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Where is nicotine, a defensive alkaloid, primarily synthesized in *Nicotiana* species? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"In the roots, followed by transport to the shoots.",
"In the flowers to deter pollinators.",
"In the leaves where it provides defense."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | 2,009 | 153 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What defensive protein in *Zea mays* is primarily synthesized in the roots and transported upwards to disrupt the digestive system of leaf herbivores? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"Trypsin inhibitors",
"Lectins",
"Mir1-CP (a cysteine protease)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | 2,009 | 153 | 2 | TIPS | false |
Which plant hormone, primarily produced in the shoot apex, is indicated to act as a negative regulator of nicotine synthesis in the roots of *Nicotiana tabacum*? | HORMONES | [
"Nicotiana tabacum"
] | [
"Auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid - IAA)",
"Ethylene (ET)",
"Jasmonic acid (JA)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | Solanaceae & Relatives | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | 2,009 | 153 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What pattern characterizes the root transcriptional response in *Zea mays* following leaf attack by herbivores like *Spodoptera littoralis*? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"Roots show minimal transcriptional changes, primarily activating defenses already present.",
"A large, distinct set of genes are regulated (induced and suppressed) specifically in the roots, different from the shoot response.",
"The root transcriptome changes mirror exactly the changes occurring in the attacked leaves."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | Cereal Grains | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | 2,009 | 153 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How do roots actively contribute to plant tolerance against leaf herbivory, particularly observed in species like *Nicotiana attenuata*? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nicotiana attenuata"
] | [
"By rapidly producing volatile compounds that attract predators to the leaves.",
"By increasing their function as sinks for assimilates (like sugars), storing resources belowground to enable potential regrowth.",
"By initiating cell death in the attacked leaf tissue to limit damage spread."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | Solanaceae & Relatives | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.08.006 | 2,009 | 153 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What is a primary role of AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) in the cell cycle? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Acting as a transcription factor for cell cycle genes.",
"Regulating the G1/S transition in response to auxin.",
"Directly phosphorylating cyclins to promote M phase."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | 2,010 | 73 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does ABP1 primarily initiate rapid cellular responses to auxin at the plasma membrane? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By activating proton pumps and modulating ion channels.",
"By directly binding to DNA and activating gene transcription.",
"By triggering endocytosis of auxin transporters."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | 2,010 | 73 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the characteristic phenotype of a null *abp1* mutant in *Arabidopsis thaliana*? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Overproliferation of shoot apical meristem cells.",
"Embryo lethality at the globular stage due to cell division and expansion defects.",
"Enhanced root growth and increased lateral root formation."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | 2,010 | 73 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does ABP1 influence the expression of auxin-regulated genes, such as Aux/IAAs? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It has no influence on auxin-regulated gene expression.",
"Directly, by binding to promoter regions of target genes in the nucleus.",
"Indirectly, affecting signaling cascades that modulate their steady-state levels and auxin responsiveness."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | 2,010 | 73 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What does the evolutionary analysis of the ABP1 C-terminal sequence suggest about its ER-retention motif? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"The KDEL motif is highly conserved across all plant lineages and bacteria.",
"The KDEL/HDEL motif is a relatively recent acquisition, primarily found in flowering plants.",
"ABP1 completely lacks any ER retention motif in all studied organisms."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.001 | 2,010 | 73 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What is endoreplication in eukaryotic cells? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"A mechanism where cells skip DNA replication but undergo mitosis, reducing ploidy.",
"The process of cell division that produces four genetically distinct daughter cells.",
"A cell cycle variant where DNA replication occurs repeatedly without intervening mitosis, resulting in polyploidy."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | 2,011 | 265 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What is the primary role of the CCS52A protein in regulating the plant cell cycle? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It is a transcription factor that represses genes needed for DNA replication.",
"It functions as a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) required for entry into S-phase.",
"It acts as an activator of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), targeting mitotic cyclins for degradation to promote endoreplication."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | 2,011 | 265 | 2 | TIPS | false |
In Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes, what is the established function of the SIAMESE (SIM) protein? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It functions as an activator of mitotic cyclins, driving cell division.",
"It is a structural protein essential for maintaining trichome shape.",
