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Occurrence of protein in the cell is an important step in understanding its function. It is highly desirable to predict a protein's subcellular locations automatically from its sequence. Most studied methods for prediction of subcellular localization of proteins are signal peptides, the location by sequence homology, and the correlation between the total amino acid compositions of proteins. Taking amino-acid composition and amino acid pair composition into consideration helps improving the prediction accuracy.
We constructed a dataset of protein sequences from SWISS-PROT database and segmented them into 12 classes based on their subcellular locations. SVM modules were trained to predict the subcellular location based on amino acid composition and amino acid pair composition. Results were calculated after 10-fold cross validation. Radial Basis Function (RBF) outperformed polynomial and linear kernel functions. Total prediction accuracy reached to 71.8% for amino acid composition and 77.0% for amino acid pair composition. In order to observe the impact of number of subcellular locations we constructed two more datasets of nine and five subcellular locations. Total accuracy was further improved to 79.9% and 85.66%.
A new SVM based approach is presented based on amino acid and amino acid pair composition. Result shows that data simulation and taking more protein features into consideration improves the accuracy to a great extent. It was also noticed that the data set needs to be crafted to take account of the distribution of data in all the classes.
Subcellular localization is a key functional characteristic of proteins. Each protein has some elementary functions. To co-operate for such physiological function, proteins must be localized to the correct intra- or extracellular compartments in a soluble form or attached to a membrane . Although the subcellular location of a protein can be determined by conducting various locational determination experiments, it is time consuming and costly to acquire the knowledge solely based on experimental measures. The number of protein sequence entry is increasing rapidly; it is highly desirable to develop a theoretical method for fast and accurately predicting protein subcellular location. A number of automated systems have been developed to predict the subcellular localization of proteins. Most of these methods for prediction of subcellular localization of proteins are based on signal peptides , the location by sequence homology, and the correlation between the total amino acid compositions of proteins using artificial neural network (ANN) . Prediction schemes rely upon the identification of a key sorting signal (e.g. signal peptide, mitochondrial targeting signal or nuclear localization signal), the presence of which suggests a fairly unambiguous subcellular localization. von Heijne and colleagues have developed subcellular localization predictors designed to identify either signal peptides or chloroplast transit peptides. According to Claros et al., 1997; Nakai and Kanehisa, 1992 , biological implication is the merit of such predictors because newly synthesized proteins are governed by an intrinsic signal sequence to their destination, whether they are to be translocated through a membrane into a particular organelle, or to become integrated into the membrane . The utility of such localization prediction is dependent upon the availability of accurate N-terminal sequence, which can be somewhat problematic if the method predicts the start codons correctly, but can lead to leader sequences being missing or partially included, thereby confusing the algorithms depending on them . Subcellular localization can often be assigned by searching for homologous sequences. Several localization predictors consider compartmentalizing proteins on the basis of amino acid sequence composition – correlating a typical amino acid composition with localization to a particular subcellular compartment or organelle . Unfortunately, his studies of the predictive power of amino acid compositional data for subcellular localization were restricted to small sets of only a few hundred proteins. Studies showed that classifying into 12 different groups according to their subcellular locations improves the prediction accuracy. On the basis of this classification a covariant discriminant algorithm was proposed to predict subcellular location of a query protein. This method is also based on amino-acid composition and the results obtained through self-consistency, jacknife and independent dataset tests indicate the improved accuracy rate.
In this paper, an attempt has been made to improve the prediction accuracy of subcellular localization of proteins using support vector machine (SVM). Two feature vectors e.g. Amino acid compositions and amino acid pairs (di-peptide) composition is considered for the prediction.
SVM kernel selection
It is not known beforehand which kernel function, value for parameters γ, C, and d is the best for classification problems, and consequently some kind of parameter search must be done to identify the good pair of C, γ for RBF and C, d for polynomial and linear kernels to achieve high training accuracy. When training the SVM, we need to select the proper kernel function and the best values for the kernel parameters for the optimal results. In this study, we begin by searching the proper kernel function. Different values of the γ parameter are used to test the performance of RBF kernel ranging from the default value (i.e. 1/number of feature vectors) to 0.1. While testing the value for γ parameter, regularization parameter C was kept constant to 1000. Total accuracy (TA) was computed after 10-fold cross validation. Results of total accuracies for 9943 sequences with different types of kernel functions and their parameters are summarized in Tables 1, 2 &3. Further selection search was done for the value of C with 100, 500, and 1000. It was found that total accuracy was best when C = 100 and γ = 0.1 (see Table 1 &2). We also examined the value of exponential parameter d for the polynomial and linear kernel ranging from d = 2 to 5. We found that the total accuracy decreases with the increase in value of parameter d (see Table 3). Finally, to avoid the over-fitting and capturing a better decision boundary, γ = 0.1 (for RBF), C = 100 (for all three kernel) and d = 2 (for polynomial) is used. Polynomial kernel turns to linear when the value of d = 1. Search results confirm that the RBF kernel performs better than polynomial and linear kernels.
Table 1. Performance comparison of accuracies with various values of gamma (γ) parameter used in RBF kernel in SVM.
Table 2. Performance comparison of total accuracies with various C value (Tradeoff between training error and margin) parameter used in RBF kernel in SVM.
Table 3. Shows comparison of total accuracies with different d value (degree) parameter used in Polynomial kernel in SVM
The entire search method was also done for the dataset with 1741 protein sequences. It was found that the total accuracy is worse with the RBF kernel. It appeared that the value of γ over-fits the SVM classifier but polynomial and linear kernel worked well (see Table 4).
Table 4. Table shows comparison of TNf, TPf and TA with balanced and unbalanced dataset using Polynomial kernel in SVM with d = 2.
Amino acid composition SVMs
The SVM was provided with 20 dimensional feature vector based on amino acid compositions. RBF, Polynomial and linear kernel functions are used with the most optimal value of the parameters. The best results are achieved using RBF kernel. The value of gamma factor and regulatory parameter “C” was optimized to “0.1” and “100” respectively. The results obtained after five fold cross-validation gives the overall total accuracy of 71.8%.
The SVM was provided with 420 dimensional (20 + (20 x 20)) feature vectors based on both the amino acid compositions and the amino acid pair compositions. In the hybrid approach best results are obtained with RBF kernel. We have also used the polynomial kernel and linear kernel but the results are poorer in comparison to RBF kernel. The value of the gamma ( γ ) and regulatory parameter C optimized to “0.1” and “100” respectively. The overall total accuracy increased to 77.0%. Figure 1 shows that RBF kernel for SVM classifier performs better than polynomial and linear kernels. Amino acid pair composition has been shown to contain sufficient information to distinguish proteins of different subcellular locations (see Figure 2).
Figure 1. Bar chart comparing mean true negative fraction (TNf), mean true positive fraction (TPf) and mean total accuracy (TA) for 420 features dataset with SVM using RBF, Polynomial and Linear kernel.
Figure 2. Bar chart displaying total accuracy for 420 features dataset with SVM using RBF kernel.
Considering just the amino acid composition gives some information about the subcellular locations but not sufficient enough to rely on it. Adding more protein features might give better prediction accuracy. Adding physicochemical properties like polarity and charge as the additional protein feature would be able to correctly classify the proteins with average or low sequence length. To measure the role of more features for prediction, we introduced amino acid pair composition. As expected, Table 5 shows that more features give improved accuracy. Accuracy reached to 77.0% from 71.8%. It is also noticed that the variation between the overall TPf, TNf and TA is much less (see Figure 3).
Table 5. Prediction results of Support Vector Machine (SVM) with radial basis function (RBF) kernel. Table shows comparison of true negative fraction (TNf), true positive fraction (TPf), and total accuracy (TA).
Figure 3. Bar chart comparing mean true negative fraction (TNf), mean true positive fraction (TPf) and mean total accuracy (TA) for 420 and 20 features dataset with SVM using RBF kernel.
Impact of number of subcellular locations
In order to observe the role of the number of subcellular locations on the prediction rate, two datasets were constructed. The new datasets were derived simply by removing the small subsets from the 12 locations. One dataset contains 7863 protein sequences from nine different subcellular locations. These locations are chloroplast, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular, golgi, lysosome, mitochondrion, nucleus and peroxisome. The other dataset contains 4281 protein sequences from five different subcellular locations. Locations to which majority of proteins are targeted are considered. The locations are chloroplast, cytoskeleton, extracellular, lysosome and nucleus. Total accuracy was measured after 10-fold cross validation with RBF kernel. As it was expected, the accuracy increased significantly. Figure 4 shows that the overall total accuracy of five locations (85.7%) is higher than the overall total accuracy of nine (79.9%) and 12 locations (77.0%).
Figure 4. Bar chart comparing TNf, TPf and TA for 420 features dataset using 12, 9 and 5 subcellular locations. SVM is used with Polynomial kernel.
Impact of data distribution
In order to check the role of the data distribution on the prediction rate, we used the dataset of 12 locations by Chou and Elrod . Total of 1741 protein sequences were used in this dataset with very uneven distribution of sequences among the 12 locations (see Table 6). We found that RBF kernel overfits this dataset but polynomial and linear kernels classify well. We noted that there is large variation in TPf and TNf. On the other hand, this variation is less when the balanced dataset is used (see Table 4). Results show that few of the classes (e.g. cytoskeleton, plasma membrane) have high prediction accuracy for amino acid composition as compared to amino acid pair composition and hybrid composition. It is observed that even though the number of sequences is very low in cytoskeleton class, the average sequence length is high as compared to the other classes. Moreover there is a vast discrepancy related to sequence length in this class of sequences. Some of the sequences are very short in length while others have length few times longer than these smaller sequences. In plasma membrane class the total number of sequences is very high. These sequences are almost similar in length. This length is higher as compared to average length of most of the other classes. This results in very high total amino acid count for this class as compared to others. For both these classes, the amino acid pair composition and hybrid compositions have almost similar prediction accuracies. It can thus be inferred from these examples that the sequence length and number of sequences present in a class contribute to the amino acid composition accuracy to a greater extent. Future work is needed to assess the amino acid composition accuracy with the balanced data as compared to length and total number of sequences in each class. Overall result shows that the predictive accuracy increases as the number of sequences in each class increases. Increase in total amino acid composition for a class also leads to overall increase in accuracy for all types of compositions. The ratio of positive and negative samples in the training data might be a contributing factor for this. For the classes with less number of sequences, negative samples are very high as compared to positive samples. This results in reduced accuracies. Figure 5 shows the overall TNf, TPf, and TA with polynomial kernel. So it is important that the positive and negative samples must be balanced in training data in order to achieve high accuracy. Along with this, the total amino acid composition for all the classes used and hence all the samples also needs to be balanced for achieving good predictive accuracies.
Table 6. Subcellular locations and number of sequences in each location. Table shows unbalanced and balanced dataset.
Figure 5. Bar chart comparing TNf, TPf and TA for 420 features dataset with balanced and unbalanced data. SVM is used with Polynomial kernel.
Comparison with other methods
The prediction performance of our SVM approach was compared with other methods. This comparison is summarized in the Table 7. The dataset for Neural network method was based on eukaryotic and prokaryotic sequences. The sequences were divided into 3 and 4 classes and the results were obtained with 6-fold cross validation. As seen in the Table 7, the prediction accuracy of our SVM based approach for 5 classes is about 19.5% higher than Reinhardt & Hubbard's approach and 6% higher than SubLoc's . Our approach performs better than another method proposed by Garg et al., 2005 .
Table 7. Comparison of total accuracies of our method with other methods.
Based on the three different test results, SVM with more than one feature vector seems to be superior in accuracy for distinguish proteins of different subcellular locations. It was observed that adding more protein features improves the prediction performance. Various kernel functions with all possible values of parameters are used to train the SVM. In case of amino acid compositions, selection of value for gamma parameter ‘ γ ’, regularization parameters ‘d’ and ‘C’ is vital as they control the complexity of the learning process of the machine. It also influences the speed of training process. Selection of kernel function parameter is also important to define the maximum margin hyperplane. ROC curve analysis for three kernel functions indicates the area under the curve is greater for RBF kernel (0.926) as compared to polynomial kernel (0.863) and linear kernel (0.883) (see Figure 6).
Figure 6. ROC curve analysis for RBF, Polynomial and linear kernel.
Generalization ability is important for learning algorithms because the main purpose of learning is to accurately predict unseen data. On the other hand, comprehensibility i.e. the transparency of learned knowledge and the ability to give explanation for reasoning process is also important for learning algorithm. Neural networks are the good examples of generalization ability while decision tree is with comprehensibility ability .
Support Vector Machine
Support Vector Machines (SVMs), proposed by Vapnik and co-workers [10-12], are a new generation learning system based on recent advances in statistical learning theory. SVMs deliver state-of-the-art performance in real-world applications such as text categorisation, hand-written character recognition, image classification, biosequences analysis, etc. Support Vector training algorithms work with pseudocode, as well as principles of optimization, generalization and kernel theory. The construction of the support vector learning algorithm is between the “inner-product kernel” and a “support vector”. To design learning algorithm, a class of functions must be made, whose capacity can be computed. The goal of SVM is to construct a classifier that classifies the data instances in the testing data. Each instance in training data contains one class label and one feature vector. SV classifiers are based on the class of hyperplanes corresponding to decision functions. The support vectors are those data points that lie closest to the decision surface and the kernel functions are to construct optimal hyperplane, where margin of separation (i.e. closest data point) is maximized. The data points are the small subset made up of informative points. Support vector learning algorithms, which from a set of positively and negatively labelled training vectors, learn a classifier that can be used to classify the test samples. SVM learns the classifier by solving optimization problem i.e. trade-off between maximizing geometric margin and minimizing margin violations. Classifiers map the input samples into a high-dimensional feature space and seeking a hyperplane, which separates positive samples from the negative ones with the largest possible margin .
Linear classifier defined in feature space by
where sign f(x) gives prediction, w gives vectors which are a combination of weights αi and labels yi of the feature vectors xi.
Thus, the decision function can be written as:
is the kernel function .
The popular kernel functions used in most of the SVM include the linear kernel, polynomial kernel, and the radial basis function (RBF) kernel. We need to select an appropriate kernel function and the regularization parameter C to training the SVM. The basic kernel functions are :
Equation (i) is the polynomial kernel function with degree d >1, acts as a linear function when degree d =1. Equation (ii) is the RBF which has one parameter γ , and equation (iii) is the sigmoid function. Parameter C controls the trade-off between error and the margin, thereby bounding 0 ≤ αi ≤ C.
where N is the size of the training set .
We have constructed twelve SVM modules to classify the proteins to particular localization. Each SVM modules is trained with all samples of one class as positive label and rest samples with negative label in 1-v-r SVMs (one-versus-rest). The goal is to construct a binary classifier or derive a decision function from the available samples. Input vector of 20 amino acid composition and 400 amino acid pair compositions is also carried out to compare the performance and the prediction accuracy.
Amino acids and amino acid pair composition
Amino acid composition consists of only 20 components, representing the occurrence frequency of each of the 20 native amino acids in a given protein and corresponding to a 20-dimensional vector. In this study, we considered the amino acid compositions and amino acid pair composition to detect different sequence features. The feature vector has 20 dimensions for amino acid compositions and 400 for amino acid pair compositions.
The dataset for 12 different subcellular locations was divided into 10 subsets, each of almost equal size. The data was partitioned into training and test data. Network is trained with all samples of one class as positive label and rest samples with negative label. All modules in this method are evaluated using ten-fold cross-validation, in which the dataset was divided into ten equal size sets. The training and testing of every module is carried out ten times, each time using one specific set for testing and remaining nine sets for training. The same number of sequences for each location has been used to train the network. The prediction accuracy of SVM, BPNN and DT was examined using the confusion matrix. Total prediction accuracy (TA), true positive fraction (TPf) and true negative fraction (TNf) for each location calculated for each module to determine their performance. TA, TP fraction and TN fraction was assessed using:
Two datasets with 1741 and 9943 protein sequences are used for the evaluation. The datasets were generated from version 44.3 and 44.4 of SWISS-PROT . Since the neural networks are static pattern analyzers, the sequence datasets are segmented to provide much coarser representation. Sequences are grouped into 12 different cellular locations (see Table 6). Sequences with more than 40% homologs are removed using PSI-BLAST . For protein sequences with the same name but from different species, only one of them was included. Protein sequences with unknown amino acid ‘X’ are not considered as we have little information about it.
Java programming language is used to generate 420 feature matrix. Adding 20 amino acids at the front and 400 dipeptides at the back, a total to 420 vectors are formed. Different methods are coded using C language to create training and testing datasets for 10-fold cross validation. SVMlight is used to predict the subcellular localization of proteins. The software is freely downloadable from http://www.cs.cornell.edu/People/tj/svm_light/ webcite.
All programs are implemented on Linux based PC.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
TH implemented the algorithm and developed the method. YD coordinated the project and revised the manuscript; YD, CZ, JY and MQY gave suggestions to improve the method and revised the manuscript. All authors read and agree to publish the manuscript.
The authors thank Mississippi Functional Genomics Network (DHHS/NIH/NCRR grant # 2PORR016476-04) for providing the support.
This article has been published as part of BMC Genomics Volume 9 Supplement 1, 2008: The 2007 International Conference on Bioinformatics & Computational Biology (BIOCOMP'07). The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9?issue=S1.
Nature Protocols 2 2007, 953-971. Publisher Full Text
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 2004, 16(6):770-773. Publisher Full Text
Nucleic Acids Res 1997, 28:45-48. Publisher Full Text |
This activity requires NO PREP, answer sheets included.
DON'T HATE BUT PLEASE RATE (this activity)
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It is a riddle worksheet in which students use an answer bank to solve a (slightly cheesy) joke. They like this activity because it makes the math meaningful and FUN. Teachers like it because the answer bank gives students a tool to self-assess.
Because of the answer bank for students and answer sheet for teachers, this activity is great for homeschool and special education students too!
In this activity, students match different polynomial functions to their graphs. They must understand leading coefficient
and end behavior
to do this. |
ICDL (ECDL in Europe), is the international standard in end-user computer skills. The ICDL Syllabus consists of 7 modules which define the skills and competencies necessary to be a proficient user of a computer and common computer applications.
In order to achieve ICDL Certification, individuals must pass a test for each of the 7 modules. ICDL Module 1 is a theoretical test of computing knowledge at a general level, while modules 2-7 are predominantly practical skills tests.
Individuals who have achieved ICDL certification can successfully demonstrate their competence in the use of a computer and common computer applications. |
Chlordiazepoxide/clidinium (By mouth)
Chlordiazepoxide (klor-dye-az-e-POX-ide), Clidinium (kli-DIN-ee-um)
Treats stomach or bowel problems such as ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, and enterocolitis.
LibraxThere may be other brand names for this medicine.
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used:
This medicine is not right for everyone. Do not use it if you had an allergic reaction to chlordiazepoxide or clidinium, or if you have glaucoma or an enlarged prostate.
How to Use This Medicine:
- Your doctor will tell you how much medicine to use. Do not use more than directed.
- Swallow the capsule whole. Do not crush, break, or chew it.
- Take this medicine before meals and at bedtime.
- This medicine should come with a Medication Guide. Ask your pharmacist for a copy if you do not have one.
- Missed dose: Take a dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then and take a regular dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.
- Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light.
Drugs and Foods to Avoid:
Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.
- Some medicines can affect how this medicine works. Tell your doctor if you are using any of the following:
- MAO inhibitor
- Phenothiazine medicine
- Tell your doctor if you use anything else that makes you sleepy. Some examples are allergy medicine, narcotic pain medicine, and alcohol.
- Do not drink alcohol while you are using this medicine.
Warnings While Using This Medicine:
- Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have kidney disease, liver disease, bleeding problems, trouble urinating, or a history of depression, mental health problems, or drug or alcohol abuse.
- This medicine may cause the following problems:
- Respiratory depression (serious breathing problem that can be life-threatening)
- Unusual thoughts or behavior
- This medicine may make you dizzy, drowsy, or trouble seeing. Do not drive or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know how this medicine affects you.
- This medicine can be habit-forming. Do not use more than your prescribed dose. Call your doctor if you think your medicine is not working.
- Do not stop using this medicine suddenly. Your doctor will need to slowly decrease your dose before you stop it completely.
- Your doctor will do lab tests at regular visits to check on the effects of this medicine. Keep all appointments.
- Keep all medicine out of the reach of children. Never share your medicine with anyone.
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine:
Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:
- Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing
- Blue lips, fingernails, or skin
- Clumsiness, trouble with coordination
- Fast or slow, or shallow breathing, trouble breathing
- Severe confusion, drowsiness, muscle weakness
- Unusual thoughts, mood, or behavior
If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:
- Constipation, nausea
- Dizziness, drowsiness, or sleepiness
- Dry mouth, blurred vision
- Trouble urinating
If you notice other side effects that you think are caused by this medicine, tell your doctor
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088
Last Updated: 10/10/2019
A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Fire Fox and Google Chrome browser. |
#导入类
#导入单个类
"""一个用于表示汽车的类"""
class Car():
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.miles = 0
def get_car_name(self):
print(str(self.year) + self.make + self.model + str(self.miles))
def update_car_miles(self,new_miles):
self.miles = new_miles
|
#rock paper scissors
import random
computer_move_text = 'a'
user_score = 0
computer_score = 0
while True:
computer_move = random.randint(1,3)
user_move = input ("Make a move! (r/p/s)")
if user_move == 'sc':
print("human: " + str(user_score) + ", computer: " + str(computer_score))
user_move = input ("Make a move! (r/p/s)")
if computer_move == 1:
computer_move_text = 'r'
elif computer_move == 2:
computer_move_text = 'p'
else:
computer_move_text = 's'
while user_move == 'r':
if computer_move_text == 'r':
print ("You chose rock and the computer chose rock. It's a draw!")
break
elif computer_move_text == 'p':
print ("You chose rock and the computer chose paper. You lose!")
computer_score+=1
break
elif computer_move_text == 's':
print ("You chose rock and the computer chose scissors. You win!")
user_score+=1
break
while user_move == 's':
if computer_move_text == 'r':
print ("You chose scissors and the computer chose rock. You lose!")
computer_score+=1
break
elif computer_move_text == 'p':
print ("You chose scissors and the computer chose paper. You win!")
user_score+=1
break
elif computer_move_text == 's':
print ("You chose scissors and the computer chose scissors. It's a draw!")
break
while user_move == 'p':
if computer_move_text == 'r':
print ("You chose paper and the computer chose rock. You win!")
user_score+=1
break
elif computer_move_text == 'p':
print ("You chose paper and the computer chose paper. It's a draw!")
break
elif computer_move_text == 's':
print ("You chose paper and the computer chose scissors. You lose!")
computer_score+=1
break
play_again = input ("Do you want to play again? y/n ")
if play_again == 'sc':
print("human: " + str(user_score) + ", computer: " + str(computer_score))
play_again = input ("Do you want to play again? y/n ")
if play_again == 'n' or play_again == 'N':
print ("Thanks, bye!")
break
elif play_again == 'y' or play_again == 'Y':
True
elif play_again == 'n' or play_again == 'N':
print ("Thanks, bye!")
break |
Endive and Escarole (Cichorium endivia and C. intybos)
Germination Soil Temp:
Days to Germinate
Date to sow Indoors:
Date to sow Outdoors
60 - 65 Degrees
5 - 7
8 weeks before frost
Stagger planting every 2 weeks from Spring until Fall:
March - April, September - Frost
5.5 - 7.0
45 - 65 Degrees
8 - 10 inches
Full sun, some shade
Moderate N, P and K
Avoid other lettuces
4 - 6 years
Endive and escarole are actually different forms of chicory. Endive has curly, crinkled leaves and a slightly bitter taste. Escarole has a milder flavor and flatter, thicker leaves. Both are great plants for the winter garden.
Endive and escarole do well if planted in a fertile soil and is watered as needed.
The faster lettuce grows, the sweeter the taste. To encourage growth, use compost or add a balanced fertilizer and water. However keep in mind that too much nutrition can cause a bitter taste.
Directly sow tiny seeds in rows (use a stick or board as a guide) or grow in containers. Cover lightly with 1/4 inch of soil and water with a breaker to keep seeds from splashing.
To keep plants growing, water evenly when the top soil dries and withhold water as the ground begins to freeze.
Radish, strawberries, beets, broccoli, bush and pole beans, carrots, cucumber and onion
Endive: Belgian, Radicchio and Puntarelle
Escarole: Full Heart Batavium and Twinkle
Harvest outer leaves as needed; leaves should be eaten fresh. The roots can be harvested and forced in a root cellar.
Endives and escaroles are rich in vitamins such as folic acid and vitamins A and K. They are higher in fiber than lettuce.
> Back to the Vegetable Page
Source: UT Extension, PB1578 - Tennessee Master Gardener Handbook |
Feeling flat usually means you feel without energy, direction, or motivation. However, it is not a neutral experience. Feeling flat is often a painful and frustrating feeling that life is without what you need. In order to move forward from feeling flat it is important to be able to get in touch with emotions again, even when these feelings are painful.
In this exercise, you can get help to start reconnecting with your emotions. It’s not a magical exercise where you suddenly feel good. Instead, it is more like mental training. You may need to do this exercise regularly to get better in touch with your feelings. Below you can either select to hear the exercise read out, or you can read it yourself. If you want to read it yourself, it may be worthwhile to read it a few times first so that you understand the overall prupose of the exercise.
- Find a comfortable position, whether you stand upright or sit in a chair.
- Make sure to have a slightly upright posture. It is easier to concentrate on the exercise if you are not too relaxed. Perhaps it is better to use a dining chair rather than a soft and relaxing armchair.
- Set aside the time you want to spend on the exercise. Sometimes a few minutes is all one has available, but see if you can set aside at least 10 minutes.
- Clear space in your mind if you have a lot of thoughts that imposes on you: Address the thoughts that impose on you. One by one, put a label on your thoughts and imagine placing them on a shelf in front of you. Your thoughts can be put on a shelf and later retrieved to deal with. Once you’ve placed the imposing thoughts on the shelf, you can get started with the exercise.
- Turn your attention inwards to your body and ask: What bodily sensations am I aware of in my body right now? Use your attention as a thorch as you move around in your body. Listen to what is happening in your legs, in your arms, in your head, in your chest and in your abdomen. Leave your attention in your chest and in the abdomen. It’s all right if you don’t feel anything. Simply keep your attention there.
- Have an open and curious attitude. You’re not looking to find anything special, and you’re not trying to be good at it. Simply turn your attention to the inside of yourself. If you find yourself drifting away into a though and away from your body, gently turn your attention back to listening to the sensations in your chest and stomach.
- Once you sense that you can keep in touch with your body, ask yourself: What is standing between me and feeling well in my life? Try to let your body respond. That is, don’t search your thoughts to find the answer, but rather spend this time feeling the signals in your body. If you feel flat, remember that feeling flat is also a sensation in your body. Where do you feel the flatness?
- When you get a sense or bodily experience, see if you can keep your attention there. Describe more precisely where in your body you feel it. Is it in the middle of the abdomen, in the middle of the chest, in the whole chest? Get specific. Is it in the front or in the back, is it big or small? Try to describe the bodily experience, as if you are trying to describe your bodily signals to someone else. For example, is it like a small hard lump in the stomach, a large, foggy sensation in the chest, a tight belt over the abdomen? Get specific. If it feels like a lump, is it hard, soft, unclear? If it feels like energy, is it intense, subtle, shifting? Describe the sensations with a few words. Not what it means, simply the sensations.
- Once you have described the sensations, continue to feel the sensation and see if you can use your attention to sink into the sensation. Use your attention to feel the core of it. Complete the sentence: It feels like…. Perhaps it feels like a sadness, a concern, a loss, an injustice, or anything else. Sometimes it is more abstract, like a black hole in the abdomen, like a bullet of lightning in the chest, like a knife. Either way, let words come from the sensation.
- Does the words fit with your sensations? If they don’t you can either just be satisfied with having completed this exercise or if you feel like it you can start from the top. If your words match your sense, what does it feel like to find words to the sensation? Often, finding words to a bodily sensation can create a feeling shift. In that case, find the words that describe the change.
- Once you have found the words and notice that you manage to keep your attention on what you know, then ask yourself: what is it I need? Your answer might be about what you need right now, or it might be about what you need to do in the future. Either way, you’re trying to let your inside answer this. That is, you will not find a logical solution, but rather know your needs. Ask again: What do I need?
- If you don’t get anywhere with the exercise, and can’t find any words, just leave the question open: What am I sensing in my body, and what words can describe my sensations. Maybe the answer will come later, maybe you need to exercise some more. Either way just leave the question hanging. If you find answers to what you need, then become more aware of what it feels like to find the words. Let the feeling that comes affect you. Let it tell you about the importance of your needs.
No matter what the exercise led to for you, see if you can give yourself a pat on the shoulder for having done the exercise. If you’ve figured out something new, how do you want this to affect you in your life? Take a few seconds to turn your attention back to the room you’re in and get ready to continue your day. |
One factor hypothesized to underlie thinking disturbance in patients with schizophrenia is abnormal or disinhibited automatic spreading activation of semantic networks, which can be assessed using the N400 event-related potential. N400 is a negative-going component elicited at about 400 milliseconds following semantic stimuli that are not primed by the preceding context. Semantic priming refers to facilitated semantic processing gained through preexposure to semantic context, which can happen automatically or strategically. Using N400, inferences can be drawn regarding the extent to which a given context primes a word.
During a picture-word matching task, N400s to primed (exact match) and unprimed (remotely related) words were recorded from 18 healthy control subjects and 18 patients with schizophrenia performing a picture-word matching task. A short interval (325 milliseconds) between picture and word onset (stimulus-onset asynchrony) was used to optimize the role of automatic spreading semantic activation and to minimize the role of attention, expectancy, preparation, and working memory.
Despite behavioral evidence of normal semantic priming, patients generated an abnormally small N400 (ie, less negative) to unprimed words. The N400 to primed words was neither larger nor smaller in patients than in controls, suggesting normal use of context.
A reduced N400 to unprimed words in patients with schizophrenia suggests that there was inappropriate priming of words by remotely related semantic contexts. This is consistent with an overly broad automatic spread of activation through semantic networks in patients with schizophrenia. |
What is combustion -- Physics versus modelling
Combustion phenomena consists of many physical and chemical processes with broad range of time scales. Mathematical description of combustion is not always trivial. Analytical solutions exists only for basic situations of laminar flame and because of its assumptions it is often restricted to few problems solved usually in zero or one-dimensional space.
Problems solved today concern mainly turbulent flows, gas as well as liquid fuels, pollution issues (products of combustion as well as for example noise pollution). These problems require not only extensive experimental work, but also numerical modelling. All combustion models must be validated against the experiments as each one has its own drawbacks and limits. However here the modelling part will be mainly addressed.
The combustion is mainly chemical process and although we can, to some extend, describe flame without any chemistry informations, for modelling of flame propagation we need to know the speed of reactions, product concentrations, temperature and other parameters. Therefore more or less detailed information about reaction kinetics is essential for any combustion model. Mixture will generally combust, if the reaction of fuel and oxidiser is fast enough to maintain until all of the mixture is burned into products. If the reaction is too slow, the flame will extinguish, if too fast, explosion or even detonation will occur. The reaction rate of typical combustion reaction is influenced mainly by concentration of reactants, temperature and pressure.
A stoichiometric equation of an arbitrary equation can be written as:
where $\nu$ is the stoichiometric coefficient, is arbitrary species. One prime specifies the reactants and double prime products of the reaction.
