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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5a5a1137-5007-4d26-ae8d-555384238f5b
|
Enchondroma commonly arises from
|
Ribs
|
Veretebre
|
Tibia
|
Phalanges
| 3d
|
single
|
ENCHONDROMA * Rarely an enchondroma may extend through the coex and demonstrate a exophytic growth pattern. This is known as an enchondroma protuberans, and may either be seen sporadically or as pa of Oilier disease. * Almost all enchondromas are located in the medullary cavity of tubular bones. D/ds: * bone infarct , chondrosarcoma, intraosseous * other benign Ivtic bone lesions, * metastases * granulomatous disease : sarcoidosis, tuberculosis * X-ray & CT Typically enchondromas are small 1 - 2cm lytic lesions with non-aggressive features. narrow zone of transition sharply defined scalloped margins : may have mild endosteal scalloping expansion of the overlying coex may be present but there should not be coical breakthrough unless fractured Chondroid calcifications may be present : rings and arcs calcification-STIPPLED/PUNCTATE/POPCORN no periosteal reaction * The majority of enchondromas more frequ the metaphyseal region entirely arise in A cailaginous lesion in an epiphysis is more likely to be a chondrosarcoma . Refer Apleys 9th/e p 197
|
Anatomy
| null |
8945be92-52b7-459d-8abf-f411cf0a0c8a
|
Which of the following is seen in the infant of a diabetic mother:
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Hypercalcemia
|
Macrocytic anemia
|
Polycythemia
| 3d
|
single
| null |
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
4c20fcac-d635-4093-94ee-a4d8693ffea1
|
The commonest cause of primary amenorrhea with ambiguous genitalia in a female with 46XX chromosome
|
21 hydroxylase def.
|
17 hydroxylase def.
|
11 hydroxylase def.
|
Desmolase hydrolase def.
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e. 21-hydroxylase deficiency Primary amenorrhoea with virilization (ambiguous genitalia) in females is seen in21 hydroxylase def.11 hydroxylase def17-hydroxylase def. does not cause virilization. It causes in females- Primary amenorrhoea and failure of development of secondary sexual characteristics."21-hydroxylase and 11-hydroxylase deficiencies are common; the former accounts for 90-95% of the cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and the latter accounts for all but 1% of the remaining cases."Also know this*Congenital adrenal hyperplasiaIs commonly caused by there 4 enzyme deficiencies.21 hydroxylase def. (Complete)21 hydroxylase def. (Partial)11 hydroxylase def.17 hydroxylase def.21 hydroxylase def. Complete (Salt loosing virilizing)*Hypotension*Virilization (& Precocious puberty in males)*21 hydroxylase def. partial (Simple virilizing)*Normal B.P.*Virilization* (& Precocious puberty in males)*11 hvdroxvlase def.Hypertension*Virilization* (& Precocious puberty in males)*17 hvdroxvlase def. hypertension*Hypertension*No virilization in females*Primary amenorrhoea and failure of development of sec. sec. characteristics in females*Male hermaphrodites*
|
Physiology
|
Sex Hormones
|
6448577a-661f-4085-acfe-ccef03c820fc
|
Most common organism causing laryngotracheobronchitis is
|
RSV
|
Para-influenza virus
|
Influenza virus
|
H. Influenza
| 1b
|
single
|
Para-influenza virus I and II is the most common organism causing laryngotracheobronchitis. Ref: Textbook of diseases of ENT, PL Dhingra, 7th edition, pg no. 328
|
ENT
|
Larynx
|
6dd82673-58a4-4fbe-8efd-00474fea2767
|
All are true regarding superior Mesenteric Aery Syndrome, except -
|
Caused by compression of distended duodenum
|
Common in young females
|
Does not occur in obese individuals
|
Most common in 6th -7th decade
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Most common in 6th to 7th decade Superior Mesenteric Aery syndrome or Wilkie's syndrome - is a rare condition in which obstruction of the 3rd poion of duodenum is produced by compression between the superior mesenteric vessels and the aoa. Causes and pathophysiology - the superior mesenteric aery normally leaves the aoa at an acute angle (-50-60deg). Normally a mass of fat and lymphatics around the origin of SMA is believed to protect the duodenum from compression. Factors that may precipitate obstruction are sudden wt. loss following injury or bum rapid growth in height. - application of body casts - supine immobilization Clinical picture - the syndrome is seen invariably in thin patients - common in young adults, more common in females Symptoms include epigastric bloating and crampy pain after meals, relieved by vomitting or prone position. Investigation - Barium meal study Hypotonic duodenography is superior to barium meal - CT scan with contrast Management Conservative t/t - conservative t/t is successful in most cases associated with ohopedic condition. Treatment usually involves removal of plaster cast and mobilization of patient. - Postural therapy : patient is advised to turn into prone or knee-elbow position after meals or when symptomatic. Surgery - for patients not responding to conservative methods - duodenojejunostomy is done
|
Surgery
| null |
4958b62d-09fc-4404-9a6b-d96997dcc326
|
Burst abdomen most commonly occurs on the
|
2nd day
|
3rd day
|
7th day
|
9th day
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 7"' day
|
Surgery
| null |
dc5090a9-0718-41b0-b0af-d1cb3fb44f75
|
Preload is increased by -
|
Increased blood volume
|
Increased total peripheral resistance
|
Standing
|
Sitting
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e.. Increase blood volume Preload (Degree of ventricular filling during diastole)o Cardiac preload is represented by volume of venous blood that distends the ventricle, i.e., venous return determines the preload. An increase in preload, i.e., increase in venous return results in a higher end-diastolic volumeQ (PreloadQ).o This results in stretching of myocardial fiber and this increase in length of myofibril increases the strength of cardiac contraction in accordance with the Frank-Starling law or Starling's law of the hearto According to Starling's lawr, greater the initial length of muscle fiber, greater is the force of contraction,o The initial length of muscle fiber (length of fiber at the initiation of contraction/systole) refers to length of the fiber at the end of the diastole, i.e., end-diastolic fiber length.o Thus, the factors which improve venous return increase the cardiac output by increasing end-diastolic ventricular volume and length, i.e.. preload,o Opposite is true for factors which decrease venous return.| Stroke volume| Stroke volumeFactors Increasing end-diastolic ventricular muscle fiber length (Factors increasing venous return or preload)Factors decreasing end-diastolic ventricular muscle fiber length (Factors decreasing venous return or preload)o Increased total blood volumeQo Decreased total blood volumeo Increased venous toneQo Decreased venous toneo Increased pumping action of skeletal muscleo Decreased pumping action of skeletal muscleso Increased negative intrathoracic pressureQ (e.g. inspiration)o Less negative or positive intrathoracic pressure (expiration)o Sitting or standingQ (venous pooling of blood)o Lying down from sitting or standing position o Sympathatic discharge causing decrease in venous capacitance by decreasing venous compliance
|
Physiology
|
Circulation: Cardiac Output, Venous Return
|
bcbc883b-04d9-42cf-822b-93720d74ec3f
|
Biopsy of the parotid gland in Sjogren's syndrome shows-
|
Lymphocytes
|
Neutrophils
|
Eosinophils
|
Basophils
| 0a
|
single
|
Sjogren's SyndromeSjogren's syndrome is characterized by the triad of dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), andrheumatoid ahritis. The combination of the former two symptoms is called sicca syndrome. The lesions in lacrimal and salivary glands are mediated byT lymphocytes, B cells, and plasma cells. MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES In the early stage, the lacrimal and salivary glands show periductal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, which at times may form lymphoid follicles (pseudolymphoma). In the late stage, glandular parenchyma is replaced by fat and fibrous tissue. The ducts are also fibrosed and hyalinised. HARSH MOHAN Textbook of pathology 6th edition pg no 81
|
Pathology
|
miscellaneous
|
d1a4cf68-eb25-4034-b1ec-3f894d96d885
|
Which of the following agents is used for the treatment of Thrombocytopenia secondary to myelosupressive cancer chemotherapy
|
Filgrastim
|
Sargramostim
|
Oprelvekin
|
Erythropoetin
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans is 'c' i.e. Oprelvekin Oprelvekin (Recombinant IL-11) is used in chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
4e07c036-6322-4063-b8a6-ae538ed0fe45
|
Clinical feature of Bronchiestasis are all except
|
Hemoptysis
|
Night sweats
|
Chest pain
|
Productive cough
| 1b
|
multi
|
Bronchiectasis is characterised by chronic,persistent productive cough with copious,continuously purulent sputum.Pleuritic pain is produced when infection spreads to involve pleura,or with segmental collapse due to retained secretions.There will be hemoptysis which can be mild,moderate or massive.General debility and halitosis are also present in bronchiectasis. Ref:Davidson's medicine-22nd edition,page no:679.
