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The eye can be analyzed with relative ease regarding both its function and its structure. A practical evaluation consists of the capability to move in the orbit and the reaction of the student to light and accommodation.
The function of the eye might be evaluated in several methods. The patient might be asked to recognize illuminated letter or things of differing sizes on exactly what is called the Snellen chart.
On the other hand, the assessment of the structural part of the eye may be made in numerous methods. Tension within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In specific diseases, especially in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased considerably.
It needs to be well remembered that a client with an eye issue may have other issues. Often other physical conditions are primary and impact the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can alert the physician and the patient to problems in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other symptoms present themselves.
As a result, one's dependence on sight is stressed when one deals with a short-term or possible long-term loss of this essential sense. For this reason, when restorative steps are sought, certain types of vision correction such as contact lenses or glasses are prescribed.
On the other hand, some individuals are bothered with that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes.
For this factor, advanced surgical operations were established to encourage decreased usage of contact lenses or glasses. One of which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery.
Essentially, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete equivalent, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another type of vision correction. The only distinction is that with this type of surgery, one's vision is fixed completely.
With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive errors in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done using an "excimer laser."
The primary purpose of this surgical treatment is to produce a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea utilizing a blade referred to as "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is lastly reformed, enabling much better the eye to direct more light into the retina.
Popularity vs. Disadvantages
In the middle of the growing popularity of LASIK eye surgical treatment, there are still disadvantages that individuals need to know. Probably, the main reason why this type of eye surgery has actually ended up being well accepted is due to the fact that many of its cases had actually been effective.
In spite of its success, there are still some drawbacks. Here is the list:
1. It is an operation used to the most delicate part of the eye
Because LASIK eye surgical treatment includes the operation of the retina, which is one of the most delicate portions of the eye, many people say that the operation can be very risky.
To puts it simply, a easy error might nearly cause an individual's lifetime loss of sight. It is important to consider many aspects before deciding whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the best restorative step one has to go through.
2. It is not a ideal treatment
LASIK eye surgical treatment might remedy your vision but it does not necessarily indicate that it can give you a perfect vision. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not always mean they have perfect vision.
Provided all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the popularity of the operation, LASIK might not constantly be the perfect eye surgery the way the majority of people see it
On the other hand, the examination of the structural part of the eye might be made in numerous ways. It ought to be well kept in mind that a client with an eye issue might have other problems. Frequently you can try this out other physical conditions are top article primary and affect the eye as a consequence. The look of the eye can alert the client and the physician to troubles in some disruptions of other parts of the body even before other signs present themselves.
Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another form of vision correction. |
Begin by threading the end of the yarn through the centre hole.
Holding the tail end at the bottom of the Doll taut, wind the working yarn around each peg. Do this twice around.
Take the yarn round the outside of the next peg, using the needle provided with your Doll lift up the loop on the peg up and over the yarn, creating a stitch. Pull the tail end to pull the stitch into the hole. Continue making stitches in this way, until the cord starts to appear through the bottom of the Knitter. Work the cord to the required length.
To cast off, life stitch off peg
first peg and place on its neighbouring peg. Pull the neighbouring stitch
through the passed over stitch and take both stitches off the peg. Continue
until one stitch remains. Cut the yarn, draw it through the last stitch and
pull tight. Darn ends of knitting into the centre of the knitted cord. |
Hemp is a plant that has has been misunderstood by many for a very long time. Once upon a time, it was mandatory for American farmers to grow hemp for the war effort during WWII. Hemp contains one of the strongest and longest plant fibers of any plant on earth, and can grow healthy without the use of pesticides.
Here are six interesting facts about hemp:
1. The first Ford Model T was made out of hemp
Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company, created a Model T made out of hemp in 1941 which ran on hempbiodiesel. The hemp plastic panels on the car had an impact strength ten times stronger than steel. Ford had a plan to “grow automobiles from the soil.” (Note: a company in France is experimenting with a similar vehicle in current day.)
2. Hemp can be used to build houses
A hemp composite material (with limestone and water) forms a type of concrete (hempcrete) that can be used for home building, at 1/9th the weight. Hempcrete, a bio-composite of hemp hulks and lime, is showing promise for quickly becoming the building material of the future. This fire-proof, bug-resistant material gets stronger the longer it sits instead of decomposing. Hemp has been used to build many homes around the world already.
3. Hemp is a sustainable alternative to plastic
Plastic is made out of cellulose and hemp is known to have a high cellulose content. While the cost of producing petroleum-based plastic is significantly cheaper, the benefits of hemp-based plastic still outweigh its counterparts. Hemp is a more sustainable choice, being that it is biodegradable, durable and non-toxic. Hemp paper is stronger than wood-based paper, and can withstand more folding. In general, hemp has strongest natural fiber of any source.
4. Growing hemp plants helps clean up radiation
Hemp plants can also help clean up the hazardous mistakes of humankind like it’s doing in Chernobyl, the site of one of the worst radiation disasters known to the world. How does it help you ask? Hemp can remove radiation from the ground and air. The contaminated plants are then cut down and burned. This process is known as phytoremediation.
5. Hemp is a superfood
The incredible hemp plant is edible too! It makes amazing livestock feed and is considered to be a superfood for humans. Hemp seeds contain a balance of essential vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and omegas. On top of that, they are also an excellent source of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a nutrient found in breastmilk.
6. Unlike marijuana, hemp won’t get you high
With only 0.003% THC, hemp won’t get you high. The only high you will get from hemp is the high on life you experience when you start doing the things you love again without the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and pain that so many people suffer with.
source: The National Hemp Associaton |
Psychiatric disease, adverse social aspects, and quality of life in women and men with epilepsy related to pregnancy
Not peer reviewed
MetadataShow full item record
Background: Epilepsy occurs in 0.7-1.3 % of the population and affects both genders and all age groups, including women and men of fertile age. Epilepsy is an important cause of disability with consequences for work possibilities, social life and family planning. Psychiatric comorbidity is associated with the condition. The total burden of having epilepsy may affect life quality. Pregnancy is an exciting period for expecting parents, and often women and men are in an optimal phase of life when they decide to have children. However, pregnancy can also be a more vulnerable period for both expecting mothers and fathers.
Aims: In this work it is hypothesized that expecting mothers and fathers with epilepsy are more vulnerable in the period before, during, and after pregnancy than individuals without epilepsy. This can affect both mental health and life satisfaction negatively. To investigate such aspects it is necessary to examine a broad spectrum of factors, such as psychiatric comorbidity, burden of symptoms, socioeconomic conditions and different aspects of life quality. It has been postulated that there is an epilepsy-specific association with such aspects as compared to other chronic disorders. We have elucidated these questions through epidemiological studies of a large population-based cohort.
Material and methods: This work comprises three cross-sectional studies, based on self-reported data from the prospective database of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, carried out by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Supplementary data on diagnoses and medications were obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. The study population comprised more than 102,000 pregnancies registered on approximately 95,000 women and 76,000 men recruited from the general population of expecting parents in Norway. From these, more than 700 women and 650 men with epilepsy were identified. The data for the three studies in this thesis was collected in pregnancy weeks 13-17, and 6 and 18 months post-partum.
Results: The frequencies of self-reported psychiatric diseases and psychiatric symptoms were higher in women and men with epilepsy compared to controls, both prior to and during pregnancy. Adverse social aspects were also more common in epilepsy during and after pregnancy. The association with adverse social conditions seen in persons with epilepsy accounted for some of the differences in psychiatric comorbidity. For some psychosocial aspects the associations were stronger for epilepsy than for other chronic diseases. Several psychiatric diseases showed a higher prevalence when assessed through screening instruments than as self-reported diagnoses. Life satisfaction and self-esteem were lower in expecting women and men with epilepsy during pregnancy, and also in women in the postpartum period and later.
Conclusions: This work demonstrates that both women and men with epilepsy struggle more with challenges concerning mental health and social aspects before, during and after pregnancy compared to persons without epilepsy. Psychiatric problems appear to be underreported, leaving those in need of follow-up for such problems at risk of poorer health outcome and quality of life. This is particularly important to recognize in persons already burdened by a chronic condition such as epilepsy. Expecting fathers’ and mothers’ mental well-being is important because it may affect delivery and predict postpartum mental health in both parents. Persons with epilepsy being at risk of mental complaints and having socioeconomic problems should be identified prior to pregnancy and offered proper follow up. Screening instruments for mental complaints and quality of life represents an easy method of identifying such problems and indicating the need for further surveillance or intervention. Such instruments could be adjusted to suit prenatal care situations for expecting parents. |
The costly witness of the church: The World Council of Churches' study on ecclesiology and ethics
Wherein lies the esse of the church: in what it is or in what it does ? The very genesis of the modern ecumenical movement tended toward these divergent emphases--either identity or mission--eventually taking institutional form in the commissions on "Faith and Order" and "Life and Work." Whereas Unit I (Faith and Order) typically emphasizes the identity and theology of the church, Unit III (Life and Work) typically emphasizes its mission and action. During the 1990s the World Council of Churches sponsored a series of dialogues between these two units to address this divergence and dichotomy. The resulting documents, Costly Unity, Costly Commitment, and Costly Obedience, contain remarkably honest and insightful reflection on the nature of the church. The documents suggest overcoming the dichotomy between the two streams of the ecumenical movement with a reunion of ecclesiology and ethics, depending heavily on the concept of "moral formation." In chapters one through three, I interpret and analyze the documents in order to explore questions about the relationship between the church's ethical engagement and its ecumenical dialogues. Based upon this analysis, I extend this notion of moral formation, utilizing the contributions of Free Church theologians to develop an understanding of "witness." In chapter four, I draw on the work of "baptist" systematic theologian, James Wm. McClendon, Jr. to develop a theology of witness which extends and strengthens the trajectory of the study documents, locating the nature and mission of the church in the gospel story. I then apply that theology of witness in chapter five to the difficult ecclesiological issue of authority, the operation of power in the church. The theology of witness developed is suggestive both for ecclesiological and ethical conversations, both in ecumenical circles and in more confessional settings. By situating ecumenical dialogues within a more fully developed understanding of witness, Christians and others can be more fruitfully and communally engaged in ethical issues from religious convictions without such motivations necessarily proving divisive.
John A Jones,
"The costly witness of the church: The World Council of Churches' study on ecclesiology and ethics"
(January 1, 2006).
Dissertations (1962 - 2010) Access via Proquest Digital Dissertations. |
में 4,459, इराक में 4042, स्विट्जरलैंड में 1,972, रोमानिया में 2,101, अर्जेंटीना में 2,588, बोलीविया में 2,328, आयरलैंड में 1754, पुर्तगाल में 1,702, पोलैंड 1642 और अफगानिस्तान 1,190 लोगों की मौत हो चुकी है। बेंगलुरु के लिए रवाना हुए दीपवीर, 21 नवंबर को है रिसेप्शन इसमें माना जा रहा है कि कंपनी ने मूलधन भुगतान के लिए दो साल की छूट की मांग की है। मंदी के दौरान यात्रियों की संख्या में कमी आने के चलते किंगफिशर के अलावा, जेट एयरवेज और एयर इंडिया पर भी कर्ज का बोझ काफी बढ़ गया है। वहीं भारत के टॉप खिलाड़ी सोमदेव देववर्मन भी 50 हजार डॉलर इनामी राशि वाले इस टूर्नामेंट से जल्दी बाहर हो गए। तीसरे सीड सोमदेव को 143वें वरीय चीनी ताइपे के लियांग ची हुनाग ने 76, 46, 46 से हराया। हिंदी न्यूज़ बिहार अररिया गैस सिलेंडर की आग से महिला झूलसी इस दौरान कलेक्टर ने तहसील कार्यालयों में सीमांकन, नामान्तरण एवं बंटवारा के लंबित प्रकरणों की भी जानकारी लेते हुए समस्त प्रकारणों का तत्काल निराकरण करने के निर्देश भी दिए। इस बीच उन्होंने राजस्व अमले को फटकार भी लगाई। कलेक्टर ने कहा कि कार्यालय में पंजीकृत समस्त प्रकरणों का तत्काल निराकरण समयसीमा में किया जाए। कलेक्टर ने तहसील</s> |
भारत निर्वाचन आयोग के निर्देशानुसार चुनाव लड़ने वाले उम्मीदवारों को चुनाव खर्च का सही-सही व स्पष्ट लेखा रखना होगा और निर्धारित समय सीमा में प्रस्तुत करना अनिवार्य है। आयोग के निर्देशानुसार उम्मीदवार के निर्वाचन व्यय लेखा का शेडो व्यय लेखा रजिस्टर रिटर्निंग अधिकारी की ओर से तैयार किया जाएगा।
आयोग के निर्देशों में कहा गया है रिटर्निंग अधिकारियों को अपने निर्वाचन क्षेत्र में चुनाव लड रहे प्रत्येक अभ्यर्थी के लिए सभी प्रकार की आवश्यक अनुमतियों की एक नस्ती संधारित करनी होगी अर्थात क्षेत्र में जितने उम्मीदवार चुनाव मैदान में होंगे उतनी नस्तियां संधारित करनी होगी। रिटर्निंग अधिकारियों को यह भी ध्यान रखना होगा कि कार्यालय में जब भी किसी अभ्यर्थी का कोई आवेदन किसी भी प्रकार की अनुमति हेतु प्राप्त होता है तो उस आवेदन में प्रत्येक मद में होने वाले खर्च का स्पष्ट विवरण होना चाहिए साथ ही समस्त मदों को मिलाकर कुल कितना खर्च उक्त अनुमति में उल्लेखित कार्य करने में आयेगा उसका उल्लेख भी स्पष्ट रूप से होना चाहिए। यदि किसी आवेदन में खर्च का उल्लेख नहीं है तो वह आवेदन पूर्ण नहीं माना जाना चाहिए।
यह भी उल्लेखनीय है कि आवेदित अनुमति के कार्य पर किया जाने वाला खर्च स्वयं अभ्यर्थी, अभ्यर्थी का कोई समर्थक, पार्टी इत्यादि में से भले ही कोई भी वहन करे लेकिन आवेदन में सभी मदों का पृथक-पृथक खर्च एवं कुल खर्च का उल्लेख होना आवश्यक है। जनसभा में पंडाल, मंच, बैठने की कुर्सियां, कालीन झंडे, माइक, लेबर, परिवहन इत्यादि समस्त आवश्यक मदों के खर्चों का उल्लेख होना चाहिए। सभी मदों का समुचित उल्लेख होने के उपरांत ही कानून व्यवस्था इत्यादि दृष्टिगत उचित पाये जाने पर अनुमति प्रदाय करनी चाहिए।
यदि कोई अभ्यर्थी जुलूस इत्यादि निकालने की अनुमति मांगता है तो आवेदन में स्पष्ट रूप से जुलूस में सम्मलित होने वाले प्रत्येक वाहन, पी.ओ.एल. वाहन में उपयोग होने वाले माइक, झंडे, पोस्टर, बैनर एवं अन्य जो भी प्रचार सामग्री संभव हो सकती है उसका विवरण एवं जुलूस के स्पष्ट मार्ग इत्यादि के उल्लेख के साथ प्रत्येक मद के खर्च एवं कुल खर्च बताते हुए पेश आवेदन ही मान्य किया जाना चाहिए। बिना खर्च बताये दिये आवेदनों पर कोई अनुमति जारी नहीं हो सकती। अभ्यर्थी द्वारा प्रचार हेतु वाहनों की अनुमति चाही जाने पर आवेदन में वाहन का प्रति दिन का किराया पी.ओ.एल. वाहन पर लगे ड्रायवर की मजदूरी, वाहन में लगे माइक का किराया, प्रचार सामग्री का विवरण एवं उन समस्त मदों पर आने वाले व्यय की मदवार जानकारी के साथ प्रतिदिन के कुल व्यय का उल्लेख होना चाहिए और यदि वाहन की अनुमति एक से ज्यादा दिन के लिए है तो जितने दिनों के लिए अनुमति है उतने दिनों में उक्त प्रचार वाहन पर होने वाले कुल खर्च का उल्लेख भी आवेदन में अनिवार्य होना चाहिए। |
By Dimitris G. Manolakis
Grasp the fundamental thoughts and methodologies of electronic sign processing with this systematic creation, with out the necessity for an in depth mathematical historical past. The authors lead the reader throughout the primary mathematical rules underlying the operation of key sign processing strategies, delivering easy arguments and situations instead of precise common proofs. assurance of functional implementation, dialogue of the restrictions of specific equipment and considerable MATLAB illustrations enable readers to raised attach conception and perform. a spotlight on algorithms which are of theoretical significance or precious in real-world purposes guarantees that scholars disguise fabric correct to engineering perform, and equips scholars and practitioners alike with the elemental ideas essential to follow DSP innovations to a number of purposes. Chapters comprise labored examples, difficulties and laptop experiments, supporting scholars to take in the fabric they've got simply learn. Lecture slides for all figures and suggestions to the various difficulties can be found to teachers.
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5 Book organization Chapter 6 Sampling of continuous-time signals This chapter is mainly concerned with the conditions that should be satisfied for the accurate representation of baseband and bandpass continuous-time signals by discrete-time signals. However, the treatment is extended to the sampling and reconstruction of discrete-time signals. Chapter 7 The Discrete Fourier Transform Any finite number N of consecutive samples from a discrete-time signal can be uniquely described by its N-point Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
8. Why do we need interface systems and where do we need them? Provide a blockdiagram description of such systems needed in signal processing. 9. Describe an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter. 10. Describe a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter. 11. What is the difference between a practical and an ideal A/D converter? Between a practical and ideal D/A converter? 12. What is signal processing and what are its different forms used in practice? Give one example of each form. 13. Describe analog signal processing (ASP) with the help of its simplified block diagram.
23) to compute the output y1 [n] = x[n] cos ω0 n. 2. 23) to compute the output y2 [n] = x[n − n0 ] cos ω0 n. 3. Check whether the shifted sequence y1 [n − n0 ] is equal to y2 [n]. If the answer is yes the system is time-invariant; otherwise it is time-varying. Since y1 [n − n0 ] = x[n − n0 ] cos ω0 ([n − n0 ]) = y2 [n] the system is time-varying. 24) that is used to sample a discrete-time signal x[n] by a factor of M. Test the downsampler for linearity and time invariance. 3 Discrete-time systems To test linearity, let y1 [n] = x1 [nM] and y2 [n] = x2 [nM]. |
Your job is to use what you have learned about allergies to provide the information that you feel is important for patients and their families to know about the following:
- negative food reactions and food allergies
- diagnosing food allergies
- the immune system and food allergies
- managing and treating food allergies
You should write in complete sentences. Feel free to make and use labeled diagrams where you think they will be helpful. Do not continue until you have completed your food allergy information guide. |
Pets play a greater role in our emotional and physical health than ever before, says the Purdue University professor who is co-author of his revised edition of Between Pets and People: The Importance of Animal Companionship. The book by Alan M. Beck of Purdue's School of Veterinary Medicine and Aaron H. Katcher, psychiatrist and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, explores the emotional and physical benefits of owning a pet and analyzes the complex relationship between people and pets.
"The study of the importance of the relationship between people and animals is a growing field and has the potential to be part of the whole human-health field," says Beck, director of Purdue's Center for Applied Ethology and Human-Animal Interaction. "The social milieu on where animals fit into society has really changed in the last 13 years. We've gone from recognizing the potential of animals being a significant positive contribution to certain populations, such as the elderly, to actual documentation."
Beck and Katcher note a 1992 study by an Australian cardiologist of 5,000 people who visited a clinic to find ways to reduce heart disease. The study found that people with pets had lower blood pressure and lower blood fat levels than those without pets, even though the two groups were alike in diet and exercise. The authors also point to the trend by nursing homes to incorporate animals into the routine and environment for patients. For example, in the early 1980s nursing homes typically did not allow pets to visit patients, while today nearly half of the homes have an organized program for animal therapy, Beck says. In addition to exploring physical benefits, the book covers such topics as pets as family members, pets as therapists, talking to pets, and how pets can teach us to become better companions to friends and family. The book also has a list of Web sites by such organizations as Canine Companions for Independence and the American Kennel Club.
While pets provide health benefits, they can create problems, Beck and Katcher say. "There is no medicine that doesn't have some side effects," Beck says. For example, more pet ownership has public health implications such as more dog bites, he notes. And some people whose pets die grieve to the point of illness, he says. But grief over the loss of an animal is not new, Beck says. Ancient Egyptians shaved their eyebrows after their cats died, and the Roman emperor Caligula had his horse entombed. |
पर चावल वितरण में अनियमितता शनिवार को टीम के अधिकारियों ने लंदन में बताया कि डॉक्टरों ने सचिन को अभी दो सप्ताह तक आराम करने की सलाह दी है. इस साल आपकी लाइफ में प्यार और ढेर सारी खुशियां आएं. .इस ट्वीट में जॉन ने अपनी प्रेमिका प्रिया रुंचाल का जिक्र किया था. इसका मतलब ये था कि जॉन बिपाशा को धोखा दे रहे थे और इसी बीच प्रिया को भी डेट कर रहे थे. फिर बाद में खबर आई कि जॉन और प्रिया ने शादी कर ली. प्रिया रुंचाल की बात करें तो. की बबिता ने इतनी छोटी ड्रेस में शेयर कर दी फोटो, बोल्डनेस की हदें पार...बाबा निराला का उड़ेगा होश अक्सर शुरुआती दौर में ही गिरफ्तारी के लिए वारंट तक जारी कर दिया जाता है। कोर्ट ने कहा कि जज को ऐसे मामलों में यह प्रयास करना चाहिए कि किस प्रकार विवाद का निपटारा हो और प्रतिवादी पक्ष को भी इंसाफ का हक मिले। हाईकोर्ट ने अपने यह आदेश हरियाणा, पंजाब और चंडीगढ़ के सभी न्याय अधिकारियों को सौंपने के आदेश दिए हैं। इसके साथ ही हरियाणा, पंजाब और चंडीगढ़ को इस दिशा में कदम उठाने का सुझाव दिया है। बेटी के साथसाथ मां ने भी किया</s> |
Students Calculate & Compute Success Accurately!
The students of Delhi Public School, GBN NOIDA participated in the Inter School Math and IT Competition- ‘Count O Compute’ held at Jaypee Public School, Noida on August 22 & 23, 2017 and they were awarded the overall 2nd Position for their performances in various events held over the two days. The following students from classes Nursery to XI showed their mettle against their peers from more than 20 neighbouring schools:
- Ishita Jain of Nursery Tulip won the 1st prize in the Picture Composition event.
- Devanarya Tiwari of class Prep A won the 3rd prize in the Techno Mania.
- Garvita Chugh (III C) and Arav Kejriwal (III B) won the 3rd prize in Math Fact Family.
- Akash Jha and Harshit Virk of VIII D won the 2nd prize in Reverse Film Making.
- Anshay Goel (IX D) and Amarpal Basra (XI B) won the 1st prize in the Conquesta- Maths & IT Quiz
- Aabhirbhab Naik and Soutik Mohinta of XI B won the 3rd prize in Flowchart Coding.
The genius of our students was recognized by the Principal of the host school who commended the students for answering all questions in Math, correctly. Congratulations to the achievers! |
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Astronomy Course Descriptions
COURSE OFFERINGSKey to Course Descriptions »
AS151s Stars, Stellar Systems, and Cosmology An introductory survey of modern astronomy, covering the solar system, stars and stellar evolution, galaxies, and cosmology, for students of both science and non-science backgrounds. The physical processes at work in the universe and the methods we use to learn about the universe will be emphasized. The use of mathematics at the level of first-year algebra is required. Three credit hours. N. SATO
[AS213] Astronomy Since 1609 Listed as Science, Technology, and Society 213. Four credit hours. N.
AS231f Introduction to Astrophysics A general introduction based on topics needed for astrophysical research, accessible to all who are comfortable with calculus and computer analysis of data. Theoretical topics include celestial mechanics, continuous and line spectra, stellar structure, and nucleosynthesis. Computer calculations are introduced using IDL. Observational topics include planning observations, acquisition of images with a CCD camera, image processing, CCD photometry, and stellar spectroscopy. A major goal is to write in the style of The Astrophysical Journal. Four observing labs are held on clear nights selected by the instructor, so students must be available Monday through Thursday evenings. Prerequisite: It is helpful to have taken high school and/or college physics. Four credit hours. N,Lb. CAMPBELL
AS491f, 492s Independent Study One to four credit hours. FACULTY |
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Academy accounts: a quick guide for trustees
Academies must submit their annual accounts to the ESFA by the 31st December every year. Read our guidance on this process, and have a look at examples from other trusts.
- Summary and timeline
- What your trust needs to produce
- Model and example accounts
- Who should prepare the draft accounts?
- Preparing the accounts: process
- Approving and submitting the accounts
More from The Key
The Key has taken great care in publishing this article. However, some of the article's content and information may come from or link to third party sources whose quality, relevance, accuracy, completeness, currency and reliability we do not guarantee. Accordingly, we will not be held liable for any use of or reliance placed on this article's content or the links or downloads it provides. This article may contain information sourced from public sector bodies and licensed under the Open Government Licence. |
n = int(input())
res = 0
i = 5
while i <= n:
res += n // i
i *= 5
print(res) |
A pulmonary embolism is as bad as it sounds – it can restrict blood flow to the lungs and cause damage, and in some cases it can be fatal, according to Healthline.com.
There are telltale symptoms and certain risk factors involved with a pulmonary embolism, but luckily it can be treated. Let’s take a closer look at 12 things to know about them…
1. What Is It?
Healthline.com notes that a pulmonary embolism refers to a blood clot that occurs in the lungs. The result is possible lung damage due to limited blood flow, as well as decreased oxygen levels in the blood, adds the source.
A pulmonary embolism may impact certain other organs as well, it adds. The problem can be life threatening, and can even lead to death, it adds. |
वैसे देखा जाए तो ब्रेकअप का दौर काफी मुश्किल होता है,और लगभग हर कोई इसका सामना करता गई, कीमती वक्त और अटूट विश्वास की बुनियाद पर बना रिलेशनशिप जब अपनी ही आंखों के आगे चूर-चूर होता है तो उसकी असहनीय पीड़ा को सह पाना काफी मुश्किल होता है।
अब ऐसी स्थिति में खोए हुए प्यार को पाने के लिए ज्यादातर लोग एक जैसी ही गलतियां करते हैं, तो आज हम आपको उन बातों के बारे में जिनसे ब्रेकअप के टाइम हमें परहेज करना चाहिए।
बतादें की अक्सर ब्रेकअप के बाद गुस्से में आप अपने चाहनेवाले को ही ब्लॉक कर देते हैं, लेकिन आपको बतादें की यह इस बात को भूल जाते हैं कि आपकी इस एक्टिविटी से वो बहुत ज्यादा नाराज हो सकते हैं। इस तरह आप भविष्य में उस संभावित मौके को भी गंवा बैठते हैं जो शायद आपके हक में हो सकता है।
बतादें की ब्रेकअप के वक्त अपना लास्ट सीन बंद रखना सबसे बड़ी बेवकूफी है, आपको अपना लास्ट सीन हमेशा ऑन रखना चाहिए ताकि बेवक्त आपको व्हॉट्सएप पर एक्टिव देखकर सामने वाला व्यक्ति रिसपॉन्स करने पर मजबूर हो उठे।
वैसे देखा जाए तो अक्सर लोग अपने स्मार्ट गैजेट में पुरानी यादों को तस्वीरों में जिंदा रखने की कोशिश करते हैं, लेकिन आपका ऐसा करना आपको ज्यादा परेशान करेगा, परिस्थितियों को सुलझने के लिए वक्त पर छोड़ दें और मजबूत मन बनाकर तस्वीरों या पुरानी चीजों से दूरी बनाने की कोशिश करें।
आपको बतादें की ब्रेकअप के बाद जो लोग अपने एक्स को सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म पर स्टॉक करने की कोशिश करते हैं, वे सिर्फ अपने कीमती समय को बर्बाद कर रहे हैं, आपको बतादें की ऐसे वक्त में इंस्टाग्राम या फेसबुक पर एक्स को स्टॉक करने की बजाए खुद को कामयाब बनाने के बारे में सोचें तो आपके लिए ज्यादा बेहतर होगा। |
The Center for Computational Electromagnetics
is part of the ECE
department at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
. It began as the Antenna Laboratory
in the late 1940's. Many important antennas were developed there, among which are the log-periodic
Over the years the Antenna Laboratory changed its focus from experimental electromagnetics to those of a more computational nature. The Center for Computational EM, now headed by Dr. Weng Cho Chew, is at the forefront in high speed computational algorithms for solving difficult electromagnetic problems. The CCEM has several very active research ares in each of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Method of Moments (MoM) techniques. These groups cooperate regularly with the NCSA for testing and running large-scale EM codes on the their Origin 2000 supercomputer system.
The CCEM is notable for its software implementations of highly advanced EM signature techniques. Among these are the Fast Illinois Solver Code (FISC), a triangular surface patch far-field solver which uses the RWG triangular basis functions and the Multi-level Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for solving the problem EM scattering from arbitrarily shaped 3D objects using the Method of Moments. Another code, developed in the late 1980's and early 1990's by CCEM emeriti S.W. Lee is Xpatch, which uses Physical Optics (PO) and the Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD) to solve similar scattering problems. Xpatch is used by many military organizations to calculate the radar cross section of highly complex target models.
The CCEM is located on the fourth floor of Everitt Laboratory, at the corner of Wright Avenue and Green Street. The pair of large antenna dishes on its roof can't be missed. |
In her new book, Frankenstein’s Cat: Cuddling up to Biotech’s Brave New Beasts, science journalist Emily Anthes talks about how the landscape of bioengineering has expanded since Dolly the Sheep was cloned in 1996. Scientists, she says, are now working to create pigs that can grow organs for human transplant, goats that produce valuable protein-rich milk, and cockroaches that could potentially serve as tiny scouts into danger zones for the military.
One lab in China is even tackling the human genome by way of the mouse genome. There, researchers are randomly disabling mouse genes one at a time, in order to identify the function of each gene. By essentially throwing darts at a genetic dartboard to see what happens, the researchers have filled 45,000 mouse cages with mutant mice.
The implications of such bioengineering projects are complicated and still unfolding. On the one hand, research being done with bioengineering could potentially help cure cancer or give blind people the gift of sight. At the same time, it heralds unprecedented new territory with regard to human interference with nature. It also forces some tricky questions about animal welfare.
“It puts animal welfare and human welfare in conflict,” says Anthes. “Most thinking, feeling humans, I think, would say that they don’t want animals to suffer, but a lot of us — the majority of Americans — surveys show, also accept some sort of animal research and experimentation. … Most people, for instance, would say that they’re willing to see some mice engineered to get cancer if it cures human cancer, but they’re less willing to see mice suffer if we’re just looking for a cure for baldness. It’s really something we have to tackle on a case-by-case basis based on what the potential benefits for humans are versus the cost to the animals themselves.”
On unanticipated effects on the health of genetically modified animals
“This work, by definition, is experimental, and no matter how well you think it out, you never know quite what the resulting animal might be like, what its health might be like. There’s a pretty good example of that from a few decades ago. It’s called the Beltsville Pig, and scientists were trying to create a pig that was leaner and that grew faster and that required less feed. (The idea was to raise these pigs for pork.) So their solution was to put the human growth hormone gene in all these pigs and, in some ways, it worked. The pigs did grow faster. They did require less feed.
“But from an animal welfare perspective, it was disastrous, and I don’t think scientists really saw it coming. The pigs had … basically every medical problem you can have: metabolic disorders, arthritis, eye problems. They were just miserable. And so that’s a real concern, but … not all modifications will be bad for animal welfare. As it happens, these goats [with genetically modified milk] have elevated levels of an antibiotic compound in their milk, and early studies from the scientists that created them indicated that the goats are actually healthier than other goats because their milk essentially protects them from udder infections that can be common in farm animals. So it can really go both ways.”
“Emotionally and instinctively there’s something that seems very distasteful about engineering animals only so we can take them apart and make our own lives better, but as soon as I have that thought, I think about the fact that I’m not a vegetarian. So, logically, it seems more defensible to me to have pig farms for organ transplants than it does to have pig farms for pork.”
On the prospect of raising animals for their organs
“Scientists used to focus on the potential for transplanting ape organs into humans. The idea was that apes were very similar to us, so that should work, but that idea has sort of become taboo, especially as we learn more about how cognitively sophisticated apes are. So, scientists are now really focused on pigs, largely because their organs are about the same size as human organs and there are already some very successful procedures being done. It’s somewhat common now to receive a valve from a pig heart in certain heart operations. But scientists really want to be able to transplant whole organs, not just a heart valve from a pig but, say, a whole pig heart into humans. There’s a huge shortage of organ donors worldwide, so scientists just imagine that if you could have these pig farms that are just growing organs constantly, it might save a lot of lives. The problem is … rejection. It just shows the potential of if we can re-engineer an animal’s body, we could potentially engineer it so that it creates these perfect replacement parts for humans.”
On the problems with cloning pets
“The scientists who did some of the first pet cloning work did not really intend to get into the world of pet cloning — they were studying agricultural cloning. But people approached them about having their pets cloned, and they were a little bit uneasy about this prospect. They’re still uneasy about this prospect, and they’re still uneasy about it because they worry that our love for our pets can be so strong that essentially pet owners might get duped into thinking that this is a way to actually resurrect a dead pet. And it’s still very expensive. It’s six figures to get your dog cloned, and so there’s some worry about pet owners getting taken advantage of. The scientists who do this work have a mantra that they use and that they repeat again and again to people who are interested in cloning, and that is, ‘Cloning is reproduction; it’s not resurrection.’ ”
On genetically engineering insects to act as drones
“There’s been a lot of interest [from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency] in drones — and especially creating very small drones — that can fly unobtrusively into caves or buildings and sort of scope out the scene, see what’s going on. The problem with creating totally robotic drones, especially very small ones, is that they need a source of power. Some engineers have built some very impressive tiny little flying machines, but usually they’re so small and light that they can only carry enough battery power to really stay aloft for a few minutes. So researchers have realized that insects are small, they already know how to fly and, best of all, they power themselves, so if we could just take control over insect movements we would already be halfway to these tiny little unmanned vehicles.” |
The Monte Baldo anemone (Anemone baldensis) belongs to Ranunculaceae (the Buttercup family). It is a perennial herb that is distributed local in the Alps and the mountains of Yugoslavia. This herb grows in rocky places and screes, 1800-3000 m elevation, and it can reach about 10 cm in height. The basal leaves are trifoliate with 3-lobed and toothed leaflets, and the cauline leaves are similar but smaller. The flowers are solitary, usually white, with generally eight to ten oval, rather pointed, sepals, and bloom July to August. The fruits are woolly achenes. |
DFT calculations are in principle reproducible between different codes, but differences can arise due to poor choice of convergence tolerances, inappropriate use of pseudopotentials and other numerical considerations. An independent validation of the key quantities needed to compute electrical conductivity would be valuable. In this case we have published our input files for calculating the four quantities needed to parametrise the transport simulations from which we compute the electrical conductivity. These are specifically electronic band structure, phonon dispersions, electron-phonon coupling constants and third derivatives of the force constants. Each in turn in more sensitive to convergence tolerances than the last, and it is the final quantity on which the conclusions of the paper critically depend. Reference output data is provided for comparison at the data URL below. We note that the pristine CNT results (dark red line) in figure 3 are an independent reproduction of earlier work and so we are confident the Boltzmann transport simulations are reproducible. The calculated inputs to these from DFT (in the case of Be encapsulation) have not been independently reproduced to our knowledge.