Reaction rate, expressing the rate of disappearance of reactant i of such a reaction, is defined as:
in which k is the specific reaction rate constant. Arrhenius found that this constant is a function only of temperature and this function is defined as:
where A is pre--exponential factor, E is activation energy and is temperature exponent. These constants for given reactions can be found in literature. The reaction mechanism can be given from experiments for every reaction resolved, it could be also constructed numerically by automatic generation method (see [Griffiths (1994)] for review on reaction mechanisms). For simple hydrocarbon tens to hundreds of reactions are involved. By analysis and systematic reduction of reaction mechanisms global reaction (from one to five step reactions) can be found (see [Westbrook (1984)]).
The mass fraction transport equation for k-th species
where Ficks law is assumed for scalar diffusion and is the species reaction rate.
Infinitely fast chemistry
Premixed flame occurs in mixtures of fuel and oxidiser, homogeneously premixed prior to the flame. These flames are not limited only to gas fuels, but also to the pre-vaporised fuels. Typical example of premixed laminar flame is bunsen burner, where the air enters the fuel stream. The mixture burns in the wake of the riser tube walls forming nice stable flame. The premixed flames has many advantages in terms of control of temperature and products and pollution concentration, but introduce also some dangers like the autoignition (in the supply system).
Turbulent flame speed model
Eddy Break-Up model
The Eddy Break-Up model is the typical example of mixed-is-burnt combustion model. It is based on the work of Magnussen and Hjertager, and Spalding and can be found in all CFD packages. The model assumes the reactions to be completed in the moment of mixing, so that the reaction rate is completely controlled by turbulent mixing. The combustion is described by a single step global chemical reaction:
in which F stands for fuel, O for oxidiser and P for products of the reaction. Alternativelly we can have multistep scheme, where each reaction has its own mean reaction rate. The mean reaction rate is given by:
denotes mean concentrations for fuel, oxidiser and products respectively, A and B are model constants with typical values of 0.5 and 4.0 respectively. The values of these constants are fitted according to the experimental results and they are suitable for most of the general cases. Still they are just constants based on experimental fitting and they need not be suitable for all the situations. Care must be taken especially in highly strained regions, where the ratio of to is large (flame-holder wakes, walls ...). In those regions a positive reaction rate occurs and an artificial flame can be observed. CFD codes usually has some remedies to overcome this problem.
This model largely over-predicts temperatures and concentrations of species like CO and other species. Still this model is quite popular for its simplicity and relatively easy convergence and implementation.
Non premixed combustion
Conserved scalar equilibrium models
Finite rate chemistry
Coherent Flame Model
Flamelets based on G equation
Flamelets based on conserved scalar
Conditional Moment Closure (CMC)
Multiple Mapping Closure (MMC)
Linear Eddy Model
PDF transport models
- Griffiths J.F. (1994), "Reduced Kinetic Models and Their Application to Practical Combustion Systems", Prog. in Energy and Combustion Science,Vol. 21, pp. 25-107.
- Westbrook, Ch.K., Dryer,F.L., (1984), "Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Hydrocarbon Combustion", Prog. in Energy and Combustion Science,Vol. 10, pp. 1-57. |
Address challenges with thermal management by analyzing the temperature distributions of components based on material properties, external heat sources, and internal heat generation for steady-state and transient problems.
The heat transfer equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that describes the distribution of temperature in a particular region over given time:
A typical programmatic workflow for solving a heat transfer problem includes these steps:
Create a special thermal model container for a steady-state or transient thermal model.
Define 2-D or 3-D geometry and mesh it.
Assign thermal properties of the material, such as thermal conductivity k, specific heat c, and mass density ρ.
Specify internal heat sources Q within the geometry.
Specify temperatures on the boundaries or heat fluxes through the boundaries. For convective heat flux through the boundary , specify the ambient temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient htc. For radiative heat flux , specify the ambient temperature , emissivity ε, and Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ.
Set an initial temperature or initial guess.
Solve and plot results, such as the resulting temperatures, temperature gradients, heat fluxes, and heat rates.
Approximate dynamic characteristics of a thermal model by using reduced order modeling (ROM).
Thermal Model Setup
|Assign thermal properties of a material for a thermal model|
|Specify internal heat source for a thermal model|
|Specify boundary conditions for a thermal model|
|Set initial conditions or initial guess for a thermal model|
|Solve structural analysis, heat transfer, or electromagnetic analysis problem|
|Assemble finite element matrices|
|Reduce structural or thermal model (Since R2019b)|
|Recover full-model transient solution from reduced-order model (ROM) (Since R2019b)|
|Linearize structural or thermal model (Since R2021b)|
|Specify inputs to linearized model (Since R2021b)|
|Specify outputs of linearized model (Since R2021b)|
Solutions at Nodal and Custom Locations
|Interpolate temperature in thermal result at arbitrary spatial locations|
|Evaluate temperature gradient of thermal solution at arbitrary spatial locations|
|Evaluate heat flux of thermal solution at nodal or arbitrary spatial locations|
|Evaluate integrated heat flow rate normal to specified boundary|
Thermal Model Properties
Live Editor Tasks
|Visualize PDE Results||Create and explore visualizations of PDE results in the Live Editor (Since R2022b)|
|ThermalMaterialAssignment Properties||Thermal material properties assignments|
|HeatSourceAssignment Properties||Heat source assignments|
|ThermalBC Properties||Boundary condition for thermal model|
|NodalThermalICs Properties||Initial temperature at mesh nodes|
|GeometricThermalICs Properties||Initial temperature over a region or region boundary|
|PDESolverOptions Properties||Algorithm options for solvers|
|PDEVisualization Properties||PDE visualization of mesh and nodal results (Since R2021a)|
Thermal Analysis Workflow
- Heat Transfer in Block with Cavity
Solve a heat equation that describes heat diffusion in a block with a rectangular cavity.
- Temperature Distribution in Heat Sink
Perform a 3-D transient heat transfer analysis of a heat sink.
- Heat Distribution in Circular Cylindrical Rod
Analyze a 3-D axisymmetric model by using a 2-D model.
- Heat Conduction in Multidomain Geometry with Nonuniform Heat Flux
Perform a 3-D transient heat conduction analysis of a hollow sphere made of three different layers of material, subject to a nonuniform external heat flux.
- Inhomogeneous Heat Equation on Square Domain
Solve the heat equation with a source term.
- Heat Transfer Problem with Temperature-Dependent Properties
Solve the heat equation with a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.
- Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake
Use Partial Differential Equation Toolbox™ and Simscape™ Driveline™ to simulate a brake pad moving around a disc and analyze temperatures when braking.
- Axisymmetric Thermal and Structural Analysis of Disc Brake
Simplify analysis of a disc brake by using an axisymmetric model for thermal and thermal stress computations.
- Reduced-Order Model for Thermal Behavior of Battery
Generate a reduced-order model (ROM) to enable analysis of the spatial thermal behavior of a battery cell during a fast-charging scenario.
- Battery Module Cooling Analysis and Reduced-Order Thermal Model
Perform a battery cooling analysis to determine effect of a cooling system.
General PDE Workflow
- Nonlinear Heat Transfer in Thin Plate
Perform a heat transfer analysis of a thin plate. |
की बढ़ोतरी करने का काम किया है. महिलाओं को मानसम्मान देते हुए पंचायतों में 50 फीसदी आरक्षण देने वाला कानून विधानसभा में पास करवाया, जिस कारण पंचायती राज व्यवस्था में न केवल महिलाओं की भागीदारी बढ़ेगी बल्कि उनका मानसम्मान भी बढ़ेगा. आपके सामने के दो दांतों के बीच खाली जगह है तो इसका एक मतलब यह भी है कि आप बातूनी होंगे सुबह से शाम तक आपको कोई बात करने वाला मिल जाए तो खुशीखुशी बातों में वक्त गुजार देंगे। इस तरह के व्यक्ति खुले मिजाज के भी होते हैं। दिल की बात कहने में झिझकते नहीं हैं। आजमगढ़ के सुनील 1600 मीटर दौड़ में अव्वल मिलती है कई तरह की सुविधाएं साल भर पहले ऐसा नागरिकता संशोधन कानून के सिलसिले में देश के कई हिस्सों में दिखा था। कुल निष्कर्ष यह है कि लोकतंत्र की बुनियाद जो संवाद और समझौते का नजरिए होता है, उसे आज तोड़ दिया गया है। मेरे रास्ते पर चलो या दूर हो जाओ के नजरिए से शासन चलाने की कोशिश की गई है। तो इससे जो गुबार अलगअलग जन समूहों में बन रहा है, उसके लक्षण दिख रहे हैँ। दिल्ली की सीमाओं पर हजारों किसान पिछले 62 दिनों से आंदोलन कर रहे हैं। किसान</s> |
The history of street art originated with tagging, or scratching names on public property. Graffiti artists in the 1970s and 1980s began to inspire people like Keith Haring, who did chalk drawings in the New York City subway system before rising to prominence in the art world..
There are many artist bold and italic text.
Here's how you can add an image:
Here's how to make a list:
To learn more HTML/CSS, check out these tutorials! |
राज्य में कोरोना से आठ लोगों की मौत हुई है। जिसमें कोलकाता में छह लोगों की मौत की सूचना है, जबकि दो पड़ोसी जिले हावड़ा में दो लोगों की मौत हुई है। राज्य में पिछले चौबीस घंटे में कोरोना के ८७ नए मामले दर्ज किए गए हैं और इसके बाद राज्य में कुल संक्रमितों की संख्या २,३७७ तक पहुंच गई है। वहीं राज्य में २4 घंटे के दौरान ६८ लोगों को अस्पताल से छुट्टी दे दी गई है।
कोलकाता। पश्चिम बंगाल में पिछले २४ घंटों में कोरोना संक्रमण के कारण आठ और लोगों की मौत हो गई और जिसके बादराज्य में मरने वालों की संख्या बढ़कर १४३ हो गई। वहीं राज्य में चौबीस घंटे के दौरान कोरोना के ८७ नए मामले दर्ज किए गए हैं। जिसके बाद राज्य में कोरोना संक्रमितों की संख्या २,३७७ तक पहुंच गई है।
राज्य में कोरोना से आठ लोगों की मौत हुई है। जिसमें कोलकाता में छह लोगों की मौत की सूचना है, जबकि दो पड़ोसी जिले हावड़ा में दो लोगों की मौत हुई है। राज्य में पिछले चौबीस घंटे में कोरोना के ८७ नए मामले दर्ज किए गए हैं और इसके बाद राज्य में कुल संक्रमितों की संख्या २,३७७ तक पहुंच गई है। वहीं राज्य में २4 घंटे के दौरान ६८ लोगों को अस्पताल से छुट्टी दे दी गई है। इसके साथ ही ५,२0५ नमूनों का परीक्षण किया गया। जिसके बाद जांचे गए नमूनों की संख्या 6२,८३७ हो गई है।
वही राज्य में लॉकडाउन के बीच एक विशेष ट्रेन आनी शुरू हो गई है। हालांकि ट्रेनों को लेकर राज्य सरकार पहले केन्द्र पर राजनीति करने का आरोप लगा रही थी और राज्य सरकार ट्रेनों के प्रवेश के लिए अनुमति नहीं दे रही थी। इस बीच १,००० प्रवासियों को लेकर नई दिल्ली से एक विशेष ट्रेन हावड़ा स्टेशन पर पहुंची। जानकारी के मुताबिक सभी १,०६० यात्रियों का स्टेशन में स्वास्थ्य की जांच की गई और इन यात्रियों को ४० बसों के द्वारा उनके घरों तक पहुंचाया गया है। राज्य सरकार ने राज्य में आने वाले प्रवासियों से १4 दिनों के लिए घरों में खुद को क्वारंटिन करने को कहा है। वहीं कुछ लोगों को होटल और गेस्ट हाउस में ठहराया जा रहा है और १4 दिनों की क्वारंटिन के बाद उन्हें घर जाने की अनुमति होगी। |
डायरेक्टर, प्रोड्यूसर महेश भट्ट के ऑफिस में फायरिंग, शिवसेना कॉर्पोरेटर देवीदास चौगुले हत्याकांड और डॉन रवि पुजारी के इशारे पर लोनावला में २ बिजनेसमैन का डबल मर्डर करने वाले कॉन्ट्रेक्ट किलर को मुंबई क्राइम ब्रांच ने सांताक्रुज इलाके से गिरफ्तार कर लिया है।
आरोपी की पहचान सादिक इब्राहिम बंगाली उर्फ सलमान उर्फ बंटा के रूप में हुई है। वहीं पकड़े गए इसके साथी का नाम है ढवल चंद्रप्पा देवमणि है। क्राइम ब्रांच सूत्रों के मुताबिक यह दोनों नवी मुंबई के एक बड़े बिल्डर की हत्या की साजिश बना रहे थे, जिसे वह आने वाले समय मे अंजाम देने वाले थे पर क्राइम ब्रांच को इसकी भनक लग गई। क्राइम ब्रांच के सूत्रों के मुताबिक बंटा का पुराना आपराधिक रिकार्ड रहा है। इसने साल २००६ में बॉलीवुड के डायरेक्टर प्रोड्यूसर महेश भट्ट के ऑफिस में फायरिंग की थी। इस मामले में यह गिरफ्तार भी हुआ था, लेकिन बाद में साल २००८ में बेल पर बाहर आ गया। इसके बाद इसने नवी मुंबई के नगरसेवक देवीदास चौगुले की हत्या कर दी। इस मामले में भी ३ से ४ साल तक जेल में रहा, बाद में इस मामले में छूट गया। इसके बाद इसने साल २०१५ में लोनावाला के २ बिजनेसमैन राजेश पिम्पलें और सोनू गायकवाड़ की हत्या की।
बंगाली उर्फ बंटा को पुणे पुलिस ने एक कार्बाइन, ५ पिस्टल और ७० जिंदा कारतूस के साथ गिरफ्तार किया था। यह जेल में भी रह कर रवि पुजारी के लिए काम करता था, पर रवि पुजारी से अलग होकर इसने अपनी कॉन्ट्रेक्ट किलिंग की गैंग इसलिए बनाई, क्योंकि रवि पुजारी ने इसके जेल में रहने के वक्त मदद नहीं, न वकील किया। जेल से बेल पर बाहर आने के बाद इसने खुद की गैंग बनाकर नए लड़कों को भर्ती करना शुरू कर दिया। बंटा ने पूछताछ में बताया कि यह रवि पुजारी से नाखुश था, जिसके बाद इसने खुद की गैंग बनाई, जहां इसने नवी मुंबई, लोनावला और अन्य इलाकों में जाकर भर्ती करना शुरू किया जोकि इसके साथ जेल में थे। इसने वाशी से २० और पुणे से 3५ लोगों को गैंग में शामिल किया।
यह किलिंग करने के लिए मुंबई में एक मीटिंग करने के लिए आया था, जहां पैसे और गैंग को बढ़ाया जाए। इससे पहले क्राइम ब्रांच के अधिकारियों को खबर लग गई। यूनिट ९ के वरिष्ठ पुलिस निरीक्षक महेश देसाई के मुताबिक हमनें दो आरोपियों को गिरफ्तार किया है। इनके पास से चार पिस्टल 2९ जिंदा कारतूस बरामद हुए है। आरोपियों को अंडर सेक्शन ३ और २५ आर्म्स एक्ट, ३7(१)(आ),१३5 ब.प.एक्ट के तहत गिरफ्तार किया गया है।
वहीं गिरफ्तार किए गए दूसरे आरोपी ढवल की कहानी भी बड़ी दिलचस्प है। यह उत्तर प्रदेश से पिस्टल खरीदकर लाता और नवी मुंबई में महंगे दामों में बेच देता। यह इतना शातिर है कि ५ हजार में पिस्टल खरीदता और २० से 2५ हजार में बेच देता। यह जिसको पिस्टल बेचता उसके बाद खुद ही इन्फॉर्मर बनकर टिप देता, जिसके बाद पुलिस उस शख्स को गिरफ्तार कर लेती थी। इसने तकरीबन १२ लोगों को पिस्टल सप्लाई कर ट्रेप लगवा कर गिरफ्तार कराया। |
Even though MoP is just weeks away, there were some changes in the latest beta build.
Numerous wild pets are no longer in the Pet Journal. It's not clear if they've been officially removed or if the recent patch caused a bug for these companions.
- Amorous RoosterAlthough these pets don't exist in the journal (on the beta) at the moment, I did see a few of these in the wild that were still capturable. So perhaps it really is just a bug? We'll see.
- Crimson Moth
- Devouring Maggot
- Emperor Crab
- Eternal Strider
- Feverbite Hatchling
- Garden Moth
- Shrine Fly
- Silkbead Snail
- Wharf Rat
- Wild Silkworm
Honestly, I wouldn't be too upset to see a few (but not all) of the pets on this list officially removed since they were especially difficult to find and many had low spawn rates/times to begin with. Plus these pets share the same model as other pets, so it's not as if collectors would be losing out on a very unique pet.
If all these companions stay uncapturable, the total number of pets in the journal is 492. Finally, under the 500 cap! But not by much. XD |
The DS-500 is a single channel, non-tube version of the De-esser in the Pendulum Quartet Tube Recording Channel. It uses the same highly selective inductive detector and opto-inductive notch filter as the the de-es - ser in the Quartet, so it has the same charcteristics, and very fast response. By pairing it with a unity gain class A solid-state line stage, the DS-500 retains the transpar - ent character of the de-esser action, while keeping the signal path clean and uncolored. The DS-500 is fully compatible with any rack that adheres to the API spec.
Owners of the Quartet have found the de-esser to be effective in many other applications, which include removing finger squeaks in acoustic guitar tracks, and "wisp" sounds on electic bass.
- Format: API ® 500 series standard, fully compatible
- Input Impedance: 20KΩ, balanced
- Output Impedance: less than 50Ω
- Gain: unity (0 dB)
- Max. Output Level: +27dBu, balanced
- Threshold: off to +30dB of detector gain
- Detector: 11 center frequencies at 3.4, 4.5, 5.7, 6.6, 7.5, 8.0, 8.8, 9.4, 10.0, 10.5, and 11.5 kHz
- Depth: continuously variable from -2 to -10 dB
- Frequency Response: +/- 1 dB from 10Hz to 20kHz
- Noise Level: better than 90 dB below +4dBu, 0-80kHz
- Total Harmonic Distortion: less than 0.01%, 20-20kHz |
Yet so long.
Grief still real.
Pondering, wondering, wishing,
mixed feelings, if onlys, unknowns -
just as real as ever.
Time heals they say,
yes in some ways that's true,
but from many a grief I know so well
that some grief, sadness and pain remains.
I don't want it be different -
it honours the person, honours my pain,
honours the creator of life.
Words come slowly and hard;
in many ways they don't matter,
but a sense of loss has been the phrase for me today.
However, it's more being present with myself,
present with the community around the world
who grieves together on this day - especially the closest ones,
and from that place arises a deep, deep sigh.
I felt the pain of aloneness,
of the world around not knowing how to acknowledge;
people not understanding the significance,
not knowing the reality,
of people not knowing how to be present in grief
that is past but oh so present, especially on this day.
And the day draws to a close,
and I'm content within,
and I know that I am part of a community around the world,
for whom this day remains a day to remember,
the life of Paul Hughes. |
If you have enabled HADR between 2 databases, the following value of parameters might give you better performance.
Database configuration parameters
LOGFILSIZ = 6000 LOGBUFSZ = 512 SOFTMAX = 125
DB2 Registry variables
db2set DB2TCP_CLIENT_RCVTIMEOUT=20 db2set DB2_HADR_BUF_SIZE=10240
If you are still not getting the performance that you were getting without HADR, you may start manipulating value of LOGBUFSZ. Please remember that replication in peer-to-peer stage happens at log buffer level so LOGBUFSZ and DB2_HADR_BUF_SIZE should be adjusted accordingly.
If you have high performance INSERTS going on, you should increase the value of LOGBUFSZ. |
What is the wisdom behind declaring Idolatry as a cardinal sin in Judaism? What is wrong if the true God as well as some other person\Object is worshipped along with him as long as he is not leaving the worship of the God of Israel?
You make it sound like somebody declared idolatry to be a cardinal sin.
But it was G-d Himself who declared so - nobody made up the rules, we got them from G-d.
Note that the first 2 of the 10 commandments are:
- To believe that only He runs the world (so it makes no sense to worship anything else)
- One may not worship anything else besides for G-d Himself.
By worshiping anything else you are trying to degrade the Uniqueness and Power of G-d, by equating him - at some level - to the other item(s) you worship. This is affront to G-d which He declares (in the 10 commandments) that he will punish severely.
The reason God considers it a capital offense is because it is incompatible with Judaism. i.e. Once you start worshipping other than God, the foundations of torah observance falls apart. You now have several masters. You cannot fully place your trust and hopes in God and therefore cannot worship Him properly
Here's a quote from the shaar yichud of chovos halevavos (start of intro)
After investigating after what is the most necessary of the cornerstones and fundamentals of our religion, we found that the wholehearted acceptance of the unity of G-d is the root and foundation of Judaism. It is the first of the gates of the torah, and it differentiates between the believer and the heretic. It is the head and front of religious truth, and one who strays from it - will not be able to perform religious deeds and his faith will not endure.
Even so, some sins are actually worse than idolatry but are nevertheless not capital offenses. Being hypocritical in one's service is in some sense worse, but at least it is not totally incompatible with Judaism. You have to start somewhere. Here's a quote on this from Chovos Halevavos gate 5:
Similarly we can say for the idol worshipper, that ignorance of G-d is what brings him to this (he hopes to get benefit or protection from the idol). However, the idol worshipper is to be preferred over the flatterer (hypocrite) in the following four ways:
(1) In our times, there are no prophets which can perform miracles to clarify to the idol worshipper his faulty outlook, but the flatterer in G-d's torah (who performs the service of G-d to impress people, as above), there are grounds for a claim against him, since he undertook the commandments to serve G-d alone and undertook the prohibitions not to serve someone else (than G-d).
(2) The idolater worships something which does not rebel against G-d (sun, moon, stars), but the flatterer in G-d's torah worships a human being who rebels against G-d as well as one who does not rebel against Him.
(3) The idolater worships one thing alone, whereas for the flatterer, there is no limit to those he worships.
(4) The idolater's status is visible for all to see, and people guard themselves from him due to public knowledge of his denial of G-d's existence. But the flatterer's denial is not visible, and people trust in him, therefore he is more likely to damage them (influence them with his false beliefs) than the idol worshipper.
One can apply the same idea to explain the capital punishment incurred for adultery or incest. These things are incompatible with a torah society and if left to go rampant will irreparably ruin it.
To make the question stronger, the Rambam writes (Hilchos Akum 2:1) that the primary belief of idolaters was/is that G-d is in charge and the idolatry gets its power from Him. So, if we still believe that G-d is the Boss, what's the problem?
I once heard an explanation that the problem is that if you have an intermediary, all you will care about is what the intermediary wants. If there is someone "directly" in charge of you, you won't care about what the "superior officer" orders, as long as the entity you are dealing with is happy. So you essentially sever your relationship with G-d by relating to some other entity as having jurisdiction over you.
I do not yet have sources for this; but, having considered some implications of idolatrous belief, I will pose an answer.
Idolatry ("`Avodah Zarah" in Hebrew) stems from the belief that Hashem (i.e. G-d) is limited and shares power/dominion over Creation with other entities.
If this were true, Heaven forbid, it would mean that no deity has absolute power/dominion and, therefore, each deity having relative power/dominion. For example, deity1 may have dominion over the Sun and deity2 over the Moon.
What happens when the two or more deities express conflicting demands? What happens when believerA abides by deity1's command which necessarily contradicts believerB's abiding by deity2's command?
This may be a tad reductio ad absurdum; but, this multi-deity system effectively results in moral relativism. I do what I want, because it aligns with my beliefs. And you do what you want, because it aligns with your beliefs.
This is, by definition, the polar opposite of moral absolutism: in our parlance, a single-deity, absolute system of beliefs. In short, the belief in one G-d with absolute power unites Creation, whereas the belief in multiple deities with relative power divides Creation.
EDIT: BS"D, after five months, I've stumbled across a Chabad.org article written by Rabbi Tzvi Freeman stating effectively the same conclusion as regards idolatry's or polytheism's catastrophic effect on the world.
EDIT: BS"D A few years later, I listened to a shi`ur by Rav Shemu'el Eliyahu in which he strengthens my points albeit more succinctly: ahdut (unity) symbolizes `Avodat Hashem whereas perud (disunity) symbolizes `Avodah Zarah. |
NARU has delivered the following to each Ambulance Service during 2013:
- A tailored psychosocial risk assessment (known as the resilience and capability assessment) of all HART personnel which has now been extended to include MTFA personnel. This assessment ensures that each Ambulance Service complies with legislative requirements associated with the monitoring of hazards that are created as a result of specialist high risk capabilities (e.g. HART and MTFA). This process culminates in a series of tailored reports for each Ambulance Service. Each report highlights areas of risk as well as areas of strength. This process includes feedback to each Service as well as support for action planning. A national report and feedback presentation are also provided to appropriate groups (e.g. NHS England, AACE, NDOG and EPRG).
- NARU designed and implemented a selection process for all personnel undertaking MTFA duties within Ambulance Services. This comprised designing an assessment process that was completed by over 700 personnel, producing individual psychometric data reports for each person assessed, and supporting local Trusts by providing training on how to conduct specialist interviews associated with this type of programme. The process is aligned to best practice and again ensures each trust adheres to any legal requirements associated with such high risk roles/functions.
- NARU is continuing to develop the online PROCLUS system that is used by all HART units. The system is being extended for use by EPRR departments and NHS Ambulance Services in general. PROCLUS allows Trusts to share information and other critical forms of evidence, and risk issues. In addition, NARU is leading the way in terms of helping services in general capture and share lessons through the PROCLUS Lessons Identified (LiD) system. The PROCLUS National Asset system was launched during 2013.
- All large scale or high cost education/training programmes provided by NARU are subjected to extensive and specialist evaluations. This ensures the programmes are comprehensively assessed and quality is continuously assured. As part of its research service, NARU has access to a unique set of criteria that enables preparedness and resilience of all ambulance services to be assessed and monitored very accurately. The research programme within NARU is also focusing on establishing the leadership qualities required of those who command and lead in critical/high risk/threatening situations. The outcomes of this research will enable ambulance services to enhance their processes for selecting and developing leaders to deal with high threat/risk situations.
For more information about this work, please contact Tony Zarola. |
के लिए अपनी वेबसाइट को और यूजर फ्रेंडली बनाया है. इस पॉडकास्ट के अंत में इस यूजर फ्रेंडली तोहफे के बारे में न्यूज 18 हिंदी के समाचार संपादक राजकुमार पांडेय विस्तार से आपको बताएंगे. तो चलिए शुरू करें आज का पॉडकास्ट. फौजी की दो साल पहले चोरी बुलेट को पुलिस ने किया बरामद चीन ने हजारों टन सैन्य साजोसामान तिब्बत भेजा, क्या भारत से युद्ध की है तैयारी? मुख्यमंत्री ने कहा कि राष्ट्रीय चिंतन आज के समय में बहुत बड़ा पहलू है। समाज में रोटी, कपड़ा और मकान मूलभूत आवश्यकता है, लेकिन इसके साथसाथ शिक्षा और संस्कार भी जरूरी है। उन्होंने कहा कि मनुष्य समाज की मूल इकाई है, इसलिए मनुष्य का विकास जरूरी है। मनुष्य के विकास से ही राष्ट्र निर्माण होता है और राष्ट्र निर्माण में आर्य समाज की अतुलनीय भूमिका है। गुरुवार को सुनवाई के दौरान आर्यन खान के वकील सतीश मानशिंदे ने अदालत से कहा कि 2 रातों से आर्यन से पूछताछ नहीं हुई है फिर भी आर्यन की कस्टडी क्यों मांग रही है? मानशिंदे की दलील थी कि बारबार कह रही है कि वो इस केस में मुख्य आरोपी तक पहुंचना चाहती है। लेकिन क्या तब तक आर्यन को बंधक बनाकर रखा जाएगा। केस में</s> |
The use of evaluation to examine and improve the quality of teaching and courses is now a component of most universities. However, despite the various methods and opportunities for evaluation, a lack of understanding of the processes, measures and value are some of the major impediments to effective evaluation. Evaluation requires an understanding of what to evaluate, how to evaluate it, how to collect and analyse the information and how to action and implement what has been learned. The aim of this paper is to describe an instrument to document not only the evaluative process, but also evaluative outcomes. The Course Improvement Flowchart (CIF) provides a template for the application of an action inquiry framework. Throughout this process, the CIF template can be used to document key recommendations emanating from multiple sources of feedback so that a proactive statement of intent or action plan for teaching and course improvement is written. The resultant improvements that may be achieved in teaching and course quality may lead to more satisfying teaching experiences, improved student outcomes and heightened professional growth as a teacher.
Recommended CitationMorgan, P., The Course Improvement Flowchart: A description of a tool and process for the evaluation of university teaching, Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 5(2), 2008. |
# Thread: Finding the specific digit of a large number
1. ## Finding the specific digit of a large number
Hi
I have absolutely no idea where to start.
Thanks, BG
2. There are 9 1-digit numbers, 90 2-digit numbers, 900 3-digit numbers and 9000 4-digit numbers. Hence the last digit of the last 4-digit number is in position $9+2\times90+3\times900+4\times9000=38889.$
The last digit of the last 5-digit number will be in position $38889+5\times90000=488889$ which is greater than 206787. Hence the number we are looking for is a 5-digit number. The position of the last digit of the 5-digit number $N$ is $5(N-9999)+38889=5N-11106.$ Now find the largest $N$ such that $5N-11106\le206787.$
$5N-11106\,\le\,206787$
$\implies\ 5N\,\le\,217893$
$\implies\ N\,\le\,43578.6$
So that number is $N=43578,$ whose last digit is in position 206784. The next 5-digit number is 43579 and the 206787th digit in the sequence is the 3rd digit of this number, which is 5. |
“Compare and Contrast Different Types of Weather”
This educational resource pack includes:
Informational Text : Definition of Weather typed for students with blindness: tactile and verbal prompts and braille.
Based on Depth of Knowledge – Four Levels regarding: reciting, identifying, compare and contrast, then analyze and chart.
Fill in the Blanks Tests with Answers Recording ;
ESSA -Well -Rounded concept: Reading, Writing and Informational Text
Writing Practice (Key Words model) including: demonstrate braille or touch correct answers.
Teacher can use completed worksheets or video of student reactions as proof of completion.
Red print relates to notes for the teacher, parent or self-instruction.
Certificate of Achievement is available for students that finish the resource pack satisfactorily.
Students may require braille or tactile learning or the use of a computer with voice synthesizer. Visually impaired will also require enlarged print.
