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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dcb1c58e-f631-464a-adea-c0b0bda85b7c
|
All are features of lepromatous leprosy except:
|
Gynaecomastia
|
Madarosis
|
Saddle nose
|
Perforating Ulcer
| 3d
|
multi
|
D i.e. Perforating Ulcer Leprosy and acquired syphilis are not vesico-bullous disordersQ (i.e. there is no vesicle and bullae formation, which can be seen in congenital syphilis). Neuropathic / Trophic /Perforating / Plantar - ulcer is a frequent complication (not clinical feature) of lepromatous leprosyQ because sensory impaiment appears before motor weakness and patient continues to miisuse his feet and hands.
|
Skin
| null |
fea5f68a-7a01-43a0-b793-4a3ccc8bd4cc
|
Anti TB drug causing optic neuritis:
|
Isoniazid
|
Rifampicin
|
Pyrazinamide
|
Ethambutol
| 3d
|
single
|
Ref: KDT 6th ed. pg. 742* Side effect of Ethambutol: Loss of visual acuity/colour vision, field defects due to optic neuritis is the most important dose and duration of therapy dependent toxicity.* Important side effects of antitubercular drugs:* Peripheral neuropathy (due to vit B6 deficiency): ISONIAZID* Orange color urine-RIFAMPICIN* Flu-like symptoms- RIFAMPICIN* Hyperuricemia/gout- PYRAZINAMIDE* Optic neuritis- ETHAMBUTOL* Nephrotoxic, Ototoxic, Neuromuscular Junction Blocker- STREPTOMYCINOther important points to remember about Anti TB drugs:* First line anti TB drugs are: HRZE (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol)* All first line drugs are bactericidal EXCEPT- Ethambutol (it is bacteriostatic)* Most hepatotoxic ATT-Pyrazinamide* 1st line ATT with exclusive intracellular action-Pyrazinamide* 1st line ATT with exclusive extracellular action-Streptomycin* Which anti TB drugs are NOT hepatotoxic-Ethambutol and Streptomycin.* It should not be used in children below 6 years of age because these young patients may not be able to report visual impairment.
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti Microbial
|
c2ee3d46-ce78-494a-a6c9-59f1cbcfb322
|
A 23 years old asymptomatic female has MCV-70fl, ferritin - 100g/L, Hb-10gm%. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
|
B12 deficiency
|
Iron deficiency
|
Folate deficiency
|
Thalassemia trait
| 3d
|
single
|
This patient presenting with mild degree of microcytic anemia (MCV=70) with normal ferritin levels (100pg/L) suggesting a diagnosis of thalassemia trait. Patients with beta thalassemia trait often presents as mild microcytic hypochromic anemia with target cells. Their mean corpuscular volume is rarely >75 fL and the hematocrit is rarely . Ref: Wintrobe's Atlas of Clinical Hematology By Douglas. C. Tkachuk, Jan.V.Hirschmann, Page 14; Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition, Chapters 104-105; CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 2012, Chapter 13
|
Medicine
| null |
58fafdd7-6731-4489-bb88-53fa7a0a34a3
|
According to Organ Transplantation Act 1994, what is the punishment for doctor if found guilty?
|
1 year
|
More than 5 years
|
2-5 years
|
2 years
| 1b
|
single
|
Punishments under Organ Transplantation Act 1994:
– For medical practitioners involved: Removal of name for 2 years from Medical register (and permanent removal for any subsequent offence)
– For other persons involved: Five years imprisonment + Fine up to ` 10,000/
• New Modification in 2011: Punishment for persons involved to be increased to up to 10 years imprisonment
+ fine up to ` 20,00,000-1,00,00,000/-.
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
30f146b8-4b17-4b31-b281-800c5d3f3ab5
|
Which is the most common entero-pancreatic tumour in MEN 1?
|
Insulinoma
|
VIPoma
|
Non-functioning pituitary adenoma
|
Gastrinoma
| 3d
|
single
|
Most common entero-pancreatic tumour in MEN 1 is gastrinoma which leads to recurrent peptic ulcers. The diagnosis is established by demonstration of elevated serum gastrin levels and basal gastric acid secretion. Choice C is non functioning pituitary adenoma and not non functioning entero-pancreatic tumor Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) TYPE (CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION) TUMORS (ESTIMATED PENETRACE) MEN 1 (11q13) Parathyroid adenoma (90%) Enteropancreatic tumor (30-70%) Gastrinoma (> 50%) Insulinoma (10-30%) Nonfunctioning and PPoma (20-55%) Glucagonoma (<3%) VIPoma (<1%) Pituitary adenoma (15-50%) Prolactinoma (60%) Somatotrophinoma (25%) Coicotropinoma (< 5%) Nonfunctioning (< 5%)
|
Medicine
|
Disorders of Parathyroid Gland
|
edfee157-a46e-4d7b-ae7a-af91cd58b662
|
Delusion is not seen in
|
Depression
|
Anxiety
|
Schizophrenia
|
Mania
| 1b
|
single
|
Delusion is psychotic symptom, can be associated with schizophrenia, depression with psychotic symptoms, mania with psychotic symptoms. anxiety disorder is a type of neurosis here the patients will have insight they will present with palpitations, breathlessness, ruminations, worries, distress and fear of impending doom. Diagnostic criteria for Severe Depression with psychotic symptoms: A severe depressive episode which meets the criteria given for severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms and in which delusions, hallucinations, or depressive stupor are present. The delusions usually involve ideas of sin, povey, or imminent disasters, responsibility for which may be assumed by the patient. Reference: ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992
|
Psychiatry
|
Symptoms and signs in psychiatry and classification
|
0092a1df-fcda-419e-8d89-1c9b2723a2de
|
All are true about cefuroxime Except:
|
Inhibit cell was synthesis
|
Third generation cephalosporin
|
Some acquired resistance with penicillin
|
More active against gram negative organisms
| 1b
|
multi
|
It is a 2 nd generation cephalosporin,resistant to gram-negative lactamases: has high activity against organisms producing these enzymes including PPNG and ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae, while retaining significant activity on gram-positive cocci and ceain anaerobes. It is well tolerated by i.m. route and attains relatively higher CSF levels, but has been superseded by 3rd generation cephalosporins in the treatment of meningitis. ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY page no.727
|
Pharmacology
|
Chemotherapy
|
c0e6f6d1-af93-4477-8a14-28291e0d2989
|
Which one of the following is the likely diagnosis based on the smear given above:
|
Acute myelogenous leukemia
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
|
Hairy cell leukemia
|
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. (a) Acute myelogenous leukemia(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 590-592)The peripheral smear shows myeloblasts having delicate nuclear chromatin, 2-4 nucleoli, and moderate cytoplasm. One of them shows Auer rods. So it is a case of AML.
|
Pathology
|
Misc. (W.B.C)
|
3c3738d4-b481-442c-b60f-83f63ac6dc1b
|
A feature of Renal vasculitis in children is -
|
IgA raised
|
Antinuclear antibody in serum
|
Low complement level
|
Cytoplasmic antinuclear Ab in serum
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Medicine
| null |
82b4dcd3-6d5d-4d25-acf6-7bd55cfe83f2
|
An eclamptic pregnant woman receives intravenous magnesium sulfate. What is the first sign of hypermagnesemia?