The negative surface enthalpies in figure 5 are surprising. At least one group has attempted to reproduce these using a different code and obtained positive enthalpies. This was attributed to the inability of that code to independently relax the three simulation cell vectors resulting in an unphysical water density. This demonstrates how sensitive these results can be to the particular implementation of simulation algorithms in different codes. Similarly the force field used is now very popular. Its functional form and full set of parameters can be found in the literature. However differences in how different simulation codes implement truncation, electrostatics etc can lead to significant difference in results such as these. It would be a valuable exercise to establish if exactly the same force field as that used here can be reproduced from only its specification in the literature. The interfacial energies of interest should be reproducible with simulations on modest numbers of processors (a few dozen) with run times for each being 1-2 days. Each surface is an independent calculation and so these can be run concurrently during the ReproHack.
The results of this paper have been used in multiple subsequent studies as a benchmark against which other methods of performing the same calculation have been tested. Other groups have challenged the results as suffering from finite size effects, in particular the calculations on mixtures of cubic and hexagonal ice. Should there be time during in the event, participants could check this by performing calculations on larger unit cells. Each individual calculation should converge adequately within 96 hours making it amenable to a HPC ReproHack. Given modern HPC hardware many such calculations could be run concurrently on a single HPC node.
I tried hard to make this paper as reproducible as possible, but as techniques and dependencies become more complex, it is hard to make it 100% clear. Any form of feedback is more than welcome. |
Topic: problem whit roundcubemail identities
i have iredadmin pro v1.6.1 (LDAP) installed in a centos 5.5 32 bits and i have detected two situations
1. when i log in the iredadmin pro web gui every is ok exept for the dashboard tha don't show me any information about statics (the image is attached)
2. when i create a new user from the iredadmin pro console this dont create the roundcube identities for the imap client (is i use pop with a mtu like thunderbird), the second image is attached too.
i have been looking for the answer to this and i suspect that is a mismatch config in the setting.in in the iredadmin directory
can you give me any sugestion.
and sorry for my english==== Provide basic information to help troubleshoot ====
- iRedMail version:
- Linux/BSD distribution name and version:
- Any related log? Log is helpful for troubleshooting.
- Urgent issue? Pay iRedMail developer to solve it remotely at $39. |
Sun Moon Lake Hotel Nantou hotel, Sun Moon Lake Hotel
The Hotel The sun, the moon, and the landscape, are what the Sun Moon Lake Hotel offers you as the start to your beautiful holiday. To appreciate the beauty Sun Moon Lake, it takes time. In the early morning, the lake is a scene of poetic and floating mist, and by day this deep blue lake is a scenic place to be. At dusk as the sun starts to set, the water waves become something of a thousand beauties, so mesmerizing that one almost forgets whether he is above the waves or in the clouds, losing the track of time as one is immersed in the atmosphere. |
Tom Karlya has been active in diabetes causes since his daughter was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1992. His son was also diagnosed in 2009. He is the vice president of the Diabetes Research Institute Foundation and the author of Diabetes Dad. He wrote this article in collaboration with Susan Weiner, MS, RDN, CDE, CDN. You can follow Tom on Twitter @diabetesdad, and follow Susan @susangweiner.
We see warning signs everywhere. Warnings on cigarette boxes. Warnings that things are closer than they appear to be in the rear view mirror. There are even warnings on toy packaging.
Two of my children have type 1 diabetes. But there was a time when they didn’t. That’s because I had no idea what the warning signs were.
In today’s world, people tend to be more in tune with what can potentially happen to their children. Stigma has been replaced with action. From bullying to peanut allergies, moms and dads today have the trained eyes that I never had, just a short time ago.
Chances are, if someone you know is complaining of dizziness, frequent urination, and sudden drastic weight loss, most medical professionals will check further to rule out type 1 diabetes, and in some cases even type 2 diabetes. But not all diabetes symptoms are treated equally.
Nausea and Vomiting Might Not Mean the Flu
When we’re feeling extremely nauseous or are vomiting, our usual expectation is that we have the flu. And in healthcare, with these surface symptoms, the inclination is usually to treat the symptom and not to explore things further.
But nausea is also a symptom of diabetes, and ignoring it can cost people their lives. That’s why the National Association of School Nurses recently took the step of sending children who have flu-like symptoms home with a letter for their parents, outlining the symptoms of diabetes.
If a person who has diabetes is experiencing nausea and vomiting, they have entered a very serious stage of diabetes, called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Their production of insulin is diminishing, and glucose levels are rising to dangerous levels because there is not enough insulin present to control it, causing the body to produce high levels of blood acids called ketones.
If Doctors Aren’t Aware, You Should Be
I recently conducted a town hall survey — I call it a “town hall” because I’m just a dad, not a statistician or researcher. The people who responded were mostly parents. The criteria: Their children had to have had DKA when they were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, they had to have been diagnosed within the last 10 years, and they had to be in the United States.
I had hoped for 100 people to respond, and was flabbergasted when 570 people responded.
Over half of those responding said that, during consultations, the parents and doctor came to the agreement that they were dealing with what was probably a flu/virus battle, and they were sent home with instructions to treat that alone.
Diabetes was not even considered. Sadly, all children ended up in the hospital, and nine children experienced brain damage, and even death.
Know the Signs
Reading this, don’t fall into the trap of thinking, “not me.” Don’t place your head in the sand and let the ostrich phenomenon into your life. Years ago, if you had told me that two of my three children would be diagnosed with diabetes, I would have told you that you were insane. Yet here I am today.
Some of the common signs of diabetes include:
- frequent urination
- excessive thirst
- dry mouth
- itchy skin
- blurred vision
- unplanned weight loss
If not diagnosed or treated, the condition can progress to DKA. Symptoms of DKA include:
- nausea and vomiting
- sweet or fruity breath
- dry or flushed skin
- difficulty breathing
- having a decreased attention span or confusion
Sometimes, you have to be an advocate for your child. You have to know the right questions to ask, and when to push for more definitive answers. Be aware. The life of your child may depend on it. |
Working paper number:No. 10
Paper Abstract:Responding to the state and civil society’s pro-multicultural actions, Korean discourses on immigrants have changed over time from unfavorable attitudes to positive, sympathetic, and supportive discourses. However, resentful sentiments about multicultural families and immigrants are noticeable from anti-multicultural online communities. In making multicultural nations, mothers, who participate in civic actions, have an integral role in promoting pluralistic discourses and democratic values characterized by openness, flexibility, and empathy. Comparing two groups of evangelical Protestant mothers, namely, transnational and domestic mothers, this study examines how mothers perceive multicultural families and children, what strategies they use in making discursive boundaries to include immigrants, and how they contribute to the making of multicultural Korea. |
Rejutime® PTC is of mergence with two highly-effective anti-aging actives and exhibits effects based on “3 Dimension Anti-aging Theory”: 1st Layer, to accelerate Keratinocyte proliferation and stimulate Growth Factor TGF*-β; 2nd layer, to improve synthesis of 3 key proteins in DEJ**; 3rd layer, to repair Dermal reticulate structure. With 6-weeks application, Rejutime® PTC can rebuild a young skin innovatively by enlivening epidermis, rejuvenating DEJ and regenerating dermis.
• Enlivens the epidermis, enhances the secretion of TGF*, facilitates Keratinocytes’ proliferation;
• Rejuvenates DEJ**, enables the synthesis of Integrin, Collagen Ⅳ and Collagen Ⅶ;
• Facilitates the dermis regeneration, accelerates Fibroblasts‘ proliferation and Dermal Reticulate Structure’s forming.
* transforming growth factor
** dermis-epidermis junction |
MooTools FileManager is a file manager for the Web that allows you to view, upload, and modify files and folders via your browser. It can browse through files and folders on a server, and can display items as thumbnails. It can rename, delete, move, copy, and download files. It can show previews of images, text files, compressed files, and audio content. It can upload multiple files via FancyUpload. It has an option to automatically resize big images when uploading. You can use it as a file selection dialog in a Web application. It can be plugged in as a fileManager for TinyMCE or CKEditor. You can use it to create galleries using the Gallery-Plugin. It works with the history features of a Web browser, so the forward and back buttons have their expected behavior. |
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# Is |x-y|>|x|-|y|
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31 Mar 2012, 15:00
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I found talking through this one to be helpful.
Namely:
|x-y| represents the distance between x and y on the number line.
|x|-|y|, on the other hand, first takes the absolute value of both numbers - and thereby moving them both to the positive side of the number line - and THEN calculates the difference between x and y
Visually, it makes sense that if x and y are of different signs (for example, x=-5, y=5), then the difference between the two numbers on a number line is greater if measured before moving them both to the positive side of the number line.
At this point I logically deduced that it is impossible for |x-y| to be less than |x|-|y|. I also deduced at this point that if x and y have the same sign, it does not matter when the absolute value is taken because the difference between them will be the same either way.
After this thought process, the problem becomes much easier.
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07 May 2012, 09:08
OA is B. I faced this problem in the GMATPrep.
(1) y < x
if x=3 and y=2, left hand abs(x-y) = 1, and right hand abs(x) - abs(y) = 1...No.
But if x=3 and y=-2, left hand is 5 and right is 1...Yes.
INSUFFICIENT.
(2) xy < 0
Let's think the following two cases.
(a) x>0 and y<0
In this case abs(x-y) > abs(x), as in the second plug-in in the discussion of (1) above.
So abs(x-y) naturally is greater than abs(x) - abs(y) because abs(x) > abs(x)-abs(y)...Yes.
(b) x<0 and y>0
In this case abs(x-y) = abs(x)+abs(y). Since abs(x) + abs(y) > abs (x) - abs(y),
abs(x-y) > abs(x)-abs(y)...Yes.
SUFFICIENT.
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Re: Is |x - y | > |x | - |y | ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 [#permalink]
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06 Mar 2013, 22:36
1) Taking statement (1), if y < x, then there can be two cases -
a) y is negative, it can lead to two sub cases --
(i) x is negative ==> as y < x so |y| > |x| ==> |x| - |y| will be < 0, and |x - y| > 0 ==> |x - y| > |x| - |y|
(ii) x is positive ==> |x - y| would be sum of absolute value of x and y, essentially |x| + |y| ==> |x - y| > |x| - |y|
Problem statement is true.
b) y is positive ==> x can only be positive ==> |x - y| = |x| - |y|
Problem statement is false.
Since we do not know, whether y is positive or negative we can not conclude from statement 1.
2) Taking statement (2), if xy < 0 ==> two sub cases
a) x < 0 and y > 0 ==> |x - y| = |x| + |y| which is greater than |x| - |y|
b) x > 0 and y < 0 ==> |x - y| = |x| + |y|, which is again greater than |x| - |y|
Statement (2) is sufficient enough to conclude the problem statement.
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08 Mar 2013, 05:56
So basically the explanation is that find the signs test in the following cases
++
- -
+ -
- +
since statement doesn't 1 doesn't help in any way its insufficient and statement 2 either both positive or both negative when we plug examples its never true so its sufficient?
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25 Mar 2013, 03:08
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
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25 Mar 2013, 04:56
kancharana wrote:
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
The point is that x = 1/2 and y = 1/3 do not satisfy xy < 0 (the second statement).
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25 Mar 2013, 05:29
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Expert's post
kancharana wrote:
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
It is B because if you use the data of statement 2, you can say, "Yes, |x-y| is greater than |x|-|y|"
(2) xy < 0
This means that one of x and y is positive and the other is negative. You cannot take x = 1/2 and y = 1/3.
It is not about fractions/integers. It is about positive/negative numbers (most mod questions are about positive/negative numbers)
When xy < 0, |x-y|>|x|-|y| always holds.
Only when x and y both are positive or both are negative and |x|>|y|, then |x-y|=|x|-|y|
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Get started with Veritas Prep GMAT On Demand for $199 Veritas Prep Reviews Kudos [?]: 17329 [1], given: 232 Intern Joined: 01 Feb 2013 Posts: 9 Kudos [?]: 19 [0], given: 9 Location: United States Concentration: Finance, Technology GPA: 3 WE: Analyst (Computer Software) Re: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| [#permalink] ### Show Tags 25 Mar 2013, 11:19 kancharana wrote: mmphf wrote: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E. can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case? Scenario: x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6 It's implied that it is integers on the GMAT? Is this perception by me correct or completely out of the blue? _________________ Goal: 25 KUDOZ and higher scores for everyone! Kudos [?]: 19 [0], given: 9 Verbal Forum Moderator Joined: 10 Oct 2012 Posts: 627 Kudos [?]: 1355 [1], given: 136 Re: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| [#permalink] ### Show Tags 25 Mar 2013, 12:39 1 This post received KUDOS kancharana wrote: mmphf wrote: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E. can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case? Scenario: x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6 From F.S 1, we have that x>y. Thus |x-y| = x-y. Thus, we have to answer whether x-y>|x|-|y|. or x-|x|>y-|y|. Now for x>0, and y>0, we have is 0>0 and hence a NO. Again, for x>0 and y<0, we have a YES. Insufficient. For F.S 2, we know that x and y are of opposite signs. Thus, x and y being on the opposite sides of the number line w.r.t the origin, the term |x-y| will always be more than the difference of the absolute distance of x and y from origin.Sufficient. B. _________________ Last edited by mau5 on 05 Apr 2013, 05:02, edited 1 time in total. Kudos [?]: 1355 [1], given: 136 Math Expert Joined: 02 Sep 2009 Posts: 41871 Kudos [?]: 128550 [0], given: 12180 Re: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| [#permalink] ### Show Tags 26 Mar 2013, 02:06 tulsa wrote: kancharana wrote: mmphf wrote: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E. can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case? Scenario: x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6 It's implied that it is integers on the GMAT? Is this perception by me correct or completely out of the blue? No, that's completely wrong, we cannot assume that x and y are integers, if this is not explicitly stated. Generally, GMAT deals with only Real Numbers: Integers, Fractions and Irrational Numbers. So, if no limitations, then all we can say about a variable in a question that it's a real number. For more check here: math-number-theory-88376.html Hope it helps. _________________ Kudos [?]: 128550 [0], given: 12180 Intern Joined: 05 Mar 2013 Posts: 14 Kudos [?]: 7 [0], given: 9 GMAT Date: 04-20-2013 Re: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| [#permalink] ### Show Tags 04 Apr 2013, 12:18 Bunuel wrote: mmphf wrote: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 Is |x-y|>|x|-|y|? Probably the best way to solve this problem is plug-in method. Though there are two properties worth to remember: 1. Always true: $$|x+y|\leq{|x|+|y|}$$, note that "=" sign holds for $$xy\geq{0}$$ (or simply when $$x$$ and $$y$$ have the same sign); 2. Always true: $$|x-y|\geq{|x|-|y|}$$, note that "=" sign holds for $$xy>{0}$$ (so when $$x$$ and $$y$$ have the same sign) and $$|x|>|y|$$ (simultaneously). (Our case) So, the question basically asks whether we can exclude "=" scenario from the second property. (1) y < x --> we can not determine the signs of $$x$$ and $$y$$. Not sufficient. (2) xy < 0 --> "=" scenario is excluded from the second property, thus $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$. Sufficient. Answer: B. (1) x>y x=-2,y=-4 then 2>-2 --> yes x=4,y=-2 then 6>2 --> yes can't get a no, so sufficient (2) xy<0 x=4,y=-2 then 6>2 --> yes x=-2,y=4 then 6>-2 --> yes can't get a no, so sufficient ans: D why is the answer B? is the question mis-written and the inequality sign should have >= or <=? Kudos [?]: 7 [0], given: 9 Veritas Prep GMAT Instructor Joined: 16 Oct 2010 Posts: 7670 Kudos [?]: 17329 [0], given: 232 Location: Pune, India Re: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| [#permalink] ### Show Tags 05 Apr 2013, 02:55 margaretgmat wrote: Bunuel wrote: mmphf wrote: Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ? (1) y < x (2) xy < 0 Is |x-y|>|x|-|y|? Probably the best way to solve this problem is plug-in method. Though there are two properties worth to remember: 1. Always true: $$|x+y|\leq{|x|+|y|}$$, note that "=" sign holds for $$xy\geq{0}$$ (or simply when $$x$$ and $$y$$ have the same sign); 2. Always true: $$|x-y|\geq{|x|-|y|}$$, note that "=" sign holds for $$xy>{0}$$ (so when $$x$$ and $$y$$ have the same sign) and $$|x|>|y|$$ (simultaneously). (Our case) So, the question basically asks whether we can exclude "=" scenario from the second property. (1) y < x --> we can not determine the signs of $$x$$ and $$y$$. Not sufficient. (2) xy < 0 --> "=" scenario is excluded from the second property, thus $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$. Sufficient. Answer: B. (1) x>y x=-2,y=-4 then 2>-2 --> yes x=4,y=-2 then 6>2 --> yes can't get a no, so sufficient (2) xy<0 x=4,y=-2 then 6>2 --> yes x=-2,y=4 then 6>-2 --> yes can't get a no, so sufficient ans: D why is the answer B? is the question mis-written and the inequality sign should have >= or <=? What about the case x = 4, y = 2 in statement 1? then we get 2 > 2 --> No Hence statement 2 is not sufficient. _________________ Karishma Veritas Prep | GMAT Instructor My Blog Get started with Veritas Prep GMAT On Demand for$199
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26 Jun 2013, 08:17
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
If y is less than x then (x-y) is going to be positive, however, we don't know if x and y are positive or negative:
I. (x-y) > x -y ===> 0 > 0
II. (x-y) > -x -y ===> 2x > 0
III. (x-y) > -x +y ===> 2x > 2y
IV. (x-y) > x +y ===> 0 > 2y
The way I see it, is with case I.) 0>0 isn't true, II.) x must be some non-negative # that isn't zero, III.) x > y but we already know that, IV.) y must be some non-negative # that isn't zero. So we know that x is positive, y is negative and that x > y but we still can't get a single answer. All we know for sure is that y < x
(x=-2, y=-4)
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
(x-y)>(-x)-(-y)
x-y>-x+y
2x>2y
x>y
|-2-(-4)|>|-2|-|-4|
|2|>|2|-|4|
2>-2 TRUE
(x=2, y=-4)
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
(x-y)>x-(-y)
x-y>x+y
0>2y
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
|2-(-4)|>|2|-|-4|
6>-2 TRUE
(x=4, y=2)
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
(x-y)>(x)-(y)
x-y>x-y
0>0
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
|4-2|>|4|-|2|
2>2 FALSE
(0>0 isn't possible, nor does it confirm y or x)
NOT SUFFICIENT
(2) xy < 0
So either x is less than zero or y is less than zero. x & y ≠ 0.
There are two possible cases: (x is positive and y is negative) or (x is negative and y is positive)
I. (x is positive and y is negative)
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
(x-y)>(x)-(-y)
x-y>x+y
0>2y
(which holds with the premise in the first case that y is negative)
II. (x is negative and y is positive)
|x-y|>|x|-|y|
-(x-y)>(-x)-(y)
-x+y>-x-y
2y>0
(which holds with the premise in the second case that y is positive)
SUFFICIENT
(B)
(does that make sense?)
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06 Aug 2013, 09:28
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
what if like that
(x-y)^2>x^2-y^2
so x^2-2xy+y^2>x^2-y^2
and x^2-2xy+y^2-x^2+y^2>0,
and 2y^2-2xy>0
and 2y(y-x)>0
finally, y>0 and y-x>0 (y>x)
Then, 1) y < x, not sufficient, because it negates only one final condition and y may be both positive and negative
2) xy < 0, sufficient, because confirms that when y>0, y>x when x is negative
B
write, if it is OK
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06 Aug 2013, 14:29
kancharana wrote:
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
.......
st(1), use x=3 , y = 2 and then x=1 , y = -1 , we will have a double case. ----insufficient
st(2), use x= -5 , y = 10 and then x=10 , y = -5, we will have a single solution and its yes |x-y|>|x|-|y| .so its sufficient.
you can use fractions in st(2) maintaining one positive and the other negative. st(2) will provide the same.
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06 Aug 2013, 22:25
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Expert's post
kancharana wrote:
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
Fractions and integers have no role to play here. Check Bunuel's post above.
Whenever xy < 0, i.e. x is negative but y is positive OR x is positive but y is negative, |x-y| is greater than |x|-|y|.
e.g. x = -1/2, y = 1/3
|x-y| = |-1/2-1/3| = 5/6
|x|-|y| = 1/2 - 1/3 = 1/6
So |x - y| > |x|-|y|
Do you see the logic here? If one of x and y is positive and the other is negative, in |x - y|, absolute values of x and y get added and the sum is positive. While in |x|-|y|, the absolute values are subtracted.
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24 Aug 2013, 06:11
kancharana wrote:
mmphf wrote:
Is |x-y|>|x|-|y| ?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
How it is B? Did they mention that X and Y are integers? No right, the answer should be E. If they provide details about X and Y as integers then it will be B otherwise it will be E.
can anyone help me about the scenario whether we consider fractions or not in this case?
Scenario:
x=1/2, y=1/3 ==> |1/2-1/3|=1/6 and |1/2|-|1/3|=1/6
It really does not matter; no one is saying that they are integers. The problem with your approach is that you considered invalid values for the fractions.
According to b xy<0; so either x or y must be -ve. Now, lets put the valid values as x=1/2 and y=-1/3; In LHS we get |1/2+1/3|=5/6 and in RHS we get 1/6; therefore the inequality holds, hence statement b is sufficient.
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Re: Is |x - y| > |x| - |y|? [#permalink]
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19 Dec 2013, 07:01
study wrote:
Is |x - y| > |x| - |y|?
(1) y < x
(2) xy < 0
I think the trick here is to remember the property
|x - y| >= |x| - |y|
Where = will only happen when both x and y have the same sign
Therefore, we need to discard that case
Statement 2 does it
Hope it helps
Cheers!
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Re: Is |x - y| > |x| - |y|? [#permalink]
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01 Jan 2014, 21:55
1
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(1) is insuff. because if x and y equal to 10 and 2 respectively, then both sides of the inequality are the same weighted. But, if x, y are equal to 10 and -10 respectively, then left side is greater than the right side(from our perspective) of the inequality.
(2) states that either x or y is negative. We do not know which one is exactly negative. However, it is not important to find out this because in both cases the left side of the inequality is greater than the right side(from our perspective). Why?
It is simple. On the left side the numbers are added while on the right side the same numbers are subtracted from each other. Therefore, this statement is sufficient.
So, the correct answer is B.
Last edited by aja1991 on 02 Jan 2014, 03:36, edited 2 times in total.
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Re: gmat prep absolute values [#permalink]
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02 Jan 2014, 21:39
Bunuel wrote:
SujD wrote:
Bunuel,
for 1.B when .. y ..0 .. x, you said $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$ becomes: $$x-y>x+y$$.
and
1.c when ... y ... x ... 0, you said $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$ becomes: $$x-y>-x+y$$ --> $$x>y$$.
Can you explain this a little bit more? How did you go about removing the absolute signs for this scenarios?
Consider absolute value of some expression - $$|some \ expression|$$:
If the expression in absolute value sign (||) is negative or if $$some \ expression<0$$ then $$|some \ expression|=-(some \ expression)$$;
If the expression in absolute value sign (||) is positive or if $$some \ expression>0$$ then $$|some \ expression|=some \ expression$$.
(It's the same as for $$|x|$$: if $$x<0$$, then $$|x|=-x$$ and if $$x>0$$, then $$|x|=x$$)
We have $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$:
For B: ---------$$y$$---$$0$$---------$$x$$---, $$y<0<x$$ ($$x>y$$) --> so as $$x-y>0$$, then $$|x-y|=x-y$$. Also as $$x>0$$, then $$|x|=x$$ and as $$y<0$$, then $$|y|=-y$$. So in this case $$|x-y|>|x|-|y|$$ becomes: $$x-y>x-(-y)$$ or $$x-y>x+y$$ --> $$2y<0$$ --> $$y<0$$. Which is right, as we consider the range $$y<0<x$$;
The same for C.
Hope it's clear.
Hi Bunuel,
you said... for the case B.. $$y<0<x$$ ($$x>y$$) --> so as $$x-y>0$$, then $$|x-y|=x-y$$. I understand this.
but how is this the same when it comes to case C. where x and y both are negative (y<x<0), although i do get that X is still greater than Y but I am confused how would it still translate to $$|x-y|=x-y$$ when both of them are negative... wouldnt it be more like $$|x-y|=y-x$$ , i get the RHS part ... its the LHS where I am confused.
thanks!
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Re: gmat prep absolute values [#permalink] 02 Jan 2014, 21:39
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पर्याप्त बारिश नहीं हुई है। इस कारण कुओं और ट्यूबवेलों में भी पानी नहीं आ रहा है। जिसका मुख्य कारण जमीन अभी भी प्यासी है। जो पिछले दिनों बारिश हुई। उससे केवल ऊपर ऊपर की जमीन भीगी थी, इस कारण बोवनी हो गई। अब बारिश की आवश्यकता महसूस की जा रही है। वर्तमान में खेतों में नमी होने के कारण दिक्कत नहीं आ रही है। लेकिन बारिश होना बहुत जरूरी है। क्योंकि जब तक पूर्ण रूप से जमीन पानी नहीं पी लेती तब तक पानी की आवश्यकता है। ताकि पूरे साल कुए में झरन चलने से पानी आता रहे। वर्तमान में कुए ट्यूबवेल भी सूखे हैं। क्योंकि न तो ठीक से बारिश हुई है। और न ही जमीन से झरन चल रही है। ऐसे में केवल खेत की मिट्टी में नमी से सोयाबीन और मक्का की फसलें टिकी है। नयी दिल्ली, 12 अक्टूबर (भाषा) राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग (एनएचआरसी) के प्रमुख न्यायमूर्ति (सेवानिवृत्त) अरुण कुमार मिश्रा ने मंगलवार को कहा कि सामाजिक सेवा संगठनों तथा मानवाधिकार के रक्षकों को राजनीतिक हिंसा और आतंकवाद की कड़ी निंदा करनी चाहिए, क्योंकि इस मुद्दे पर उदासीनता कट्टरपंथ को जन्म देती है। पीसीसी अध्यक्ष भूपेश बघेल के पिता नंदकुमार बघेल जिस जमीन को पुस्तैनी बताकर</s> |
I got into a conversation with a friend a while back about first amendment rights and specifically within that the freedom of speech. We talked about how important and integral this is to our advancement as people. Through this conversation I began to question the validity of this freedom of speech and expression. It seems to me that freedom of speech and the ability to freely express yourself and speak is on a sliding scale based on various levels of privilege.
Take for instance Trump. He is allowed to say any number of patriarchy, xenophobic, neo-liberal, racist things that he wants. Why? Because all the things he says upholds the systems of oppression already in place within the current US socio-political-economic power structure.
Now if a black working class woman were to run for president and have the same level of momentum in her campaign it would be impossible for her to push forward a radical black feminist inter-sectional socialist narrative. She would be outcasted and ostracized immediately. Her lack of privilege would automatically make it so that she would be required to take a moderate stance on just about everything.
A perfect example of this is Barack Obama. He has to reassert as often as possible that he is not the president of Black America but America in general on numerous occasions. His policies have done very little for the material conditions of the black community despite being uplifted by the black community and driving out the black vote in record numbers during his original election cycle. Often his rhetoric has reflected blaming the black community for their own problems, citing lack of adequate parenting and mentorship, without truly addressing the systemic reasons why these broken families and communities are the way they are. His need to take the middle road has been troubling. It begs the question, is he really free to speak? The most powerful black person in the US arguably and is he really free to speak?
The reason I start at the “top” is because I want to illustrate an important idea of access. The freedom to speak also is undoubtedly tied to access. What is the purpose in being able to speak freely about ideas if no one can actually hear these ideas and they are shut out from any forms of dialogue. Freedom of speech becomes empty and hollow when only certain types of speech have the volume turned up when they are broadcast while the rest is only played through a filter of white noise. When you have 6 major corporations that own 90% of all media that propagates the problem even further.
Now an argument may be made that these ideas are appropriately marginalized because they represent a minority in our culture and thus the ideas that are being uplifted are those that fall in the spectrum of what most US citizens think and feel. So freedom of speech allows you to speak but the popularity of the idea itself is what carries it into the mainstream or not.
I respond that is a double edge sword. Ideas that now lay on the fringe must be allowed within mainstream discourse in order to allow for the challenge of traditionally held dogmas to prevent from perpetuating false narratives. Also how could we really know if an idea can gain popularity if allowed, if there is no actual access to spreading the idea to those who may accept it. Ideas themselves cannot change if they are not allowed to spread freely and with similar access to those they could possibly change.
Also I think it is important to recognize the drastic repercussions faced by those who attempt to spread ideas that may counter the oppressive power structure currently in place. Most notably MLK, Malcolm X, Oscar Lopez Rivera, and many of the Women and Men of the Black Panther Party, the Young Lords, and other third world or anti-imperialist movements. Many of these people have been arrested, killed, beaten, and harassed by government agencies as well as denied employment for their ideological viewpoints that were not degrading of any person or group of people but instead a recognition of oppressive forces and the way they have beaten down people like themselves.
Now these may be drastic but what about your average working class person who may not be so entrenched in this kind of alternative thinking. Courts ruled that a person can be denied employment for wearing dreadlocks, a traditional hairstyle mostly worn by black people. This freedom of expression thought to be covered by the first amendment is sacrificed in the name of white-euro ideas of professionalism and conformity. Various typical white longer hairstyles worn by both white men and women have not been demonized to the degree as black natural hair has and is rarely cast into the realm of “unprofessional.”
So again I reiterate that freedom of speech has to come with an important level of freedom to access the mechanisms in which speech is spread and dialogue is had at a level where the masses can be influenced by it. If only a homogeneous group of people have the absolute access to the spread of their speech that automatically undermines the freedom in and of itself. This could only happen if there is communal control and ownership of the means to produce mass media by the people themselves and not private corporations. Until this point when it comes to the question “Am I Free to speak?” the answer would be “not really.” |
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About Athens evening call. (Athens, Ga.) 1906-19??
Athens, Ga. (1906-19??)
Athens evening call. : (Athens, Ga.) 1906-19??
- Place of publication:
- Athens, Ga.
- Geographic coverage:
- T.L. Gantt
- Dates of publication:
- Daily (except Sun.)
- Description based on: Vol. 1, no. 137 (Mar. 8, 1907).
- sn 89053554
View complete holdings information |
Printed version = Tapani Salminen: The rise of the Finno-Ugric language family. — Early contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: linguistic and archaeological considerations. Edited by Christian Carpelan, Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 242; Helsinki 2001. 385–396.
NB. The editors made a few minor (and inconsistent) terminological changes to the printed version, including its title, without my knowledge or approval. A couple of technical updates (Sámi → Saami, proto- → Proto-) are included in the online version.
There exist a good number of often radically different scenarios about the early history of the Finno-Ugrian (Uralic) language family. The crucial questions can be formulated as follows. Firstly, how are the Finno-Ugrian languages related to each other, or more specifically, how are they properly classified? Secondly, where was the oldest centre of expansion of the Finno-Ugrian family? Thirdly, when did the first contacts between Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European take place? Fourthly, what are the prospects for a distant genetic relationship between Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European? It may be said that to all these questions there is one standard answer but in each case both the standard and the competing views require critical evaluation. This essay attempts to give a general overview of some of the problems that scholars need to tackle in the future, without going into details of various controversial issues or referring to all important publications in the field.
If we try, as we should, keep the concepts ‘proto-language’ and ‘reconstruction level’ apart, it is self-evident that proto-languages have been natural languages, and typical features of a natural language are variation and change, which are connected with both internal contacts promoting unity of the language area and external contacts leading to differentiation. A natural proto-language, so to speak, must have been a dynamic dialect continuum. Changes frequently result in the increase of dialectal differences, which is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for an actual break-up of the proto-language into a number of daughter languages. Rather, new languages are created so that the transitional dialects between the main dialects of the proto-language disappear through assimilation to the main dialects or other languages, which yields clear-cut units that can no longer profoundly influence each other but continue to change independently. Paradoxically, then, the extinction of transitional dialects changes the status of dialects to languages.
The outcome of the recurrent divisions within a language family can well be captured in the classical tree model, although it is important to keep in mind that the tree model is not a theory of genetic relationship but a means of illustrating it. There is also no need to assume that the structure of the tree model must always be binary, with every node divided into two branches, but a tree with several equal branches is natural and even expected in the case of a language family whose subsequent diversity appears to be the result of a rapid expansion from the original language area to different directions. Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European are prime examples of such highly expansive language families, but there is a difference in the traditions of classification. The Finno-Ugrian family, which is the name that is provocatively used here instead of Uralic, is almost always classified according to a binary tree model, which is based on the status of the Finnish language as the focal point of the classificatory scheme.
In other words, it is a grave error to assume that a single innovation equals a break-up of the proto-language, and that an established isogloss within the family corresponds to an early language boundary. Such an approach is typical of scholars who insist on a binary classification, but do not recognize that the starting-point of any changes must have been a proto-language which was already characterized by variation. Furthermore, the choice of decisive innovations in a binary classification is generally quite random, because true language boundaries must have become established much later than the oldest isoglosses dividing the language area.
