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What type of proteins primarily determine the directionality of polar auxin transport (PAT) through their asymmetric subcellular localization? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers",
"P-glycoprotein (PGP) type ABC transporters",
"AUX/LAX influx carriers"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | 2,008 | 52 | 0 | COPB | false |
What is the primary role of the PINOID (PID) kinase in regulating polar auxin transport? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Promoting the apical localization of PIN proteins through phosphorylation",
"Enhancing the activity of AUX/LAX influx carriers",
"Directly degrading PIN proteins in response to auxin"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | 2,008 | 52 | 0 | COPB | false |
How is calcium signaling linked to the regulation of PINOID (PID) kinase activity? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Calcium directly phosphorylates PID kinase to activate it",
"PID interacts with calcium-binding proteins (TCH3, PBP1) which modulate its kinase activity in a calcium-dependent manner",
"PID kinase acts as a calcium channel to increase cytosolic calcium levels"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | 2,008 | 52 | 1 | COPB | false |
How do phototropins primarily mediate the bending of plant organs towards light? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By increasing overall auxin synthesis on the lit side of the organ",
"By inducing changes in PIN3 localization, leading to lateral auxin transport towards the shaded side",
"By directly phosphorylating cell wall components to induce differential growth"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | 2,008 | 52 | 1 | COPB | false |
What cellular process is essential for the dynamic polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Direct insertion into the plasma membrane after synthesis without intermediate trafficking",
"Vesicle trafficking involving cycles of endocytosis and exocytosis regulated by ARF-GEFs",
"Lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane regulated solely by lipid composition"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.004 | 2,008 | 52 | 1 | COPB | false |
Compared to vertebrate conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs), how do plant CNSs generally differ? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Plant CNSs are typically larger and more numerous.",
"Plant CNSs are typically smaller and less numerous.",
"Plant CNSs are identical in size and number to vertebrate CNSs."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | 2,009 | 63 | 1 | COPB | false |
What types of genes in plants are frequently associated with a high density of conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs)? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Genes encoding structural proteins like tubulin or actin.",
"Genes encoding regulatory proteins like transcription factors or involved in stimulus response.",
"Genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in core pathways like glycolysis."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | 2,009 | 63 | 1 | COPB | false |
What was concluded about the highly identical, 'ultraconserved' sequences initially identified between Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa genomes? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana|Oryza sativa"
] | [
"They lacked synteny and likely represent horizontally transferred mitochondrial DNA segments, not orthologous CNSs.",
"They were artifacts of the sequencing process and do not actually exist.",
"They represent true, highly conserved orthologous regulatory elements essential for basic plant functions."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | 2,009 | 63 | 0 | COPB | false |
In Zea mays, what is the nature and function of the Vgt1 locus related to flowering time? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"It is a transposable element insertion within the Apetala2-like gene promoter that enhances expression.",
"It is a cis-acting regulatory CNS located far upstream of an Apetala2-like gene that influences the gene's expression.",
"It is a protein-coding gene that directly triggers flowering."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | Cereal Grains | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | 2,009 | 63 | 1 | COPB | false |
What defines 'Bigfoot' genes identified in Arabidopsis thaliana in the context of conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs)? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They are genes that have lost all associated CNSs during evolution.",
"They are genes with unusually large introns containing multiple CNSs.",
"They are genes associated with exceptionally long chromosomal regions rich in CNSs, often located far from the coding sequence."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.01.005 | 2,009 | 63 | 2 | COPB | false |
What is a key function of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) in Arabidopsis thaliana post-mitotic cells? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It primarily initiates S-phase entry in post-mitotic cells.",
"It exclusively degrades cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs).",
"It plays a role in normal plant development and cell differentiation."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | 2,010 | 54 | 2 | COPB | false |
What major factors converge to regulate the G1-to-S phase transition in the eukaryotic cell cycle? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It is exclusively controlled by the availability of DNA replication origins.",
"Integration of intrinsic signals (e.g., nutrient status, hormones) and extrinsic environmental conditions, mediated largely by CDK activities regulated by CKIs.",
"The concentration of ubiquitin ligases solely determines the transition timing."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | 2,010 | 54 | 1 | COPB | false |
Which E3 ubiquitin ligase complex facilitates the degradation of the mammalian CKI p27KIP1 during the G1 phase independent of substrate phosphorylation? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"SCFSKP2",
"CRL4CDT2",
"KPC (Kip1 ubiquitination-promoting complex)"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | 2,010 | 54 | 2 | COPB | false |