"It acts as a plant-specific CDK inhibitor (CKI) that represses mitotic CDK activity, promoting the transition to endoreplication."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | 2,011 | 265 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How do KIP-RELATED PROTEINS (KRPs) generally influence the plant cell cycle? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They activate the DNA replication licensing factors required for S-phase.",
"They exclusively promote cell cycle exit and differentiation by degrading CDKs.",
"They act as CDK inhibitors (CKIs) whose effect can be concentration-dependent, potentially promoting endoreplication at low levels or inhibiting both mitosis and endoreplication at high levels."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | 2,011 | 265 | 2 | TIPS | false |
Which factor has been identified as a trigger or condition associated with endoreplication in plants? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"DNA damage response, pathogen interaction, or specific light conditions (e.g., darkness for hypocotyls).",
"Accumulation of sugars during active photosynthesis.",
"Increased oxygen availability during respiration."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.07.001 | 2,011 | 265 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the approximate percentage of intron-containing genes estimated to undergo alternative splicing in *Arabidopsis thaliana* based on recent RNA-seq analyses? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Over 60%",
"Around 30%",
"Less than 10%"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | Model Organisms | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | 2,012 | 408 | 0 | TIPS | false |
In *Arabidopsis thaliana*, while intron retention (IR) is the most frequent single *type* of alternative splicing event, what is true about its overall contribution to AS? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The majority of genes undergoing AS utilize mechanisms other than intron retention.",
"Intron retention is less frequent than exon skipping.",
"Intron retention affects almost all alternatively spliced genes."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | 2,012 | 408 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What are the general roles of Serine/Arginine-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in regulating alternative splicing? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Both SR proteins and hnRNPs primarily inhibit splicing.",
"SR proteins typically promote splicing, while hnRNPs typically inhibit splice site selection.",
"SR proteins typically inhibit splicing, while hnRNPs typically promote splice site selection."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | 2,012 | 408 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does alternative splicing often couple with the Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway to regulate gene expression? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"NMD primarily targets constitutively spliced transcripts, leaving AS isoforms unaffected.",
"AS generates transcript isoforms with premature termination codons (PTCs) that are targeted for degradation by NMD, thereby controlling functional mRNA levels.",
"AS generates transcripts that actively block the NMD machinery."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | 2,012 | 408 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does alternative splicing of the *IDD14* gene in *Arabidopsis thaliana* contribute to regulating starch metabolism, particularly under cold stress? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"The main IDD14 isoform is degraded via NMD during cold stress, halting starch degradation.",
"An AS isoform (IDD14β) lacking the DNA-binding domain is produced in the cold and forms nonfunctional heterodimers with the full-length protein, reducing starch degradation.",
"An AS isoform produced in the cold directly binds starch molecules, preventing their breakdown."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.06.001 | 2,012 | 408 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Which protein families were the first identified plasma membrane ABA transporters, AtABCG25, AtABCG40 and NRT1.2, found to belong to in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Aquaporin and Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) families",
"ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and Nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter (NRT1/PTR) families",
"Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) and G-protein families"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | 2,013 | 269 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What is the proposed dual transport function of the NRT1.2 (AIT1) protein in Arabidopsis thaliana? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and nitrate (NO3-)",
"Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA)",
"Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | 2,013 | 269 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Based on the 'ionic trap model' for weak acids, which form of abscisic acid (ABA) is primarily responsible for passive diffusion across biological membranes? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"The deprotonated, anionic form (ABA-)",
"The glucose-conjugated form (ABA-GE)",
"The protonated, uncharged form (ABA-H)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | 2,013 | 269 | 2 | TIPS | false |
In which primary locations within the vegetative tissues are the key enzymes for ABA synthesis expressed? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Root cap and meristematic cells",
"Vascular tissues (veins) and guard cells",
"Epidermal pavement cells and trichomes"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | 2,013 | 269 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What are the contrasting proposed functions of the identified Arabidopsis thaliana ABA transporters AtABCG25 and AtABCG40? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"AtABCG25 acts as an ABA influx transporter, while AtABCG40 acts as an ABA efflux transporter.",
"Both AtABCG25 and AtABCG40 primarily function in ABA influx into vascular cells.",
"AtABCG25 acts as an ABA efflux transporter (exporting ABA), while AtABCG40 acts as an ABA influx transporter (importing ABA)."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.007 | 2,013 | 269 | 2 | TIPS | false |
Besides mycorrhizal fungi, which group of fungi, including genera like Metarhizium, can transfer nitrogen obtained from insects to host plants? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Ectomycorrhizal fungi exclusively",
"Saprophytic decomposer fungi",
