANGULAR SPACESa. Anteriorly, the quadrangular space is bounded by subscapularis, the capsule of the shoulder joint and teres minor above, teres major below, the long head of triceps medially, and the surgical neck of the humerus laterally.b. Posteriorly, the quadrangular space is bounded above by teres minor. The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex artery and vein pass through the space. There are two triangular spaces. The upper triangular space is bounded above by subscapularis anteriorly, teres minor posteriorly, teres major below, and the long head of triceps laterally.c. The circumflex scapular artery passes through this space. The lower triangular space (triangular interval) is bounded above by subscapularis anteriorly and teres major posteriorly; the long head of triceps medially and the humerus laterally. The radial nerve and the profunda brachii vessels pass through this space.
|
Anatomy
|
Upper Extremity
|
8f404a52-c048-434f-b542-99de1ef57056
|
The immediate type of hypersensitivity in which histamine does not play a major role is:
|
Urticaria
|
Asthma
|
Anaphylaxis
|
Arthus reaction
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Microbiology
| null |
b8a9a74d-de43-4dc0-86e1-ca9472169dfe
|
Small round cell tumors are all EXCEPT:
|
Synol carcinoma
|
Neuroblastoma
|
Embryonal rhabdosarcoma
|
PNET
| 0a
|
multi
|
Synol carcinoma REF: Khan, Javed, Nature Genetics 27, 64 (2001), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-,_round,_ bluecell_tumour, Histopathology: Volume 53, Issue 1, pages 73-80 Small, round, blue-cell tumor: In histopathology, a small, round, blue-cell tumor (abbreted SRBCT), also known as a smallblue-round-cell tumor (SBRCT) or a small-round-cell tumor (SRCT), is a type of malignant neoplasms that has a characteristic appearance under the microscope, i.e. it consists of small round cells that stain with blue on routine H&E stained sections. These have following characteristics: These tumors are more typically seen in children than adults. They typically represent undifferentiated cells. The predominance of blue staining is due the fact that the cells consist predominantly of nucleus They have scant cytoplasm Tumors which have round cells are: Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Ewing's Sarcoma PNET (Primitive neuroectoderrnal tumor) Neuroblastoma Medulloblastoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Wilm's tumor Retinoblastoma Small-cell lymphoma Hepatoblastoma
|
Pathology
| null |
0b07dc7f-9bf9-40ca-915c-a570ed4d1603
|
In Wegener's glomerulonephritis, the characteristic features seen is:
|
Focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis
|
Granulomas in the vessels wall
|
Interstitial granulomas
|
Nodular glomerulosclerosis
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans:B.)Granulomas in the vessels wall Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis, is a rare multisystem autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Its hallmark features include necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and pauci-immune vasculitis in small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (c-ANCA) directed against PR3 is most specific for GPA.