How is the stability of KRP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Its degradation is primarily mediated by the APC/C complex during mitosis.",
"It is stabilized by binding directly to auxin response factors.",
"Its degradation via the proteasome is dependent on CDK-mediated phosphorylation."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | 2,010 | 54 | 2 | COPB | false |
What role does the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) play in controlling DNA content in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It promotes endoreduplication by directly activating DNA polymerase.",
"It controls the onset of endoreduplication, partly through FZR/CCS52A-mediated degradation of cyclin CYCA2;3.",
"It prevents endoreduplication by stabilizing replication inhibitor Geminin homologs."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.004 | 2,010 | 54 | 1 | COPB | false |
What general effect do various biotic and abiotic stresses have on plant genome stability? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They only cause point mutations without affecting recombination rates.",
"They alter it by changing the frequency of homologous recombination.",
"They stabilize it by suppressing homologous recombination."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | 2,011 | 245 | 1 | COPB | false |
How persistent is the stress-induced increase in somatic homologous recombination frequency across generations? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It is always permanent and stable across all subsequent generations.",
"Its persistence is debated, potentially lasting only one generation without repeated stress, or multiple generations according to different studies.",
"It is never heritable and only affects the stressed parental plant."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | 2,011 | 245 | 1 | COPB | false |
What distinguishes 'soft inheritance' from 'hard inheritance' in the context of plant adaptation to environmental stress? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Soft inheritance involves permanent DNA mutations, while hard inheritance involves temporary physiological changes.",
"Soft inheritance relies solely on physiological hardening, while hard inheritance relies on epigenetic marks.",
"Soft inheritance involves rapid, reversible epigenetic changes, while hard inheritance involves slower adaptation through rare DNA mutations."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | 2,011 | 245 | 2 | COPB | false |
What mechanism causes the change from bilateral to radial floral symmetry in Linaria vulgaris? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Linaria vulgaris"
] | [
"An epimutation involving DNA methylation of the Lcyc gene promoter.",
"Chromosomal rearrangement deleting the Lcyc gene entirely.",
"A point mutation within the coding sequence of the Lcyc gene."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | 2,011 | 245 | 0 | COPB | false |
What effect did infection with a compatible virus have on the progeny of tobacco plants regarding resistance gene loci? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"It decreased DNA methylation and increased rearrangement frequency in LRR regions of R-gene loci.",
"It caused widespread point mutations but did not affect methylation or rearrangement frequency at R-gene loci.",
"It increased DNA methylation and decreased rearrangement frequency in LRR regions of R-gene loci."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.003 | 2,011 | 245 | 0 | COPB | false |
What mechanism restricts the non-host Potato virus X in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Lack of a compatible translation initiation factor",
"RNA silencing involving DICER-LIKE and Argonaute proteins",
"Inhibition of viral replication by the tm-1 protein"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | 2,012 | 53 | 1 | COPB | false |
What is the biochemical function of the PEN2 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana nonhost resistance? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Recognizing bacterial MAMPs to trigger defense signaling",
"Synthesizing camalexin, a phytoalexin involved in defense",
"Metabolizing indole glucosinolates to produce antimicrobial compounds"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | 2,012 | 53 | 2 | COPB | false |
What is the primary role of aliphatic isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana defense against Pseudomonas syringae? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Acting as signaling molecules to trigger systemic acquired resistance",
"Enhancing the growth of adapted pathovars like Pto DC3000",
"Inhibiting the growth of non-adapted pathovars"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | 2,012 | 53 | 2 | COPB | false |
How do Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae bacteria overcome resistance in susceptible rice cultivars related to the Xa13 gene? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"By secreting TAL effectors that induce the expression of the Xa13 sucrose transporter gene for nutrient acquisition",
"By suppressing the Xa13 gene promoter to prevent defense responses",
"By degrading the Xa13 protein using bacterial proteases"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | 2,012 | 53 | 0 | COPB | false |
What general characteristic describes the genetic basis of nonhost resistance (NHR)? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It relies solely on a single 'silver bullet' gene conferring broad-spectrum immunity",
"It is complex, multi-factorial, quantitative, and involves both dominant and recessive genetic components",
"It is primarily based on the absence of susceptibility factors, with minimal active defense"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.001 | 2,012 | 53 | 1 | COPB | false |
What class of small, cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) secreted by synergid cells acts as pollen tube attractants in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"ZmES4",
"Chemocyanin",
"LUREs"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | 2,013 | 32 | 2 | COPB | false |
Which receptor-like kinase, located on the synergid cell surface, is essential for pollen tube reception in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"ANXUR1",
"HAP2(GCS1)",