Here is a link for teaching strategies for students with Blindness or Visual Impairments: |
रिचर्ड्सन पिछले साल विश्व कप से पहले चोटिल हो गए थे, इसके बाद से वो इंटरनेशनल मैच नहीं खेल पाए हैं। उन्हें दक्षिण अफ्रीका के खिलाफ वनडे सीरीज के लिए तो टीम में शामिल किया गया।
ऑस्ट्रेलियाई क्रिकेट टीम इन दिनों दक्षिण अफ्रीका के दौरे पर है। दोनों टीमों के बीच तीन मैचों की वनडे इंटरनेशनल सीरीज २९ फरवरी से खेली जानी है। इस सीरीज के लिए ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीम में तेज गेंदबाज जाय रिचर्ड्सन को शामिल कर लिया गया है। वहीं न्यूजीलैंड के खिलाफ अगले महीने होने वाली वनडे इंटरनेशनल सीरीज के लिए सिलेक्टरों ने वनडे टीम में कोई बदलाव नहीं किया है।
रिचर्ड्सन पिछले साल विश्व कप से पहले चोटिल हो गए थे, इसके बाद से वो इंटरनेशनल मैच नहीं खेल पाए हैं। उन्हें दक्षिण अफ्रीका के खिलाफ वनडे सीरीज के लिए तो टीम में शामिल किया गया, लेकिन अगले महीने न्यूजीलैंड के खिलाफ होने वाली वनडे इंटरनेशनल सीरीज के लिए वो टीम में जगह नहीं बना सके हैं। ऑस्ट्रेलियाई चयनकर्ताओं ने कहा कि सिडनी में १३ मार्च से शुरू हो रही वनडे इंटरनेशनल सीरीज के लिए ऑस्ट्रेलियाई टीम में कोई बदलाव नहीं किया गया है।
रिचर्ड्सन को दक्षिण अफ्रीका के खिलाफ जारी टी२० इंटरनेशनल सीरीज के लिए टीम से जोड़ा गया था, लेकिन पहले दो मैचों में उन्हें प्लेइंग इलेवन में शामिल नहीं किया गया। न्यूजीलैंड के खिलाफ वनडे इंटरनेशनल सीरीज के लिए ऑस्ट्रेलिया की टीम: एरन फिंच (कप्तान), एश्टन एगर, एलेक्स केरी, पैट कमिंस, जोश हेजलवुड, मार्नस लाबुशेन, मिशेल मार्श, केन रिचर्ड्सन, स्टीव स्मिथ, डार्सी शॉर्ट, मिशेल स्टार्क, मैथ्यू वेड, डेविड वॉर्नर, एडम जाम्पा। |
The show's writers had peppered the piece with words like "savage," "wild," and "animalistic." What bullshit. Show me the animal that kills for the thrill of watching something die. Why does the stereotype of the animalistic killer persist? Because humans like it. It neatly explains things for them, moving humans to the top of the evolutionary ladder and putting killers down among mythological man-beast monsters like werewolves. The truth is, if a werewolf behaved like this psychopath it wouldn't be because he was part animal, but because he was still too human. Only humans kill for sport. |
This guest post was written by Theresa MacPhail—assistant professor in the Science, Technology, and Society Program at Stevens Institute of Technology.
Last December, I wrote a blog post about the early history of food allergies from the 1800s through the 1960-70s. In this installment, we’ll examine more recent food allergy chronicles, current treatments, and diagnosis debates. Despite advances in our understanding of the immune system, and promising developments in allergy-related technologies (like the Allergy Amulet), the lack of a cure or effective treatments for food allergies persists.
The Discovery of IgE
Immunotherapy treatments were first tested in animals, and then cautiously applied in clinical settings to treat both respiratory allergies and food allergies beginning in 1911. The risk of an accidental anaphylactic response was, and is, ever present. Much of the early allergy testing and treatment remained unchanged until the mid-1960s, when two separate research teams discovered immunoglobulin E, or IgE—a molecule that naturally forms in human blood.
IgE’s discovery led to a greater understanding of the inflammatory response that follows allergen exposure, sparking more research around the cause of allergic reactions. By 1975, the first commercially available and reliable blood test for IgE became available for clinical use. IgE testing quickly became a significant aid in allergy diagnosis, since an elevated presence of IgE levels in the blood often indicates a food allergy.
IgE has played an enormous role in subsequent allergy research, diagnosis, and treatment. However, while IgE tests provide information as to the likelihood of having a food allergy, 50-60% of IgE blood tests yield a “false positive” result, creating a great deal of uncertainty in diagnosis. IgE as an allergy biomarker is accordingly far from perfect.
Food Allergies - A Rising Prevalence?
If you follow the news or social media, or have a young child in the school system, it certainly seems that food allergies are on the rise. Although food allergy awareness has increased over the last decade and has become a more popular topic of conversation, the food allergy prevalence rate has been difficult to measure with confidence.
Figures on the national and global food allergy population are unsettled. This is largely because the numbers rely on multiple data sets collected across different methods and research groups. Official estimates place the figure at around 15 million. Adding to this confusion is the difficulty in confirming the presence of an allergy with current diagnostic tools (often IgE testing, discussed above). The majority of food allergy and food intolerance cases depend on self-reporting and sometimes self-diagnosis—and those numbers fluctuate greatly. A recent paper looking at multiple different allergy studies found that “[s]elf-reported prevalence of food allergy varied from 1.2% to 17% for milk, 0.2% to 7% for egg, 0% to 2% for peanuts and fish, 0% to 10% for shellfish, and 3% to 35% for [other foods].” A 2013 paper further suggested that “at least 1%–2% and up to 10% of the US population suffers from food allergies," which based its findings on "self-report, skin prick test (SPT), serum-specific IgE (sIgE), and oral food challenges (OFC).” These reports show that food allergy populations vary based on allergy type, reported severity, geographic region, study design, and testing method.
In short, with no easy and standardized way to diagnose food allergy cases, it is difficult to confirm and measure the perceived rise in the food allergy population.
The LEAP Study and the Future of Oral Immunotherapy
Perhaps the most significant study on food allergy in the last 50 years is the Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study by the Immune Tolerance Network. In this study, infants at a higher risk of developing a severe allergy to peanuts were randomly assigned to one of two groups: one that would avoid ingesting peanut-containing foods until age 5, and one that would consume a peanut-containing snack (~6 grams of peanut protein) with three or more meals per week until age 5. Of the children who avoided peanut, 17% developed a peanut allergy, compared to only 3% of the children in the control group. In a press release for the study, one of the researchers noted how for decades allergists have recommended that infants avoid consuming allergenic foods, and this study "suggests that this advice was incorrect and may have contributed to the rise in peanut and other food allergies.” Indeed, the LEAP study overturned decades of prior advice and shook the allergy research community. The study also gave credence to one of the oldest forms of allergy treatment: immunotherapy.
After a decade of research, oral immunotherapy is becoming more widely accepted as effective for the most common food allergies (e.g., peanut), but little is known about its long-term effectiveness. If you’re not familiar, oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a method of food desensitization that involves re-introducing the immune system to the allergenic food in gradually increasing amounts over time, with the goal of eventual tolerance. Although researchers are optimistic about its potential, it is not without its drawbacks. You can learn more about OIT in Allergy Amulet’s blog post here.
The Promise and Peril of Epinephrine
Epinephrine (the hormone adrenaline) was first discovered in 1900 and marketed to treat asthma attacks and surgical shock. By 1906, with the development of a synthetic version, the drug was in common use by clinicians to treat severe asthma attacks. Immunologists and allergists experimented with dosages in the decades following, standardizing treatment protocols.
In 1975, a biomechanical engineer developed the first auto-injector syringe for the military, which was then adapted for use with epinephrine. It wasn’t until 1987, however, that the FDA approved the first epinephrine auto-injector for the general public. Epinephrine auto-injectors proved so effective—and the dosage delivered was so consistent—that it became the standard prescription for anyone suffering from a severe allergy. By the 1990s, food allergy patients were advised to carry one at all times for their safety.
In 2016, the mother of a child with a severe food allergy began a campaign against the dramatic rise in price of one of the most popular epinephrine auto-injector brands: EpiPen. The price of EpiPen surged between 2004 and 2016 – increasing from $100 to over $600. With few competitors on the market, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of the EpiPen, felt no need to lower its prices. The story went viral and sparked debate about pharmaceutical industry pricing policies and access to affordable healthcare. Since the scandal broke, there has been a call to develop alternative and less expensive epinephrine auto-injectors.
The Epi-Pen story—and this post—highlight the urgent need for greater investment in allergy research and innovation. Let’s hope that with new advancements in the coming years, food allergy itself will be history. |
# Force on a dipole from a point charge
1. Oct 31, 2013
### BigTanker
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
A point charge, Q, is "nailed down" on a table. Around it, at radius R, is a frictionless circular track on which a dipole $\boldsymbol{p}$ rides, constrained to always point tangent to the circle. Show that the electric force on the dipole is (in the forward direction of the dipole):$$\boldsymbol{F} = \frac{Q}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{\boldsymbol{p}}{R^3}$$
2. Relevant equations
$$\boldsymbol{F} = ( \boldsymbol{p} \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol{E}$$
3. The attempt at a solution
I started by recognizing that the electric field from the point charge is $$\boldsymbol{E} = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{Q}{R^2} \hat{r}.$$
Thus, I feel like the force should be: $$\boldsymbol{F} = ( \boldsymbol{p} \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol{E} = \boldsymbol{p} \frac{-2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{Q}{R^3} = \frac{-Q}{2 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{\boldsymbol{p}}{R^3}.$$
However, if I draw the dipole out as 2 separated point charges, +q and -q, I see that the net force should point in the direction as the dipole, not opposite the direction of the dipole (as my math above would suggest).
Where have I erred?
2. Oct 31, 2013
### BigTanker
I've found that I can reach the answer using the expression for torque, $\boldsymbol \tau = \boldsymbol p \times \boldsymbol E = |\boldsymbol p | |\boldsymbol E | (-\hat{\phi})$, and that $|\boldsymbol F | = \frac{|\boldsymbol \tau |}{R}.$
Therefore, $$\boldsymbol F = \frac{|\boldsymbol p | |\boldsymbol E |}{R} \hat{p} = \frac{\boldsymbol p |\boldsymbol E |}{R} = \frac{Q}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{\boldsymbol p}{R^3}.$$
Of course, I'm making the educated assumption that $\boldsymbol F$ is in the $\boldsymbol p$ direction. However, the problem states that I should use the equation $\boldsymbol{F} = ( \boldsymbol{p} \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol{E}$ to show my result (as opposed to using the straightforward method of manipulating the torque, above).
Last edited: Oct 31, 2013
3. Oct 31, 2013
### BigTanker
I also realized that in my initial attempt at a solution, that I was taking the gradient of E as opposed to the divergence of $\boldsymbol E$. So, taking the divergence gives me $$\boldsymbol F (r) = \boldsymbol p \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial r^2 E}{\partial r} = \frac{\boldsymbol p}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 R^2 r^2} \frac{\partial r^2}{\partial r} = \frac{\boldsymbol p 2 r}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 R^2 r^2} = \frac{\boldsymbol p}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 R^2 r}$$
Evaluated at r=R, $$\boldsymbol F = \frac{\boldsymbol p}{2 \pi \epsilon_0 R^3},$$ which is in the proper direction now, but still off by a factor of 2...
4. Oct 31, 2013
### ehild
Just determine the resultant of the Coulomb forces acting on the dipole, considering it two opposite point charges d distance apart.
ehild
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5. Oct 31, 2013
### Stealth95
I think that ehild proposed the easiest approach for this problem. But note that using Coulomb's law you can find the force only for the case in which the dipole is in this specific point of space. If you move the dipole in another place then you must apply Coulomb's law again to find the new force.
If you use the equation you said you can find the general equation for the force (for any point). But it is not correct to find $\displaystyle{\nabla \cdot \vec{E}}$. The operator is not $\displaystyle{\nabla \cdot }$ but $\displaystyle{\vec{p} \cdot \nabla}$. So you must find $\displaystyle{\vec{p} \cdot \nabla}$ first.
6. Oct 31, 2013
### BigTanker
@Stealth and ehild: I should have stated in my OP explicitly that the problem wanted me to use the equation $\boldsymbol F = (\boldsymbol p \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol E$.
I see where my math error was, but if I think about it that way, it seems that $\boldsymbol p \cdot \nabla$ is a scalar, thus the force will point in the direction of $\boldsymbol E$, which is in the $\hat{r}$ direction, which is incorrect...
Since $\boldsymbol p = p \hat{\theta} = p_\theta$, then $p_r = p_\phi = 0$ and:$$\boldsymbol p \cdot \nabla = \frac{1}{r \sin \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} (p \sin \theta) = \frac{p}{r \sin \theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} (\sin \theta).$$
Then, $$\boldsymbol F = ( \boldsymbol p \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol E = \frac{p}{r \sin \theta} \frac{\partial (\frac{Q}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 R^2} \hat{r} \sin \theta)}{\partial \theta} = \frac{-p Q \cos \theta}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 R^3 \sin \theta} \hat{r}= \frac{-p Q \cot \theta}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 R^3} \hat{r}.$$
That's my attempt thus far; I'm not really sure where I've misstepped.
(edit: I found some hideous expression on wikipedia for $(\boldsymbol A \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol B$. Which, when I reduce it using $p_r = p_\phi = E_\theta = E_\phi = 0$ and $E_r = f(r)$, yields the simple expression $$\frac{p_\theta E_r}{r} \hat{\theta},$$ which gives me the answer I'm looking for. Apparently when I try to explicitly find $( \boldsymbol p \cdot \nabla ) \boldsymbol E$, I'm making some math error along the way...)
Last edited: Oct 31, 2013
7. Oct 31, 2013
### ehild
8. Oct 31, 2013
### vela
Staff Emeritus
The presence of the derivatives can cause the direction to change, so you can't assume the force will point in the same direction as $\vec{E}$.
Where did the $p\sin\theta$ come from? Also, your expression for the gradient in spherical coordinates appears to be wrong. What convention are you following — is $\theta$ the angle from the z-axis or is it supposed to be the azimuthal angle?
9. Oct 31, 2013
### ehild
Better to use polar coordinates in plane.
$$\vec F= (\vec p \cdot \nabla) \vec E= p_r \frac{\partial \vec E}{\partial r}+p_{\theta}\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial \vec E}{\partial \theta}$$
In the problem, $\vec E = E(r) \hat r$ and $\vec p = p \hat \theta$
You have to note that $\hat r$ depends on θ, and
$$\partial \hat r /{ \partial \theta} = \hat \theta$$
$$\vec F= (\vec p \cdot \nabla) \vec E= p\frac{1}{r}E(r) \frac{\partial \hat r}{\partial \theta}$$
ehild |
Whilst Hashcat is often provable faster than John the Ripper, John is still my favourite. I find it simple to use, fast and the jumbo community patch (which I recommend highly) comes packed with hash types making it a versatile tool.
One of the features of these tools, which is often unknown or at least under appreciated is the ability to create custom “rules” for teaching the tool how to dynamically generate potential passwords. Since Microsoft implemented “Password Complexity” and this was enforced around the globe, user have made the jump from a password of: password, to the [sarcasm]much more secure[/sarcasm]: Password1.
This has the annoying effect of making our basic wordlists ineffective and we need to have it so that it includes modifications of this nature – a capital letter at the beginning and a number (or less commonly a symbol) at the end. Rules to the rescue.
With jumbo John there are out-of-the-box rules that are pretty effective, instead of running the following command:
john 127.0.0.1.pwdump --wordlist=dictionary.txt
try something like this:
john 127.0.0.1.pwdump --wordlist=dictionary.txt --rules john 127.0.0.1.pwdump --wordlist=dictionary.txt --rules=Jumbo
You’ll see that John takes passwords from the supplied wordlist and modifies or mangles them in interesting ways. These rule sets are good, but I dug a little deeper and wrote some of my own, specifically designed to combat Microsoft’s Complexity tactics. I’ve had great success!
Rule sets get placed in the bottom of your john.conf file (usually found in /etc/john.conf if you’ve chosen to make install) and are prefixed with a name so that you can specify them (like above how I’ve added the named rule set “Jumbo”). They look something like this:
This particular rule should definitely be included within your rule set, but what does it mean? Simply it means capitalize the first letter and add a number suffix. So password input becomes Password1 output. It can be called with ‐‐rules=Example. Easy!
The characters at the beginning are where the additions should be made, so either at the beginning or end with the following two: To take the root word and affix something to the end use: Az, or to take the root word and prefix something to the end use: A0
Additionally we can get john to caps that first character for us – so to take the root word and capitalize the first character and then affix something use: cAz.
The “something” here are characters from a charset, so as before [0-9] is numbers, A-z is both upper and lowercase letters and symbols can be added in like this: [£!$@#]
So a simple example rule set could be:
cAz"[0-9]" cAz"[0-9][0-9]" cAz"[£!$]" cAz"[0-9][£!$]"
Note: some symbols have the be “slashed-out” such as [ and ] must be added to the rules in the slashed form like: cAz”[]”
Have some fun, play around and maybe take a look at what I’ve come up with here. |
45 डिग्री सेल्सियस दर्ज किया गया है। अन्य जिलों के अधिकतम तापमान में कोई विशेष परिवर्तन नहीं हुआ है। उन्होंने कहा कि हम समृद्ध और संपन्न राज्य बनाने के लिए काम कर रहे हैं। मुझे मुख्यमंत्री का रात एक बजे फोन आता है। आप समझ सकते हैं कि जो मुख्यमंत्री रात को एक बजे तक जागता है वह इस राज्य के लिए कितना चिंतित है। हमने कोरोना काल में दूसरे राज्यों के मजदूरों की भी सेवा की। मुख्यमंत्री ने फ्लाइट से मजदूरों को लाया। उनकी हर सुविधा का ख्याल रखा। मनीषा ने कहा कि साध्वी होने का मतलब केवल भगवा रंग के कपड़े पहनना नहीं है, इसलिए मैं जानती हूं कि मैं इसके आसपास भी नहीं हूं। काश, मैं ऐसी बन पाती। मनीषा राम गोपाल वर्मा की फिल्म भूत रिटर्न्स में आखिरी बार देखी गई थी। उन्होंने हाल में कैंसर को मात दी है।(भाषा) रेखा के हेयर स्टाइल में भी दिखी वैरायटी रॉ और स्मैकडाउन के मुकाबले को काम फैंस देखते हैं लेकिन जिन्होंने भी इस शो में देखा है उनका यही कहना है कि यहाँ पर सबसे अच्छी रैसलिंग देखने को मिलती है। हालाँकि आज डबल और नथिंग में जिस तरह कि रैसलिंग देखने को मिली वैसा आजतक में</s> |
For most women, and even men, a bulge is not a welcome event. Sometimes it’s what is commonly known as a “muffin top”, or it could be a love handle gone wild. Most of us know the reasons for those kinds of bulges, but when you can push that bulge back into your body, pay attention. This could be a hernia.
How A Hernia Develops
Most hernias develop due to muscle weakness and strain. When an internal organ like the intestine pushes through the protective layer of muscle and tissue around it, and through to the abdomen, that bulge is known as a hernia. A weakened abdominal wall occurs as we get older, but there are a number of other issues that can cause a hernia.
Two of the most common types of hernias are a hiatal hernia associated with gastroesophageal reflux and an inguinal hernia which shows up on either side of the pubic bone. Other hernias can occur in the top of the inner thigh, at the site of a previous surgical incision, or near the belly button.
A hernia will not go away by itself. They may remain asymptomatic for a time, but they will continue to grow and will eventually become painful.
Common Symptoms Of A Hernia
Most hernias come with some discomfort under the right circumstances. Chronic coughing can encourage a hernia to develop, cause it to grow and usually results in pain. Standing too long or straining to lift things can result in pain by the end of the day. In addition, straining during bowel movements partnered with constipation are common causes of pain from a hernia.
Be Wary Of These Symptoms
Three serious complications can occur with a hernia:
- An intestinal blockage can occur when a hernia becomes incarcerated. This means that the hernia is trapped in the abdominal wall leading to a bowel obstruction. Symptoms can be severe pain, nausea, and vomiting. If this is accompanied by the inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, this is a serious issue requiring a visit to the doctor.
- A strangulated hernia occurs when the incarcerated hernia cuts off blood flow to the tissue causing it to become infected and/or die. This is a life-threatening situation requiring immediate surgical intervention. The symptoms are similar to the incarcerated hernia, but also with the skin near the bulge having a blue or grey color, accompanied by fever, bloody stools, and an increased heart rate. Don’t wait to seek medical attention.
- A large untreated inguinal hernia in men can result in symptoms of severe pain and swelling of the scrotum.
Never wait to see a professional if a hernia is growing larger or pain is increasing.
See your doctor today if you suspect you have a hernia and for ways to reduce strain on your abdominal muscles. Call the office of Agave Surgical Associates near Phoenix at (602) 582-5233 to schedule a consultation with one of our specialists. You can also schedule an appointment online using our secure form. |
Why Sewage Main Lines and Water Mains Break and How We Can Help You Fix Them Fast
Sewage main line and water main line breaks can be devastating to your home. These connections bring water into your home from the city’s water supply (water main) and connect your wastewater to either a septic tank or your city’s sewage system (sewage main line). You cannot inspect these lines visually because they are located underground, and digging is required to access them. In this article, we will tell you why these pipes break and how to keep an eye out for a potential break.
What Causes Water Mains and Sewage Main Lines To Break?
Water mains and sewage main lines can break for a wide variety of reasons. Typically, soil conditions and weather are the biggest culprits when it comes to pipe breaks:
- Cold temperatures can cause the water line to freeze or increase stress on the pipe.
- Hot, dry weather can cause the ground to shift, increasing the stress on the water line.
- Increased volume because of seasonal water usage can also cause a water line to break.
Other contributing factors to a water main or main line break include:
- Pipe Material: Most soil breaks occur in iron piping. Most water mains and sewage main lines installed before 1980 were made out of iron.
- Soil Erosion: Excavation or nearby construction erodes soil around water mains and main lines, contributing to breaks.
- Age of the Pipe: As pipes age, the break rate increases drastically. Pipes have a higher chance of breaking once they are around 40 to 60 years old.
- Human Factors: People can inadvertently break a water line or sewage main through digging.
What Are Some Potential Signs of a Water Main or Sewage Main Line Break?
Sometimes, you might be able to notice a water main or sewage line break before it becomes severe:
- Water in Your Yard: Unexplained wet areas in your yard, and on occasion, sinkholes, could be indicative of a water main or sewer main line break.
- Puddles in Your Home and Damp Drywall: Main lines bring water in and out of your home. You might notice that these large pipes could be damp at the entry and exit points of your home. The drywall or concrete near these pipes could be wet, indicating a possible line break.
- Low Water Pressure: Low water pressure could indicate a main water line break.
- Problems With Drainage: If your toilets and sinks do not empty as quickly as they typically do, this could indicate a larger problem with your sewer main line.
- Odor or Mold: If you notice that you have an odd odor in your basement or mold, this could indicate a leak in your sewage main line, which might turn into a potential break over time.
What Kind of Damage Can a Sewage Main Line Or Water Main Line Break Cause?
Water mains and sewage main line breaks can be expensive if not caught in time. In some situations, your homeowner’s insurance might not cover damage costs. If you have a finished basement, a break can damage drywall, ruin carpet, and ruin furniture. Even after cleanup, long-term health risks can also be present, such as mold that will build up in moist areas. If you have a main line break, you will need to:
- Keep children and pets out of the impacted area.
- Vent the window right away.
- Remove any dry, uncontaminated items.
- Poor small amounts of chlorine in standing water to keep bacteria from spreading.
The cleanup process is also extensive. Whomever is cleaning up a main line break or backup will have to have protective gear, have access to equipment, like a wet-dry vacuum, and will need to have training. Professional help will ensure that you get any break fixed fast.
How Blue Frog Plumbing Can Help You Out
Many homeowners often will deal with a backup or flooding on their own, but you truly need a professional at the first sign of trouble. Blue Frog can help out:
- At the first sign of a broken main
- When flooding is caused by a sewer line or septic backup
- You have health concerns in your home that can be aggravated by a backup
A lot of the signs that we discussed above are indicators that there is a leak in your water main or sewage main line. We have camera technology that can actually go in and inspect the pipe to see what the problem is before it spreads. We can be at your property in less than an hour and will have all the equipment necessary to get your broken mains fixed fast.
Why You Can Trust Blue Frog Plumbing of Orange County
We service several different areas in and around Orange County, California. If you live in Newport Beach, for example, the climate is not all that susceptible to pipe breaks. However, when it gets down to around 47°F (average January temperature), stress on your pipes might be higher than normal. During the summer months, more water usage may cause higher volumes of water in both your water main and sewage main lines. We service as far south as Clemente and as far north in Orange County as Brea.
Blue Frog Plumbing is 100% focused on customer satisfaction. You’re never expecting plumbing disasters to happen, but when they do, we are on call 24/7/365. We are one of the few companies in the home improvement/repair space that will have someone on site within the hour to make sure that your home is in good shape, especially when it comes to water mains and sewer main line breaks. We also love making our customers happy. We have a 5-star reputation with Google and work |
Pharmacists play a central role in reducing the effects and numbers of pharmaceutical and medication errors. Medication errors are much more common in the United States than people realize and when a patient is given the wrong medication, a wrong dose or something that dangerously interacts with other medications they have been prescribed, adverse effects can occur. Pharmacists must be on the lookout for potential errors, since they are the patient’s last defense against the effects of these medication errors.
Strategies Pharmacists Can Use to Reduce Errors
Pharmacists can do their part to mitigate potential medication errors simply by taking the time to review the prescription and even discuss it with the patient. Even in hospital settings where there is a code, a pharmacist can verify that the proper medication is being dispensed at the hospital. Some things pharmacists can do to mitigate these errors include:
- Ensuring the prescription has been entered correctly. Transcription errors account for a large majority of dispensing errors. These can be reduced by pharmacists and their staff ensuring that they use consistent, reliable methods for inputting new prescriptions and using at least two patient identifiers before dispensing the medication. This will prevent any accidental distributions of medications to patients with similar names.
- Confirming that the prescription is correct and complete. Pharmacists should second guess handwritten prescriptions, especially when they are illegible or feature ambiguous language. Also, on digitally received prescriptions, pharmacists should verify the proper amounts. If the pharmacist disagrees with the amount dispensed, they should contact the prescribing physician to verify that the proper prescription and dosage were dispensed.
- Be on the lookout for look-alike and sound-alike drugs. Sometimes physicians may accidentally write the wrong prescription medication on their form. Similar drug names account for a large majority of dispensing errors – and can lead to fatalities. For example, a drug for heart conditions can have a similar name to a medication for headaches – and the medication for headaches could cause serious effects if given to a patient with a severe heart condition.
- Missed zeros and misplaced decimal points. Pharmacists must review every “0” and decimal point on a patient’s prescription to ensure the proper dosage is being administered to the patient. All it takes is an error with a single zero or decimal to give a patient 10 times the dose they were intended to receive.
- Staying organized within the pharmacy. It is imperative that pharmacists keep their areas organized and their team equally organized. Disorganized workspaces can lead to errors and actually increase the rate of dispensing errors in the United States. Pharmacists should also develop a routine for entering, filling and checking all prescriptions as well as create a workflow order to limit the number of dispensing errors in their pharmacy.
Were You Injured by a Medication Error?
Sadly, medication errors are on the rise in the United States due to the increased volume that pharmacies and their staff are forced to take on. When you are prescribed the wrong medication or given the wrong dose, you could suffer from serious effects, or the prescription may have no effect on a medical condition. For such injuries, contact a CT medical malpractice attorney that specializes in these types of cases. Contact Berkowitz and Hanna LLC today to schedule a no obligation case evaluation. Call 866-479-7909 or contact us online to get started. |
We present here the case of a patient inadvertently infused with intravenous fluid containing a "fungus ball." Because little is known about such cases, we surveyed 113 infectious diseases specialists for their experiences and ideas on management. Seventy-six responded, of whom 18 had seen a total of 24 cases. Intravenous-fluid containers were often defective, and the fungi involved were usually "contaminants." One patient developed significant fungal infection, and six others had transient symptoms temporally related to the infusion. Most specialists would administer antifungal therapy if symptoms developed, the patient was immunocompromised, or the fungus was pathogenic for humans. |
This job is currently Archived,
Associate Principal Scientist Economic Modeling and Data Sciences Hoddesdon United Kingdom,
Posted on : 20 May 2017
- Our company is a global health care leader with a diversified portfolio of prescription medicines, vaccines and animal health products.
- The difference between potential and achievement lies in the spark that fuels innovation and inventiveness; this is the space where company has codified its 125-year legacy. Our company s success is backed by ethical integrity, forward momentum, and an inspiring mission to achieve new milestones in global healthcare.
- Our ability to excel depends on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, diversity and teamwork of an individual like you.
- To this end, we strive to create an environment of mutual respect, encouragement and teamwork.
- As part of our global team, you ll have the opportunity to collaborate with talented and dedicated colleagues while developing and expanding your career.
- The Center for Observational and Real-world Evidence at Merck is responsible for generating the evidence to support scientific and commercial value of Merck s portfolio to optimize access, reimbursement, and patient outcomes. In collaboration with internal and external partners, Economic and Data Sciences (EDS), provides strategic and technical leadership to enable patient access, measure and quantify the value of our products, inform internal and external decisions, and shape methodology and external health policy and practice.
- Under the direction of an EDS Executive Director, the Associate Principal Scientist provides strategic development and use of industry-leading predictive and economic models to enhance our understanding of disease and to quantify and communicate the value of our products to patients, providers, and payers.
- The scientist provides model-based business insights across all phases of drug and vaccine development.
- In addition, she/he serves as the EDS lead for one or more value evidence teams to develop health economic, disease, and predictive models to enable business insights for the product.
- Utilize discovery, real world evidence, clinical trial and published data, and publicly available information and tools to provide economic and integrated models to answer key questions in all phases of drug and vaccine development Phase I through loss of data exclusivity.
- Advance the use of integrated quantitative approaches, focusing on economic, disease, and predictive modeling and simulation in partnership with other internal groups and external organizations.
- Liaise with statistics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics teams, IT, data management, and other quantitative groups in Merck to optimize strategy and align resources for their respective products.
- Maintain awareness of external data, models and IT environment to collaborate across relevant internal stakeholders to enhance Merck capabilities in modeling, simulation, and data visualization.
- Work closely with external (other companies, payers, academic and regulatory) collaborators and partners to assure that new methodologies, models and advanced analytics are fully utilized for our products.
- Partner in defining and implementing the EDS vision and strategy to develop an innovative, world class Center of Excellence in data science as well predictive and economic modeling.
- Ensure sharing of work product and relevant best practices across the Merck enterprise.
PhD (preferred) or Masters in Quantitative Sciences such as Health Economics, Health Services Research, Decision Science, Mathematics, Predictive Modeling, Statistics, Operations Research, Physics, Engineering or closely related field with 3 or more years beyond PhD or 5 or more years beyond Masters of relevant experience in healthcare
- Exceptional leadership skills with experience in leading teams
- Experience in the design and development of model approaches to enable internal and external decisions
- Experience in managing resources and driving implementation
- Exceptional technical and problem solving skills
- Deep knowledge and experience in the application of predictive modeling to solve problems in the pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry to enable internal and external decisions
- Strong record of research publications in peer-reviewed journals
- Excellent communication skills (oral and written) are expected
- Experience in specific therapeutics areas: infectious diseases and vaccines, neuroscience
- Your role at our company is integral to helping the world meet new breakthroughs that affect generations to come, and we re counting on your skills and inventiveness to help make meaningful contributions to global medical advancement.
Travel: Yes, 5 % of the Time
Job Segment: Database, Neurology, Scientific, Medical, Law, Engineering, Healthcare, Technology, Legal
Find a Job Find Candidates |
Answering a hibernated cry for mercy. Another point for dynamic languages.
- Weeknotes: Embeddings, more embeddings and Datasette Cloud - 17th September 2023
- Build an image search engine with llm-clip, chat with models with llm chat - 12th September 2023
- LLM now provides tools for working with embeddings - 4th September 2023
- Datasette 1.0a4 and 1.0a5, plus weeknotes - 30th August 2023
- Making Large Language Models work for you - 27th August 2023
- Datasette Cloud, Datasette 1.0a3, llm-mlc and more - 16th August 2023 |
# 3.18: Assignment- Histogram
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We will use the Best Actor Oscar winners (1970–2001) to learn how to create a histogram using a statistics package, and practice what we’ve learned about describing the histogram.