"Endophytic insect-pathogenic fungi (EIPF)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | 2,014 | 202 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What structural difference distinguishes nutrient exchange interfaces in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) versus ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules within root cells, while EM fungi form an intercellular Hartig net around root cells.",
"Both AM and EM fungi penetrate root cells to form Hartig nets for nutrient exchange.",
"EM fungi form intracellular arbuscules, while AM fungi form an intercellular Hartig net."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | 2,014 | 202 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What amino acid is often proposed as the primary molecule for transporting nitrogen within mycorrhizal fungal hyphae before breakdown and transfer to the plant? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Glutamine",
"Nitrate",
"Arginine"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | 2,014 | 202 | 2 | TIPS | false |
In the symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Medicago truncatula, where are key coordinately upregulated phosphate transporters like GmosPT (fungal) and MtPt4 (plant) primarily localized? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Medicago truncatula"
] | [
"At the plant root epidermal cell plasma membrane.",
"At the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) surrounding the arbuscule.",
"Within the fungal extraradical mycelium only."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | 2,014 | 202 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What type of molecule do plants primarily provide to fungal symbionts like Glomus intraradices in the reciprocal exchange for nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Lipids and fatty acids",
"Essential amino acids",
"Carbohydrates (sugars)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.06.007 | 2,014 | 202 | 2 | TIPS | false |
From which ancestral group are higher plant phytohormone biosynthesis pathways suggested to have originated? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Terrestrial fungi",
"Ancient microalgae",
"Early land plants independently"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | 2,015 | 301 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What functional relationship is suggested between endogenous ABA and CK in the microalga *Nannochloropsis oceanica* during nitrogen depletion? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Nannochloropsis oceanica"
] | [
"They act antagonistically, regulating cellular homeostasis",
"Only ABA is functional, while CK has no role",
"They act synergistically to promote growth"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | 2,015 | 301 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Which component related to ethylene (ET) signaling has homologs widely identified in microalgal lineages? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"ET receptors (e.g., ETR1/ERS/EIN4)",
"Downstream transcription factors like EIN3",
"The complete ET signaling cascade as found in land plants"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | 2,015 | 301 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the proposed evolutionary origin of the gibberellin (GA) receptor GID1 found in higher plants? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It evolved convergently in microalgae and land plants without a common ancestor protein",
"It was directly inherited in its final form from cyanobacteria via endosymbiosis",
"It likely originated from hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family proteins and was later modified in vascular plants for specific GA binding"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | 2,015 | 301 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What potential application arises from the observation that exogenous phytohormones can affect microalgal growth and stress responses? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Manipulation of phytohormone levels or pathways could be used to improve microalgal traits for biotechnology, like biofuel production",
"Microalgae are completely unresponsive to hormones typically found in higher plants",
"Exogenous phytohormones can only be used to study higher plant physiology, not microalgae"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.006 | 2,015 | 301 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the primary function of transcriptional enhancers in eukaryotic gene regulation? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"To block the interaction between promoters and RNA polymerase.",
"To directly encode proteins involved in transcription.",
"To increase the transcription rate of target genes, often located at a distance."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | 2,016 | 122 | 2 | TIPS | false |
Which characterFistic is typically associated with *active* plant enhancers? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Binding of transcriptional repressors and presence of H3K27me3 marks.",
"High chromatin accessibility and presence of histone acetylation marks (like H3ac).",
"High levels of DNA methylation and condensed chromatin structure."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | 2,016 | 122 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How do enhancers typically exert their activating effect on target gene promoters that may be located far away? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By altering the DNA sequence of the promoter region itself.",
"By releasing diffusible signaling molecules that travel to the promoter.",
"By physically interacting with the promoter through chromatin looping."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | 2,016 | 122 | 2 | TIPS | false |
In *Zea mays*, which enhancer element, located far upstream of its target gene, is known for its tandem repeats and association with paramutation? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Zea mays"
] | [
"The hepta-repeat enhancer of the *booster1* (*b1*) gene.",
"The AB80 enhancer regulating a chlorophyll a/b binding protein gene (in *Pisum sativum*).",
"The enhancer of the *teosinte branched1* (*tb1*) gene controlling plant architecture."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | Cereal Grains | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | 2,016 | 122 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What histone modification is commonly associated with *inactive* or poised enhancers across different eukaryotes? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Acetylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27ac).",
"Trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3).",
"Trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3)."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.013 | 2,016 | 122 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What primary role do eIF4E translation initiation factors play during infections by Potyviridae family viruses? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They function as primary antiviral defense proteins.",
"They are involved in replicating the viral RNA genome.",
"They act as host susceptibility factors required by the virus for infection."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | 2,017 | 108 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How do many naturally occurring eIF4E resistance alleles primarily confer resistance without harming the plant? | GENE REGULATION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They completely eliminate the expression of the eIF4E protein.",
"They contain mutations that prevent viral interaction but maintain the essential translation function.",
"They cause the plant cell to undergo apoptosis upon viral contact."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | Non-specific | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | 2,017 | 108 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What is a significant challenge when using knockout (KO) mutations of single eIF4E genes for durable virus resistance? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Single KO mutations provide resistance to all known plant virus families.",
"Gene redundancy allows viruses to potentially utilize other eIF4E family members as susceptibility factors.",
"Knockout mutations invariably lead to enhanced plant growth and yield."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | 2,017 | 108 | 1 | TIPS | false |
In tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), how did the resistance conferred by a natural, functional eIF4E1 allele compare to an induced eIF4E1 knockout allele against Potyvirus Y (PVY)? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"Lycopersicum esculentum"
] | [
"The knockout allele provided a broader spectrum of resistance.",
"The natural functional allele provided a broader spectrum of resistance.",
"Both alleles conferred identical, narrow resistance spectra."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | Solanaceae & Relatives | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | 2,017 | 108 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What strategy, leveraging knowledge of natural resistance, is proposed for developing improved, broad-spectrum eIF4E-based viral resistance using gene editing? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Creating synthetic alleles with specific point mutations that mimic functional natural resistance alleles.",
"Completely deleting the entire eIF4E gene family.",
"Inducing random mutations across the entire plant genome."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.01.008 | 2,017 | 108 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is a primary reason high nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is considered necessary for conventional bread wheat production? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"To maximize grain starch content for energy.",
"To enhance the mineral content like Zinc and Iron.",
"To achieve high grain protein concentration required for optimal baking quality."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | 2,018 | 235 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What environmental issue is directly linked to nitrogen (N) losses from wheat production systems? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Depletion of atmospheric carbon dioxide.",
"Increased soil compaction reducing water infiltration.",
"Nitrate leaching into freshwater and gaseous emissions (N2O, ammonia) contributing to pollution and climate change."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | Cereal Grains | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | 2,018 | 235 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What general relationship exists between grain yield and grain protein concentration in wheat? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"A directly proportional relationship, where higher yields consistently lead to higher protein.",
"An inverse relationship, where high-yielding varieties often have lower protein concentrations.",
"No consistent relationship exists between yield and protein concentration."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | Cereal Grains | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | 2,018 | 235 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Which major protein group in wheat grain corresponds to gluten and is dominant in determining dough properties? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Prolamins (divided into gliadins and glutenins).",
"Albumins and globulins.",
"Chitinases and defensins."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | Cereal Grains | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | 2,018 | 235 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What novel genetic approach is suggested to potentially reduce nitrogen requirements for wheat cultivation, particularly for feed wheats? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"Triticum aestivum"
] | [
"Deleting or reducing specific storage protein genes (e.g., via genome editing) that consume nitrogen but do not significantly contribute to essential quality.",
"Overexpressing nitrogen transporter genes in the roots.",
"Increasing the number of chromosomes through polyploidization."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | Cereal Grains | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.012 | 2,018 | 235 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the primary role of autophagy in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Directly synthesizing stress-response proteins.",
"Recycling cellular components to promote stress tolerance.",
"Blocking all cellular transport to conserve energy."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | 2,019 | 234 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Which kinases are identified as key regulators balancing autophagy and plant growth, especially in response to energy levels and stress? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"MAPK and CDPK kinases.",
"Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and AGC kinases.",