|
Pathology
| null |
551b192e-0bf1-42b8-bec4-35578c933cd0
|
Finger printing method was first used in:
|
India
|
Japan
|
China
|
None of the above
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans: a (India) Ref: Reddy, 27th ed, p. 76Finger printing method was first used in India in 1858 by Sir William HerschelIt was systematized by Galton in 1892Commonest type is - Loop > WhorlLeast common is composite.DN A fingerprinting was discovered by Alec Jeffreys
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Identification - Medicolegal aspects
|
11b53d26-97ad-49be-82ad-7f4648f45ba3
|
Normal pH of human semen
|
7
|
7.2
|
7.4
|
7.8
| 2c
|
single
|
Normal pH range of semen is: 7.35-7.50Ref: Ganong Review to medical physiology edition. 23 pg No:405
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
97866dd6-6451-4805-8960-8dcbaa3885e2
|
A schizophrenic patient shows abnormal back and forth movements of hands, diagnosis -
|
Catatonic schizophrenia
|
Paranoid schizophrenia
|
Disorganized schizophrenia
|
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans is 'a' i.e. Catatonic schizophrenia o Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia are:-1) Paranoid schizophrenia:- This is the commonest type of schizophrenia. The core symptoms are delusions of persecution, i.e., there are suspicious ideas and belief. Delusions of grandeur, reference, Control and double are also common as are the auditory hallucinations. There is minimal or no disturbances of affect volition, speech, motor behavior, and personality. The onset is in later life (3rd- 4th decade), in contrast to other subtypes. The prognosis is better than other subtypes (only catotonic schizophrenia has better prognosis better than paranoid). Amphetamine can cause paranoid schizophrenia like symptoms.2) Hebephrenic (Disorganized) schizophrenia:- It is the second most common type of schizophrenia. As evident from its name (disorganized), this type of schiophrenia is marked by disorganized thought, behavior, speech, affect, and personality with fragmentary and changeable delusions and hallucinations. This is one of the subtype where emotional impairment is prominent (e.g., flat or inappropriate affect). It has one of the worst prognosis as negative symptoms occur early (e.g., flat, blunted or inappropriate affect). This subtype starts early in 2nd decade.3) Catatonic schizophrenia:- It is characterized by a marked disturbance of motor behavior. It may occur in three forms:-a) Excited catatonia:- It is characterized by increased in psychomotor activity (restlessness, agitation, excitment, aggressiveness, violence) and increase in speech production (Pressure of speech). Psychomotor activity is purposeless and has not apparent relationship with external environment. The impulsive activity may occur in response to hallucinations and delusions. Reactive catatonia has the best prognosis.b) Stuporous (retarded) catatonia:- Characterized by extreme retardation of psychomotor function, which includes mutism, rigidity, negativism, posturing, echolalia, Echopraxia, Catalepsy (waxy flexibility), ambitendency, gegenhalten, Streotypies, stupor, Mannerism, Grimicing), Automatic obedience, and verbigeration.c) Catatonia alternating between excitment and stupor:- The features of both excited catatonia and stuporous catatonia are altematingly present.4) Undifferentiated schizophrenia:- This type meets the general diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but symptoms do not meet the criteria for paranoid, catatonic, and disorganized schizophrenia.5) Residual schizophrenia:- This represents a chronic stage of schizophrenia with incomplete remissions and residual negative symptoms (lack of drive, shallow affect) with no or minimal recurrence of positive symptoms (i.e., Absence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior).6) Simple schizophrenia:- Characterized by a slow and progressive withdrawal from the social and work situations. Except for lack of drive & initiative (due to withdrawal) and shallow emotions the patient does not exhibit any psychotic features (Hallucination or delusions are not present), i.e., there are only negative symptoms and no positive symptoms. In simple schizophrenia positive symptoms do not occur at any time during the course, in contrast to residual schizophrenia where positive symptoms occur initially but later on only residual negative symptoms remain to be present.7) Other:- In post-schizophrenic depression the depressive symptoms become florid as an outcome of schizophrenic illness and not as a reaction to it. Schizophrenia when occurs in the presence of mental retardation, is called pfropf schizophrenia. Von-Gogh syndrome is a dramatic self multilation in schizophrenia.
|
Psychiatry
|
Schizophreniform Disorder
|
dd8dd3ef-f5f1-434c-8233-1a830bebdd84
|
Oestrogen acts as what on bone
|
Bone matrix deposition
|
Antiresorptive agent on trabecular bone
|
Anti osteoblastic on compact bone
|
Resorptive agent on compact bone
| 1b
|
single
|
Oestrogen is anti resorptive agent on trabecular bone.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
1a7a9cfb-d130-4988-96e9-6775a6164dfe
|
Which of the follwoing statements about theophylline is TRUE?