"FERONIA (FER)"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | 2,013 | 32 | 2 | COPB | false |
What is the function of the sperm-specific membrane protein HAP2(GCS1) during double fertilization? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It triggers pollen tube burst upon arrival at the ovule.",
"It guides the pollen tube through the pistil.",
"It is essential for the fusion of sperm cells with both the egg and central cells."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | 2,013 | 32 | 2 | COPB | false |
What process must occur successfully to trigger the block to polytubey, preventing multiple pollen tubes from fertilizing a single Arabidopsis ovule? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Synergid degeneration",
"Pollen tube arrival at the micropyle",
"Gamete fusion"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | 2,013 | 32 | 2 | COPB | false |
In Zea mays, what molecule secreted by synergid cells mediates pollen tube burst by activating the KZM1 potassium channel? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"ZmES4 peptides",
"ZmEA1 peptide",
"LURE peptides"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.005 | 2,013 | 32 | 0 | COPB | false |
What is a described consequence of Structural Variants (SVs), such as Copy Number Variants (CNVs) and Presence/Absence Variants (PAVs), in plant genomes? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They contribute substantially to genetic variation and phenotypic diversity within a species.",
"They primarily lead to genome stabilization and reduced mutation rates.",
"They are exclusively found in non-coding DNA and have no effect on observable traits."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | 2,014 | 100 | 0 | COPB | false |
Within the pan-genome concept applied to plants, what defines the 'dispensable genome'? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It comprises sequences present in some individuals but completely absent in others within the species.",
"It consists of the core set of essential genes found universally across all individuals of the species.",
"It refers only to ancient transposable elements shared across related species."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | 2,014 | 100 | 0 | COPB | false |
In maize (Zea mays), what structural variation involving the MATE1 gene is associated with increased aluminum tolerance? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"A complete deletion of the MATE1 gene, removing sensitivity to aluminum.",
"A triplication of the MATE1 gene, leading to its increased expression.",
"An inversion within the MATE1 gene promoter, altering its regulation."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | 2,014 | 100 | 1 | COPB | false |
What genetic event involving the vvMybA1 gene leads to the white berry phenotype in some Vitis vinifera (grape) varieties? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Vitis vinifera"
] | [
"A duplication of the vvMybA1 gene, resulting in pigment overproduction.",
"The insertion of the GRET1 retrotransposon into the promoter region of vvMybA1, inhibiting its expression.",
"A frameshift mutation within the coding sequence of vvMybA1, creating a dominant negative allele."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | Woody Perennials & Trees | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | 2,014 | 100 | 1 | COPB | false |
How did the weed Amaranthus palmeri develop resistance to glyphosate? | EVOLUTION | [
"Amaranthus palmeri"
] | [
"By acquiring a mutation that alters the structure of the EPSPS protein, preventing glyphosate binding.",
"Via the horizontal gene transfer of a glyphosate-degrading enzyme from soil bacteria.",
"Through a significant increase in the copy number of the EPSPS gene, the target of glyphosate."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.01.003 | 2,014 | 100 | 2 | COPB | false |
What are DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) generally indicative of in eukaryotic genomes? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Regions of open chromatin often associated with active cis-regulatory elements.",
"Regions of highly condensed heterochromatin that are resistant to enzymatic digestion.",
"Highly repetitive sequences primarily found in telomeres."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | 2,015 | 52 | 0 | COPB | false |
How are DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) typically distributed in the *Arabidopsis thaliana* genome? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They are uniformly distributed across both euchromatin and heterochromatin.",
"They are relatively depleted in pericentromeric heterochromatin and enriched in regions upstream of transcription start sites.",
"They are found exclusively within the coding sequences of highly expressed genes."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | 2,015 | 52 | 1 | COPB | false |
How does the proportion of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) located within introns differ between humans and plants like rice and *Arabidopsis*? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Rice and *Arabidopsis* have a significantly higher proportion of intronic DHSs compared to humans.",
"The proportion of DHSs located within introns is nearly identical across humans, rice, and *Arabidopsis*.",
"Humans have a much higher proportion of DHSs located within introns compared to rice and *Arabidopsis*."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | 2,015 | 52 | 2 | COPB | false |
What epigenetic features are typically associated with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in plants like rice and *Arabidopsis thaliana*? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Consistent hypermethylation of DNA regardless of the DHS location (promoter or intergenic).",
"High density of nucleosomes and enrichment of activating histone marks across all DHSs.",
"Depletion of nucleosomes and, for intergenic DHSs, an association with the repressive mark H3K27me3."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | 2,015 | 52 | 2 | COPB | false |
What information regarding gene regulation, besides the location of open chromatin, can be obtained from high-resolution DNase-seq data? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Footprints revealing transcription factor binding sites and insights into the dynamics of regulatory elements.",