"SnRK1 and TOR kinases."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | 2,019 | 234 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How does abscisic acid (ABA) influence autophagy during stress conditions? | HORMONES | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"ABA inhibits autophagy by directly activating TOR.",
"ABA promotes autophagy by increasing sugar production via SnRK1.",
"ABA promotes autophagy by activating SnRK2, which inhibits the TOR complex."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | Non-specific | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | 2,019 | 234 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What is the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy in plant cells under stress? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"ROS can induce autophagy, and autophagy contributes to ROS scavenging by removing damaged ROS-producing organelles.",
"Autophagy directly produces ROS to signal stress tolerance.",
"ROS always inhibits autophagy by oxidizing essential ATG proteins."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | 2,019 | 234 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Why is the coordination between autophagy and cytosolic osmotic adjustment crucial for cell survival? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"To balance the increased vacuolar osmolality caused by autophagy and prevent tonoplast rupture leading to mega-autophagy.",
"To directly signal the nucleus to halt autophagy when osmolality is too high.",
"To ensure efficient transport of nutrients out of the vacuole via permeases."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.001 | 2,019 | 234 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Which metabolite rapidly accumulates under sulfur deficiency and acts as a signal correlated with the induction of key regulatory genes like SDI1 and MSA1? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"O-Acetylserine (OAS)",
"Glutathione (GSH)",
"S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | 2,020 | 74 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is the primary role of the Sulfur Deficiency Induced (SDI1 and SDI2) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana under sulfur starvation? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"They enhance sulfur uptake by activating SULTR transporters.",
"They directly promote the synthesis of sulfur-rich amino acids like cysteine.",
"They repress glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthesis by interacting with the transcription factor MYB28."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | 2,020 | 74 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What function is attributed to the MSA1 (More Sulfur Accumulation1) gene product in Arabidopsis thaliana during sulfur deficiency? | GENE REGULATION | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It directly binds to sulfate in the soil to facilitate its uptake.",
"It modulates S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis and DNA methylation, affecting genes involved in sulfur uptake and secondary metabolism.",
"It acts as a primary sensor for extracellular sulfate levels."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | Model Organisms | GENE REGULATION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | 2,020 | 74 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does sulfur deficiency generally impact the composition of seed storage proteins? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"The accumulation of both sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor proteins is decreased.",
"The accumulation of sulfur-rich proteins is increased as a compensatory mechanism.",
"The accumulation of sulfur-rich proteins is decreased, while sulfur-poor proteins increase."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | 2,020 | 74 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What is the biochemical function of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1 (GGCT2;1) in response to sulfur deficiency? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"It degrades glutathione (GSH) into its constituent amino acids, likely to remobilize cysteine.",
"It incorporates sulfate into adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS).",
"It catalyzes the final step in cysteine synthesis from O-acetylserine and sulfide."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | Model Organisms | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.007 | 2,020 | 74 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Which source of abscisic acid (ABA) is primarily responsible for inducing stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots during water deficit? | HORMONES | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Root-derived ABA",
"Shoot-derived ABA",
"ABA transported from flowers"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | Model Organisms | HORMONES | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | 2,021 | 100 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Which root-derived peptide moves to the shoot to regulate stomatal closure in response to water deficit? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"ELF4",
"CLE25",
"HY5"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | 2,021 | 100 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Which mobile transcription factor translocates from shoot to root via the phloem to coordinate root growth and nitrogen uptake in response to light signals in Arabidopsis thaliana? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"XND1",
"HY5",
"ELF4"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | 2,021 | 100 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How does ambient temperature influence the movement of the circadian clock component ELF4 from shoot to root in Arabidopsis thaliana? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Cool temperatures promote its movement, while warm temperatures suppress it.",
"Warm temperatures promote its movement, while cool temperatures suppress it.",
"Its movement is independent of temperature fluctuations."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | Model Organisms | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | 2,021 | 100 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What structural adaptation occurs in the root vasculature of Arabidopsis thaliana under water deficit conditions? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Arabidopsis thaliana"
] | [
"Decrease in the number of phloem sieve elements",
"Significant widening of metaxylem vessels",