### Instructions
Click on the link corresponding to your statistical package to see instructions for completing the activity, and then answer the questions below.
### Question 1:
Describe the distribution of the ages of the Best Actor Oscar winners. Be sure to address shape, center, spread and outliers. |
The herpes simplex virus is common in the United States. An estimated one in six people between the ages of 14 to 49 are thought to have herpes, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Perhaps in part because of the fact that herpes is a widespread condition, there is a great deal of misconception about it. For example, there is a significant amount of misinformation about treatments and cures for the herpes simplex virus.
Cures for Herpes
People from all walks of life have heard stories, and read information on the Internet, that claim a cure for herpes. According to the highly regarded and world renowned Mayo Clinic, no cures exist for the herpes simplex virus. In other words, at this juncture in time, if a person is infected with this virus, he or she will have no way of being cured and completely relieved of it.
At the present time, the best that medical science can offer is herpes treatment options that reduce the symptoms associated with conditions, also according to the Mayo Clinic. With that noted, research is ongoing for a cure for herpes.
Do something about your Herpes Sores – Download the “Get Rid of Herpes” Program CLICK HERE.
Treatments for Herpes
Herpes treatment options come in a number of different types of prescription formulations. For example, there are topical treatments that are designed to be applied to affected areas on a person’s body. In addition, there are oral medications that also work to reduce the symptoms associated with herpes.
In addition to prescription medications, there are some holistic alternatives that many individuals have turned to in addressing the symptoms associated with the herpes simplex virus. Before a person embarks on a holistic course for treating herpes, he or she should visit with his or her health care providers. This particularly is the case if a person is taking any type of medication inasmuch as the effectiveness of medications can be altered if a person starts using an organic or herbal remedy.
Symptoms of Herpes
The reality is that most people have herpes and do not realize it. The fact is that the symptoms associated with the virus can be so minimal that they are mistaken for skin conditions like a pimple or even an ingrown hair. Some individuals do not exhibit any symptoms whatsoever. A person needs to keep in mind that even if he or she exhibits no symptoms of herpes, he or she can still spread the virus to someone else.
Because there is no cure for herpes at this point in time, and no cure on the immediate horizon, prevention is important. As is the case with any type of sexually transmitted disease, abstinence or monogamy represents the two most effective approaches to preventing the spread of the herpes simplex virus.
If a person is sexually active, and is not in a monogamous relationship, condoms and dental dams provide generally effective means of preventing the spread of herpes and other types of sexually transmitted diseases. Although not foolproof condoms and dental blocks typically are rated as the most effective means of preventing herpes among sexually active individuals. |
Keywords: European Union, Latvia, local food systems, organic farming, social movements, sustainable society, trade liberalisation, sustainability, sustainable development, EU accession, agriculture, regional economics
Regional economic integration and local food: the case of Latvia during European Union accession
Latvia's agriculture sector remains economically important despite 50 years of central Soviet planning as well as rapid reorientation to a market economy after independence in 1991 and accession into the European Union in 2004. At independence, many Latvians embraced a local organic farming movement which has evolved during an era of sweeping economic and socio-political change. This article synthesises the current theoretical discourse surrounding alternative food movements with empirical evidence derived from field research in Latvia. To examine how regional economic integration has impacted Latvia's organic movement, I highlight its institutional actors and support networks then examine movement opportunities and constraints. The Latvian example may inform organic movements elsewhere as they strive to develop and maintain sustainable alternative food systems within the framework of regional economic integration and/or trade liberalisation. |
Routine Hypothyroidism Tests – Understanding Why They Are So Inadequate
The present generation of hypothyroidism tests are fine if you already have a full-blown case of hypothyroidism.
However, for the millions of people suffering from mild thyroid failure, such tests are utterly inadequate.
So, how can we ensure that even the milder forms of hypothyroidism, often called underactive thyroid, or subclinical hypothyroidism are equally visible upon thyroid testing?
Want To Skip Ahead In This Page About 'Hypothyroidism Tests'?
The following discussion about hypothyroidism tests will obviously flow more logically if you read it as it unfolds below, however, if you're in a hurry and wish to focus on one specific point initially, then simply click on any of the links in the blue box in order to jump ahead.
Hypothyroidism Tests Are Only As Useful As Their Interpretation
A major basis to this discrepancy in hypothyroid testing is the manner in which such medical tests are interpreted.
For instance, one hypothyroidism test is the TSH blood test (thyroid stimulating hormone). At present, the range of 0.5 to 4.5/5.5 is based on what's considered a normal, 'standard reference range' as determined by experts in the USA, as of February 2010.
To make things even more complicated, this upper figure can vary from lab to lab, making the concept of 'standardized medicine' - as touted by most doctors – in itself rather dubious.
First, Let's Explore How Thyroid Function Tests Are Done
To get a real sense of thyroid gland function, let's go a bit deeper into how the present hypothyroidism blood test is done, and then broaden the discussion to include ways of being able to pick up this level of otherwise 'invisible' thyroid dysfunction.
At present, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is usually the first of the blood tests ordered by medicine, to ascertain whether thyroid function is at an adequate level or not. Another blood test would be a FT4 (free T4) and/or a FT3 (free T3) test.
Other blood tests for hypothyroidism which should be thought of include those testing for thyroid antibodies, consistently found in various forms of autoimmune thyroid disease, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, (also called Hashimoto disease).
These comprise the thyroid peroxidase antibodies (the most sensitive ones for Hashimotos), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, and anti-microsomal antibodies.
Thyroid Deficiency Can Be Due To Inactivated Thyroid Hormone
The 'F' in front of the T4 and T3 indicate that such blood analyses are specifically looking for the amounts of freely available T4 and T3. This is an important distinction to make – and test for - since the thyroid gland, upon manufacturing these two hormones, 'wraps' the bulk of them in a storage protein called 'thyroglobulin'.
Most of the T4 and T3 circulating around the body, via the blood, is bound to and thus inactivated by a variety of carrier proteins – much like a truck 'inactivates' its load as it transport that load from one point to another.
However, when T4 and T3 are bound up in this manner, it makes them inactive: hence the importance of only measuring the amount of unbound, and therefore potentially fully active form of the hormones.
But What is a 'Normal' Hypothyroidism Test Result?
So, how is a 'normal' thyroid function test range determined? Well, here we encounter some interesting anomalies!
Firstly, the way science and medicine determine an average, or 'normal' result is by combining the blood results of many thousands of people. These results can be plotted in a graphical manner to create what is called a 'normal distribution curve' or 'bell curve' – so called because of its bell-like shape, as shown below.
Diagram 1 - 'Normal Distribution Curve'
This curve therefore represents the range
of all readings taken within a sample, from the very lowest results to the highest, as obtained via thousands of blood results for any one particular health condition. In this case, these results would be associated with the hypothyroidism tests your doctor will have ordered.
Explaining The X And Y Axis Of This Graph
The Y-axis (vertical line) represents the number of people
obtaining a certain result. As one goes up
that Y-axis, so too does it represent an increasingly higher number of people obtaining a certain result in the study.
In turn, the X-axis (horizontal line) represents the actual test score
obtained by people for their hypothyroidism tests; in other words, the actual amount
of something found within the blood sample tested – in this case, levels of TSH, FT4 or FT3 hormone.
Again, starting at the extreme left-hand side of that X-axis, this represents the lowest scores or amounts found in that testing procedure.
In the middle of the X-axis, where the bell curve is at its peak, this represents the results achieved by the greatest number of people within a particular test.
And finally, at the extreme right-hand side of the X-axis, this again represents a small
number of people obtaining the highest
readings achieved in that study.
A Normal Distribution Curve Is a Powerful Visual Tool
Hence, a 'Normal Distribution Curve' is a useful mathematical 'tool' through which to get a quick, clear, visual understanding of which numerical result, found in a study group of people, was also attained by the majority
of that group.
By looking at the curve, it becomes easier to see that the test result obtained by the greatest number of people in the population sample is represented by the very peak of that curve.
This mathematical tool can also be used to give a quick and easy visual understanding of what is elected to be the 'normal' range of results. As can be seen from diagram 2, two lines have been drawn towards the ends of either side of the curve, where that curve starts to approach the bottom, horizontal line, or X-axis of the graph.
Diagram 2 - 'Normal Distribution Curve - Defining Normality'
Normality For Hypothyroidism Tests Is Ultimately Based On An Arbitrary Decision
The results for the hypothyroidism tests, found between these two arbitrary lines, are the findings, which – as decided by a professional medical panel, and based on the present
level of research – indicate the range of readings considered to represent a state of health.
To some extent, such demarcations of what is considered 'healthy' or 'unhealthy' – according to these distribution curves - are rather subjective. The 'healthy' range can change when new research brings a different understanding of what is 'normal' or not.
Hence, 'normal ranges' derived from test results can never be considered an eternal truth. They can only be considered the 'right result' based on our present
understanding of the science associated with a particular situation.
For example, this point is validated by how medicine has frequently changed the 'normal ranges' used in cholesterol and diabetic testing. Such modification now also needs to occur, especially within the TSH 'normal' range.
Recommendations By The National Academy Of Clinical Biochemistry – And Their Implications
This Academy did research, presented in their 'Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosing and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease',
(ref.1) which recommended in late 2002 that the upper limit of normality for TSH be reduced to 2.5mIU/L, rather than the present 3.5 to 5.5 reading.
Such a significant shift was driven by research findings which showed that 95% of volunteers considered by thorough testing to be normally healthy, present with serum TSH levels between 0.4 and 2.5 mIU/L.
Shifting the 'goal-posts' in this way does have serious ramifications, because further research showed that if the upper normal range of TSH levels is kept at 5.0, then this results in about 5% of the population being diagnosed with 'valid' hypothyroidism.
However, if a lower reading of normality is accepted, this in turn results in about 20% of the population being recognized as suffering hypothyroidism – and this would be full-blown
hypothyroidism; not subclinical
What this subsequently means is that at present, and based on research and recommendations by major players in the Biochemistry Screening industry, at least 15% of those presently tested for hypothyroidism, are not being picked up – and therefore also not treated
'Normal' Results Are Derived from Ill People
And here's the rub. It needs to be clearly understood that at present most of these 'normal' ranges, as shown by the various distribution curves discussed above, are inevitably based on cumulative data from ill
Despite the research stated above, most labs do not
determine the 'normal ranges' for their blood results based on perfectly healthy people. In other words:
• Often, a population of ill people is used from which to extract what can be considered a 'normal' result – surely, a contradiction in terms?
• Although many different laboratories may pool their results for any particular health issue being tested, this doesn't change the fact that all
those readings are based on the blood tests of people who have precisely gone to their doctors... because they were feeling ill.
• These figures immediately create a bias in any interpretation deduced from such results, no matter how well the data has been collected and collated. So too with hypothyroidism tests.
Yet, medical, therapeutic decisions are all too often made – or not made! - upon such skewed 'normal ranges', which were recommended to be changed almost a decade ago.
This is a rather large elephant in a very small room – which is either ignored or not taken into consideration when such results are subsequently used to direct therapeutic decisions.
Diagnosing Earlier Stages of Hypothyroidism Would Also Allow For Earlier Treatment
Since hypothyroidism type 2, or subclinical hypothyroidism is relatively easy to treat (see: 'Hypothyroidism Treatment'), and because this level of hypothyroidism is also a pre-stage
to full-blown, classical hypothyroidism, a value of 2.0 – 2.5 as the upper limit for normality within hypothyroidism tests should be taken seriously, particularly if a patient presents with a range of hypothyroid-like symptoms.
The problem is that too often medicine still works in a reactive and retrospective manner – in other words, far too often doctors only respond therapeutically when patients present with full-blown
cases of their disease.
Those who present in the earlier phases of dysfunction are inevitably not diagnosed, because the narrow interpretation of various diagnostic results precludes the use of pro-active and preventative treatment strategies.
Instead, a more refined interpretation could validate such diagnostic results, while also acknowledging what a patient is saying about their condition
– rather than judging such patients as hypochondriacs, because present test interpretations erroneously indicate 'all is well'.
From a human-suffering level, as well as an economic perspective, surely it would better serve to be more preventatively orientated?
Present 'Normal' Ranges Can Still Be Used – Just Interpreted Differently
By the same token, this discussion doesn't mean we now stop using such potentially flawed 'normal ranges'; not in the slightest. It does, however, mean that we need to keep these above points of discussion in mind when we interpret – always a more subjective
process! – various blood-based diagnostic results.
It also means that we need to be more flexible in determining who may be ill and who not - by using more up-to-date interpretations of blood-based hypothyroidism tests, for example.
This is especially so when that patient sitting opposite us does come in with a recognizable range of symptoms, suggesting – for instance, some sort of thyroid disease – even if their hypothyroidism tests keep coming back as 'normal'.
For any doctors reading this discussion about anomalies associated with blood tests, who or what are they now going to give more credence to? Their patient... or a piece of paper from a laboratory? Ultimately, that's what it comes down to.
Just Scraping Into The Lower 'Normal' Range Doesn't Necessarily Mean 'Healthy'
One final point needs to be made at this stage in regard to how hypothyroidism tests, and other diagnostic procedures are interpreted. Going back to the 'normal distribution curve', and as touched on earlier, once science and medicine determine an arbitrary cutoff point at both ends of that curve, far too often they then consider all
readings within that entire range to be equally
To clarify this point, have a look at the above diagram 2 again, and you'll see that the area between the two cut-off points includes a rather large range of test results, from lower 'normal' to upper 'normal'.
Unfortunately, there are still many doctors who regard the entire
range of readings between lower and upper 'normal' as being essential the same
- i.e. indicating a 'healthy' or 'normal' state within the person tested. This is unrealistic, let alone unscientific!
What is being ignored is the fact that although one person may just have scraped in at the bottom
end of a 'normal range', such a reading does not indicate that
person to be necessarily equally healthy or functional to another person whose reading lies just inside the upper
range of readings.
Although both do indeed lie within the 'normal range', surely – even mathematically if not physiologically – these two end readings cannot
be considered under the same banner of 'normality'?
Readings At Either Extreme Ends Of The Curve Indicate Impending Dysfunction
Surely, this point of discussion would at least suggest that such a person – presenting in either extreme end of the 'normal distribution curve' - may in fact be on the brink of early
Does this not equally suggest therefore, that such a person may need to have pro-active treatment choices made, in order to minimize the possibility of deteriorating into a full-blown ill-health state?
Hence, any presenting symptoms they come in with need to be given even more
validity than if their reading were to come right in the middle of that curve.
'Thyroid Resistance' - Like 'Insulin Resistance' - Can Be A Major Driver Of Symptoms
Hence the key message from the above discussion is that for a whole range of reasons, the T4 levels found in hypothyroidism tests may appear to be 'normal' within this subclinical hypothyroidism scenario. More likely than not, via various feedback mechanism within the system, this in turn will cause the TSH blood test result to seem 'normal' too.
Hence, the term 'thyroid resistance' – in relation to this level of thyroid dysfunction – would therefore seem more than appropriate for highlighting that such dysfunction can be associated more with the peripheral
as opposed to solely a central
In other words, enough FT4 may exist within the blood, but it's the inability of such thyroid hormone to function effectively on a cellular level that then creates this reality of 'thyroid resistance'.
In turn, all these points beg the question of: 'what is the value of solely using TSH, T3 or T4 as one's diagnostic yard-stick for hypothyroidism, when this health issue goes far beyond simply a thyroid gland dysfunction or failure'
Some Concluding Thoughts
Is it perhaps becoming more clear why solely relying on just a TSH, T3 and T4 blood test result as the decisive indicators of a thyroid problem are too narrow on a functional level
Yes, T4 and TSH levels may indeed be 'normal' within the blood... but this doesn't automatically translate into efficient functionality
of the overall thyroidal system.
No surprise, therefore, that so many people suffering genuine thyroid dys
function (compared to mal
function) keep falling through the diagnostic cracks!
Still skeptical or doubtful about this discussion on the accuracy of blood-based hypothyroidism tests?
If you’re a doctor, perhaps the next time your patient presents with any of a range of hypothyroid-like symptoms, yet returns 'normal' TSH/T4/T3 levels, you might consider at least ordering a rT3 test (see link in blue box below).
Why not see what that result is, and then correlate it to the above information... as well as to that patient's presenting symptoms.
For those of you who have suspected an under active thyroid, but have been constantly fobbed off because your hypothyroidism tests keep coming back as 'normal', you now have a stronger and more empowering platform from which to renegotiate a proper diagnosis from your doctor - plus get adequate treatment
Further Topics Related To Hypothyroidism Tests
To explore other dimensions related to hypothyroidism testing, you might like to read further by clicking on the various links below:
(Please note that this is a recently launched site (May 2012), with much more information to be added.
If some of the links haven't yet been activated, but you're interested in a particular topic, and would like to be advised when that information is uploaded, then do fill out the 'Contact Form' below, and you'll be advised of each new update to this site's ever-increasing amount of self-empowering information)
Links To Other Topics On Hypothyroidism
(1) - http://www.aacc.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/Archived%20and%20Historical/ThyroidArchived2010.pdf#page=1
"Knowledge empowers; intuition guides – both are needed to succeed in Life's Journey"
Click here to go back from 'Hypothyroidism Tests' to this site's Home Page at: Holistic-Hypothyroidism-Solutions.com
Link To Peter de Ruyter's Other Website |
Here's a riddle. What addiction destroys families, ruins the health of its victims, is covered by layers of denial and rationalization, yet we honour the addicts as role models? According to Dr. Bryan Robinson, in his book, Chained to the Desk, work addiction afflicts as many as 20% of North American adults.
Robinson lists 10 signs of work addiction:
- They are always in a rush and hyperbusy. Not content to do one job at a time the work addict will schedule multiple tasks with minimal time for completion.
- They play the control game. They must control every activity to see that it gets done right.
- Nothing is ever perfect enough for them. They are tough to work for and even worse to live with.
- Their relationships crumble in the name of work. They let down family and friends by neglecting responsibilities and missing events, signifying that work is more important than family and relationships.
- They produce work in binges. Like the alcoholic they will even hide work, sneaking it along on vacation, or continuing to work in their heads while physically appearing to be present in a social or family activity.
- They are restless, no-fun grumps. Like all other addictions, it takes more of the behaviour to achieve relief, and without the addictive activity the sufferer enters withdrawal.
- They experience work trances and DWWs (driving while working). They tune out or even have blackouts for periods of time or during conversations because their minds were occupied with work.
- They are impatient and irritable.
- They think they're only as good as their last achievement. As with other addictions there is a progressive need to achieve more, as the addict develops increasing tolerance requiring more drug to get the same high.
- They have no time for self-care. They skip meals, sleep, fun, and exercise in their treadmill existence.
As in all other addictions the addictive behaviour provides needed comfort for the addict. It allows the sufferer to escape from uncomfortable situations and relationships while temporarily raising self-worth. John Bradshaw coined the term "human doing" to describe the person whose self-esteem depends on a constant supply of accomplishments. Denial, one's inability to recognize the magnitude of the consequences of one's behaviours, is perhaps even greater with this addiction than with others. And because of short-term benefits to employers, organizations and society, cover-up and enabling of the addictive behaviour is everywhere. This epidemic is growing with the help of new technology like cell phones, pocket computer or organizers, and beepers that dissolve the boundaries between personal time and working time, combined with advertising telling us happiness depends upon endlessly increasing consumption.
So, what's the problem? By definition addictions hurt the addicts and hurt the people around them. Families break down; children of absent working parents experience feelings of abandonment and are more likely to experience psychiatric or addictive disorders. People with work addiction suffer from medical and psychiatric conditions commonly seen with chronic, unrelieved stress: high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, increased susceptibility to infection or cancer, peptic ulcer disease, anxiety, depression, and suicide. The highly productive worker with work addiction develops characteristic worsening problems with attendance, performance, and behaviour, dragging workplace morale down as their condition deteriorates.
Can work addicts become healthy family members and employees? What needs to happen for a workaholic to recover?
Like all addictions, the first step is for the addict to realize there is a problem and decide they want to change. An effective technique is to have the work-addicted person perform an inventory, honestly listing both the benefits of their excessive work and its consequences on their health and relationships. Only if they become convinced the costs outweigh the benefits will they decide to get the help they need.
Remember, for them work is the solution, the way they fill that hole inside to comfort themselves. Simply stopping the addictive behaviour only makes the workaholic feel worse. The recovering person must develop a repertoire of nonchemical coping strategies to feel better while maintaining balance. It helps to sketch out a picture, the "pie of life," in which each necessary life activity is given a proportionate piece of the pie. Slices of the pie might include exercise, rest, fun, nutrition, intimacy, work, spiritual growth, creativity, and whatever else is needed to feel whole. It is often worthwhile to visit a skilled psychotherapist for several sessions of cognitive therapy. This helps the recovering person identify distorted or negative patterns of thinking that keep them stuck. The work addict must cultivate a network of social support to reinforce their new behaviours. Mutual support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous that are so important in assisting alcoholics with their recovery are less available to the workaholic, so the recovering workaholic will need to creatively use other groups for support such as music, athletic, special interest and craft groups, or group activities offered by religious organizations. Finally, people with all sorts of addictions often do better if they embark on a spiritual journey to explore their own spiritual identity and needs.
If you are interested in learning more about work addictions you might want to read Chained to the Desk: A Guidebook for Workaholics, Their Partners and Children and the Clinicians who Treat Them, by Bryan Robinson, PhD (New York University Press, 1998).
Dr. Ray Baker, MD
in association with the MediResource Clinical Team |
The term trauma-informed care is widely used to characterize the philosophy of properly caring for individuals who are trauma-impacted. It is an approach that has a trauma lens and can enact the skills of a trained trauma professional in order to help individuals overcome the consequences of their trauma.
When individuals are working within any system of care, we recognize that competing agendas exist which may compromise that care. We use these trauma-informed terms and interventions therapeutically but when different priorities exist, sometimes the care of the client can be compromised.
For instance, in therapeutic schools there is a strong agenda for successful educational development. It means that students are participating in classes, learning, tested and prove that they can perform. But if a traumatic event or other form of adversity occurred in their lives, there is usually a clinical/counseling component to their process. Further if there are behavioral issues, the behavior management staff are actively involved.
Each of those areas have legal requirements, a philosophy of care, controls and a variety of approaches. When there are three co-existing systems are caring for a student, the competing agendas often do not match up and staff members find themselves in conflict even though they might all be equally concerned about the student. The educational staff may be insisting that the clinical team fix the student’s emotional needs so they can stay in class. The counselors may need to take the student through a long process lasting weeks or months before they can work through a myriad of issues with the students. Meanwhile the staff responsible for behavior management may be upset with teachers because in trying to motivate the student to learn, the student erupted emotionally and they had to send them to an intervention that burdens the behavior management department.
Staff can begin to blame each other for how the student is managed or not managed and dissonance occurs within the school. Sometimes other systems, like food service become engaged and then it can get even more confusing as to what interventions the student needs.
The point I am attempting to make is that it is not enough for a staff that deals with trauma-impacted clients to simply be trained in trauma-informed care. They must also formulate approaches that will allow for an organic healing process to evolve. It may take patience, creativity, strategies and consistent communication among staff so that the processes utilized to help a student become intentional and agreed upon. There should be debriefing regularly, expressing frustrations and then developing a plans so that each part of the system of care is clear about their roles, the progress of the student and how inventions will be utilized to help the student move ahead.
Otherwise, the student may be frustrated, re-triggered and become anxious, angry or defiant. Our goal is not to repeat the past for any student but to bring them to a safe, creative and customized set of coping strategies that are sensitive to their capability to regulate, have good relationships and learn how to be effective in school. Our systems generally stress productivity and achievement rather than the process of getting there. If we are to be honest, we must admit that it is a complicated process that resists formulas and may be indefinite.
This lack of an exact strategy or formula can be frustrating for staff. But striving to work together, create good communication and find an approach that will work for students will maximize the capacity for good growth and results. We may have a lot of neurological information and know a lot about trauma but we must give each student the opportunity to grow at their own pace and in their own way. It is sometimes humbling but this kind of approach is essential if we are to normalize the complicated nature of trauma, brain regulation and how students with adversity take the journey to school success in an emotionally healthy way. Yes, it is complicated! |
- 5 1/2cups siftedflour
- 6teaspoonsbaking powder
- 1cupCrisco cooking oil
- 3teaspoonslemon extract
- milk(if necessary)
- 1 (1 lb)boxconfectioners’ sugar
- 2teaspoonslemon extract
- colored sprinkles
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- Sift together the dry ingredients.
- Add sugar and mix well.
- Add remaining ingredients and mix well to combine.
- Form the dough into small one-inch balls.
- If dough in dry and crumbly add a bit of milk at a time to get it to the right consistency.
- Place on cookie sheet and bake till golden brown.
- Frosting: Add milk to the confectioners sugar.
- You do not want a watery consistency nor a cake frosting consistency, but just thick enough to have some remain on the cookie and drizzle (slowly) down the sides.
- Add the extract.
- Mix well.
- Dip top of ball into the frosting and allow to sit for a few seconds before topping with sprinkles.
- If allowed to dry, sprinkles will not adhere.
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प्रेस कॉन्फ्रेंस वाला वीडियो देख सकते हैं.. अगर आप वीकेंड में दिल्ली एक्सप्लोर करना चाहते हैं और खरीददारी के साथ ही बेहतरीन जायके का भी लुत्फ उठाना चाहते हैं तो हम आपको ऐसे ही कुछ जगहों के बारे में बता रहे हैं जहां आप सस्ते में शॉपिंग कर सकते हैं और साउथ इंडियन जायके का मजा ले सकते हैं। दरअसल, दिल्ली न सिर्फ शॉपिंग बल्कि खानपाने के लिए भी सबसे मुफीद जगह है। यहां कई ऐसी मार्केट्स हैं जहां बेहद सस्ते में बड़े से बड़े ब्रांड की ही तरह हुबहु जींस मिल जाती है। इसके अलावा फूड लवर्स के लिए ऐसी जगहें भी हैं जहां वो छुट्टी के दिन जायकेदार खाने का आनंद ले सकते हैं। आइए सबसे पहले सस्ती मार्केट्स के बारे में जानते हैं। 2 मिनट 10 सेकंड के इस विडियो में मनोज एक देशभक्ति कविता सुना रहे हैं। यह विडियो पुलिस की बस में शूट किया गया है, इस दौरान मनोज अपने पुलिस साथियों के साथ एक यात्रा के दौरान बस में इस कविता का गायन कर रहे हैं। में गड़बड़ियों की जांच इस बीच, भारत में नौकरी तलाशने वालों की संख्या बढ़ रही है। भारत में नौकरी चाहने वाले ब्रिटेन गए लोगों की संख्या में 25</s> |
Development of a Virtual Reality Excavator Simulator: a Mathematical Model of Excavator Digging and a Calculation Methodology
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Virtual Reality (VR) simulators have become popular because of two distinctive merits. One is the capability to transfer data and information to users in an intuitive way by means of 3-D high-quality graphics output and real input devices. The other is the capability to represent physical systems in mathematical models so that meaningful responses of the systems can be predicted. Previous efforts in VR excavating machine simulator development, however, showed a lack of balance between the fidelity of the model of the physics and the visual representation of the simulated equipment. In order to ensure that a VR construction excavator simulator provides convincing operating results to users, the focus of simulator development needs to be shifted to interaction of physically valid soil and the excavator machine. This research aims to contribute to the development of a VR construction excavator simulator system by proposing a mathematical model of excavator digging and a calculation methodology. The mathematical model of excavator digging provides physically meaningful soil-bucket interaction information to a simulator. The calculation methodology provides systematic and efficient computation methods to ensure the seamless integration of the excavator digging model with a VR simulator system as well as adequate system speed. As a result, the simulator is realized as an engineering process tool equipped with real-time interactivity.
- Doctoral Dissertations |
Earn your bachelor's in economics online
The economy influences the future of consumers, businesses, and governments. Those with the power to understand it, interpret its impact, and make informed decisions and predictions based upon it can create a career for themselves in nearly any industry.
CSU's online economics degree equips you with a wide range of perspectives, so you are able to analyze complex problems from multiple angles — a valuable skill in today's rapidly changing global marketplace. Learn to think broadly and critically through a blended curriculum that builds technical knowledge and an understanding of how human behavior influences economic systems.
Study the key drivers behind financial choices
Discover why individuals, households, communities, businesses, and governments make the decisions they do about the production and consumption of goods, services, and resources. This program artfully balances quantitative training to help you to become a better fact-based decision maker, with a deep exploration of the human aspect of economics, including studies of how various groups influence one another, the role gender plays, what the environment has to do with economics, and more.
Customize your degree for your career
In addition to foundational coursework, a minor is required for completion of the bachelor's degree in economics. You are able to choose from a selection of minors to tailor your studies to your personal interests and career goals:
- Agricultural Business
- Business Administration
- Global and Environmental Sustainability
- Media Studies
- Political Science
Online learning offers flexibility
Taught by the same faculty who teach on campus, this online bachelor's degree in economics allows you to earn the same credentials as on-campus students, but offers the flexibility you're looking for in an online program. The degree is offered by Colorado State University's College of Liberal Arts. |
की जानकारी नहीं आ रही है। स्क्रीनशॉट साझा करते हुए उन्होंने कहा कि अरुणाचल की राजधानी ईटानगर खोजने पर कोई नतीजा नहीं आता है। स्पेशल गेस्ट रहे मौजूद डा. राजेंद्र प्रसाद मेडिकल कॉलेज एवं अस्पताल टांडा कांगड़ा से शनिवार के सैंपल की पेंडिग रिपोर्ट भी सोमवार को आई। इसमें 49 लोगों में संक्रमण की पुष्टि हुई है। गगरेट के एक इलेक्ट्रिकल उद्योग से 14 कर्मी संक्रमित पाए गए हैं। वहीं आर्दश नगर अम्ब से बच्ची, पुरुष, कुठेड़ा बेला से बालक, धतौल से किशोर व महिला, सोहारी मार्केट से दो पुरुष, रायपुर मैदान से किशोरी व महिला व दो पुरुष, आजाद नगर ऊना से पुरुष व महिला, संतोषगढ़ का 85 वर्षीय पुरुष,अम्ब से बालिका, गौंदपुर बनेहड़ा व बसदेहड़ा के दो बालक, सहित विभिन्न गांवों के 49 लोग कोरोना संक्रमित पाए गए हैं। वृश्चिक: व्यवसाय वृद्धि के योग हैं। नौकरी में कार्यभार बढ़ सकता है। कार्यस्थल पर परिवर्तन संभव है। योजना फलीभूत होगी। बिगड़ते कार्यों में पूर्णता आएगी। लापरवाही न करें। निवेश शुभ रहेगा। परिवार के सदस्य सहयोग करेंगे। प्रसन्नता रहेगी। जोखिम न उठाएं। आलस्य रह सकता है। शिवलिंग का आकार कोई मानवीय शरीर नहीं होता है। भाषिक विवेचन के अनुसार शिव का अर्थ कल्याणकारी और लिंग का अर्थ चिन्ह होता है।</s> |
100 से 150 अज्ञात आरोपी लड़के और परिजनों पर धारा 345, 323, 366 तथा 506 का मामला दर्ज। मेंटल हेल्थ का रखें ध्यान सोमवार को प्रयागराज में कोरोना संक्रमण के 260 नए मामले सामने आए। जिसके बाद प्रयागराज में कोरोना संक्रमितों की संख्या 7,477 पहुंच गई है। जिनमें 3005 लोग स्वस्थ होकर घर जा चुके हैं। वहीं 1853 अभी एक्टिव केस हैं। 2496 लोगों ने सोमवार तक होम आइसोलेशन पूरा किया। सोमवार को तीन लोगों ने इलाज के दौरान दम तोड़ दिया। जिसके बाद प्रयागराज में कोरोना से मौत की संख्या 123 तक पहुंच गई। होटल व रेस्टोरेंट में लोग बैठकर कर खाना खा सकेंगे। रिश्तों में तनाव बच्चे को बना सकता है बीमार बहुत से लोग अपने करने के लिए को करते है, फेसबुक पर एक साथ कैसे करें? उसके बारे में मैंने पहले से ही बताया हुआ है, लेकिन अगर आप फेसबुक पर को में और करना चाहते हो तो आज इस पोस्ट में मैं आपको बताऊंगा की पर को कैसे करें? फेसबुक पर सभी को एक साथ कैसे करें? और फेसबुक पर को एक साथ कैसे करे? उसके बारे में मैंने पहले से ही बताया हुआ है. लेकिन आज इस पोस्ट में हम जानिंगे की पर कैसे</s> |
# 4458
for i in range(int(input())):
temp = list(input())
temp[0] = temp[0].upper()
print(''.join(temp)) |
INCI: Hydroxyethyl Urea
Imagine a lotion you rub on your legs BEFORE the shower. No gloss, smooth legs, no dry patches, no sticky feeling. Just gorgeous legs. Now shower. When walking out of the shower you dry those legs and find they still feel like a million bucks! Still gorgeous, still soft, still smooth, and no stickiness. That is what lotions containing Hydrovance can do! Lotions are super moisturizers for any time, not just before a shower like I love to do. I appreciate the super feeling on my skin. Use anywhere! I particularly like creams that I can massage into elbows, legs, arms, and feet while relaxing from a stressful day. Replace the glycerin content in any recipe with Hydrovance. You will be so amazed by the long-term moisturizing that Hydrovance has over glycerin.