"The complete amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by nearby genes.",
"The exact three-dimensional structure of the chromatin fiber."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.005 | 2,015 | 52 | 0 | COPB | false |
What is a primary distinction between passive CO2 concentrating mechanisms (pCCMs) and active mechanisms like C4 photosynthesis? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"pCCMs enhance CO2 concentration around Rubisco without additional direct ATP expenditure.",
"pCCMs rely on the enzyme PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation.",
"pCCMs utilize ATP-dependent bicarbonate pumps, similar to algae."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | 2,016 | 22 | 0 | COPB | false |
Which process characterizes C2 photosynthesis as a passive CO2 concentrating mechanism? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Conversion of CO2 into malate in mesophyll cells, followed by transport to bundle sheath cells.",
"Direct transport of atmospheric CO2 into bundle sheath cells via specialized transporters.",
"Shuttling of photorespiratory glycine from mesophyll to bundle sheath cells for decarboxylation near Rubisco."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | 2,016 | 22 | 2 | COPB | false |
What structural adaptation is commonly observed in bundle sheath cells of plants utilizing C2 photosynthesis? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"A significant reduction in the size and quantity of peroxisomes.",
"A marked increase in the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts, often positioned towards the vascular tissue.",
"The development of extensive air spaces surrounding the bundle sheath."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | 2,016 | 22 | 1 | COPB | false |
How do rice (*Oryza sativa*) mesophyll cells contribute to trapping photorespired CO2? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"They possess exceptionally high concentrations of glycine decarboxylase.",
"They form a dense peripheral sheath of chloroplasts and stromules, hindering CO2 escape.",
"They actively pump photorespired CO2 back into the mitochondria."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | 2,016 | 22 | 1 | COPB | false |
How can respiratory CO2 accumulate to higher concentrations within tissues like woody stems? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Specialized lacunae actively transport CO2 upwards from the roots.",
"High diffusive resistance from outer tissues (like periderm or sclerenchyma) slows the escape of CO2 produced by internal respiration.",
"Stem stomata remain permanently closed, trapping all internally produced gases."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.016 | 2,016 | 22 | 1 | COPB | false |
What type of molecule secreted by host roots is essential for inducing seed germination in obligate root parasites of the Orobanchaceae family like *Striga* and *Orobanche*? | HORMONES | [
"Striga spp."
] | [
"Volatile organic compounds",
"Auxins",
"Strigolactones"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | 2,017 | 30 | 2 | COPB | false |
How do seedlings of the stem-parasitic *Cuscuta* spp. primarily locate their host plants? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Cuscuta spp."
] | [
"By detecting strigolactones released from host roots",
"By sensing host-emitted volatile chemical cues",
"By responding to tactile signals upon initial contact"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | Solanaceae & Relatives | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | 2,017 | 30 | 1 | COPB | false |
Which phytohormone plays a critical role in the development of the haustorium in both root and shoot parasitic plants, involving enzymes like YUCCA flavin monooxygenases? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Auxin",
"Cytokinin",
"Abscisic acid (ABA)"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | 2,017 | 30 | 0 | COPB | false |
What physiological adaptation allows many parasitic plants to effectively extract water and solutes from their hosts? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Inducing stomatal closure in the host plant",
"Maintaining higher xylem conductance and wider/prolonged stomatal opening compared to the host",
"Developing lower xylem conductance to create negative pressure"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | 2,017 | 30 | 1 | COPB | false |
What defense mechanism does tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) employ against attempted penetration by *Cuscuta reflexa*, involving the CuRe1 receptor? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Solanum lycopersicum"
] | [
"Rapid thickening of the primary cell wall only",
"Secretion of repellent volatile compounds",
"A hypersensitive response (HR) forming a barrier with phenolic compounds and fatty acids"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | Solanaceae & Relatives | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006 | 2,017 | 30 | 2 | COPB | false |
Which transcription factor is identified as a primary regulator coordinating the formation of the Casparian strip in the Arabidopsis root endodermis? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"MYB36",
"SGN1",
"SCARECROW"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | 2,018 | 36 | 0 | COPB | false |
What type of endocytosis is required for the establishment of inner polar localization and boron-induced degradation of the BOR1 transporter in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Exocyst-mediated endocytosis",
"DRP1A-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis",
"Caveolin-dependent endocytosis"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | 2,018 | 36 | 1 | COPB | false |
What core components form the signaling module responsible for controlling Casparian strip positioning and integrity in the Arabidopsis endodermis? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The receptor kinase SGN3, the cytosolic kinase SGN1, and the CIF peptides",
"The transcription factor MYB36, the scaffolding protein CASP1, and the exocyst subunit EXO70A1",
"The borate transporter BOR1, the dynamin-related protein DRP1A, and the adapter protein AP2"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | 2,018 | 36 | 0 | COPB | false |