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory system
|
fee2df43-6ad2-40e4-857e-a221a60c1c41
|
Virus infected cells killed by:
|
Natural killer cells
|
Plasma cells
|
B cells
|
None
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a'(Ref: Ananthanarayan, 8th/e, p. 131)Virus infected cells are killed by:(i) Innate immunity-by NK cells.(ii) Adaptive immunity-by cytotoxic T cells.
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
3cd7e125-6775-4631-a986-a996d20ed914
|
Products of Phospholipase C are ?
|
Inositol and diacylglycerol
|
Inositol triphosphate and Diacylglycerol
|
Lysophospholipid and fattyacid
|
Phosphatidate and IP2
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'B' i.e., Inositol triphosphate and DiacylglycerolIP3 or Inositol triphosphate and DAG or Diacyl glycerol are second messengers formed from Phosphatidyl inositol diphosphate (PIP2) by the action of Phospholipase C.Activation of phospholipase (by stimulatory G protein) hydrolyses the membrane phospholipid phosphatidyl inositol 4, 5 bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate the second messenger inositol 1, 4, 5 - triphosphate (IP) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
|
Biochemistry
| null |
8c8c0d7f-241f-46fd-8fa7-1648cee38fae
|
Students receive how much cereal /day in mid day meal prog -
|
50 gm
|
100 gm
|
150gm
|
75 gm
| 3d
|
single
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 75 gm A mid-day school mealFoodstuffsg/day/childCereals and millets75Pulses30Oils and fats8Leafy vegetables30Non-leafy vegetables30Some suggestion for preparation of nutritious & economic! mid-day meals are as under-partial list.- Park 21st/612Food-grains must be stored in a place away from moisture, in air tight containers/bins to avoid infestation.Fermentation improves nutritive value. Preparation of idli, dosa. dhokla etc. may be encouraged.Sprouted pulses have more nutrients & should be incorporated in single dish meals.Cereal pulse combination is necessary to have good quality protein. The cereal pulse ratio could range from 3:1 to 5:1.Rice water if left after cooking should be mixed with dal if these are cooked separately & should never be thrown away.Use whole wheat or broken wheat (dalia) for preparing mid-day meals.Rice should preferably be parboiled or unpolished.Cooking must be done with lid to avoid loss of nutrients.Overcooking should be avoided.Only 'iodized salt' should be used for cooking mid-day meals.
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and Health
|
6c343f0e-49af-4dfa-94f9-4fc102f7b44d
|
Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:-
|
Potency
|
Safety
|
Efficacy
|
All of these
| 1b
|
multi
|
Therapeutic index (T.I) = LD 50 / ED 50 = Median lethal dose / Median effective dose Median lethal dose: dose at which 50% of animals die after receiving drug. Median effective dose: dose at which 50% of patient see effect after receiving the drug LD50 should be high, i.e. The drug should produce toxicity at high doses. (not at low dose) ED50 should be low, i.e. The drug should produce effects at even low dose (i.e. Potent) :- Ti l/e - Drug potency is a choosing factor in dose of drug & efficacy is for choice of drug.
|
Pharmacology
|
FMGE 2018
|
765328bd-ed28-4aff-9cb5-95b5d899873f
|
Interstitial nephritis is seen with all except Beta lactam inhibitors
|
INH
|
Diuretics
|
Allopurinol
|
RIFAMPCIN
| 1b
|
multi
|
[Ref. Harrison 20th Ed. DRUGS CAUSING INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS Antibiotics Diuretics Anticonvulsants Miscellaneous . filactams * Thiazide * Phenytoin . Captopril . Sulfonamides * Furosemide * Phenobarbitone * H2 receptor blockerse * Quinolones . Triamterene * Carbamazepine . Omeprazole . Vancomycin . NSAIDSdeg * Valproic acid . Mesalazine * Erythromycin . Indinavir . Minocycline . Allopurinol . Rifampicin * Ethambutol . Acyclovir
|
Medicine
|
All India exam
|
4211718d-98ea-4ae8-aa04-21f0c9fe98af
|
Minimum protrusion required for condylar guidance programming on an articulator is:
|
3 mm
|
4 mm
|
6 mm
|
8 mm
| 2c
|
single
|
The sensitivity of semi-adjustable articulator is minimum of 6 mm to program using a protrusive record.
|
Dental
| null |
41ccc2c6-b2de-4004-932b-ecd2ac1cd042
|
A 10-month old male child was having vomiting upon eating fruits, but is of normal weight. He has been exclusively breast fed till now. The doctor suggests fructose intolerance. Which of the following enzyme would be deficient in this child?
|
Aldolase B
|
Hexokinase
|
Fructokinase
|
Glucose-6-phosphatase
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. a. Aldolase B
|
Biochemistry
| null |
6188110e-a274-4c5c-9c6c-48697775eb2a
|
All of the following features are characteristic of ARDS except
|
Hypercapnia
|
Right to left shunt
|
Stiff lungs
|
Lack of response to conventional oxygen therapy
| 0a
|
multi
|
ARDS is a clinical syndrome characterised by severe dyspnea of rapid onset, hypoxemia and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates leading to respiratory failure. It is characterised by type 1 respiratory failure with hypoxemia but normocapnia. Patients meeting clinical criteria for ARDS frequently become fatigue from increased work of breathing and progressive hypoxia requiring mechanical ventilation for suppo. The ideal tidal volume for mechanical ventilation in ARDS patient is 4-6ml/ kg body weight. The impact of hypercapnia in ARDS. The impact of hypercapnia has not been clearly elucidated and is still controversial given its disparate effects (7,8). Neveheless, it has come to be seen as a major factor in ARDS . source :ref Davidson edition23rd pg 199-200
|
Medicine
|
Respiratory system
|
3d2dc080-93d2-4707-91a3-9594fd042c31
|
Select the false statement about P. jiroveci-
|
It is seen in only immunocompromised individuals
|
Frequently associated with CMV
|
May be associated with pneumatocele
|
Diagnosed with sputum microscopy
| 1b
|
multi
|
P. jirovecii infection and CMV (Cytomegalo virus) infection is common in patient with renal transplant recipients, but association with CMV infection is not clearly documented. Ref: Clinical Infectious diseases by David Schlossberg p.616
About other options:
Option a: Correct- It is an opportunistic pathogen
Option c: Correct- The common radiographic finding in P. jirovecii pneumonia is the presence ground-glass opacity in both lungs and atypical radiographic manifestations include cystic spaces (pneumatocele) and bullae, adenopathy, pleural effusions and pneumothorax. BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9:171)
Option d: Correct- Lab diagnosis is established based visualisation of P. jirovecii in expectorated sputum or BAL (Ideal sample).