Finno-Ugrian languages, in the widest sense of the word, share a few core vocabulary items, though when critically examined, the number of satisfactory etymologies appears smaller than was thought earlier (Janhunen 1981; Sammallahti 1988). Whether or not there were borrowings from Indo-European that spread to all branches of Finno-Ugrian including Samoyed, is still being argued but the case for such borrowings seems quite strong (Koivulehto 1991; Rédei 1986, 1988). While scholars agree on many details of the Proto-Finno-Ugrian sound system, there are also different views about several crucial questions. The basic morphological structure is, hopefully, better understood, and three types of suffixal markers can be quite reliably reconstructed in Proto-Finno-Ugrian, namely a set of case markers and two sets of personal suffixes (Janhunen 1982). The personal suffixes, in particular, can be regarded as defining features of the Finno-Ugrian language family, because on the one hand, they are transparent enough to be recognized as products of agglutination processes of personal pronouns, and on the other hand, certain morphophonological alternations can be reconstructed in the system of possessive suffixes at least (Janhunen 1982), so they had already had time to lose some of their original agglutinative character before any major disintegration of the proto-language. Curiously, Indo-European is characterized by a set of personal suffixes with a similar background, and it might prove interesting to study the possible connections.
In the traditional binary classification of the Finno-Ugrian (Uralic) family (for an illustration, see Häkkinen 1983: 83, 1984: 8), there are two kinds of proto-language. Nine of them (Proto-Saami, Proto-Finnic, Proto-Mordvin, Proto-Mari, Proto-Permian, Proto-Hungarian, Proto-Mansi, Proto-Khanty, and Proto-Samoyed), often given as the lowest nodes in a tree graph, clearly stand apart from each other and from their common predecessor (Proto-Uralic), with a large number of characteristic innovations. The other alleged proto-languages (Proto-Finno-Ugrian, Proto-Finno-Permian, Proto-Finno-Volgaic, Proto-Finno-Saami, Proto-Ugrian, Proto-Ob-Ugrian, and Proto-Volgaic) are supergroups of the nine well-founded branches, and little substantiation has ever been presented for them. Häkkinen (1984) presents a detailed critique of the larger groupings (Finno-Ugrian, Finno-Permian, and Finno-Volgaic) as they are still based on obsolete criteria formulated in the 19th century, and Salminen (2002) evaluates the controversies over the narrower subgroups. Helimski (1982), while critical of such intermediate proto-languages as Finno-Permian and Finno-Volgaic, calling them areal genetic units instead, tacitly assumes the primary division between Finno-Ugrian and Samoyed, but it is difficult to see how Finno-Ugrian should earn a different treatment and why, for instance, Ugro-Samoyed (including Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty, and Samoyed) would not be an areal genetic unit exactly like Finno-Permian and Finno-Volgaic.
As to the factual basis of the suggested primary division, no sound changes were assigned to the intermediate Finno-Ugrian level (and the same was largely true about the other binary nodes as well) until the recent studies by Janhunen (1981) and Sammallahti (1988) who have actually presented a couple of tentative sound changes characteristic of the intermediate levels. A good summary is provided by Sammallahti (1998: 119–122) in his presentation of the historical background of the Saami languages: according to him, there are two Finno-Ugrian, two Finno-Permian, one Finno-Volgaic, and three Finno-Saami sound changes; the actual number is, however, lower, because some of them represent different phases or effects of the same process. It is very difficult to see these results as conclusive: in some cases it may be a question of an illusion created by reconstruction techniques; in other cases there are too few etymologies to establish the actual distribution of the innovation; and with regard to the Finno-Saami sound changes (1) and (2) as posited by Sammallahti (1998: 122), there are no grounds for arguing that they covered Finnic (cf. Sammallahti 1998: 190). The few sound changes involve the history of vowels, and while it is true that Janhunen and Sammallahti have made notable progress in this field, no systematic patterns of innovations have been established as yet, and scholars like Abondolo (1996) have pursued an entirely new picture of the development of vowels.
The established basis for the primary division is, however, not sound changes but the number of shared vocabulary: it is an undeniable fact that with regard to their lexicon, the Samoyed languages form an aberrant branch within the family. However, shared vocabulary is not a criterion for classification since only innovations count, and it is straightforward to assume that a wave of lexical innovations met Proto-Samoyed in the eastern periphery of the area. The other logical option would be that Samoyed had retained the bulk of the original Uralic lexicon which would make Finno-Ugrian the innovative branch, but a situation with massive changes in vocabulary but with no or very few changes in grammar, phonology included, can hardly be expected.
There are two special groups of lexical items used as supporting evidence for the primary division, namely the numerals and the Indo-European loanwords, supposed to be exclusively Finno-Ugrian. By now it should be clear that Samoyed shares two numerals with the rest of the family, ‘two’ and ‘five’ (cf. Rédei 1986–1991), the cognate of the latter meaning ‘ten’ in Samoyed, which appears to be a semantic innovation, especially since the Samoyed word for ‘five’, being four syllables long, looks very much like an innovation. However, the numerals for ‘three’, ‘four’ and ‘six’, if we assume that they were not simply replaced by other words in Proto-Samoyed which seems the likeliest possibility, speak undeniably for the unity of the traditional Finno-Ugrian branch. Whether the distribution of these numerals constitutes a sufficient basis for establishing a proto-language remains an open question.
The argument concerning the Indo-European loanwords, on the other hand, has become largely obsolete because there are a number of words with cognates in Samoyed that are now recognized as being of Indo-European origin, cf. Koivulehto (1991) and Rédei (1986, 1988). There are vocal critics of this idea (cf. Helimski 1995; Napolskikh 1997), but their assessments seem to derive from somewhat outdated views about Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European historical phonology (cf. Anttila 1993).
Whatever the value of the proposed innovations is, the crucial thing is that they are very few; so few that not even their cumulative effect is not sufficient to make a lowest-level intermediate proto-language (e.g., Proto-Finno-Saami) different from the highest-level one (i.e., Proto-Uralic). In other words, by comparing Saami and Finnic alone we reach phonological and morphological reconstructions that are supposed to be distinctly Finno-Saami (also known as “early Proto-Finnic” which is an unfortunate misnomer) but turn out to be virtually identical with Proto-Uralic reconstructions. This state of affairs is, incidentally, evident from the tables including reconstructions on each intermediate level in Sammallahti (1998: 189, 198–202). It must be concluded that in comparison with the well-established proto-languages, the intermediate proto-languages represent a different kind of theoretical construct and, consequently, another taxonomic category. Calling them ‘areal genetic units’ in the Helimskian sense seems an appropriate terminological choice.
There is no need to claim that the intermediate proto-languages in each case lack foundation altogether, but that the evidence for them is scanty, and that in fact, it is possible to draw competing binary trees with as much substance to the alternative intermediate nodes as to the nodes in the traditional binary tree. Creating conflicting binary trees is not difficult, and one serious proposal has been made by Viitso (1997: 921; cf. also Viitso 1995). Furthermore, if a tree following similar standards but from a Samoyed point of view was drawn, it would probably include branches such as Khanty-Samoyed and Ugro-Samoyed, contradicting both the traditional and Viitso’s alternative scheme.
Consequently, it would be a wise move to disqualify the ill-founded intermediate proto-languages in the basic taxonomic description of the Finno-Ugrian (Uralic) language family, and be content with a flat family tree consisting of the nine basic branches (for an illustration, see Häkkinen 1983: 384). This is not to say that higher groups would not require extensive study, quite the contrary, but it would actually be a more fruitful approach from every point of view to treat them as results of areal inter-branch connections rather than properly defined proto-languages. Binary classification as such is a valid possibility, so its apparent invalidity when applied to Finno-Ugrian is simply due to the lack of substantial evidence. The actual historical and linguistic developments that led to the establishment of the nine uncontested branches must have been a highly complex process rather than a neat nine-fold division of the language area, but sticking to a single untenable hypothesis to explain this process does not help but hampers serious study in the field.
The multi-level hierarchy typical of a binary tree also obscures the obvious chain-like structure of the Finno-Ugrian language family, or the network-like structure of Indo-European, for that matter. The problem is that while binary trees look interesting, their non-binary alternative is flat both literally and figuratively, but has one obvious and unquestionable merit, though, namely that it only includes well-founded units representing valid, historically significant proto-languages. In technical terms, non-binary trees need not be called anything else but trees, although sometimes ‘bushes’ and other makeshift terms are used to refer to them.
The lack of hierarchy in a non-binary tree means a lack of predictive power. Nevertheless, since the predictions based on any of the possible higher-level intermediate proto-languages in a binary tree are few, controversial and conflicting, it can be maintained that a non-binary tree is the only version of the tree model that properly and realistically reflects the relations between the well-established branches. Of course, there are other possible models to describe the structure of a language family, most notably the wave model. One model that could be called a circle model is a kind of a compromise between the tree and wave models in that it superficially looks like the wave model and the arrangement of the circles has a similar function, but fundamentally it is a graphic variant of the tree model because it recognizes a number of intermediate proto-languages which have developed from a single parent language and would be further divided into a number of daughter languages (for an illustration, see Salminen 1999: 20). It is richer than a tree only because it can include information about areal connections between branches, and the empty space between circles can be interpreted iconically as representing the transitional dialects whose extinction created the primary language boundaries. It would also be possible to give distances between circles an indicative value, and one place for greater distance might well be between Khanty and Samoyed.
Both the tree and circle models resemble a map, which in the case of the non-binary tree model is, however, not dictated by any principal factors but the geographically based order of the nodes is simply a mnemonic device. The circle model, by contrast, is designed to reflect both genetic and areal connections and it is therefore expected that in most (but not necessarily in all) cases it does form a map-like pattern.
The chain-like distribution of the Finno-Ugrian branches suggests that the original dialect continuum has been created through a rather rapid expansion along a particular ecological zone (expansion in this context only refers to a linguistic phenomenon which can occur with or without large-scale migrations). It is difficult to think that the centre of the expansion could have been very close to either periphery so the safest assumption is still that the homeland was located near to the present nucleus of the language family, that is the area where Mordvin, Mari and Udmurt are spoken, in other words between the Volga and the Urals. The alternatives are a Siberian homeland supported by Napolskikh (1997), and a homeland extending far to the west as described by Sammallahti (1995). Sammallahti finds it possible to connect archaeological and linguistic evidence to support the idea that Proto-Uralic was spoken among the first settlers of the Baltic region, but this seems truly hubristic because early cultural boundaries need not have corresponded to linguistic boundaries any more than they do in historical times, for instance in Siberia, and because a language can spread through diffusion as well as migration.
Some indications about the Urheimat can presumably be found in the oldest and most widely known common lexicon, though there is a great risk of jumping to conclusions in this context. Whatever paleolinguistic evidence is presented in the discussion about Urheimat, one thing is certain: the etymological material must be reliable and well-established. Luckily, Janhunen (1981) and Sammallahti (1988) have critically examined the stock of proposed Uralic etymologies and at least as far as Samoyed material is involved, their etymological word-lists must be regarded as highly conclusive.
To see what happens if the rule of the reliability of etymological material is not respected, we may take a brief look at an etymology concerning a fish-name playing a crucial role in Napolskikh’s famous article (Napolskikh 1993: 49–50). The fish in question is known as ‘round-nosed whitefish’, and Napolskikh himself calls his main point “the round-nosed whitefish argument”. It is not the only fish-name he discusses but, as he readily admits himself, it is the only one pointing to a specifically Siberian homeland, the hypothesis Napolskikh strives to prove. The fish-names in question appear, firstly, locally in Saami with the meaning ‘a little whitefish’, secondly, very scantily attested in Finnish with the meaning ‘a salmon with a hooked nose’, thirdly, in two old records of Northern Khanty in compounds whose meaning is given as ‘round-nosed whitefish’, and, finally, in a single ancient attestation of a compound in Tundra Nenets with the same meaning. Starting from the compounds, the Khanty word may be understood transparently as “a stone fish”. While this is acknowledged by Napolskikh, it can be added that the Tundra Nenets record may well be seen as a temporary formation referring either to “a whirlpool fish” or “a nearby fish”. Itkonen (1956), in his critique of Collinder (1955), regards the comparison of the Finnish and Nenets words as questionable (60), and refers to the Finnish word as a possible Saami loan (63), a conclusion, it may be added, strongly suggested by its phonotactics. Häkkinen (1996: 70) points out that while being critical of earlier treatments of the topic, Napolskikh has failed to take account of the latest results of etymological research. Notably, this etymology is absent from the Uralic etymological dictionary (Rédei 1986–1991) as well as both of the Finnish etymological dictionaries (cf. Joki 1973: 197). Furthermore, while Napolskikh (1993: 49–50) talks about five or six Proto-Uralic fish-names, there are no fish-names at all in the Uralic word-lists by Janhunen (1981) and Sammallahti (1988) and in Sammallahti’s Finno-Ugrian list there are only ‘ide’ and ‘tench’, two fish that occur in a wide territory in northern Eurasia.
On the other hand, Napolskikh (1993: 41–44) may well be right in his claim that the Baltic origin of two important fish-names in Finnic, those for ‘eel’ and ‘salmon’, indicates that the Finno-Ugrian language spread to the Baltic area in a relatively late period. We can simultaneously assume that Proto-Finno-Ugrian, while a natural language with internal variation, was still relatively uniform at the time of its expansion, because these and other distinctly Baltic loans have gone through all Finnic sound changes. After the expansion, Proto-Finno-Ugrian began to disintegrate quickly under the pressure of contact languages.
Viitso (1997) is highly critical of the use of names of animals and plants in defining the Urheimat, and he wisely keeps quiet about details. What we can safely say on the basis of widely attested and etymologically sound material is that the Urheimat was quite far from the sea, and in deep forests rather than tundra or steppe environment, but such reasoning does not narrow down the possibilities very much.
From the point of view of the earliest contacts between Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European it does not matter too much if the primeval Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European centres of expansion are thought to have been located next to each other or not, because even at the time of a relatively late first contact the dialects within the proto-language continuums had not differentiated much. Some Indo-European loanwords have been used as evidence either in classifying Finno-Ugrian languages and locating their Urheimat or for the Indo-Uralic hypothesis. Three cases may be briefly dealt with here, namely the words for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’, the word for ‘copper’, and the word for ‘water’.
Words for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’ of Indo-European origin occur in most Finno-Ugrian languages (e.g. Hungarian méh and méz), but not in Samoyed, which is seen as evidence for a secondary Finno-Ugrian proto-language after Samoyed had split off. The alternative hypotheses, namely that these Indo-European words were once known in the entire proto-language area but were subsequently lost in Samoyed, or, more likely, that the words have spread from one branch to another within an already disintegrated Finno-Ugrian language chain are often rejected without proper consideration. More interestingly, perhaps, the words for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’ have been used for postulating a Proto-Finno-Ugrian homeland subsequent to the primeval Proto-Uralic one. Napolskikh (1997: 137–138) sees as the only possibility that the insect itself was unknown to the speakers of Proto-Uralic and it was therefore borrowed when Proto-Uralic, in the form of Proto-Finno-Ugrian, began to be spoken in the Volga region. Against this view it can be argued that even in an exclusively Siberian Urheimat bees or closely related insects would not have been unknown, and even if the proto-language speakers had encountered bees for the first time after expansion to the Volga region, the natural source of borrowing would have been the alleged aboriginal language of the Volga region rather than Proto-Indo-European which according to everyone was spoken further away. The most probable explanation is therefore that the words for ‘bee’ and ‘honey’ were borrowed because they represented a cultural innovation.
Interestingly, while there appear to be no common Finno-Ugrian words related to agriculture, there is a word which refers to a metall, in some languages meaning ‘copper’ (e.g. Finnish vaski) and in some others ‘iron’ (e.g. Forest Nenets wyesya), and which can be regularly reconstructed to the earliest proto-language on the basis of cognates from the westernmost and easternmost branches as *wäśkä (Sammallahti 1988: 541); for a competing view, see Napolskikh (1997: 123, 154–155). It is tempting to regard the early use and trade of copper as the defining cultural innovation behind the expansion of the Finno-Ugrian language area.
The so-called Uralic word for ‘water’ (e.g. Hungarian víz), with well-known reflexes in all branches except Saami and Khanty, is one of the most widely-used pieces of evidence either for ancient contacts or Urverwandtschaft between Indo-European and Finno-Ugrian (Joki 1973). It would be difficult to think that the resemblance between the Indo-European and Finno-Ugrian roots could be a plain coincidence, and indeed, the absence of this root in Saami and Khanty clearly points to a secondary nature of the Finno-Ugrian root. The common Saami word for ‘water’ (e.g. North Saami čáhci) has namely a cognate in nowhere else but Khanty, where the meaning is ‘tide, flood’. The most plausible scenario involves a semantic shift from ‘water’ to ‘tide, flood’ in Khanty, which is consistent with the fact that the common Khanty word for ‘water’ is based on the root meaning ‘ice’. The Saami word and its Khanty cognate can therefore be regarded as reflexes of the original Uralic word *śäčä ‘water’ (cf. Sammallahti 1988: 549; Rédei 1986–1991: 469), retained in the northern periphery of the Finno-Ugrian language area but replaced by an Indo-European borrowing elsewhere. The assumption, based on the application of the traditional binary model, that cognates of Hungarian víz etc. must have existed in pre-Saami or pre-Khanty is axiomatic and only leads to circular argumentation.
Most similarities between Indo-European and Finno-Ugrian can be easily explained on the basis of language contacts. The only notable exception are the basic pronominal stems, widespread in northern Eurasia and beyond. The striking thing about the common nominal and verbal roots is that their independently reconstructed Indo-European and Finno-Ugrian forms are so similar to each other, a situation which must be seen as an indicator of contacts rather than Urverwandtschaft. In most of these cases it is also semantically plausible to explain them as borrowings, because they often belong to the field of trade relations, and in the few instances without semantic motivation, like ‘water’ discussed above, other arguments in favour of a contact explanation can be presented.
If scholars want to pursue the search of evidence for genetic affinity between Indo-European and Finno-Ugrian, it must be kept in mind that the relationship between these language families must be much more remote than that amongst their branches. To illustrate this quantitative difference, it may be estimated that any speaker of a Finno-Ugrian language shares 50 to 100 common lexical items with a speaker of any Finno-Ugrian language of another branch, while even if we take a most positive stand to the genetic affinity hypothesis, we can count that any speaker of a Finno-Ugrian language shares no more than 5 to 10 common lexical items, pronouns included, with a speaker of any Indo-European language. It seems reasonable to interpret such a major quantitative gap qualitatively as well, which means the rejection of the so-called Indo-Uralic hypothesis. The one thing that seems certain about Neolithic communities is that they were characterized by wide-spread multilingualism, and in such conditions language contacts were at least as extensive as they are known to have been more recently. There is no need to assume that the primary Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European homelands were adjacent to each other but secondary expansions must have brought them into contact relatively early, spreading the knowledge of Indo-European among Finno-Ugrian speakers.
In the study of ancient prehistoric developments, a high level of source criticism is required, and intuitive or authoritative methods must be avoided. If, for instance, evidence suggesting ancient contacts between Finno-Ugrian and Indo-European is disregarded without proper consideration because of an underlying hypothesis of a Siberian Urheimat for Finno-Ugrian, or vice versa, the results are bound to be biased and circular. While comparing archaeological and linguistic data in general, it should be remembered that the correlation between language and culture has always been weak at best, as can be seen from historically attested cases, for example, the complex linguistic and cultural patterns found in Siberia. To sum up the basic, perhaps rather discouraging message of this paper, the development of the field depends, more than anything else, on getting away from preconceived notions, which means that scholars must welcome rather than deny or ignore information that seriously challenges their preconceptions.
Abondolo, Daniel 1996. Vowel rotation in Uralic: obug[r]ocentric evidence. SSEES occasional papers 31; London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London.
Anttila, Raimo 1993. The Finnish ice-box delivers again! [Review of Koivulehto 1991.] Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 51: 236–244.
Collinder, Björn 1955. Fenno-Ugric vocabulary: an etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Häkkinen, Kaisa 1983. Suomen kielen vanhimmasta sanastosta ja sen tutkimisesta. Publications of the Department of Finnish and General Linguistics of the University of Turku 17; Turku.
— 1984. Wäre es schon an der Zeit, den Stammbaum zu fällen? Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge 4: 1–24.
— 1996. Suomalaisten esihistoria kielitieteen valossa. Tietolipas 147; Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Helimski = Хелимский, Е. А. 1982. Древнейшие венгерско-самодийские языков. Москва: Наука.
— 1995. Сверхдревние германизмы в прибалтийско-финских и других финно-угорских языках. — Этноязыковая и этнокультурная история Восточной Европы. Москва: Индрик. 3–37.
Itkonen, Erkki 1956. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der uralischen Sprachen. [Review of Collinder 1955.] Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher 28: 56–80.
Janhunen, Juha 1981. Uralilaisen kantakielen sanastosta. Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 77: 219–274.
— 1982. On the structure of Proto-Uralic. Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 44: 23–42.
Joki, Aulis J. 1973. Uralier und Indogermanen. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 151; Helsinki.
Koivulehto, Jorma 1991. Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Napolskikh, V. V. 1993. Uralic fish-names and original home. Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge 12: 35–57.
— [Напольских, В. В.] 1997. Введение в историческую уралистику. Ижевск: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН.
Rédei, Károly 1986. Zu den indogermanisch-uralischen Sprachkontakten. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Rédei, Károly 1986–1991. Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Rédei, Károly 1988. Die ältesten indogermanischen Lehnwörter der uralischen Sprachen. — The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences. Edited by Denis Sinor. Handbuch der Orientalistik 8: Handbook of Uralic studies 1; Leiden: E. J. Brill. 638–664.
Salminen, Tapani 1999. Euroopan kielet muinoin ja nykyisin. — Pohjan poluilla: Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan. Toimittanut Paul Fogelberg. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 153; Helsinki. 13–26.
— 2002. Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies. — Лингвистический беспредел: сборник статей к 70-летию А. И. Кузнецовой. Москва: Издательство Московского университета. 44–55.
Sammallahti, Pekka 1988. Historical phonology of the Uralic languages. — The Uralic languages: description, history and foreign influences. Edited by Denis Sinor. Handbuch der Orientalistik 8: Handbook of Uralic studies 1; Leiden: E. J. Brill. 478–554.
— 1995. Language and roots. — Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum I. Jyväskylä. 143–153.
— 1998. The Saami languages: an introduction. Kárášjohka: Davvi Girji.
Viitso, Tiit-Rein 1995. On classifying the Finno-Ugric languages. — Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum IV. Jyväskylä. 261–266.
— 1997. Keelesugulus ja soome-ugri keelepuu. Akadeemia 9: 899–929. |
|1: charm person|
2: charm person or animal
3: charm monster
8: mass charm
Innate level: 8
Range: short (8 meters)
Area of effect: large (5 meter radius)
Duration: 1 round /
level 2 levels
Save: will negates
Spell resistance: yes
Description: In the eyes of all non-allied creatures within the area of effect, the personal reputation of the caster is improved by 50%. The caster can charm up to twice his
hit dicecaster level in creatures.
- The in-game spell description states that this spell lasts one round per level, but it actually lasts one round per two (caster) levels.
- When extended, this spell lasts 1 round per caster level, which is marginally more than twice the non-extended version at odd caster levels.
- Unlike most charm spells this spell can charm player characters and their associates.
- The term "non-allied" may be misleading. Depending on PvP settings, the spell can affect members of the caster's party in the area of effect and the caster, too.
- This spell only affects humanoids, even though its description says "creatures".
- Contrary to the in-game description, the limit on hit dice is one less than twice the caster level.
- Targets who resist the spell or make their saves still count against the HD limit.
- Merchants under the influence of this spell will suffer a -15 penalty to their opposed appraise check (if they make one) when opening their store. This usually means that prices are adjusted 15% (of the item's value) in the PC's favor.
Custom content notes Edit |
by Alice Cary
Boatman, thrice I've called thee o er,
Waiting on life's solemn shore,
Tracing, in the silver sand,
Letters, till thy boat should land.
Drifting out alone, with thee,
Toward the clime I cannot see,
Read to me the strange device
Graven on thy wand of ice,
Push the curls of golden hue
From thine eyes of starlit dew,
And behold me where I stand,
Beckoning thy boat to land.
Where the river mist, so pale,
Trembles like a bridal veil,
O'er yon lowly drooping tree,
One that loves me waits for me.
Hear, still boatman, hear my call!
Last year, with the leaflet's fall,
Resting her pale hand in mine,
Crossed she in that boat of thine.
When the corn shall cease to grow,
And the rye-field's sea-like flow
At the reaper's feet is laid,
(Crossing, spoke the gentle maid),
Dearest love, another year
Thou shalt meet this boatmen here --
The white fingers of despair
Playing with his shining hair.
From this silver-sanded shore,
Beckon him to row thee o'er;
Where yon solemn shadows be,
I shall wait thee -- come and see!
-- There! the white sails float and flow,
One in heaven and one below;
And I hear a low voice cry,
Ferryman of Death am I.
Boston: Ticknor And Fields |
Glaucoma Eye Tests
Glaucoma is a leading cause of preventable vision loss and blindness in older individuals in Australia and the second leading cause of blindness in the World, treatment of this condition can prevent more blindness than Macular Degeneration.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is not a single disease. It is actually a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve, most often due to an increase in pressure inside the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP has a normal range of 15-20 mmHg, when higher than this, the risks of developing glaucoma increase dramatically.
When detected in the early stages, glaucoma can often be controlled, preventing severe and permanent vision loss and blindness. However, symptoms of noticeable vision loss often only occur once the disease has progressed. This is why glaucoma is known as “the sneak thief of sight”. Unfortunately, as glaucoma damages the nerve, once vision is lost the damage is usually permanent.
Treatments include medicated eye drops or surgery that can lower and regulate the IOP, the aim is and slow down the progression of the disease to prevent further eye damage. The type of treatment depends on the type and the cause of glaucoma.
Prevention is possible only with early detection and treatment. Since symptoms are often absent, regular and frequent eye tests, which include a glaucoma examination are essential, particularly for individuals at risk of the disease. While glaucoma can affect anyone, the following traits put you at a higher risk:
- Age over 60
- Hispanic or Latino descent, Asian descent
- African American ancestory and over the age of 40
- Family history of glaucoma
- High myopia (nearsightedness)
- Long term use of specific medications (e.g. steroids)
- Significant eye injury, even if it occurred in childhood
Due to a buildup of pressure in the eye, glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. If not managed correctly, glaucoma can eventually lead to ‘tunnel vision’ and legal blindness.
There are a number of types of glaucoma, some more acute than others, causing sudden rise in IOP and nerve damage. Learn about the common types of glaucoma and the differences between them.
Early detection and treatment of glaucoma are essential to stopping or slowing the disease progression and saving vision. Treatment can include medicated eye drops, pills, laser procedures and minor surgical procedures depending on the type and stage of glaucoma.
Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma
The intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by glaucoma can slowly damage the optic nerve, causing a gradual loss of vision. Vision loss begins with peripheral (side) vision, resulting in limited tunnel vision. Over time if left untreated, central vision will also be affected and the tunnel vision worsens, eventually causing total blindness. Unfortunately, any vision that is lost from the optic nerve damage is permanent and cannot be restored.
What are the Symptoms?
Typically, glaucoma starts without any obvious symptoms. At the early onset of the most common type of glaucoma “open angle” glaucoma (OAG), vision remains normal and there is no pain or discomfort. This is why this disease is nicknamed the “sneak thief of sight”.
An acute type of glaucoma, called angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), can present sudden symptoms such as foggy, blurred vision, halos around lights, eye pain, headache and even nausea. This is a medical emergency and should be assessed immediately as the intraocular pressure can become extremely high and cause permanent damage within hours.
Types of Glaucoma
The primary forms of glaucoma are open-angle and narrow-angle, with open-angle being the most common type.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)
POAG gradually progresses without pain or noticeable vision loss initially affecting peripheral vision. In POAG the IOP is usually above 18-20mmHg. By the time visual symptoms appear, irreparable damage has usually occurred, however, the sooner treatment starts the higher the chance that any vision loss can be prevented. When untreated, vision loss will eventually result in total loss of peripheral vision (or tunnel vision) and eventually total vision loss.
Normal-tension glaucoma or low-tension glaucoma
This is another form of open-angle glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure remains within the normal level, under 18- 20mmHg. The cause of this form of glaucoma is not yet fully understood, but is believed to be due to disruptions and insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve, in this condition the IOP is within ‘normal range’ yet it still causes damage to the optic nerve. Individuals of Japanese descent, women and those with a history of vascular disease or low blood pressure are at higher risk.
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is marked by a sudden increase in eye pressure, often higher than 30mmHg, which can cause severe pain, blurred vision, halos, nausea and headaches. The increase in eye pressure is caused by a blockage in the fluid draining out of the eye, this is a medical emergency and should be treated immediately. Without prompt treatment to clear the blockage vision can be permanently lost.
The inherited form of the disease that is present at birth. In these cases, babies are born with a defect that slows the normal drainage of fluid out of the eye, they are usually diagnosed in their first year of life. There are typically some noticeable symptoms such as excessive tearing, cloudiness or haziness of the eyes, large or protruding eyes or light sensitivity. Surgery is usually performed, with a very high success rate, to restore full vision.
Glaucoma can develop as a complication of eye surgeries, injuries or other medical conditions such as cataracts, tumors, or a condition called uveitis which causes inflammation. Uncontrolled high blood pressure or diabetes can result in another serious form called neovascular glaucoma.
A rare form of glaucoma, this occurs when pigment from the iris sheds and clogs the drainage of fluid from the eye resulting in inflammation and damage to the eye and drainage system.
Treatment of glaucoma is dependent upon the severity and type of glaucoma present.
During a routine comprehensive eye test in Traralgon to check for glaucoma, the optometrist may dilate your eye to examine the optic nerve for signs of glaucoma and will also measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) with an instrument called a tonometer. Other tests used in the diagnosis of glaucoma may include visual field test and retinal imaging devices.
Tonometry involves using a device which blows a puff of air on to the eye or numbing the eye with drops and then gently pressing on the surface of the eye to measure the pressure. Since your IOP can fluctuate throughout the day and glaucoma can exist without elevated IOP, the IOP measurement alone is not enough to diagnose nor rule out the disease. If there are signs of this disease, further testing will be performed.
Visual Field Test
A visual field test is designed to detect the functioning of the retinal nerves by detecting any blind spots in your peripheral, or side field, of your vision. You will be asked to place your head in front of a device and while looking ahead and indicate when you see a visual signal in your field of view.
Your optometrist may also exam your optic nerve using various retinal imaging devices, including digital photography or Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). These technologies provide accurate images and analysis of the optic nerve and can be used for digital interpretation of the images and comparative analysis to monitor any changes over time.
Treatment for glaucoma depends on the type and severity of the disease and can include medication such as eye drops, medication, laser treatments or eye surgery.
Medicated eye drops to lower the IOP are often the first resort for controlling pressure-related glaucoma. These drops may have some uncomfortable side effects, but compliance with the treatment plan is essential for preserving vision and halting the progression of the disease.
Laser and Surgery
Laser and surgical procedures are designed to control the flow of fluids through the eye by either decreasing the amount of fluid produced or improving the drainage of the fluid out the eye. Your optometrist may decide that a combination of surgery and medication could be the most effective and will discuss any treatment options with you as well referring you to an ophthalmologist.
It cannot be stressed enough that the most effective treatment for glaucoma occurs when the disease is detected and treated early, before any nerve damage or vision loss occurs. Any vision that is lost cannot be restored. This is why the optimal prevention is awareness, by knowing your risks and taking responsibility by having your eyes examined by an optometrist on a regular basis. |
उत्तर प्रदेश के बलिया में भी पुलवामा आतंकी हमले को लेकर फेसबुक पर देशविरोधी टिप्पणी करने के मामले में पुलिस ने एक युवक को गिरफ्तार किया है। रवि प्रकाश मौर्या नामक इस युवक ने आतंकी आदिल अहमद का समर्थन किया था। कई लोगों ने इस बाबत पुलिस से शिकायत की जिसके बाद पुलिस ने आरोपी युवक के खिलाफ कार्रवाई की। रवि समाजवादी पार्टी का कार्यकर्ता बताया जा रहा है।
एएसपी विजय पाल सिंह ने बताया कि आरोपी रवि प्रकाश मौर्या फेफना थाना क्षेत्र के देवरिया कलां गांव का रहने वाला है। वह बीए का छात्र है। फेसबुक पर उसने रवि पीएम नाम से प्रोफाइल बना रखी है। आतंकी हमले के बाद उसने अपने पोस्ट में लिखा, 'हमे गर्व है आदिल अहमद पर जिसने सीआरपीएफ पर अटैक किया है।' रवि ने आत्मघाती हमले में आदिल अहमद की मौत पर दुख जताते हुए उसे श्रद्धांजलि भी दी थी।
इस टिप्पणी को पढ़ने के बाद मणिभूषण सिंह सहित कई अन्य युवकों ने पोस्ट की स्क्रीन शॉट के साथ पुलिस से शिकायत दर्ज कराई थी। मामले को गंभीरता से लेते हुए फेफना थाना पुलिस और आईटी सेल की संयुक्त टीम ने रवि को उसके घर से गिरफ्तार कर लिया। बता दें कि देशविरोधी टिप्पणी करने के आरोप में शनिवार को भी यूपी में कई लोगों की गिरफ्तारी की गई थी। |
Now that we have explored Earth, Venus and Mars in some detail, it is very tempting to conclude that Venus is too close to the Sun so it is too hot for life as we know it. Mars is too far away from the Sun so it is too cold, and, as the Goldilocks fairytale goes, Earth is just the right distance from our Sun, neither too hot nor too cold to support life. This is the essence of the concept of the Goldilocks Zone, a specific distance from a star in which a planet receives just enough energy to support liquid water on its surface, and thus, life.
However, if we think about these three planets for a moment, we might notice some complications to this idea. First of all, of these planets, only Earth has a significant magnetic field that protects its atmosphere from solar wind. Why? It is this atmosphere that moderates Earth’s temperatures and allows liquid water to exist, between 0°C and 100°C. On Mars, with no magnetic field, any atmosphere that may have once existed has been stripped away over the eons by solar winds. Its surface is now ravaged by ultraviolet and other solar radiation. Earth is also the only planet that exhibits plate tectonics and this means that nutrients and gases can cycle into different forms, keeping their atmospheric concentrations buffered within certain extremes. For example, carbon dioxide is moderated by the carbon cycle on Earth and this prevents a runaway greenhouse effect, which seems to have occurred on Venus, sending its surface temperatures skyrocketing up to about 460°C.
Does distance from the Sun have anything to do with internally created core dynamos or plate tectonic movement? Does how a planet form impact its later habitability? Do catastrophic events early on in a planet’s life affect its later habitability as much or more than its distance from its star? For example, did Earth’s surface water come from within Earth or did it come from comet impacts during the Heavy Late Bombardment? Let’s see what the Goldilocks Zone theory has to offer in terms of answering these questions.