"Formation of additional protoxylem strands"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | Model Organisms | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.005 | 2,021 | 100 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How does the toxin coronatine, produced by the bacterium *Pseudomonas syringae*, typically affect plant stomata? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It prevents stomatal closure, facilitating bacterial entry.",
"It causes stomatal opening by directly activating guard cell proton pumps.",
"It induces rapid stomatal closure as a defense mechanism."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | 2,022 | 89 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is a primary effect of salivary glucose oxidase (GOX) secreted by some insect herbivores like *Helicoverpa zea* on plant physiology? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It triggers stomatal closure and inhibits the emission of certain plant volatiles.",
"It promotes stomatal opening to increase CO2 uptake for the plant.",
"It enhances the emission of plant volatiles to attract more herbivores."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | 2,022 | 89 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is a potential benefit for a poikilothermic insect herbivore when its feeding induces stomatal closure in the host plant? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Reduced leaf temperature helps the herbivore avoid heat stress.",
"Increased plant water loss makes the leaf tissue easier to digest.",
"Elevated leaf temperature resulting from reduced transpiration can accelerate the herbivore's growth."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | 2,022 | 89 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What physiological change often occurs in plants when piercing-sucking insects induce stomatal closure? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Transpiration increases, leading to rapid wilting.",
"Transpiration decreases, helping to maintain leaf water potential.",
"Photosynthesis rates significantly increase due to conserved water."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | 2,022 | 89 | 1 | TIPS | false |
The emission rate of which type of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is most significantly controlled by stomatal conductance? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"VOCs with a high Henry's Law Constant (H), indicating higher volatility.",
"All VOCs regardless of their physicochemical properties.",
"VOCs with a low Henry's Law Constant (H), indicating higher water solubility."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.017 | 2,022 | 89 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What is a primary advantage of CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in crops compared to conventional breeding? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It completely eliminates the need for tissue culture and regeneration.",
"It relies solely on random mutagenesis for genetic variation.",
"It allows for precise, targeted modifications, accelerating crop improvement."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | 2,023 | 85 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How do base editing (BE) and prime editing (PE) differ fundamentally from standard CRISPR/Cas approaches involving double-strand breaks? | GENOME AND GENOMICS | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They exclusively create large deletions or insertions via homologous recombination.",
"They require the integration of large foreign DNA sequences at the target site.",
"They induce specific base changes without primarily relying on double-strand break repair mechanisms."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | Non-specific | GENOME AND GENOMICS | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | 2,023 | 85 | 2 | TIPS | false |
Why is transient expression of Cas nucleases, such as through RNP delivery, often preferred in plant genome editing? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It ensures stable, long-term expression of the Cas enzyme in all plant tissues.",
"It can generate transgene-free edited plants, potentially reducing regulatory hurdles and increasing public acceptance.",
"It guarantees 100% editing efficiency in every targeted cell."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | 2,023 | 85 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What strategy involving developmental regulators can improve plant transformation/regeneration efficiency, and what is a key challenge? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Using developmental regulators always results in transgene-free plants without any side effects.",
"Overexpressing developmental regulators inhibits tissue culture response and prevents regeneration entirely.",
"Overexpressing regulators like WUS2 or GRF/GIF improves efficiency but can cause detrimental pleiotropic effects if not properly controlled."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | Non-specific | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | 2,023 | 85 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What is the goal of using CRISPR/Cas for 'de novo domestication' of wild plant species? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"To rapidly introduce desirable agronomic traits found in domesticated crops by modifying key 'domestication genes' in wild relatives.",
"To revert elite crop varieties back to their ancestral wild state to increase stress tolerance.",
"To exclusively introduce disease resistance genes from unrelated species into wild plants."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012 | 2,023 | 85 | 0 | TIPS | false |
What is a primary characteristic of Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"They are large proteins (>100 amino acids) exclusively used for drug delivery in mammals.",
"They are carbohydrates that primarily interact with the plant cell wall.",
"They are short peptides (typically 5-30 amino acids) that facilitate cellular uptake of various cargo molecules."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | 2,024 | 2 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What are the two main mechanisms by which Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) enter eukaryotic cells? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Exclusively through receptor-mediated endocytosis and viral vector assistance.",
"Energy-independent direct translocation across the membrane and energy-dependent endocytosis.",