|
Microbiology
| null |
d8715dd5-ebac-4ba7-b7a1-63350b9aae95
|
A boy with ASOM undergoing treatment with penicillin therapy for 7 days now presents with subsidence of pain and persistence of deafness, Diagnosis is:
|
Ototoxicity
|
Secretory otitis media
|
Adhesive otitis media
|
Tympanosclerosis
| 1b
|
single
|
Inadequate antibiotic treatment of acute suppurative otitis media may inactivate infection but fail to resolve it completely.Low grade infection lingers on which acts as a stimulus for the mucosa to secrete more mucus which leads to development of serous/secretory otitis media.
|
ENT
| null |
d93dbde4-d4a8-4e7b-9daf-c1b16675a181
|
Amastigote form of which parasite is found in human?
|
Trypanosoma cruzi
|
Trypanosoma brucei
|
Trypanosoma gambiense
|
Trypanosoma rhodesiense
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. a. Trypanosoma
|
Microbiology
| null |
f71f1cd0-085b-4f39-925c-50921dce982c
|
What of the following is essential for tumour metastasis?
|
Angiogenesis
|
Tumorogenesis
|
Apoptosis
|
Inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity
| 0a
|
single
|
. Angiogenesis
|
Pathology
| null |
29c5f104-faab-48af-9990-c3aa6fe458d4
|
All are true regarding synol sarcoma except?
|
More common at extra aicular sites
|
Knee and foot are commonly involved
|
Usually seen in individuals less than 50 years of age
|
Originates from the synol lining
| 3d
|
multi
|
The name synol sarcoma is a misnomer It does not arise from the synol lining The name arises from the fact that it histologically resembles synol tissue Most commonly seen in those between 15 and 35 years of age Males and females are equally affected Most commonly seen in the lower limbs, around knee and foot It is a slow growing tumour with an indolent course (It may be aggressive in later stages) Ref : maheswari 9th ed
|
Orthopaedics
|
All India exam
|
79fb7928-3b1b-41d0-81db-3d66e05ae700
|
A farmer was brought to the casualty with restlessness & agitation. Examination shows temp. 103deg F, flushed face, pupils dilated and fixed. The diagnosis is
|
Dhatura poisoning
|
Organophosphorus poisoning
|
Diazepam poisoning
|
Opium poisoning
| 0a
|
single
|
A i.e. Dhatura poisoning
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
7b274121-4971-47ab-8d24-2bfa58eebd1c
|
Which of the following structure develop in ventral pa of ventral mesentery of stomach?
|
Falciform ligament
|
Hepatogastric ligament
|
Lesser omentum
|
Splenogastric ligament
| 0a
|
single
|
- Falciform ligament develops in the ventral pa of the ventral mesentery - Lesser omentum (hepatogastric ligament) in the dorsal pa of ventral mesentery.
|
Anatomy
|
Mesentry, neurovascular bundle
|
9fe55cae-3e90-4cfe-9275-df8180a4206c
|
Orphan annie eye nuclei appearance is characteristic of-
|
Papillary carcinoma thyroid
|
Carcinoma pituitary
|
Paraganglioma
|
Meningioma
| 0a
|
single
|
Orphan Annie eye nuclei is a feature of papillary carcinoma of thyroid. The nuclei of cells in papillary carcinoma thyroid has finely dispersed chromatin . Thus it is optically clear and shows ground glass or Orphan Annie eye nuclei. Ref: Robbins and cotrans 9e Pg 1095
|
Pathology
|
Endocrinology
|
3a561db9-29af-4a06-821b-d9ff7fd37e86
|
Gerlach tonsil in Waldayer&;s ring is
|
Tubal tonsil
|
Palatine tonsil
|
Pharyngeal tonsil
|
Lingual tonsil
| 0a
|
single
|
A collection of lymphoid tissue is present in the nasopharynx, behind the tubal opening. It is called the tubal tonsil, also known as Gerlach's tonsil. It is continuous with the lateral pa of the pharyngeal tonsil. In Waldeyer's lymphatic ring, the most impoant aggregations are the right and left palatine tonsils. Posteriorly and above there is the pharyngeal tonsil; laterally and above there are the tubal tonsils, and inferiorly there is the lingual tonsil over the posterior pa of the dorsum of the tongue. Ref: BD Chaurasia's HUMAN ANATOMY, Volume 3, 4th edition.
|
Anatomy
|
Head and neck
|
9b47ec6f-e2f2-48bd-8c8f-5edcec633a6c
|
Mi's expression of the following homeobox genes alters the position of the forelimbs during development
|
HOX A7
|
HOX B8
|
HOX C9
|
HOX D 10
| 1b
|
single
|
The carnival limit of expression of HOX B8 is at the carnival border of the forelimbs, and the mid - expression of this gene alters the position of these limbs Position of the limbs along the craniocaudal axis in the flank regions of the embryo is regulated by the HOX genes expressed along this axis. Ref: Gray's 39e/p-1289
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
52849388-9a85-4305-803e-77bb0be7c376
|
True about major depression is/are -
|
Common in males
|
Markedly diminished interest in all activities most of the day but no fatigue or loss of energy or psychomotor retardation.
|
Feeling of worthlessness or excessive guilt
|
All
| 2c
|
multi
|
Feeling of worthlessness or excessive guilt is one of the diagnostic criteria major depression.
|
Psychiatry
| null |
b76cc4f1-6df9-4707-b7f7-922e0e6635ba
|
True about widal test:
|
Anti-0 antibody persists longer
|
0 antigen of S. paratyphi is used
|
H-antigen is most immunogenic
|
Felix tube is used for 'H' agglutination lnar
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. is. 'c' i. e., H-antigen is most immunogenic
|
Microbiology
| null |
9512f7c1-4be2-47f8-95ab-8be2cbe9b6cf
|
Disinfecting action of chlorine in chlorination of Water is mainly due to (2018)
|
Chloride ion
|
Hypochlorite Ion
|
Hydrochloric Acid
|
Hypochlorous acid
| 3d
|
single
|
CHLORINATION Chlorination is one of the greatest advances in water purification. Chlorine kills pathogenic bacteria, but is has no effect on spores and ceain viruses (e.g., polio, viral hepatitis) except in high doses. Apa from its germicidal effect, chlorine oxidizes iron, manganese and hydrogen sulphide; it destroys some taste and odour- producing constituents; it controls algae and slime organisms; and aids coagulation. Action of chlorine : When chlorine is added to water, there is formation of hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. The hydrochloric acid is neutralized by the alkalinity of the water. The hypochlorous acid ionizes to form hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions, as follows :- H2O + Cl2 -t HCI + HOC! HOCI -t H + OCI The disinfecting action of chlorine is mainly due to the hypochlorous acid, and to a small extent due to the hypochlorite ions. Ref:- park; pg num:- 774
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
All India exam
|
dd3d4a11-73b4-4f97-b4d7-34aaeec46e60
|
A quack gives a penicillin injection to a patient who dies due to it. Will the quack be relieved for his criminal responsibility by raising a plea of accident
|
Definitely
|
Likely to
|
Never
|
Deserves to be acquitted on the Strength of evidence
| 2c
|
single
|
C i.e. Never
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
2855dde6-0962-4ead-afd3-476f63c0a9ed
|
Broad and short type of face is known as
|
Mesoprosopic
|
Euryprosopic
|
Leptoprosopic
|
None of above
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Dental
| null |
8676c059-9e49-4ceb-8fa2-5e14ac84121f
|
Which is a natural uncoupler?