|
Its use in astham has declined because of narrow safety margin
|
Its dose needs to be reduced in the smokers
|
It acts by increasing the formation of cAMP
|
Its plasma half life is longer in children as compared to that in adults
| 0a
|
multi
|
(Ref: KDT 6/e p221) Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index. Its use has been declined due to narrow safety margin. It inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase and thus decreases the metaboism of cAMP. It does not increase the formation of cAMP. Smoking is a powerful enzyme inducer. Dose of theophylline should be increased in smokers. Children metabolize theophylline faster than adults whereas elderly metabolize it slowly. Therefore, half life of theophylline is shoer in children as compared to adults.
|
Pharmacology
|
Other topics and Adverse effects
|
ae13ccf8-543a-46f2-a63a-6230584ee90c
|
Meckel's diverticulum is a remnant of
|
Stenson's duct
|
Wolffian duct
|
Mullerian duct
|
Vitellointestinal duct
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Anatomy
| null |
a6760777-1c0d-4617-a0fc-f2924db6059f
|
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency occurs in
|
Bronchiectasis
|
Emphysema
|
Empyema
|
Bronchogenic carcinoma
| 1b
|
single
|
• Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency is associated with panacinar emphysema.
|
Pathology
| null |
9779e9c1-c024-4c30-9943-fe30e5b12e5d
|
A 16-year-old girl diagnosed with anorexia nervosa is brought to the emergency department after becoming very light-headed, breaking into a sweat, and developing palpitations while exercising. She exercises regularly. Her serum glucose is 40 mg/dL. The patient is given a soft drink to sip, and she feels better half an hour later.
Which of the following hormones most likely triggered the sweating and palpitations the patient experienced?
|
ACTH
|
Calcitonin
|
Epinephrine
|
Insulin
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
f4a8a8fc-cc61-4453-8538-e2b6c94706e3
|
Serial extractions are indicated in patients who have:
|
Class II molar relation
|
Excessive overbite
|
Class I molar relation
|
Class III molar relation
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
d57c7c0e-34fb-4f00-91e6-10295ee795b1
|
World Tuberculosis Day is celebrated on ?
|
24th March
|
7th April
|
22nd April
|
1st December
| 0a
|
single
|
Impoant dates Impoant days 24th March World Tuberculosis day 7th April World health day 22nd April World eah day 1st December World AIDS day 5th June World environment day 1st July Doctors day - Theme of World TB day 2018 :"Wanted, Leaders for TB-free world"
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
RNTCP
|
8ab4a175-0384-4761-922b-6f108939418b
|
Smoking is generally not associated as a risk factor with:
|
Small celI carcinorna
|
Respiratory bronchiolitis
|
Emphysema
|
Bronchiectasis
| 1b
|
multi
|
Respiratory Bronchiolitis is usually rare complication compared to the other conditions associated with smoking. All other conditions mentioned above are associated with smoking. Ref: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, Page 1495; R Alagappan, Manual of Practical Medicine, 3rd Edition, Pages 720-21.
|
Medicine
| null |
f8e20807-e17a-4b20-9bcf-8153d3ba4815
|
True about local anaesthetic – a) Cocaine acts by decreasing norepinephrineb) Act by decreasing sodium entry into cellc) Lignocaine is an amided) Dibucaine is drug of choice for epidural anaesthesia
|
a
|
c
|
ac
|
bc
| 3d
|
multi
|
Local anesthetics prevent influx of Na+ by inhibiting Na+ channel.
Lignocaine (Lidocaine) is an amide.