How is the outer polar localization of the boric acid channel NIP5;1 maintained in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells after its initial delivery? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"By stable tethering involving only the EXO84b subunit",
"By phosphorylation-dependent, AP2/clathrin-mediated endocytosis",
"Solely through continuous secretion via the TGN"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | 2,018 | 36 | 1 | COPB | false |
Which cytoskeletal component and its modulator are specifically implicated in contributing to the planar polarity establishment of root hairs in Arabidopsis trichoblasts? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"MAP18 (microtubule-associated protein) and ROP2 (Rho-of-plant GTPase)",
"ACT7 (actin) and AIP1-2 (actin modulator)",
"Tubulin and CLASP (microtubule regulatory protein)"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002 | 2,018 | 36 | 1 | COPB | false |
Where are acylsugars primarily synthesized in cultivated tomatoes (*Solanum lycopersicum*)? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Solanum lycopersicum"
] | [
"Glandular trichome tip cells",
"Root cortical cells",
"Leaf mesophyll cells"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | Solanaceae & Relatives | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | 2,019 | 77 | 0 | COPB | false |
What unique regulatory feature characterizes the isopropylmalate synthase like 3 (IPMS3) enzyme recruited for acylsugar biosynthesis in cultivated tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) compared to canonical IPMS enzymes? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Solanum lycopersicum"
] | [
"It shows enhanced sensitivity to leucine feedback inhibition",
"It is activated by high concentrations of sucrose",
"It is insensitive to leucine end-product feedback inhibition"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | 2,019 | 77 | 2 | COPB | false |
Which combination of factors primarily drives the remarkable structural diversity observed in acylsugars within the Solanaceae family? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Alterations in the stereochemistry of the sucrose backbone only",
"Variations in the sugar core, the positions of acylation on the sugar, and the types/lengths of attached acyl chains",
"Differences solely in the length of the primary acyl chain attached"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | 2,019 | 77 | 1 | COPB | false |
What key difference distinguishes the biosynthesis of P-type triacylsucroses in *Solanum pennellii* from the F-type pathway in *Solanum lycopersicum*? | EVOLUTION | [
"Solanum pennellii"
] | [
"The *S. pennellii* pathway involves phosphorylation steps absent in the *S. lycopersicum* pathway",
"The sequential order of acyl group addition by acylsucrose acyltransferases (ASATs) is altered, representing a 'flipped pathway'",
"*S. pennellii* exclusively uses glucose as the sugar core, while *S. lycopersicum* uses sucrose"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | Solanaceae & Relatives | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | 2,019 | 77 | 1 | COPB | false |
What is the biochemical function of the specialized invertase-like enzyme SpASFF1 identified in the trichomes of the wild tomato *Solanum pennellii*? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Solanum pennellii"
] | [
"It converts isovaleryl-CoA (isoC5-CoA) to isobutyryl-CoA (isoC4-CoA)",
"It specifically hydrolyzes P-type triacylsucroses, releasing the corresponding triacylglucoses",
"It catalyzes the initial acylation of sucrose at the R4 position"
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.005 | 2,019 | 77 | 1 | COPB | false |
How do necrotrophic specialist fungi often interact with their host plants to cause disease? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By suppressing the host immune system entirely, allowing the fungus to grow biotrophically on living tissue.",
"Through an inverse gene-for-gene interaction where fungal effectors trigger host susceptibility genes, often leading to programmed cell death.",
"By producing general toxins that non-specifically degrade host cell walls without requiring specific host gene recognition."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | 2,020 | 102 | 1 | COPB | false |
In Zea mays lines with Texas male-sterile cytoplasm, what is the function of the URF13 protein in susceptibility to Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"It directly activates plant defense responses, which paradoxically leads to cell death favorable for the necrotroph.",
"It acts as a receptor kinase on the plasma membrane, initiating a signaling cascade upon T-toxin recognition.",
"It binds T-toxin produced by the fungus, leading to pore formation in the inner mitochondrial membrane and disrupting host cell functions."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | 2,020 | 102 | 2 | COPB | false |
What type of protein is LOV1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and how does it mediate sensitivity to the fungal toxin victorin? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"LOV1 is an NLR protein that acts as a guard for the thioredoxin TRX-h5; victorin binding to TRX-h5 activates LOV1, triggering cell death.",
"LOV1 is a wall-associated kinase that directly binds victorin extracellularly, activating pathogen-triggered immunity.",
"LOV1 is a transcription factor that, upon victorin detection, upregulates genes causing susceptibility."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | 2,020 | 102 | 0 | COPB | false |
What unique structural feature characterizes the Tsn1 protein in Triticum aestivum, which confers sensitivity to the fungal effector ToxA? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Tsn1 contains both a serine/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain and a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) domain within the same protein.",
"Tsn1 is exclusively an NLR protein localized in the cytoplasm that requires an adaptor protein to recognize ToxA.",
"Tsn1 is solely a receptor kinase located in the plasma membrane that directly binds ToxA."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | 2,020 | 102 | 0 | COPB | false |