|
Thermogenin
|
2, 4 dinitrophenol
|
Oligomycin
|
Atractyloside
| 0a
|
single
|
Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation: Uncouplers will allow oxidation to proceed, but the energy instead of being trapped by phosphorylation Fig. 19.18. Impoant mitochondrial membrane transpoers. 1 = PYT (pyruvate transpoer); 2 = TCT (tricarboxylate transpoer); 3 = ANT (adenine nucleotide transpoer) is dissipated as heat. This is achieved by removal of the proton gradient. (Table 19.5; Fig. 19.17). The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation is useful biologically. In hibernating animals and in newborn human infants, the liberation of heat energy is required to maintain body temperature. In Brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis is achieved by this process. Thermogenin, a protein present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of adipocytes, provides an alternate pathway for protons. It is one of the uncoupling proteins (UCP). Thyroxine is also known to act as a physiological uncoupler.Ref: DM Vasudevan Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 6th edition, page no: 234
|
Biochemistry
|
Respiratory chain
|
bbe872ee-3567-4d06-8d27-c9230e6cd660
|
The most appropriate method for collecting urine for culture in case of vesicovaginal fistula is :
|
Suprapubic needle aspiration
|
Midstream clean catch
|
Foley's catheter
|
Sterile speculum
| 2c
|
single
|
Foley's catheter
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
c0819626-967a-436a-96db-d3a65e1052b9
|
Estimation of percentage of children immunized in community as per WHO is to be done by:
|
Multistage random sampling
|
Cluster random
|
Systematic random sampling
|
All of the above
| 1b
|
multi
|
WHO recommends cluster random sampling (CRS) to estimate the percentage of children immunized in the community, paicularly in developing nations. Their recommended strategy is 30x7 sampling. Ref: Medical biostatistics, 1st edition pg: 201
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c6ddda2d-d93f-44ac-8cd4-3a40a31f777e
|
DSM-IV TR classification of psychiatric disorders as proposed a multiple axis system for person with psychiatric illness. Personality disorders were classified in which axis?
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
IV
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. B. IIThe DSM IV classification of psychiatric disorders as proposed by American Psychiatry AssociationDSM-IV* Analyze symptoms* Diagnostic features: Course of illness & Exclusion Criteria* Diagnostic reliability: Concordance between physicians' diagnoses of same patient* Lack of validity* Guidelines:- Precedence to conditions due to Substance Abuse &/or Medical problems- DO NOT give separate Diagnosis for minor disorderMain Axis:- Axis I: Majority of Diagnoses- Axis II: Disorders of Personality & Retardation- Axis III: Any other Medical Conditions (related or not)- Axis IV: Environmental &/or Psychosocial problems- Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)* Psychological, Social & Occupational functions* NOT Physical functions* Scored 1-100
|
Psychiatry
|
Miscellaneous
|
3b1fedf9-a296-48da-b4ef-2ff7adec21d8
|
Services provided at facility shown in symbol
|
DOTS services
|
HIV Counselling
|
RTI/STI services
|
First aid services
| 2c
|
single
|
RTI/ STI services
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Health Programmes in India
|
1342eb94-23eb-4079-9489-3949a532438e
|
Lens displacement in Marfan syndrome:
|
Upward & nasally
|
Downward & nasally
|
Upward & temporally
|
Downward & temporally
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans. C i.e. Upward & temporally
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
0e9fb72a-2cd9-4e09-b318-d3b51451c0a4
|
A 3 year old male child diagnosed to have acute UT1 developed left flank pain on ulatrasonogram, the left ureter was found to be duplicated the most probable site of opening of ectopic ureter will be -
|
Prostatic urethra
|
Vas deferens
|
Seminal vesicle
|
Trigone of bladder
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Prostatic urethra Ectopic ureter o A ureter that drains outside the bladder is referred to as an ectopic ureter. o Ectopic ureter usally drains the upper pole of a duplex collecting system (two ureter duplication of ureter). o It is more common in girls.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
5b881444-e08c-4b57-a3be-c1bd793be894
|
Pugilistic attitude is seen i
|
Hanging
|
Drowning
|
Burns
|
Sexual asphyxia
| 2c
|
single
|
Pugilistic attitude or boxer's attitude this occurs due to coagulation of the muscle proteins resulting in contraction of muscle fibers. As the flexors are bulkier than extensors, they contract more and force the body to attain such an attitude. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 164
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Thermal injury
|
a45712ea-8ac3-4141-971a-4f26ad5932b9
|
Facial nerve lies with which nerve in internal auditory meatus -
|
Trigeminal nerve
|
Abducent nerve
|
Vestibulocochlear nerve
|
Hypoglossal nerve
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Vestibulocochlear nerve FORAMENSTRUCTURES PASSINGInternal accoustic meatusFacial N.Auditory N.Nervus intermedius(wrisberg) Labyrynthine vessels
|
ENT
|
Ear
|
21410650-b6bf-4c3f-8bb0-007d0fa6b98b
|
Post term pregnancy is the pregnancy which continues beyond: September 2006
|
274 days
|
284 days
|
294 days
|
304 days
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. C: 294 days The normal duration of pregnancy is approximately 37 to 42 weeks, with the estimated due date at 40 weeks or 280 days from the first day of the last menstrual period. A postterm pregnancy/prolonged pregnancy/post maturity is one that has extended beyond 2 weeks of the expected date of delivery (beyond 294 days). Nearly 10 percent of pregnancies are postterm.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
3c2af126-3415-4323-9374-9ac1f5c546a4
|
Best results are obtained in oral submucous fibrosis is by:
|
Intralesional cortisone therapy, with hyaluronic acid
|
Oral cortisone with intralesional therapy (cortisone)
|
Vitamin E and oral cortisone
|
Intralesional placental extract
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pathology
| null |
18a3de68-0776-4ee6-ac38-f8010cb3dc76
|
For oral iron supplements used for iron deficiency anemia:
|
Tolerable dose will deliver 40 to 60 mg of iron per day
|
Mass of total salt is impoant in determining daily dose
|
Treatment should be stopped as soon as normal hemoglobin level is reached
|
Desired rate of hemoglobin improvement is 05 mg per day
| 0a
|
single
|
The elemental iron content of different salts vary and is impoant. In adult a maximum of 200 mg and for children3 - 5 mg / kg of elemental iron in 2-3 divided dose can be given daily in deficiency. Iron therapy should be continued for3-6 months after the correction of deficiency in order to replenish the iron stores. From medical pharmacology padmaja 4th edition Page no 328
|
Pharmacology
|
Hematology
|
f1403de7-63f8-4601-8aea-f51648589aa8
|
Drug of choice for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia is
|
Imatinib
|
Cisplatin
|
Methotrexate
|
Tamoxifen
| 0a
|
single
|
Imatinib - first line drug for chronic phase CML,in blast crisis and second line therapy for chronic phase CML that has progressed on prior IFN-a therapy Imatinib is also first line drug for metastatic c-kit positive GIST. Nilotinib, Bosutinib, Dasatinib - used in treatment of resistant CML Dasatinib is also used for treatment of Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL. Sunitinib-approved for the treatment of Advanced RCC and for the treatment of GIST after disease progression on or with intolerance to Imatinib. Methotrexate- DOC of choriocarcinoma Cisplatin - DOC- esophageal or gastric cancer Tamoxifen - DOC for ER positive breast cancer
|
Pharmacology
|
Targeted Anticancer Drugs and Immunosuppressants
|
6328e6c6-ca9d-43fb-b77f-8ad6bb0b2c9a
|
Bolam test is related to?
|
Medical negligence
|
Contributory negligence
|
Priviledged communication
|
Negligence by patient
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Medical negligence [Ref judgment given by Mr. Justice Mc Nair in Bolam vs. Frien hos ,ital management committee (19511 IS a landmark decision in deciding cases of medical negligence and is known as the "Bolam test.Actions of doctors are to be judged by actions of other doctors skilled in that paicular a under similar circumstances and at a material time.