What the Goldilocks Zone Is
The Goldilocks Zone or habitable zone is, technically, the intersection of two regions in space that must both be favourable to life. One region is confined to the planetary system of interest and the other region is where this system exists within its galaxy. The zone around a star, also called the circumstellar habitable zone or ecosphere, is where the star’s energy output allows for water to exist as a liquid rather than freezing or boiling away. The galactic habitable zone is a hypothesis that is met with a bit more skepticism than the ecosphere zone. The idea here is that the center of the universe acts in much the same way as a star does in the ecosphere zone. The favourable zone must exist close enough to gather enough heavy elements to form a habitable planet but far enough away to be protected from radiation from the galactic centre. Planets or moons could exist within this intersected region and possibly support carbon-based life. However, it is important to remember that planets within the Goldilocks Zone may not all be habitable. For example, gas giants in this zone are unlikely to support life.
The Goldilocks Planets Of Gliese 581
The red dwarf star, Gliese 581, is of particular interest to scientists studying Goldilocks planets because it has a planetary system and one planet in particular, that lie within the Goldilocks Zone. This image produced and copyright by the European Southern Observatory (Gliese 581’s planetary system is described in detail on this Wikipedia page) compares Earth’s and Gliese’s Goldilocks planets.
(copyright attributed to European Southern Observatory)
You can see that both Earth and Mars are within the Goldilocks Zone with Venus just on the inner edge of it. Gliese 581 g exists well within the habitable zone around its star, with Gliese 581 c and Gliese 581 d straddling the zone. Scientists currently hold all three exoplanets as possibly life-supporting, with reservations. Gliese 581 g appears to be a perfect candidate for alien life. However, recent evidence indicates that it may be tidally locked, meaning that one side always faces its star. And I should also note that both planets g and f are listed as unconfirmed because they have not been detected by new spectrograph analysis. In both solar systems, planets such as Gliese 581 f and Jupiter do not receive enough solar radiation to make up for radiative losses, and surface water freezes. Planets such as Gliese 581 e and Mercury, on the other hand, absorb too much solar radiation and any surface water simply boils away. Keep in mind that the Goldilocks Zone must be calculated for each star system based on the energy output of that star. The Goldilocks Zone for Gliese 581 is much closer to the star than our Sun’s habitable zone. Gliese 581 has only 0.2% of the visual luminosity of our Sun (but while our Sun radiates mostly in the visible spectrum, Gliese 581 radiates mostly in the near infrared, meaning that although it is much fainter than the Sun it gives off a much higher percentage of its radiation as heat than the Sun does). This NASA image gives you an idea of how the Goldilocks Zone (shown as a green belt) is affected by the host star’s energy output.
Kepler Space Mission Results
The Kepler Space Observatory launched by NASA in 2009 is designed to discover Earth-like planets orbiting within the habitable zones of other stars in the Milky Way galaxy. This is Kepler’s targeted star field, only 1/400th of the night sky, courtesy of NASA.
We do not yet have the capacity to directly observe these planets but we can detect them indirectly by monitoring fluctuations in brightness of other main sequence stars. Fluctuations in brightness indicate one or more planets and/or moons crossing the star’s surface. This NASA image shows how this works.
In February 2011, the Kepler Space Observatory Mission Team released a list of 1235 possible exoplanets, with 54 of them being both Earthlike in size and existing within the Goldilocks Zone. This 10 - minute NASA video introduces us to the Kepler Mission.
This is a very exciting time for astronomy. These results have allowed scientists to estimate for the first time that about 6% of all stars host Earth-size planets and 19% of all stars host multiple planets. Astronomer Seth Shostak believes that, based on the Kepler findings, there are at least 30,000 habitable worlds within a thousand light years of Earth!
New Missions To Study Goldilocks Planets?
We need to confirm the existence of the Kepler Mission exoplanets and to study them in more detail and for that we will need a new generation of observational missions tailored to study exoplanets. Several such missions have been proposed and await funding. The Darwin, a European Space Agency cornerstone mission, was proposed but scrapped in 2007, because of technical and funding problems. It would have detected exoplanets and then carried out more detailed analysis of their atmospheres, looking specifically for the presence of oxygen. Finding just atomic oxygen does not necessarily mean life, however. Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, has a tenuous oxygen atmosphere that is produced by the radiolysis of water molecules (this means that solar radiation breaks water molecules into ionized atoms) high up in its atmosphere. To find oxygen produced biologically through some kind of photosynthesis-like process, astronomers must look for the simultaneous presence of ozone, water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen produced at high altitude as it is on Europa immediately attacks atmospheric ozone and prevents its accumulation. If oxygen is produced low in the atmosphere, say through photosynthesis, and little water gets high into the atmosphere, then there are no ions that can attack ozone. Therefore, scientists now believe that ozone, water and carbon dioxide (required for photosynthesis) along with oxygen comprise a reliable biosignature in an alien atmosphere. This mission would have looked for this signature, with the Gliese planets being good first candidates for study.
Other missions that have been proposed and scrapped or put on hold include the New Worlds Mission, PLATO, the Space Interferometry Mission, the Terrestrial Planet Finder and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, all of which were planned at least in part by NASA except for PLATO, which was another planned European Space Agency mission. Right now, the Kepler Mission, still active, is our best exoplanet explorer and it has been very successful so far. As our technology improves, new missions to study these worlds will undoubtedly be planned and we will move forward in this exciting new field of research.
Goldilocks Zone – A Concept In Infancy
In the meantime, it is important that we refine our search for habitable planets. The Goldilocks Zone concept is in its infancy and it will be refined and expanded upon as we learn more about what makes planets habitable. We are doing that right now as we study the mysteries of Mars, Venus and Earth right here in our own stellar neighbourhood. We also need to question and refine our definition of life itself. As we discover new forms of life never before believed possible in extreme environments right here on Earth, where there is no oxygen or temperatures are well below freezing are well above the boiling point, we must open ourselves to new possible extreme habitats in which life finds a foothold. And we must explore the possibilities of biochemistries that may not be based on carbon or water at all. Why is liquid water so important for life to exist? Carbon compounds dissolve in water to form the basis of all life as we know it, from enzyme functions to the building of cells, tissues and more complex structures. But are other biological solvents possible? A potential biosolvent should exist as a liquid over the range of temperatures an alien organism might encounter, and pressure must be accounted for. For example, while hydrogen cyanide has a very narrow temperature range as a liquid at 1 atmosphere (the surface pressure on Earth), it can exist as a liquid over a wide temperature range on Venus where the surface pressure is almost 100 times greater. Observations from NASA’s Spitzer telescope hint that planets around cool stars such as M-dwarfs and brown dwarfs, which are widespread around the Milky Way, might offer a prebiotic chemical soup that is different from that of our young Earth. The disc chemistry around these cool stars is different from that around our Sun, containing significant amounts of hydrogen cyanide, for example. Hydrogen cyanide is an active molecule that can combine to form adenosine, an essential building block of DNA. Perhaps it could function as a building block in the biochemistry of some kind of alien life, perhaps on a young planet such as the one in this NASA artist’s conception.
Methane, hydrogen fluoride and perhaps even molten salts could also theoretically be used as biosolvents. As well, rather than carbon, life could use silicon atoms. Silicon is chemically similar to carbon and it is far more abundant on rocky planets than carbon is. However it cannot create as many diverse functional groups as carbon can and it can’t readily form the double and triple bonds important to carbon-based biochemistry. But it may be useful under temperatures and pressures different than those of Earth or it could be used in roles less analogous to carbon. These kinds of studies will affect what we refer to as the Goldilocks Zone and perhaps even do away with the concept all together.
Here are some intriguing articles to explore:
Life As We Didn’t Know It – An ecosystem that thrives in complete darkness
A New Form Of Life – A new extremophile is discovered in California’s exotic Mono Lake
‘Goldilocks Zone' Bigger Than Once Thought - To find worlds within the "Goldilocks" zone, where conditions to support life are just right, look no further than our own solar system |
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION BY UTILIZING MULTISTAGE MANIFOLD MICROCHANNEL HEAT AND MASS EXCHANGERS
Ohadi, Michael M
Al-Hajri, Ebrahim SA
MetadataShow full item record
Much of research and development work has been dedicated to implement the heat and mass transfer using microchannel technology; however, it is not yet cost effective and is limited to higher end applications such as electronics cooling and selected applications in automotive and aircraft heat exchangers. The work on mass transfer application of micro channels also has been very limited, despite the very high potential contribution of micro channels for mass transfer enhancement. Scaling up of microchannel equipment presents several manufacturing and process organization challenges such as flow distribution inside microchannels, cost, fouling, high pressure drops etc. This thesis presents the development of a cost effective and compact tubular manifold microchannel heat and mass exchanger (MMHX) for industrial applications. A novel design for the flow distribution manifolds has been proposed. The proposed manifold helps in the enhancement of heat and mass transfer by creating better flow mixing. The MMHX is designed in such a way that the manifold causes the flow to break into multiple passes of very short flow lengths in the microchannels. These flow lengths are short enough such that the flow in the channels is always into entry zone (developing laminar zone) both hydrodynamically as well as thermally, resulting in higher heat transfer than that in the fully developed laminar flow in conventional microchannel heat exchangers. The pressure drop in the device is low as the fluid flow length into the microchannels is very short. While the manifold design helps in flow distribution, very short flow length inside the microchannels mitigates the problems of flow instability of two-phase heat transfer applications such as that in evaporators and condensers. The mass transfer in gas liquid reaction applications is enhanced due to the multiple passes where continuous breaking of the gas liquid interface as well as mixing of the bulk liquid occurs. A multi-pass microchannel heat and mass exchanger prototype was designed, fabricated and was experimentally tested for the performance as liquid-liquid heat exchanger, evaporator, condenser and gas- liquid absorber. Experiments were carried out by changing the liquid and gas flow rates, geometry of the microchannels and the size of the manifold. Flow visualization studies were also performed to study two phase flow distribution and flow pattern in the manifold. Experimental results have shown that the mass transfer coefficient (using CO2 and DEA-water solution) for the microchannel absorber is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the conventional absorber. This increase in mass transfer is mainly attributed to high interfacial area to volume ratio of microchannels and good mixing in the manifold. Similarly, heat transfer coefficient for the single phase heat transfer as well as for two phase heat transfer (evaporator and condenser) is about 3 to 8 times higher than the conventional heat exchangers such as shell and tube or plate type heat exchanger. High transfer rates enable us to design compact heat and mass transfer devices for the industrial applications. Industrial processes, such as carbon capture, which are not economically viable due to their high cost, can be feasible with the development of these next generation heat and mass transfer equipment. Due to the simplicity of the component design and the assembly, cost of the industrial scale equipment can be substantially lower as compared other compact heat exchangers. Current work is the continuation of heat and mass transfer work being carried out at the S2TS lab in University of Maryland. While Jha V.(2012) studied the first version of single pass manifold microchannel heat exchanger, Ganapathy H. (2014) studied the absorption of CO2 in DEA solution in single microchannel as well as in parallel microchannels. MMHX studied in this study builds on the previous work by introducing the multipass concept and utilizing commercially available fin tubes as microchannel surfaces. |
I quiver with excitement when I say these two words: Donalyn Miller. The Beyonce of children's literature, Donalyn does not lip sync. She is one hundred percent real. She teaches fourth grade Language Arts and Texas History at O. A. Peterson Elementary in Forth Worth, Texas, and is also the author of The Book Whisperer: Awakening the Inner Reader in Every Child.
You can also find her thoughtful comments on her blog, and in no more than 140 characters, at @donalynbooks.
Let's take a peek at Donalyn's past:
- Favorite school lunch as a kid: peanut butter (creamy preferred) and strawberry preserves on Wonder Bread
- Best friend in grade school: Edward Glass ( he was also my next door neighbor)
- Times you were the new kid in school: 7
- Teacher who inspired you to stretch: Miss Potter, our school librarian, who set these crazy reading challenges for me. I bothered her every day for a new book, so she introduced me to authors and series I might enjoy. I read every Judy Blume, Marguerite Henry, Roald Dahl and Beverly Cleary book, the entire Young Americans Biographies series, and the Little House books because of her.
- The one thing you always wished you could do in grade school but never achieved: I wish I could have won the spelling bee. I came in second. Twice!
Donalyn, you shared with me that your passions include providing students with choice in their reading and engaging kids with independent reading. Let’s dig deeper. Why is it important to provide students with choices in their reading?
People without choices become disempowered and lose motivation. This is true in all areas, not just reading. Too often, reading belongs to teachers who decide what will be read and the conditions for reading it. When students are given choices, they take ownership of their reading and find their personal interests and motivations.
What are the roadblocks to this kind of effort, given the current educational climate geared toward standardized testing?
Standardized testing is a problem because preparing for these tests crowds out a lot of authentic reading and writing. I don’t see tests as the only factor, though. Other factors include whole class novel units (where everyone reads the same book at the same time and completes the same rote activities), assigned book reports and projects, and students’ book choices that are limited to Lexile bands and reading lists. All of these prevent many children from falling in love with reading or finding any personal value in it.
What do you see happening when kids get to choose what they read?
I find that my students read more widely and take greater risks when they can read whatever they want. I also see students find and finesse their preferences—many of them discover what they like to read for the first time because they can try anything.
What happens when kids are stymied in their own efforts to choose reading materials?
I think that many children struggle to self-select books because they lack reading experience. They don’t know enough about books and authors and they haven’t experienced enough reading success. We talk about books and share recommendations on a daily basis. I share specific authors and books that I think students might enjoy. I encourage students to preview lots of books and take chances. If a book isn’t working, we discuss why and I encourage children to abandon books that aren’t working for them. I select books for read alouds that lead students to more reading from the same author, series, format, or topic.
Do you think there is such a thing as a bad book? Why or why not?
A few books are poorly written, but I think most books have an audience somewhere. If I don’t like a book, I tell my students why and admit that it may not be the right book for me. I think the only bad book is a book that turns you away from reading.
What do you see as your role in guiding/facilitating students in choosing what they read?
I know a lot about books and can usually help students find something to read that they will enjoy. I think it is my responsibility to remain current on new books for children and continually explore resources and tools that help students read more and find books for themselves. Building my knowledge about books is a vital part of my professional development as a teacher. My students also know I am a reader and they trust my knowledge as a reader as much as a teacher.
Are you saying that there isn’t a core list of books everyone should read?
How is that possible? What is the point of narrowing our reading lives to a prescribed list? I think developing a personal canon of books that resonate with you is more important than reading what someone else thinks you should read.
Tell me what you mean by independent reading.
True independent reading is free choice, voluntary, individual reading. Reading silently what someone assigns you to read is not independent reading. Reading and finishing a list of activities is not independent reading.
Why is it important?
We know from research that the children who read the most have higher reading scores, better grades, and more motivation for reading than children who don’t read much. On a personal level, provides readers with an intellectual and emotional life that they control.
How can parents and other caring adult encourage independent reading?
The factors that contribute to more reading at school also contribute to more reading at home:
- Set aside daily time for reading.
- Provide a variety of engaging reading materials.
- Value all reading and allow children to choose what they read.
- Role model a reading lifestyle and discuss why you find reading personally meaningful.
What’s the worst thing an adult can do in trying to connect a particular child with a particular book?
When we require children to read a particular book, we send the message that we make their reading choices because they can’t. If you really want to share a specific book with a child, read it aloud with them and share the experience.
What’s the best thing an adult can do?
The best thing an adult can do to encourage a child to read a specific book is tell them, “I just read this book and I knew you were the next person that should read it. I look forward to talking with you about it” Hand them the book and walk away.
What else would you like to say on this topic?
Talking, thinking, writing, and studying independent reading is my life’s work. I can never exhaust the topic! I would like to say that adults who read do more to lead children to reading than anything else. Children see reading as part of a cultural value system when adults read.
Thank you, Donalyn. I am so grateful that you took time out of your schedule to share these gutsy insights. I want to say "amen" to your point that reading adults are key to reading kids. So all of you aunties and uncles, moms and dads, grandmas and grandpas, neighbors and other caring adults: here is one easy thing to do to better this world: Read. |
Education is going to look very different this fall. For many of us, back to school means back to the chaos and frustration of distance learning.
While spring was haphazard and thrown together, now know what to expect. Distance learning will look a bit different for every family and every child. We can ease the burden by getting organized now.
Remember those color-coded COVID schedule that popped up in March?
Did they ever work for you?
Does it still haunt you?
If your house is anything like mine, taping it to the wall just accentuated my inadequacies and perceived failure.
- Figure out what works for your children and your own schedule. Maybe they need outdoor time first thing in the morning. Maybe you need to work first think in the morning. Create something that is doable for you.
- Communicate your situation with your teachers. As the school year starts, something that the team thought would work might not, everyone needs to tweak and be flexible.
- Utilize visuals. Visuals are such a useful tool for all children. Create a schedule that uses them. See if the school can assist with an interactive schedule to help navigate the school day at home.
DEFINE A DESIGNATED WORKSPACE
If at all possible, try to separate your school space from your living space. This can help when it comes time to focus; it also helps when school is over for the day (or moment) and we want home to feel like home again. This doesn’t have to be an entire room. Look at your layout and see what is possible:
- If your child is ready for a desk, is there room in their bedroom? Your office? A corner in the living room or basement?
- For a younger child, move a kids table to a space that makes helping them easier.
- Consider emptying a closet and setting up a work station in it, where it can be closed off and forgotten when not in use.
- A bedroom or couch works just as well. There are plenty of laptop desks that literally go over your lap. Children can have their class meetings from the comfort of their own bed. Then fold and stow the contraption underneath when not in use.
- Kitchen tables or islands are also great spots. A rolling cart or a backpack can be used to store items when you need those spaces for living instead of working.
- Create a reading nook with books and a bunch of pillows so your child(ren) can retreat to peace and quiet away from school work. This will feel like an escape, but they’ll still be learning. This is stressful for them too, after all.
There is no reason to spend a ton of money on what we hope will be a somewhat temporary situation. There are so many options out there.
- Repurpose. Assess what you have and what new purpose it can serve. Can you move a table or coffee table? Do you have a sturdy box that can be used for storage? Search google for makeshift plywood desks and options are endless.
- Nudge your neighbors and friends. Reach out to folks with older children, perhaps they have something they want to get rid or sell because their kids have outgrown it or are moving out.
- Get thrifty! Second hand stores, craigslist, Facebook marketplace, freecycle. There are so many places selling or giving away used items. Some of it is in great condition. Even if it needs a little TLC, it will save big bucks. A hammer, nails, and paint can transform in a flash.
- Get creative. Look at craft stores for simple, plastic laptop desks with compartments for pencils and paper. Use fabric markers to customize your own circle time rug. Look around your home to see what can be used for learning and transform where you can.
We’re spending more time at home than ever before, which means making the space as much of a sanctuary as possible is harder, but also necessary, especially as we add teaching into the mix again on top of EVERYTHING else.
- Most of us don’t have time to “Marie Kondo” our homes; pulling everything apart only to put it all back again. If that works for you, great. But using one simple part of her method can help tremendously. When looking at an item that is not a necessity, ask yourself, “Does this spark joy?” If not, donate it or trash it.
- Go through that junk drawer and get rid of the junk. Make space for pencils and other school tools.
- Organize the school supplies you have. Toss the dried-out markers and glue sticks. Ask yourself if you’re ever going to actually make heart shaped crayons out of the broken crayon pieces and toss those too.
- Sort through last year’s papers. The school will be sending more soon enough. Are you really going to use the untouched workbook from 3 years ago if you haven’t already? Donate it. Clear the space. You are about to be bombarded.
- Toss aside the guilt while you’re at it. These are tough times. It’s natural to feel bad that you’ve never used something. Whether it’s a failed chore chart or flashcards or a slant board- if they weren’t right for you, box them up, get them out of the house, and forget about it it. Free up that space in your mind too!
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Think about what you and your child need to make this work. These tools will look very different for all of us. Some ideas include:
- Noise cancelling headphones for children and caregivers.
- Ear plugs, perhaps more for parents
- White noise machine or fan
- Calming music
- Proper lighting (dim or bright depending on preference)
- Reward chart
- Visual schedules
- Pencil sharpener (an electric one is a game changer)
- Stylus for chromebook, iPad, etc
- Timer (This is important for so many reason. A big one is to remind us all to take a movement break and look away from our screens)
- Blue light blocker. Some devices allow us to turn the blue light off or down, otherwise look into glasses or screen filters.
ADAPT AND MODIFY
We are constantly adding adaptations and modifications to our child’s IEP. Now’s the time to look around and see what we need at home. Depending on the student this can include:
- Fidget tools such as spinners or stretchy noodles
- Stress balls
- Kinetic sand
- Communication devices
- Standing desks
- Bean bag chairs
- Stretch bands
- Movement breaks
- Incentives created by teacher and caregiver
Look at ways to make distance learning as palatable as possible for your child(ren). If you know that virtual music instruction doesn’t work for your child, then don’t do it. If disorganized class meetings cause your child to shut down, communicate with your teacher.
- Identify triggers for your child and yourself and work to prevent them.
- If something isn’t effective or possible in distance learning, inform the team and put it on pause for now.
- If therapy isn’t speak up. The therapist can try new strategies, consult with colleagues, or you can collaborate on a new action plan.
- If your child is not doing their schoolwork and you find yourself doing it just so it is marked as done – STOP!!! This means more modification is needed in you must inform the IEP team. Doing your child’s work does nothing for them, is a waste of your time and precious energy, and leads teachers to believe everything is fine when it is not.
PRESERVE THE IEP
The services and delivery should be modified to reflect the IEP, not the other way around. If your IEP team asks your to alter the IEP solely to reflect distance learning, that should be a red flag. If physical therapy isn’t working for you in a distance learning model, so be it. You do not need to remove PT from the IEP. It is still a necessary service. It’s the school’s job to figure out how to make it work and explore how to make up for what is lost during these times.
At the same time, it’s up to us to be reasonable. This is all unprecedented. It is messy. We need to have empathy for the IEP team and work together for our children. Educators are grappling with drastically changing how they’ve taught for centuries on the fly. In many cases, providing every service as written in the IEP won’t be possible, nor will be catching up on every hour lost because of this pandemic. We need to work with the IEP team and figure out what is best for the students as we work through this.
QUESTIONS OR GUIDANCE?
If you have questions about how to get ready for distance learning or simply need someone to talk to who will listen, the Center for Family Involvement is here. Contact our helpline and someone will be in touch within 24 hours. |
Cramping During Calf Raise Workouts
Finding the time and motivation to exercise can be challenging in the best circumstances. If doing calf raises leaves you rubbing your calves as they cramp up, though, it can quickly derail your exercise routine. Calf cramps usually aren't serious and can be treated with a few stretches and gentle massage. But if the cramps continue, you need to talk to your doctor.
Common Causes of Cramps
Cramping in your calves is usually caused by tense muscles that haven't yet built up the strength to do calf raises. If the cramping sets in after your workout, however, you might have a case of delayed-onset muscle soreness. This harmless condition is common when beginning a new workout, and the pain usually goes away after a day or two. If the pain is severe, it could indicate an injury such as a muscle strain or sprain, particularly if the cramping comes on suddenly. In some cases, muscle cramps are actually caused by dehydration, so take note of how much you're drinking before, during and after your workout.
Stretches and Warm-Ups
Warming up before you work out can reduce your risk of muscle pain. Try walking or cycling at a moderate pace for five to 10 minutes before you get to the more strenuous parts of your workout. And after each workout, stretch your muscles to reduce tension. Try sitting on the ground with your legs straight out in front of you and your toes pointed toward the ceiling. Loop a towel underneath the ball of one foot, then gently pull your foot back until you feel a stretch in your calf. Hold for 30 seconds, then repeat on the other leg. Next, sit with your legs extended straight out and bend your left knee. With your heel on the ground, grasp the bottom of the bent leg's foot and pull it toward your chest. Hold for 30 seconds, then repeat on the other side.
Rub It Out
Massaging tender muscles can help loosen them up and soothe inflamed muscle tissue. Start by gently rubbing the entire calf, then begin feeling for muscle knots. If you find one, press firmly on the knot while focusing on tensing and then loosening the muscles surrounding the knot. The massage should be uncomfortable, but not extremely painful. Continue pushing on the knot for two to three minutes and repeat two to three times a day until cramping improves.
The Scarier Side of Cramps
Cramping in your calves can be a warning sign of a more serious condition -- a blood clot. If the cramping only occurs during a workout, you're probably in the clear. But if you notice cramping at other times, it might indicate a dangerous blood clot that can be fatal if it gets dislodged. Other symptoms of a blood clot include heat, pain deep within the calf and throbbing. If you suddenly develop a cramp in a specific location within your calf, it's time to call your doctor.
- The Trigger Point Therapy Workbook; Clair Davies et al.
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Muscle Cramp
- Runner's World: How to Stretch Your Calf Muscles
- Mayo Clinic: Muscle Cramp
Van Thompson is an attorney and writer. A former martial arts instructor, he holds bachelor's degrees in music and computer science from Westchester University, and a juris doctor from Georgia State University. He is the recipient of numerous writing awards, including a 2009 CALI Legal Writing Award. |
Complete your kit and keep your lenses safe and accessible with this highly protective weather-resistant case designed to fit in any larger bag or hang from a strap or attachment point.
Each case has a removable foam insert for a customizable fit for your lens.
3.25” Diameter x 5.25” - Without foam insert
3.25” Diameter x 5.0” - With foam insert
3.25” Diameter x 6.0” - Without foam insert
3.25” Diameter x 5.75” - With foam insert
Please allow an extra 2 days to process shipment on Incase products. |
Organ preservation and reperfusion injury have significant detrimental effects on both short- and long-term organ function. Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) underlies organ transplant dysfunction, myocardial infarction, stroke, and shock. Multiple molecular pathways are engaged in reactive oxygen production, apoptosis, signaling, and tissue regeneration. There has been an increased understanding of the important role of immune and inflammatory pathways in IRI, both in humans and in experimental models. Both cellular and soluble components of the immune system are directly activated during IRI, and there is evidence that immune mediators directly contribute to organ dysfunction. Immune activation during IRI likely underlies the enhanced immunogenicity of ischemic organs, with resultant increased rejection and fibrosis. Novel human therapies targeting T and B cells for classic immune diseases can now be considered to prevent and treat IRI. Organ preservation injury and cold ischemia could well have distinct pathophysiology from warm IRI and represent an opportunity to develop improved preservation methods.
- Cold ischemia
- T cells
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all) |
If you work for a sizable corporation, you can pretty much bet that all your online communications—every email and instant message, even personal calendar files—are stored for possible use in future lawsuits or government investigations. That creates an enormous resource for a growing number of "digital sleuths" who can detect suspicious activity by making sense of those countless terabytes of data.
So don't mess with Elizabeth Charnock, CEO and cofounder of Cataphora, a 73-person Silicon Valley startup. Cataphora combines the intelligence of human investigators with its own software to reconstruct the context that's vital to making sense of otherwise cryptic communications. It can figure out whether an email that says "let's do it" means let's do lunch or let's commit securities fraud. Cataphora often learns more from what's omitted than what's included in emails and IMs—and from noticing deviations to long-standing patterns. It knows that something unusual is happening when people stop talking online or when they send emails that say, "Let's talk in person."
Since its founding in 2002, Cataphora has served nearly 100 companies with tens of thousands of employees. |
Brain uses Backup Libraries
In computer programming, there is a kind of programming called modular programming. In this technique, a giant program is broken up into independent smaller units. Each unit in itself a complete program to achieve a sub goal. These units are called “Modules”. All these modules are archived in the libraries like math and header libraries in C++. These modules can be used in any other program where they can accomplish the same task.
These modules are very handy and only additional programming lines are added to expand their capabilities. For example, suppose you want to write a program to draw a colored circle and we already have a module to draw a black lined circle, only additional code required to be written is the coloring code. This saves the time and money. This technique is called reusability of code. The integrated code again is archived and becomes available to reuse in future. The library gradually builds up.
I think human brain also works this way to become efficient and draw only those inputs as are absolutely necessary. As we grow older, library of event builds up and less and less inputs are required to conceive a situation at hand. Brain does not want to cram its limited space with copies of events which have some portions common to each other. Only newer details are added.
Brain receives inputs through sensory organs like eyes, ears, touch, smell etc. Eyes are visual organs and have receptors which are made up of cones and rods. But most of the cones are concentrated in the 10% area around the center. This is the reason we have to move our eyes to bring he object of interest into the focus of center. Eyes scan too much information but the brain does not use it in the entirety. Suppose, we see a dog, the brain which have already has a picture of general features of dog in its library only seeks the newer traits like color, size and what the dog is about to do. |
Where did ancient civilizations emerge in NASWA?
You should know the following:
• The differences between (1) Surface water, (2) Groundwater, (3) Desalination, and (4) Reclamation.
• Where did ancient civilizations emerge in NASWA? Hint: We discuss three in the lectures.
• Where is there currently a dispute over dam construction? Hint: This was mentioned in an
• Where in the Sahara might you find significant groundwater resources? Hint: There’s a map in
the lecture you can use to answer this.
• What is the hydraulic civilization theory?
• What is the difference between Hydropolitics and Sociohydrology? For example, if a society has
evolved to have special cultural meanings related to water, would that be Hydropolitics or
Sociohydrology? If two countries are fighting over access to an aquifer, would that be
Hydropolitics or Sociohydrology?
• What is orientalism and what does it say about the East?
• Likewise, what does orientalism say about Europe (the West)?
• What kinds of European actions did colonialism justify?
• What is White Man’s Burden and what did it justify?
• In Israel and the Palestinian Territories, who is allowed to vote? Who is free to live anywhere,
and who’s options for residence are limited? Hint: There is a very helpful slide on “Control over
space” that breaks this down.
• What is the difference between an IDP (Internally Displaced Person) and a Refugee?
• What forms of spatial control are being applied by Israel in the West Bank/Gaza Strip? Hint: We
talk about three of these and there is a slide for each one.
• What country in Sub-Saharan Africa is associated with cobalt and tantalum extraction?
• What is the definition of a commodity? Is the producer of a commodity interested in use-value
or exchange value?
• What does externalization of costs refer to?
• What does the term fetish mean and how does it keep us from being responsible consumers?
• How do responsible supply chains work? Responsible supply chains require one of the actors
involved in production to do something – which actor and what is it they are required to do?
Natural resource conflicts
• What things contribute to natural resource conflicts? Hint: There is a flowchart in the slides that
breaks down the drivers of conflict and how they combine.
• There are two feedbacks involved in natural resource conflicts. What are they? Hint: The red
arrows in the flowchart show the feedback loops.
• What are the characteristics of (1) Fortress conservation, (2) Game reserves, and (3)
• What are the financial and social benefits and limitations of each strategy? In other words, who
benefits from each strategy? Who suffers? |
BepiColombo is ESA's first mission to Mercury and it will be conducted in cooperation with Japan as a joint mission between ESA and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), executed under ESA leadership. BepiColombo will help reveal information on the composition and history of Mercury, and the history and formation of the inner planets in general, including Earth.
The mission consists of two individual orbiters. ESA's Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO), that will map the planet, will be operated from ESOC, Germany. Japan's contribution is the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO); it will investigate the planet's magnetosphere.
The launch is at present scheduled for launch in 2018 and the two spacecraft will arrive at Mercury in late 2024. During the journey to Mercury, MMO will be shielded from the Sun by the Magnetospheric Orbiter Sunshield and Interface Structure (MOSIF), which also provides the interface between MMO and MPO. The fourth component of the composite spacecraft stack is the Mercury Transfer Module (MTM), whose primary task is to provide solar-electric propulsion for the journey to Mercury.
IRF participates in the BepiColombo mission with three instruments, one on MPO and two on MMO. IRF in Kiruna, through Stas Barabash, is Co-Principal Investigator on the Italy-led instrument package SERENA (Search for Exosphere Refilling and Emitted Neutral Abundances), a neutral and ionised particle analyser on MPO; IRF's contribution is an ion detector, MIPA (Miniature Ion Precipitation Analyzer).
On MMO, Stas Barabash at IRF in Kiruna is Co-PI on the Japan-led instrument package MPPE (Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment) and contributes the ENA instrument (Energetic Neutrals Analyzer). IRF in Uppsala, with Jan-Erik Wahlund as Co-PI, is responsible for the electronics and probe surfaces for sensors in KTH's electric field experiment MEFISTO (Mercury Electric Field In Situ TOol) in the Japan-led instrument PWI (Mercury Plasma Wave Instrument).
Other ESA pages:
- Mercury Planetary Observer (MPO):
- Mercury Magnetosphere Orbiter (MMO):
- SERENA (including MIPA) on MPO:
- MPPE (including ENA) on MMO:
- PWI (including MEFISTO) on MMO:
Updated: 2016-07-12, webmaster*irf.se |
Update: Here you can watch the gameplay trailer (b-roll) and some new gifs of “The Order: 1886”!
Ready at Dawn is going to unveil The Order: 1886 around the world tomorrow. A new trailer awaits, but we would like to show you a sneak peak of this game.
The Order: 1886 is set in a Victorian London crawling with supernatural creatures and overrun for the militia, the resistance, that has sprung up against the establish order.