|
Loss of tendon reflex
|
Respiratory depression
|
Hypotonia
|
Hypotension
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans- A Loss of tendon reflex A>D. Two references have been provided in the explanation that favor Loss of tendon reflex as the first sign of hypermagnesemia Ref: Outfit's Tex! Book of Obstetrics, 7th edition. Explanation: Loss of deep tendon reflex is the first sign of hypermagnesemia. The following should be monitored when a patient is on magnesium sulfate therapy : The patellar reflex should be present. Respiration should not be depressed. Urine output should be more than 100ml/4 hours. Pritchard/ IM regime Loading dose: 4g IV over 3-5 min followed by lOg IM (5g in each buttock) Maintenance dose: 5g IM 4lh hourly in the alternate buttock Zuspan or Sihai regimen Loading dose: 4-6g IV over 20 min Maintenance l-2g hourly iv infusion Magnesium sulfate most completely excreted by the kidneys. The therapeutic range of magnesium sulfate is 4-7 meq/lit. At this level, eclamptic fits are almost always controlled Patellar reflex is lost when the s. Mg levels reach 10 meq/lit. At 12 meq/lit. respiratory paralysis and arrest occurs. Antidote for MgSO4 toxicity - Calcium gluconate Ig IV Two important indications for magnesium sulphate therapy: Eclampsia Preterm labour Ref 2- Overview Hypermagnesemia is an uncommon laboratory finding and symptomatic hypermagnesemia is even less common. This disorder has a low incidence of occurrence, because the kidney is able to eliminate excess magnesium by rapidly reducing its tubular reabsorption to almost negligible amounts. In healthy adults, plasma magnesium ranges from 1.7-2.3 mg/dL. Approximately 30% of total plasma magnesium is protein-bound and approximately 70% is filterable through artificial membranes (15% complexed, 55% free Mg2+ ions). With a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of approximately 150 L per day and an ultrafiltrable magnesium concentration of 14 mg/L, the filtered magnesium load is approximately 2,100 mg per day. Normally, only 3% of filtered magnesium appears in urine; thus, 97% is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. In contrast to sodium and calcium, only approximately 25-30% of filtered magnesium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Approximately 60-65% of filtered magnesium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending loop of Henle and 5% is reabsorbed in the distal nephron. Relatively little is known about cellular magnesium transport mechanisms. The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is renal failure. Other causes include the following : Excessive intake Lithium therapy Hypothyroidism Addison disease Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Milk alkali syndrome Depression Renal Failure Patients with end-stage renal disease often have mild hypermagnesemia, and the ingestion of magnesium-containing medications (eg, antacids, cathartics) can exacerbate the condition. In patients undergoing regular dialysis, the serum magnesium level directly relates to the dialysate magnesium concentration. In patients with acute renal failure, hypermagnesemia usually presents during the oliguric phase; the serum magnesium level returns to normal during the polyuric phase. If a patient receives exogenous magnesium during the oliguric phase, severe hypermagnesemia can result, especially if the patient is acidotic. Other Causes People often take magnesium-containing medications (eg, antacids, laxatives, enemas). Hypermagnesemia can develop after treatment of drug overdoses with magnesium-containing cathartics, and it also occurs in patients taking magnesium-containing medications for therapeutic purposes ; however, most of these patients have normal renal function. With certain gastrointestinal disorders (eg, gastritis, colitis, gastric dilation), increased absorption of magnesium may lead to hypermagnesemia even if the patient does not ingest a large amount of magnesium. In any case, monitoring serum magnesium levels in patients taking magnesium-containing medications is prudent. Suicide attempts using magnesium-containing salt can lead to life-threatening hypermagnesemia, as well. Excessive tissue breakdown (sepsis, shock, large burns), especially with concurrent renal failure, can deliver a large amount of magnesium from the intracellular space, along with a massive elevation of phosphorus and potassium. In the treatment of eclampsia, hypermagnesemia is induced deliberately and sometimes can be symptomatic. Occasionally, hypermagnesemia also can occur in the newborn infant. Maternal magnesium therapy can increase the need for feeding and respiratory support and may cause neurobehavioral disorders in the newborn. Magnesium-containing phosphorus binders are rarely used in end-stage renal disease patients and can lead to elevated magnesium levels. Lithium therapy causes hypermagnesemia by decreasing urinary excretion, although the mechanism for this is not completely clear. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia may cause modest elevations in serum magnesium. This autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by very low excretion of calcium and magnesium and by a normal parathyroid hormone level. Abnormalities of calcium and magnesium handling are due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor, resulting in increased magnesium reabsorption in the loop of Henle. More recently, mutations of the codon Arg15 (p.R15) in the adaptor-related protein complex 2, s-2 subunit that interacts with the calcium-sensing receptor have been described. Hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, milk-alkali syndrome and theophylline intoxication occasionally produce mild elevations of serum magnesium. There has been some interest in the use of magnesium in the treatment and prevention of cardiac arrhythmias and in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, significant hypermagnesemia has not been reported in these settings. The role of mild elevation of serum magnesium levels in select patient populations is still being defined. In a study examining the prevalence of serum magnesium (Mg) alterations and outcomes in 65,974 hospitalized adult patients, Mg levels of 2.1 mg/dL or higher were found in 20,777 patients (31.5%). An elevated Mg level of 2.3 mg/dL or higher was a predictor of adverse outcomes and associated with worse hospital mortality. In a different study by the same authors, both hypomagnesemia (<1.5 mg/dL) and hypermagnesemia (>2.3 mg/dl) on hospital admission were associated with an increased risk of developing in-hospital acute respiratory failure. the odds ratio (OR) was 1.69 (95% confidence index , 1.19-2.36) with hypomagnesemia and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.02-1.91) with hypermagnesemia. In patients admitted to intensive care units, initial magnesium levels >=2.4 mg/dL (reference: 2.0 to <2.2 mg/dL) was independently associated with increased in mortality (adjusted OR of 1.80; 95% CI: 1.25-2.59. In a large study of 5339 critically ill patients from Switzerland, hypermagnesemia was a strong independent risk factor for 28-day mortality (hazard ratio, 11.6, P<0.001). Similarly, in patients with chronic heart failure, a meta-analysis of 7 prospective studies with a total of 5172 subjects demonstrated that those with baseline hypermagnesemia had a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (risk ratio ,, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07-1.78) or all-cause mortality (RR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18-1.54). On the other hand, in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis--a population characterized by a particularly high mortality rate--a mild elevation of serum magnesium appeared protective against cardiovascular mortality, albeit without impacting all-cause mortality. Effects of Hypermagnesemia Symptoms of hypermagnesemia usually are not apparent unless the serum magnesium level is greater than 2 mmol/L. Concomitant hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, or uremia exaggerate the symptoms of hypermagnesemia at any given level. Neuromuscular symptoms These are the most common presenting problems. Hypermagnesemia causes blockage of neuromuscular transmission by preventing presynaptic acetylcholine release and by competitively inhibiting calcium influx into the presynaptic nerve channels via the voltage-dependent calcium channel. One of the earliest symptoms of hypermagnesemia is deep-tendon reflex attenuation. Facial paresthesias also may occur at moderate serum levels. Muscle weakness is a more severe manifestation, occurring at levels greater than 5 mmol/L. This manifestation can result in flaccid muscle paralysis and depressed respiration and can eventually progress to apnea. Conduction system symptoms Hypermagnesemia depresses the conduction system of the heart and sympathetic ganglia. A moderate increase in serum magnesium can lead to a mild decrease in blood pressure, and a greater concentration may cause severe symptomatic hypotension. Magnesium is also cardiotoxic and, in high concentrations, can cause bradycardia. Occasionally, complete heart block and cardiac arrest may occur at levels greater than 7 mmol/L. Hypocalcemia Apparently, hypocalcemia can result from a decrease in the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or from end-organ resistance to PTH. In patients with end-stage renal disease, high magnesium levels are associated with relative suppression of PTH, which may, in turn, contribute to hypocalcemia in this population. Paralytic ileus develops from smooth-muscle paralysis, and mothers being treated with magnesium for preterm labor suppression are at risk. Hypermagnesemia may interfere with blood clotting through interference with platelet adhesiveness, thrombin generation time, and clotting time. Nonspecific symptoms These symptoms include the following: Shortness of breath Nausea Vomiting Cutaneous flushing Diagnosis and Summary Hypermagnesemia usually results from a combination of excess magnesium intake and a coexisting impairment of renal function. Diagnosis is usually straightforward and involves measuring serum magnesium levels, as many cases are unsuspected. If a magnesium level is not immediately available, a clue to the existence of hypermagnesemia would be the disease context (preeclampsia, renal failure), the presence of magnesium-containing preparations, or a decreased anion gap. Prevention and Treatment of Hypermagnesemia Prevention of hypermagnesemia is usually possible. Anticipate hypermagnesemia in patients who are receiving magnesium treatment, especially those with reduced renal function. Initially, withdraw magnesium therapy, which often is enough to correct mild to moderate hypermagnesemia. In patients with symptomatic hypermagnesemia that is causing cardiac effects or respiratory distress, antagonize the effects by infusing calcium gluconate. Calcium antagonizes the toxic effect of magnesium, and these ions electrically oppose each other at their sites of action. This treatment usually leads to immediate symptomatic improvement. In subjects with frankly impaired ability to excrete magnesium (eg, end-stage renal disease), renal replacement therapy may also be necessary. Drug Category: Diuretics Agents that promote magnesium excretion are effective in treating hypermagnesemia. Furosemide (Lasix) may promote excretion of magnesium. It increases excretion of water by interfering with the chloride-binding cotransport system, which in turn inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Drug Category: Calcium salts Calcium may moderate nerve and muscle performance in hypermagnesemia. Calcium gluconate (Kalcinate) directly antagonizes neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of magnesium. Use in patients with symptomatic hypermagnesemia that is causing cardiac effects or respiratory distress. Drug Category: Antidiabetic agents Agents that shift magnesium ions into cells are helpful in treating hypermagnesemia. Glucose and insulin may help promote magnesium entry into cells. Glucose should be administered with insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. Monitor blood sugar levels frequently.
|
Unknown
| null |
276c4821-da21-444e-b657-3b17a43b6ca6
|
"Debridement"- meaning of this French word is
|
Cut open
|
Debulk
|
Sanitize
|
Rehydration
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. (a) Cut openRef Bailey and Love 27th edition Page 415* Debridement- Derived from FRENCH word "Unleash or Cut open"* Debridement reduces the chances of anaerobic and necrotizing infections and can prevent systemic sepsis.