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
2bbbd778-975d-4797-b6c2-af4bfa0f9d0c
|
Most important investigation for pericardial effusion –
|
Cardiac catheterization
|
USG
|
Echocardiography
|
X-ray chest
| 2c
|
single
|
2 D-echo is the investigation of choice for pericardial effusion.
|
Radiology
| null |
6434e253-4775-4cdc-963b-2f7f2de329b0
|
Loading dose is given for which of the following drug
|
Diazepam
|
Propranolol
|
Chloroquine
|
Aspirin
| 2c
|
single
|
Chloroquine is a drug having maximum Volume of Distribution (Vd >1300 L). This means it is mostly distributed in the tissues whereas the main site of its pharmacological action is RBCs. Therefore, it is given as a loading dose to attain steady state plasma concentration quickly. Chloroquine is a synthetic 4-aminoquinoline that has been the mainstay of antimalarial therapy, is the drug of choice in the treatment of erythrocytic P. falciparum malaria, except in resistant strains.
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Malaria Drugs
|
ccf55a9c-e794-4a16-92be-8377a42f4dfb
|
Most common organism causing fungal infection of oral cavity ?
|
Candida
|
Blastomycosis
|
Aspergillosis
|
Cryptococcus
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Candida The most prevalent fungal infections in oral cavity are those caused by Candida species, especially C. albicans. Candidiasis (Moniliasis) Candidiasis is the most common systemic mycosis. Candidiasis is an oppounistic endogenous infection and is the most common fungal infection in neutropenic patients. Candida is the most common fungal infection in immunocompetent persons as well.
|
Microbiology
| null |
a91fdf88-872d-44c7-85fd-439514fedf16
|
With respect to ticlopidine, clopidogrei:
|
Is more likely to cause formation of antiplatelet antibodies
|
15 less likely to cause neutropenia
|
Is more likely to cause severe bleeding
|
Has a greater antiplatelet effect
| 1b
|
single
|
(Ref: KDT 6/e p610) Ticlopidine and clopidogrel are ADP antagonists and are used as antiplatelet drugs. Antiplatelet action, chances of bleeding and formation of antibodies is similar with these two agents. Clopidogrel is better tolerated because it is less likely to cause severe neutropenia and thrombocy topenia as compared to ticlopidine.
|
Pharmacology
|
Other topics and Adverse effects
|
f6522750-9c10-4c14-a7b9-433f700f9684
|
Which of the following drug is associated with highest cardiac mortality ?
|
Rofecoxib
|
Nicorandil
|
Losartan
|
Metoprolol
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Pharmacology
| null |
45612c34-63d3-455e-9d8a-b5415984b154
|
Which of the following is not a hepatotoxic drug ?
|
Ethambutol
|
Rifampicin
|
INH
|
Pyrazinamide
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Ethambutol
|
Pharmacology
| null |
217da2db-05bb-4e2c-8965-4ecef5b88cb2
|
Smallest cross-section of large bowel is seen at:
|
Descending colon
|
Ascending colon
|
Transverse colon
|
Sigmoid colon
| 3d
|
multi
|
(Refer: Richard S. Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 9th edition, pg no: 158)
Characteristic Features of Rectosigmoid Junction
The diameter of the large intestine narrows.
There is an absence of complete peritoneal investment.
There is no true mesentery.
The three taeniae coli diverge to form a continuous longitudinal muscle coat on the rectum.
There are no appendices epiploicae.
Endoscopically, an acute angle is encountered at the narrowing of the rectosigmoid and the rectal mucosa is smooth and flat, whereas the mucosa of the sigmoid forms prominent rugal folds.
|
Unknown
| null |
23bbe693-bd10-445b-a71f-8b2358e9e5ae
|
The role of Bradykinin in process of inflammation is -
|
Vasoconstriction
|
Bronchodilator
|
Pain
|
Increased vascular permeability
| 3d
|
single
|
. Increased vascular permeability
|
Pathology
| null |
e4d38b2a-1c47-4e42-9ea0-657f6e9afed9
|
In a case of prolonged labour, fetal occiput fails to spontaneously rotate anteriorly and caused persistent occiput posterior presentation. The recommended management is:
|
Manual or forceps rotation followed by forceps delivery
|
Oxytocin drip
|
Cesarean section
|
Aificial rupture of membranes
| 0a
|
single
|
When the fetal occiput fails to spontaneously rotate anteriorly, a persistent occiput posterior presentation results in a more prolonged and painful labor. Manual, vacuum, or forceps rotation is usually necessary but increases the likelihood of maternal and fetal injuries. Regional anesthesia can be used to provide perineal analgesia and pelvic relaxation, allowing manual or forceps rotation followed by forceps delivery. Ref: Butterwoh IV J.F., Mackey D.C., Wasnick J.D. (2013). Chapter 41. Obstetric Anesthesia. In J.F. Butterwoh IV, D.C. Mackey, J.D. Wasnick (Eds), Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, 5e.
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
1574430a-ab27-4703-80fb-cac40d4dba7a
|
Confirmatory tests for C. diphtheriae -
|
Serological tests
|
Isolation in selective media
|
Tests for toxin
|
All of the above
| 1b
|
multi
| null |
Microbiology
| null |
711c6828-0fc7-4653-82bb-0e58ff451328
|
How does metalloproteins prevent the development of jaundice?
|
Decreasing RBC lysis
|
Inhibiting heme oxygenase
|
Increasing Y and Z receptors
|
Increasing glucoronyl transferase activity
| 1b
|
multi
|
Metalloproteins like Tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) porphyrins and mesoporphyrins are under investigation for clinical use. These compounds inhibit the activity of heme oxygenase and thus decrease the formation of bilirubin, therby preventing the development of jaundice. Ref: Essential of PediatricsBy O P Ghai, 6th Edition, Page 173; Oxidative Stress and Free Radical Damage in Neurology By Natan Gadoth, Page 70.
|
Physiology
| null |
122afb77-1eb3-4b3b-891f-289128b3cee4
|
Transformation of CLI/ SLL into DLBCL is called-
|
Richter syndrome
|
Evans syndrome
|
Li Fraumeni syndrome
|
Kostmann syndrome
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Richter syndrome o Richter's transformation (RT, Richter's syndrome) was first described in 1928 by Maurice Richter as the development of an aggressive large-cell lymphoma in the setting of underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Although diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common histology seen in patients with RT, Hodgkin lymphoma and T cell lymphomas have also been reported less commonly. The clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of RT will be discussed here.Clinical presentationo Richter's transformation (RT) should be suspected in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) who develop rapidly progressive lymphadenopathy or extranodal sites of disease, systemic symptoms, or elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase.Diagnosiso Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis, and usually shows a histologic pattern consistent with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).o Occasional patients may have a histologic picture consistent with Hodgkin lymphoma.Treatmento The prognosis and outcome are historically poor for RT and the disease is invariably fatal if left untreated.o For patients with the DLBCL histologic pattern of RT, the use of combination chemotherapy as employed for aggressive lymphoma, combined with rituximab is recommended (eg, CHOP-R).o Since complete remissions after chemotherapy are short-lived, and long-term survivors have been reported following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), the use of either nonmyeloablative allogeneic or autologous HCT when first remission has been achieved in patients who are transplant candidates.o Autologous HCT may be preferred in older patients or those with chemotherapy sensitive disease.o For patients with the Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) the use of combination chemotherapy regimens employed in patients with advanced stage HL is suggested (eg, ABVD)o Given the limited data on treatment outcomes for RT, all patients with RT are best advised to enroll in an appropriately designed clinical trial.