Behind the plot and the game prop, Ready at Dawn is making a high tech product in the technical section. The Order: 1886 will stand out in the following aspects:
- Soft-physics & Animations:
- Gameplay mechanics:
This has been just an advance, there are more media ready for tomorrow at the official presentation, therefore don’t miss that. |
उम्मीद है आप स्वस्थ और व्यस्त होंगे।
ब्रह्माण्ड के हर कण की अपनी एक ख़ास गति है, सूरज की, सौरमण्डल के अन्य ग्रहों की, उनके उपग्रहों की.. धरती की और उस पर बसी दुनिया की भी। और सब उसी गति से चलते हुए यहाँ तक पहुंचे हैं। इस दौरान अपने ग्रह पर तमाम जरूरी- गैरजरूरी बदलाव होते रहे। जो जरूरी थे उन्हें प्रकृति ने अंजाम दिया और बाकियों को इंसान के लालच ने, तथाकथित आधुनिकता की चाह ने।
इन बदलावों के बीच हमने कैसे- कैसे और क्या-क्या खो दिया और खो रहे हैं इसका हमें अभी तक भान नहीं। खैर बाकी सब गुमशुदा चीजों की पड़ताल बाद में कर लेंगे, अभी बात करते हैं होली के त्यौहार की। होली भारत की तमाम पहचानों में से एक है। सैकड़ों सालों से भारत को रंगों, रोशनी और खुशियों का देश माना जाता आ रहा है तो ऐसे ही नहीं बल्कि यह छवि बनाने में होली, दिवाली, ईद आदि की बड़ी भूमिका रही है। नतीजा यह है कि आज फाल्गुन के महीने में दुनिया के तमाम हिस्सों में रंग आसमान में उछाले जाते हैं, अबीर-गुलाल दोस्तों, परिचितों, करीबियों को लगाए जाते हैं। लेकिन यह परम्परा अब अपनी जन्मभूमि में ही टूटती नज़र आती है। गुझिया-पपरिया, सेव जैसे पकवान अब आधुनिकता की भेंट चढ़ चुके हैं। होली के दिन दिल मिल जाने की बातें कहानियों-किस्सों के हिस्से बनते जा रहे हैं।
कहने का तात्पर्य यह कि अब होलिकादहन, नई फसल की खुशी, रंग, भंग, गुझिया, हँसी- ठिठोली होली के अपरिहार्य अंग नहीं रहे। स्वरुप बदल रहा है। यदि यह स्वरुप भी कुछ हटकर होता तब भी गनीमत थी, मगर अब हर खुशी एक मोनोटोनस रैपर में आ रही है।
भारत से बाहर रह रहे हम लोग तो तब भी किसी तरह उस होली में डूब जाते हैं जिसको कि हम भारत में छोड़कर आये थे। यहाँ कहीं उसको लघु तो कहीं विराट रूप में मना लेते हैं, लेकिन एक डर है कि जब कभी लौटकर वह सब देखना चाहेंगे तो देख पाना उतना आसान नहीं होगा।
रंगपर्व होली पर आप सभी को सात समुन्दर पार से सतरंगी शुभकामनायें। |
Table of Contents
In today’s digitally-dominated era, the internet is more than just a luxury; it’s necessary for our routine activities ranging from work to entertainment. The IP address is a fundamental aspect of internet usage that often goes unnoticed. Whether resolving network issues or enhancing your digital security, understanding how to find someone’s IP address is crucial.
Demystifying IP Addresses
Let’s start with an explanation of what an IP address is. Each network-connected device is given a unique identity known as an IP address, which stands for Internet Protocol. It serves two critical functions: identifying the device and facilitating its online location.
Motives for How to Find Someone’s IP Adress
Why would one need to know how to find someone’s IP address? Several legitimate scenarios call for this knowledge:
- Network Diagnostics: Identifying the IP addresses involved in troubleshooting network dilemmas is crucial.
- Security Measures: Tracing IP addresses behind suspicious activities is vital for safeguarding your digital presence.
- Supervising Online Behavior: Parents often must track their children’s digital footprint for safety.
- Geolocation Purposes: Businesses use IP addresses for geo-targeting and enhancing user experience.
Adhering to Legal and Ethical Standards
Before finding someone’s IP address, remember the importance of ethical and legal compliance. Misusing IP address information can lead to legal repercussions.
Strategies to Discover an IP Address
Several methods exist for uncovering someone’s IP address, including:
- Email Headers: Analyzing the headers of emails can reveal the sender’s IP address.
- Social Media: Administrators on some social media platforms can access users’ IP addresses.
- Website Analytics: Website owners can view visitor IP addresses through analytics tools.
- Online Tools: Various websites offer services to look up IP addresses linked to emails or domains.
- Command Line Tools: Tech-savvy individuals can use Command Prompts or Terminal commands like “ping” to trace IP routes.
Tracing IP Addresses on Mobile Devices
Mobile devices present a unique challenge due to the dynamic nature of their IP addresses. Various mobile-specific methods can be employed to track these changing IPs.
Responsible Use of Acquired IP Addresses
Once you’ve learned how to find someone’s IP address, using this information responsibly is critical. Avoid intrusive actions and consult authorities for any suspicious activities.
Securing Your IP Address
It is equally essential to protect your IP address for security and privacy. A virtual private network, or VPN, can help conceal your digital footprint. |
It’s been over 20 years since Bill Gates declared that “content is king.” But even he probably would have had a hard time predicting back then just how much content would be consumed on the internet every single day in 2019—or how challenging delivering web applications and content to an ever-expanding global userbase could be.
The main challenges involve dealing with issues of performance and scalability. To tackle these, there are two powerful tools that can be deployed: content delivery networks (CDN) and cloud computing.
But what’s the difference, and how can you determine which suits your needs?
On the most basic level, a CDN is simply a network of servers used to deliver content.
Here’s how it works: One or more servers are designated as “origin” servers, and other servers are distributed throughout various global locations as “cache” servers. These caches are strategically located to be geographically proximate to various end users: the audience. The content or source media is stored on the origin server(s) and then sent out to cache servers as needed.
When a user requests a resource or content, a special CDN URL is resolved against Domain Name Service (DNS) into an IP address to call the content from a cache server that is closer to the requesting user than the origin server. This increases the speed at which the content is delivered to end users by decreasing the distance the information must travel and thus reducing latency. It also reduces the stress on the main server(s) by distributing the load across multiple servers in different regions.
Explore INAP Performance IP®.
For applications that require the lowest possible latency beyond what a CDN can offer on its own, INAP’s proprietary route optimization engine Performance IP additionally cuts down latency by automatically putting outbound traffic on the fastest, best-performing route. Watch the video below to see how it works or try the demo to see for yourself.
CDN is primarily used to deliver large-file content that is often static: Video, music and images are all common. However, it is increasingly being used for streaming media as well.
For example, an organization that delivers a streaming video content update on a weekly basis to thousands of users distributed across the U.S. might make good use of a CDN. (Your favorite video streaming service uses CDN technology too.) Contrast this with a traditional delivery method where all users connect to a centralized server. In this model, the user experience will vary based on a number of factors like their distance from the server.
Users accessing the streaming video from the other side of the country might see slow video load times and buffering issues due to higher latencies. And all users might experience delivery issues should the centralized server hit user connection limits or other resource consumption issues.
CDNs solve these issues by delivering the streaming media to local cache servers, which reduces the load on the central or origin server—lowering the likelihood of overload—and ensures that latency between the media and the users stays lower.
Explore INAP's Global Network.
Cloud computing is a maturing technology strategy that can reduce the cost of delivering applications and content by taking advantage of otherwise unused computer resources.
Most computer systems largely sit idle, even when serving content and applications to a modest number of users. Server virtualization was developed to harness a single host’s resources (CPU, memory and storage) and share them with several virtual machines (VM), each running their own applications and serving their own content.
Hypervisor technology, which controls virtualized servers, has advanced considerably since the advent of the cloud and has evolved to enable the management of a cluster of hosts running several VMs each that share resources even in the event of a physical host malfunctioning. In this way, cloud technologies and VMs add resiliency and reliability to hosted applications by abstracting their functionality from the underlying physical hardware.
VM images can also be shared and deployed in several regions, allowing your applications to be delivered closer to the end user for increased performance and lower latency, acting like a CDN. And as the number of users increases, it is easier, cheaper and faster to spin up a new VM than it is to procure new hardware.
While the primary functionality of cloud computing is more efficient resource management of hosts and networks to reduce the costs of delivering content and applications, the technology also allows you to easily deploy server images to an allocated host or cluster of hosts. It can thus be used to enhance the user experience by placing the application or content in multiple regions very easily, distributing resources like a CDN.
Disaster recovery strategies can also be built into the delivery of the application by either failing over to a hot standby environment or quickly spinning up planned resources to replicate the application environment in another geographic location.
A common use case: An organization deploys cloud computing environments to lower their hardware expenditures by sharing resources across several virtual machines. This is preferable to having one physical host per application function (e.g., databases, GUI, etc.). As the application’s userbase expands, the organization can easily add servers by spinning up new virtual hosts with templates for the required functionality.
To recap: CDN provides a platform for delivering large amounts of content closer to the end user, while cloud computing allows for easily scaling resources for applications.
Using both a CDN and cloud computing strategies together creates a more resilient and reliable delivery strategy for your applications and content than either could do alone. They eliminate single points of failure in delivering applications and the content that power them, while making smart, efficient use of resources.
And if your managed service provider offers both, you can simplify your partner relationships, while leveraging their combined expertise. |
और गलत पीपीए को रद्द करे। उत्तर में रावलपिंडी (सहित क्षेत्र) हिंदी न्यूज़ बिहार कटिहार छात्रावास के छात्रों को मिलेगा खाद्यान्न व नकद : ड्रग डिपार्टमेंट ने एक बार फिर सिटी में सेम्पिल की मेडिसिंस का जखीरा पकड़ा है. ट्रांसपोर्ट कंपनी के जरिए कई स्टेट्स से इन मेडिसिंस को मंगाकर सिटी में सप्लाई किया जा रहा था. कई दिनों की मुखबिरी के बाद डिपार्टमेंट ने छापेमारी कर लाखों की मेडिसिंस जब्त की हैं. जब्त की गई सभी मेडिसिंस जानीमानी कंपनी की हैं. इसमें सबसे ज्यादा बच्चों के सीरप शामिल हैं. जागरण संवाददाता हमीरपुर जिले में 12 से 25 जुलाई तक दस्तक अभियान चलाया जाएगा। इस अभियान के टीबी के नए मरीजों को खोजने का अभियान दो जनवरी से शुरू हुआ था। 110 टीम लगाई गई हैं और एक दिन में 5500 घरों तक पहुंचने का लक्ष्य दिया हुआ है। टीम घरघर जाकर सवाल पूछती हैं कि पहले से कोई टीबी रोगी तो नहीं है, किसी को दो हफ्ते से अधिक समय से खांसी, खांसी के साथ बलगमखून आने, रात में पसीना आने और वजन लगातार कम होने जैसे लक्षण तो नहीं हैं। छह जनवरी तक के अभियान में 1.52 लाख लोगों की स्क्रीनिग हुई है और 298 संभावित टीबी रोगी</s> |
As we gather with family and friends during the holiday season, it is a good time to check in with those who may face mobility challenges and see how they are managing with their daily activities. Below is a checklist that highlights potential problem areas and fall hazards in the home.
If you notice any problem areas in your loved one's home, consider contacting an experienced home access provider for an accessibility assessment. Many providers will offer them free of charge and will be able to provide the right solution to fit your needs and budget.
1. Exterior Entrances and Exits
- Note condition of driveway and walkways -- Look for cracks, potholes, etc.
- Note amount of light for driveway, walkways, and porch
- Make sure bushes and shrubs do not block doorways, walkways or driveways
- Look for handrails on entryway steps and note their condition
- Check height of door threshold – Make sure user can safely step over
- Note ability to use doorknob, door locks, mailbox, etc.
2. Interior Doors, Stairs, and Hallways
- Note height of thresholds and width of interior doors – Determine which direction doors swing
- Note width of hallways and determine if they are wide enough to use walker, wheelchair, etc.
- Note if user can navigate stairway safely – Is stairway straight or curved?
- Note if stairway has proper lighting
- Note condition of stairway railings – Determine if they are properly secured
- Note height of sink and counters – Determine if user can safely reach them
- Note height of storage cabinets – Determine if they can be accessed safely
- Note if there is space for wheelchair user to navigate kitchen and use sink, oven, etc.
- Determine if user can operate sink, tub and shower faucets
- Determine ability to safely enter and exit shower or bathtub
- Determine if there is enough room for tub/shower bench, if needed
- Determine height of toilet and user’s ability to access safely – Note ability to sit, stand, reach toilet paper, flush, etc.
- Determine if there is enough space in bathroom for a caregiver, if needed
- Able to safely access washing machine/dryer
- Adequate lighting throughout home
- Working light switch for each room
- Working smoke/carbon monoxide detectors and fire extinguisher |
NEET 2020: NEET (National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test) is the national level exam organized to provide admission to BDS & MBBS courses. Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is the managing/organizing authority which conduct the NEET exam every year in several cities across the country. NEET exam is a gateway for the candidates those who seeking for admissions into dental & medical UG courses offered by various govt. and non- Government medical colleges of the country. From 2016 onwards, AIPMT examination has been substituted/replaced by NEET exam. All medical institutes consider NEET score for providing admission in BDS/MBBS courses. In this article, we provide a complete detail about NEET Application form 2020, eligibility, exam dates, exam pattern, syllabus, etc.
NEET 2020 Overview
What’s New In NEET 2020?
If you are preparing for NEET 2020, you must know the following changes:
- NEET 2020 will be held in online mode.
- NEET 2020 will be held twice a year.
- You can appear for both exams.
- Your best score out of the two will be considered.
- National Testing Agency – a new body formed – will hold the exam instead of CBSE.
- NEET will be held in February and May.
- NTA will make practice module available at nta.ac.in in August. From August end, students can also visit nearby engineering colleges, CBSE / KV schools to practice.
- Main feature of NEET 2020 will be that students will not lose one year as there will be 2 exams before admission. Best score will be used for result.
- NTA will conduct computer based test. It will make exams safe, leak proof, scientific and transparent.
- Syllabus, nature of questions, choice of language and exam fee will not change.
Important dates of NEET 2020 have been announced. Candidates who are planning to appear in the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test in either Feb or May or both exams can note dates in table given below.
|NEET 2020||NEET 2020 (February)||NEET 2020 (May)|
|Availability of online application form of NEET 2020||Oct 2019||Mar 2020|
|Last date to apply||Oct 2019||Mar 2020|
|Slot booking to start for NEET 2020||To be announced||To be announced|
|Last date to book slots||To be announced||To be announced|
|NEET 2020 Exam Date||Feb 2020||May 2020|
|NTA to issue answer key, response sheet||To be announced||To be announced|
|Declaration of NEET 2020 Results||Mar 2020||Jun 2020|
Last year 13,26,725 candidates had applied for NEET exam. This year the number of candidates is likely to be similar or higher.
NEET 2020 Application Form
NTA will issue NEET 2020 Application Form separately for Feb and May exams. Candidates should apply for Feb and/or May exams as per their choice. In either case, all candidates should stick to official timeline for filling and submitting online application form. Key highlights about registration, form filling fee payment are given below.
Candidates need to pay applicable fee amount during registration.
Fee can be paid via online mode.
How to apply?
Steps to submit NEET 2020 Application Form will be published once form releases. An overview of new official website of NTA, nta.ac.in is given here. You can get an idea of expected steps to be followed to fill and submit online application form from here.
- First of all candidates have to visit NTA official website (nta.ac.in).
- There one has to navigate to National Eligibility cum Entrance Test.
- On NEET 2020 page, registration and login links can be accessed as per schedule.
- On clicking registration, candidates land on NEET 2020 Registration page where they can now register and fill application form if it is within application form filling window.
- Enter personal details, contact, educational qualification and other information asked for in form.
- Then upload images.
- Pay application fee.
- Check that all details are correct in form and submit it.
NEET 2020 Application Form Correction
Every year students make some or the other mistake in their application form. Then they wait eagerly for application form correction facility to begin. Students are informed to start with that form correction may or may not be available. So it is better to check details while filling NEET 2020 application form.
Usually, images correction starts first. Then correction in data is allowed. Only limited fields can be edited.
Last year, candidates were allowed to edit following details in form:
- Date of birth
- Status of persons with disability.
Aadhaar requirement for NEET 2020 Application Form
Latest: The candidates are allowed to apply online without Aadhaar Card or Aadhaar Enrollment Number through alternative Identification number Such as Ration Card, Passport, Bank Account No. or other valid Government ID (Such as Driving License, Voter ID etc.) while submitting the online Application Form.
Candidates may note you need aadhaar card in order to apply for NEET 2020. Guidelines are as follows.
- All candidates must enter aadhaar number while filling application form of NEET UG 2020.
- Those who are yet to get an Aadhaar Card must go to enrolment centre and apply for the same.
- However, candidates who will appear for NEET 2020 from JnK, Assam, Meghalaya can use passport number, ration card number, bank account number or any other valid Govt. identity number as long as they select a centre in any of these states.
Candidates need to check the eligibility norms/criteria before applying for exam. Eligibility norms/criteria for the candidates those who want to appear for NEET exam is given below:
Criteria For Nationality
Candidates who are nationals from any of the following countries are eligible to apply for NEET 2020:
- Indian Nationals
- Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)
- Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs)
- Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)
- Foreign Nationals
Criteria for Age Limit
Candidates must adhere to the age limit for NEET 2020 specified by CBSE:
- Minimum Age Limit – The candidate should be 17 years of age by December 31, 2020.
- Maximum Age Limit – There is no maximum age limit for an Unreserved or Reserved category.
|Category||Cut off Date for Min Age||Cut off date for Max Age|
|Unreserved (UR)||born on or before January 1, 2004||born on or before May 06, 1995 (25 years)|
|SC/ST/OBC||born on or before January 1, 2004||born on or before May 06, 1990 (30 years)|
Note: As per latest notification, UR Category candidates aged above 25 years can also apply for the exam.
Criteria for Academic Qualification
Class XII is the basic qualifying exam, but the qualifying marks differ according to the candidates’ category. The following persons are eligible to give the exam:
- Candidates who have passed the class XII qualifying exam.
- Candidates who are appearing for the class XII qualifying exam.
- Candidates must have Physics, Chemistry, Biology/ Biotechnology as their subjects in Class XII.
- All candidates must have obtained the necessary aggregate marks in the qualifying exam:
- General Category– 50% marks in qualifying exam.
- OBC/SC/ST Category– 40% marks in qualifying exam.
- General- Physically Handicapped Category– 45% marks in qualifying exam.
- OBC/SC/ST- Physically Handicapped Category– 40% marks in qualifying exam.
- Candidates need to fill the appropriate NEET Qualifying Examination Codes in the online application form.
As per latest notification, NIOS candidates and those who opted for Biology as an additional subject are now also eligible for NEET 2020.
Eligibility for 15% All India Quota Seats for NEET 2020
15% of the total seats are segregated as All India Quota (AIQ) seats. To take admission via AIQ, candidates need to take part in Online Counselling for NEET conducted by MCC. After 2 rounds of counselling, if any seats remain vacant under AIQ, they will be converted into State Quota seats.
Note: Candidates from J&K are not eligible for 15% All India Quota Seats and they will have to submit a self-declaration form
Reservation under 15% All India Quota
- SC Candidates- 15%
- ST Candidates- 7.5%
- OBC Candidates (Non-Creamy layer)- 27%
- Candidates from creamy layer must mention their category as Unreserved.
- Physically Handicapped Candidates- 3%
Note- Those belonging to OBC- Creamy Layer do not have any reservation under this quota.
Eligibility for State Quota Seats for NEET 2020
The states participating in NEET will fill remaining 85% of their MBBS/BDS seats through state counselling as per the following norms:
- Aspirants must have completed/appeared in 10th and 12th class exam from the state.
- Candidates should have a valid address proof and domicile of the state
The following persons can apply for admission under the state quota:
- Indian Nationals
- Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)
- Overseas Citizen of India (OCIs)
- Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)
- Foreign Nationals (confirm with the concerned institute/state)
Admission through these seats will be subject to reservation policy and eligibility criteria prevalent in the State or Union Territory. For State counselling, candidates must contact the relevant state counselling authority for details.
For Admission in Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune
- Admission will be subject to norms specified by the Directorate General of Armed Forces Medical Services, Ministry of Defence and Government of India.
- Those who have applied for NEET and seek admission in AFMC must apply on their official website as well since there will be further screening procedures.
- Contact AFMC for further assistance and details of NEET rules and regulations pertaining to the institution.
NEET Admit Card 2020
Candidates those who successfully registered will be able to download the NEET 2020 Admit Card. Admit card will be published in the 1st week of April 2020. Authority will not send the admit card by post. NEET hall ticket/ admit card will contain details such as Candidate Name, Category, Photograph, Father Name, Exam Date, Roll Number, & Timing, Exam centre, etc. Candidates are required to preserve their admit card until the admission process gets over.
Steps to download the admit card:
- Firstly go to the official website. (Link will be provided above when announced).
- Then click on the link namely ‘Admit Card’.
- After that fill your ‘registration number’, ‘date of birth’ & ‘security pin’.
- Then click on ‘Submit’ button.
- At last take a printout of your admit card and keep it safe further use.
NEET 2020 Exam Pattern
The exam pattern for NEET 2020 examination is mentioned below:
- Number of Question: exam paper consist of total 180 questions.
- Exam Mode: Exam will be organized via offline mode (pen and paper based mode).
- Type of Question: Multiple Choice Questions (i.e. four options with one correct answer).
- Subjects: Questions will be comprises from Physics, Chemistry & Biology (Zoology & Botany) subjects.
- Exam Duration: 3 hours (180 minutes).
- Language: Question paper will be printed in 8 different languages like Hindi, English, Assamese, Tamil, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu and Marathi languages.
- Marking Scheme: On each correct answer candidate will be rewarded with 4
- Negative Marking: On each wrong answer 1 mark will be deducted.
|Section||No. of Question||Marks|
Syllabus for NEET 2020 will be based on common syllabus suggested by the Medical Council of India (MCI). Syllabus will have topics mainly from PCB (Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology) subjects. It will be given after the review of several state syllabus as well as NCERT, CBSE, & COBSE. Syllabus will be based on 11th & 12th standard.
NEET syllabus was first introduced in the year 2017. Then in 2018, 2019, there were rumors of changes being introduced, which were later dispelled. Now for 2020, syllabus will remain same as what it was earlier.
Biology syllabus for NEET 2020
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Biology – from class XI syllabus
- Diversity in Living World
- Structural Organization in Animals and Plants
- Plant Physiology
- Human physiology
- Cell Structure and Function
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Biology – from class XII syllabus
- Ecology and environment
- Biology and Human Welfare
- Biotechnology and Its Applications
- Genetics and Evolution
Physics syllabus for NEET 2020
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Physics – from class XI syllabus
- Physical world and measurement
- Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
- Work, Energy and Power
- Laws of Motion
- Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
- Properties of Bulk Matter
- Oscillations and Waves
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Physics – from class XII syllabus
- Current Electricity
- Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
- Electromagnetic Waves
- Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
- Electronic Devices
- Atoms and Nuclei
- Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Chemistry syllabus for NEET 2020
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Chemistry – from class XI syllabus
- Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
- Structure of Atom
- Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Redox Reactions
- s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
- Some p-Block Elements
- Environmental Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques
NEET 2020 Syllabus for Chemistry – from class XII syllabus
- Solid State
- Chemistry in Everyday Life
- Surface Chemistry
- General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- p- Block Elements
- d and f Block Elements
- Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
- Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
- Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
- Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
- Coordination Compounds
- Chemical Kinetics
NEET 2020 Books
How many books are you planning to use to prepare for NEET 2020? You should answer this question first, before going on a shopping spree for best books for NEET 2020.
If you don’t have an answer to that, let me help you.
You must have NCERTs of biology, physics, chemistry. They are absolutely necessary for exam preparation.
#2 One reference book for each subject
When you are studying from NCERT, you may come across some topics which require in-depth studies or extra help about. In this case, you can refer one reference book. A list of best books for NEET 2020 is given below. They are all equally good. Its just that some students prefer one book over another on the basis of simplicity of language, how indepth the topics are explained.
- Trueman’s Biology Vol 1 and 2
- Pradeep Publication’s Biology for class 11
- Pradeep Publication’s Biology for class 12
- Universal Self-Scorer Physics
- Universal Self-Scorer Errorless Chemistry
#3 One book for each subject to practice questions
Once you study theory, you need to also put your concepts into practise. To do that, you need one book per subject to practise MCQs.
- Dinesh Objective Biology
- GR Bathla’s Objective Physics for NEET
- Modern’s ABC of Chemistry for class 11
- Modern’s ABC of Chemistry for class 12
#4 One book for sample papers
This one book should suffice: 12 Years’ Solved Papers CBSE AIPMT & NEET.
NEET 2020 – Important Topics
While it is necessary to be thorough with the entire syllabus prescribed for NEET 2020, candidates must also be aware of the important topics for NEET 2020. The important topics based on exam analysis by experts and toppers will help the aspirants make a more detailed preparation for NEET 2020.
NEET 2020 Important topics – Physics
- Laws of Thermodynamics
- Ray Optics
- Rotational Motion
- Semiconductors and Communication System
- Photoelectric Effect and Electromagnetic Waves
- Current Electricity
- Waves and Sound
- Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
- Magnetic Effects of Current
NEET 2020 Important topics – Chemistry
- Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
- General Organic Chemistry
- p Block Elements
- Atomic Structure
- Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
- Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehydes and Ketones)
- Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Ionic Equilibrium
- Chemical Thermodynamics
- dand f Block Elements
NEET 2020 Important topics – Biology
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Cell – The Unit of Life
- Digestion and Absorption
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
- Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Human Reproduction
- Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- Human Health and Disease
- Environmental Issues
NEET 2020 – Preparation Strategy
- Early preparation is the key – The most important factor that comes into play while preparing for NEET is to plan a study schedule that highlights your strong and focuses your weak areas as well. Since there is almost a year for NEET 2020, plan your daily studies and work towards executing your plan.
- Know your NCERT – In all the years of the NEET examination, candidates had one common thing to say that one should be through with the NCERT text. Understand the concepts provided in the NCET curriculum and then take your preparation to the next level by following the best books for NEET 2020.
- Dilute the pressure – As they say that ‘All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy’, so remember to make time for something that takes your mind off the books. Indulge in a hobby or a sport that will help you to relax.
- Stay healthy – Exercise is very important in maintaining a stress-free life and with the kind of pressure that builds up around preparing for NEET exercise can help you to not only stay fit but also to calm you down.
- Schedule regular revision – When it comes to preparing for exams as NEET regular revision is the only factor that can help to retain the already learned. So schedule your revision once you are done with a chapter or topic.
- Take up tests – In order to access how your preparation stage it is important to take up tests that assist in time management and acts as the best judge of your learning so far.
- Maintain flexibility– Following the regular study plan may at times become mundane, so it is important to be flexible as well. The schedule should be modified as own gradually makes progress.
Answer key for NEET 2020 will be announced within a week of NEET exam. NEET Answer Key will be released via online mode. Candidates may have an opportunity to make online challenge against the NEET 2020 answer key. Candidates need to pay Rs. 1000/- per answer challenged. Fee will be refunded in case of challenge is accepted by the Board.
Steps to download the Answer Key:
- Open the official website link.
- Click on that link.
- A new web page will be displayed on the screen.
- Now, click on “Answer Key” link given in the Downloads section.
- It will appear on the computer screen in a pdf format.
- Download it for further use.
- Take a printout copy of it to compare your answers.
NEET 2020 Result will be published by the authority via online mode. Candidates can check the result by simply entering the roll number and all other required details in the website. Candidates are needed to keep extra printouts of the result for future use. Merit list will be prepared for admission as per the rules/guidelines from the Honorable Supreme Court of India, MCI, DGHS, and DCI.
Steps to Download Result:
- Firstly candidates need to open the official website.
- Then click on the link ‘NEET 2020 Result’.
- After that enter your ‘registration number’, ‘date of birth’ & ‘verification code’.
- Then click on the ‘Submit button’.
- Now, Result will be displayed on the screen.
- At last candidates need to take a print copy of the result for further use.
Cut-off are the minimum marks that a candidates need to secure to qualify the exam. Cut-Off will be based on number of candidates appeared in the examination, availability of seats, and difficulty level of exam. It will be announced in June 2020. Minimum qualifying marks would be 50% for general category candidate, 45% for general-PH category candidate and 40% marks for reserved category candidate.
Candidates will be able to take part in the NEET counselling procedure for 2020 according to the rank they acquired. Counselling process for All India 15% Quota will be conducted by MCC of DGHS (Directorate General of Health Service) via online mode. Counselling process for other than All India 15% Quota will be conducted by the respective authorities.
During the counselling procedure, all candidates need to pay their counselling fee and choose the preference for colleges. Seats will be given/allotted to candidates on the basis of rank, filled choices, and availability of seats in colleges. After seat allocation, candidates will needed to appear at the allocated/assigned college to complete admission procedures.
Documents required at the time of Admission
Here, we have provide the list of details/documents that will be needed at the time of admission:
- Identity Proof
- NEET 2020 Rank Card
- NEET 2020 Admit Card
- Birth Certificate
- Category Certificate (If Applicable)
- Provisional Allotment Letter
- Passport size photograph (Six)
- High School & Intermediate Mark Sheets
- High School & Intermediate Passing Certificate
If any candidate having query related to NEET 2020, then you may ask us by leaving your query below in the comment box. |
Six months of unlimited access to the the six 2019 DSF Language, Literacy & Learning Conference keynote presentations.
2019 Conference delegates receive a $50 discount. Please check your email or contact DSF for more info.
Keynote 1 – Prof. Stanislas Dehaene
Reflecting on the ways in which literacy transforms the brain
The acquisition of literacy is accompanied by a major reorganisation of cortical circuits in order to ‘recycle’ them for the efficient processing of written words. In this keynote presentation, Professor Dehaene will describe the results of a recent longitudinal study in which functional MRI data was collected every two months before, during and after the acquisition of reading in individual children. The results shed light on the hurdles faced by all emerging readers.
Keynote 2 – Simon Fisher
What genes can tell us about developmental speech and language problems
A significant proportion of children have unexpected difficulties in mastering speech, language and/or reading skills, despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. It has been suspected for many years that genetic factors make a substantial contribution to such disorders. With advances in DNA methods, researchers are now able to identify some of the key genes that are involved, to study how they work, and to ask what happens in the brain when they go awry. This presentation will introduce this exciting field, giving an overview of the latest findings and considering their impact on our understanding of developmental language disorders.
Keynote 3 – Daniel Ansari
Searching for the equivalent of phonological awareness in early numeracy
In the study of typical and atypical reading key early predictors of later reading success, such as phonological awareness and phonics have been identified. The discovery of these key building blocks of the reading brain have been translated into screeners for children at risk as well as evidence-based interventions for struggling readers. In this talk, Professor Ansari will discuss whether similar key foundational skills can be identified for better understanding individual differences in early numeracy development and what they are. In this context, he will examine how children learn the meaning of numerical symbols (i.e. number words and Arabic numerals) and how differences between children in their processing of symbols maps onto their learning of arithmetic. The implications of this work for screening and remediation of mathematical learning difficulties will be discussed. Professor Ansari will also discuss the overlap between reading and mathematical difficulties.
Keynote 4 – Yana Weinstein
Can cognitive psychology help you teach and learn?
Dr Yana Weinstein will discuss how both educators and students can benefit from decades of research in cognitive psychology. This keynote address will focus on how teachers can find opportunities for spacing out learning over time and engaging other effective learning strategies in the classroom. Dr Weinstein will also discuss what cognitive psychologists are doing to get the word out about this research, including some challenges to sharing this important information, as well as potential solutions to these communication challenges.
Keynote 5 – Kathy Rastle
The journey from form to meaning in English and other writing systems
Learning to read is arguably the most important aspect of a child’s schooling, and provides the key means for accessing new knowledge into adulthood. Yet, unlike our capacity for spoken language, learning to read requires years of instruction and practice. In this presentation, Kathy describes the first stages of how a child learns to relate arbitrary visual symbols onto spoken language, and then discusses what characterises the acquisition of reading expertise into secondary schooling. Finally, Kathy shows how the nature of the writing system shapes these processes.
Keynote 6 – Tom Bennett
Creating a culture: What evidence tells us about good behaviour in schools
Many teachers and school leaders have little training in how to run a room – or a school. The assumption is that we pick it up on the job. But this is a terribly under-structured and haphazard way to approach one of our most important functions: keeping children safe and building environments where they can flourish and learn. In this talk, Tom Bennett will discuss what evidence can tell us about the well-run classroom and school. |
Thursday, April 30, 2015
1. See the Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower
The usually reliable Eta Aquarid meteor shower peaks on the night of May 5-6 this year. The shower runs from April 21 – May 20, 2015, with many meteors still visible for several days on either side of the peak. It’s perhaps the best meteor shower of the year for southern hemisphere stargazers, and it’s pretty good for northerners too. The meteors are sandgrain-sized bits left over from Halley’s comet. Like most such showers, the best viewing is just before dawn.
2. Lights Out for Dark Energy?
Astronomers at the University of Arizona announced one of the ‘standard candles’ of the universe, exploding stars called Type Ia supernovae, may not be so standard after all. They found more distant Type Ia supernovae might be intrinsically fainter than more nearby events, suggesting the accelerating expansion of the universe is not as pronounced as once thought. This may mean the effect of the mysterious ‘dark energy’ that causes the expansion is also less important. But that doesn’t disprove the existence of dark energy. As Ethan Siegel explains, there are two more independent observations that show something like dark energy (whatever it may be) still accounts for the majority of the universe.
3. New Images of Pluto and Charon
Yesterday, NASA released rather stirring images from the New Horizon’s spacecraft of Pluto and its Texas-sized moon Charon revolving about their common center of mass. The images also show Pluto rotating about its axis, and large-scale surface features on the former planet’s surface. These are the best images yet captured. The view will only get better as New Horizons gets closer to its brief but historic rendezvous with Pluto just 11 weeks from now.
4. Happy Birthday, Hubble
Well, this makes me feel old, but NASA marked the 25th anniversary of the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope last week. The redoubtable instrument, which began its career with a malformed primary mirror, has revolutionized professional astronomy and helped astronomers to generate more knowledge and understanding of the universe in the past 25 years than in the previous 200 years. Hubble helped refine our understanding of the age of the universe, detect atmospheres on exoplanets, and find millions of galaxies in parts of the sky where no galaxies had been seen before. The New York Times has a brief retrospective video on the launch and legacy of Hubble. And Phil Plait published his favorite “12 1/2” images from Hubble in his column at Slate.
5. Jupiter Through an iPhone
Ottawa-based stargazer Andrew Symes continues to refine his imaging techniques using an iPhone and an 8″ Celestron NexStarSE telescope. An iPhone! The small sensor and pixel sizes of smartphone cameras make them unlikely candidates for astrophotography. But clever developers have created apps that enhance the low-light operation of the iPhone camera. So with a little practice and standard post-processing techniques, Symes has shown it’s possible to take quite acceptable images of Jupiter, Saturn, the Moon, and even brighter deep-sky sights directly at the eyepiece of a telescope with an iPhone.
Wishing you clear skies,
Publisher, Cosmic Pursuits |
How Trimet cheats its employees out of wages
Shelly Lomax deposition
Q-Is there a section of Trimet operator training program on:
a-under what circumstance you time slip?
b-when do you time slip?
c-how do employees complete the time slip?