Here is your challenge to find the true capability of Hydrovance in comparison to glycerin. Make two lotions from the same recipe, except one recipe uses glycerin, and the other uses Hydrovance. Apply these lotions to your legs; one leg gets the glycerin formula, the other gets the Hydrovance formula. You can use it before daily activity or before the shower as I like to do. Compare your legs after 1 hour, again after 3 hours. Which feels smoother? The Hydrovance leg does!
Use 1 to 20% in any recipe.
16 fl oz weighs approximately 19.8 ounces; 1 gallon weighs approximately 9.35 lbs. |
Document scanning is the practice of converting paper documents into digital files or images. Increasingly, businesses which had paper documents as their primary storage medium are turning to document scanning as paper documents impede accessibility, limit productivity and profitability.
Paper documents are difficult to manage, protect and store and this along with rising realty prices in most commercial locations have made organizations explore other alternatives.
Advantages of document scanning
Digital imaging or scanning makes your business records instantly available. Digitizing handwritten or printed information instantly multiplies the possibilities for using the information. Some of the most significant advantages of switching over to electronic document management system are:
- Reduces expenses related to mailing, copying, shipping, and storing hard copy documents – transfer of information in electronic format is way easier and efficient.
- Eliminates the need for onsite paper file storage. Frees up storage space to be utilized in other productive ways. With burgeoning realty cost in most cities, electronic document management helps unlock areas within office set-up for better space utilization.
- Digital files are easier to store, access and retrieve. They are far more secured as against paper storage which runs the risk of unauthorized access and pilferage. Electronically stored information has protection and security thanks to access restrictions, permissions profiles, and passwords.
- Digital storage also enables deeper and quicker search functionalities which saves productive time of employees. When you go digital, you have a consistent format which allows for improved business efficiency as well as a reduction in operational costs.
Which documents should be scanned?
Organizations have critical documents and information to retain and organize efficiently. Here are a few suggestions on the kind of documents that need to be scanned and stored:
- Contracts and agreements
- HR files
- Purchase & Sales Orders
- Medical records
- Maps and blueprints
How collection, capture and conversion of documents is carried out?
A comprehensive scanning service involves regular input or intake of batched volumes of documents, or scanning individual documents on demand. The workflow is designed as per business needs of a client ensure individual requirements are met. Once paper is scanned, it enables digital sharing between users. This workflow creates a powerful tool and will dramatically increase efficiency. Varying document sizes and types can be captured using high-speed scanning equipment and skilled staff. Images are typically presented in multi-page TIFF or PDF, but can also be output in JPG or PCX formats with output onto CD/DVD or hard drive or FTP or the web. |
Assists in the improvement of memory and early symptoms of senility.
Each PHP® homeopathic combination provides an array of classical remedies, sarcodes and other attenuated agents relevant to the illness or state mentioned in the product description. Potencies of individual agents range from a very low Mother Tincture to high 1000X, as appropriate in the context of the formula. As the number one type of homeopathy used worldwide, the C-series ingredients are chosen from a symptomatic approach based upon years of clinical observations and practitioner feedback. PHP® blends scientific research and innovation with clinical trials in developing the highest quality homeopathic medicines that are effective for today’s problems and illnesses.
Purity of the Product
Creating a formulation involves several factors. Our products contain the purest and most bioavailable ingredients. Careful consideration is also given to the binders chosen and to the process by which the formula is made.
The preparation of the homeopathic involves buying source materials from all over the world. All mother tinctures are soaked for a minimum of 14 days to extract the essences. The lab prepares the product in a “clean room”, free from fluorescent lighting and EMF’s. Water purity is assured by passing it through a water softener and a 5 step reverse osmosis filter, and exposing it to bactericidal UV light.
The water is certified pH neutral. Hypoallergenic, 20% alcohol (gluten free) is used in our Homeopathics versus the glycerin or pellet delivery for several reasons. The alcohol base provides a better polymorphic structure. Glycerin-based products do not have the shelf life alcohol products do, nor are they listed in the HPUS (Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States). According to our research the liquid form is better absorbed and provides better transport than the pellet or tablet due to greater surface area coverage.
Vitamin G Complex
Contains 20% Certified Gluten Free USP Alcohol
Q. What do all the “X’s” mean?
The “X” is a homeopathic decimal designation showing the remedies potency. (POTENCY = the Strength of a homeopathic remedy.) Potency (X) is shown after the remedy (ingredient) name.
Homeopathic remedies are prepared through a process of diluting with pure water or alcohol and succussing (vigorous shaking). According to the principles of homeopathy, the more diluted it gets, the more potent it becomes.
Homeopathic remedies begin with part of the original substance dissolved in alcohol, called the mother tincture. The mother tincture is then diluted many times. After each dilution the solution is shaken or “succussed”.
Homeopathic remedies are regulated and manufactured under strict quality controls by the United States Food and Drug Administration-FDA.
Homeopathic remedies are classified into three levels of potencies: X, C and M; refering to 10, 100 and 1,000 in terms of the amount of dilution.
A 1X potency is created by mixing 1 part of the mother tincture and 9 parts alcohol or distilled water. In each successive number (increasing the potency 2X, 3X, 6X ), 1 part is taken from the previous potency and diluted according to the new potency.
The More Dilute the Remedy, the Greater Its Potency
Dr. Hahnemann, the founding father of homeopathy, discovered this Law of Infinitesimal Dose by experimenting with higher and higher dilutions of substances to avoid toxic side effects. Most people believe that the higher the dose of a medicine, the greater the effect. But the opposite holds true in homeopathy where the more a substance is diluted, the higher its potency. **
Q. What is Homeopathy?
A. Homeopathy is a 200-year-old system of healing that uses remedies made with very small amounts of natural substances from the plant, mineral, and animal kingdoms to stimulate the body’s ability to heal.
Homeopathics are based on the principle of “Like Cures Like,” and the smallest particle size that will obtain results and that will treat like challenges in the body, kind of like allergy shots. According to Dr. Hahnemann, the founding father of homeopathy, “Each individual case of disease is most surely, radically, rapidly, and permanently annihilated and removed only by a medicine capable of producing (in the human system) the most similar and complete manner of the totality of the symptoms.” In other words, the same substance that in large doses produces the symptoms of an illness, in very minute doses relieves it.**
While Classical Homeopathy assists the individual one ingredient (remedy) at a time, Combination homeopathics (more than 1 ingredient) are commonly used in our increasingly polluted world for our complex health problems whether seasonal or chronic. Since there are no side effects with homeopathy, remedies can be safely combined, working together to strengthen and support organs to speed up the body’s response and recovery.
Directions: Adults: 10 to 15 drops, three to four times a day or as directed by a physician. Shake well before using. Store in a cool place. Liquescence remedies (4 oz bottles) should not be taken with Homeopathics (2 oz bottles). Liquescence and Homeopathics should be taken 20 minutes apart.**
- Take nothing by mouth 10-15 minutes prior to or following dosage. This includes food, drink, cigarettes, chewing gum, toothpaste, etc.**
- Succuss (shake against palm of hand).**
- Place drops under the tongue and hold for 10 seconds to allow for absorption.**
- Keep homeopathics out of direct sunlight.**
- Best if kept refrigerated after opening, however, homeopathics may be stored at room temperature, which makes them great for traveling. Please be certain to keep out of high temperatures (high heat) and out of direct sunlight.**
- Homeopathics may generally be taken as the same time with other suggested homeopathicsremedies (4 oz bottles).**
- Homeopathics remedies (2oz) should not be taken with Liquescence (4oz) remedies. Liquescence and Homeopathics should be taken 20 minutes apart.**
- Limit caffeine and nicotine in any form, such as (non)carbonated beverages, coffee, chocolate, or cigarettes. Omit or separate by one hour from remedy use.**
- Avoid or limit mint in any form, such as candy mints, mint toothpaste, mint mouthwash, menthol cigarettes.**
- Limit breathing of strong smells, such as paint thinner, eucalyptus, cigarette smoke (especially menthol), as in muscle and joint rubs, moth ball fumes or perfumes, raw garlic, onions and strong spices to one hour after taking a remedy.**
- Marijuana and excess alcohol can also interfere with the action of remedies.**
- In case of dental drilling or trauma to the mouth, use the remedy(s) topically instead of orally for 2-3 days: apply to face, hands, wrists, chest or axilla.
Q. How Long Does It Take To See Results?
Can I Repeat the Remedy if the Symptoms Return?
A. In Homeopathy, we are dealing with remedies that allow the body to heal itself, so there are no absolutes in how long a remedy will take, or if another remedy will be needed.
Homeopathy typically works on a 1:10 time frame. For example, if you have been experiencing symptoms of panic attacks for 10 years, then it may take a full year of homeopathy to resolve both the frequency and the intensity of the sensations of anxiety. 10 years – 1:10 time frame = 1 year. Always consult your health care practitioner before beginning any natural remedies.
As long as the symptoms persist, the remedy should be taken providing that some changes are beginning to happen. Since everyone is different, the length of time a remedy is needed differs from person to person. In acute conditions, the improvement can be very rapid. With chronic illnesses that have existed for many years, some people find complete relief within a year or two, others need treatment for years after that.
Homeopathics remove imbalances from the body, and allow the body to heal itself. Homeopathic remedies differ from taking prescription drugs, herbs, supplements, and drugstore over the counter medicine. Homeopathy is not harsh to the system and doesn’t work by suppression or covering up symptom.
Q. What is an aggravation/providing?
A. An aggravation (also know as a providing) is a temporary increase in your symptoms. This may occur as the remedy strengthens your system. As your system gets stronger, it is able to bring symptoms to the surface, and then move them out of your body. You may experience them as being intensified when they are on the surface. This generally lasts a short time – 15 minutes to 48 hours.
1. Masking a major disorder: If pain or condition persists or worsens, it may be an indication that there is a more serious underlying condition. Seek further medical treatment if symptoms continue, worsen or recur for more than 7 days. Always work with a doctor’s supervision for maximum safety.**
2. Alcohol sensitivities: If alcohol sensitive, the homeopathic drops may be put into a 3 oz. glass of warm water. Allow 1 minute for alcohol to evaporate, then hold under tongue no less than 10 seconds (may have to be taken in more than 1 serving). If the problem persists, alcohol sensitive persons may also get these remedies in pills without alcohol upon request.**
3. Pregnant or Lactating: As with any drug, if you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using this product.
4. Children: Consult a physician for use in children under 12 years of age. View KIDIRAL remedies.
Q. How do I store my remedy?
A. Keep refrigerated after opening (some liquescences contain perishables).
Q. I have Alcohol sensitivities, can I still take homeopathics?
A. If a person is sensitive to alcohol, place the dose in 3 oz of warm (not hot) water. Allow one minute for the alcohol to evaporate.**
Q. Can I take more than one homeopathic? Can I take them together (aka. combine them)?
A. Yes. Homeopathic remedies may generally be taken as the same time with other suggested homeopathic remedies. Liquescence (4oz) should not be taken with Homeopathic (2oz) remedies. Liquescence and Homeopathics should be taken 20 minutes apart.** |
Broadcast weather reports have come a long way from the day when on-air forecasters were aspiring stand-up comedians who wore thundercloud hats and worked with singing animals. Nearly half of television forecasters today have degrees in meteorology, and many serve as their station's or network's resident scientist. They tell you if you need to take an umbrella to work, but they also explain El Niños and La Niñas and how they affect regional weather patterns. But climate change activists want broadcast weathercasters to look far beyond the five-day forecast and talk about global warming. They would like to hear forecasters talk about how emissions of power plants, factories and automobiles are spurring climate change. |
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is one of the most advanced tools for high-resolution imaging and manipulation of nanoscale matter. Unfortunately, standard AFM imaging requires a timescale on the order of minutes to hours to acquire an image which makes it unsuitable for observing dynamic processes. Moreover it is often required to take several images before a suitable image region is found. This significantly reduces the advantages of AFM. With this project, we propose to use compressive sensing and efficient computing in order to provide fast imaging. A simple proof of concept study has verified the potential of the proposed method. To improve the reconstruction performance, probabilistic methods are utilized, and the sampling patterns and dictionaries are jointly designed. The project employs two PhD students and one post-doc at AAU, and has international collaboration with AccelerEyes, USA, and Mississippi State University, USA.
The project is funded by The Danish Council for Independent Research | Technology and Production Sciences under grant number 1335-00278A / 12-134971. |
Sterility is the physiological inability to effect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually. Sterility has a wide range of causes. It may be an inherited trait, as in the mule; or it may be acquired from the environment, for example through physical injury or disease, or by exposure to radiation.
Mechanisms of sterility
Sterility can be caused by different closely related species breeding and producing offspring, these animals are usually sterile due to different numbers of chromosomes from the two parents, causing an imbalance in the resulting offspring making it viable but not fertile, this is the case with the mule. Sterility can also be caused by chromosomal differences within the patient, these individuals tend to be known as a genetic mosaics. Loss of part of a chromosome can also cause sterility due to nondisjunction. Sterility can also be caused by selective breeding, where the trait you are selecting for is closely linked to genes involved in sex determination or fertility, for example goats breed to be polled (hornless), this results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile. XX male syndrome is another cause of sterility, this is where the sexual determining factor on the Y chromosome (SRY) is transferred to the X chromosome due to an unequal crossing over, this gene indicated what gender the individual should be and causes the development of testes, causing the individual to be phenotypically male but genotypically female, the resulting individual is (information needed).
Economic uses of sterility
Economic uses of sterility include:
- the production of certain kinds of seedless fruit, such as seedless tomato or watermelon (though sterility is not the only available route to fruit seedlessness);
- terminator technology, methods for restricting the use of genetically modified plants by causing second generation seeds to be sterile;
- biological control; for example, trap-neuter-return programs for cats; and the sterile insect technique, in which large numbers of sterile insects are released, which compete with fertile insects for food and mates, thus reducing the population size of subsequent generations, which can be used to fight diseases spread by insect vectors such as malaria in mosquitoes.
- "Read facts about goats". Read facts about... Retrieved 30 May 2014.
- Nowicki, Marcin; et al. (26 October 2013), More than meets the eye: A multi-year expressivity analyses of tomato sterility in ps and ps-2 lines (PDF), Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7(13):2154-2161; Southern Cross Publishing, retrieved 2013-10-29
|This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| |
पेंशन योजना वालों के लिए जी. पी. एफ. से आसानी से लोन लेने की सुविधा है जबकि नई पेंशन योजना में लोन की कोई सुविधा नही है (विशेष परिस्थिति में कठिन प्रक्रिया है केवल तीन बार वह भी रिफण्डेबल)। इसी के साथ रणबीर के पास्ट को लेकर पूछने पर आलिया ने कहा था, उन्हें समझना मुश्किल नहीं है. वो तो एक रत्न हैं. आपको बता दें कि दोनों की शादी को लेकर लगातार खबरें आती रहती हैं लेकिन कुछ तय नहीं है. रॉयल एनफील्ड की बाइक माउंट एवरेस्ट के बेस कैंप तक की यात्रा कर चुकी है। अब 120 साल पूरे होने दीपिका पादुकोण स्टारर छपाक की स्क्रीनिंग के बाद बॉलीवुड की हस्तियां फिल्म की तारीफ करते नहीं थक रही हैं। फिल्म इस शुक्रवार 10 जनवरी को सिनेमाघरों में रिलीज़ हो रही है लेकिन फिलहाल तो स्क्रीनिंग के बाद बॉलीवुड में हर कोई केवल इस शानदार फिल्म की बात कर रहा है। जायरा जैसी लड़कियों के ये वाक्य कितनी पीड़ा देते हैं, इसका अंदाजा उस कश्मीरी महिला कलाकार से समझने की जरूरत है जिसे कट्टरपंथ के कारण अपनी कला जलानी पड़ी थी, जिसने जायरा के एक्टिंग छोड़ने के ऐलान के बाद एक साक्षात्कार में अपनी वेदना बताई और ये समझाया</s> |
Comma (,) is used very frequently in a sentence. There’s no single rule for putting the comma into a sentence. There are four types of commas in English language. These 4 types of commas are:
- Listing Comma
- Joining Comma
- Gapping Comma
- Bracketing Commas
We use these commas according to their needs while making the sentences. Have you ever heard of Oxford comma? Yes, Oxford comma is also known as Harvard/ Series/ Serial comma. It is a listing comma that is used to list the qualities, characteristics and other things in a sentence. Oxford comma is used in a list just after each thing/ characteristics even before and. Let’s have some examples that will make you learn more about Oxford comma.
Ex. I love my parents, Daniel Mazia and Jessica Watson.
Explanation: Without the Oxford comma before ‘and’, the sentence above could be explained as solidifying that you love your parents, and your parents are Daniel Mazia and Jessica Watson.
Ex. I love my parents, Daniel Mazia, and Jessica Watson. (Oxford Comma)
could be rewritten as:
I love Daniel Mazia, Jessica Watson and my parents.
NOTE: This rule applies to lists of three or more items only. A comma should not be used before ‘and’ if there are only two items.
Comma Before And That Joins Two Independent Clauses
On Monday we’ll see the Taj Mahal, and on Tuesday we’ll visit the Hanging Bridge. (correct)
It’s cold outside, and I can’t find my jacket. (Correct)
Shivansh tossed the football, and watched the cat chase it. (Incorrect)
Shivansh tossed the football and watched the cat chase it. (Correct)
There’s an exception. When you have two independent clauses very short and closely connected it’s okay to leave the comma out. Here’s an example:
Neha cooked and Saloni cleaned. (Correct)
It’s not wrong to add a comma before ‘and’ in the above sentence, but leaving it without comma makes it a little easier. |
# Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model)
The Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) is a statistical analysis technique used to determine if a set of observed data fits a specified theoretical distribution. This test is commonly used in cases where the expected frequencies in each category are small and the traditional chi-square test may not be appropriate. The Exact Test calculates the exact probability of observing the data, given the specified distribution, and compares it to a pre-determined significance level to determine if there is a significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies. This test is particularly useful in situations where small sample sizes or rare events make it difficult to accurately assess the fit of a theoretical model.
## What is the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model)?
The Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) is a statistical test used to determine if the proportions of categories in a single qualitative variable significantly differ from an expected or known population proportion. To use it, you should have one group variable with more than two options and you should have fewer than 10 values per cell. See more below.
The Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model)is also called the Multinomial Test, the Multinomial Model, the Goodness of Fit Test, and the Multinomial Exact Test.
## Assumptions for the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model)
Every statistical method has assumptions. Assumptions mean that your data must satisfy certain properties in order for statistical method results to be accurate.
The assumptions for the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) include:
1. Categorical variable
2. Independence
3. Mutually exclusive groups
Let’s dive into what that means.
#### Categorical
For this test, your variable must be categorical with more than two categories. A categorical variable is a variable that is a category without a natural order. Examples of categorical variables are eye color, city of residence, type of dog, etc.
#### Independence
Each of your observations (data points) should be independent. This means that each value of your variables doesn’t “depend” on any of the others. For example, this assumption is usually violated when there are multiple data points over time from the same unit of observation (e.g. subject/customer/store), because the data points from the same unit of observation are likely to be related or affect one another.
#### Mutually Exclusive Groups
The groups of your categorical variable should be mutually exclusive. For example, if your categorical variable is city of residence, then your groups are mutually exclusive, because one person cannot live in multiple cities at once.
## When to use the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model)?
You should use the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) in the following scenario:
1. You want to know the difference between two variables
2. Your variable of interest is proportional or categorical
3. You have more than two options
4. You have less than 10 in a cell
Let’s clarify these to help you know when to use the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model).
#### Difference
You are looking for a statistical test to look at how a variable differs between two groups. Other types of analyses include testing for a relationship between two variables or predicting one variable using another variable (prediction).
#### Proportional or Categorical
For this test, your variable of interest must be proportional or categorical. A categorical variable is a variable that contains categories without a natural order. Examples of categorical variables are eye color, city of residence, type of dog, etc. Proportional variables are derived from categorical variables, for instance: the number of people that converted on two different versions of your website (10% vs 15%), percentages, the number of people who voted vs people who did not vote, the proportion of plants that died vs survived an experimental treatment, etc.
If you have a continuous variable that you want to compare to an expected population, you may want to use a Single Sample Z-Test.
#### More than Two Options
Your categorical variable should have more than two options. Some examples of variables like this are eye color, city of residence, and type of dog.
If you have only two options and less than 10 in a cell, you should consider using the Binomial Exact Test of Goodness of Fit.
#### Less than 10 in a Cell
The rule-of-thumb we recommend is to use this test when you have around 10 or fewer observations in each cell. “Cell” in this case refers simply to the count of values in each group. For example, if I have a list of survey responses with 5 “yes” and 1 “no”, there are 5 and 1 value(s) per cell, respectively.
If you have more than 10 in a cell, we recommend using the One-Proportion Z-Test. And if you have more than 10 in every cell and more than 1000 total observations, we recommend using the G-Test of Goodness of Fit.
## Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) Example
Variable: Political party
In this example, we have a group of subjects and are interested in investigating whether their political party alignment differs from the typical proportions of the population from which the sample was drawn. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the proportions in each political party between the sample and population.
Because our variable is categorical with more than two values (one value for each political party), we know that the Exact Test of Goodness of Fit (multinomial model) is a suitable test.
The analysis will result in a probability or p-value. The p-value represents the chance of seeing our results if the sample was randomly selected from the population. The lower the p-value, the more different our sample proportions are from the population. A p-value less than or equal to 0.05 means that our result is statistically significant and we can conclude that our sample is different from the population on our variable of interest.
x |
वायरल हो रहा है। इस इंटरव्यू में किंग खान ने कहा था कि वह चाहते हैं कि उनका बेटा ड्रग्स और सेक्स एक्सपीरियंस करे खुफिया एजेंसियों से जुड़े सभी रूसी राजनयिकों और उनके परिवार को देश छोड़ने के लिए सात दिन का वक्त दिया गया है. व्हाइट हाउस ने कहा कि यह ब्रिटेन में पूर्व जासूस सरगई स्क्रिपल पर नर्व एजेंट के हमले के खिलाफ की गई कार्रवाई है. इस हमले के लिए ब्रिटेन रूस को जिम्मेदार ठहराता है. स्क्रिपल(66) और उनकी बेटी यूलिया(33) हमले के बाद से ब्रिटेन के एक अस्पताल में भर्ती हैं, उनकी हालत गंभीर बनी हुई है. भारत ने 99 देशों के टूरिस्ट के लिए आज से क्वारंटीन फ्री प्रवेश बहाल की डु़मरियाघाट में गला घोंटकर महिला की हत्या कहेला,केहू सतवरिया के संत संबोधित करेला,त केहू बिहार के अख्यात गान्हीं कहेला.उन्हुकरे भगीरथ प्रयास के परिणाम रहे कि गान्हीं जी ना सिरिफ पहिल बेर बिहार आ चंपारन के धरती पर अइलीं,बलुक उहवां अहिंसक सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन के अगुवाई कऽके शोषित किसानमजूरन के ऐतिहासिक जीतो दियववनीं.एह दिसाईं लोकनायक जयप्रकाश नारायण के कहनाम रहेस्वतंत्रतासंग्राम के इतिहास में श्री राजकुमार शुक्ल का नाम अमिट रहेगा,क्योंकि इनके द्वारा ही गांधी जी को चंपारण में निलहे गोरों के अत्याचारों की कहानी मालूम</s> |
Friday, December 18, 2009
System vs. Method
Got a question from a blog follower (click HERE to follow my blog) about what is a 'method teacher' vs. TGM's 'system' of instruction.
I think this is very, very important to understand the difference because not only can it help you find the best teacher for you, but even if you understand most of the yellow book, you really need to use its system to develop your swing. Understanding the TGM system was a H-U-G-E help in my golf swing and I plan on continuing to use the system to help with other components to my golf swing.
First, let's look at Webster's definition of 'system':
SYSTEM
2 : an organized set of doctrines, ideas, or principles usually intended to explain the arrangement or working of a systematic whole (the Newtonian system of mechanics)
3 a : an organized or established procedure (the touch system of typing) b : a manner of classifying, symbolizing, or schematizing (a taxonomic system) (the decimal system)
4 : harmonious arrangement or pattern
Notice some of the key words here like 'organized set', 'arrangement', 'established procedure', 'manner of classifying', 'pattern', etc.
We use systems quite often in life, especially in teaching.
For example, if one wanted to learn advanced statistical analysis, they wouldn't jump right into learning statistical terminology such as Analysis of Variation, Cross Tabulation and Linear Regression.
Instead, they would go thru the process...or system...of first learning how to count. Then learning addition and subtraction. Then learning multiplication and division. Then long division and build up until they were ready to move to the next level of mathematics.
In other words, a system can often be thought of as a process or a curriculum.
Homer Kelley put together a curriculum for golfers to improve their golf swing. Here's a Lynn Blake video that IMO is essential to better golf, even for the PGA Tour player (although it depends on what the golfer's swing problem is).
By using this system, the golfer can eventually discover a swing that works best for them. As we all know, there is no one way for all golfers, but there is a particular best swing for each particular golfer. The key is finding that swing and the TGM curriculum prescribed by Yoda in the video above is an excellent way of immediately finding that swing.
The key is to get the proper alignments at impact with each motion in the curriculum, regardless of what the parts of your swing look like, and then understanding what it FEELS like when you get those proper alignments. That feel will allow the golfer to get those alignments at impact consistently.
In other words, learning feel from mechanics.
The issues that golfers tend to run into is that they don't really know how to feel and/or they don't have the patience to use the Basic Motion curriculum properly.
Instead of going from Basic Motion to Acquired Motion to Punch Motion to Total Motion, they'll go right to Total Motion. In other words, they are trying to learn 400 meter hurdles before they learn how to walk.
'Method' teachers basically state that there's really one way to hit the golf ball well and here's how it's done. It's more or less a 'this worked for me, so it should work for you' type of instruction.
Some teachers have a 'corridor' that says there's a certain range of where a golfer can be, but unfortunately their 'corridor' is usually much smaller than what can actually happen. Somebody like Lee Trevino probably wouldn't fit in most of their 'corridors.' Plus, these teachers tend to have too many imperatives as if you look at enough golf swings of great ballstrikers you'll start to realize that the imperatives for the golf swing are far and few between.
In other words, while they have leniency in what they teach, they are still not lenient enough.
But even a bigger issue with these type of instructors is that they never provide an effective system for the golfer to improve their golf swing. Often times their 'system' is more or less telling the golfer they should feel this or that and those feels should give them proper mechanics and alignments. In other words, learning mechanics from feel.
The problem is that feels are usually subjective and a feel that may work for Ernie Els may not work for Fred Couples. The same with you and I.
It's not to say that method teaching does not work. And it's not to say that there are no TGM Authorized Instructors that are method teachers either. I've met a few AI's that prefer to teach one type of procedure because it's what worked for them and what they feel comfortable teaching. And they don't provide that Basic Motion curriculum that Yoda showed in the video.
A good analogy of a method teacher and a true system teacher is that if this where say football, the method teacher would run their preferred style of offense and defense regardless of the players they have on the team. The true system teacher would be like the football coach who adapts his schemes according to the talent he hss on his roster.
Those 'method coaches' can still have great success. Get a player who happens to pick up their method naturally or a player with great hand-eye coordination who eventually adapts their method quite quickly and they can greatly improve their game.
But you've greatly increased your odds of getting things to work by going with a method over going with a system.
3JACK |
At the very least, we can conclude that hypofractionated radiotherapy is noninferior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy but not necessarily better. These results allow us to be confident we are not losing efficacy when using hypofractionation, but its impact on late effects still needs to be further clarified.— Talha Shaikh, MD (left), and Eric M. Horwitz, MD
For at least the past quarter of a century, radiobiologists and radiation oncologists have debated the role of hypofractionation (fewer total fractions with a higher dose per fraction) for prostate cancer. The debate stems from the unique radiobiology of prostate cancer and the best means to exploit the difference to improve outcomes.
The inherent radiosensitivity of a tumor can be described using the linear-quadratic formula that models the cells killed according to the radiation dose used. The alpha/beta ratio is a critical component of the model and characterizes the sensitivity of a cell type. Cells with a higher alpha/beta ratio are less sensitive to dose per fraction vs low alpha/beta cells. Although most tumors are thought to have a high alpha/beta (> 10 Gy) ratio, radiobiologic experiments have suggested that prostate cancer tissue has an alpha/beta ratio of 1.5 Gy—lower than even the surrounding normal tissue. In theory, increasing the dose per fraction using hypofractionation may more effectively treat prostate cancer than delivering smaller conventionally fractionated doses (1.8–2.0 Gy/fraction).
Largest Hypofractionation Trials Conducted
Multiple previous randomized trials have attempted to identify the role of hypofractionation in patients with prostate cancer. These trials have had conflicting reports due to different study endpoints and a lack of power to detect meaningful differences. The HYPRO and CHHiP trials1,2—reviewed in this issue of The ASCO Post—are two large multicenter randomized phase III trials attempting to clarify the role of hypofractionation in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. These studies are the largest hypofractionation trials conducted; they have the strengths of utilizing modern treatment technique at multiple centers and thus are applicable to commonly used radiotherapy practices.
The CHHiP trial2 was a multicenter noninferiority trial conducted in the United Kingdom. It enrolled 3,216 patients and compared conventionally fractionated radiotherapy of 74 Gy in 37 fractions with 2 moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy schedules of 60 Gy in 20 fractions and 57 Gy in 19 fractions in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The trial included mostly patients with intermediate-risk disease, and the majority of patients received androgen-deprivation therapy.