|
Surgery
|
Trauma
|
4d3bca7a-166a-45d3-b433-c1ad1f95f7f9
|
Rhytidectomy is
|
Removal of skin wrinkles
|
A1 - of nasal septum position
|
Salivary gland excision
|
Cehek augmentation
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Surgery
| null |
daca9878-f46c-4fc1-b549-9fcf47266d68
|
Extent of kidney is from:
|
D10-L1
|
D11-L2
|
D12-L3
|
L1-L3
| 2c
|
single
|
D12-L3
|
Anatomy
| null |
8d9c86cf-b61d-48f7-851d-4cf6f435b2e2
|
Differential blockade by central neuraxial blockade is achieved by-
|
Epidural Anaesthesia
|
Spinal Anaesthesia
|
Both
|
None of above
| 0a
|
multi
|
Spinal anaesthesia is used for Intraoperative anaesthesia only. Epidural used both for Intraoperative anaesthesia and post operative analgesia by decreasing the concentration of local anaesthetics. Depending on the level of anaesthesia required epidural catheter is put. Drug is put according to the required number of segment to be blocked. Differential block is achieved by only epidural . Different concentrations are used for blocking different nerve fibres. A differential block refers to the clinical phenomenon that nerve fibers with different functions have different sensitivities to local anesthetic blockade. This is well proven in both neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks.
|
Anaesthesia
|
Central Neuraxial Blockade
|
61236789-825f-419a-94d5-4e17ddee6a78
|
Fouchette is where
|
Both labia minora meet posteriorly
|
Both labia minora meet anteriorly
|
Labia mionra and majora meet
|
Distance between vulva and labia minora
| 0a
|
multi
|
Labia minora are two thick folds of skin devoid of fat, on either side just within the labia majora Anteriorly they are divided to enclose the clitoris and unite with each other in front and behind clitoris to form prepuce and frenulum, respectively The lower poion of labia minora fuses across the midline to form a fold of skin known as a fourchette. It is usually injured during childbih. Ref: D.C. Dutta's Textbook of Gynaecology, 6th edition, page no: 1
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Anatomy of the female genital tract
|
b91f1913-3ea6-4d3a-b59e-728c5a1b132b
|
The differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma would include all except.
|
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
|
Coat's disease.
|
Retinal astrocytoma
|
Retinal detachment
| 3d
|
multi
|
D i.e. Retinal Detachment Retinal detachment would never be included in differential diagnosis of retinoblastomaQ as their age of presentation is quiet different.
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
f55e61bb-8c22-4a86-bbf9-c616e6fa5566
|
The skeletal classification of malocclusion is given by
|
Calvin case
|
Martin Dewey
|
Paul Simon
|
E.H. Angle
| 2c
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
d7f0b096-580a-4bcf-8fc1-eb18c759aaa6
|
Rosette shaped cataract in
|
Senile cataract
|
Diabetic cataract
|
Traumatic cataract
|
After cataract
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C: Traumatic cataract Rosette Cataract: This opacity may occur as a result of concussion injury, under the anterior or posterior coex or both and may be complete or sectored with a flower peddle or feather shape. A very close estimation as to when the injury occurred by viewing the lens with an optic section and determining at which nucleus it appears.
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
b553c825-8a30-4840-bcfa-756bb0877421
|
False statement regarding spasmodic dysmenorrhea is:
|
Often cured by delivery of a child
|
Pain usually appears on the first day of menstruation
|
Pain persists for 2-3 days
|
Rare above age of 35 years
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. is c, i.e. Pain persists for 2-3 daysSpasmodic dysmenorrhoea is another name for primary dysnenorrhoea. (i.e. no pelvic pathology is responsible for pain)Characteristics of spasmodic dysmenorrhoea* Seen in adolescent girls* Pain appears within 2 years of menarche* Family history may be present* Pain is spasmodic nature. It is located in lower abdomen and may radiate to back and medial aspect of thigh.* Associated systemic discomfort seen* Pain begins few hours before a rest of menstruation and losts for 12-24 hours, but never 48 hours more than* Pain is often cured after child birth* Management: NSAIDs or OCPs
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Physiology & Histology
|
973d9741-d390-4e46-a970-ab67fef511f6
|
In echocardiography pulses of of ultrasonic waves are admitted at a frequency of
|
1 megahez
|
2 megahez
|
20 Hez
|
2000 Hez
| 1b
|
single
|
In echocardiography pulses of ultrasonic waves at a frequency of 2.25 megahez are admitted from a transducer that also functions as a receiver as a receiver to detect waves reflected back from various pas of the hea. Ref:page no 347 Textbook of physiology Volume 1 AK Jain 7th edition
|
Physiology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
6d908292-9f6c-4546-85dc-63f349a31184
|
Ground glass hepatocyte is seen in which hepatitis?
|
Hepatitis A
|
Hepatitis B
|
Hepatitis D
|
Hepatitis E
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. (b) Hepatitis B(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 837; 8th/pg 852)Diagnostic hallmark of Chronic Hepatitis B is "ground- glass" hepatocytes (cells with endoplasmic reticulum swollen by HBsAg)
|
Pathology
|
Liver & Biliary Tract
|
0222fb4d-4334-41ba-a522-39245af7bb80
|
Cardiac septum develops by
|
5-8 weeks
|
9-12 weeks
|
12-16 weeks
|
16-18 weeks
| 0a
|
single
|
Cardiac septum developed by 5-8 weeks . Ref - sciencedirect.com
|
Anatomy
|
Thorax
|
b951a3bb-c710-457b-a991-1db4f5e78ff5
|
Earliest symptom showing improvement from classical triad of Wernicke's incephalopathy, to thiamine therapy -
|
Ataxia
|
Ophthalmoplegia
|
Confusion
|
All are equally responsive
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ophthalmoplegia Response to thiamine treatment in Wernicke's encephalopathyOcular symptoms :- Earliest to respond, ophthalmoplegia (ocular palsies) improves within hours of thiamine administration. However, horizontal nystagmus may persist.Ataxia :- Ataxia responds more slowly than ocular palsies and half the patients recover incompletely with a residual ataxia.Encephalopathy :- Confusion and other CNS symptoms improve more slowly. As the symptoms of encephalopathy improve, Korsakoff's syndrome may become apparent in some patients.
|
Psychiatry
|
Alcohol-Related Disorders
|
b4dc9ba5-c1f5-43f6-b02f-e2776f8cb286
|
Which structure can be felt at the lower part of the medial border of stemocleidomastoid:-
|
subclavian artery
|
Common carotid artery
|
Internal mammary artery
|
Maxillary artery
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e. Common carotid artery
|
Anatomy
|
Triangles of Neck
|
b208870c-05fc-4fec-b016-1e7bca96909a
|
Long term administration of glucocoicoids can cause all of the following except?
|
Proximal myopathy
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Hypeension
|
Cataract
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Hyperkalemia o Glucocoicoids have some mineralocoicoid activity, thus they cause hypokalemia (not hyperkalemia).
|
Pharmacology
| null |
57950f77-e498-447b-91b7-255630dbf358
|
Gas used to measure diffusion in lung:
|
CO
|
NO
|
CO2
|
Nitrogen
| 0a
|
single
|
A i.e. CO
|
Physiology
| null |
b8a0e1c0-cb31-4770-b6fc-0288df59e942
|
Bullet shaped veebrae are seen in all of the following, EXCEPT:
|
Hurlers syndrome
|
Morquio syndrome
|
Paget disease
|
Achondroplasia
| 2c
|
multi
|
Bullet shaped veebral body is seen in Hurlers syndrome, Morquio syndrome, Hypothyroidism and Achondroplasia. Paget's disease presents with Ivory veebra. Ref: Radiology Review Manual, By Wolfgang Dahne, 2011, Page 192.
|
Radiology
| null |
193767e1-e7f4-4e7f-bccc-57605e6e5768
|
Most common malignancy in AIDS is: March 2011
|
Kaposi sarcoma
|
Hodgkins lymphoma
|
Leukemia
|
Multiple myeloma
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. A: Kaposi sarcoma The neoplastic diseases clearly seen with an increased frequency in patients with HIV infection are Kaposi sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
Medicine
| null |
c4767703-17fb-4eca-936e-49e0f4b13b78
|
A person 'X' hits another person 'Y' with a wooden stick on provocation. This leads to the formation of a bruise 3 cm × 3 cm on the forearm. No other injuries are noted. Which of the following is true, regarding his punishment -
|
Imprisonment for one year and/or fine of Rs. 1000
|
Imprisonment for two year and/or fine of Rs. 5000
|
Imprisomnent for 1 month and/or fine of Rs. 500
|
Rigorous imprisonment for six months.
| 0a
|
multi
|
The person Y has developed simple hurt (non-grievous) without provocation and with a non-dangerous weapon.
The punishment for voluntarily causing hurt (no provocation, non-grievous hurt, non-dangerous weapon) is imprisonment up to 1 year with or without a fine of 1000 Rs. (Sec 323 IPC).