What class of receptor does the Snn1 protein belong to in Triticum aestivum, and how does it interact with the fungal effector SnTox1? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Snn1 is a cytoplasmic NLR protein that recognizes SnTox1 after it enters the cell, triggering effector-triggered immunity.",
"Snn1 is a wall-associated kinase (WAK) that directly interacts with SnTox1 in the extracellular space, subverting pathogen-triggered immunity.",
"Snn1 is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds SnTox1, leading to secondary messenger release and defense suppression."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.003 | 2,020 | 102 | 1 | COPB | false |
What is the function of the Arabidopsis EF-Tu Receptor (EFR) when transgenically expressed in crop plants like tomato or wheat? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It directly attacks bacterial cells, causing lysis and preventing infection.",
"It enables detection of the bacterial epitope elf18, enhancing resistance to bacterial pathogens.",
"It enhances viral resistance by binding to viral coat proteins."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | 2,021 | 28 | 1 | COPB | false |
What role does N-hydroxyl-pipecolic acid (NHP) play in plant immunity, particularly during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It functions as a receptor for pathogen effectors, triggering Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI).",
"It serves as an essential mobile signal that induces systemic disease resistance.",
"It acts as a direct antimicrobial compound, killing pathogens upon contact."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | 2,021 | 28 | 1 | COPB | false |
How can the Arabidopsis decoy protein PBS1 be engineered to expand resistance against different pathogens, such as viruses? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"By fusing it directly to a pathogen receptor like EFR.",
"By overexpressing it alongside the pathogen protease it normally detects.",
"By replacing its original protease cleavage site with the recognition site for a different pathogen's protease."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | Model Organisms | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | 2,021 | 28 | 2 | COPB | false |
What is the effect of generating loss-of-function mutations in the Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) gene in plants like barley or tomato? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It specifically enhances resistance to bacterial blight pathogens.",
"It confers broad-spectrum, non-race specific resistance to powdery mildew pathogens.",
"It increases susceptibility to powdery mildew by disrupting PTI."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | 2,021 | 28 | 1 | COPB | false |
How do Xanthomonas oryzae TAL effectors promote disease in rice, and how can this be countered through genome editing? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Oryza sativa"
] | [
"TALEs cleave host defense proteins; engineering cleavage-resistant defense proteins confers resistance.",
"TALEs directly suppress rice immune receptors; overexpressing these receptors counters the effect.",
"TALEs induce host OsSWEET sugar transporter genes; editing the TALE binding sites (EBEs) in OsSWEET promoters confers resistance."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101987 | 2,021 | 28 | 2 | COPB | false |
How is the balance between plant growth and defense, often influenced by jasmonate (JA), primarily orchestrated? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Through complex JA-based regulatory networks integrating various signals.",
"By completely shutting down primary metabolism to favor defense.",
"Solely by the direct competition for limited resources like carbon."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | 2,022 | 74 | 0 | COPB | false |
Which transcription factor acts as a key link between jasmonate (JA) signaling and light-regulated photomorphogenesis and carbon metabolism? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"PIF, which is primarily a negative regulator repressed by light and involved in growth.",
"COP1, which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades HY5 in the dark.",
"HY5, whose expression is regulated by the JA-responsive factor MYC2."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | 2,022 | 74 | 2 | COPB | false |
How does jasmonate (JA) signaling typically influence central carbon metabolism pathways? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By elevating carbon flow through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway towards specialized metabolite synthesis.",
"By promoting the activity of soluble invertases to break down sucrose.",
"By increasing the pool of soluble sugars through enhanced photosynthesis."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | 2,022 | 74 | 0 | COPB | false |
What is the general relationship between jasmonate (JA) signaling and the SnRK energy-sensing pathway in response to stress? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They act antagonistically, with SnRK suppressing JA responses.",
"They function independently, with no direct interaction between the pathways.",
"They act synergistically, with SnRK promoting JA biosynthesis and signaling."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | 2,022 | 74 | 2 | COPB | false |
Besides being an amino acid, what signaling role does glutamate play in plant defense responses related to jasmonate (JA)? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Glutamate serves only as a precursor for JA biosynthesis, without a distinct signaling role itself.",
"Glutamate directly inhibits JA perception by binding to the COI1 receptor.",
"Glutamate acts as a signal that can trigger JA biosynthesis and systemic defense responses."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102197 | 2,022 | 74 | 2 | COPB | false |
Where are Solanaceae-type acylsugars primarily synthesized in plants? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Solanaceae"
] | [
"In vascular phloem tissue.",
"In root epidermal cells.",
"In Type I/IV glandular trichomes."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | 2,023 | 9 | 2 | COPB | false |
What structural feature often distinguishes resin glycosides in Convolvulaceae from Solanaceae-type acylsugars? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Convolvulaceae"
] | [
"The exclusive use of glucose as the sugar core.",