|
Medicine
|
Leukemia
|
f1962727-737d-4029-ac71-7cb6c013f531
|
All are associated with EBV except
|
Infectious mononucleosis
|
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
Oral hairy leukoplakia
|
Epidermodysplasia
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Epidermodysplasia
|
Microbiology
| null |
13f500cd-26e4-4394-afe2-362a8f13aaa8
|
Atrial myxoma is associated with the following except -
|
Fever
|
Weight loss
|
Systolic murmur at apex
|
Subungual splinter haemorrhage
| 2c
|
multi
| null |
Medicine
| null |
e19e8067-5150-44e7-b113-1fc5322ecdd7
|
Which of the following lipoproteins has highest protein content ?
|
VLDL
|
LDL
|
HDL
|
Chylomicrons
| 2c
|
single
|
HDL has highest protein content Lipoproteins Density relation Chylomicrons Chylomicrons remnant VLDL VLDL remnant / IDL LDL HDL Density [?] 1/TG Content Density [?] 1/size of LP Density [?] % of Proteins Since, HDL is maximum in density and Density [?] % of Proteins.
|
Biochemistry
|
Lipoproteins
|
7bdfaef7-60d3-49c3-84cb-c56aa2d4094d
|
Multiple hepatic mets is seen in:
|
Ca stomach
|
Ca head of pancreas
|
Ca gall bladder
|
Peri ampullary Ca
| 2c
|
multi
|
Ans: c (Ca gall bladder) Ref: Bailey, p. 1113This is the max we could get-By the time gall bladder neoplasm are discovered, most have invaded liver centrifugally and many have extended to the cyctic duct and adjacent bile duct- Robbins (father), 7th ed, p. 935TreatmentIf malignancy proved histologically from a benign gall stone disease, no further treatment needed if serosa not involved.In established cases the prognosis is poor.
|
Surgery
|
Liver
|
ae9198cb-00a8-4846-977a-4610a928a016
|
Maintenance of airway during laryngectomy in a patient with carcinoma of the larynx is best done by -
|
Tracheostomy
|
Laryngeal mask airway
|
Laryngeal tube
|
Combitube
| 0a
|
single
|
During laryngectomy, airway of a patient is maintained by tracheostomy
|
ENT
| null |
64be8bfc-731c-4aaf-8a60-58f0ba5c934e
|
Changes in blood passing through the systemiccapillaries are all except
|
Increase in hemotocrit
|
pH decreases
|
Shift of oxygen dissociation curve to the left.
|
Increase in protein content
| 2c
|
multi
|
Shift of oxygen dissociation curve to the left The 0,-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right within the capillaries in response to increase in blood CO2 and Hydrogen ions. As the blood flows through the capillaries CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells into the blood. This increases the blood PCO2 and hence blood H2CO3 and Hydrogen ion conc. Increased hydrogen ions and PCO2 shift the 02-hemoglobin dissociation curve rightwards and downwards. This enhances the release of 02 from the blood for the tissues. This is k/a Bohr effect. 02-Hb Dissociation Curve Shift to Right Shift to Left H+ ion conc. T .1, PCO2 T 1 Temperature T 1 2,3 DPG conc. T 1 There is net efflux of fluid as blood passes through the capillaries resulting in increased hernatocrit and protein concentration.
|
Physiology
| null |
c2d8192d-4eb9-4844-bdf4-9149dfc46bec
|
Delirium tremens is seen in: March 2013 (h)
|
Alcohol withdrawl
|
Alcohol overdoses
|
Morphine poisoning
|
Atropine poisoning
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. A i.e. Alcohol withdrawl
|
Psychiatry
| null |
998dc81a-87f8-4c97-922a-2329949d2b97
|
Keivms skin test is used for diagnosis of
|
Sarcoidosis
|
Wegeners granulomatosis
|
Graves disease
|
None
| 0a
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Sarcoidosis Kveim test (Nickerson-kveim or Kveim-Siltzbach test) was a skin test used to detect sarcoidosis. It is not used know.
|
Skin
| null |
a97117f4-80ac-46b3-8f98-aa5a4f807ed5
|
Blockade of nerve conduction by a local anaesthetic is characterized by:
|
Greater potential to block a resting nerve as compared to a stimulated nerve
|
Need to cross the cell membrane to produce the block
|
Large myelinated fibers are blocked before the unmyelinated fibers
|
Cause consistent change of resting membrane potential
| 1b
|
single
|
Local anesthetics cross the neuronal membrane in un-ionized state and become ionized again in the neuron to block sodium channels. Due to this reason, sodium bicarbonate increases the rapidity of onset of action (LA are weak bases and in an alkaline medium easily cross the membrane).
Un-myelinated and weakly myelinated fibres are blocked first and then the myelinated ones.
These do not affect the resting membrane potential rather inhibit the depolarization.
Resting nerves are less sensitive to block by LA than the stimulated nerves.
|
Pharmacology
| null |
fbbf9379-c863-4e08-ae0d-a046471921e0
|
Which of following are the risk factors for inguinal hernia?
|
COPD
|
BPH
|
Cigarette smoking
|
All of the above
| 3d
|
multi
|
Risk factors for hernia Weakness of abdominal muscles Increased intra-abdominal pressure Patent processus vaginalis Patent canal of nuck causing indirect inguinal hernia in females Connective tissue disorders like Ehlers Danlos Syndrome. Congenital conditions like Exstrophy of bladder, Prune Belly syndrome Advancing age Chronic debilitating disease Defective collagen synthesis Previous right lower quadrant incision Cigarette smoking Chronic cough (Bronchitis, tuberculosis) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Obesity Chronic constipation with straining at stool Enlarged prostate with straining at micturition Pregnancy Cirrhosis with ascites Heavy weight lifting Chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Intra-abdominal tumors Chronically enlarged pelvic organs
|
Surgery
|
Hernia and abdominal wall
|
451f513d-1ccd-4da0-a536-769c6cdcc1d1
|
The most common pre-malignant condition of oral carcinoma is:
|
Leukoplakia
|
Erythroplakia
|
Lichen planus
|
Submucous Fibrosis
| 0a
|
single
|
(a) Leukoplakia(Ref. Cummings, 6th ed., 1299)All the other choices also are pre-malignant but leukoplakia is the most common premalignant condition.
|
ENT
|
Oral Cavity
|
7e1f85e2-cfea-45f1-b3d3-3d25202c86ce
|
An ECG obtained from a 57-yrs-old male during a routine physical examination reveals atrial fibrillation. Which is most likely to accompany this condition?
|
An increased venous 'a' wave
|
An increased left atrial pressure
|
A decreased hea rate
|
An increased stroke volume
| 1b
|
single
|
Atrial fibrilla tion is an arrhythmia in which the electrical activity of the atrium becomes disorganized and therefore unable to produce a coordinated atrial contraction. The absence of an atrial pulse reduces the emptying of the atria during diastole and results in an enlarged left atrium and increased left atrial pressure. The venous A wave represents atrial contraction and disappears due to the absence of an atrial beat. Decreased filling of the hea results in a decrease in stroke volume. Hea rate increases because the continuous electrical activity of the atria initiates a high rate of ventricular activity Systemic blood pressure typically falls because of inadequate filling of the ventricles and the resulting decrease in stroke volume.
|
Surgery
| null |
c063d3f6-7344-44db-8b66-8281718c95a9
|
In positively skewed detion ?