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
eee9faf9-4c68-4615-b3eb-b04e3486629a
|
RB gene is located on -
|
13p
|
13q
|
15p
|
15q
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 13q Location of Important Genes on ChromosomesGeneChromosomeGeneChromosomep73IPRET10Folate transporter21 qWT-IlipNeuroblastomaIPvWF12Rhodopsin3Retinoblastoma (RB)13qVHL3pBRCA-1I3qADPKD-24qBRCA-2I7qADC-PFibrillin-115MHC6pFibrillin-25ARPKD6NF-117qCystic fibrosis7qp5317qMET7NF-222q
|
Pathology
|
Neoplasia
|
5ea8a62f-d506-4efe-9dbe-b0650f01e088
|
Pathognomic of measls ?
|
Koplik spot
|
Rash
|
Fever
|
Conjuctivitis
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Koplik spot Measle Caused by RNA virus. Highly contagious droplet spread from secretion of nose and throat 4 day before and 5 days after rash. Secondary attack rate >90% in contact. Prodromal phase - characterized by fever, rhinorrhea, conjuctival congestion and dry hackig cough. Koplik spots bluish-gray specks or "grains of sand" on a red base-develop on the buccal mucosa opposite the second molars Generally appear 1-2 days before the rash and last 3-5 days Pathognomonic for measles, but not always present Rash appears on D4 first behind pinna on neck the spread of face, thrunk and abdomen. SSPE is long term complication seen in measls.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
b84fe3a2-69ff-4a57-806e-11050a3d7c30
|
Most common pa of larynx involved in Tuberculosis is
|
Anterior
|
Posterior
|
Middle
|
Anywhere
| 1b
|
single
|
Tubercular laryngitisThe disease affects the posterior third of larynx more commonly than anterior paThe pas affected in descending order of frequency are:- i) Interarytenoid fold, ii) Ventricular band, iii) Vocal cords, iv) EpiglottisRef: PL Dhingra, Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat, 7th edition, pg no. 329 - 330
|
ENT
|
Larynx
|
602f5907-9606-482d-b1bf-103c15de02cc
|
A 30-year-old hospitalized patient with an intravenous (IV) catheter developed fever and systemic infection. The source of the infection was bacteria that contaminated the catheter during its insertion. The IV catheter had to be removed because the bacteria grew within the catheter forming a biofilm. Biofilm development depends on the ability of the bacteria to produce which of the following?
|
Endotoxin
|
Periplasm
|
Polysaccharides
|
Porins
| 2c
|
single
|
Pathogenic bacteria such as the gram-negative bacillus Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-positive coccus Staphylococcus aureus colonize the surface of certain surgical appliances such as artificial heart valves and catheters. Multiple layers of the colonizing bacteria surround themselves with a polysaccharide (c) matrix, which protects them from the effect of antibiotics and host immune defenses. The remaining choices do not contribute to biofilm development. Porins (d), proteins that are located within the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, facilitate the transfer of hydrophilic molecules through the membrane. Teichoic acids (e) found within the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria are anionic polymers of polyglycan that provide rigidity to the cell wall. In gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space occupies the area between the external surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the internal surface of the outer membrane. The periplasm (b) contains hydrolytic enzymes, virulence proteins, and components of the sugar transport systems. Endotoxin (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, is recognized by the host defenses and stimulates macrophages to produce cytokines.
|
Microbiology
|
General
|
f9345b6d-014d-47a5-bb70-d887692a5824
|
The commonest cause of significant lower gastrointestinal bleed in a middle aged person with unknown reason is
|
Sigmoid diveicula
|
Angiodysplasia
|
Ischemic colitis
|
Ulcerative colitis
| 0a
|
single
|
.Diveiculosis is the initial primary stage of the disease, wherein there is hyperophy, muscular incoordination leading to increased segmentation and increased intraluminal pressure. At this stage they are asymptomatic, but often get severe spasmodic pain due to colonic segmentation called as painful diveicular disease. Sigmoid diveicula causing pericolic abscess as a known complication. Resection and primary anastomosis can be done in sigmoid diveicula after proper bowel preparation electively. ref:SRB&;s manual of surgery,ed 3,pg no 822.
|
Surgery
|
G.I.T
|
ee5d0450-3b23-4ca5-8797-0e0792b4fb19
|
A neonate presented to OPD with following features. What is your diagnosis
|
Fragile X syndrome
|
Patau Syndrome
|
Edward's syndrome
|
Noonan's syndrome
| 2c
|
single
|
Clinical features of Edward's syndrome are
Elongated occiput
Overlapping fingers
Rockerbottom foot
Intellectual disability
|
Pediatrics
| null |
b591ebae-1f03-480b-bb59-ac97ec269c23
|
Vogt's striae shown below are seen in:
|
Congenital glaucoma
|
Keratoconus
|
Aphakia
|
Subluxated lens
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. (b) Keratoconus.
|
Ophthalmology
|
Ecstatic Conditions of Cornea
|
e87049da-533c-4b4f-84f4-4a0390b40405
|
Basophilic stippling is seen in:
|
Cadmium poisoning
|
Lead poisoning
|
Chromium poisoning
|
Iron poisoning
| 1b
|
single
|
(Lead poisoning): Ref: 433-R (284- Basic pathology 8th)LEAD: Inhalation is the most important route of occupational exposure* Lead interferes with heme biosynthesis, it causes microcytic hypochromic anemia, punctate basophilic stippling of erythrocytes is characteristic.Toxic and carcinogenic metalsMetalDiseaseOccupationLeadRenal toxicity, Anemia colic, peripheral neuropathy, Insomnia, fatigue, cognitive deficitsBattery and ammunition workers, foundry workers, spray paining, radiator repairMercuryRenal toxicity, Muscle tremor dementia, cerebral palsy mental retardationChlorine-alkali industryArsenicCancer of skin, lung, liverMiners, smelters, oil refinery workers, farm workersBerylliumAcute long irritant, chronic lung hypersensitivity & lung cancerBeryllium, reelining, aerospace manufacturing, ceramicsCobalt and tungsten carbideLung fibrosis AsthamaTool makers, grinders, diamond polishersCadmiumRenal toxicity ? Prostate cancerBattery workers, smelters, welders, solderingChromiumCancer of long and nasal cavityPigment workers, smelters, steel workersNickelCancer of lung and nasal sinusesSmelters, steel workers electroplating
|
Pathology
|
Blood
|
104a5921-6307-46aa-887d-abf9c479a7b1
|
Right fouh arch aery gives rise to
|
Right subclan aery
|
Common carotid aery
|
Internal carotid aery
|
External carotid aery
| 0a
|
single
|
.
|
Anatomy
|
All India exam
|
26655680-0be9-442d-8dec-ad37782af3f3
|
Acquired megacolon in children most commonly occurs due to:
|
Psychological problems
|
Bad bowel habit
|
Chaga's disease
|
Hirschsprung's disease
| 1b
|
single
|
Megacolon:abnormal dilatation of colon that is not caused by mechanical obstruction Types of megacolon: Congenital megacolon- Hirschsprung disease Acquired megacolon: Poor bowel habit (MC), infections (Chagas disease), idiopathic, antipsychotic drugs.
|
Pediatrics
|
Disorders of Gastrointestinal System Including Diarrhea
|
94b07c7c-2401-4896-ae89-ae83948de1e6
|
SSRIs are drug of choice for all of the following conditions except -
|
Panic attack
|
Social phobia
|
Post traumatic stress disorder
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Generalized anxiety disorder o For generalized anxiety disorder Benzodiazipines are preferred.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
f1833c00-297c-4943-a3d0-8a430ac8e988
|
One of the following drugs can slow the loss of alveolar bone in periodontitis:
|
Dexamethasone
|
Ibuprofen
|
Penicillin
|
Calcium channel Mockers
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
db9af32c-0373-413c-8538-8353ca8105c2
|
Which of the following DMARD acts by increasing adenosine extracellularly?
|
Methotrexate
|
Sulfasalazine
|
Azathioprine
|
Leflunomide
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. (A) Methotrexate(Ref: Katzung 13/e p627)Major mechanism of methotrexate at low doses used in rheumatoid arthritis is inhibition of AICAR (Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide) transformylase and thymidylate synthase enzymes. This results in accumulation of AICAR in the cells. AICAR is a competitive inhibitor of AMP deaminase resulting in accumulation of AMP. Later is converted to adenosine which is a powerful anti-inflammatory compound.
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Cancer
|
1518c60a-317d-4fe5-8387-842386ad4173
|
Which of the following is called hunger hormone
|
Epinephrine
|
Glucagon
|
Pituitary
|
Thyroxine
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Physiology
| null |
92b12c2e-e867-49c1-bab6-e99d505fa6df
|
Sparrow marks are seen in?
|
Gunshot injuries
|
Stab injury of face
|
Vitriolage
|
Windshield glass injury
| 3d
|
single
|
D i.e. Windshield glass injury Bizarre shaped multiple lacerations on face from contact of shatterd windscreen glassQ of vehicle are known as sparrow foot (patterned) marks.