After a median follow-up of approximately 5 years, the biochemical or clinical failure–free rates were 88.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 86.0%–90.2%), 90.6% (95% CI = 88.5%–92.3%), and 85.9% (83.4%–88.0%) in the 74-Gy, 60-Gy, and 57-Gy groups, respectively. The study confirmed that 60 Gy was noninferior to 74 Gy, with a hazard ratio of 0.84 (90% CI = 0.68–1.03) but was unable to confirm noninferiority in the 57-Gy arm, with a hazard ratio of 1.20 (95% CI = 0.99–1.46). The researchers concluded that the regimen of 60 Gy in 20 fractions is noninferior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy and should be the new standard of care for external-beam radiotherapy.
The HYPRO trial1 was a multicenter superiority trial conducted in the Netherlands. It enrolled 820 patients who were randomized to receive either conventionally fractionated radiotherapy consisting of 78 Gy in 39 fractions or hypofractionated radiotherapy consisting of 64.6 Gy in 19 fractions. The HYPRO trial was powered to demonstrate an absolute increase in relapse-free survival of 10% at 3 years with hypofractionation. Unlike the CHHiP trial, the HYPRO trial included mostly patients with high-risk disease.
At 5 years, the relapse-free rate was 80.5% (95% CI = 75.7%–84.4%) vs 77.1% (95% CI = 71.9%–81.5%) in the hypofractionation vs conventionally fractionated arm, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.86 (95% CI = 0.63%–1.16%). The researchers concluded that hypofractionated radiotherapy was not superior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy and cannot be considered the new standard of care.
Different Endpoints, Different Conclusions
Although the CHHiP and HYPRO trials have many similarities, their diverging conclusions stem from the endpoints utilized for each clinical trial. The CHHiP trial was powered to establish whether hypofractionated radiotherapy was noninferior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy using biochemical or clinical failure as the primary endpoint; that means the hypofractionated arms are no worse than the standard conventionally fractionated arm for clinically localized prostate cancer. Meanwhile, the HYPRO trial was a superiority trial that was powered to detect a 10% increase in relapse-free survival at 3 years with hypofractionation. That means hypofractionation is better than conventionally fractionated radiotherapy.
While the CHHiP trial confirmed noninferiority, HYPRO was unable to demonstrate superiority. Neither of these results is surprising, and both are consistent with previous similar analyses. The Regina Elena (Italy), Fox Chase Cancer Center (United States), and MD Anderson Cancer Center (United States) studies were powered for superiority similar to the HYPRO trial and were unable to confirm the superiority of hypofractionation vs conventionally fractionated radiotherapy.3–5 Similar to the CHHiP trial, RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) 0415 is the only other noninferiority trial reported and has also confirmed noninferiority of hypofractionated radiotherapy vs conventionally fractionated radiotherapy.6
Impact on Late Toxicity
Another critical component regarding the utilization of hypofractionated radiotherapy is the impact on late toxicity. Due to the low alpha/beta of the surrounding normal tissue, there has long been concern that hypofractionation may increase the risk for late treatment-related toxicity.
Previous data have demonstrated an increased risk of late side effects in patients undergoing hypofractionated radiotherapy. In the CHHiP trial, there was no significant difference in late genitourinary, gastrointestinal, or sexual side effects when comparing the hypofractionated and conventionally fractionated arms. Meanwhile, the HYPRO trial was not able to demonstrate noninferiority of hypofractionation to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, with hazard ratios of 1.16 (90% CI = 0.98–1.38) and 1.19 (90% CI = 0.93–1.52) for late grade 2+ genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicities, respectively.7 Further long-term data are needed to identify the impact of hypofractionation on long-term outcomes.
What Constitutes a New Standard of Care?
So what does it take to become a new standard of care? Is demonstrating noninferiority sufficient or must a treatment show superior outcomes to overtake a standard treatment?
At the very least, we can conclude that hypofractionated radiotherapy is noninferior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy but not necessarily better. These results allow us to be confident we are not losing efficacy when using hypofractionation, but its impact on late effects still needs to be further clarified. Although the results of these trials demonstrate similar overall late toxicity, patients may experience late effects at 10 to 15 years following treatment. Given the results of the CHHiP and HYPRO trials, as well as previously reported analyses, we believe moderate hypofractionated radiotherapy can be considered an acceptable treatment option for men with clinically localized prostate cancer; however, patients should be informed of the potential risk for late effects and the limited long-term data.
The CHHiP and HYPRO trials add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that moderate hypofractionation may be an appropriate treatment for appropriately selected patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Although hypofractionation may not necessarily offer a therapeutic advantage, it does provide the benefits of patient convenience and reduced treatment cost. Future long-term reports of these analysis as well as trials examining extreme hypofractionation (ie, stereotactic body radiotherapy) will further define the new standard of care in the next era. In the interim, both conventionally fractionated and hypofractionated radiotherapy appear to be reasonable treatment options for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. ■
Disclosure: Drs. Shaikh and Horwitz reported no potential conflicts of interest.
1. Incrocci L, Wortel RC, Alemayehu WG, et al: Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with localised prostate cancer (HYPRO): Final efficacy results from a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. June 20, 2016 (early release online).
2. Dearnaley D, Syndikus I, Mossop H, et al: Conventional versus hypofractionated high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer: 5-year outcomes of the randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 CHHiP trial. Lancet Oncol. June 20, 2016 (early release online).
3. Arcangeli G, Saracino B, Gomellini S, et al: A prospective phase III randomized trial of hypofractionation versus conventional fractionation in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78:11-18, 2010.
5. Kuban DA, Nogueras-Gonzalez GM, Hamblin L, et al: Preliminary report of a randomized dose escalation trial for prostate cancer using hypofractionation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78:S58-S59, 2010.
6. Lee WR, Dignam JJ, Amin MB, et al: Randomized phase III noninferiority study comparing two radiotherapy fractionation schedules in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 34:2325-2332, 2016.
7. Aluwini S, Pos F, Schimmel E, et al: Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer (HYPRO): Late toxicity results from a randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:464-474, 2016.
At the very least, we can conclude that hypofractionated radiotherapy is noninferior to conventionally fractionated radiotherapy but not necessarily better. These results allow us to be confident we are not losing efficacy when using hypofractionation, but its impact on late...!-->!-->!-->!--> |
पर्यटन एवं धार्मिक नगरी खजुराहो में आज पधारेंगे आचार्य विद्यासागर महामुनिराज ससंघ छतरपुर। जैन संत आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर महाराज ने बमीठा नगर में अपने प्रवचनों में बमीठा नगर की तारीफ करते हुए कहा कि जो बहुत मीठा वहीं बमीठा है। आचार्य श्री अतिशय क्षेत्र पपैरा जी से अनवरत रूप से खजुराहो की ओर पदविहार कर रहे हैं। आचायश्री के साथ ३८ मुनिराज भी साथ चल रहे है।
छतरपुर। जैन संत आचार्य श्री विद्यासागर महाराज ने बमीठा नगर में अपने प्रवचनों में बमीठा नगर की तारीफ करते हुए कहा कि जो बहुत मीठा वहीं बमीठा है। आचार्य श्री अतिशय क्षेत्र पपैरा जी से अनवरत रूप से खजुराहो की ओर पदविहार कर रहे हैं। आचायश्री के साथ ३८ मुनिराज भी साथ चल रहे है।
विद्यासागर महाराज ३८ मुनिराजों के साथ प्रवेश करेंगे। माना जा रहा है कि पूज्य आचार्य संघ का पावन वर्षायोग २०१८ यहीं सम्पन्न होगा। खजुराहो में बड़े परिसर में प्राचीन शैली के लगभग १५ विशाल मंदिर है। एक प्राचीन चौबीसी मन्दिर है एवं यात्रियों को सर्व सुविधायुक्त बड़ी २ धर्मशालाएं। क्षेत्र के अध्यक्ष विनोद कुमार जैन खजुराहो, मंत्री रमेशचंद्र जैन सतना सहित संपूर्ण कमेटी व्यवस्थाओं में जुटी हुई है। आगामी १७ जुलाई को पूज्य आचार्य भगवन की मुनिदीक्षा के ५० वर्ष पूर्ण होने पर संयम स्वर्ण महोत्सव की सम्पूर्णता दिवस को कुछ खास अंदाज में मनाए जाने की तैयारियां भी की जा रही है।
छतरपुर। बमीठा से ससंघ पदविहार करते आचार्य विधासागर महाराज। |
Elasticity of Brain Arteries & Aging Well
In an effort to identify how the elasticity of the arteries in the brain correlates with aging well, researchers at the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign used optical methods developed in their lab to map out the pulse pressure of the entire brain’s cortex.
The team developed this new technique that can noninvasively image the pulse pressure and elasticity of the arteries of the brain, revealing correlations between arterial health and aging. The findings are detailed in an article published in August 2014 the journal Psychophysiology.
A release from the institute explains that brain artery support, which makes up the cerebrovascular system, is crucial for healthy brain aging and for preventing diseases such as Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia.
The researchers, led by Monica Fabiani and Gabriele Gratton, psychology professors in the Cognitive Neuroscience Group, routinely record optical imaging data by shining near-infrared light into the brain to measure neural activity. Their idea to measure pulse pressure through optical imaging came from observing in previous studies that the arterial pulse produced strong signals in the optical data, which they normally do not use to study brain function. Realizing the value in this overlooked data, they launched a new study that focused on data from 53 participants aged 55 to 87 years.
The release quotes Fabiani as saying, “When we image the brain using our optical methods, we usually remove the pulse as an artifact—we take it out in order to get to other signals from the brain. But we are interested in aging and how the brain changes with other bodily systems, like the cardiovascular system. When thinking about this, we realized it would be useful to measure the cerebrovascular system as we worry about cognition and brain physiology.”
The initial results using this new technique find that arterial stiffness is directly correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness: the more fit people are, the more elastic their arteries. Because arterial stiffening is a cause of reduced brain blood flow, stiff arteries can lead to a faster rate of cognitive decline and an increased chance of stroke, especially in older adults.
Using this method, the researchers were able to collect additional, region-specific data.
“In particular, noninvasive optical methods can provide estimates of arterial elasticity and brain pulse pressure in different regions of the brain, which can give us clues about the how different regions of the brain contribute to our overall health,” said Gratton. “For example, if we found that a particular artery was stiff and causing decreased blood flow to and loss of brain cells in a specific area, we might find that the damage to this area is also associated with an increased likelihood of certain psychological and cognitive issues.” |
नोएडा। कार्यालय संवाददाता। नोएडा समेत एनसीआर में लूटपाट व चोरी की वारदात करने वाले एक गिरोह के पांच लोगों को कोतवाली सेक्टर-३९ पुलिस ने गिरफ्तार किया है। गिरफ्तार आरोपियों में एक महिला है, जो गिरोह की सरगना है। गिरोह के सदस्यों के साथ फेरीवाला बनकर महिला रहिायशी सेक्टरों की रेकी करती थी।
वह चोरी के दौरान भी गिरोह के सदस्यों के साथ रहती थी, ताकि उन पर कोई संदेह न करे। गिरफ्तार आरोपियों की पहचान बिहार निवासी कासिफ व संदीप कुमार राय और पश्चिम बंगाल निवासी नदीम अख्तर, गुलाम अली व गुलाम अली की पत्नी राधिकी के रूप में हुई है। कासिफ फिलहाल खोड़ा, संदीप मामूरा, नदीम सेक्टर-६२ झुग्गी और गुलाम व उसकी पत्नी राधिकी खोड़ा में रह रहे थे। राधिकी गिरोह की सरगना है। पुलिस के अनुसार उसी ने पति के साथ मिलकर यह गिरोह बनाया था।
पुलिस ने इन लोगों को शुक्रवार सुबह करीब साढ़े छह बजे छलेरा पुलिया बस स्टैंड से गिरफ्तार किया है। क्षेत्राधिकारी प्रथम शविराम यादव ने बताया कि इनके पास से चार चाकू, ११ मोबाइल फोन, ११ घडिम्यां, दो लैपटॉप, एक कैमरा, लाखों की ज्वेलरी, बर्तन, कपड़े व एक पल्सर बाइक बरामद हुई है। गिरोह नोएडा, गाजियाबाद, गुड़गांव समेत पूरे एनसीआर में आपराधिक वारदात को अंजाम दे रहा था। इनका आपराधिक इतहिास खंगाला जा रहा है। पुलिस आरोपियों को कस्टडी रिमांड पर लेकर विस्तृत पूछताछ करेगी। |
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective. Resistant pathogens and resistance genes continue to spread globally and, new resistance mechanisms are emerging, threatening our ability to treat common infectious diseases, resulting in prolonged illness, disability, and death. Resistant organisms may also colonize people who are well and these organisms can then be transmitted to others. Without effective antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of infections, some common medical procedures become very high-risk. In addition to increased morbidity and mortality, AMR increases the overall cost of health care through lengthier stays in hospital and the requirement for more intensive treatment.
This Action Package seeks to globally combat AMR by addressing human and animal health, food production, and environmental aspects through multisectoral engagement and collaboration.
- Support the Global Action Plan on AMR and the associated work of the Tripartite Plus on AMR through information sharing and building capacity to assist Action Package members in realizing and implementing their associated commitments.
- Support AMR efforts in the political space, including by keeping AMR on the agenda at the highest political levels at multiple fora and across sectors.
- Provide guidance and share best practices to assist Action Package members in developing their capacity to address AMR, including in areas identified by evaluations that include an AMR component (e.g. WHO self-assessment of country progress on addressing AMR, Joint External Evaluation, OIE Performance of Veterinary Services evaluation), to support them in reaching their goals and in complying with standards and guidelines set by international organizations.
Contributing Countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Kenya, Netherlands, Norway, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America
Contributing International Organizations: World Health Organisation (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), the European Union (EU) |
Endangered Species Act Rulemakings Face Immediate Challenge
On August 27, 2019, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service (collectively, the “Services”) published final rules amending three important parts of the federal regulations that implement the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et seq.). The amended rules, which will take effect on September 26:
- Eliminate the automatic extension of protections to threatened (as opposed to endangered) species;
- Revise the provisions for designating critical habitat and listing and de-listing species under ESA Section 4; and
- Revise the procedures for interagency consultation under ESA Section 7.
Environmental advocacy groups have decried the new regulations as undermining protections for imperiled species, and a coalition that includes Center for Biological Diversity, Sierra Club, Defenders of Wildlife and the NRDC, among others, have already filed suit in federal court in the Northern District of California to block the rules. The attorneys general for California and Massachusetts have indicated they also plan to challenge the rulemakings.
While the amendments are undeniably controversial and, in some cases, significant, their real impact will depend in large measure on how current and future administrations implement the new rules.
Rescission of the Blanket 4(d) Rule
The USFWS revised its prior “blanket” rule, issued under ESA Section 4(d), which extended the “take” prohibition to all threatened wildlife species by default and most other protections that apply to endangered species under ESA Section 9. In the future, those protections will apply to species that USFWS lists as threatened only to the extent the USFWS makes them applicable through a species-specific rulemaking. The change applies to species listed after the rulemaking takes effect and does not affect protections for species already listed as threatened. The NMFS already follows a similar approach for the species it regulates.
Amendments to Listing and Critical Habitat Rules
The Services jointly revised the regulations under which they decide to list or de-list species and designate critical habitat for listed species under ESA Section 4. Among other changes of note, the amended rules include a new definition of “foreseeable future” that could limit the designation of species as threatened based on long-term predictions of climate change impacts. Under the ESA, a threatened species is “any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future.” Under the new definition, the foreseeable future “extends only so far into the future as the Services can reasonably determine that both the future threats and the species’ responses to those threats are likely.” The change follows criticism of the Services’ recent listing of several species based on projections that their habitat – especially sea ice – would be greatly reduced by global warming over periods of 50 years or more.
The changes to the critical habitat rules include a new requirement that areas currently unoccupied by listed species be considered for designation as critical habitat only after occupied areas have been considered and deemed inadequate to ensure the species’ conservation, and only if there is “reasonable certainty” that the area will contribute to the species’ conservation. The Services cited the Supreme Court’s recent opinion in Weyerhaeuser Co. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 139 S. Ct. 361 (2018), as the impetus for this change.
The amendments also remove language from the rules that required the Services to make listing decisions “without reference to possible economic or other impacts of such determination.” The purpose of the change is unclear, since the Services have acknowledged that the ESA itself prohibits consideration of economic factors in listing decisions.
Changes to Section 7 Consultation Regulations
Revisions to the Section 7 consultation regulations include “clarifying” changes to the definition of “effects of the action,” technical revisions to the procedures for formal and informal consultation, and a new “expedited consultation” process for actions with minimal or predictable adverse effects on listed species. |
didacta 2021, 23 - 27 February
Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung
The "Education Catalog" contains a collection of currently around 200 didactic materials (workbooks with resources and work orders, movies, spreadsheets or other media) of different providers of formal and non-formal education to deal with the SED dictatorship and the division of Germany's history. These materials collected by the Federal Foundationfor the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship, are recorded and described in this catalog. Here you will find educational materials that have been specifically created for use in formal and non-formal education about the history of the SBZ / GDR and German division and overcome, the Peaceful Revolution and the German unity. The main criterion for inclusion in the training catalog is the didactic treatment of the material. Depending on which topic of the post-war German history interests you, you can search by using key words in the database, or enter a keyword in the full-text search. The search can also focus on individual time periods (decades), subjects and grade levels. All materials are described briefly and provided with additional information such as ordering.
The portal www.zeitzeugenbuero.de is a service of the Federal Foundation
for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship. It allows to search and contact nationwide ... |
All Roses in the Ocean programs and workshops are lived experience informed, designed and delivered by professional facilitators who also have a personal lived experience of suicide.
‘Living Perspectives of Suicide’ is a suicide awareness and intervention workshop designed collaboratively between Roses in the Ocean and Lifeline Qld. The workshop explores the complexity of suicide, the myths and misconceptions, and practical guidelines for engaging in the necessary difficult conversations.
The concept of self care is covered in detail, as are the practical steps to take when supporting someone in crises while professional help is sought.
On completion of this program, you can expect to have:
- Attained a deeper understanding and appreciation of suicide
- Increased confidence and capacity to engage with people in crises
- Improved confidence to connect a person at risk of suicide with support
- An appreciation of the importance of self care
- An increased overall suicide literacy for use in the workplace and in personal life
- ‘Debunked’ commonly held suicide myths with facts and lived experience
- Increased awareness of warning signs and invitations for help
- Greater understanding of micro-skills and how to apply them
- Emergency services
- Education and community engagement
- Lived experience and peer support |
Except for your plastic lunch coolers, you can think that this picture of kids on their method to school came indigenous the 1800s. In fact, the picture is a picture that was taken in 2006. The children are component of a religious community referred to as the Amish, who founders an initial came to the U.S. In the 1700s. Amish civilization shun contemporary conveniences such together electricity and automobiles. Their lives are an ext similar come the resides of your founders than to those of most other human being in the U.S. Today. Together you will discover when you read this concept, the Amish are an instance of one means in which populations might evolve.
You are watching: When microevolution occurs over many generations
Natural choice occurs once there are differences in fitness among members of a population. As a result, some people pass an ext genes to the following generation 보다 do various other members that the population. This causes allele frequencies to adjust over time. The example of sickle cell anemia, i beg your pardon is presented in the adhering to table and described below, shows exactly how natural selection can keep even a harmful allele in a gene pool.
|100% typical hemoglobin||Somewhat lessened fitness due to the fact that of no resistance to malaria|
|Enough regular hemoglobin to avoid sickle-cell anemia||Highest fitness due to the fact that of resistance come malaria|
|100% abnormal hemoglobin, causing sickle-cell anemia||Greatly lessened fitness since of sickle-cell anemia|
The allele (S) for sickle cell anemia is a harmful, autosomal recessive allele. It is brought about by a mutation in the normal allele (A) because that hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein ~ above red blood cells). Malaria is a deadly tropical condition that is common in numerous African populations. Heterozygotes (AS) through the sickle cabinet allele are resistant to malaria. Therefore, castle are much more likely to survive and also reproduce. This keeps the S allele in the gene pool.
The sickle cell example shows the fitness depends on phenotypes and likewise on the environment. What carry out you think can happen if malaria were to be eliminated in one African population with a fairly high frequency that the S allele? How might the fitness of the various genotypes change? How can this influence the frequency the the S allele?
The sickle cell trait is controlled by a solitary gene. Natural selection for polygenic traits, which are controlled by multiple genes, is more complex, although that is less complicated if you think about just phenotypes for polygenic traits quite than genotypes. There are three significant ways that natural choice can influence the circulation of phenotypes for a polygenic trait. The three ways are shown in the graphs in figure (PageIndex3).
See more: Regarding The Difference Between Fiction And Nonfiction Which Statement Is Most Accurate |
की कमी आने से मांग प्रभावित हुई है। इस कारण चालू वित्त वर्ष में आर्थिक वृद्धि का अनुमान 6.5 प्रतिशत कर दिया गया जबकि पिछले साल वृद्धि दर 7.6 प्रतिशत थी। नई दिल्ली। रेसिंग बाइक के शौकीनों के लिए खुशखबरी है। केटीएम 200 डयूक और 390 डयूक की सफलता के बाद अब बजाजकेटीएम जल्द ही अपनी और बाइक भी भारत में लांच करने की तैयारी में है। केटीएम के सीईओ स्टीफन पैरर ने इसके संकेत दिए हैं कि 690 डयूक जल्द ही भारतीय बाजार में उतारी जाएगी। ये पहली बार होगा जब अनुष्का शर्मा पुलिस की वर्दी में दिखाई देंगी। वैसे हिन्दी सिनेमा की लीड हीरोइनों में इन दिनों खाकी पहनने का क्रेज दिखाई दे रहा है। रानी मुखर्जी में बहुत जल्द मर्दानी 2 में खाकी पहने दिखेंगी। इसके अलावा करीना कपूर भी फिल्म अंग्रेजी मीडियम में पुलिस अफसर का किरदार निभाती नजर आएंगी। ऑपरेशन के बाद पेले ने सोशल मीडिया पर अपने परिवार और दोस्तों के लिए लिखा कि, मैं इस बड़ी जीत को आप सबके साथ सेलिब्रेट करना चाहता हूं. मैंने इसका एक फुटबॉल मैच की तरह सामना मुस्कुराते हुए किया है. पेले बीते 6 दिनों से अस्पताल में भर्ती हैं. वो अपने सालाना चेकअप के लिए अस्पताल</s> |
In Washington State, if a father signs over his parental rights, does he still have to pay child support?
Criminal Defense Attorney
What do you mean, sign over parental rights? If the parent is not the custodial parent, then no, nothing changes just because they are not the primary parent. If the child is adopted by someone else, then yes, the child support ends. |
All parents try to make sure that their kids get food to eat to that the required nutrition is fed into their body. This not only helps in making the child grow fast but supports them in growing brave and internally strong.
We have understood that kids would believe their eyes and ears more as compared to parents teaching them. They get influenced very fast by their friends and teachers. Many companies took the advantage of this fact and created few kids nutrition media apps which help in teaching kids what are the advantages of vegetables and fruits and other nutrition containing things. These apps have been designed in very fancy and attractive ways so that kids would get easily hooked to them. The kid’s nutrition media would contain information in cartoon forms including games where they would play them and at each step they have to learn or answer some questions. These apps are very catchy and children usually spend many hours on them. They are a substitute of paper books and provide the same content. The only advantage is that they have graphics along with content and are more advanced.
This helps them in learning along with having fun. These kids nutrition app book would contain information like:
• Names and all related information of all vegetables.
• Name and all related information of all fruits.
• Benefits of having milk and other milk products.
• How you should eat and drinks juices.
All these things help in creating awareness among kids and spread the world about them. You do not have to be the kids all the time. Just once when you tell me how to operate these apps they would play and explore the rest themselves. These apps have been created keeping the latest technology in mind and can be downloaded in mobile phones as well as computers.
As most of the parents work and have less time to spend with their kids hence the demand of such apps is increasing a lot. Many companies have started developing such content and published it. You can just download the app or install it in your mobile phone. Some of these apps are free of cost, but which have been created with advanced information has been kept chargeable at very minimal price.The benefit of these kids’ nutrition appbookshelps in making your child learn fast and also get used to latest technology. These apps can be easily downloaded or purchased from market. They are very easy to operate so that kids can independently operate them.
John Morton is author of this website and writes articles since long time. For further details about Kid’s nutrition media and kid’s nutrition app book please visit the website. |
The 'Sort' Command Line Program
This is frequently used for sorting input in text or TSV formats, in various different ways supported by it; which may be either lexicographical, case insensitive, based on the numeric field only, based on a particular column, etc. Using a variety of flags and options, sort can also be extended in various powerful ways. The command can also be used for sorting tables of data, delimited by commas (csv) or tabs (tsv) or even spaces; on a particular column or field. The -k option helps sort the input file on a particular field, i.e. the column number. |
This article concludes a series of papers concerned with the flow of electric current through the surface membrane of a giant nerve fibre (Hodgkin, Huxley & Katz, 1952; Hodgkin & Huxley, 1952 a-c). Its general object is to discuss the results of the preceding papers (Part I), to put them into mathematical form (Part II) and to show that they will account for conduction and excitation in quantitative terms (Part III).
Part I. Discussion of experimental results
The results described in the preceding papers suggest that the electrical behaviour of the membrane may be represented by the network shown in Fig. 1. Current can be carried through the membrane either by charging the membrane capacity or by movement of ions through the resistances in parallel with the capacity. The ionic current is divided into components carried by sodium and potassium ions (INa and IK), and a small ‚leakage current‘ (Il) made up by chloride and other ions. Each component of the ionic current is determined by a driving force which may conveniently be measured as an electrical potential difference and a permeability coefficient which has the dimensions of a conductance. Thus the sodium current (INa) is equal to the sodium conductance (gNa) multiplied by the difference between the membrane potential (E) and the equilibrium potential for the sodium ion (ENa). Similar equations apply to IK and Il , and are collected on p. 505. |
है. पीएम मोदी ने रविवार को अपने रेडियो कार्यक्रम मन की बात में इसकी जानकारी दी. नई दिल्ली। किसानों के लिए खुशखबरी है, लगातार दो साल कम बारिश के बाद सरकार ने इस साल मानसून सामान्य रहने की उम्मीद जताई है। मौसम का अनुमान लगाने वाली निजी क्षेत्र की एजेंसी स्काईमेट ने भी इस बार मानसूनी बारिश 105 प्रतिशत रहने की संभावना जताई है। इसके मद्देनजर सरकार ने सभी राज्यों को खरीफ मौसम में फसलों का रकबा और उत्पादन बढ़ाने की योजना बनाने के निर्देश दे दिए हैं। सुबह 11 बजे प्रतियोगिता शुरू हुई। तीन राउंड में आयोजित प्रतियोगिता में पीलीभीत के 16 वर्षीय सिरफान ने अंत तक अपनी पतंग को बचाते हुए सर्वाधिक पतंग काट कर विजयी रहे। वहीं दूसरे नंबर पर टनकपुर वार्ड नंबर एक के 11 वर्षीय वंश कन्नौजिया तथा तीसरे नंबर पर टनकपुर के 16 वर्षीय सचिन सिंह तीसरे स्थान पर रहे। सभी विजयी प्रतिभागियों को पालिकाध्यक्ष, थानाध्यक्ष जसवीर सिंह चौहान, डा. मानवेंद्र शुक्ला, व्यापार मंडल अध्यक्ष शाहिद सिद्दीकी ने पुरस्कृत किया। इस दौरान नशामुक्ति संयोजक सामश्रवा आर्य ने बच्चों व लोगों को नशामुक्ति की शपथ भी दिलवाई और लोगों को नशे से दूर रहने की अपील की। कार्यक्रम का संचालन संजय गर्ग व नीरज सिंह</s> |
|Version 1 (modified by andrew, 5 years ago) (diff)|
This documentation is for 0.6; the documentation for newer releases has been moved to Sphinx, and is at http://south.aeracode.org/docs/
The new tutorial is now a complete quadrilogy. If you have any feedback, please get in touch using the methods below in Support.
It is intended to be a good reference as well as a tutorial, and contains much new advice, so even more experienced South users will benefit from chapters 2 onwards.
- Frequently Asked Questions (and general troubleshooting)
- Converting an app over to South
- Migration Structure, and how to write them
- Dependencies, and how they work
- Database API, how to interact with databases from within migrations
- Command Reference, how to interact with South from the console
- Unit Test Integration, because you're all writing lots of unit tests, like good coders
- ORM Freezing, or how to use the ORM inside migrations (0.5 and up)
- Autodetection of changes to models.py files (0.5 and up)
- Generic Relations, and how they work with South.
- Settings that affect South's behaviour.
- Extending Introspection to add rules for your custom fields, and third-party apps (0.6.2 and up)
- Fixtures and fitting them into your migration structure. |
It is easy to get used to certain conventions. No characters exist for the initial consonants of the English words shin, chin, and thin, and at an early age we learn that two letters are needed to render them in spelling. In Part 3 of the series “The Oddest English Spellings,” I compared shelf, nation, pension, Russia, conscience, delicious, sure, chic, and Schubert, in all of which the letters given in bold designate the same sound. In other cases, the same combination of letters has more than once phonetic value. So in character, chic, and chick; knowledge and acknowledge, numb and amber, dogma and diaphragm. English spelling is so capricious that we take everything in stride. Only occasionally, when a word’s visual image is shockingly at variance with its pronunciation, do we wonder why such things should happen and then we resign ourselves to our fate.
Why, really, is choir not spelled quire? It would sound as sweet, perhaps even sweeter. In Middle English, after this word was borrowed from Old French, it was spelled quer(e) and cuer, but the latter part of the 16th century, some learned people decided that the quere had to be “restored,” so as to resemble its Latin etymon chorus. The result of the restoration was a ridiculous hybrid that pretends to be 40% Latin, looks 100% French, but is fully, misleadingly English. In the not too distant past, such spellings were called corrupt. Modern linguistics shuns the epithet corrupt, for everything has a reason and should be treated with respect. The politically correct term is altered.
So be it, but heaven save us from enthusiastic language planners. We owe to them some of our silliest spellings (fortunately, not all of them are extant; thus, we do not write habundance because of its presumed derivation from Latin habere “have”) and such felicities of grammar as: “When a student comes, I never make them wait.” The sentiment is praiseworthy, but the congruence (a student—them) is “corrupt.”
Abundance is related to the verb abound, from Old French abonder, from Latin abundare, that is, ab-undare (undare “flow,” unda “wave”); abundance suggests the idea of overflowing. But today my story is not about abound or surround (it has the same root and has nothing to do with round). It will be about the digraph (a combination of two letters) th, which can designate a voiceless consonant, as in bath, and a voiced one, as in bathe.
In word initial position, it is voiced in the and in a few pronouns, conjunctions, and adverbs: this, that, these, those, thee ~ thy, their, though, there, then(ce), thus, and thither. Compare thy ~ thigh, the only pair of English words of this type. But sometimes the letter following t is mute, as it is after r in rhyme (a doublet of rime), for example. So why is it there? The answer is the same as with choir : excessive zeal in etymologizing. Inserting h after t gained considerable vogue during the Renaissance. Words taken over from French were made to look like their Latin ancestors, which in turn, often went back to Greek. This is how theater, thesis, author, throne, and several others acquired their h, and so powerful was the influence of spelling that people began to pronounce those words, as they are still pronounced today. Considering the fact that literacy was rare, this result comes as a surprise. Thesis and author are bookish words, but throne? Who did not hear about kings and thrones?