|
Mean = Median = Mode
|
Mean > Medians > Mode
|
Mode > Median > Mean
|
None of the above
| 1b
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Mean > Medians > Mode
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
1102acd9-fd28-45b3-ab41-52d364f89738
|
All of the following drugs can precipitate Tacrolimus toxicity, except:
|
Gentamycin
|
Cisplatin
|
Vancomycin
|
Rifampicn
| 3d
|
multi
|
Rifampicin increases the rate of tacrolimus metabolism (Induces CYP4503A) and thereby tends to reduce serum levels of tacrolimus. This may lead to reduced therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus but not enhanced toxicity. Ref: Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics By Baver, 2nd Edition, Page 687; Essentials of Medical Pharmacology By K D Tripathi, 5th Edition, Pages 681-3; Mechanism of Action of BNP7787, A Novel Chemoprotective Agent By Dakshine Shanmugarajah, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Pages 5-6
|
Pharmacology
| null |
f4f5befa-546a-4830-8d30-b6ab4fd2592f
|
Which of the following subtypes of cataract is the most common cause of visual morbidity:
|
Senile
|
Congenital
|
Traumatic
|
Drug toxicity
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. A: Senile Age-related/senile cataract is responsible for 48% of world blindness, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
ae5ce7c8-205b-4fd9-830c-4b6507b0ea05
|
Caspases are seen in which of the following
|
Cell division
|
Necrosis
|
Apoptosis
|
Inflammation
| 1b
|
single
|
Ref, Robbins8/e p27,9/ep53
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
fd40cff4-26f9-4060-83de-19a34cb76472
|
In blood culture the ratio of blood to reagent is ?
|
1:05
|
1:20
|
1:10
|
0.111111111
| 2c
|
single
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., 1:10
|
Microbiology
| null |
80bafa0c-5000-447a-b111-1cb5a24e8838
|
Mutation in COL4A5 chain the diagnosis
|
Alpo's syndrome
|
Good pasture's syndrome
|
Hereditary Non-polyposis Colon Cancer
|
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. a. Alpo's syndrome
|
Pathology
| null |
d460cedb-665d-48a4-9c1e-10751322de2e
|
Double bubble sign on X-ray is seen in –
|
Duodenal atresia
|
Oesophageal atresia
|
Colonic atresia
|
Pyloric stenosis
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Radiology
| null |
2fe9eadf-63bb-42c2-a078-4c4c12616679
|
PET stands for -
|
Positive electron tomography
|
Proton-electron therapy
|
Positron emission tomography
|
Photon emitting tomography
| 2c
|
single
|
PET stands for positron emission tomography
|
Radiology
|
Fundamentals in Radiology
|
6268884d-fead-42ce-a4a5-b79b5b686845
|
The investigation of choice to detect a prolapsed intervertebral disc is?
|
C T Scan
|
MRI
|
Myelography
|
Radiograph
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., MRI MRI is the investigation of choice for P1D because it shows the following structures clearlyo Prolapse of disco Compression of cordo Any problems with the discs above and belowo Canal Stneosiso Associated features like Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and facetal arthropathy
|
Orthopaedics
|
Thoracic and Lumbosacral Spine Injuries
|
85c4996b-5d92-4cbe-af65-d478a1c13a08
|
Apraxia is a disorder of:
|
Cerebellum
|
Sensory system
|
Motor system
|
Initiating and planning movement
| 3d
|
single
|
D. i.e. Initiating & planning movements
|
Psychiatry
| null |
124ddb0c-e4b7-49c6-ad93-58a7ad6b2887
|
Essential amino acid amongst the following ?
|
Arginine
|
Lysine
|
Threonine
|
All
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., All
|
Biochemistry
| null |
25075e37-2259-4fb0-8bbf-f511deea887d
|
Which of the following statements about Leptospirosis is true
|
Rats are prime reservoirs
|
Fluoroquinolones are the drug of choice
|
Person to person Transmission is common
|
Hepatorenal syndrome may occur in upto 50% of patients.
| 0a
|
multi
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
37a874f1-bb3a-4802-8a1d-04f1ee978f83
|
During vigorous strenuous exercise, which of the following amino acid is liberated from the skeletal muscles in maximum amount into circulation
|
Glutamate
|
Glutamine
|
Branched chain amino acids
|
Alanine
| 3d
|
single
|
Answer: d) AlanineALANINE* Alanine is a non-essential glucogenic amino acid.* Alanine can be formed by transamination of pyruvate.* The enzyme is alanine amino transferase (ALT).* Pyruvate + Glutamate - Alanine + alpha ketoglutarate* This reaction requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).* Under conditions of starvation, the glucose alanine cycle is of special metabolic significance.* Alanine is quantitatively the most important amino acid taken up by the liver from peripheral tissues, particularly from skeletal muscle.* It forms a major participant in inter-organ transport of nitrogen Glucose-Alanine Cycle (Cahill Cycle)* Alanine is transported to liver, transaminated to pyruvate and converted to glucose.* This glucose may again enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvate, which in turn, can be transaminated to alanine.* Glucose-alanine cycle is important in conditions of starvation.* Thus net transfer of amino acid (nitrogen) from muscle to liver and corresponding transfer of glucose (energy) from liver to muscle is effected.* Alanine cycle is intimately related with Cori's cycleAmino AcidArterial Concentration Rest240 min Exercise mmol/l Glycine188160Alanine192233Leucine126151!Valine242243Isoleucine6081!
|
Biochemistry
|
Proteins and Amino Acids
|
28c2c703-1ffb-4ee5-8dac-45abe5d0e105
|
3-year-old girl with a history of hydrocephalus, c/o severe headache and fever. The girl underwent a revision of a ventricular-peritoneal shunt 1 month ago, and the neurologist suspects an infection . Which of the following organisms would most likely be isolated from the shunt tubing?
|
Bacteroides fragilis
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
Escherichia coli
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis
| 3d
|
single
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most likely organism to be isolated from shunt tubing . Staphylococcus epidermidis CONS which is less pathogenic but it also cause infection in case of an intervention Produces biofilms - adhere to the surface of shunts with the help of these biofilm Novobiocin sensitive
|
Microbiology
|
Systemic Bacteriology Pa 1 (Gram Positive Cocci, Gram Negative Cocci)
|
52025119-511d-4268-8068-b32a232c61c7
|
Uterus is suppoed in the pelvis by all of the following except:
|
Uterosacral ligament
|
Broad Ligament
|
Mackenrodts ligament
|
Levator ani
| 1b
|
multi
|
Broad ligaments are structures which are thought to play a minor role in suppoing the uterus. Broad ligaments attach the uterus to the pelvic wall on each side but provide less or no suppo.Ref: Clinical Anatomy by Regions, Richard S. Snell, 8th Edition, Chapter 7, Page 368; Human Anatomy, B D Chaurasia, 4th Edition, Volume 2, Chapter 31, Page 360, 361.
|
Anatomy
| null |
23b52b4a-3b1e-4fd4-8676-7142d9fbb7c4
|
The renal biopsy of a 6–year–old boy with recurrent gross hematuria shows IgA nephropathy. The urinary protein excretion is 130 mg/day. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management –
|
Administer corticosteroids
|
Give Azathiopiine
|
Start Cyclosporine
|
Urinary bag sample
| 0a
|
multi
|
T/T of IgA nephropathy
There is no proven tit for IgA nephropathy.
The primary t/t is proper blood pressure control.
The drugs which have been proved useful are:-
i) Fish oil (It contains omega - 3 fatty acids).