"Passive diffusion through lipid channels and active transport via specific protein carriers."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | 2,024 | 2 | 1 | TIPS | false |
What structural component of plant cells presents a major challenge for Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) entry compared to animal cells? | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"The plasma membrane's unique lipid composition.",
"The rigid cell wall composed of negatively charged carbohydrates like pectin.",
"The presence of chloroplasts and large central vacuoles."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | Non-specific | CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | 2,024 | 2 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How can Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) be associated with their cargo molecules for delivery into cells? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Only through covalent bonding via disulfide bridges.",
"Either through covalent conjugation or by forming noncovalent complexes.",
"Primarily through encapsulation within lipid nanoparticles."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | 2,024 | 2 | 1 | TIPS | false |
How might Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) contribute to sustainable agriculture? | BIOTECHNOLOGY | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By delivering bioinsecticides (like toxins or dsRNA) or defense activators directly into plant cells, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.",
"By acting as potent fertilizers that directly nourish the plant.",
"By genetically modifying the plant genome to enhance nutrient uptake."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | Non-specific | BIOTECHNOLOGY | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.05.011 | 2,024 | 2 | 0 | TIPS | false |
How can extreme drought facilitate the invasion of non-native plants into a native community? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By increasing the overall species richness and resilience of the native community during the drought.",
"By directly stimulating the growth and reproduction of non-native plants during the drought period.",
"By creating 'invasion windows' due to reduced native competition and increased resource availability after the drought."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | Non-specific | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | 2,025 | 2 | 2 | TIPS | false |
What phenomenon describes the increased resilience of some native plant communities to extreme drought due to past exposure, potentially reducing invasibility? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Maladaptive conditioning",
"Invasion meltdown",
"Climatic conditioning"
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | Non-specific | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | 2,025 | 2 | 2 | TIPS | false |
How does the impact of extreme drought typically differ between the initial establishment phase and the post-drought recovery phase for non-native plants? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"It consistently hinders establishment both during and after the drought event.",
"It may hinder establishment during the drought due to water stress but facilitate it during the recovery phase.",
"It strongly facilitates establishment during the drought but hinders it during recovery."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | Non-specific | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | 2,025 | 2 | 1 | TIPS | false |
Besides direct effects on plant water status, how can extreme drought influence non-native plant invasion through biotic interactions? | ENVIRONMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"By altering soil microbial communities and plant-herbivore/pollinator interactions, potentially benefiting invaders post-drought.",
"By universally strengthening native plant defenses against all herbivores and pathogens.",
"By synchronizing the phenology of all plants and pollinators perfectly."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | Non-specific | ENVIRONMENT | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | 2,025 | 2 | 0 | TIPS | false |
Which plant characteristics often contribute to the proliferation success of non-native species following an extreme drought event? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"High reproductive output (propagule pressure) and the formation of persistent seed banks.",
"Slow growth rates and specialized pollination requirements.",
"Low seed viability and intolerance to fluctuating resources."
] | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.10.009 | 2,025 | 2 | 0 | TIPS | false |
How does the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments in *Helianthus annuus* leaves relate to the light environment they grow in? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Helianthus annuus"
] | [
"Leaves grown in deep shade contain approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves grown in full sun.",
"Leaves grown in full sun contain approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves grown in deep shade.",
"The amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments is independent of the growth light environment."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | 1,999 | 749 | 1 | New phy | false |
How is pigment development characterized in the sclerophyllous evergreen *Quercus agrifolia*? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Quercus agrifolia"
] | [
"Gradual development of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments, accompanied by a pronounced peak of anthocyanin content in newly expanding leaves.",
"Delayed development of chlorophyll and xanthophylls until full leaf expansion, with minimal anthocyanin production.",
"Rapid, simultaneous development of chlorophyll, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins early in leaf expansion."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | Woody Perennials & Trees | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | 1,999 | 749 | 0 | New phy | false |
What complementary roles might anthocyanins and xanthophyll cycle pigments play during the early leaf development of *Quercus agrifolia*? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Quercus agrifolia"
] | [
"Anthocyanins may provide initial photoprotection while xanthophyll cycle pigments are still developing.",
"Xanthophylls provide structural support while anthocyanins handle all photoprotection.",