(not one employee that I know can remember any such topic during training)
SCORE THREE FOR THE PROSECUTION |
Assessing the effect of flood restoration on surface–subsurface interactions in Rohrschollen Island (Upper Rhine river – France) using integrated hydrological modeling and thermal infrared imaging
- 1Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, LHyGeS UMR7517, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- 2Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, LIVE UMR7362, LTSER – Zone Atelier Environnementale Urbaine, 67083 Strasbourg, France
- 3Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR7619 Metis, 75005 Paris, France
Correspondence: Sylvain Weill ([email protected])
Rohrschollen Island is an artificial island of the large Upper Rhine river whose geometry and hydrological dynamics are the result of engineering works during the 19th and 20th centuries. Before its channelization, the Rhine river was characterized by an intense hydromorphological activity which maintained a high level of biodiversity along the fluvial corridor. This functionality considerably decreased during the two last centuries. In 2012, a restoration project was launched to reactivate typical alluvial processes, including bedload transport, lateral channel dynamics, and surface–subsurface water exchanges. An integrated hydrological model has been applied to the area of Rohrschollen Island to assess the efficiency of the restoration regarding surface and subsurface flows. This model is calibrated using measured piezometric heads. Simulated patterns of water exchanges between the surface and subsurface compartments of the island are checked against the information derived from thermal infrared (TIR) imaging. The simulated results are then used to better understand the evolutions of the infiltration–exfiltration zones over time and space and to determine the physical controls of surface–subsurface interactions on the hydrographic network of Rohrschollen Island. The use of integrated hydrological modeling has proven to be an efficient approach to assess the efficiency of restoration actions regarding surface and subsurface flows.
Interactions between surface and subsurface flow processes are key components of the continental hydrological cycle (Winter et al., 1998; Sophocleous, 2002), which have received particular attention in the last decades partly because of their substantial impact on the overall response of hydrologic systems (Boano et al., 2014; Brunner et al., 2017, and citations herein). Several studies have recently highlighted the hydrological interactions between surface and subsurface that have a major impact on the biogeochemical and ecological responses of hydrosystems (e.g., Stegen et al., 2016, 2018; Danczak et al., 2016; Partington et al., 2017). These interactions, which are partly driven by the geomorphological structure and the channel dynamics (Namour et al., 2015), influence flow pathways, water mixing, residence time in the hyporheic zone along streambeds, and the overall ecological functioning (Schmitt et al., 2011). They are complex for several reasons, including (a) the nonlinearity of the processes involved, (b) the strong heterogeneity of the hydrological systems, and (c) the incidence of small-scale features on large-scale behavior (Hester et al., 2017). Although these surface–subsurface interactions have been extensively investigated in the last decades, several issues relating to them require a deeper understanding to address contemporary challenges associated with water quality and water resources management (Brunner et al., 2017). Among these issues, monitoring and modeling the evolution of these interactions over space and time is fundamental (Krause et al., 2014), especially in the context of river restoration.
River restoration has been applied worldwide to counteract the undesired effects of anthropogenic actions on river ecosystems and ecosystem services (e.g., Wohl et al., 2015, and citations herein). From a general perspective, the goal of restoration projects is to enhance the hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological functioning of large rivers and stream hydrosystems through the reactivation of lost geophysical, geochemical, or biological processes. Due to their firm control on biogeochemical and ecological signatures in the so-called hyporheic zone (e.g., Peralta-Maraver et al., 2018), the interactions between surface and subsurface hydrological processes may become a focus of restoration projects (e.g., Boulton et al., 2010; Friberg et al., 2017). As examples, surface–subsurface water exchanges generate oxygen–carbon transfers (e.g., Stegen et al., 2016; Danczak et al., 2016) and thermal refuges for various aquatic species (e.g., Kurylyk et al., 2015); they also revive ponding and renewal of water in wetlands that could otherwise turn to perishing swamps partly disconnected from stream flow. Many projects try to improve the water quality and/or ecological processes of the hydrosystem through engineering works that target hyporheic exchange enhancements. Maintaining or amplifying these interactions could prove crucial regarding climate change effects to preserve aquatic species. Nevertheless, it is still very difficult to assess the efficiency of such restoration projects as this requires a refined characterization of the location and amplitude of surface–subsurface interactions (e.g., Morandi et al., 2014).
Several advances in measurement techniques and modeling approaches appear very promising to improve our current understanding and our forecasting capabilities regarding surface–subsurface interactions (Krause et al., 2014; Brunner et al., 2017). Many experimental/field projects are related to the use of temperature as a tracer of hydrological connectivity and locations where groundwater discharges into surface water bodies (e.g., Pfister et al., 2010; Daniluk et al., 2013). Two different thermal techniques – fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) and thermal infrared (TIR) survey – have been used for their potential to inform on spatial and temporal patterns of water fluxes in large areas of the hyporheic zone through the determination of thermal anomalies. FO-DTS provides one-dimensional profiles of these anomalies with a fine spatial resolution by submerging fiber-optic cables along a streambed. TIR surveys can be performed from air and satellite and informs on surface temperature with two-dimensional images of various resolutions (e.g., Hare et al., 2015).
For their part, integrated hydrologic models emerged in the late 1990s, and they are now recognized as suitable tools to investigate streamflow generation processes at the catchment scale (e.g., Paniconi and Putti, 2015; Fatichi et al., 2016). Although most integrated models rely on the solution to the 3-D Richards equation to describe subsurface flow (e.g., Maxwell et al., 2014), alternative low-dimensional approaches that simplify the description of the subsurface compartment (still with some physical meaning) have recently appeared (e.g., Hazenberg et al., 2015, 2016; Jeannot et al., 2018). Solving the 3-D Richards equation with a proper discretization to capture the complex and small-scale physics of flow in the vadose zone over large areas may require substantial computational resources. Low-dimensional integrated approaches that are efficient regarding computation time could also prove beneficial to tackle practical water management issues. Integrated models, irrespective of their level of complexity, explicitly account for the interaction between surface and subsurface hydrological processes. Thus, their application to hydrosystems renders insights on the evolution over time and space of surface–subsurface interactions (e.g., Partington et al., 2013; Camporese et al., 2014).
Hydrologic modeling has already been used to assess the potential effects of restoration works on the hydrologic response of a given system. The studies reported in the ongoing literature are mainly geared towards the effect of restoration on subsurface water table dynamics (e.g., Ohara et al., 2014), floodplain responses (e.g., Martinez-Martinez et al., 2014; Clilverd et al., 2016), and vegetation dynamics (e.g., Hammersmark et al., 2010). To our knowledge, the prediction with models of hyporheic exchanges has not yet been considered. No integrated hydrologic model has been applied to a restored fluvial hydrosystem even though the application could reveal noteworthy data in rendering quantitative indicators of restoration efficiency. In addition, the combined use of thermal information with integrated hydrological models is not yet common even though comparing and discussing both seems fruitful. Ala-aho et al. (2015) used thermal imaging and integrated modeling to study the exchanges between groundwater and lakes in Finland. Glaser et al. (2016) used integrated modeling and TIR surveys to improve the calibration procedure and investigate the dynamics of the saturated area in a small catchment in Luxembourg. Munz et al. (2017) combined thermal measurement along the banks of a stream and integrated modeling at the reach scale to improve the determination of residence times in the hyporheic zone.
In this paper, the low-dimensional integrated hydrologic model NIHM (for Normally Integrated Hydrologic Model) is applied to the restored hydrosystem of Rohrschollen Island, which is an artificial island located 8 km south of Strasbourg (Upper Rhine, France; see Fig. 1a). Previous studies have shown that the hydrological, sedimentological, and geomorphological dynamics of the island were very active due to intense hyporheic exchanges and surface processes (Eschbach et al., 2017, 2018). These dynamics were tightly linked to the flood dynamics of the Rhine river that were progressively lost because of territorial developments along the Rhine fluvial corridor. A restoration project started in 2012 with the idea of improving the overall functioning of the ecosystem through artificial injections. The restoration actions specifically target short-term enhancement of hyporheic exchanges over the whole island and the reactivation of sediment transport in the main channel of the island. Even though short-term horizon effects are the main target of the restoration, it is expected that duplicating flooding episodes over time in the island could result in beneficial impacts on the long-term ecological and biological health of the island.
The proposed study addresses and models a couple of these flooding episodes with the four main objectives that are (i) to test the performance of NIHM regarding the description of highly transient hydrologic behavior over short periods of time; (ii) to check on the correspondences and discrepancies between model results and TIR imaging in the delineation of exfiltration patterns; (iii) to investigate the efficiency of restoration actions undertaken at Rohrschollen Island, especially regarding surface–subsurface water exchanges, and (iv) to propose optimal short-term management procedures regarding the enhancement of surface–subsurface exchanges.
It could be argued that short-term analysis of a restored system does not fit the general understanding stating that restoration processes are intended to render benefits over long-term horizons. In the present case (but also in many other cases), restoration works are recent and the system is still evolving. This means that long-term simulations on the basis of the actual settings of the system would probably miss its further evolution. It makes sense to assess the behavior of a recently restored hydrosystem in response to short-terms events. Duplicating calculations for various short stress periods is also a way to foresee how the system could behave, even though uncertainty and model robustness associated with the evolution of the system over time persist. This study is limited to the analysis of the short-term response (to flood events that are also pulse stresses) of a transient hydrosystem via a highly resolved model in time and space.
2.1 Study area – Rohrschollen Island
2.1.1 General description
Rohrschollen Island is the result of historical engineering works carried out along the Rhine river mainly to prevent flooding and to develop navigation and agriculture. The hydrological and geomorphological dynamics of the area were massively impacted (Eschbach et al., 2017, 2018). Three structures completely control the current geometry and hydraulic behavior of Rohrschollen Island (Fig. 1): (a) the diversion dam (built in 1970) at the southern end of the island that diverts most of the river flow into the Rhine Canal at the western bank of the island, (b) the hydropower plant (built in 1970) located on the Rhine Canal downstream of Rohrschollen Island, and (c) an agricultural dam (built in 1984) at the northern part of the island to keep a constant water level in the by-passed Old Rhine at the eastern bank of Rohrschollen Island.
Rohrschollen Island was regularly flooded in the past (Eschbach et al., 2018). The main anastomosed channel inside the island, the Bauerngrundwasser (BGW; Fig. 1), was disconnected on its upstream mouth from the Rhine river by the excavation of the Rhine Canal. This disconnection, combined with dampened groundwater dynamics along the island, impacted the hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological functioning of the hydrosystem (Eschbach et al., 2017). The former flood dynamics induced large water table fluctuations, lively interactions between the surface and subsurface domains, intense rejuvenation of habitat mosaic driven by geomorphological processes, and a high level of biodiversity for species of aquatic and riverine habitats. As a result of engineering works performed to control the Rhine river, the ecological services associated with the flood dynamics and the hydrologic connection between the floodplain of the island and the river were lost.
In 2012, the European Union funded a restoration project (LIFE + program) in order to counteract the loss of various natural processes and thus re-establish part of the former dynamics of the system. The Rhine river water is now injected through a floodgate into a 900 m long new artificial channel (south of the island; Fig. 1b) following rules that relate the injected discharge with the discharge of the Rhine river. A constant discharge of 2 m3 s−1 – later referred to as the base flow injection – is injected when the discharge of the Rhine river does not exceed 1550 m3 s−1. When the discharge of the Rhine river rises above this value, the injected discharge is increased accordingly up to a maximum rate of 80 m3 s−1. These injections should contribute to (a) enhancing discharge into the surface water bodies of the island (especially in the BGW) and partly recovering floods on the island (floods occur when the injected rate exceeds the top-edge discharge of the new channel at 20 m3 s−1), (b) recovering bedload transport and lateral channel dynamics (especially along the new channel), (c) activating surface–subsurface interactions, and (d) stimulating the renewal of aquatic and riverine ecosystems. Overall, it is worth noting that the hydrologic behavior of Rohrschollen Island is primarily controlled by water levels in the Old Rhine and the Rhine Canal (regulated by the two dams and the hydropower plant mentioned above) and by the injection discharge in the new channel.
2.1.2 Hydrologic monitoring
A large interdisciplinary environmental monitoring was conducted to investigate the effects and the efficiency of the restoration, but also to check on some risks such as the eventual collapsing of the new channel banks under strong water injections. As an example, a dense network of piezometers (yellow squares in Fig. 1c) was installed along both the artificial new channel and the BGW. More precisely, 10 transects along these channels were instrumented with a piezometer on each channel bank. The time resolution of measurements in the 20 piezometers ranges from 5 min along the new channel to 10 min along the BGW. This network is particularly crucial for hydrological model calibration and to understand the interactions between groundwater and surface water bodies. Other subsurface head measurements are also available on the eastern and western sides of the island. The French national electricity company (EDF) is operating devices at the western side of the island (along the Rhine Canal) to monitor the state of the dike road (blue squares in Fig. 1c) and, as the owner and manager of the Rohrschollen Island Nature Reserve, the city of Strasbourg is following subsurface water table dynamics at the eastern side (orange squares in Fig. 1c).
2.1.3 Historical and sedimentological surveys
Geohistorical and sedimentological surveys were used to reconstruct the morpho-sedimentary temporal trajectory of the island since the middle of the 18th century. The geohistorical survey is partly based on six old maps, two sets of aerial photographs, and the actual digital elevation model of the island (see Fig. 2a). Planimetric data were georeferenced in a GIS (geographic information system) and processed to highlight the temporal dynamics of the main morpho-ecological units. The sedimentological study was based on seven coring transects distributed along the BGW. Grain size analysis was also performed on sediment samples from three transects and two pits in the floodplain to determine the transport and deposition processes of fine sediments. The combination of the geohistorical and sedimentological analysis helped to reconstruct the sedimentary deposition trajectory and to locate precisely historical gravel bars (see Fig. 2b). This information was used to spatialize the parameters of the hydrological model and to preset the initial values of key parameters related to the composition of the sediment units. More details on this part of the study can be found in Eschbach et al. (2018).
2.1.4 Thermal infrared imaging
Thermal infrared (TIR) imaging was carried out at Rohrschollen Island to investigate the relationship between the evolution of some geomorphological features (e.g., riffles and pools) and the interactions between surface and subsurface waters. A FLIR b425 infrared camera was fixed under a paraglider to take pictures covering the whole island. The camera was calibrated using several key parameters such as water emissivity and the height above the topography. The flight took place on 22 January 2015, a date chosen to have minimal canopy extension and maximal temperature contrast between surface and subsurface waters (with approximately 4 ∘C surface temperature and 10 ∘C groundwater temperature). The thermal images were processed to locate thermal anomalies along the new artificial channel and the BGW. The radiance was first converted into temperature using Planck's law and in situ measurements as references. The temperature maps were then georeferenced, and pixels associated with high uncertainty on temperatures were also discarded. Further treatments based on optic images (in the visible wavelengths) delineated and located surface objects such as banks, vegetation, logjams, and gravel bars. Further details about thermal image processing can be found in Eschbach et al. (2017).
2.2 Hydrological modeling strategy
2.2.1 The Normally Integrated Hydrologic Model (NIHM)
The integrated hydrological model used to model Rohrschollen Island is the Normally Integrated Hydrologic Model (NIHM) (Pan et al., 2015; Weill et al., 2017; Jeannot et al., 2018). This tool is a physically based and spatially fully distributed model that describes flow processes in the surface and subsurface domains of a catchment and their couplings. For the sake of simplicity, only the model parts used for this study are presented here. A detailed presentation of the model (primarily concerning treatment of the flow equations) is available, for example, in Jeannot et al. (2018).
The subsurface flow processes are described using a low-dimensional equation that results from the integration of the 3-D Richards equation along a direction normal to the bedrock (i.e., the impervious bottom of the aquifer). The final equation for subsurface flow can be written as
where , , , . Ksat and Ssat are averages along the integration direction z of the saturated hydraulic conductivity tensor and the specific storage capacity in the saturated zone, respectively. θ (–) is the water content, K (L T−1) is the tensor of hydraulic conductivity, h (L) is the hydraulic head (or the capillary head), and Qw (L T−1) is a source term that accounts for the subsurface interactions with both the 1-D river network and the 2-D overland flow. It is worth noting that the 1-D river network compartment was not used in this study because the precision of the digital elevation model (Fig. 2a) was enough to delineate and model streams, channels, and other small water routing in slight topographic depressions of the 2-D overland flow layer.
The 2-D overland flow layer is described using the so-called diffusive wave equation, which is written as
hs (L) is the water depth at the surface; zs (L) is the soil surface elevation; ux and uy (L T−1) are the water velocity components along the x and y directions (that are locally defined in the plane normal to the direction of integration z of Eq. 1); q (L T−1) is a source term including the exchanges with the 1-D river flow compartment and with the subsurface; and Nman,x and Nman,y (L T) are the Manning coefficients in the x and y directions, respectively.
The coupling between Eqs. (1) and (2) relies upon a first-order law stating that the flux exchanged between surface and subsurface flows is proportional to the head gradient between the two compartments. The exchanged flux (L T−1) can be formalized as
where KInt (L T−1) is the vertical hydraulic conductivity at the interface between the surface and subsurface compartments, le is a user-defined coupling length (i.e., an empirical thickness of the interface between surface and subsurface compartments), Fs (–) is a scaling function accounting for the saturated–unsaturated character of the interface between the surface and subsurface, and hob is the total obstruction height accounting for small irregularities of the topography.
Regarding the numerical solution, both equations are solved together in a fully implicit manner using advanced numerical schemes. Note that both equations are two-dimensional and that only one computation mesh mimicking the topographic surface of the system is required for simulating both surface and subsurface processes, including their interactions. It is worth noting that employing a partly simplified model is an incentive to the duplication of calculations, as is necessary for example when solving inverse problems, evaluating model sensitivities, and testing hypotheses. This possibility is not exploited in this study which can be seen as a test of feasibility to capture the short-term very transient dynamics of a hydrological system via a model highly resolved in time and space. Simulations discussed below take between 5 and 24 h of calculation (for simulation times of 7 to 45 days, respectively) on a single core of a modern processor. Duplicating calculations for the purposes mentioned above remains tractable by distributing the calculation load over multiple cores.
2.2.2 Model setup and parametrization
The computation mesh for all the simulations of the study was built from data from an airborne lidar survey performed in 2015 that produced high-resolution images of the topography (50 cm in the horizontal plane and 1–2 cm in elevation). The whole Rohrschollen Island is meshed using triangular elements of 20 m on a side. The exception is a 120 m wide corridor surrounding the new channel and the BGW where a refined spatial resolution of 10 m is used. The higher resolution is assumed to better capture the hydrological dynamics and the surface–subsurface interactions along the surface water bodies of the island.
As mentioned previously, the two key drivers of the hydrological response at Rohrschollen Island are (i) the water levels in the Old Rhine and the Rhine Canal and (ii) the discharge injected in the artificial channel. In base flow conditions, the routine value of 2 m3 s−1 as the injected discharge brings the equivalent of 20 m of annual rainfall over the whole island. Moreover, the water table in the island is always fed by the Old Rhine and the Rhine Canal, reducing considerably the potential effect of evapotranspiration on piezometric levels. Provided that the time horizon of the simulations is rather short (less than 50 days), the meteorological forcing – i.e., rainfall and evapotranspiration – is thus considered negligible in the study. Prescribed-head (Dirichlet) boundary conditions are imposed at the western and eastern banks of Rohrschollen Island for the subsurface model, and they have been documented by measurements collected by the EDF and the city of Strasbourg. These boundary conditions may vary over time, depending on the modeled period and availability of data. The northern and southern parts of the island were considered as no-flow boundaries. The initial conditions were set up by running the model with consistent boundary conditions for the subsurface and the base flow injection rate of 2 m3 s−1 at the new channel inlet until stable hydrological conditions were reached.
Several exploratory calculations were performed by varying a single parameter one at the time to obtain some kind of rough sensitivity analysis. A rigorous sensitivity analysis would have required the analytical differentiation of the state variable derivatives with respect to model parameters, which was out of the scope of a study mainly testing whether hydrological modeling would be suited to quantify the effects of restoration works. These exploratory calculations showed us that the model was mainly sensitive to the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity and the exchange coefficient between the surface and subsurface. The calculations also showed us that the other parameters, for example the Manning coefficient, were less sensitive. Therefore, only the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the exchange coefficient were considered as variable in space while the other parameters were supposed uniform over the whole island. The initial spatial distribution of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the exchange coefficient mainly relies upon patterns drawn from the geohistorical and sedimentological surveys of the island (Eschbach et al., 2018). As an example, Fig. 2 maps three historical snapshots of the main geomorphological units (gravel bars). Corridors around the new channel, the BGW, and the network of paleo-channels visible in the floodplain (see the digital elevation model in Fig. 2) were defined and parametrized separately to account for specific deposition histories resulting in specific sediment grain size. Both the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the exchange coefficient were considered as uniform over zones (subareas) of the modeled domain (a block-heterogeneous system), and the initial spatial delineation of these zones was processed via a GIS.
Results from particle size laboratory analysis were used to define the initial values of the hydraulic conductivity, the retention curve parameters of the sediments, and the exchange coefficient between the surface and subsurface. Sediment cores were taken along the artificial channel and the BGW at different depths and locations when the piezometric network of the island was installed. The samples were then analyzed in the lab to determine their textural and particle size characteristics. The Rosetta model (US Salinity Lab, Riverside, CA) was then used to relate textural properties of soils with the model parameters. Regarding Manning's coefficient, the initial values for the artificial channel and the BGW were set following standard tables and field observations.
2.2.3 Model calibration and validation
The integrated model was calibrated and validated using two periods of time for which high-rate injections in the new artificial channel were carried out. The first period (9–15 December 2014) was used as a model calibration exercise which encompassed two peaks of injection with one reaching 80 m3 s−1. The second selected period (15–21 May 2015) was employed as a validation exercise with three injection peaks, two of them exceeding 70 m3 s−1. In both cases, peak injections superimpose onto a continuous base flow fed by the routine injection of 2 m3 s−1 in the inlet channel. Figure 3 reports the evolution of the injected flow rates over time at the system inlet for both the calibration and validation periods.
After a first simulation employing the initial parametrization (defined in Sect. 2.2.2), all the parameters were manually calibrated to match up to the simulated head levels in the subsurface with observations. Both the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) associated with observed heads at the 10 transects cross-cutting the new channel and the BGW were used as indicators to evaluate the quality of the simulations. Table 1 gathers the initial and optimal (i.e., after calibration) parameter values, showing that – except for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the exchange coefficient, and the Van Genuchten parameters of the deeper part of the subsurface – the optimal parameters are very close to the initial ones. During the calibration process, the initial spatial zonation was also modified even if the preservation of the main spatial units initially defined was attempted. More precisely, a few additional zones were delineated, mainly along the new channel and the BGW to account for partly clogged zones that showed delayed or smoothed responses of subsurface heads to infiltration. Figure 4 maps the final set of parameters for the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the exchange coefficient. The sets of calibrated parameters were then used for simulating the validation period to check whether the calculated subsurface head levels match up to the measured values.
It is worth noting here that the calibration exercise was performed over a period where the TIR images were not available, which means, in turn, that the calibration only relied upon measured groundwater head levels as a reference. The goal of the calibration was not to match the exfiltration patterns identified through the TIR imaging. When this information became available, the simulation period used for the calibration was extended to reach the date of the airborne flight (22 January 2015), and the boundary conditions were updated. The exfiltration patterns were then used as verification information to confirm that the model could properly describe the interactions between surface and subsurface and thus be used as a forecasting tool. Forecasts discussed hereinafter cover optimizations of injections in the artificial channel upstream of the island, which are mainly supposed to maintain active ponding and wetlands (mainly from groundwater outcrops) over long periods.
3.1 Model outputs
Figure 5 displays the evolution over time of simulated and observed piezometric heads at two locations (transects) in the island. It also plots simulated versus observed heads for all locations and sampling times used during the calibration period. Heads at transects in Fig. 5 were selected to show the best and worst match concerning RMSE between simulation and observation. It is worth noting that, before injections peaks, the simulated heads are mainly influenced by the Dirichlet-type boundary conditions on the east and west sides of the island. Few data (one measure each 15 days) were available to set up these Dirichlet boundary conditions, and the almost-constant-over-time simulated heads before peak injections do not fully match up to the head transients observed along the BGW. That being said, in general the model adequately reproduces the system dynamics, capturing the two peaks of head response associated with the injection patterns at the new channel inlet. The recession part of the response is also captured well with a slight overestimation of the final head value for transect T8 (Fig. 5a). The plot of simulated versus observed heads (Fig. 5c) confirms that the model tends to overestimate the piezometric heads as more points are located above the 1:1 straight line. This feature is associated with one of the founding assumptions of the model regarding the vadose zone, which is integrated with the saturated zone and can be excessively or not sufficiently capacitive, depending on the mean soil moisture (see Weill et al., 2017). The values of the two performance indicators that are the RMSE and the KGE are satisfying, at 17 cm and 0.93, respectively. Regarding the KGE value of all measured versus simulated heads, the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.97, the bias ratio is 1, and the variance ratio is 1.07.
Figure 6 depicts the same information as Fig. 5 but for the validation period. The agreement between simulated and measured heads remains good with an RMSE of 24 cm and a KGE of 0.75, associated with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94, a bias ratio of 1, and a variance ratio of 1.24. The decrease in the KGE values from calibration to validation steps does not generate bias between observed and simulated head values. Nevertheless, the variance ratio slightly increases, showing that errors between observed and simulated heads also increase from calibration to validation. That being said, both exercises show that the NIHM and its calibrated set of parameters render convincing simulations of the highly transient hydrologic behavior of the system.
3.2 Interactions between surface and subsurface in Rohrschollen Island
Once calibration and validation were completed, the ability to capture the interactions between surface and subsurface was checked by comparing the modeled exfiltration patterns simulated on 22 January 2015 with the thermal anomalies identified via airborne TIR imaging performed the same day (see Sect. 2). In Fig. 7, the thermal anomalies are represented as pink spots, and the simulated exfiltration patterns are represented as colored patches ranging from blue to red as a function of the exfiltration rate. Figure 7 focuses on the area of the island where a vast majority of the thermal anomalies were identified. The simulated exfiltration patterns usually coincide with the thermal anomalies from the TIR, even though their spatial extension may be wider than thermal anomalies. This feature can be the consequence of multiple factors, such as (a) the substantial sedimentary heterogeneity of the streambed not sufficiently represented in the model, (b) a spatial resolution of the computation mesh not fine enough to capture the very small-scale surface–subsurface interactions, and (c) the measurement uncertainty plaguing the TIR analysis. Keeping these approximations in mind, the hydrologic model correctly locates the surface–subsurface interactions in the island and provides flux values that are not accessible via TIR surveys.
Given that a rigorous sensitivity analysis to model parameters was not undertaken, it could be stated that flawed model parameter values are at the origin of mismatches between TIR images and the exfiltration zones modeled by NIHM. Nevertheless, the macroscopic hydraulic diffusion (the ratio of conductivity to specific storage) is correctly fitted as shown by the good match of observed heads both in time and amplitude. The point is that thermal anomalies are visible at a scale on the order of less than 10 m, which is also the scale of local heterogeneity of clay, sand, gravel, and pebble deposits in alluvial systems. A numerical model handling local heterogeneity at that scale should employ a mesh of 1–2 m resolution. In view of the available data, building this model is unfeasible, except by conjecturing the distribution of hydraulic parameters (as can be done for example in stochastic approaches to the inverse problem). The lack of data suggests that perfect accuracy cannot be expected, and the mismatch between the measurement and model resolutions is the main reason for discrepancies between TIR and model delineation of exfiltration zones. In addition and under the present modeling constraints, we suggest that the quality of model results does not relate to the fact that the model accurately represents data over a single scenario, but rather to the fact that it roughly represents data over multiple different scenarios (events). Unfortunately, we only had one single set of TIR imagery at our river reach.
Figures 8 and 9 picture the transient interactions between surface and subsurface and tell us why the banana-shaped exfiltration zone reported in Fig. 7 is close to the junction of the new artificial channel and the BGW. Figure 8 displays maps of the groundwater head, the surface water thickness, and the exfiltration rates over the whole island at three different times of the calibration period that are t=50 h (i.e., after the first injection peak), t=59 h (i.e., at the second injection peak), and t=1072 h (i.e., the date of the airborne TIR flight). As evidenced by the snapshots of groundwater head and surface water thickness, the water injected upstream of the island, flowing into the BGW, its dead ends, and the associated floodplain, rapidly infiltrates, producing an important increase in groundwater levels alongside the new artificial channel (and also the BGW), which had been excavated but was still not clogged with fine sediments. When the maximum injection rate is reached (t=59 h), surface ponding occurs on a significant portion of the island and the groundwater mounding invades all the upstream part of the BGW. Note that the exfiltration rates (Fig. 8, right panels) are localized in small topographic depressions during the injection period, and the banana-shaped exfiltration pattern (Fig. 7) is still inactive. The latter pattern only appears during the recession period (t=1072 h) when the strong injection rates have stopped. It appears alongside the BGW in the vicinity of the area where the groundwater level previously increased the most. Figure 9 represents cross sections along locations a and b in Fig. 7 for t=59 and t=1072 h and reports on the subsurface water head, the surface water elevation (set to the topography elevation when surface water thickness is zero), and infiltration–exfiltration rates. It shows that (a) the topography mainly controls the banana-shaped infiltration–exfiltration zone (depressions in Fig. 9) and (b) the temporal dynamics and amplitude of exfiltration are the combined effect of surface water rapidly flowing toward the system outlet (i.e., surface water thickness diminishes) and a slow recession of the groundwater heads after the main peaks of injected flow rates have vanished.
Figure 10 reports on the evolution over time of the total infiltration and exfiltration fluxes calculated over the whole surface area of the island during the two-peak calibration period. While the injection rate is kept at 2 m3 s−1, both infiltration and exfiltration fluxes are stable with much more infiltration than exfiltration. When the injected flow rate increases, the infiltrated flux follows a slightly delayed evolution over time, which is very similar to the injection hydrograph (with a two-peak shape; see Fig. 3). Meanwhile, as the hydraulic gradient between surface and subsurface changes at some locations, the exfiltration decreases in areas that turn from an exfiltration to an infiltration regime due to excess of surface water associated with injection peaks. Once the injection of water into the new artificial channel stops, the infiltration flux sharply decreases while the exfiltration flux increases. An exfiltration peak can be observed just at the end of the recession period. It is noteworthy that, during the recession period, the exfiltration flux is almost constant over time and kept at a value twice that observed before injection (Fig. 10). In the end, forced water injections at the new channel inlet foster water exfiltration from the subsurface that maintains ponds and wetlands on the surface over long periods (say, approximately 15 days for each injection, as simulated by the model but not reported in Fig. 10).
3.3 Efficiency of the restoration actions
One of the issues targeted in this study is the assessment of the efficiency of hydrological restoration projects. The previous results indicate that water injections in the new channel enhance the interactions between surface and subsurface compartments of the island, noting that it was observed during the excavation that the new channel had been dug in highly conductive sedimentary formations. It may be interesting to check via a modeling approach what causes differences between the current restored circumstances and a pre-restoration situation. As the pre-restored island is not well documented in terms of hydraulic data, we considered a scenario where the pre-restored island is similar to the current situation (including, e.g., geometry and boundary conditions) with the exception that the newly excavated channel connecting Rohrschollen Island's BGW and the Rhine river is absent. Therefore, no forced injection may occur at the southern boundary of the pre-restored island. The hydrological behavior of the pre-restored situation has been simulated and compared with an actual case where the injection rate in the new channel is at the usual year-round configuration of 2 m3 s−1.
Figure 11 displays snapshots of exfiltration rates in a subarea of the island for the pre-restored and the restored scenarios. Even with an injected flow rate of 2 m3 s−1, both the exfiltration surfaces and exfiltration rates are much higher in the restored situation. In other words, the base flow regime of the restored situation is sufficient to positively impact the interactions between surface and subsurface compartments of the island. When forced injections enhance the development of wetlands and maintain high rates of exfiltration over long periods, from the mere hydrological standpoint, restoration works are successful.
3.4 Suggestions for management practices
The injection scenarios tested in the hydrological model with maximum peaks reaching 80 m3 s−1 are designed as a routine inlet for feeding Rohrschollen Island with water, but some other inlet procedures can also be considered to improve the functioning of the island. We analyzed with the hydrological model how these routine injections could be designed to maximize either the spatial extension of exfiltration areas maintaining wetlands in surface or the time over which exfiltration occurs. Two hypothetical injections superimposed to a base flow of 2 m3 s−1 in the new channel were proposed, with the first one being of short duration (24 h) with an injection rate of 15 m3 s−1 and the second one being of longer duration (120 h) but with a weaker injection rate of 5 m3 s−1 (see Fig. 12a). As the total injected water volume differs between both scenarios (the weaker injection flushes almost twice the volume of the stronger injection), it can also be determined which of the two configurations – high rate–small volume or small rate–high volume – maximizes the extension and/or duration of exfiltration.
Figure 12b plots the excess or lack of exfiltration surface areas during injections compared with surface areas sustained by base flow (2 m3 s−1) in the new channel. The evolution over time of these excess exfiltration areas (or lack thereof) occurs for both injection scenarios with a lack of exfiltration areas occurring during the injection periods when infiltration from the surface dominates. After the injection peak is completed, the recession period – starting at t=52 h for the high injection rate and t=162 h for the small injection rate (Fig. 12) – always shows an excess of exfiltration areas. The interesting point is that the high injection rate delivers a smaller volume of water in the system but maintains increased areas of exfiltration over extensive periods. For its part, the small injection rate has no effect beyond t=250 h with a system coming back to its initial state with 2 m3 s−1 of routine injection at the inlet. Finally, injecting less volume but with high injection rates over short periods is better suited to maintaining exfiltration over long periods as the process feeding wetlands on the island (Fig. 12). It is also likely (though not studied in this work) that intense injections favor the unclogging of the BGW, which are the primary surface water routes contributing to water renewal on the island.
As already mentioned, the short-term behavior of the hydrosystem in response to flood events motivated this study. In a context where long-term horizons of the restoration benefits are the principal objective, performing short-term simulations does not depart from this prescribed objective. The exploration of injection scenarios discussed above with a model highly resolved in time and space deciphers how the system currently behaves. Duplicating that kind of simulations could for example inform on the number and intensity of flood events needed to maintain a prescribed number of exfiltration days (and mean flow rates) in a year. In that sense, modeling short-term events in not necessarily in complete opposition to long-term considerations on the modeled system.