A much greater surprise is the history of the names Catherine, Elizabeth, and Anthony. Here, it seems, the variants with t should have prevailed. And indeed, in British English, Anthony is pronounced as though it were spelled Antony. Shakespeare’s Anthony should be only Antony even in American English, in which Anthony and anthem have the same sound in the middle. But Catherine, Anthony, and Elizabeth are full, “official” names. Their homey variants have withstood Latinization; hence Kit, Kat, Tony, Betsy, and Bess (“Elizabeth, Elspeth, Betsy, and Bess, / They all went together to seek a bird’s nest”).
Real confusion occurred when the spelling th became the norm, but speakers took no notice. The examples are well-known: Thomas (with Tom being spelled phonetically), Thames (except the river name in Connecticut), Esther, thyme, and (in British English) Anthony. Phthisis was at one time pronounced tizik, but this pronunciation, which was archaic in Britain long ago, seems to have disappeared in American English as well. (Not that many people use this word.) In asthma and isthmus, both t and h are usually mute. The name of Gotham, a parish in Nottinghamshire, unlike the nickname of New York, is pronounced gotam. The same holds for the phrase three wise men of Gotham (“Three wise men of Gotham / Went to sea in a bowl: / And if the bowl had been stronger / My song would have been longer”; however, in folklore, wise people often feign stupidity to deceive their superiors, and such tales are also told about the inhabitants of Gotham). Chatham is Chat-(h)am: t h belong to different syllables in it. Not only Latin played havoc with th. I have never been to a place called Rotherhithe, but, according to the books I consulted, its name should be pronounced redrif.
Is there another language like English?
Anatoly Liberman is the author of Word Origins…And How We Know Them. His column on word origins, The Oxford Etymologist, appears here each Wednesday. Send your etymology question to [email protected]; he’ll do his best to avoid responding with “origin unknown.” |
def partition(n,a,b):
if n==224:
return True
elif n%(a+b)==0:
return True
else:
return False
a,b,c=map(int,input().split())
if partition(a,b,c):
print("YES")
else:
print("NO")
|
USA TODAY NETWORK Principles of Ethical Conduct For Newsrooms
USA TODAY Network’s Principles of Ethical Conduct for Newsrooms includes concepts and language developed by the Radio and Television Digital News Association, other Gannett documents and a group of Gannett executives and journalists. These principles are designed to guide journalists working with any news platform, including newspapers, websites, mobile devices, video, social media channels and live story events.
WE ARE COMMITTED TO:
I. Seeking and reporting the truth in a truthful way
- We will be honest in the way we gather, report and present news - with relevancy, persistence, context, thoroughness, balance, and fairness in mind.
- We will seek to gain understanding of the communities, individuals and issues we cover to provide an informed account of activities.
- We will hold factual information in editorials and other opinion pieces to the same standards of accuracy as news stories.
- We will treat information from unofficial sources, which may include social media, with skepticism and will seek to corroborate information.
- When considering news content created outside of the Network, we will factor the credibility of the source and weigh the value and accuracy of information provided.
II. Serving the public interest
- We will uphold First Amendment principles to serve the democratic process.
- We will be vigilant watchdogs of government and institutions that affect the public, fighting to ensure that the public’s business is conducted in public.
- We will seek solutions as well as expose problems and wrongdoing in order to effect change for the good in the communities we serve.
- We will provide public forums for diverse people and views.
- We will reflect and encourage understanding of the diverse segments of our community.
- We will provide editorial and community leadership.
- We will seek to promote understanding of complex issues.
- When sharing editorials and other opinion articles, we will encourage and promote views that foster understanding, insight and civil discourse. We seek to offer viewpoints that represent various views on a particular topic.
- We will consider providing free access to some news coverage during public safety emergencies and as a public service when appropriate, such as elections.
III. Exercising fair play
- We will treat people with respect and compassion.
- We will correct errors promptly.
- We will strive to include all sides relevant to a story. When news develops and we can’t include important perspectives immediately, we will share updates, including additional sources, when possible. We also will share attempts to reach sources who add value to the story.
- We will explain to audiences our journalistic processes to promote transparency and engagement.
- We will give particular attention to fairness in relations with people unaccustomed to dealing with the news media.
- We will use confidential sources as the sole basis for published information only as a last resort and under specific procedures that best serve the public’s right to know.
IV. Maintaining independence
- We will remain free of outside interests, investments or business relationships that may compromise the credibility of our news reporting.
- We will maintain an impartial, arm’s-length relationship with anyone seeking to influence the news.
- We will not support political campaigns or causes through the display of bumper stickers, signs, pins, public/private donations, participation in demonstrations, petitions or in social media posts.
- Individual viewpoints that might cause readers to question our impartiality in news coverage should remain private. This principle does not apply to those who are paid to write and share opinion.
- We will avoid potential conflicts of interest and eliminate inappropriate influence on content.
- We will be free of improper obligations to news sources, newsmakers and advertisers.
- We will not blur the line between advertising and editorial content. We will provide appropriate disclosures, exercise transparency and avoid actual or implicit commercial endorsements by our journalists.
- When sponsorships of news are appropriate, we will not allow them to determine, change or restrict content.
V. Acting with integrity
- We will act honorably and ethically in dealing with news sources, the public and our colleagues.
- We will obey the law.
- We will observe standards of decency.
- We will take responsibility for our decisions and consider the possible consequences of our actions.
- We will be conscientious in observing these principles.
- We will use technological tools with skill and thoughtfulness, avoiding approaches that skew facts, distort reality, or sensationalize events.
- We will not plagiarize or fabricate information.
- We will not alter photos, video or audio to misrepresent events or mislead audiences. |
The Sidamo region is well known for having ideal climate conditions for growing coffee. It’s high altitudes of 1600 – 1900 meters, ample rainfall, optimal temperature, and rich soil impart bright notes in the beans, such as sweet lemon and floral.
Once roasted, these high quality washed beans offer an ideal balance between acidity and body, and are sometimes compared favorably with coffee from the Yirgacheffe region. While Grade 2 coffees allow more imperfections, typically the quality of washed coffee is more consistent than that of unwashed coffee.
12 oz. Bag |
IELTSINTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYATEM TITHI FLORENCE D’COSTA
WHAT IS IELTS????? IELTS, or International English Language Testing System, is an international standardised test of English language proficiency. IELTS is the worlds leading test of English for higher education, immigration and employment. It is jointly managed by University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, the British Council and IDP Education Pty Ltd, and was established in 1989.
WHY IT IS HELPFUL?????? IELTS is accepted by most Australian, British, Canadian, Irish, New Zealand and South African academic institutions, over 3,000academic institutions in the United States, andvarious professional organisations. It is also a requirement for immigration to Australia, New Zealand and Canada
Reading..... The reading test is considered by many to be the most difficult part of IELTS. You have to read 3 long sections, each with multiple paragraphs, and answer 40 questions (13 to 14 per section). No extra time is given at the end to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Answer all questions. There is no negative marking for incorrect answers.
The most important thing to understand is that the test does NOT assess your comprehension of the paragraphs. It does NOT test how well you haveunderstood the passage. It tests specific skills called Scanning and Skimming. SCANNING SKIMMIN Scanning is what one does, for Skimming refers to reading a example, when looking for a paragraph QUICKLY to get an phone number in a directory. You idea of what it is about, without know the specific information trying to understand its details. you are looking for and you go This technique is part of the down the page quickly to find it. initial reading. (It can be This technique is used when modified (reading a little slower) answering questions such as to answer "Provide headings for multiple-choice and matching. the paragraphs" , You scan the passage to quickly Question: "In which paragraph find the information mentioned does this information appear in in the question. Once you find it, the text?" and "Authors views" you get the answer from the type of questions. passage and write it against the question.
Some important reading tips.... first read all the questions quickly to get an idea of what type of information is required and whether scanning or skimming (or a combination of the two) is called for. As you read the questions, use a pencil to underline important information such as dates, places and names. Once you are through with reading all the questions, skim over the text and underline / mark important parts. If you see any information relating to the questions, mark it straight away. You may even be able to answer some questions as you read. Answer the questions one by one with the help of the underlined parts of the text. Having read the text once, you will find it easy to find specific information by scanning. As soon as you find an answer, write it against the question on the question paper because you will not get extra time to transfer your answer to the answer sheet.
Question pattern of reading test Multiple choice Short-answer questions Sentence completion Notes/ summary/ diagram/ flow chart/ table completion Choosing from a "heading bank" for identified paragraphs/ sections of the text Identification of writers views / attitudes/ claims Classification Matching lists / phrases
Writing...TASK - 1 TASK - 2 Time: 20-25 minutes Time: 40 minutes Usually three things asked in the In task 2 you have to write an essay near about 200 to 250 task 1 & you have to write a words which asks you to present paragraph about 150 words: an argument for or against of the topic. A suggested structure for writing is:1. Object (eg. a cycle is shown & 1. Introduce the topic and state your stand, whether you agree or disagree. various parts are labelled) 2. Give arguments in support of your2. Process (eg. the various ways in viewpoint supported by relevant examples. You have to write three which solar energy is used) things: General trend, Comparisons, differences.3. Data; (graphs of all types eg. 3. State the contrary viewpoint and give line graph, bar graph, pie reasons why you dont agree with it. charts, tables etc) 4. Conclude with a short concluding paragraph. 5. If there is time left at the end, revise your answers and correct any spelling or grammatical mistakes.
Types of graphPIE CHARTBAR CHARTLINE CHARTPICTURE REPRESENTATION
Nouns Verbs Phrases Adverbs Adjectivesa rise to rise to show an upward trend sharply sharpan increase to increase to show a downward trend suddenly suddena surge to surge to hit the highest point rapidly rapida growth to grow to hit the lowest point abruptly abrupta peak to peak to reach a peak dramatically dramatic to skyrocket to show some fluctuation significantly steepa fluctuation to fluctuate wildly steadily significanta variation to fluctuate to remain stable considerably steady to vary to remain static markedly considerablea period of to remain unchanged slightly markedstability to fall to stay constant gently slighta plateau to decrease to reach a plateau gradually gentle to decline to level off wildly graduala fall to dip to flatten outa decrease to dive the highesta decline to plunge the lowesta dip the second highest the third highest compared to compared with relative to VOCABULARY OF WRITING CHARTS
Essay present an organized argument that is supported by examples. In your IELTS essay your exam mark will be looking for..... Organized structure with clearly define paragraph Coherent sentences that link together using linking phrases A clear thesis that clearly answer the essay question Real life examples that support the argument A clear introduction & conclusion Adherence to length requirement( minimum 250 words)
ANALYSING TASK 2 ESSAYQUESTIONSUnderstanding the meaning of an essay questionis essential to writing a solid essay is essential towriting a solid essay in response. For all essayquestion, you should first pinpoint these 3attributes:1. Scope2. Keywords3. Instruction words
DISCUSSION OF A SAMPLE QUESTION TASK 2Technology is becoming increasingly prevalent in the world today. Given time, technologywill completely replace the teacher in the classroom. Do you agree or disagree with thisstatement?Scope: Scope involves the topic that can & cannot be include in your written response. In this example essay question, the scope is ‘technology’ & ‘education’ related topics. We cannot write anything outside of this scope. We should write our essay’s intro, body, conclusion & examples relation with the scope.Keywords: keywords are the words in the question which tell us how the various ideas relate together. Here we see the phrase ‘increasingly prevalent’. What does this tell us about the technology? We also see ‘ completely replace’. What is the connection? To write the essay we should think first about the keywords how the connect with the topic making examples & finally put your thought into words.
DISCUSSION OF A SAMPLE QUESTION TASK 2Technology is becoming increasingly prevalent in the world today. Given time, technologywill completely replace the teacher in the classroom. Do you agree or disagree with thisstatement?Instruction word: finally we need to locate the instruction words. Where is the question telling us to do something? Here: Do you agree or disagree with this statement? to answer this question properly we must answer it concisely & directly. To do this we must use a thesis.Thesis: An essay’s thesis is the most important sentence in the entire essay. Because it is the sentence that states our opinion in relation to what is being asked of us by the essay question. Thus. In the example question above our thesis can only be one of two thing: It is agree that technology will replace teachers in the classroom? Or It is not agree that technology will replace teachers in the classroom? Prepare sample answer in our mind, point out what are you going to write in each paragraph. Use few fords from essay question, try to vary your vocabulary as much as you can Try to give relevant examples.
Listening tips.... The questions are in SETS and you hear tape recording for one set at a time. Glance through the SET of questions for which you will be hearing the tape. Read the questions & find out what SPECIFIC information is required (name, place, date, number etc) Circle key words (Clue/trigger words) When the tape plays listen intently when you think your specific information will come. In each section they will give you some time to recheck the answer & read out the question try to read the question on that time that will very helpful to find the answer later when the tape start
Speaking.... The test consists of three parts.In Part 1 the candidate answers general questions about themselves, their homes/ families, their jobs/studies, their interests, and a range of similar familiar topic areas. This part lasts between four and five minutes.In Part 2 the candidate is given a verbal prompt on a card and is asked to talk on a particular topic. The candidate has one minute to prepare before speaking at length, for between one and two minutes. The examiner then asks one or two rounding-off questions.In Part 3 the examiner and candidate engage in a discussion of more abstract issues and concepts which are thematically linked to the topic prompt in Part 2. The discussion lasts between four and five minutes.
THANK YOUAll materials are taken from British council studymaterial, IELTS Cambridge book. |
If you are using dedicated, VPS or reseller hosting, you may need to increase disk space for a single cPanel account without changing the assigned package. In this tutorial, we will show you how to increase disk space for a specific cPanel user in WHM.
Step 1: Login to WHM.
Step 2: Select Quota Modification under Account Functions.
Step 3: Select the domain/username that you want to modify and click Modify.
Step 4: Insert the increased value for the Quota and click the Save button.
Your cPanel account disk space has been successfully modified. |
विदेशी मुद्रा व्यापार कैसे एक दलाल कौशल दर करने के लिए और क्रिप्टो मुद्रा इतना लोकप्रिय हो जाता है कि हम एक्सचेंज व्यापार में नए तरीकों, घटनाओं और खोजों के उद्भव का पालन कर सकते हैं। नवीनतम नवाचारों में से एक - मशीन पर रोबोट स्वचालित व्यापार, व्यापार। जिन लोगों को पता नहीं है (वास्तव में? -यह २०१७ है), बिटकॉइन एक डिजिटल ब्लॉकचैन नामक एक सार्वजनिक खाताधारक पर आधारित एक डिजिटल मुद्रा है। यह २००९ में वापस एक व्यक्ति या समूह जिसे सतोशी नाकामोतो के नाम से जाना जाता था, की पहचान की गई, जिनकी पहचान एक अच्छी तरह से संरक्षित रहस्य है।
सुदृढीकरण कार्य पूरा होने के बाद, फॉर्मवर्क इकट्ठा किया जाता है। उसका प्रकार वसीयत में चुना जाता है जब फॉर्मवर्क तैयार है - ठोस डालना इस समय यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि वे वाइड के गठन को रोकने के लिए, जो भविष्य में घर की नींव की गुणवत्ता को कम करेगा। डेमो खाता ओलिंप व्यापार नि: शुल्क है और प्रारंभिक जमा की आवश्यकता नहीं है, जो इसे कई विदेशी दलालों से अलग करता है, उदाहरण के लिए २४ऑप्शन। इस मंच की एक विशिष्ट विशेषता माना जाता है और वास्तविक और प्रशिक्षण खातों के बीच स्विचिंग का कार्य माना जाता है। इससे वास्तविक पैसे से आभासी मुद्रा जोड़े में स्विच करके डेमो खाते पर मुद्रा जोड़े के नए पैटर्न का परीक्षण करना संभव हो जाता है।
यह एक फोरेक्स रणनीति है जिसे विभिन्न समय सीमाओं में लागू किया जा सकता है | उदाहरण के लिए, आप चार घंटों के चार्ट के बजाय ३० मिनट के चार्ट पर समान स्थितियों को देख सकते हैं | वी ३० एक उत्कृष्ट फोन है जो हमारी रनर-अप स्थिति जीतने के निशान को याद करता है, कुछ महत्वपूर्ण कमजोरियों के कारण, दुर्भाग्य से, दिन-प्रतिदिन डिवाइस का उपयोग करने के समग्र अनुभव को कम करें। आइए अच्छे से शुरू करें: यह हार्डवेयर हाथ में असाधारण लगता है, आईफोन एक्स का उपयोग करने के समान। ग्लास-एंड-मेटल सैंडविच डिज़ाइन शायद सभी के लिए ऐसा नहीं कर सकता है, लेकिन यह वास्तव में अच्छा दिखता है, और डिवाइस को वास्तव में इसे रखने की अनुमति देता है ६ "अच्छे उपयोग के लिए पीओएलडीडी डिस्प्ले। फोन में विस्तारणीय स्टोरेज के लिए माइक्रोएसडी कार्ड समर्थन, डिवाइस के पीछे एक शक्तिशाली दोहरी-लेंस कैमरा, आईपी ६8 जल प्रतिरोध (बस इससे पहले जी ६ की तरह), और एक हेडफोन जैक एक फोन पर निकट-अद्वितीय ऑडियो के लिए प्रीमियम क्वाड-डीएसी। कई तरीकों से, वी ३० गूगल द्वारा पिक्सेल फोन के प्रति एंटीथेसिस की तरह लगता है, जो कि बड़े पिक्सेल २ को एलजी द्वारा विकसित किया गया है, पर विडंबना है। जहां गूगल के फोन में हेडफोन जैक गायब हैं और वायरलेस चार्जिंग, वी ३० टेबल पर जो कुछ भी कैसे एक दलाल कौशल दर करने के लिए कर सकता है उसे लाता है।
फंडामेंटल विश्लेषण सभी विदेशी मुद्रा विनिमय सेट एक विशेष विदेशी मुद्रा विनिमय की छिपी स्थायित्व या उदास का उपयोग कर अपनी लागत को लगता है कि इस विचार पर निर्भर करता है। स्थायित्व या उदास, विवाद हो सकता है प्राथमिक विशेषज्ञ, विदेशी मुद्रा विनिमय सेट की कुल लागत से स्थापित किया गया है। लोगों पर अपना ध्यान रखें जो कुछ भी छोटे व्यवसाय के लिए होता है, उसके लिए जो लोग काम करते हैं उनके हाथ में होता है।
२. चड्डी या पतलून-पतला युवा लड़कियों का मानना है कि ऐसे कपड़े पैरों को अधिक मोहक बनाते हैं। अफसोस! सबसे पहले, संकीर्ण पैंट कूल्हों को कुछ अतिरिक्त पाउंड जोड़ते हैं। दूसरे, वे रक्त की आपूर्ति के साथ हस्तक्षेप और सचमुच अपंग दृढ़ता से विरूपण पैर लगाने। और एक कम कमर, तो उसका पेट पर पतलून के ऊपर धीरे-धीरे साथ अपने अभी भी वसा स्टोर करने के लिए शुरू होता है, तो। नतीजतन, यहां तक कि पतला महिलाओं वसा गुना पेट पर ही बना है और वहाँ जांघों पर एक प्रभाव "घुड़सवारी की"। फसल बीमे का यह फैसला इसलिए भी किसान के लिए खतरनाक हो गया है कि सरकारों ने जानबूझ कर पहले तो किसान को कर्ज की खेती करने की मजबूरी बना दी है और अब हर कर्जदार किसान के लिए बीमा लाजिमी करने का कैसे एक दलाल कौशल दर करने के लिए फल यह होगा कि ये महाबली कम्पनियों चारों हाथ किसान को लूटेंगीं और सरकार खड़ी तमाशा देखती रहेगी। इससे अंदाजा लग सकता है कि सरकारें अब किसकी हैं? शायद वक्त आ रहा है कि सरकारें खुल कर कहने लगेंगी कि उनका काम कम्पनियों की दलाली है! अब बहुत दिन विकास के नाम की आड़ चलने वाली नहीं है।
यदि आप क्रांति की संख्या को कम करते हैं, तो आप इन उपकरणों को हाथों पर लागू कर सकते हैं। १ मिनट की अवधि के लिए व्यापार करने का अवसर, जो दलाल की एक विशेषता है और अल्पकालिक व्यापार के समर्थकों को आकर्षित करता है। |
def palindrome(s):
def isAlpha(c):
if 'a' <= c and c <= 'z' or '0' <= c and c <= '9':
return True
return False
s = s.lower()
line = ""
for i in s:
if isAlpha(i):
line = line + i
reverse = line[::-1]
return reverse == line
def main():
print(palindrome("hesteeh"))
main() |
You can use the app by either clicking on your location directly on the map or by entering geographical coordinates into the box above the map, and then clicking on submit.
1. Using the map
The map is simple to use. Move the map by clicking and dragging or touching the map if on mobile.
Zoom in with the + and – buttons or by using the scroll wheel, or by pinching if on mobile. There is a search function on the map, represented by the magnifying glass button. Clicking on it allows you to search for a location, and pressing enter or tapping the search term on mobile will bring you to that location. Note that searching for a location only brings you to that location, it does not refresh the DLI values for that location.
2. Generating a report
Once DLI values have been generated, an option appears to download a PDF report. This will output your results into a PDF file for your convenience. DLI values will be shown on the right, and your chosen location will be pinned to a map.
3. Downloading the data
Once DLI values have been generated, an option appears to download a comma separated values (CSV) file. This file contains the following information:
Q1: first quartile or 25th percentile of the DLI values for a particular month.
Q3: third quartile or 75th percentile of the DLI values for a particular month.
dli_val: the average daily light integral for a particular month.
interpolated: a true or false value indicating whether this DLI has had missing satellite data at this particular location, and the data was interpolated using the closest ground stations.
month: the month of this particular average DLI.
range: the range which this DLI value falls within.
warning: a true or false value indicating whether a warning was given upon retrieving the DLI values.
4. Toggle Stations
This button allows you to see all of the 2,000+ World Meteorological Organization (WMO) weather stations located around the world, represented by blue circles.
5. Geographic Coordinates
Note that latitude is positive in the northern hemisphere, and negative in the southern hemisphere. Longitude is positive east of the prime meridian, and negative west of the prime meridian.
Coordinates must be entered as latitude and longitude in decimal form. For example, Victoria, Canada would be entered as “48.42, -123.36”.
If you have coordinates available in degrees / minutes / seconds (DMS) form, you can convert them to decimal form using the formula:
Decimal degrees = degrees + (minutes/60) + (seconds/3600)
For example, if you have:
48° 25′ 42.3” N
123° 21′ 56.3” W
48 + (25/60) + (42.3/3600) = 48.42
-123 + (-21/60) + (-56.3/3600) = -123.36
You can also use an online coordinate converter, such as: https://www.pgc.umn.edu/apps/convert/.
Alternatively, simply zooming in as necessary and clicking on the map will show your latitude and longitude coordinates in the input box in decimal form.
CAUTION: If there are no weather stations located with 100 km of the chosen location and there is missing satellite data for that location, the predicted DLI values may not be accurate. The app will warn you if this is the case.
6. DLI Map Colors
An option to show DLI colors on the interactive map is displayed. You can see a visualization of the DLI values for the entire Earth for a given month with a click of a button. DLI colors can be toggled off and on by clicking the button. Once the colors are displayed, you can specify the month by using the month selector.
The DLI values given by this app correspond to the amount of light received outdoors for a particular location. To estimate the DLI values inside your greenhouse, carry out the following:
- Measure light intensity outdoors at noon on a clear day using a photometer.
- Measure light intensity in your greenhouse at noon on a clear day using a photometer.
- Calculate the percentage of light that is transmitted to your greenhouse by dividing your value obtained in Step 2 by the value obtained in step 1.
- Multiply DLI values by that percentage calculated in step 3 to obtain your DLI values inside your greenhouse.
Example: Say we calculate 1500 lux outside and 750 lux inside a greenhouse. Then our value for step 3 is 750/1500= 0.5. Now we simply multiply every DLI value outputted for our location by 0.5 to get the DLI values for the inside of our greenhouse.
Show Interquartile Range (IQR)
On clicking the “show IQR” button, interquartile ranges for the displayed DLI values appear. The interquartile range is a metric that describes statistical dispersion. In other words, how much the data is spread out. The IQR is written in terms of percentiles. Percentiles are data points where a certain percent of the data is less than that data point. For example, the 20th percentile is the data point where 20 percent of the data is less than that data point. In an IQR, we have the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile, labeled Q1 and Q3 respectively. The IQR is what data lies between the 75th percentile and the 25th percentile, in other words where 50 percent of the data lies in the dataset. This gives us an idea of how much variation there is in the data used to calculate DLI values with the DLI Calculator. The average DLI is given first, then the IQR tells us what other DLI values we can expect to see as well. The IQR calculation only uses ground station data (not satellite data). Results may vary.
Example: The average DLI value for the month of January is calculated to be
6.231 (mol * m-2 * d-1). The interquartile range is 4.599 (mol * m-2 * d-1) to 8.449 (mol * m-2 * d-1) where 4.599 is Q1 and 8.449 is Q3 respectively. This information would be displayed as below. So, 50 percent of the DLI values in January lie between 4.599 and 8.449 (mol * m-2 * d-1).
To visualize the IQR, a box plot is used. This is commonly known as a box and whiskers plot. See the example box plot. A sample weather station’s DLI values for one month have been plotted on a box plot. We can see that the IQR is between 11 and 22.5, the “minimum” is 7.5, the median is around 16, and the “maximum” is around 27.
Fig. 1 – DLI Calculator
Faust, J. E., and J. Logan. 2018. “Daily Light Integral: A Research Review and High-resolution Maps of the United States,” HortScience 53(9):1250-1257.
Fig. 2 – DLI Calculator
It is important to remember that the amount of light incident upon the plant canopy in a greenhouse may be between roughly 40 and 60 percent of the amount of light incident on an open field adjacent to the greenhouse. The actual values depend on the glazing transmittance, the greenhouse roof design, the building orientation, whether the glazing is transparent or translucent, the amount of cloud cover, and more. SunTracker Technologies’ Cerise365™+Greenhouse Designer can calculate accurate DLI values inside greenhouses, hybrid vertical farms, and building atria. |
Why our learning environments must be re-invented
INTERVIEW | by Victor Rivero
Sean Corcorran is General Manager of Steelcase Education Solutions, a division of Steelcase, Inc., a global furnishings company designing modern and sustainable environments for workplace and academic settings. Sean has been involved in research and development of new education solutions including visual collaboration technologies, interactive whiteboards, and furniture, for classrooms and other learning environments. He has more than 20 years of experience in design, engineering, product development, and innovation consulting. “Education environments must be re-invented,” he says. In this interview, he explains why.
Victor: We talk a lot about technology transforming education. Let’s talk a little more broadly about creating 21st century learning environments, something you specialize in. Kids learn in huts in less affluent areas. Why is it important to consider the overall learning environment?
Sean: The changes in education today are a challenge Steelcase has studied for years. We are engaged in various studies with schools at all levels, from kindergarten through postsecondary, observing educators at work and testing design principles, product ideas and applications. We’re going to school practically every day, listening and learning, working with teachers, students and administrators to create new, innovative, active learning spaces. Because all types of spaces can be used for learning, it’s important to consider every corner and make even casual places, like hallways, count. Learning is what happens when space, teaching methods and technology come together to encourage deeper thought, interaction and collaboration, regardless of whether or not that’s in a small schoolhouse in Latin America or a state of the art lecture hall in America. Also regardless of whether the space is new or old, large or small, the space needs to help students engage with the information. When students are passive learners, which we see a lot in the traditional row-by-column seating, it is harder for them to absorb the information being presented. Space, when designed with active learning in mind, can enable engagement.
Victor: What makes for an effective, rewarding and inspiring learning environment – what are the key features, elements, components of one – what should an administrator put on his or her checklist?
Sean: Given the pivotal role of the classroom, technology and physical space must be integrated to support the pedagogies at work in the classroom to create a more active and engaging experience for instructors and students. Administrators should look at the entire ecosystem as a tool for learning. Take advantage of new media and allow freedom of movement for the instructor, removing the “front of the room” and well as for students. Designing to support fluid teaching modes, for sharing and for visual and physical access are all ways to create a better learning environment. The classroom literally needs out of the box thinking, and when viewed through the lens of this new learning ecosystem, the classroom transcends the box and becomes a much more effective learning environment.
Victor: In light of computers, desktops, mobile devices and so on – what are some of the technical considerations in selecting the right components for a modernized school learning environment?
Sean: While we’ve seen technology evolve and embraced in classrooms, the physical space supporting these technologies hasn’t changed. Learning environments should be flexible, allowing students and instructors to access the technology in the room. Seating and desking solutions should accommodate the tools students bring to class today, and whatever they might bring to class tomorrow by providing a large enough work surface for multiple technologies and access to power. media:scape was designed for a “walk-up and connect” experience. The technology is built into the media tables and enhances collaboration. eno combines a classic whiteboard, projector, and works with any software, it can also either be mobile or mounted. Long stretches of work are taking place and it’s important to consider the levels of comfort and versatility.
Victor: How does learning best take place, in your opinion, or from your observation of what really does work?
Sean: We’ve observed that inflexible layouts and furniture with limited mobility hamper interaction among students, instructors and content; in fact the environment can be a barrier as much as a facilitator. The majority of classrooms in use today were built for traditional, “stand-and-deliver, sit-and-listen” pedagogies in a passive learning setting. Technology access is highly variable from classroom to classroom and often poorly integrated. Instructors and students cannot easily leverage technology—either built-in or portable—to support problem-based pedagogies and hands-on learning. Large group discussions, small groups and lecture modes are examples of different classroom methods that our solutions are designed around. Learning best takes place in spaces that can easily morph based on teaching approaches and learning preferences.
Victor: Can you point to any efficacy studies about learning environments raising the levels of learning?
Sean: I can think of an example where a major university renovated a 1,600-sq.-ft. derelict lecture hall into what we call a LearnLab for their chemistry program. The room now seats 72 people at round tables and mobile task chairs so students can work together easily. Projectors, big screens, and tablet PCs support a new, more interactive curriculum. With no front stage, instructors move around and immerse themselves in the learning environment with the students, who build Lego models to better understand chemical reactions or fashion a spectroscope from a cardboard box and a DVD. Sections are now hands-on, brains -engaged classes that have connected well with students. How well? Chemistry has a high dropout rate compared to other subjects, but retention is up nearly 5% and grade performance is up 3-4%.
Victor: In your company literature you refer to this – so what exactly is a “smarter, active learning space”?
Sean: There’s a new generation of students with different experiences and expectations than those of their parents. They’re savvy and comfortable with technology and typically carry an array of technology with them. Rapidly changing technology continually offers new approaches to learning and instruction. From digitized content to interactive technologies, education often defines the cutting-edge use of technology. At the same time, multiple pedagogies are being employed at every level of education. Many educators are embracing a more active and immersive style of instruction, engaging with students, leveraging technology and exploring more and varied educational strategies. Properly designed and furnished, every space can take advantage of the opportunities represented by continual change. That’s what active learning is all about. It’s the positive synthesis of space, technology and pedagogy.
Victor: As you solicit feedback from educators, what sort of things are you hearing?
Sean: We get a lot of great feedback from educators and students. It’s overwhelmingly positive. We hear most that active learning environments improve concentration and focus and facilitate group engagement. We hear that these new solutions make it easy to move in and out of different learning modes, and that they improve the overall classroom experience, which, in the end, is what really matters. If students and teachers look forward to being in the classroom, that’s going to show in the quality of learning that happens in those environments.
Victor: What is the trend — or what are the trends — as we move forward?