"Anthocyanins primarily attract pollinators, while xanthophylls are involved in photosynthesis."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | Woody Perennials & Trees | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | 1,999 | 749 | 0 | New phy | false |
What physiological process is primarily estimated using the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and its change upon illumination (ΔPRI)? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"The concentration of total leaf chlorophyll.",
"The relative water content of the leaf tissue.",
"The activity and pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments involved in photoprotection."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | 1,999 | 749 | 2 | New phy | false |
How is chlorophyll accumulation characterized during leaf development in *Helianthus annuus*? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"Helianthus annuus"
] | [
"Chlorophyll content increases rapidly and reaches near-maximal levels very early in the leaf expansion process.",
"Chlorophyll content increases gradually throughout the entire period of leaf expansion.",
"Chlorophyll content remains low during initial expansion and only increases significantly once the leaf is fully expanded."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x | 1,999 | 749 | 0 | New phy | false |
Which leaf trait is suggested as a more robust predictor of a plant's position on the resource capture, usage, and availability axis compared to Specific Leaf Area (SLA)? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Maximum leaf area",
"Leaf thickness",
"Leaf dry matter content (LDMC)"
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | 1,999 | 695 | 2 | New phy | false |
What is a recognized practical difficulty when using Specific Leaf Area (SLA) as a plant trait measurement? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Measuring leaf area accurately for plants with non-standard leaf forms (e.g., vertical or absent leaves)",
"SLA measurement requires expensive equipment unavailable in the field",
"SLA values are highly consistent across different environments for the same species"
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | 1,999 | 695 | 0 | New phy | false |
Why might Specific Leaf Area (SLA) be a potentially misleading indicator of resource use strategy in deep-shade plants like Oxalis acetosella? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"Oxalis acetosella"
] | [
"Shade plants like Oxalis acetosella exhibit low SLA due to high investment in structural tissue",
"Oxalis acetosella has exceptionally thick leaves, lowering its SLA unexpectedly",
"Shade adaptation often involves thin leaves, leading to high SLA despite a slow-growing, resource-conservative strategy"
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | 1,999 | 695 | 2 | New phy | false |
According to phylogenetically independent contrast analyses within the British flora, how are evolutionary changes in Specific Leaf Area (SLA) primarily related to changes in its components? | EVOLUTION | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Changes in SLA are usually linked to changes in either leaf thickness or leaf dry matter content, but not typically both, and changes in thickness and dry matter content are unrelated",
"Changes in SLA are consistently driven by simultaneous, proportional changes in both leaf thickness and leaf dry matter content",
"Changes in leaf thickness are positively correlated with changes in leaf dry matter content when SLA evolves"
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | Non-specific | EVOLUTION | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | 1,999 | 695 | 0 | New phy | false |
What is a potential limitation of using leaf dry matter content (LDMC) as a universal predictor of plant strategy, particularly in certain environments? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"LDMC is only relevant for predicting strategies in woody plants, not herbaceous ones",
"LDMC measurements are less accurate than SLA measurements under all conditions",
"The protocol may be difficult to apply reliably to succulents in arid climates due to challenges in standardizing leaf hydration and their distinct tissue types"
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x | 1,999 | 695 | 2 | New phy | false |
How does mean annual temperature generally influence fine root turnover rates in grasslands and forests? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Turnover rates show no correlation with temperature.",
"Turnover rates increase exponentially with temperature.",
"Turnover rates decrease linearly with temperature."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | 2,000 | 950 | 1 | New phy | false |
Which plant functional group generally exhibits the slowest average annual root turnover rate for its entire root system? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Forests (fine roots).",
"Grasslands (fine roots).",
"Trees (entire root system)."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | 2,000 | 950 | 2 | New phy | false |
What is the observed global relationship between mean annual precipitation and root turnover rates after accounting for the effect of temperature? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"No significant global relationship was found.",
"A strong negative exponential relationship was found.",
"A strong positive linear relationship was found."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | 2,000 | 950 | 0 | New phy | false |
In forest ecosystems, how does the diameter class used to define 'fine roots' typically affect the calculated root turnover rate? | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Root diameter class has no impact on turnover rates.",
"Larger diameter classes are associated with higher turnover rates.",
"Larger diameter classes are associated with lower turnover rates."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | Non-specific | GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | 2,000 | 950 | 2 | New phy | false |
What general pattern is observed for root turnover rates when moving from tropical ecosystems to high-latitude ecosystems? | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | [
"non-specific"
] | [
"Root turnover rates increase towards higher latitudes.",
"Root turnover rates remain constant across latitudes.",
"Root turnover rates decrease towards higher latitudes."
] | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | Non-specific | PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM | 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x | 2,000 | 950 | 2 | New phy | false |
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