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
e3b2abb1-4ae4-436b-bd05-bafd88d792b9
|
Atomic absorption Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) is used to measure/detect
|
Hb-derivatives
|
Immunoglobulins
|
Organic compounds
|
Trace & metal elements
| 3d
|
single
|
(D) Trace & metal elements # Atomic absorption Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).> Is a type of mass spectrometry that is highly sensitive and capable of the determination of a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part in 1012.> It is based on coupling together an inductively coupled plasma as a method of producing ions (ionization) with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting the ions.> ICP-MS is also capable of monitoring isotopic speciation for the ions of choice
|
Radiology
|
Radiotherapy
|
dae41c4c-f06b-4381-8852-dfe96cbbbb97
|
What virus is noted for such a high incidence of antigenic drift that more than one antigenic variant can be isolated from infected individuals? (NOT RELATED)
|
Adenovirus
|
Herpesvirus
|
HIV
|
Influenza Virus
| 2c
|
single
|
HIV is famously known for its antigenic drift b/c HIV is poor at proofreading and hence more than one antigenic types can be isolated from a patient at the same time.Influenza is also known for its antigenic drift, but this antigenic change occurs over a period of 2-3 yrs.
|
Pharmacology
|
All India exam
|
b3afd3c2-be78-462d-a101-0dca23e56bc3
|
The National Health Policy 2002 target to be achieved by the year 2010 is -
|
Eradication of polio and yawsd
|
Elimination of leprosy
|
Achieve zero level growth of HIV\/AIDS
|
Reduce infant moality rate 30\/1000 live bihs
| 3d
|
single
|
National health policy goals to be achieved by the year 2010 reduce moality by 50% on account of TB ,malaria and other vector and waterborne diseases Reduce prevalence of blindness to 0.5% Reduce IMR to 30/1000 and MMR to 100/lakh Increase utilization of public health facilities from current level of <20% to>75%(refer pgno:873 park 23rd edition)
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health care of community & international health
|
e8b5fe46-17aa-488e-bc24-7f30b3c37196
|
Block veebrae are seen in
|
Pagets disease
|
Leukemia
|
TB
|
Klippel-Feil syndrome
| 3d
|
single
|
A block veebra is a type of veebral anomaly where there is a failure of separation of two or more adjacent veebral boidesAssociationsThere is a frequent association with hemiveebrae/absent veebra above or below block level, posterior element fusionFusion of multiple cervical veebral bodies is also seen in Klipple-Feil syndrome and VACTREL anomaly(Refer: Mohindra's Fundamentals of Ohopedics, 2nd edition, pg no. 380 - 381)
|
Orthopaedics
|
All India exam
|
c8aacbcd-5a1d-4864-89cd-b7161b19533d
|
Diagnostic feature of parathyroid carcinoma is -
|
Cytology
|
Metastasis
|
Clinical features
|
All
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Metastasis "There is general agreement that a diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma based on cytological detail is unreliable, and invasion of surrounding tissues and metastasis are the only reliable criteria".
|
Pathology
| null |
98d0c218-3466-4de1-a9d3-9b72778bbda2
|
Buspirone is used as a/an
|
Anxiolytic
|
Sedative
|
Muscle relaxant
|
Anticonvulsant
| 0a
|
single
|
Busiprinone, is a medication primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, paicularly generalized anxiety disorder. Benefits suppo its sho term use. It is not useful for psychosis. It is taken by mouth, and it may take up to four weeks for an effect Ref KD Tripati 8th ed.
|
Pharmacology
|
Central Nervous system
|
d83cd2ff-20ef-4fcc-8b8b-9e18997e7ed1
|
Which of the following is a feature of gram-positive bacteria rather than gram-negative bacteria?
|
Lipid A-containing lipopolysaccharide
|
Lipoprotein in periplasmic space
|
Outer membrane
|
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
| 3d
|
multi
|
Most of the features listed are those of gram-negative bacteria, which have a complex cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic (inner) membrane, a periplasmic space containing peptidoglycan and lipoprotein, an outer membrane, and sometimes a capsule. The outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide which is a major component of endotoxin. The peptidoglycan cell wall of the gram-negative bacteria is thin, while that of the gram-positive bacteria is thick. Other features of gram- positive bacteria include a fairly simple surface with cytoplasmic membrane, peptidoglycan, cell wall, and sometimes, an outer capsule. The cell wall contains lipoteichoic acids.
|
Microbiology
| null |
7d522951-4753-48eb-a991-e28526373fe4
|
Term 'schizophrenia' was coined by:TN 06; Ranchi 10; NEET 13
|
Eugene Bleuler
|
Kraepelin
|
Freud
|
Schneider
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. Eugene Bleuler
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
c8bf2521-bd2a-48de-beda-77c4913bb4f5
|
Facial nerve palsy is seen in
|
Sarcoidosis
|
VZV
|
Acoustic Neuroma
|
All
| 3d
|
multi
|
All the above conditions cause facial palsy. Ref: Dhingra 6th edition pg. 94
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
3b1662ff-c571-4178-8e72-68cc8d722481
|
A 35 year old male presented with nasal discharge, facial pain and fever which subsided with a course of antibiotics and antihistaminics, which recurred again after 2 months. O/E mucopurulent discharge from middle meatus, and inflamed sinus openings, investigation of choice -
|
X-ray PNS
|
NCCT PNS
|
MRI of the face
|
Inferior meatal puncture
| 1b
|
single
|
NCCT PNS is non-contrast Computerized Tomography of the Paranasal sinuses. It is a study to determine the status of the nose and sinuses and the extent of sinusitis. Mucosal thickening and the ostial block of all the sinuses means that there are signs of sinusitis or infection and that there is a sinus problem. It is the investigation of choice.
|
ENT
|
Nose and paranasal sinuses
|
b5ded068-a2f5-4901-a01a-491777f312f5
|
The most common termination of lobar pneumonia is:(1989)
|
Consolidation
|
Resolution
|
Abcess formation
|
Empyema
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans: b (Resolution)Ref: Robbin's, 7thed, p. 750 & 6thed, p. 720Resolution- exudates undergo enzymatic digestion.
|
Pathology
|
Respiration
|
d2a5417e-a450-4400-b54d-582cd34c73e0
|
Hot rim sign on hepatobiliary scintigraphy (Tc99m-HIDA ) is seen in ?
|
Chronic cholecystitis
|
Biliary Atresia
|
Gangrenous Cholecystitis
|
Porcelain GallBladder
| 2c
|
multi
|
* Increased Pericholecystic hepatic band of radio tracer activity called Rim sign. * A rim of increased hepatic activity directly adjacent to the gallbladder fossa in association with non visualization of the gall bladder is a specific sign of acute cholecystitis paicularly associated with gangrene and perforation . Below CT Image Shows Emphysematous Cholecystitis with Necrosis and Air within the wal of GB.It is surgical Emergency with high risk of GB perforation and moality.
|
Radiology
|
Nuclear medicine
|
611bf1fa-39e9-4cb9-ab5e-858af61547a5
|
Patient is placed in trendelenburg position in air embolism in order to
|
Trap air in Right ventricle
|
Keep left ventricular air bubble away from coronary artery ostia
|
Prevent air from passing through foramen ovale
|
Prevent air from entering left ventricle
| 1b
|
single
|
Trendelenberg position keeps left ventricular air bubble away from coronary ostia, so that air bubbles do not enter and occlude coronary arteries.
|
Surgery
| null |
5ad76cee-3414-4993-8a57-d2c3d72ffa82
|
Which is not a feature of pancreatic ascites ?
|
Low protein
|
Somatostatin is the drug of choice
|
Communication with pancreatic duct in 80%
|
Raised amylase levels
| 0a
|
single
|
Answer is 'a' i.e. Low protein Pancreatic ascitic fluid, contains elevated protein (> 2.9 g/dI) and amylase levels. Pancreatic ascites occurs - when pancreatic juice gains entry into the peritoneal cavity either from a pancreatic duct disruption or - from a leaking pseudocyst The principal causative factors are alcoholic pancreatitis in adults and traumatic pancreatitis in children. The diagnosis can usually be made when high amylase levels are found in the ascitic fluid. Definitive diagnosis is made by ERCP. Management The initial treatment usually is nonoperative and involves attempts to decrease pancreatic secretion by - elimination of enteral feeding - nasogastric drainage and - use of antisecretory hormone somatostatin About 50 to 60 % pts. respond to this tit. If considerably improvement does not occur within 2-3 weeks then these patients are treated either endoscopically or surgically. - Endoscopic tit involves endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy with or without placement of transpapillary pancreatic duct stent. By reducing the resistance to drainage into the duodenum, and by bridging the site of duct disruption, this approach is designed to allow the site of leakage to seal. Surgical treatment is usually preceded by ERCP to identify the site of duct disruption. Surgery involves resection (for leaks in the pancreatic tail) internal Roux-en- Y drainage (for leaks in the pancreatic head & neck region)
|
Surgery
| null |
d33a909a-e3ce-47a9-8265-0717e03dc239
|
Schizophrenia is characterized by A/E -
|
Delusion
|
Auditory hallucination
|
Elation
|
Catatonia
| 2c
|
multi
| null |
Psychiatry
| null |
583bdfa1-2422-4dfe-9c5a-03adb6515a6d
|
Child-pugh score is used for
|
Hepatic encephalopathy
|
Uremic encephalopathy
|
Chronic liver disease
|
Head injury
| 2c
|
single
|
.