It is an anti-inflammatory agent and it prevents the rate of renal progression.
ii) Immunosuppressive therapy -
It is done with corticosteroids with or without cytotoxic therapy.
iii) ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists -
Their role in reducing proteinuria and retarding the rate of renal progression is still to be determined.
iv) Prophylactic antibiotics and tonsillectomy -
It may reduce the frequency of gross hematuria but they have no effect on the progression of renal disease.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
8ee5ea8a-2b9f-4b8e-9440-20059dc2bad0
|
Fat embolism is commonly seen in:
|
Head injuries
|
Long bone fractures
|
Drowning
|
Hanging
| 1b
|
single
| null |
Pathology
| null |
bd7a6cc0-b86d-4357-add8-d4a06e538009
|
True regarding vascularity of lung is:
|
Hypoxia causes vasodilation
|
Pulmonary resistance is half of the systemic vascular resistance
|
Perfusion is more in the apical lobe than in base
|
Distended pulmonary veins in the lower lobe
| 3d
|
multi
|
D i.e. Distended pulmonary veins in the lower lobes
|
Physiology
| null |
da50b434-53c9-4330-b171-e93f8ed2c634
|
Local anaesthetics act by-
|
Na channel inhibition inside gate
|
Na channel inhibition outside gate
|
K channel inhibition inside gate
|
K channel inhibition outside gate
| 0a
|
single
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Na channel inhibition inside gate o Local anesthetics act by inhibiting Na+ channels from inside.Mechanism of action of LAo Local anaesthetics block generation and conduction of nerve impulse at all part of neuron where they come in contact, without causing structural damage.o Thus not only sensory but motor impulses and autonomic control is also interrupted,o Mechanism of action# Normally Na+ channel in axonal membrane has following phases :LAs prolong the inactive state - channel takes longer to recover - refractory period of the fiber is increased.LAs first penetrate the axonol membrane to come inside and then their active species (cationic form) bind to Na+ channel from inside.Cationic form (active form) is able to approach its receptor only when the channel is open at the inner face - So resting nerve is resistant to block as Na+ channels are not activated and cationic form is not able to approach its receptor.So blockade develops rapidly when the nerve is stimulated repeatedly.Degree of blockade is frequency dependent - greater blockade at higher frequency of stimulation.Exposure to higher concentration of Ca+2 reduces inactivation of Na+ channels and lessens the block.o Order of blockade of fibres B > C > Ad > Aa, b & g (Autonomic > Sensory > Motor). Order of recovery is in reverse order.o Among sensory afferent order of block is : Temperature (cold before heat) > Pain > touch > deep pressure,o When applied to tongue, bitter taste is lost first followed by sweet and sour, and salty taste last of all.o Myelinated nerves are blocked earlier than nonmyelinated,o Smaller fibres are more sensitive than larger fibres.
|
Anaesthesia
|
Miscellaneous (Local and Regional Anesthesia)
|
9c6e07d3-861d-4252-b6bd-865680ffb53d
|
Drug of choice for Acute Anterior Uveitis
|
Topical Steroids
|
Atropine
|
Systemic Steroids
|
NSAIDS
| 1b
|
single
|
Atropine Is the Drug of choice for Acute Anterior Uveitis, due to
Relieves of Ciliary spasm
Preventing posterior synichae
Reduce candatis and reduces the signs
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
e45f8a49-ec61-45af-ac88-bc8fece1eb38
|
The “World Anesthesia day” is celebrated every year on:
|
16th October
|
7thApril
|
15th August
|
1st December
| 0a
|
single
| null |
Unknown
| null |
8874d054-a68f-41ae-83f3-7c2ec2df8bca
|
Conduction velocity is maximum in-
|
Bundle of His
|
Purkinje System
|
Ventricular muscles
|
Atrial pathway
| 1b
|
single
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Purkinje System Cardiac tissueConduction velocity (meter/second)SA nodeInteatrial pathwaysAtrial muscleAV nodeBundle of HisPurkinje systemVentricular muscle0 [?] 0510 [?] 300 [?] 05 (minimumQ)14 (maximumQ)1
|
Physiology
|
Heart: Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
|
8921e799-23e1-41ee-b625-9147f1a878a1
|
Perseveration is:
|
Persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts
|
Feeling of distress in a patient with schizophrenia
|
Characteristic of schizophrenia
|
Characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder
| 0a
|
single
|
Perseveration is the repetition of the same response, beyond the point of relevance. It is in response to a question and is not spontaneous. It can be a feature of schizophrenia but isn't characteristic. It can also be seen in organic mental disorders
|
Psychiatry
|
Basics of Psychiatry
|
1c24d1c0-8ba3-41a3-b1f2-5c902052f6ba
|
A recurrent chalazion should be subjected to histopathologic evalution to exclude the possibility of:
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
Sebaceous cell carcinoma
|
Malignant melanoma
|
Basal cell carcinoma
| 1b
|
single
|
Sebaceous cell carcinoma
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
03e1a5ca-e317-4254-ba21-5e9565d1812d
|
A child develops non-blanching Macules and papules on lower extremities, mild abdominal pain and skin biopsy showed IgA deposition. Most appropriate diagnosis is –
|
Drug induced vasculitis
|
HSP
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
|
Kawasaki disease
| 1b
|
single
|
H.S. purpura is characterized by a tetrad of
Purpura,
Arthritis,
Glomerulonephritis and
Abdominal pain.
Diagnosis of H.S.purpura
Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms.
Skin biopsy demonstrates leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA and C3 deposition.
Renal biopsy demonstrates IgA in mesangium.
|
Pediatrics
| null |
668a9568-8992-4850-9348-7cdc81774086
|
Bullet wipe term is used for:
|
Gutter fracture of skull
|
Blackening
|
Tattooing
|
Di from barrel
| 3d
|
single
|
Grease Collar (Bullet Wipe) :* A black/grey colored ring is seen lining the entrance wound.* Due to the deposition of lubricants, gun oil or lead from the bullet. * Abrasion collar surrounds the di collar.* Di collar rim is more prominent in clothing - 'bullet wipe'.* Abrasion and di collars are proof of an entry wound.
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Ballistics
|
11c15eba-60e0-4fce-abcf-5df6cd160ceb
|
No touch technique of suturing should be undertaken to reduce risk of
|
Hematoma formation
|
Needle stick injuries
|
Abscess formation
|
None of the above
| 1b
|
multi
|
Suturing should be undertaken using a no-touch technique to reduce the risk of a needle-stick injury. Obviously, this is not possible when performing a subcuticular closure using a straight needle, still used by many for this type of closure
|
Surgery
| null |
522aaa4f-a543-4f7d-906f-7a89f21fd4d1
|
Absent radius is seen in all except
|
Haltoram
|
Fanconi anaemia
|
Trisomy 13
|
Ectoderm dyplasia
| 3d
|
multi
|
Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is not a single disorder but a group of genetic syndromes all deriving from abnormalities of the ectodermal structures:570 More than 150 different syndromes have been identified. Ectodermal dysplasias are described as "heritable conditions in which there are abnormalities of two or more ectodermal structures such as the hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands, salivary glands, cranial-facial structure, digits and other pas of the body. Absent radius is not seen in ectodermal dysplasia Ref Robbins 9/e pg 145
|
Medicine
|
Genetics
|
012507f2-67bb-4e9d-8ff5-37c66941c51d
|
Nitrates decrease myocardial consumption of oxygen by all of the following mechanisms except
|
By increasing the left ventricular end diastolic pressure
|
By direct reduction of oxygen consumption of the myocardial cell
|
By dilatation of capacitance vessels
|
By decreasing the hea size
| 0a
|
multi
|
Nitrates decrease end diastolic pressure by causing venodialtation. Administered by carefully titrated i.v. infusion to avoid hypo- tension and tachycardia, GTN is frequently used during evolving MI with the aim of relieving chest pain, pulmonary congestion and limiting the area of necrosis by ourably altering O2 balance in the marginal paially ischaemic zone (a consequence of preload reduction). However, the evidence that it decreases moality is not robust; prognostic benefits appear marginal. Proper patient selection is impoant. GTN should not be administered if: * Systolic BP is < 90 mm Hg * Hea rate is < 50 or > 100 beats/min * Right ventricular infarction is suspected * Hypotension caused by nitrate limits the administration of b blockers which have more powerful salutary effects.* * Patient has taken sildenafil in the past 24 hour Refer kDT 6/e p526
|
Pharmacology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
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