"The presence of a hydroxylated long-chain fatty acid aglycone, sometimes forming a macrolactone ring.",
"Production solely in leaf stomata."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | 2,023 | 9 | 1 | COPB | false |
What enzymatic variation is linked to differing acylsugar chemotypes observed between northern and southern populations of Solanum habrochaites? | EVOLUTION | [
"Solanum habrochaites"
] | [
"Overexpression of the ASFF1 enzyme in northern populations.",
"Complete absence of the ASAT1 enzyme in all populations.",
"Polymorphisms and inactivation patterns of the acylsugar acyltransferase 4 (ASAT4) enzyme."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | Solanaceae & Relatives | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | 2,023 | 9 | 2 | COPB | false |
How do acylsugars contribute to plant defense against insects? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Through stickiness immobilizing insects, deterring feeding, and mediating tritrophic interactions by attracting predators.",
"By mimicking insect pheromones to disrupt mating.",
"By directly poisoning insect nervous systems upon contact."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | Non-specific | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | 2,023 | 9 | 0 | COPB | false |
What characteristic of the BAHD acyltransferase enzyme family contributes significantly to the structural diversity of acylsugars? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Their catalytic promiscuity, allowing them to act on various substrates.",
"Their exclusive localization to the plant nucleus.",
"Their extreme substrate specificity, limiting reactions."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102348 | 2,023 | 9 | 0 | COPB | false |
What is a key role of HYL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana beyond assisting DCL1 in miRNA processing? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Exporting mature miRNAs independently of AGO1.",
"Directly methylating DNA target sites.",
"Regulating transcription and protecting pri-miRNAs from degradation."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | 2,024 | 0 | 2 | COPB | false |
How does phosphorylation primarily affect HYL1's function and localization in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It promotes nuclear export and activates its role in miRNA processing.",
"It triggers its degradation in the nucleus regardless of light conditions.",
"It prevents nuclear export and inhibits its role in miRNA processing."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | 2,024 | 0 | 2 | COPB | false |
What function does cytoplasmic HYL1 perform in conjunction with AGO1 and AMP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It facilitates the transport of miRNA duplexes into the nucleus.",
"It directly cleaves target mRNAs independent of AGO1.",
"It regulates miRNA-mediated translational inhibition at the endoplasmic reticulum."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | 2,024 | 0 | 2 | COPB | false |
Which pathway regulates HYL1 degradation in the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis thaliana specifically in response to darkness? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The COP1/HCS1 pathway.",
"The KETCH1 import pathway.",
"The AAR2-mediated pathway."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | 2,024 | 0 | 0 | COPB | false |
How does HYL1 influence gene transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"By interacting with RNA Polymerase II to regulate both MIRNA and non-MIRNA genes.",
"By recruiting histone methyltransferases to silence gene expression globally.",
"By binding directly to promoter DNA sequences as a primary transcription factor."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102546 | 2,024 | 0 | 0 | COPB | false |
How do plant remorin proteins facilitate signal transduction at the plasma membrane during immunity? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By forming impermeable barriers that block pathogen effectors.",
"By coupling lipid nanodomains with the condensation of signaling proteins like type-I formins.",
"By translocating directly to the nucleus to activate gene expression."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | 2,025 | 0 | 1 | COPB | false |
In Arabidopsis thaliana root cells, what mechanism involving SFH8 condensates regulates plasma membrane polarity? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"SFH8 liquid condensates actively transport polar cargo vesicles.",
"Phosphorylation-dependent binding of SFH8 to microtubules organizes polarity.",
"Proteolysis of the SFH8 IDR triggers a phase transition to solid-like filaments, promoting polar protein localization."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | 2,025 | 0 | 2 | COPB | false |
What role does the processing body component DCP1 play in establishing polarity at the plant cell edge? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"DCP1 directly degrades mRNA localized at the cell edge to prevent protein synthesis.",
"DCP1 forms stable condensates that physically block protein diffusion into the edge domain.",
"DCP1 interacts with the SCAR/WAVE complex at the plasma membrane, enhancing its polar localization and potentially actin dynamics."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | 2,025 | 0 | 2 | COPB | false |
What molecular event initiates FERONIA receptor complex clustering and endocytosis upon perception of RALF1 peptides? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Conformational change in FERONIA induced solely by RALF1 binding without pectin involvement.",
"Extracellular phase separation between RALF1 and pectin polymers, which recruits the receptor complex.",
"Direct binding of RALF1 to intracellular kinases, bypassing the receptor."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | 2,025 | 0 | 1 | COPB | false |
What is the role of AtEH/TPLATE complex condensates in Arabidopsis thaliana clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME)? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They serve as organizational platforms to recruit clathrin and other endocytic proteins, facilitating vesicle formation.",
"They selectively degrade cargo proteins before endocytosis occurs.",
"They provide the mechanical force needed for membrane scission during vesicle release."
] | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.pbi.2025.102697 | 2,025 | 0 | 0 | COPB | false |
What type of novel cell wall structural proteins were identified in *Triticum aestivum* callus cultures responding to *Fusarium graminearum* elicitors? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Proline-Rich Proteins (PRPs)",
"Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins (HRGPs)",
"Glycine- and Serine-Rich Proteins (GSRPs)"
] | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | 2,001 | 0 | 2 | JexB | false |
What molecule is essential for the rapid insolubilization and deposition of GSRP1 and GSRP2 proteins in the *Triticum aestivum* cell wall following elicitation? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Calcium ions (Ca2+)",
"Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)",
"Salicylic acid (SA)"
] | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | 2,001 | 0 | 1 | JexB | false |
What are the approximate molecular masses determined by SELDI-MS for the two rapidly deposited cell wall proteins, GSRP1 (P27) and GSRP2 (P60), in *Triticum aestivum*? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"GSRP1 (P27) is >240 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~3.2 kDa",
"GSRP1 (P27) is ~8.6 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~4.3 kDa",
"GSRP1 (P27) is ~4.3 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~8.6 kDa"
] | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | 2,001 | 0 | 1 | JexB | false |
Which amino acid is notably absent from the composition of the GSRP1 and GSRP2 proteins identified in *Triticum aestivum*, distinguishing them from typical HRGPs? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Serine (Ser)",
"Hydroxyproline (Hyp)",
"Glycine (Gly)"
] | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | 2,001 | 0 | 1 | JexB | false |
What is the proposed defensive role of the rapid deposition and cross-linking of GSRPs in the cell wall of *Triticum aestivum* upon pathogen challenge? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Directly kill the fungal pathogen through toxicity",
"Increase cell wall resistance to fungal lytic enzymes and strengthen the barrier",
"Act as signaling molecules to trigger systemic acquired resistance"
] | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/jxb/52.354.85 | 2,001 | 0 | 1 | JexB | false |
What is the typical pH range measured in the substomatal cavity apoplast of Vicia faba leaves under normal, undisturbed conditions? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Vicia faba"
] | [
"4.7 - 5.2",
"7.0 - 7.5",
"5.8 - 6.6"
] | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | Legumes | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | 2,002 | 7 | 0 | JexB | false |
How does the activity of the plasma membrane H+ pump influence the apoplastic pH in the substomatal cavity of Vicia faba? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Vicia faba"
] | [
"The H+ pump activity has no significant impact on the substomatal apoplastic pH.",
"Pump activation alkalizes the apoplast, while inhibition acidifies it.",
"Pump activation acidifies the apoplast, while inhibition alkalizes it."
] | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | Legumes | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | 2,002 | 7 | 2 | JexB | false |
What is the general effect of increased osmotic potential (using salts or sorbitol) in the xylem sap on the substomatal apoplastic pH in Vicia faba leaves? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Vicia faba"
] | [
"Increased osmolarity leads to acidification of the substomatal apoplast.",
"Increased osmolarity leads to alkalinization of the substomatal apoplast.",
"Increased osmolarity causes significant fluctuations but no net change in the substomatal apoplastic pH."
] | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | Legumes | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | 2,002 | 7 | 1 | JexB | false |
Under what condition might changes in xylem pH significantly impact the substomatal apoplast pH in Vicia faba, potentially acting as a drought signal? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Vicia faba"
] | [
"When accompanied by elevated osmolarity.",
"Changes in xylem pH alone are sufficient to strongly influence substomatal apoplast pH.",
"When accompanied by decreased light intensity."
] | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | Legumes | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | 2,002 | 7 | 0 | JexB | false |
What is the immediate and primary effect of experimentally flooding or infiltrating the leaf apoplast with an iso-osmotic solution on its pH in Vicia faba? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Vicia faba"
] | [
"A rapid and substantial decrease in pH (acidification).",
"A rapid and substantial increase in pH (alkalinization).",
"No significant immediate change in pH."
] | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | Legumes | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1093/jxb/53.366.73 | 2,002 | 7 | 1 | JexB | false |
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