|
Anatomy
|
G.I.T
|
79983421-a1ac-4556-b1ae-19a9a2451692
|
Spider naevi are due to action of -
|
Estrogen
|
Androgen
|
Steroids
|
Progesterone
| 0a
|
single
|
The vascular spider, aerial spider or spider angioma or naevus is the most classical vascular lesion that is sometimes a presenting sign of chronic liver disease. Spider telangietasia occur in up to 10-15% of normal individuals and may also be seen in pregnant women (3rd trimester).They may also be seen in thyrotoxicosis, patients with rheumatoid ahritis, receiving estrogen therapy and women on oral contraceptives. In adults, spider nevi are usually seen over the face, neck, and upper pa of the trunk, and arms (vascular territory of the superior vena cava). It is unusual to find them below a line joining the nipples. They vary in size from 1 to 2 mm in diameter. It comprises a central aeriole represented by a red point from which numerous, small, twisted vessels radiate. Application of pressure on the central aeriole with the head of a pin or a match stick causes blanching of the whole lesion. Vascular spiders have been attributed to excessive levels of estrogen which cause blood vessels to enlarge and dilate. The presence of spider nevi is accompanied by an increased serum estradiol/free testosterone ratio in male cirrhotics. Reference : page 943 Davidson's Principles and practice of Medicine 22nd edition
|
Medicine
|
Endocrinology
|
1def74a8-d99a-49e8-b2a9-3193cdf63d80
|
Which one of the following enzymes is secreted both by exocrine pancreas and by intestinal mucosa?
|
Carboxypeptidase
|
Trehalase
|
Elastase
|
Amylase
| 0a
|
multi
|
Secretions Secreted by 1. Pancreatic enzymes (trysin, chymotypsin, carboxypeptidase) 2. Insulin 3. Bicarbonates & water 4. Enterokinase 5. Sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, lactase 6. Amino peptidase & several dipeptidases 7. Cholecystokinins 8. Mucus (in duodenum) 9. Bile (initial poriton) 10. HCl 11. Ptyalin 12. Lingual lipase 13. Elastase 14. Trehalase 1. Pancreatic acini (exocrine pancreas) 2. Islets of langerhans (endocrine pancreas) 3. Epithelial cells of ducts & ductules leading from acini 4. Intestinal mucosa 5. Contained in enterocytes of mucosa (not secreted in intestinal juice) 6. Enterocytes of duodenum & jejunum 7. I cells of mucosa of duodenum & upper jejunum 8. Brunner's glands 9. Hepatocytes of liver 10. Parietal cells 11. Parotid gland 12. Lingual glands of mouth 13. Pancreas 14. Enterocytes of small intestine.
|
Physiology
|
Gastrointestinal System
|
296ce9a6-a32b-4f04-a3d6-e4b355375f76
|
In which one of the following conditions the sialography is contraindicated
|
Ductal calculus
|
Chronic parotitis
|
Acute parotitis
|
Recurrent sialoadenitis
| 2c
|
single
|
Sialography is contraindicated in acute sialadenitis (includes parotitis) for fear of exacerbating the condition." Sialography Is the contrast x-ray examination of the salivary ducts and glands Also k/a ptyalography
|
Surgery
|
Head and neck
|
5addfcfb-55d7-468a-9145-0e74129182e0
|
Estrogen in the OCP causes all the following except :
|
Carcinoma in situ cervix
|
Breast carcinoma
|
Endometrial carcinoma
|
Thromoembolism
| 0a
|
multi
|
Carcinoma in situ cervix
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
b3a79e76-d569-43fb-a2c0-30ef2cc0dd78
|
A 5 month-old-baby (exclusively cow milk fed) presented to pediatrics OPD with history of crying on touch. Cause may be:
|
Scurvy
|
Rickets
|
JRA
|
Osteogenesis imperfecta
| 0a
|
single
|
Deficiency of Vitamin C Sub periosteal hemorrhage involving long bones- crying on touch
|
Pediatrics
|
Scurvy
|
cba03ded-f472-4c22-b7c9-c4874e285cc1
|
Which does not handle free radicals inside lens –
|
Vitamin A
|
Vitamin C
|
Vitamin E
|
Catalase
| 0a
|
single
|
Enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms :- Reduced glutathione (most important), glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase.
Non-enzymatic defence mechanisms :- Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and possibly carotenoids.
Some textbooks have also mentioned vitamin A as an anti-oxidant in lens. But, the best answer here is vitamin A because all other options have been mentioned as anti-oxidants in all textbooks, while vitamin A has been mentioned only in some textbooks.
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
46243a79-d51b-48f2-b127-b76c2e1e37f5
|
Toynbee's muscle is
|
Tensor tympani
|
Stapedius
|
Levator ani
|
Scalenus minimus
| 0a
|
single
|
Tensor tympani is called as Toynbee muscle origin, the cailaginous pa of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube and the walls of its hemicanal just above the bony poion of the pharyngotympanic tube; inseion, handle of malleus; action, draws the handle of the malleus medially tensing the tympanic membrane to protect it from excessive vibration by loud sounds. nerve supply, branches of trigeminal through the otic ganglion Ref - Pubmed.com
|
Anatomy
|
Head and neck
|
1af897a3-13e5-4da8-8654-e7e596bc4597
|
Heimlich&;s maneuver is used in
|
Upper airway obstruction by foreign body
|
BPPV
|
Eustachian tube patency test
|
Tympanic membrane integrity test
| 0a
|
single
|
Heimlich maneuverAbdominal thrusts also called the Heimlich maneuver, is a first aid procedure used to treat upper airway obstruction (or choking) by foreign objects. The Heimlich maneuver is named after Dr. Henry Heimlich, who first described it in 1974.Ref: PL Dhingra, Diseases of Ear, Nose & Throat, 7th edition, pg no. 367
|
ENT
|
Larynx
|
744beee7-3adc-43fa-a342-2ebbcbbe65e8
|
Anaesthetic agent with vasoconstrictor is contraindicated in?
|
Digital block
|
Spinal block
|
Epidural block
|
Regional anaesthesia
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. (A) Digital block(Ref: Katzung 11th/e p446)Vasoconstrictors are contraindicated if LAs are used for organs with end arteries (tips of fingers, toes, nose, pinna and penis) due to risk of ischemia and necrosis.
|
Pharmacology
|
Anaesthesia
|
efa78fec-a07c-4f8a-9e79-d6a0094b53db
|
Pseudofractures are seen in
|
Osteoahiritis
|
Rickets
|
Osteomalacia
|
Osteoporosis
| 2c
|
single
|
Radiological appearances of Rickets, Osteomalacia & Scurvy Rickets Osteomalacia Scurvy Epiphyseal wideningCupping & Splaying of metaphysis Fraying of metaphysisBowing of diaphysisThinning of coices Looser's zone in 20%Triradiate pelvis Protrusio acetabuli Pseudofractures Looser's zone Wimberger signFrankel's lineTrummerfeld zonePencil thin coexPseudoparalysis Pelkan's spurSubperiosteal hemorrhage(Refer: Mohindra's Fundamentals of Ohopedics, 2nd edition, pg no. 361, 395, 404)
|
Orthopaedics
|
All India exam
|
8dae3db1-b5b7-4a7e-be86-ace5ce84fd7a
|
All of the following cells are present in cerebellum, EXCEPT:
|
Purkinje cells
|
Stellate cells
|
Pyramidal cells
|
Basket cells
| 2c
|
multi
|
The pyramidal cells are seen in cerebral coex. The coex of the cerebellum consists of only three layers. They are, (1) an outer, molecular layer, (2) a middle, Purkinje layer, and (3) an inner, granular layer. The molecular layer has the least cellular density and consists of two types of neurons, stellate cells and basket cells. The stellate cells have relatively sho dendrites and basket cells have more extensive dendritic processes. Purkinje layer is relatively thin but consists of the densely packed cell bodies of the Purkinje cells. These cell bodies are the largest in the cerebellum and, with their unique dendritic trees, are probably the most distinctive cells in the entire CNS. Granular layer consists of the cell bodies of the very densely packed granular cells and Golgi type II cells.
|
Anatomy
| null |
d7c49854-66d4-43cf-a31d-895fdb7c35d0
|
Which is the most common eating disorder?
|
Anorexia nervosa
|
Bulimia nervosa
|
Avoidant restriction food intake disorder
|
Binge eating disorder
| 3d
|
single
|
Most common eating disorder:Binge eating disorder > Bulimia Nervosa > Anorexia Nervosa Binge eating disorder It is the most common eating disorder Females > Males Person is over weight Binge eating is present butno compensation Impulsive & extroveed personality styles are linked to this disorder Treatment: CBT + SSRI
|
Psychiatry
|
Eating Disorders
|
937137a1-965f-4108-b237-71ee07234ff2
|
In a preterm baby with respiratory distress syndrome which type of cell is deficient
|
Type 1 alveolar cell
|
Type 2 alveolar cell
|
Alveolar capillary endothelial cells
|
Bronchial mucosal epithelial cells
| 1b
|
single
|
After bih Lung expands due inspiring air surfactant keeps the bug from collapsing defficieney of surfactant= Respiratory Distress Syndrome ref : guyton and hall 13th ed.