Dibucaine is not used for epidural anesthesia. Lidocaine and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics for spinal and epidural anesthesia.
|
Anaesthesia
| null |
5a6aa700-2980-45f1-8328-b819b4949f4d
|
One month after her mother's death from hea failure; a 25-year-old woman with no prior psychiatric history is still very sad and tearful. She has difficulty concentrating and failing asleep at night and has lost three pounds. The most likely diagnosis is
|
Major depression
|
Dysthymia
|
Post traumatic stress disorder
|
Uncomplicated bereavement
| 1b
|
single
|
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), bereaved individuals--or those grieving over the death of a loved one--have an extraordinarily difficult time dealing with this loss. Ref ganong's review of medical physiology 25e p641
|
Physiology
|
All India exam
|
9d6a2c69-5919-4158-a127-30b7f5527fab
|
All of the following structures passes through the deltopectoral triangle, EXCEPT:
|
Cephalic vein
|
Axillary nerve
|
Deltopectoral lymph nodes
|
Branch of thoracoacromial aery
| 1b
|
multi
|
Contents of the deltopectoral triangle are cephalic vein, deltoid branch of thoracoacromial aery and deltopectoral nerves. Boundaries of the triangle are formed by:Upper margin of pectoralis major mediallyAnterior margin of deltoid laterallyClavicle superiorlyRef: Clinical Anatomy: (a Problem Solving Approach) By Kulkarni PAGE 85.
|
Anatomy
| null |
ed0f0810-20c4-41b6-b511-4a64f9ab197b
|
Which is the most specific autoantibody in SLE
|
Anti - nuclear antibody
|
Anti - smith antibody
|
Anti - histone antibody
|
Anti - Ro antibody
| 1b
|
single
|
Most sensitive - anti nuclear antibody.
Most specific - anti smith antibody.
|
Pathology
| null |
a2e1f483-7ecf-403e-999d-d5843226c210
|
A man has intrapleural pressure of (-5 cm H20) before inspiration and (-10cm H20) at the end of inspiration and he inspires 1200 ml from a spirometer. What shall be the the compliance of lungs?
|
50
|
120
|
240
|
250
| 2c
|
multi
|
Compliance is change in volume per unit change in pressure. C= DV/DP DV= 1200 mL DP= -10-(-5) = - 5cm of H2O The minus sign indicates that the pressure has fallen by 6 cms of H20 at the end of inspiration Therefore the compliance is, C= 1200/5= 240 mL/cm of H2O
|
Physiology
|
Respiratory System Pa 1
|
43991b66-9ac7-4e08-8ad9-46ad0fcc6fc4
|
Which of the following is M.C. cause of hypotension in fracture ribs (T10-T12) -
|
Abdominal solid visceral organ injury
|
Injury to aorta
|
Inter costal artery damage
|
Pulmonary contusion
| 0a
|
single
|
• MC cause of hypotension in trauma patients: Hemorrhage
• MC cause of shock after trauma is hypovolemia, and there are five places that a patient can lose large volume of blood:
Externally, the chest, the abdomen, the retroperitoneum, and into muscle compartments (Blood on the floor and four more).
• Fracture of lower ribs (T9-T12) are usually associated with splenic or hepatic injuries
• Fracture of upper ribs (T1-T3), clavicle or scapula is usually associated with major vascular injuries
|
Surgery
| null |
799f5cf7-2804-4395-9540-922089158b80
|
Kallu a 22 years old male suffers from decreased sleep, increased sexual activity, excitement and spending excessive money for last 8 days. The diagnosis is:
|
Confusion
|
Disorientation
|
Hyperactivity
|
Loss of memory
| 2c
|
multi
|
C i.e. Hyperactivity
|
Psychiatry
| null |
5c79e65f-44c5-4295-ae44-5fd4823f11f5
|
Seoli cells have receptors for
|
FSH
|
LH
|
Inhibin
|
Progesterone
| 0a
|
single
|
Seoli cells elongated cells in the seminiferous tubules that ensheathe spermatogenic cells, providing a microenvironment that suppos spermiogenesis and spermatocytogenesis; they secrete androgen-binding protein and establish the blood-testis barrier by forming tight junctions with adjacent Seoli cells. In the male, the FSH receptor has been identified on the Seoli cells that are critical for spermatogenesis.Ref: Ganong&;s review of medical physiology; 24th edition; page no:-420
|
Physiology
|
Endocrinology
|
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