Restoration projects to counterbalance the undesired effects of anthropogenic actions on the hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological status of riverine ecosystems have recently spread worldwide. As the interactions between surface and subsurface compartments of the hydrosystem have a strong impact on hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological processes, it makes sense to rely upon integrated hydrological modeling when addressing the question of restoration efficiency. When feasible (i.e., with tractable problems and models), hydrological modeling with high resolution in time and space can accurately delineate infiltration–exfiltration areas and their evolution over time as key factors for maintaining active surface river networks
Relying upon simplified models, not in their physics but rather on their dimensionality (as done in the present study), renders many problems tractable and calculable. This is the case with Rohrschollen Island, which shows smooth variations of topography that do not help to locate ground water outcrops. This comment also extends to the very transient hydraulic behaviors requiring refined time steps to accurately capture temporal evolutions of the system.
If the focus is placed on infiltration–exfiltration patterns as a reliable indicator of the effects of restoration in riverine systems, any spatially distributed modeling exercise needs conditioning regarding both model inputs and outputs. Concerning the conditioning (or control) of model outputs associated with the delineation of exfiltration areas, the recent technique of airborne, low-altitude, and high-resolution thermal infrared imaging is very promising. The technique is not free of measurement errors and artifacts, but it has been shown reliable enough to highlight interactions between surface and subsurface compartments of the hydrosystem that coincide with simulations. Further investigations should duplicate thermal imaging over time with the aim of grasping the transient behavior of surface–subsurface interactions and discussing the best versus the worst environmental conditions where imaging is applicable.
Rohrschollen Island (and many other fluvial hydrosystems) is very specific regarding surface–subsurface interactions, meaning that water heads in the aquifer are often close to surface water levels. This means that slight variations in both compartments may invert the direction of exchanged fluxes between compartments. In that case, injecting significant volumes of water in a system to store them over large periods may be counterproductive, even though these volumes may contribute to flooding over large areas. Large volumes are diverted into the rapidly flowing surface water and exit the system. Intense injections of smaller volumes over short periods foster intense local infiltration into the subsurface. The subsequent water mounding in the aquifer then results in long-term storage and smooth release of water via exfiltration. This behavior, hardly foreseeable, was that simulated for Rohrschollen Island and could also apply to many other configurations of fluvial corridors. These results show that management rules for a restored system may be developed from modeling exercises handling various forcing scenarios applied to the system. If it is accepted that exfiltration (sustaining ponding and wetlands) is a valuable indicator of riverine restoration, additional works should envision various settings to improve this process. For example, it is not clear if several smaller inlets could replace a single inlet in the system for higher efficiency. Is water extraction from the surface and reinjection in the subsurface a valuable process that can generate slow exfiltration over broad areas? Physically based integrated modeling of hydrosystems might propose some answers.
In order to access the data, we ask researchers to contact the data hosts ([email protected], [email protected], or [email protected]).
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
The monitoring of the Rohrschollen Island was funded by the European
Community (LIFE08 NAT/F/00471), the City of Strasbourg, the University of
Strasbourg (IDEX-CNRS 2014 MODELROH project), the French National Center for
Scientific Research (CNRS), the ZAEU (Zone Atelier Environnementale Urbaine
- LTER), the Water Rhin-Meuse Agency, the DREAL Alsace, the Région
Alsace, the Département du Bas-Rhin, and the company
Électricité de France. The authors are also indebted to
Pascal Finaud-Guyot for his contribution in the preprocessing of hydrological datasets.
Edited by: Laurent Pfister
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees
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Hester, E. T., Cardenas, M. B., Haggerty, R., and Apte, S. V.: The importance and challenge of hyporheic mixing, Water Resour. Res., 53, 3565–3575, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020005, 2017.
Jeannot, B., Weill, S., Eschbach, D., Schmitt, L., and Delay, F.: A low-dimensional integrated subsurface hydrological model coupled with 2-D overland flow: Application to a restored fluvial hydrosystem (Upper Rhine River – France), J. Hydrol., 563, 495–509, 2018.
Krause, S., Boano, F., Cuthbert, M. O., Fleckenstein, J. H., and Lewandowski, J.: Understanding process dynamics at aquifer-surface water interfaces: An introduction to the special section on new modeling approaches and novel experimental technologies, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1847–1855, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014755, 2014.
Kurylyk, B. L., MacQuarrie, K. T. B., Linnansaari, T., Cunjak, R. A., and Curry, R. A.: Preserving, augmenting, and creating cold-water thermal refugia in rivers: concepts derived from research on the Miramichi River, New Brunswick (Canada), Ecohydrology, 8, 1095–1108, 2015.
Martinez-Martinez, E., Nejadhashemi, A. P., Woznicki, S. A., and Love, B. J.: Modeling the hydrological significance of wetland restoration scenarios, J. Environ. Manage., 133, 121–134, 2014.
Maxwell, R. M., Putti, M., Meyerhoff, S., Delfs, J.-O., Ferguson, I. M., Ivanov, V., Kim, J., Kolditz, O., Kollet, S. J., Kumar, M., Lopez, S., Niu, J., Paniconi, C., Park, Y.-J., Phanikumar, M. S., Shen, C., Sudicky, E. A., and Sulis, M.: Surface–subsurface model inter-comparison: a first set of benchmark results to diagnose integrated hydrology and feedbacks, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1531–1549, 2014.
Morandi, B., Piegay, H., Lamouroux, N., and Vaudor, L.: How is success or failure in river restoration projects evaluated? Feedback from French restoration projects, J. Environ. Manage., 137, 178–188, 2014.
Munz, M., Oswald, S., and Schmidt, C.: Coupled Long-Term Simulation of Reach-Scale Water and Heat Fluxes Across the River-Groundwater Interface for Retrieving Hyporheic Residence Times and Temperature Dynamics, Water Resour. Res., 53, 8900–8924, 2017.
Namour, P., Schmitt, L., Eschbach, D., Moulin, B., Fantino, G., Bordes, C., and Breil, P.: Stream pollution concentration in riffle geomorphic units (Yzeron basin, France), Sci. Total Environ., 532, 80–90, 2015.
Ohara, N., Kavvas, M. L., Chen, Z. Q., Liang, L., Anderson, M., Wilcox J., and Mink, L.: Modelling atmospheric and hydrologic processes for assessment of meadow restoration impact on flow and sediment in a sparsely gauged California watershed, Hydrol. Process., 28, 3053–3066, 2014.
Pan, Y., Weill, S., Ackerer, P., and Delay, F.: A coupled streamflow and depth-integrated subsurface flow model for catchment hydrology, J. Hydrol., 530, 66–78, 2015.
Paniconi, C. and Putti, M.: Physically based modeling in catchment hydrology at 50: survey and outlook, Water Resour. Res., 51, 7090–7129, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017780, 2015.
Partington, D., Brunner, P., Frei, S., Simmons, C. T., Werner, A. D., Therrien, R., Maier, H. R., Dandy, G. C., and Fleckensetein, J. H.: Interpreting streamflow generation mechanisms from integrated surface-subsurface flow models of a riparian wetland and catchment, Water Resour. Res., 9, 5501–5519, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20405, 2013.
Partington, D., Therrien, R., Simmons, C. T., and Brunner, P.: Blueprint for a coupled model of sedimentology, hydrology, and hydrogeology in streambeds, Rev. Geophys., 55, 287–309, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000530, 2017.
Peralta-Maraver, I., Reiss, J., and Robertson, A. L.: Interplay of hydrology, community ecology and pollutant attenuation in the hyporheic zone, Sci. Total Environ., 610, 267–275, 2018.
Pfister, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hissler, C., and Hoffmann, L.: Ground-based thermal imagery as a simple, practical tool for mapping saturatedarea connectivity and dynamics, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3123–3132, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7840, 2010.
Schmitt, L., Lafont, M., Trémolières, M., Jezequel, C., Vivier, A., Breil, P., Namour, P., Valin, K., and Valette, L.: Using hydro-geomorphological typologies infunctional ecology: Preliminary results in contrasted hydrosystems, Phys. Chem. Earth, 36, 539–548, 2011.
Sophocleous, M. A.: Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 52–67, 2002.
Stegen, J. C., Fredrickson, J. K., Wilkins, M. J., Konopka, A. E., Nelson, W. C., Arntzen, E. V., Chrisler, W. B., Chu, R. K., Danczak, R. E., Fansler, S. J., Kennedy, D. W., Resch, C. T., and Tfaily, M.: Groundwater–surface water mixing shifts ecological assembly processes and stimulates organic carbon turnover, Nat. Commun., 7, 11237, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11237, 2016.
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Home » Posts tagged 'Contests'
# Tag Archives: Contests
## Rational function and polynomial
Prove that there does not exist a rational function with real coefficients such that
where is a non constant polynomial.
Solution
Since polynomials are defined on we have that
Since tends to a finite value as it must be a constant polynomial. In particular, must be constant in the range of $$which is an infinite set, implying that must also be constant. This proves what we wanted.$$
## Sum over all positive rationals
For a rational number that equals in lowest terms , let . Prove that:
Solution
First of all we note that
Moreover for we have that
Hence for we have that
## Infinite Product
Evaluate the infinite product:
(IMC 2019 / Day 1 / Problem 1)
Solution
since the product telescopes.
## On an infinite summation
Let be a sequence of real numbers. Compute:
Solution
First and foremost we set and it is obvious that . We are making use of probabilistic methods. Suppose than an infinite number of coins are flipped. Let be the probability that the -th coin toss lands heads and let us consider the first time heads comes up. Then is the probability that the first head appears in the – th flip and is the probability that all flips come up tails. Thus,
## Trigonometric equality
Prove that in any triangle it holds that
Solution
Using the law of sines we have that
and if we denote the area of the triangle then
Thus, |
Antioxidants in our body are very important because they inhibit the growth of free radicals that are the main cause for many diseases.
Turmeric, as we all know, beside that is at the top of the list of spices that are used in culinary specialties (especially in India where is almost impossible to imagine a meal without turmeric), turmeric is also an indispensable part of various medicines that have a large positive and beneficial effect on health.
Turmeric herb as a faithful friend of our health provides a myriad of health benefits. It contains curcumin, identified as the main active ingredient, which achieves more than 150 potentially therapeutic activities and includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. There is no other natural ingredient in the world that is more effective in reducing inflammation.
Turmeric is also rich in vitamins B3, B6, folic acid, potassium, iron, manganese and is also a good source of fiber. Some of Health Benefits of Turmeric and Curcumin are:
- Promotes Healthy Heart
- Cleans Blood Vessels
- Increases The Antioxidant Capacity of The Body
- Preventing and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
- Strengthens Bones
- Prevent Osteoporosis
- Regenerate Joints
- Reduces Inflammation
- Fights Bacterial and Fungal infections
- Helps reduce weight
- Accelerates metabolism
- Improves digestion and much more.
Turmeric And Lemon Juice – Amazing Healthy Drink
You will need:
- 1 Tbsp Turmeric Powder
- 1 Inch Ginger
- 3 Carrots (small)
- 2 Lemons
- 1 Orange
First, peel the lemons, oranges and cucumber and clean the ginger root and carrots and add them all together into a blender, adding one cup of water and 1 Tbsp turmeric powder and blend them well. Consume the juice by wish, at anytime during the day.
This turmeric juice, this healthy drink relieves inflammation caused by arthritis because it contains curcumin and thus antioxidants which relieves stiffness of the joints. With regular consummation of this juice, you will get your daily detox plus you can control (lower) cholesterol, protect your blood vessels and heart and enjoy in many health benefits that turmeric provides. |
Benjamin Apthorp Gould
Benjamin Apthorp Gould
Benjamin Apthorp Gould
|Died||November 26, 1896 (aged 72)|
|Alma mater||Harvard College|
|Known for||Astronomical Journal|
|Spouse(s)||Mary Apthorp Quincy Gould|
|Awards||James Craig Watson Medal 1887 |
Gold Medal of the RAS 1883
|Influences||Carl Friedrich Gauss|
Benjamin Apthorp Gould (September 27, 1824 – November 26, 1896) was a pioneering American astronomer. He is noted for creating the Astronomical Journal, discovering the Gould Belt, and for founding of the Argentine National Observatory and the Argentine National Weather Service.
He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, son of Benjamin Apthorp Gould, the principal of Boston Latin School, which the younger Gould attended. His mother was Lucretia Dana Goddard. The poet Hannah Flagg Gould was his aunt. After going on to Harvard College and graduating in 1844, he studied mathematics and astronomy under C. F. Gauss at Göttingen, Germany, during which time he published approximately 20 papers on the observation and motion of comets and asteroids. Following completion of his Ph.D. (he was the first American to receive this degree in astronomy) he toured European observatories asking for advice on what could be done to further astronomy as a professional science in the U.S.A. The main advice he received was to start a professional journal modeled after what was then the world's leading astronomical publication, the Astronomische Nachrichten.
Gould returned to America in 1848 and from 1852 to 1867 was in charge of the longitude department of the United States Coast Survey. He developed and organized the service, was one of the first to determine longitudes by telegraphic means, and employed the Atlantic cable in 1866 to establish accurate longitude-relations between Europe and America.
After his return to Cambridge, Massachusetts, Gould started the Astronomical Journal in 1849, which he published until 1861. He resumed publication in 1885 and it is still published today. From 1855 to 1859 he acted as director of the Dudley Observatory at Albany, New York, and in 1859 published a discussion of the places and proper motions of circumpolar stars to be used as standards by the United States Coast Survey. In 1861 he undertook the enormous task of preparing for publication the records of astronomical observations made at the U.S. Naval Observatory since 1850.
In 1851 Gould suggested numbering asteroids in their order of discovery, and placing this number in a disk (circle) as the generic symbol of an asteroid.
In 1864 he was admitted to the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati to represent his grandfather Captain Benjamin Gould. In the 1890s he became an early member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.
Appointed in 1862 actuary to the United States Sanitary Commission, he issued in 1869 an important volume of Investigations in the Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers. In 1864 he fitted up a private observatory at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and undertook in 1868, on behalf of the Argentine republic, to organize a national observatory at Córdoba. In 1871 he became the first director of the Argentine National Observatory (today, Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba of the National University of Córdoba). While there, he and four assistants extensively mapped the southern hemisphere skies using newly developed photometric methods. On June 1, 1884, he made the last definite sighting of the Great Comet of 1882. The need of astronomers for good weather prediction spurred Gould to collaborate with Argentine colleagues to develop the Argentine National Weather Service, the first in South America.
Gould's measurements of L. M. Rutherfurd's photographs of the Pleiades in 1866 entitle him to rank as a pioneer in the use of the camera as an instrument of precision; and he secured at Córdoba 1400 negatives of southern star clusters, the reduction of which occupied the closing years of his life. He remained in Argentina until 1885, when he returned to Cambridge, Massachusetts. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1883 and the James Craig Watson Medal in 1887. Astronomers continue to investigate the astrophysics of a large scale feature of the Milky Way to which he called their attention in 1877, and honor him with its name, The Gould Belt. A crater on the Moon is named after him. Gould was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1892. He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1896.
In 1874 Gould completed his greatest work, the Uranometria Argentina (published 1879), for which he received in 1883 the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. The publication assigned Gould designations to all bright stars within 100 degrees of the south celestial pole in a manner similar to what Flamsteed had earlier done for the northern hemisphere. An updated version, to which late 20th century data have been appended to the complete information for all stars in the original Uranometria Argentina, is available at www.uranometriaargentina.com/.
Gould followed his Uranometria Argentina with a zone-catalogue of 73,160 stars (1884), and a general catalogue (1885) compiled from meridian observations of 32,448 stars.
- Hockey, Thomas (2009). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
- American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alice Bache Gould", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .
- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
- Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the Uranometria Argentina
- Benjamin A. Gould Collection
- Portraits of Benjamin A. Gould from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections |
Beginner Photography – Quick Start Guide
by Karl Taylor Education
There's lots of essential photography knowledge out there on the internet but when it comes to photography for beginners, a lot of it can be confusing, complicated or just plain wrong! We've put together this blog post full of photography basics diagrams, images and information that will allow all beginner photographers to easily learn the basics and more established photographers to brush up on the information they should know like the back of their hands!
Understanding these six principles will help eliminate confusion in other areas as you continue to learn photography. The below information will set the foundations for your photography and equip you with the knowledge and skills you need to move quickly on from the ‘photography for beginners’ level, to more advanced skills.
PHOTOGRAPHY BASICS – SIX PRINCIPLES
If you’re serious about wanting to learn photography, you’re going to have to learn about light. To make a picture you require light, that light may be natural (sunlight or moonlight) or artificial (light bulb or flash). Light that our own eyes are sensitive to is called visible light but other creatures and materials are sensitive to non-visible forms of light such as ultraviolet light, infrared or x-ray. We can’t see those (some animal’s can) but we have certain materials or mediums that can record non-visible light in the form of a photograph.
The medium is the material that is used to record the light or image. This is usually film, a digital sensor or special recording material. These materials or mediums are available in different sensitivities which are generally called ISO (film speed).
(Av = Aperture Value) - The size of the hole that the light has to pass through to form an image. An example would be a pinhole camera. The hole focuses the rays of light to form an image on the medium. However, to effectively form a high quality image we use lenses to focus the light. The aperture in the lens controls how much light gets through and how much of this light will be recorded on the medium.
(NOTE - Aperture is referred to in measurements known as f-stops, which you can find out more about in the 'Exposure Settings' section below.)
4) TIME / SHUTTER SPEED
(Tv = Time Value) - The shutter speed determines the amount of time that light is recorded for. By controlling the shutter speed we have the ability to freeze action of fast moving subjects using a fast shutter speed or blur motion using a slow shutter speed.
Composition refers to the content (the subject) of your picture and the way it is composed. To compose a shot one should consider the following - angle of view, perspective, color, contrast and any factor that will influence the layout of your picture. Using certain rules of composition generally result in the most pleasing images - you can read more about these below.
Lenses play the role of focusing the light to a given point on the medium. Different lenses yield different results depending on the configurations within the lens barrel. This will determine if the image is more magnified or will give a wider view than your eye.
(NOTE - It is possible to record an image without optics by using a small aperture i.e. in the form of a pinhole camera. However, this would not be practical in most instances.)
Let’s take a look at some key photography basics where these six principles come in to play:
Exposure is the brightness level of the recorded image and is controlled by the aperture and shutter speed as illustrated below.
F1 is the widest aperture (lets the most light through). Each jump shown on the scales above either doubles or halves the amount of light, this change in light is known as a one stop change. Most modern cameras have the ability to alter the stop range in smaller increments on either the shutter speeds or the aperture setting.
The f-stop stands for the lens focal length divided by the maximum diameter of the lens opening (hole/aperture). e.g. measure the hole, divide the focal length of the lens by the width of the hole and then you have the f-stop value.
Remember the f-stop value on one lens (e.g. f5.6) should let through the same amount of light on a different lens also set to f5.6.
(Note : The wider the aperture – the less depth of field – see below.)
Shutter speed controls the amount of time that we can capture light for, allowing us to freeze or blur motion for creative effect.
Most modern DSLR cameras allow you to adjust the shutter speed faster than 1000th of a second and also set exposures as long as 30 seconds in manual mode. A faster shutter speed will freeze fast moving objects such as race cars while a slow shutter speed will capture motion blur. By using techniques such as panning the camera at a slow shutter speed you can create the effect of a blurred background, as shown in the image below.
Depth of field is the range of sharpness either side of the focus point. It is important to remember the following:
Depth of field is shallower (less sharp either side of the focus point) in the following circumstances:
- When you have a large aperture
- When you are focused very close
- When you are using telephoto lenses (more powerfully magnified lenses)
Depth of field is greater (more sharp either side of the focus point) in the following circumstances:
- When you have a small aperture or a smaller format camera
- When you are focusing far away
- When you are using a wide angle lens
There are a number of factors that can determine the quality of lenses. These are as follows:
- Its maximum light gathering ability (f-stop number written on the lens e.g. 1:2.8)
- Its resolving power (how sharp can it make the picture)
- The colors it can focus (quality of the glass)
- The contrast it achieves (quality of the glass)
- The type of material the lens is made from
Lens power is identified by a number called its focal length (written on the lens). That focal length is determined by the distance from the centre of the simple convex lens (or the principal point) to the focal point. Because most photographic lenses are made from a series of convex or concave lenses and therefore have an internal principle point it is the distance from that point to the focus plane that is its focal length.
To avoid confusion as you learn photography, you need to think of lenses in terms of magnifications and angle of view – each lens specification should tell you its angle of view for the format you are using (that is the information that will be useful to you).
Zoom Lenses / Fixed Focal Length
Lenses can fall into two categories, zoom lenses or fixed focal length (also referred to as prime or standard) lenses. Both have benefits and drawbacks as explained below.
Fixed focal lenses can usually gather more light as they are available with larger apertures. However due to the constrictions in zoom ability they do force you to move on your feet to find the best composition. This can have its benefits by making you less lazy with your photography but means you may require more lenses to cover a wider range of focal lengths.
Zoom lenses offer more versatility as they cover a range of focal lengths. This can be problematic though as it means they have more glass and moving components, which can result in more engineering problem. The intricate make up of these lenses usually means higher prices for lenses with large apertures.
This image taken with a fish eye lens shows it capturing a 180 degree view.
Light can come from a variety of sources but it also comes in many forms that affect the way a picture looks – these forms can be described as:
1) Hard Light
2) Soft Light
3) Transmitted Light
4) Reflected Light
Sources of Hard Light
Light that comes from a source which has an apparent small surface area.
e.g. Direct sunlight, flash, bare light bulb or spot light
Characteristics of hard light are as follows:
- High Contrast
- Hard sharp edged dark shadows
- Burnt out highlights
- Strongly reveals texture
- Acertain sparkle and sharpness (due to high contrast)
Sources of Soft Light
Light that comes from a source with an apparent large surface area in relation to the subject you are taking a picture of.
e.g. Light through clouds on an overcast day, a big window with net curtains or a large soft box.
Characteristics of soft light are as follows:
- Low contrast
- Very soft shadows or no shadows
- Does not reveal texture well
- If used incorrectly can look very flat and dull (due to low contrast)
(There are also many levels of light mixtures and combinations in between these two extremes)
Here you can see the massive difference between soft light (left) and hard light (right).
Is the light that is visible in your image when you can see its source such as the sun setting in the sky or a visible candle illuminating your subject.
Exactly that – light that is reflected off an object such as light reflected off the sea or a white wall. Most of the light around us is in fact reflected light.
The Magic Hour:
Low sunlight in the late or early hours of the day is often the most popular time to photograph. This is because:
- It has lower contrast than hard light
- It has greater warmth to the color/mood
- It still has an element of sparkle because it is coming from a small light source but the extra diffusion from the thicker atmosphere creates a softer version
- You can often include the light source in the picture along with your subject
- You can often get more reflection off surfaces such as water or glass
- Side lighting subject matter, because of the angle the light is coming from it is often more flattering.
This image, taken at the magic hour, illustrates examples of reflected light, transmitted light and soft light.
You won’t get too far down the road of learning photography basics before encountering this one. Image sharpness is defined by the resolution that it achieves, and that is related to how much data and detail has been recorded. Generally speaking the greater the the amount of recording pixels the greater the detail. However there are many other factors that can affect the final result such as the quality of the lens and the quality of the output device used to make the final image.
1 Million Pixels = 1 Megapixel On most computer screens the images are displayed at 72dots/pixels per inch (28 per cm) On most printed material the images are produced using 300 dots/pixels per inch (118 per cm)
ISO is the sensitivity to light of our recording medium. So just as different films came in different sensitivity to light, we can adjust our camera’s sensitivity to light. The higher the ISO number the more sensitive the medium is to light but image quality will be lower. Inversely the lower the ISO number the less sensitivity to light and the higher the quality of image.
Composition is a combination of subject matter and how you decide that subject matter should be arranged within the area of your picture. Simply put it is choice – you are deciding what the subject will be and how it will be arranged in your picture.
The success of your choices visually in the final image can be a measure of your creativity. However composition is not the only creative process, many other factors such as your exposure, shutter speed and depth of field all have a bearing on the visual success of your final image.
There are a number of things to consider when setting up your image. Below are a number of points to think about throughout the creative process.
- Choice of subject
- Colors of subject
- Lighting on subject
- Contrast on subject
- The story of your subject – what is the picture about?
- Position of subject
- Position of camera
- Choice of lens – effects the position of your camera
- Choice of focus point
- Choice of depth of field – affecting the range of sharpness
- Choice of shutter speed – affecting the effect of motion
- Would it look better portrait or landscape?
OTHER COMPOSITIONAL GUIDELINES:
- Use of texture & shape
- Lines – shadows and edges as leading lines
- Balance and Symmetry
- Isolating the main subject
- Simplicity – keep it simple & avoid confusing backgrounds
- Framing your subject with other objects
- What is my point of interest?
- Is this image any good? If not, why?
- Look at the corners for distractions and try to avoid them
RULE OF THIRDS
The rule of thirds teaches you to split your picture area into thirds vertically and horizontally. Where those imaginary lines cross or lay is often the best place to position your subject. You can also place the secondary subject at the opposite third for balance.
Using this rule of thirds will generally give you the most pleasing layouts, but these rules can be broken. As you continue to learn photography, your compositional ability and creativity will generally improve with practice and study although it does appear that certain people have a greater natural ability.
BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
When it comes to photography for beginners, everything you need to learn can seem daunting but the above information contains all you need to know to get the ball rolling. Having this knowledge will ensure that you not only master the basics but have the skills to progress and confidently take creative control of your photography.
Download a copy of the Manual Photography Cheat Sheet - Infographic.
If you are looking for further explanations on these topics you can find detailed videos in our Photography Essentials section. Once you are confident with this material our Advanced Photography and Portrait Photography sections are the perfect place to find a new challenge.
Got any questions about photography for beginners? Feel free to leave them in the comments below. |
This transect is located nominally along 30°N extending from the Straits of Gibraltar in the eastern Atlantic to the east coast of the United States at Miami, Florida, and was implemented in 1994. This latitude is ideal for monitoring the meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic along 30°N, in conjunction with Florida Cable and dropsondes measurements. This transect has also been identified as being key to assess decadal variability in the North Atlantic Ocean.
For more information about the operation of this transect click here.
XBT deployments along AX07
AX07 Mean Temperature Section
The figure below shows the mean temperature section along AX07.
AX07 Temperature Standard Deviation
The figure below shows the standard deviation of the mean temperature section along AX07.
Temperature Space-Time Diagrams from AX07 XBT Profiles
The diagrams below show the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature along AX07 at selected depths.
*residuals are obtained by substracting the seasonal cycle |
Millions of UK travellers will be heading to Europe this week as the summer holidays gets into full swing.
Before people leave Britain, health experts have issued a stark warning about contracting infections and urged everyone to follow seven simple steps.
Professor Dominic Mellon, Deputy Director at UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) South West said: “Most travellers have a healthy and safe trip, however, we do see various infections in returning travellers such as diarrhoeal illness, measles, malaria, dengue and other infections carried by mosquitoes. Following these steps will help make sure you enjoy a safe and happy holiday abroad this year.”
The UKHSA urged travellers to carry out these checks (listed below) before they travel:
Look up the local health risks before you go
Information on specific health risks, including recommended vaccinations, can be found from the country-specific advice on the TravelHealthPro website, and from the foreign travel advice on GOV.UK.
Check if you need vaccines
It’s important to check your vaccination record before travelling. Some countries will have specific vaccine requirements or entry restrictions, so it’s essential to have the necessary vaccinations to avoid any complications or travel disruptions.
To find out which vaccinations you need, contact your local travel health clinic or GP surgery before you travel. If you have pre-existing health problems an earlier appointment is advised even if you don’t need vaccines or malaria tablets.
Aside from travel vaccinations, it is also important to make sure you or your family are up to date with vaccinations in England’s routine immunisation programmes, including measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), as these infections are more common in some countries than in the UK.
Watch what you eat and drink
UKHSA has detected an increase in gastrointestinal infections in travellers returning from Turkey, with 241 cases of Salmonella enteritidis detected since the beginning of this year.
Regardless of your destination, being mindful of what you eat and drink while travelling is important to avoid potentially serious foodborne illnesses, spread by eating and drinking contaminated food or water.
Simple steps can reduce your risk of infection, including washing hands thoroughly especially after using the toilet and before preparing or eating food. Ensure foods are cooked or reheated thoroughly and perishable foods are kept cool in the fridge or freezer where possible.
Good options for travellers are:
- recently prepared thoroughly-cooked food that is served piping hot
- fruit that can be peeled by the traveller, such as bananas and oranges
- pasteurised dairy produce, such as yoghurts, milk and cheese
More advice on water and food hygiene to practice while you travel can be found on the TravelHealthPro website.
Gastrointestinal illness can be more severe for pregnant women, adults aged 65 years and over, children aged 5 years or under, people with underlying health conditions as well as those with weakened immune systems.
Most symptoms are mild but if you experience any severe symptoms such as an unpleasant diarrhoeal illness with stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever during your travel, rest and consume plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration. The NHS website has information on looking after yourself when you have diarrhoea and vomiting and when to seek help from a healthcare professional.
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Be aware of heat health
Temperatures are soaring across Europe. Drink plenty of water to help prevent dehydration and protect yourself by regularly applying sunscreen with a broad spectrum of SPF of 15 or higher, and wearing protective clothing, such as hats and sunglasses. Follow advice from local public health agencies where you are visiting.
Protect yourself against mosquito bites
Mosquito bites are common in most warm destinations. While these are mostly harmless, some can spread diseases such as dengue, zika or malaria. Due to climate change, we are seeing the spread of some more serious mosquito-borne infections in new areas where they were not previously found, including popular holiday destinations in mainland Europe. For example, cases of West Nile virus and dengue transmitted by mosquitoes have been reported in Europe. It’s always a good idea to check the TravelHealthPro website for country-specific information so that you’re aware of the risks locally.
Malaria is another illness caused by mosquitoes; it can be fatal, so it must be quickly diagnosed and treated. Speak to a healthcare professional before you travel about anti-malaria medication if you are traveling to a malaria risk country.
Follow the usual precautions to prevent getting bitten by mosquitoes; wear loose-fitting clothing, wear long sleeves and long trousers, cover exposed skin and use insect repellents (for example, 50% DEET). Sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets is also an effective way to protect against mosquito bites.
If you visit a malaria risk area, seek urgent medical attention if you notice fever and flu-like symptoms. Don’t wait until you return to the UK if you are unwell.
Stay safe from rabies
Rabies is a serious and almost invariably fatal illness. You may be at risk if you come into contact with saliva from an infected animal through a bite, scratch or lick on broken skin.
Pre-exposure vaccines are recommended for travellers visiting a place where rabies is present in animals. A record of vaccination should be carried and shown to those administering emergency treatments in a post-exposure situation. You can speak to a GP or travel clinic for more information on how you can get a pre-exposure vaccine.
Rabies is found in warm-blooded mammals; this includes cats, dogs, monkeys, and bats. Avoid contact with wild and domestic animals where possible. After an animal bite, scratch, or lick on broken skin, follow these steps:
- Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.
- Apply a suitable disinfectant to the wound.
- Apply a simple dressing to the wound.
- Seek medical attention locally.
You may be advised to start rabies post-exposure treatment, but always contact your GP on return to the UK to complete any treatment required.
Keep safe from sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
You might meet new sexual partners while travelling and this could increase the risk of an STI. Drug-resistant forms of STIs are more common in some parts of the world.
If you’ve had oral sex or condomless sex abroad with a new sexual partner, get tested for STIs when you return to the UK before further sexual activity. You can do this by using self-sampling STI kits or by visiting a local sexual health clinic. |
Can be used on any part of the skin as often as required. Free from perfumeCautions and Contraindications :
keep away from eyesBrand/Manufacturer :
De VereForm :
GelOrganic Status :
Non-OrganicVegetarian Suitability :
Suitable for Vegetarians
Typical Ingredients :Aloe Barbadensis (97%), Triethanolamine, Carbomer, Imidazolidinyl Urea, Methylparaben, Tetrasodium EDTA.
Typical Dose (if available) :Directions: Use daily applying a small amount to the hands and massage until completely absorbed. |
रावत ने इस वर्ष 10 मार्च को मुख्यमंत्री का पद संभाला था और संवैधानिक बाध्यता के तहत उन्हें छह माह के भीतर यानी 10 सितंबर से पहले विधानसभा का सदस्य निर्वाचित होना था. राहुल गांधी ने मालदा की रैली में कहा नरेन्द्र मोदी अपने भाषणों में झूठ बोलते हैं। जहां भी वह जाते हैं एक के बाद एक झूठ बोलते हैं। अप्रैल 2016 के बाद राहुल की यह पहली पश्चिम बंगाल में रैली थी। बता दें कि इन 10 स्टैंडों के बनवाने के पीछे यह वजह बताई जा रही है कि अक्सर ऑटो और ईरिक्शा के चालकों सड़क पर जहांतहां वाहन रोककर यात्रियों को बैठाने लगते हैं या उतारने लगते हैं. ऐसे में सड़क पर ट्रैफिक व्यवस्था बाधित होती है. साथ ही दुर्घटना की भी स्थिति बनी रहती है. इन सबको देखते हुए यह किया जा रहा है. सुनील को बचाने में सैंटी भी डूबा विज्ञप्ति में कहा गया है कि कानून सेवा प्राधिकरण, बेंगलूरु कार्यालय के कानून सलाह सहायतावाणी संख्या 180042590900 पर संपर्क कर 24 घंटे सलाह 3जिंक की कमी की पूर्ति के लिए जिंक सल्फेट 25 किग्रा प्रति हेक्टेयर के हिसाब से छिड़काव करना चाहिए। पूरी खबर सुने गर्भवती एवं धात्री महिलाओं के साथ कुपोषित बच्चों का नियमित</s> |
With relatively cheap and available night vision devices, the military and police have quickly become dependent on technology. Heck, you can’t even break into a hardware store without some day/night surveillance camera filming the whole thing. We have even forgotten some of the things routinely taught in the Army as late as the 80’s.
Even though they lacked our technology and medical knowledge, the ancients spent a lot of time in the dark. Since prehistory, humans fought and hunted in the dark. Warriors sought every advantage and many groups developed night fighting skills.
One of the first recorded accounts of night combat (some say the first special operations mission) was the biblical account of Gideon. After running a selection and assessment course, he conducted a night attack on an entire army. Carefully using light and noise to cause confusion, he persuaded the Medianites to help the effort by killing each other. In true SF fashion, there were no friendly casualties, but Gideon’s commando team was exhausted carrying away the spoils of war.