|
Physiology
|
All India exam
|
d7b81675-0d68-4938-a248-54ad02e18b79
|
Paralytic ileus is characterized by all except?
|
No bowel sound on auscultation
|
No passage of flatus
|
Gas filled loops of intestine with multiple fluid levels
|
Loops of intestine are not seen d/t loss of peristalis
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Loops of intestine are not seen d/t loss of peristalsis
|
Surgery
| null |
a95ae0b9-6899-4ae5-803f-fde5f334e1a1
|
Dermatophytes involve-
|
Stratum corneum
|
Stratum lucidum
|
Stratum malpighian
|
Stratum basale
| 0a
|
single
|
DERMATOPHYTOSIS Infection caused by dermatophytes. Superficial cutaneous infection. Affects stratum corneum layer of skin , hair and nails Trichophoton species affects skin , hair and nails Epidermophyton Affects skin and nails Microsporum Affects skin and hair Iadvl textbook of dermatology page page 253
|
Dental
|
Fungal infections, Scabies, Pediculosis
|
d828256b-bd3b-45c6-bee5-1ef5409b3d2e
|
Ovulation occurs :
|
Before LH surge
|
After biphasic rise in body temperature
|
After ripening of follicle by FSH
|
Before estrogen peak
| 2c
|
single
|
Ovulation After estradiol reaches a peak of 200pg/ml and is sustained for about 48 hours, it exes a possitive feedback action for LH surge Final maturation of follicle is obtained by combined effect of FSH and LH Ovulation occurs 24-48 hours after LH surge Ref: D.C. Dutta's Textbook of Gynaecology, 6th edition, page no: 93
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Reproductive physiology and hormones in females
|
204f60ec-322d-4b95-a2c9-98e0a5073679
|
The most common radiographic appearance of OKC is :
|
Unilocular radiolucency
|
Multilocular radiolucency
|
Mixed radiopaque-radiolucent
|
Radiopacity
| 0a
|
single
|
Radiographically, OKCs present as a unilocular radiolucency with a well-defined peripheral rim. Scalloping of the border is also a frequent finding and this represents variations in the growth pattern of the cyst. Multilocular radiolucent OKC is also observed, generally representing a central cavity having satellite cysts.
Shafer's textbook of oral pathology 8th edition page no 64
|
Radiology
| null |
534a79d6-ec90-4c88-943f-e094068bacf7
|
A patient with a non obstructing carcinoma of the sigmoid colon is being prepared for elective resection. To minimize the risk of postoperative infectious complications, your planning should include
|
A single preoperative parenteral dose of antibiotic effective against aerobes and anaerobes.
|
Avoidance of oral antibiotics to prevent emergence of clostridium difficile
|
Postoperative administration for 2 to 4 days of parenteral antibiotics effective against aerobes and anaerobes
|
Postoperative administration for 5 to 7 days of parenteral antibiotics effective against aerobes and anaerobes
| 2c
|
single
|
Many clinical and experimental studies have looked at the optimum bowel preparation and preoperative regimen for elective colonic surgery to reduce the postoperative infectious complications of wound infection, intra-abdominal abscess, and anastomotic leakage. Currently a postoperative rate of wound infection of only 5% can be attained by combining mechanical cleansing, oral antibiotics, and perioperative parenteral antibiotics. Oral antibiotics may be administered one hour prior to surgery and should cover all anaerobes (e.g., neomycin-erythromycin), antibiotics effective against aerobes (e.g., cefoxitin) should be administered in the operating room as a single dose and not postoperatively. Both antibiotic regimens are for prophylaxis without fostering resistant against microbes.
|
Surgery
| null |
2a777ea0-f874-49ad-abf0-1e7e1e1315de
|
Organism not invading intact cornea -
|
Gonococci
|
C. diphtheriae
|
Meningococci
|
Pseudomonas
| 3d
|
single
|
Following three pathogens can invade the intact corneal epithelium and produce ulceration:Neisseria gonorrhoea,corynebacterium diphtheriae and Neisseria meningitidis. Reference:Comprehensive Ophthalmology,AK Khurana,6th edition,pg no.99
|
Ophthalmology
|
Cornea and sclera
|
95882bd7-0e2d-44e7-bf90-b9d2b8349b2c
|
One of the following is not repoed to be a clinical manifestation of Zinc deficiency in childre-
|
Dwarfism and hypogonadism
|
Liver and spleen enlargement
|
Impaired cell-mediated immunity
|
Macrocytic anemia
| 3d
|
single
|
Zinc deficiency resits in growth failure,sexual infantilism loss of taste,delayed wound healing,liver diseases,pernicious anaemia,thalassemia and myocardial infarctionREF.PARK'S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE.Editon-21.Page no.-577.
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
23d9993a-4add-473d-a0db-0df65cebab6f
|
Not involved in Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome:
|
Mammilary body
|
Thalamus
|
Periventricular grey matter
|
Hippocampus
| 2c
|
single
|
C i.e. Periventricular grey matter Korsakoff's Psychosis (K P) It is the commonest cause of organic amnestic syndrome. It is also k/ a Wernicke - Korsakov syndrome, because it often follows an acute neurological syndrome called Wernicke's encephalopathy comprising delirium, ataxia, opthalmoplegia, nystagmus & peripheral neuropathy. It is a potentially reversible conditionQ caused by thiamine deficiency most commonly associated with chronic alcohol abuse malnutrition. But other causes of malnutrition eg. starvation, hyperemesis gravidarum, dialysis, cancer, AIDS, gastric plication or prolonged IV hyperalimentation, alone can also result in thiamine deficiency & KP. Neuropathological lesion caused by thiamine deficiency is usually widespread but most consistent changes are seen in bilateral dorsomedial (& anterior) nucleus of thalamus, mammillary bodies, and hippocampus, in form of small vessels hyperplasia; petechial hemorrhages, astrocytic hyperophy & degenerationQ. It disrupts a critical circuit between hippocampus & frontal lobes. The changes are also seen in periventricular (around 3rd ventricle), periaqueductal grey matter, cerebellum, and brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla fornix) as symmetrical lesions. The cardinal feature is a profound deficit of episodic memory, confabulation and lack of insight into the amnesiaQ. It presents as : Change in personality (frontal lobe like) such that they display lack of initiative, interest or concern & diminished spontaneity. - Executive function deficits involving attention, planning, set shifting, & inferential reasoning. - Apathy, passivity & confabulationQ are often prominent. There is disorientation for time, emotional blunting, & ineia. - There is little impairment in implicit memory and their ability to perform (complete) complex motor procedures remain intactQ. Typically general intelligence, perceptual skills & language remain relatively normalQ. Memory disorder - Profound deficit of episodic type explicit (declarative) memory 1/t loss of autobiographic information (often extending back for many years). Severe anterograde amnesia (learning defect) for verbal & visual material with a lack of insight into the amnesia. Events are recalled immediately after they occur, but forgotten a few minutes later. Thus digit span, testing the sho term memory store, is normal. Storage is mildly impaired but retrieval & learning are severely impairedQ. When patients learn new material they will forget it at a normal rate, but learning the new material is extremely difficult, and in severe cases new learning is impossible. So these patients have difficult encoding & consolidating explicit memory. - Retrograde amnesia back to the onset of illness, is as severe as anterograde loss; but the overall retrograde memory impairment (i.e. before the onset of illness) is not as severe as that of anterograde memory. New learning & recent memory is grossly defective but retrograde (remote) memory is relatively (variably) preserved, and show a temporal gradient, with older memories better preserved. As a result these patients retain more distant memories dramatically more proficiently than they learn new material. - Although remote memory is surprisingly intact, patients are unable to organize them in a temporal context. So they disto the relationship between facts and fill the remote memory gaps by confabulationQ (a vivid & wholly fictitious account of recent activities which the patient believes to be true).
|
Psychiatry
| null |
0deab223-82ed-4794-89c2-d7657f00df49
|
The 2nd common most supernumerary teeth is
|
Mesiodens
|
Distal to 3rd molar in maxilla
|
Distal to mandibular 3rd molar
|
Para molars
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Pathology
| null |
3f660aa4-7220-4114-88e0-0c963e396664
|
Which is Cyt. P450 inhibitor -
|
Ketoconazole
|
Rifampicin
|
Phenytoin
|
NH
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ketoconazole
|
Pharmacology
| null |
9f624eff-f0aa-41e1-bf2e-ed1bb7254349
|
1st line treatment for smoking cessation includes
|
Noriptyline
|
Clonidine
|
Varenicline
|
Buspirone
| 2c
|
single
|
Varenicline -ALPA 4 BETA 2 paial agonist for nicotinic receptors is the new 1st line treatment for smoking dependence. Ref: Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry By JN Vyas 1st ed Pg 351
|
Psychiatry
|
Substance abuse
|
82c7ffc9-756e-49ee-90c0-d8a9a07475e1
|
Between 2 countries moality compared best by -
|
Age adjusted rates
|
Crude rates
|
Propoional rates
|
None
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is `a' i.e., Age adjusted rates
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c571153c-f67e-4a2c-9d71-9f13a46feb76
|
Point angles in class II
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
3
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Dental
| null |
bbb863d7-b612-448d-bcd2-68ecfb93a351
|
Which of the following is not associated with pseudomembranous colitis?