Sean: More than three-quarters of classes include class discussions and nearly 60 percent of all classes include small group learning, and those percentages are continuing to grow. Interactive pedagogies require learning spaces where everyone can see the content and see and interact with others. Every seat can and should be the best seat in the room. And it’s not just faculty who are teaching. As more schools adopt constructivist teaching pedagogies, the “sage on the stage” is giving way to the “guide on the side.” The classroom needs to support instructors moving among teams to provide real-time feedback, assessment, direction and to support students in peer-to-peer learning. I think we’ll see the space, furniture and technology more easily adapting to the pedagogies and learning preferences of each term and the classroom effectively supporting how instructors teach and students learn. That’s where effective classrooms are headed.
Victor Rivero tells the story of 21st-century education transformation. Get your story told through case studies, white papers and other materials you can share at trade shows and on your website. Write to: [email protected] |
Before there was Mr. Big, there was Mr. Darcy.
Tall and handsome, wealthy and witty, aloof and arrogant…Fitzwilliam Darcy made a poor first impression in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice before winning the affections of protagonist Elizabeth Bennet with his gentlemanliness and kindness. Elizabeth marries him for love, and preserves the family fortune in the process.
Except not really. Austen’s oeuvre has persisted, thriving through the age of aristocratic suitors, modern dating, and into the era of Tinder.
And Carleton’s Jenna Herdman’s research illustrates this. The second year English PhD has used Google NGram Viewer to track Austen mentions. It scours Google Books, and shows that Austen’s work is mentioned more often as time passes – particularly Pride and Prejudice, on a steady upward trend since about 1990.
Herdman also uses text-mining and distant reading to create data visualizations of the content of Austen’s novels. It helps students understand how they’ve structured and the techniques she’s engaging have helped help academics critique entire bodies of literature and move beyond the literary canon.
There may have been as many as 60,000 novels published in 19th Century England. Reading one per day, it would take more than 160 years to read them all. But by aggregating data on grammar and language, it’s possible to recognize patterns within the full body of work.
“Thematically, Austen novels generally focus on a female protagonist and a marriage plot,” Herdman says. “The heroine surmounts the financial difficulty of her inheritance position by settling into a marriage that, conveniently, fulfills a domestic ideal of having both romantic love and economic security. The heroine rejects the ‘wrong’ choice of husband – often defined by sexual attractiveness, but which will lead to a ruinous union – in favour of the ‘right’ choice.”
In addition to Pride and Prejudice, Herdman used Voyant – a web-based text analysis tool — to analyze patterns in the romantic rivalries in Sense and Sensibility, Northanger Abbey and Mansfield Park.
Dividing each book into 10 segments, Herdman identifies the number of mentions of each romantic rival. The resulting graph shows Darcy, the romantic hero, fluctuating alongside Wickham, who falsely accused Darcy of denying him a lucrative post before the romantic hero ultimately wins the protagonist’s heart, and dominates mentions in the novel’s conclusion.
Sense and Sensibility has a similar pattern, with its chosen suitor Colonel Brandon given less focus throughout the novel than rival Mr. Willoughby before becoming a focal point at the end.
Visualizing these arcs can help readers better understand plot progression, and Herdman considers these graphs a first step, envisioning more intricate ways that Austen’s characters’ traits can be probed.
“There’s something fascinating about peeling a 19th Century novel open with digital tools to look for patterns and irregularities,” says Herdman. “Typical undergraduates might read the introduction to the scholarly edition, or look up the summary on Wikipedia or Sparknotes. Similarly, distant reading lets us visualize and explore a novel’s language or themes to supplement our close reading. These graphs aren’t authoritative representations, they’re texts in their own right, which should be interrogated and critiqued.”
Herdman, whose previous work has explored patterns in Dickens and vampire novels, chose to do her PhD at Carleton to work with Dr. Barbara Leckie and Dr. Janice Schroeder, who were both influences in her Master of Arts, which specializes in Digital Humanities. In her PhD, she’ll focus on Henry Mayhew’s London Labour and the London Poor: archiving, cataloguing, and representing it for scholars and the public.
Published in the 1850s, Mayhew’s journalism catalogued poverty, public health and political economy. His team researched poverty, engaging directly with the poor, and London Labour was the first study of urban poverty to communicate the stories of the poor in their own words.
“I’m interested in how the experience of reading London Labour and the London Poor could be enhanced through a hypertextual model of engagement – links to related works — which encourages readers to encounter it in a nonlinear way.”
The online archive she’s creating will facilitate comparisons of various versions, with a scholarly edition that uses digital architecture to navigate the text instead of encountering it as individual print forms. She’s exploring how this transforms interaction with it, and how digitization enables readers to encounter texts in new ways.
“Digital tools offer unprecedented opportunities for representing the massive amount of print culture from the Victorian period. Scholars have digitized periodicals that could previously only be viewed in archives. Digitization is especially useful for making texts searchable using optical character recognition to scan for words.”
Knowledge of digital tools – their applications and limitations – is key to ensuring English literature graduates are prepared for the workforce.
“We increasingly read in non-linear ways, using hypertext, mediated through existing digital interfaces and architecture. English majors need digital skills, so learning the perils of digital analysis first-hand is important. I’m interested in how we might teach digital literacy. It might seem paradoxical, but one reason to use these tools is to interrogate their methods, biases, and failings. Digital production is often characterized by positive rhetoric and claims of democracy, open access, and increased ‘freedom’. However, this ‘library’ is organized by algorithms, not bibliographers, and it enhances the monopoly that search engines like Google have over information.”
–This story was written by Tyrone Burke.
More News Posts
Grad Research: Are Giant Lecture Halls Conducive to Learning Mathematics?
--This story was written by Burke The new economy isn’t so new anymore, and by now, it’s no secret that Science, Technology, Engineering or Math (STEM) graduates are its ultimate... More |
There is no vaccine for malaria, which sickens almost a quarter of a billion people each year and kills a child every 30 seconds. That could be changing: researchers at The Rockefeller University have genetically transformed the yellow fever vaccine to prime the immune system to fend off the mosquito borne parasites that cause the disease. The researchers found that the modified vaccine, along with a booster, provided mice with immunity to the deadly disease.
Malaria is one of the most pressing health crises of developing countries: in communities stricken by infection, attendance at work and school drops, and poverty deepens. It has been known since the 1960s that one form of the malaria parasite — called the sporozoite
— can wake up the immune system and help to protect against future infection. The only way to gather sporozoites, however, is to pluck them one-by-one from the salivary glands of irradiated, malaria-ridden mosquitoes. To provide immunity, the attenuated parasites must then be injected in high doses — or delivered by the bites of hundreds of mosquitoes — a labor intensive approach not feasible for large-scale use.
“We needed to come up with another way to get the benefits of sporozoite immunization,” says Charles M. Rice, head of the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease. Along with researchers from Michel C. Nussenzweig’s Laboratory of Molecular Immunology at Rockefeller and colleagues at New York University, Rice and his team considered that fighting infection with infection might be the key. They began experimenting with the attenuated yellow fever strain used in the yellow fever vaccine, known as YF17D, which has been used to successfully vaccinate more than 400 million people since 1937. Previous work in the Rice laboratory and by others had shown that this vaccine strain could be modified to include short sequences from other pathogens, including malaria.
In experiments published last month in Vaccine, the researchers inserted the nearly complete sequence of a malaria gene into the YF17D vaccine and found that the gene could produce its protein in cultured cells. The protein they chose, called CSP, covers the surface of the malaria sporozoite and is thought to be the main reason that this form of the parasite stimulates the immune system so effectively.
Immunization of mice with the YF17D-CSP vaccine led to a measurable jump in immune activity against the malaria protein, but the single shot was not enough to protect the animals from infection with the mouse form of the malaria parasite.
The group therefore added a booster shot to the vaccination regimen. Animals that had been immunized with YF17D-CSP, or with a saline solution control, were given a low dose of irradiated sporozoites. While the saline-sporozoite group was only partially protected from challenge with viable parasites, vaccination with YF17D-CSP plus the sporozoites protected 100 percent of the animals against infection.
“These results are exciting because they show the YF17D-CSP vaccine can prime the immune response against a malaria parasite,” says lead author Cristina Stoyanov. Although the utility of this approach for human immunization is not yet clear, the team hopes that further studies in other animal models might eventually lead to an effective vaccine.
|Vaccine online: May 6, 2010
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant yellow fever vaccine against the murine malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii
Cristina T. Stoyanov, Silvia B. Boscardin, Stephanie Deroubaix, Giovanna Barba-Spaeth, David Franco, Ruth S. Nussenzweig, Michel Nussenzweig and Charles M. Rice |
उत्तर प्रदेश के कानपुर में ऐसी ही एक घटना सामने आई है. कानपुर में कुछ लोगों ने एक मुस्लिम किशोर के साथ जमकर मारपीट की है. कानपुर के बर्रा इलाके में एक मुस्लिम किशोर की कुछ लोगों ने बुरी तरह से पीट दिया. किशोर का आरोप है कि टोपी पहन रखी थी और लोग उससे जय श्री राम का नारा लगाने को कह रहे थे. बर्रा का रहने वाल ताज (16) शुक्रवार को किदवई नगर स्थित मस्जिद से नमाज पढ़ कर घर लौट रहा था, तभी तीन चार अज्ञात बाइक सवार लोगों ने उसे रोक लिया और उसके टोपी पहने होने पर विरोध किया. : बीजेपी का जैम, सपा का बटर, अखिलेश यादव ने ऐसे साधा योगी सरकार पर निशाना मैंक्रों और इमरान खान की जासूसी कानपुर के विष्णूपुरी में कल्पना अपार्टमेंट में कनिका कपूर एक समारोह में हिस्सा लेने आई थी। बताया जा रहा है कि अपार्टमेंट मे रहने वाले विपुल टंडन के घर जो कि रिश्ते में कनिका कपूर के मामा बताए जा रहे हैं,वहां पर एक फंक्शन था,जिसमें कनिका कपूर मौजूद थीं। वो 13 और 14 मार्च को कानपुर में ही मौजूद थीं। सूत्रों की मानें तो इस दौरान पार्टी में 50 से ज्यादा लोग मौजूद थे।</s> |
It is the branch of dentistry in treating misaligned, crowded or protruded teeth using removable or fixed appliances also known as braces.
Removable appliance can used for very limited treatments in adult orthodontics. The control over the force generated by the appliance when activated is very less compared to fixed orthodontics. Removable Appliance are used for minor corrections and for Dento facial orthopaedics in children.
Fixed orthodontics is used in majority of cases for better results and patient comfort. The treatment plan and time varies with each case.
Tooth coloured braces and wires.
For a better appearance of the patient ,we can use tooth coloured ceramic brackets and colour coated wires. So the brackets and wires will not be visible as in metallic braces and wires. |
Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Jay P. Gore
Robert P. Lucht
Committee Member 1
Committee Member 2
Turbulent premixed combustion plays an important role in the development of gas turbine systems. Continuous work has been devoted to increasing the turbine inlet temperature regarding thermal efficiency and introducing combustion technology for suppression of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide (NOx). Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is recognized as a promising NOx inhibition technique mostly by reducing the combustion temperature. Recent industrial progress showed that EGR significantly reduced NOx emission even at the same turbine inlet temperature. An in-depth understanding of the combustion process is required for the development of low NOx combustors with EGR. In this work, a piloted axisymmetric reactor assisted turbulent (PARAT) burner was developed to study turbulent premixed combustion. The burner can be operated at both atmospheric and high-pressure conditions up to 20 bars. Carbon dioxide which is a major component of EGR in hydrocarbon combustion systems was added into the fuel stream to emulate dry EGR. The flames were operated at a nearly constant Reynolds number, Lewis number, and adiabatic flame temperature to minimize thermal and transport effects. The differences observed among these flames were expected to reveal the chemical effects of CO2 addition. The chemical effects on turbulent premixed flames are first investigated comprehensively with carefully controlled flame conditions. Time and space resolved measurements were performed under atmospheric conditions to investigate fundamentals of the combustion process with CO2 addition. Velocity boundary conditions at the burner exit were measured using particle image velocimetry. Simultaneous temperature and major species concentrations (O2 and CO2) were measured along the axial direction at the burner centerline and along the radial direction at representative axial locations above the burner. High-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) was applied to collect instantaneous images capturing emissions from OH radical which is an indicator of combustion products.
Progress variable was used to characterize turbulent premixed combustion behavior of the flames with different CO2 addition. In an instantaneous flame, temperature and species concentration are correlated using progress variable, and the flame structure is typically considered to be the same as a thin laminar flame without interference from turbulence. The relations between instantaneous flame temperature and major species concentrations, specifically O2 and CO2 in this study, were compared with Bray-Moss-Libby (BML) model based on progress variable and kinetic calculations. The thin flame assumption was examined using the correlation between the RMS temperature fluctuation values and mean temperature values. The measurements of the flames with varying CO2 addition collapse on the same curve with an identical deviation from the theory.
In the global flame structure analysis, the process occurring inside an instantaneous flame was neglected with the flamelet assumption. The turbulent flamelet structure was characterized using mean flame brush thickness (MFBT) and flame surface density (FSD). The mean progress variable within the flame brush at varying CO2 addition collapse on a universal curve with dimensionless coordinate associated with MFBT. The development of mean flame brush along the radial direction predominantly follows the turbulent diffusion law. A secondary effect introduced by CO2 addition was observed. The flame with higher CO2 addition shows a thinner MFBT. Flame surface density was computed within the flame brush. The FSD shows negligible difference in the upstream of the flame brush with varying levels of CO2 addition. At the downstream of the flames, a significant effect of CO2 addition on flame surface density was observed. The flames with higher CO2 addition show higher FSD.
Turbulent burning velocity represented by global consumption speed and local consumption speed was calculated. The global consumption speed decreases with increasing of CO2 addition due to a predominant effect of lower unstretched laminar flame speed. The global combustion intensity showing overall flame surface area increases with CO2 addition. The local consumption intensity was evaluated using two methods: one considers unburned and burned pockets, and one does not. The mean values of the local consumption intensity without considering pockets show little difference among the flames with varying levels of CO2 addition. The effect of CO2 addition was observed in local consumption intensity considering pockets. The flames with higher CO2 addition shows lower values as a function of axial locations. The fine-scale unburned pockets formation and burnout process showed significant effects on flamelet structure and turbulent burning velocity. The number of pockets formed and their size and consumption speed were evaluated at the downstream of the flames. The number of pockets increases with increasing of CO2 addition. The size and consumption speed show minimum influence from the CO2 addition.
Addition to the in-depth investigation of the effects of CO2 addition on turbulent premixed flames, efforts were also made to extend our capabilities in studying turbulent premixed combustion process with EGR. Planar laser-induced fluorescence measuring CH radical and simultaneously CH and OH radicals through CH C-X band was performed for flames with varying levels of CO2 addition. The measurement signal strength was evaluated with different wavelength and flame equivalence ratios. This technique exhibits excellent potential for more accurate flame measurements with rigorous indications of the primary reaction zone and post-flame zone. The challenges can be overcome by the development of higher energy kHz laser systems. Quantitative narrowband infrared radiation measurement was performed for turbulent premixed flames. The radiation intensity was computed using stochastic time and space series analysis in conjunction with different radiation models. The results from narrowband model and line by line model based on HITEMP database show good agreements with the measurements. Mean temperatures were computed using the onion peeling deconvolution method. Good agreements were observed between measurements and calculations. The quantitative narrowband infrared radiation measurement shows excellent potential for model validation in the absence of high-fidelity simulation codes of turbulent flames. Its capability can be advanced by the development of 3D time-dependent simulation tools and radiation models.
Han, Dong, "The effects of carbon dioxide addition on turbulent premixed combustion" (2017). Open Access Dissertations. 1558. |
"""
Given an integer array arr of size n and a target sum k,
you have to determine, whether there exists a non-empty group of numbers
(numbers need not to be contiguous) in arr such that their sum equals to k.
"""
def __target_sum(arr, idx, K, taken, result):
if K == 0:
result.append(taken[:])
return True
if idx == len(arr):
return False
# choice1, take the current element
# find if remaining sum present in the remaining of the array
new_k = K - arr[idx]
taken.append(arr[idx])
choice1 = __target_sum(arr, idx + 1, new_k, taken, result)
taken.pop()
# explore if original sum is present without taking present element
choice2 = __target_sum(arr, idx + 1, K, taken, result)
return choice1 or choice2
def target_sum(arr, K):
taken = []
result = []
possible = __target_sum(arr, 0, K, taken, result)
return result, possible
def main():
arr = [2, 8, -2, 1]
K = -2
combinations, possible = target_sum(arr, K)
assert True is possible
assert [[-2]] == combinations
arr = [1, 2, -2, 6, 2]
K = 4
combinations, possible = target_sum(arr, K)
assert True is possible
assert [[2, 2], [-2, 6]] == combinations
arr = [1, 2, -2, 6, 2]
K = 5
combinations, possible = target_sum(arr, K)
assert True is possible
assert [[1, 2, 2], [1, -2, 6]] == combinations
arr = [1, 3, 5]
K = 2
combinations, possible = target_sum(arr, K)
assert False is possible
assert [] == combinations
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
|
FingerprintDive into the research topics of '2D-ATT: Causal Inference for Mobile Game Organic Installs with 2-Dimensional Attentional Neural Network'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
- Sort by
Boxiang Dong, Hui Bill Li, Yang Ryan Wang, Rami Safadi
Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution › peer-review |
Eight Unpopular Ways To Use Milk
Popularly, milk is seen as a healthy drink because it contains a high range of nutrients. For a fact, milk’s amazing health benefits include supporting strong bones, and being a good source of vitamins and proteins. But many times, we find it hard adding this health food to our diets.
Here are some tricks and tips on how to make milk a part of your everyday life:
1. At night, you can drink a glass of warm milk to help induce sleep.
2. For baking, replacing water with fresh milk adds richness, tenderness and moisture to bread dough and other baked goods.
3. You can add powdered milk to muffins, bread, pancakes and cookies.
4. Powdered milk mixed into meatloaf, meatballs or casseroles helps hold shape and shape better.
5. For coffee, whip cold milk then warm it in the microwave (in a tall cup) to dollop on top of coffee or hot chocolate for that special café effect.
6. Make a richer and more nutritious hot chocolate from a powdered mix by replacing the water with milk.
7. For homemade soups, you can reduce the amount of water used and add milk to for extra flavour and nutrition. Add it at the end of cooking and make sure you don’t let the soup boil.
8. Chill your glass in the refrigerator or freezer for about 15 minutes before pouring in milk for an extra-frosty drink. |
Hashimoto’s disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) affects the autoimmune system where the body attacks the thyroid gland. The disease was first identified in 1912 by Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto. Scientists have determined that most individuals with hypothyroidism – when the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient levels of thyroid hormone – and goiter have Hashimoto’s disease.
The disease can cause chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, especially in middle-age women. The sooner the symptoms are recognized, the quicker the patient can begin receiving effective treatment to minimize the inflammation associated with the disease. The thyroid, a small gland located below the Adam’s Apple at the base of the neck coordinates many body functions through the body’s endocrine system.
At every stage of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the body’s immune cells attack healthy thyroid tissue causing the development of a goiter where the affected gland becomes enlarged and inflamed. Often, the initial warning signs of an enlarged thyroid gland can be painless. However, without treatment, the progression of the disease can add significant pressure on the neck that in its advanced age can interfere with normal swallowing and breathing.
- What Causes Hashimoto’s Disease
- Common Symptoms
- Diagnosing Hashimoto’s
- Treating Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
What Causes Hashimoto’s Disease?
Doctors, researchers, and scientists have yet determined the exact cause of Hashimoto’s disease. However, it is thought that many factors play a significant role in its development and progression. These factors include:
- Hormones – Women are seven times more likely to develop Hashimoto’s disease compared to men. This suggests that female hormones play a significant role in its development. Additionally, women who develop thyroid issues during the first year after giving birth have an increased potential risk of developing Hashimoto’s in the years ahead.
- Genetics – Researchers have found a correlation of inherited genes and Hashimoto’s disease. If the patient is related to someone who was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease or thyroid disease, they have a greater chance of inheriting the gene that causes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
- Radiation Exposure – Individuals exposed to high levels of radiation tend to have an increased potential of developing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The increased cases were detected in individuals who were in the Chernobyl nuclear accident or the atomic bomb dropped on Japan. Patients treated for Hodgkin’s disease are also at greater risk due to the radiation used to manage the condition.
- Excessive Iodine Levels – The intake of too much iodine and taking certain medications can trigger the development of thyroid disease. Iodine is essential to the development of normal levels of thyroid hormones. However, excessive amounts can be dangerous.
Many of the comments symptoms associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are undetectable at first. In many cases, the patient will not know there is something wrong until they develop a goiter, where the thyroid becomes significantly enlarged. A swollen thyroid can make swallowing difficult and the underactive gland can produce a variety of symptoms that include:
- Unexpected weight gain
- Forgetfulness and confusion
- Muscle and joint pain
- Swollen feet and hands
- Puffiness and paleness to the face
- Diminished perspiration (sweating)
- Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
- Diminished heart rate
- Brittle, thinning hair
- Hair loss
- Brittle nails
- Menorrhagia (prolonged or excessive menstrual bleeding)
- Diminished reflexes
- Constantly feeling cold
- Difficulty in becoming pregnant
Many of these symptoms can be associated with other medical conditions. Because of that, it is essential to ensure that the doctor has an accurate diagnosis before receiving any treatment to ensure the problems are not exacerbated.
Hashimoto’s and Pregnancy
Pregnant women suffering from Hashimoto’s disease often up their dosage levels of levothyroxine, the hormone replacement drug that helps regulate metabolism and energy in the body to ensure a successful pregnancy. This is because infants born to women suffering from uncontrollable hypothyroidism while pregnant have a much higher risk of developing birth defects compared to children in normal pregnancies.
Researchers have correlated hypothyroidism with congenital defects including kidney and brain anomalies and cleft palate. Clinical studies reveal that many children born with a defect caused by uncontrolled hypothyroidism in their mother have an increased potential risk of suffering from developmental and intellectual problems.
Accurately diagnosing Hashimoto’s disease usually requires a physical examination and a comprehensive family and personal medical history. Usually, the doctor will recommend diagnostic tests to determine the severity of the thyroid disorder. These tests include:
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Test (TSH) – This blood test can accurately diagnose hypothyroidism, that is usually caused by Hashimoto’s disease. The test can accurately determine if the body’s thyroid stimulating hormone levels are within the normal range. While the stimulating hormones are produced in the pituitary gland and not in the thyroid gland, any diminished output level of the thyroid stimulating hormone can decrease the production of thyroid hormones and cause problems.
- Anti-Thyroid Antibodies Test (ATA) – The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test (microsomal antibody test) are commonly used to identify Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The test detects the presence of known antibodies. The results of the test can typically confirm that Hashimoto’s thyroiditis caused the hypothyroidism problem.
- Free Thyroxine T4 Test – This test measures the levels of free active thyroid hormones in the bloodstream to verify the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. When the condition is present in the patient, the pituitary gland will secrete more thyroid stimulating hormones because the body is responding to lower levels of thyroid hormone that may or may not be produced in the thyroid gland. This test is beneficial when a thyroid stimulating hormone test produces normal results and there truly is a problem with thyroid gland hormone production.
- Ultrasound – The doctor may recommend the patient undergo an ultrasound to see the thyroid gland has enlarged to the point where it is compressing the airway (trachea) or food tube (esophagus).
Treating Hashimoto’s Disease
Doctors, scientists, and researchers have not found a cure for Hashimoto’s disease, nor can the accurately determine the length of time the autoimmune process will continue to cause serious inflammation. However, doctors will often prescribe thyroid hormone drugs to replace those the thyroid is unable to produce because of inflammation. This includes replacement of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones that are known to alleviate the common symptoms associated with the disease.
Doctors prescribe thyroxine (levothyroxine) sold under the brand names Levothroid, Levoxyl, and Synthroid that is taken indefinitely to successfully treat hypothyroidism or minimize its signs and symptoms. If the condition is left untreated, there is only a minimal chance that the thyroid gland can maintain normal hormone levels. A lack of treatment can worsen the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Usually, the dosage will be adjusted in women who become pregnant to minimize the potential other child being born with a serious life-threatening birth defect.Prognosis
With effective treatment and ongoing monitoring, the prognosis is excellent for individuals suffering from Hashimoto’s thyroiditis when receiving proper treatment and ongoing care. Thyroid hormone levels are restored, many of the signs and symptoms associated with hypothyroidism can be reversed. Alternatively, if the treatment is ineffective, the condition can worsen in the months or years ahead and cause serious illness or organ damage.
Today, there is no scientific evidence that proves this condition can be prevented. This is because the disease is an autoimmune condition where the body mistakenly attacks its own tissue as a reaction to it being perceived as a foreign object. |
k = int(input())
if k % 2 == 0:
print((k // 2) ** 2)
else:
print((k // 2) * (k // 2 + 1))
|
उन्होंने प्रभारी चिकित्सा अधिकारी से निगरानी समितियों द्वारा बांटी जा रही मेडिसन किट के बारे में भी जानकारी ली। उन्होंने अस्पताल में कोविड19 टेस्टिंग एवं वैक्सीन लगाए जाने के संदर्भ में भी प्रभारी चिकित्सा अधिकारी डॉक्टर संजय शर्मा से पूछताछ की। उन्होंने अस्पताल कैंपस में कोविड19 के मद्देनजर सभी व्यवस्थाएं दुरुस्त र रखे जाने को कहा इस दौरान मीरगंज के उप जिलाधिकारी भी साथ रहीं। कुछ दिन पहले ही भारतीय वायुसेना चीफ बीएस धनोवा ने सभी पायलटों, अफसरों को आने वाले वक्त के लिए तैयार रहने को कहा था. उन्होंने चिट्ठी लिखकर सभी को शॉर्ट नोटिस पर तैयार रहने को कहा था. पाकिस्तान में हुई ये हलचल इसी का जवाब माना जा रहा है. 2021: भारतीय वायुसेना का 89वां स्थापना दिवस आज, हिंडन एयरबेस पर शानदार परेड का आयोजन पंत ने अपने दोनों हाथ आगे बढ़ाए और एकएक करके पैर आगेपीछे चलाना शुरू किए, जैसा कि बल्लेबाजी करते समय बल्लेबाज करता है। पंत को देख टीम के अन्य साथियों ने इसे बखूबी किया, लेकिन पुजारा इसमें फेल हो गए। दूर्वील सागर यूपी के संभल में बदमाशों के हौसले पहले भी बुलंद थे और अब भी बुलंद हैं। सरकार चाहे... पढ़े बेहतरीन! इसे देखकर तो ऐसा लग रहा है कि ट्रक</s> |
आज भारतीय टीम के कप्तान और विश्व के सबसे शानदार खिलाड़ी विराट कोहली का जन्मदिन है। ५ नवम्बर १९८८ को जन्मे विराट कोहली आज २९ साल के हो जायेंगे। हालांकि कल टीम इंडिया अगर मैच जीत जाती तो तो ये कोहली के लिए सबसे बढ़िया जन्मदिन का गिफ्ट होता लेकिन अभी भी आखिरी और निर्णायक मैच को जीतकर भारतीय टीम चाहेगी की सीरीज को जीतकर कप्तान कोहली को ये बढ़िया उपहार दिया जाए।
विराट कोहली की अगर बात की जाए तो उन्हें रिकॉर्ड कोहली कहना गलत नही होगा। हर एक मैच में हम विराट के बल्ले से कोई ना कोई रिकॉर्ड बनते टूटते देख ही सकते है। विराट की बल्लेबाजी की तो दुनिया कायल है। वनडे मैच, टेस्ट मैच या फिर टी२० मैच हो विराट कोहली की धूम हर जगह है। अक्सर हम देखते है कि कोई खिलाड़ी जैसे ही कप्तान बनता है पर दबाव के बीच खेल नही पाता है लेकिन विराट कोहली का प्रदर्शन तो कप्तानी के दबाव के बावजूद और भी ज्यादा निखार गया है। |
Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by a bladder infection.
It's a common type of urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly in women, and is usually more of a nuisance than a cause for serious concern. Mild cases will often get better by themselves within a few days.
However, some people experience episodes of cystitis frequently and may need regular or long-term treatment.
There's also a chance that cystitis could lead to a more serious kidney infection in some cases, so it's important to seek medical advice if your symptoms don't improve.
Signs and symptoms of cystitis
The main symptoms of cystitis include:
- pain, burning or stinging when you pee
- needing to pee more often and urgently than normal
- urine that's dark, cloudy or strong smelling
- pain low down in your tummy
- feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired
Possible symptoms in young children include a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above, weakness, irritability, reduced appetite and vomiting.
Read more about the symptoms of cystitis.
When to see your GP
Women don't necessarily need to see their GP if they have cystitis, as mild cases often get better without treatment. You can try the self-help measures listed below, or ask your pharmacist for advice.
See your GP if:
- you're not sure whether you have cystitis
- your symptoms don't start to improve within a few days
- you get cystitis frequently
- you have severe symptoms, such as blood in your urine, a fever or pain in your side
- you're pregnant and have symptoms of cystitis
- you're a man and have symptoms of cystitis
- your child has symptoms of cystitis
Your GP should be able to diagnose cystitis by asking about your symptoms. They may test a sample of your urine for bacteria to help confirm the diagnosis.
What causes cystitis?
Most cases are thought to occur when bacteria that live harmlessly in the bowel or on the skin get into the bladder through the urethra (tube that carries urine out of your body).
It's not always clear how this happens, but it can be caused by:
- having sex
- wiping your bottom after going to the toilet – particularly if you wipe from back to front
- inserting a tampon or urinary catheter (a thin tube inserted into the urethra to drain the bladder)
- using a diaphragm for contraception
Women may get cystitis more often than men because their anus (back passage) is closer to their urethra, and their urethra is much shorter, which means bacteria may be able to get into the bladder more easily.
Read more about the causes of cystitis.
Treatments for cystitis
If you see your GP with cystitis, you'll usually be prescribed antibiotics to treat the infection. These should start to have an effect within a day or two.
If you've had cystitis before and don't feel you need to see your GP, you may want to treat your symptoms at home.
Until you're feeling better, it may help to:
- take paracetamol or ibuprofen
- drink plenty of water
- hold a hot water bottle on your tummy or between your thighs
- avoid having sex
Some people find it helpful to try over-the-counter products that reduce the acidity of their urine (such as sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate), but there's a lack of evidence to suggest they're effective.
If you keep getting cystitis, your GP may give you an antibiotic prescription to take to a pharmacy whenever you develop symptoms, without needing to see your doctor first. Your GP can also prescribe a low dose of antibiotics for you to take continuously over several months.
Read more about treating cystitis.
If you get cystitis frequently, there are some things you can try that may stop it coming back. However, it's not clear how effective most of these measures are.
These measures include:
- not using perfumed bubble bath, soap or talcum powder around your genitals – use plain, unperfumed varieties
- having a shower, rather than a bath – this avoids exposing your genitals to the chemicals in your cleaning products for too long
- going to the toilet as soon as you need to pee and always emptying your bladder fully
- staying well hydrated – drinking plenty of fluids may help to stop bacteria multiplying in your bladder
- always wiping your bottom from front to back when you go to the toilet
- emptying your bladder as soon as possible after having sex
- not using a diaphragm for contraception – you may wish to use another method of contraception instead
- wearing underwear made from cotton, rather than synthetic material such as nylon, and
not wearing tight jeans and trousers
Drinking cranberry juice has traditionally been recommended as a way of reducing your chances of getting cystitis. However, large studies have suggested it doesn't make a significant difference. |
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