|
Toxin A is responsible for clinical manifestation
|
Toxin B is responsible for clinical manifestation
|
Gross blood in stools is common
|
Summit lesion is early histopathological finding
| 2c
|
single
|
Clostridium difficile produce 5 toxins, toxin A and B are most studied and both causes pseudo membranous colitis. The “Summit” or “volcano” lesions are seen due to mucosal micro ulceration. Diarrhea is soft to watery or mucoid in consistency but never with gross blood
|
Unknown
| null |
d0bea04c-ee01-49a8-a84a-6ca4b5dae913
|
Subperiosteal erosion is seen in:
|
Scurvy
|
Hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypoparathyroidism
|
Rickets
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. Hyperparathyroidism
|
Radiology
| null |
18932f00-9837-431a-b81f-341ffac2e77c
|
Gross section of myoardium following myocardial infarction is shown. What could the duration following MI?
|
Immediate MI
|
2 days
|
2 weeks
|
Postmoem infarct aefact
| 2c
|
single
|
C - This image shows Interventricular wall rupture. Rupture of myocardial tissue can occur in between 4 -7days Post- MI. (Usually 7-10 days) Commonest complication seen POST-MI is Arrhythmia. Specifically, Ventricular fibrillation. Time Post MI Gross Changes Microscopic Changes Clinical Complications < 4 Hours No observable changes No observable changes Arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, congestive hea failure 4-24 Hours Dark discoloration Coagulative necrosis Arrhythmias 1-3 Days Yellow coloration Neutrophil invasion of infarct Fibrinous pericarditis 4-7 Days Yellow Coloration Macrophage invasion of infarct Rupture of ventricular wall leading to cardiac tamponade, interventricular septum leading to shunt, papillary muscle dysfunction leading to mitral insufficiency 1-3 Weeks Red border begins to form around infarct Granulation tissue with fibroblasts Months White Scar Fibrosis Aneurysm, mural thrombus, Dressler syndrome
|
Pathology
|
JIPMER 2018
|
36c294de-8a94-4825-bf20-6da9710a6b18
|
Gold salts can be used in:
|
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
Rheumatoid ahritis
|
Osteoahritis
|
Beheet's syndrome
| 1b
|
single
|
Answer is B (Rheumatoid ahritis) : Chrysotherapy (Gold salts) : are used as a disease-modifting anti-rheumatic drugs for patients who fail to improve on or who cannot tolerate methotrexate. Intramuscular gold is used most often as it is more effective than oral goldQ.
|
Medicine
| null |
515cc7ea-4713-46a5-8062-4210b9aeef57
|
Which pa of subclan aery is affected by stenosis is:
|
First pa
|
Second pa
|
Third pa
|
All pas are equally affected
| 0a
|
multi
|
Most common etiology of subclan stenosis is atherosclerosis, and it mostly affects the ostium or proximal pa of subclan aery. Ref: Peripheral and Cerebrovascular Intervention By Deepak L. Bhatt, Page 102
|
Surgery
| null |
07c598ca-6133-4dc7-ab26-8d052cc59546
|
Periodontal pockets which offer the least possibility for
bone regeneration are classified as ________ pockets.
|
suprabony
|
one-wall infrabony
|
two-wall infrabony
|
three-wall infrabony
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Dental
| null |
3e45dbbc-fb32-4cdc-965e-817f97be0102
|
True regarding comparison values of cow and human milk are all except: March 2012
|
Human milk has comparatively less of protein
|
Human milk has comparatively less of calcium
|
Human milk has comparatively less of minerals
|
Human milk has comparatively less of lactose
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans: D i.e. Human milk has comparatively less of lactose Comparison of human and cow link Protein in human milk is 1.1 g, whereas in cow milk it is 3.2 Calcium in human milk is 28 mg, whereas in cow milk it is 120 mg Minerals in human milk is 0.1 g, whereas in cow milk it is 0.8 g Lactose in human milk is 7.4 g, whereas in cow milk it is 4.4 g
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
2e37114c-4c20-4a31-9660-7a26a8276055
|
Lightening flash can cause injury by all of the following, except-
|
Direct effect of electric currrent
|
Super heated air
|
Expanded and repelled air
|
Compressed air pushed in front of the current
| 3d
|
multi
|
Mechanism of injury in lightening burns are:-
Direct effect of high voltage current.
Heat, i.e. superheated air causing burns.
Expanded and displaced air, which acts as a blast wave.
Sledgehammer blow by compressed air pushed before the current (sledgehammer effect and blow death).
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
42099838-ba35-4579-aef5-353632c7d709
|
Collagen distributed in rhabdomyosarcoma cells?
|
Type V
|
Type XII
|
Type XIX
|
Type XXIV
| 2c
|
single
|
Type XIX is distributed Rarely. Seen in basement membranes, rhabdomyosarcoma cells Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 628 Table no: 50-1
|
Biochemistry
|
miscellaneous
|
630c0be0-506e-444c-9cc3-787402a970b5
|
High calcium intake leads to
|
Milk-Alkali syndrome
|
Cardiomyopathy
|
Osteoporosis
|
Osteopetrosis
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. a. Milk-Alkali syndrome The milk-alkali syndrome is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate. It is much less frequent since proton-pump inhibitors and other treatments became available for peptic ulcer disease. For a time, the increased use of calcium carbonate in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism led to reappearance of the syndrome. The chronic form of the disease, termed Burnett's syndrome, is associated with irreversible renal damage. The acute syndromes reverse if the excess calcium and absorbable alkali are stopped.' Milk-Alkali Syndrome The milk-alkali syndrome is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonateQ. It is much less frequent since proton-pump inhibitors and other treatments became available for peptic ulcer disease. For a time, the increased use of calcium carbonate in the management of secondary hyperparathyroidism led to reappearance of the syndrome. Several clinical presentations-acute, subacute, and chronic-have been described, all of which feature hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal failureQ. The chronic form of the disease, termed Burnett's syndrome, is associated with irreversible renal damageQ. The acute syndromes reverse if the excess calcium and absorbable alkali are stoppedQ. Individual susceptibility is dependent on the fractional calcium absorption as a function of calcium intake. Some individuals absorb a high fraction of calcium, even with intakes >2 g of elemental calcium per day, instead of reducing calcium absorption with high intake, as occurs in most normal individuals. Development of hypercalcemia causes increased sodium excretion and some depletion of total-body water. These phenomena and perhaps some suppression of endogenous PTH secretion due to mild hypercalcemia lead to increased bicarbonate resorption and to alkalosis in the face of continued calcium carbonate ingestion Alkalosis per se selectively enhances calcium resorption in the distal nephron, thus aggravating the hypercalcemia. The cycle of mild hypercalcemia -4 bicarbonate retention alkalosis renal calcium retention -4 severe hypercalcemia perpetuates and aggravates hypercalcemia and alkalosis as long as calcium and absorbable alkali are ingestedQ.
|
Medicine
| null |
d1424bb3-8715-4b1d-8ac9-736a9e1ccddd
|
Retinal cells which secrete acetyl choline?
|
Bipolar cells
|
Ganglion cells
|
Amacrine cells
|
H cells
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C. Amacrine cellsAmacrine cells secrete at least eight types of transmitter substances, including GABA, glycine, dopamine, acetylcholine and indolamine, all of which normally function as inhibitory neurotransmitters.
|
Physiology
|
Special Senses: Vision and its Elements
|
329eec8a-1504-433b-abff-f8d03f31da3e
|
Which of the following is known as wear and tear pigment?
|
Lipochrome
|
Cytochrome
|
Lipoxin
|
Lipoprotein
| 0a
|
single
|
Lipofuscin is known as lipochrome. It is wear and tear pigment / aging pigment. It is a sure sign of free radical injury.
|
Pathology
| null |
6eb85a31-da23-41b6-8e33-607c645fb1d8
|
During renal transplantation the renal vein is connected to -
|
IVC
|
External Iliac vein
|
Internal iliac vein
|
Gonadal Vein
| 1b
|
single
|
Answer- B. External Iliac veinThe renal aery of the new kidney, previously branching from the abdominal aoa in the donor, is often connected to the external iliac aery in the recipient.
|
Surgery
| null |
526c89b6-f3cc-4657-a104-e2cf43805d2c
|
Nasal Septum is formed by:
|
Perpedicular plate of ethmoid
|
Crest of maxilla
|
Septal cailage
|
All
| 3d
|
multi
|
B. i.e. Crest of maxilla; C. i.e. Septal cailage; A. i.e. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
|
Anatomy
| null |
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