The human eye works much like a digital camera. The pupil is a lens which focuses light on to receptors in the retina. The brain processes this data and turns it into the experience we call human vision. There is an incredible amount of processing which goes on in the brain.
There two kinds of receptors, cone cells and rod cells. Cone cells see color and are dense in the center of the eye. Our normal vision uses cones. As light levels drop, the eye switches to rod cells. Rod cells are predominately situated in the periphery of the eye. They see less detail and sense only shades of grey. This is experienced as a loss of color vision.
There is a spot in the back of the retina where the optic nerve enters. There are no sensors there. The brain generates a complete image, but you can experience this by staring at a faint light, like a dim star. As you stare, the light disappears. If you look off to the side, the light will reappear.
To function properly, the rods need rhodopsin, also known as visual purple. Rhodopsin is a biological pigment that is extremely sensitive to light. When exposed to light, the pigment immediately photobleaches, and it takes about 20 minutes to regenerate fully. This means that it takes about 20 minutes to build full night adaptation and a single exposure to bright light to lose it. Repeat as necessary.
This does not explain the phenomenon which causes the perception of female attractiveness to shift upward sharply at closing time. An old Green Beret trick is to make sure that your eyes are completely night adapted before approaching someone of the opposite sex in subdued light. One advantage is the improved ability to accurately determine the sex of apparent members of the opposite sex.
My knowledge of ninjitsu comes mostly from movies and the internet, but there seem to be some reality-based lessons. Ninjas, we are told, spent time adjusting to each new environment. Sitting silently in the dark builds night vision. They reputedly used peripheral vision avoiding looking directly at objects. This uses the rods to advantage. Another ninja trick was to get lower than the object of interest, back lighting it against the horizon.
Ever wonder why Pirates wear eye patches? Imagine the windowless darkness in the hold of a sailing ship. There may have been a few lanterns, but it was very dark. Now imagine you are swinging across to the deck of another ship. You have to clear the entire vessel. Waiting in the hold are crewmen who know every inch of their ship and have the sure knowledge they will be killed or enslaved if they surrender. You better figure out how to night adapt quickly. If you wear an eye patch, the covered eye is night adapted. When you go below, flip-up the patch and fight in the dark. One problem with this, you lose your depth perception with one eye. Watch your step there matey.
Life lesson here. You can try this yourself next time you need to go to the bathroom in the middle of the night. Before you turn on the light, close one eye. After successfully engaging your target, turn the light off and open both eyes. You will see the big difference a little rhodopsin makes.
Pilots in World War Two were operating 24 hours a day. They were often flight planning and briefing right up until takeoff. By wearing red-tinted glasses or goggles for 20 to 30 minutes before flight, they could night adapt and plan. Red-tinted lenses block the visible spectrum except for red, and since red doesn’t destroy rhodopsin, your eyes night adapt. The Army used red filtered flashlights to read maps and documents while maintaining night vision. The military has changed to a blue-green which is almost as effective but reveals colors.
Technology soon augmented the sharp eyes of our pilots. To deceive the Germans about the use of radar in aircraft, the British spread the story that their pilots ate carrots to enhance night vision. Maybe it was the Vitamin A, but probably it was the radar that helped British pilots shoot down so many German planes.
A couple of more things they teach pilots. At higher altitudes, the eyes get less oxygen. Without supplemental oxygen (O2 mask) you lose color vision and get tunnel vision. Smoking has the same effect, it reduces the supply of oxygen to the eye and decreases night vision. The eye is very sensitive to good nutrition. Well-fed Americans have an advantage over the poorly nourished.
A little knowledge goes a long way. Make sure you night adapt, use peripheral vision, cover one eye, avoid looking directly at lights and eat right. It won’t make you a ninja, but you will see better. |
The Anne Frank Schools Programme
Our Anne Frank Schools Programme teaches young people about Anne Frank’s life and the Holocaust, while also raising awareness of contemporary issues of prejudice and discrimination by relating Anne’s story to modern scenarios. Over a two week period, we bring our interactive and impactful programme into school which includes an exhibition of Anne Frank’s life and diary, combined with workshops, peer education and our Ambassador Programme.
We take the young people we work with on a journey through the programme by increasing their knowledge, developing their skills and building their confidence to change attitudes and challenge all forms of prejudice and discrimination.
“Anne Frank has inspired me to stand up for people. Say if we go back a year or two, if someone was being abused or someone was being called out I’d have left it alone or walked away, but now I would stand up for that person.”Dennis, Anne Frank Ambassador |
Related Video: Appendectomy
The exact cause is not known. It is thought to be caused by something trapped in the appendix, such as:
- Stool (poop)
- A piece of food
- Scar tissue
- Overgrowth of the lymph tissue of the appendix
Pain is the most common problem. The pain may:
- Start as discomfort around the belly button before moving to the right side of the belly
- Gradually get worse over time
- Worsen when moving, sneezing, coughing, or deep breathing
Other problems may be:
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal swelling
- A hard abdomen that hurts when it is touched
If the appendix bursts, problems may be:
- Severe pain that spreads across the abdomen
- Increasing fever
Note: Symptoms may be different in infants, children, older adults, and people who are pregnant.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical will be done. It will focus on the abdomen. This may be enough to suspect appendicitis.
Blood and urine tests may be done to look for changes.
Images may be taken of the belly. This can be done with:
- CT scan
- MRI scan
If the diagnosis is not clear, a surgery called a laparoscopy may be done to view inside the abdomen.
Antibiotics can help to treat the infection. Those with mild symptoms may get better and not need surgery right away. Most will need surgery to remove their appendix. This is called an appendectomy . It may need to be done right away.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Edits to original content made by Denver Health.
Copyright © EBSCO Information Services
All rights reserved. |
A talk by UC Berkeley's Urdu language lecturer, Dr. Gregory Maxwell Bruce. Dr. Bruce is a scholar of Islam in South Asia and Urdu Literature.
In 1892, Shibli Nomani, Professor of Persian and Arabic at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh in British India, took six months leave and traveled by steamship to the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. He conducted research in Arabic manuscript archives, visited colleges and academies, collected information on manuscript libraries, studied Turkish and familiarized himself with Ottoman literary journalism, visited museums, and socialized with scholars in Istanbul, Beirut, Jerusalem, and Cairo. In 1894, he discussed his experiences in painstaking detail in a travelogue, Safarnāmah-i Rūm o Miṣr o Shām (A Travelogue of Turkey, Egypt, and Syria), which went through two editions within Shibli's lifetime and has since become a classic of Urdu literature. Despite the significance of the travelogue, Urdu scholarship on the text has focused largely on its legacy in South Asian political history at the expense of a close study of its historical context. The forthcoming annotated English translation (Syracuse University Press, 2019) by the speaker resituates the text in its historical context and invites readers to reconsider its world and its legacy.
"Travels through Four Languages" examines the travelogue through close study of its engagement with four literary traditions: Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu. Drawing on four years of extensive archival research to reconstruct the intellectual context of the travelogue, it will introduce readers to some of the authors whom Shibli met and whose works he read. In doing so, its aim is not merely to shine light on hitherto obscure aspects of the text, but also to rethink a number of ideas that have recently gained traction among scholars of the many traditions that the travelogue engages, from Muslim cosmopolitanism to the history of Urdu literature. To this end, "Travels through Four Languages" will suggest a handful of possibilities for students of comparative literature, Islam, travel, intellectual history, and the circulation of ideas in the 19th century across the porous borders of empire.
Gregory Maxwell Bruce lectures in Urdu language and literature in the Department of South & Southeast Asian Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. He holds a Ph.D. in Asian Cultures and Languages from the University of Texas at Austin, where he taught Urdu-medium courses on literature, Islamic mysticism, and South Asian culture in the Hindi-Urdu Flagship Program. His research interests lie at the intersection of literary aesthetics, intellectual history, and religious studies. His current projects include a book-length study of the historian Shibli Nomani, English translations of Urdu literature, an Urdu vocabulary acquisition textbook, and articles for the Encyclopaedia of Islam and Encyclopaedia Iranica. He writes ghazal poetry in Urdu and Persian, and has performed at mushairas and other literary events in the United States and India. |
The legendary Iron Gates were located in Boysun. They consisted of an artificial barrier in the mountain canyon, built to regulate the caravan trade and customs. They were well-known at the Great Silk Road. According to Chinese traveller Xuan Tzang, in the 7th century there were wooden gates coated with iron, with numerous bells. The customs station operated for many centuries, and the beginning of the 15th century still brought, good income to Amir Temur. The Iron Gates were located on the old road in the canyon of Dara-i Buzgala-khana 3 km to northwest from Shurob kishlak. The canyon is 2 km in length and from 10 to 50 m in width. “Dara-i Buzgala-khana” means “Canyon of the Fallow-Deer’s House”, that could be connected with a legend about Chinggis-khan who met a talking-fallow-deer at the Iron Gate and followed its advice to stop his conquest. The “Cave” sura from the Koran also mentions the construction of a metal barrier against wild tribes of Goghs and Magoghs initiated by Iskander Zul-i-Karnain (Alexander the Great). The oriental tales about Alexander refer to it as the Iron Gate, and Alisher Navoi called it the “Bank of Iskander”. Such a legend could have arisen from the fact that during two millennia at the strategic mountain pass of Boysun there were first the defensive structures of the Greco-Macedonians, which then became a part of Kushan defensive complex and later, the customs station with the Iron Gates. |
For those of you out there that are in love with fuel efficient vehicles, German scientists at the Max Planck Institute for intelligent systems have created the world’s smallest steam-powered engine out of a couple of lasers and a tiny colloid ball. Imagine being able to power your Prius with a bank of microscopic steam engines, you would be the envy of all your green friends!
The researchers took the original model of the steam engine built by Robert Stirling almost 200 years ago and miniaturized the process in which it generates power. Emulating the traditional method of using expanding and contracting gases to power a piston, they installed a modulating laser to do the work in the minuscule machine. Using different intensities, the laser hits the colloid ball that is floating in water which then acts like the expanding and contracting gas in a Stirling engine.
To force the piston inside the engine in the other direction, the team placed a second laser outside that could rapidly heat the water that the colloid ball is floating in. By alternating the power of the two lasers rapidly, the machine generates motion based power, and becomes a heat engine.
While there is no practical purpose for this machine (yet) according to scientists, it does give them insight on the dynamics of a heat engine that is this small. What’s humorous is that the engine has a problem with sputtering due to the water molecules surrounding the colloid ball. Because of the temperature changes they are in constant motion and collide with the ball throwing its timing off.
Read more at Max Planck |
I suspect there is a scenario where the taildir source can miss reading events from a log file due to how the source determines whether a file has been updated. In ReliableTaildirEventReader:
Consider this sequence of events from TaildirSource.process(). Assume they all happen within the same second and there is just a single log file.
- Call ReliableTaildirEventReader.updateTailFiles()
- This call will set ReliableTaildirEventReader.updateTime to current time in milliseconds
- Assume the underlying file has not been updated within the last idleTimeout milliseconds
- Due to idleness, the tail file's inode is added to TaildirSource.idleInodes in idleFileCheckerRunnable
- tf.needTail is false. Skip reading file.
- Underlying file is updated with events E1
- Call TaildirSource.tailFileProcess() before close to read any pending events
- Events E1 are read and processed
- Since events were read, call ReliableTaildirEventReader.commit() which updates the tail file's position and sets its last updated time to ReliableTaildirEventReader.updateTime from 1.a
- Close file
- Events E2 are written to underlying file. File's modification time is in the same second as the tail file's last updated time.
- Since the time returned by File.lastModified() is the mtime in seconds converted to milliseconds the file's last modified time is less than the tail file's last updated time and taildir won't reopen the file to read E2.
- This behaviour of File.lastModified() may be platform/jvm specific. I confirmed the behavior using OpenJDK 8 on Ubuntu precise.
Can someone confirm this? |
Food Safety for the Entire Family
Most types of food poisoning manifest themselves in the intestinal tract and are often characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. The sudden onset of intestinal problems without a cold, runny nose, cough, or body aches and pains should be enough to distinguish foodborne illness from the flu. In fact, it typically takes a day or so to develop the flu symptoms of fatigue and all-over achiness; this general malaise is usually accompanied by nasal or chest congestion, runny nose, cough, and fever. Depending on the germ, the symptoms of foodborne illness can be apparent in as little as thirty minutes.
When trying to determine if food is to blame when your child falls ill, it may be tough to get to the bottom of the situation, however. Youngsters don't always have the words to describe their discomfort or tell you what is going on in their bodies. It's even worse when trying to figure out how your infant is faring. Don't wait for a definitive answer. Call your doctor to discuss your child's situation. Make haste when children have any amount of bloody diarrhea, because it's a sign that your child may have consumed the potentially deadly Escherichia coli (E. Coli) 0157:H7. The simultaneous symptoms of stiff neck, headache, and fever should be reported immediately, too. If your youngster vomits or has diarrhea two or more times daily for twenty-four to forty-eight hours, he may need to see his pediatrician, given his risk for dehydration and its complications.
You may be in for trouble when juices from raw meat, poultry, or seafood, or germs from unclean objects such as utensils, touch cooked or ready-to-eat foods. Separate raw meats and ready-to-eat foods such as salad greens. Make it easier to avoid cross-contamination by using separate plates for holding raw meat, poultry, and seafood and another for the cooked versions. When possible, designate separate cutting boards for raw animal products and for ready-to-eat foods such as bread and salad greens. Use different-colored boards so that you won't mix them up. Discard old cutting boards worn with cracks, crevices, and excessive knife scars because germs can thrive there.
Turn Up the Heat
Cooking destroys harmful bacteria, but only when it's done right. Animal products are particularly prone to foodborne illness, but applying the right temperature typically fends off troublesome germs. With the exception of eggs and fish, experts say that you cannot tell whether animal products are properly cooked by their appearance. Invest in a meat thermometer to be sure. Here's what to strive for, temperature-wise.
- Whole poultry: 180°F
- Poultry breast and well-done meats: 170°F
- Stuffing, ground poultry, reheated leftovers: 165°F
- Medium meats, pork, and ground meats such as beef: 145°F
- Medium-rare beefsteaks, roasts, veal, lamb: 145°F
- Egg dishes: 160°F. Cook egg yolks and whites until both are firm.
- Fish: Cook until the flesh is opaque and flakes easily with a fork.
With all the outdoor partying going on, it's no surprise that a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cites the summer months as a time when foodborne illness caused by bacteria is at its peak. It doesn't have to be that way. To avoid getting sick from food, never leave it sitting out for more than two hours at room temperature, which is about 70°F. When the mercury climbs higher, food quality deteriorates even faster. That's why you should cool food after just one hour on the table. It's one thing to rely on your refrigerator and freezer for cooling, but you must make sure your refrigerator thermometer registers 40°F or below and that your freezer operates at 0°F or lower. If the units are any warmer than that, bacterial growth can occur. Also, don't pack your refrigerator or freezer with too much food. Cold air needs room to circulate in order to effectively squelch germ reproduction.
Mind the Marinating
When marinating meat, seafood, or poultry, use a covered plastic container and place it in the refrigerator. Marinade ingredients are acidic and cause a chemical reaction with some metallic containers that results in the metal leaching into your food. Never reuse marinade on raw animal foods such as meat, poultry, and seafood unless it's been boiled first to destroy any germs.
It's so convenient to take out a package of poultry or beef and leave it to thaw on the kitchen countertop. But it is fraught with risk. As the food warms up at room temperature, germs begin to multiply. And although you cook it thoroughly, you may not be able to kill enough of the microorganisms to prevent foodborne illness. Here's what to do instead. Thaw food in the refrigerator; wrapped in plastic, sitting in cold water in a pan (change water frequently and refrigerate as soon as food is thawed); or in the microwave oven. Always marinate foods in the refrigerator, too.
More on: Nutritional Resources for Families
Copyright © 2002 by Elizabeth M. Ward. Excerpted from Healthy Foods, Healthy Kids with permission of its publisher, Adams Media Corporation.
To order this book visit Amazon.com. |
Grunt – Someone Is Watching CD Force Majeure 2011
Grunt – Europe After Storm CD Force Majeure / Industrial Recollections 2012
These two albums are not new, instead are re-releases from the lengthy Grunt back catalogue. Incidentally the combined material was recorded in 1998 with ‘Europe After Storm’ also containing some live tracks from 1999. Whilst both albums clearly sit within the European power electronics genre, here there seems to be a general reliance on oscillating synth textures for a basis of the sound. This aspect effectively highlights a clear difference between older and newer material, as recent Grunt albums appear to focus on self produced and specifically recorded sounds (sheet metal, effects units, homemade noise apparatus etc.).
In its original version ‘Someone Is Watching’ was first issued on tape in 1998 and given its limitation of 128 copies it clearly warrants this less limited CD repress of 500 copies. Likewise as is suggested by the title, the album’s concept focuses on CCTV / video surveillance and the associated control that a faceless authority seeks to impose by such technological means. Album opener ‘Watch Your Back’ feature a prominent synth drone, a crumbling mass of distortion and high pitched processed vocals which sweep and pan trough the mix over the extended 9 minute length. Definitely a great start and with the track being heavy and noisy but at the same time structured and loosely composed, it establishes the prevailing theme throughout the album. Interestingly ‘You Can’t Hide’ is quite reminiscent of Propergol’s ‘Cleanshaven’ album, due to the prominent use of movie dialogue samples and subdued ominous atmosphere, yet as ‘Cleanshaven’ was also released in 1998, the question is who might have influenced who, or are the similarities a mere coincidence? Towards the middle of the album ‘Secrets Of Technology’ takes a much looser approach and is particularly heavy with an overloaded noise productions and metallic clatter, with the distorted vocals barely being able to break though the sonic mass. Regarding the concluding arc of the album, the final three tracks each contain a notable controlled sweeping noise aesthetic, which evokes a stalking and threatening type mood that certainly suits the album’s concept.
Moving onto ‘Europe After Storm’ it has a slightly more storied history as it was first issued as four track cassette in 1998, before being reissued on CD in 2001 with three additional studio tracks and four live tracks. This version contains the same material from the 2001 CD release but is packaged here is a standard jewel-case. Although from the same era, from the outset it is evident that ‘Europe After Storm’ differs from ‘Someone Is Watching’, given it sonically it is more brutal and less atmospheric as a result. ‘Project Eden’ opens ‘Europe After Storm’ and descends with an assemblage of rough loops, drilling synth elements and heavily processed vocals and a building mass of distortion and random clatter. On the other hand ‘N-Force’ uses a sustained synth drone to provide a somewhat filmic quality to a backdrop of modulated noise, which is soon crushed by the following track ‘Blood On Concrete’ with squalled noise layers and prominent anger filled power electronics vocals. Alternately ‘Peacekeepers’ stylistically shifts the sound towards a death industrial tone, due the heavy droning synth line and distant noise and sampled dialogue, although the later half of the track does morph into a proper power electronics blizzard. ‘Cleansweep’ rounds out the collection of studio tracks, which loosely knits together layers of pulsing noise, dialogue loops and chaotic vocals. Of the four live tracks, these conceptually fit the studio tracks (two studio tracks from ‘Europe After Storm’ feature in live version), but within the live context there is a looser and heavier presentation, including the vocals that come across as more prominent and forceful. Sonically it seems the live tracks may involve the use of a backing track (…I could be wrong on this point), which are augmented with live noise and vocals. Yet either way the live tracks are a solid live representation of studio material.
Clearly both of these older Grunt albums contain strong and focused material, which differ slightly in sound and style consistent with their differing themes. Likewise both albums have stood the test of time positively and can hold their own within the context the current crop of newer power electronics releases. Yet when these earlier albums are compared to the current Grunt album ‘World Draped in A Camouflage’, it only emphasises how far Mikko Aspa has pushed his project and the levels of sophistication he has achieved within his chosen power electronics framework. |
The djembe is a hand drum that originates in sub-Saharan West Africa. Its geographic origin, and that of associated instruments like dunduns, is the area known as the Mali Empire which existed from c. 1230 to c. 1600. It is associated with the Malinke people, specifically blacksmiths who made and played the djembe. Modern-day countries with the highest populations of Malinke people are Guinea, Ivory Coast (Cote D’Ivoire) and Mali, with significant populations in neighbouring countries. Traditionally, different rhythms were played to accompany dancers to celebrate events such as birth, harvests, initiation rites, courting, marriage, the end of Ramadan, welcoming visitors to the village, festive occasions, etc. Before the 1950s, the djembe was only known in its original area. Since the decolonization of West Africa its popularity has spread around the world. Also, the djembe repertoire has come to incorporate many rhythms from other West African ethnic groups such as the Susu, Baga and Manian.
The djembe is constructed from a goblet-shaped wooden shell over which a goat skin is stretched to create a playing surface. The skin is held in place with metal rings and is pulled tight with synthetic rope woven around the shell. The weaving pattern allows the skin to be periodically tightened or ‘tuned’ by adding ‘diamonds’ or ‘knots’. Sometimes decorative carving or ropework is added. By playing different parts of the drum head (skin) and adjusting hand position, a player can produce different sounds from the djembe. The three basic tones are: bass, tone, and slap.
The dundun is a cylindrical stick drum made with a wooden shell, cowhide (which provides a tougher playing surface), metal rings, and woven rope which tightens the skin in a manner similar to that used on the djembe. Dunduns are made in three sizes, each producing a different pitch when struck with a stick. The names of the individual dunduns, from smallest to largest, are kenkeni, sangban and dununba.
Typically, a drumming ensemble has three dunduns which are played horizontally on wooden stands with bells mounted on top. The drum is struck with a stick held in the right hand, and the bell is played with a striker held in the left hand. This is called ‘traditional style’, and is typical of the Hamana region of Guinea. In nearby regions and countries the style can vary slightly. For example, the number of dunduns in an ensemble can vary from one to five, bells may or may not be used, and the dundun may be worn by the player using a shoulder strap.
In the 1950s and 1960s, during the period of decolonization, a number of countries created government-sponsored drumming ensembles which greatly popularized West African drumming. This type of group is known as a ‘ballet’ (e.g., Les Ballets Africains in Guinea). To reduce the number of dundun players required, the three dunduns were placed upright and played by a single drummer with two sticks. This set-up is therefore called ‘ballet style’.
When the various West African ballet companies toured the western world, knowledge of the djembe and the West African style of drumming began to spread. In addition, gradual emigration of djembe players to the west helped spread knowledge and understanding of this style of music through performances and teaching. Currently, there are two djembe performers and teachers who are widely known and who are acknowledged to be among the best djembe players in the world: Famoudou Konate, and Mamady Keita.
Famoudou Konate was born in 1940 in the Hamana region of Guinea. He was drumming at festivals by the age of eight and became known as a virtuoso on the djembe. He joined Les Ballets Africains De Guinée and toured the world for over 25 years. He now teaches and performs independently with his group Hamana Föli Kan.
Mamady Keita was born in Guinea in 1950 and started drumming as a very young boy and at the age of 14 was asked to join the National Ballet Djoliba, and at age 15 became the lead djembe soloist. After more than twenty years of touring, Mamady established his own independent group, Sewa Kan, and began to release recordings. Subsequently, he established a school of percussion in Belgium called Tam Tam Mandingue. The school is now has branches throughout the world.
The fact that both Mamady and Famoudou come from Guinea, and from the Malinke culture, contributes greatly to the popularity their particular style of drumming enjoys today.
Famoudou Konate: http://www.famoudoukonate.com/
Tam Tam Mandigue Schools: http://www.ttmusa.org/
A large African drumming information repository and forum: http://djembefola.com/
Many useful articles on the djembe, dundun, Malinke and other cultures, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/ |
My mission as a teacher is to enable my students to learn joyfully, read carefully, think clearly, and write well.
Substantive Teaching Areas
I'm currently pursuing my teaching mission in four areas:
Political Psychology Beliefs about how people think about politics have been at the core of theories of politics since the ancients. In this course, we will begin with a survey of important theories of political psychology from the past century. We will focus mainly on hypotheses about how people develop their political attitudes and on the methods used to test those hypotheses. Twentieth century researchers were constrained to observing behavior and relied on surveys, interviews, and simple experiments to make inferences about the political mind. The second half of the course will look at the future of political psychology. We will learn about cutting edge insights from fields like neuroscience, genetics, computational modeling, and evolutionary theory. And, we will ask how those insights should inform our understanding of political cognition, affect, and behavior.
Jurisprudence While we begin with ancient conceptions about the fundamental nature of law, we will end by looking at the most recent thinking as influenced by new work in neuroscience. We still wrestle with questions of justice and responsibility that Moses, Hammurabi, and Lao Tzu faced as we move into an age of brain imaging and genome mapping.
Perspectives on Race Drawing heavily from the political psychology literature, this course looks at race in American politics from a variety of perspectives. We consider psychological, genetic, neuroscience, economic, political, sociological, and legal views of what drives powerful dynamics of race in our country.
The Pursuit of Happiness The Declaration of Independence describes the pursuit of happiness as an inalienable right. Economists are investigating subjective well-being. And, positive psychology is providing new insights. How might political science contribute to our individual and collective pursuit of happiness?
Political Science 100M Political Psychology |
नवादा : बिहारशरीफ की नाबालिग तालिबा के साथ इस्मतरेजि के मामले में मंगल को फोरेंसिक टीम एक बार फिर एमएलए राजबल्लभ यादव के नवादा वाक़े घर पहुंची और उनके बेडरूम को खंगाला़ तहकीकात के बाद फोरेंसिक टीम में शामिल ओहदेदार कई अहम् चीजें साथ ले गये। सर्च वारंट के साथ पहुंची जांच टीम की कियादत बिहारशरीफ के सदर एसडीपीओ सैफुर्रहमान कर रहे थे।
टीम में बिहारशरीफ खातून थाना सदर मृदुला कुमारी के अलावा तीन दर्जन से ज्यादा पुलिस फ़ोर्स व रैपिड एक्शन फोर्स (रैप) के जवान शामिल थे। पुलिस फ़ोर्स को एमएलए के रिहाईशगाह के आसपास मौजूद रहने को कहा गया था। फोरेंसिक टीम इतवार को भी नवादा पहुंची थी, पर सर्च वारंट नहीं होने पर एमएलए के हामियों ने रोक दिया था।
मो मतलू की कियादत में तीन रुकनी फोरेंसिक टीम दो घंटे से ज्यादा वक़्त तक एमएलए के बेडरूम की तहकीकात की व कई अहम् चीजें अपने साथ ले गयी। हालांकि, फोरेंसिक टीम के मेम्बरों ने यह नहीं बताया कि वे किन चीजों को साथ ले जा रहे हैं। बिहारशरीफ खातून थाने की थाना सदर मृदुला कुमारी ने बताया कि एमएलए के बेडरूम के अलावा कई अहम मुकामात की भी जांच की गयी।
इस दौरान एमएलए के दो भतीजे अशोक यादव व सकल यादव बेडरूम में मौजूद थे। बिहारशरीफ के सदर एसडीपीओ सैफुर्रहमान ने बताया कि फोरेंसिक जांच के बाद कमरे को खोल दिया गया है और तीन दिनों से वहां तैनात मजिस्ट्रेट व पुलिस फ़ोर्स को हटा दिया गया। अब जांच रिपोर्ट आने के बाद ही कोर्ट की तरफ से कारगर कदम उठाया जा सकता है। |
Aging is an ongoing, continuum process. Aging affects our skin, hair, bones, eye sight, posture and gait. It’s impossible to stop the aging but we can slow down the process by a good nutrition. Want to know about anti aging nutrition diet plan?
Anti Aging Nutrition
This is the era of a quest for longevity. There are no miracle anti aging remedies. Our food choices can to a great extent decide how we age. Health is directly related to nutrition, which in turn affects aging. Proper nutrition is vital for a bountiful health to enjoy and delay the signs of aging. Here are some vital anti aging nutrition tips. Some nutrients in these foods work as anti aging agents.
Anti Aging Agents
- Proteins furnish the building blocks of collagen, important for a wrinkle free skin. It also gives an elasticity to the skin. Lean proteins will keep weight in control
- Egg whites, skinless poultry and fish are excellent lean protein choices.
- Salmon, mackerel and sardines contain the super star omega 3 fatty acids which help keep moisture in skin cells membranes and in it’s strengthening.
- 2 servings of fish a week, no more than 6 ounces to avoid Mercury contamination.
Dairy Products And Leafy Green Vegetables
- Bones are like a frame holding up our bodies like a scaffolding need a support to last for long. So, they need strengthening with the natural cement calcium.
- Go for low fat dairy products like milk, yogurt, cheese and green leafy vegetables like spinach, lettuce etc.
Egg Yolks And Corn
- Egg yolks and corn are super sources of leutin that help with presbyopia (natural loss of eye’s ability to focus, which tends to happen as we age).
- It contains phytonutrients, that guard against damage caused by sun rays.
- Skin elasticity is improved by lutein and beta carotene present in it.
- Eat 3 cups a week either a combination of spinach and kale or each vegetable separately.
- This orange relish is rich in carotenoids. It prevents and repairs cellular damage and ageing and reduces inflammation of the eyes along with rest of the body.
- Studies on this ruby red fruit reveals that it slows down ageing as it prompt cells to rebuild and recycle
- Pomegranate’s little red wonders are packed with vitamin C, which helps giving protection against the wrinkling damage by sun rays.
- The juice has a polyphenol compound called ellagic acid that fights damage caused by free radicals.
- It also contains punicalagin, a super nutrient, that increases the capacity of the body to preserve collagen, a connective tissue responsible to make skin look soft and smooth.
- Pomegranate contains ample amount of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese and vitamin K help new bone cell production and maintain bone density and strength, notable concern of aging.
- They are extremely rich in antioxidants provide defence against the free radicals that are produced as a result over exertion, stress and sun exposure.
- 1/2 a cup serving ever day shield against fine lines, wrinkles and loss of firmness.
- This crunchy, refreshing fruit can bring glow to your skin, thus stopping aging factor of the skin.
- It’s rich in potassium, vitamin C and lycopene, all important for youthful skin as they regulate water and nutrient balance in cells.
Citrus Fruits, Guava, Strawberries And Peppers
- vitamin C rich foods are perfect to support our eyes health and boost our immune system
- A very famous remedy for youthful skin, green tea, contains antioxidants loaded with polyphenol that fight free radical damage, thus slowing down effects of ageing.
- It also contains catechins, an effective compound for protection against hyperpigmentatuon caused by strenuous sun rays.
- Studies have revealed that green tea has been found effective in protecting the memory, a problem related to ageing.
- Green tea reduces heart diseases, cholesterol levels, inflammation in arthritis and lowers blood pressure, normally all associated with ageing.
- Drink at least 2 cups each day.
- Olive oil’s anti-ageing properties are owing to the presence of oleic acid and polyphenol in it.
- It stops the appearance of new wrinkles and smooths out already present wrinkles due to the group B and D vitamins and monounsaturated fats.
- Appropriate exposure to sunlight is important to generate vitamin D, which helps body first process and then absorb calcium. Both are core nutrients for perfect bone health.
Do you know any anti aging nutrition tips? Let us know in the comment section below. |
Discover the transformational power of 4 revolutionary systems in one life-changing event:
Join trainer Rob Mitchell in San Diego for an amazing certification program and discover how to experience massive and accelerated growth in your life!
This 7-day Accelerated NLP Practitioner Certification Training includes highly focused training leading to certification in:
- Neuro Linguistic Programming
- Time Line Therapy®
- NLP Coaching
Rob's proven training programs are developed to give you a highly personalized, connected, and inspiring experience.
This life-changing event is highly focused and custom-tailored to your needs, empowering you with the incredible systems and resources you need to make quantum growth in all areas of your life and career.
If you’re looking for proven systems for creating and attracting abundance then this life-changing program was made for YOU!
- Learn the foundations of Neuro Linguistic Programming & where to begin
- Discover how to identify the obstacles in your life that are preventing you from reaching your goals
- Identify the thoughts that enable Mind Mastery rather than mind slavery.
- Determine exactly how to ignite your sense of self-belief and confidence
- Understand and master the links between your thoughts, feelings and actions
- Discover techniques and strategies to develop your inner drive and motivation
- Identify the techniques that allow you to learn, communicate, develop, and grow as an individual
- Learn the cutting edge strategies and tactics used by the most successful personal growth coaches
…and we’re just getting started!
Most people who have an interest in attending Neuro Linguistic Programming Certification Training are seriously motivated to learn and use NLP techniques and concepts so that they can see dramatic improvements in their life and career so they can take things to the next level.
These techniques will help you create a serious impact on the lives of others so that those individuals can also achieve their highest goals and aspirations.
Simply put: The people who attend these trainings are motivated to help those who want to rise above--just as they did before they began learning NLP. And most of all they are looking for accelerated results!
That’s the reason why Rob Mitchell's Accelerated NLP Practitioner Certification Training was created for you!
You might be wondering, “Can I really learn NLP and develop my skills through this program in just one week?”
By taking part in this Accelerated NLP Practitioner Certification Training, you’ll be receiving 4 different certifications in just one short week; Neuro Linguistic Programming, Time Line Therapy®, Hypnosis, and Neuro Linguistic Programming Coaching.
This means if you truly want to empower yourself, improve your self-confidence, and attract the respect and love that you deserve, then this is the program for you. And if you truly want to learn how to create and experience the abundance that you deserve and help others experience the same, then our program was created for YOU!
Rob Mitchell and NLP Certification Training
Join Rob Mitchell and experience the life-changing effects of this NLP, Time Line Therapy®, NLP Coaching and Hypnosis Practitioner Certification Training program for yourself. Harness the techniques of Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP), Time Line Therapy®, and Hypnosis and you can obtain your certification in all of these powerful systems, along with NLP Coaching, all in just 7 days.
This week long certification process includes at-home coaching and an audio program you can study from the comfort of your own home before you join us during the live program sessions.
To find out more, simply click the button below or keep scrolling to learn more about this exclusive training program.
About The NLP Practitioner Training Home Study Program
The exclusive Neuro Linguistic Programming Certification program starts you off immediately with pre-study audio training materials. You’ll start off studying from the comfort of your own home and then join us at the trainings that fit your schedule and complete your study and certification process. There will be plenty of opportunities during the program to break through personal obstacles as you learn and develop your skills.
There are multiple training sessions scheduled this year—please have a look at the calendar above to determine when the next Neuro Linguistic Programming Certification event will take place in San Diego.
Accelerated NLP Practitioner Certification® Training
- Complete Training Tuition– Normally: $4,395
- Limited-Time Online Promotional Price: $3,395
- Payment Plans Are Currently Available
- Extra Discounts May Be Available
- Your training fee also includes an 18-Hour Neuro Linguistic Programming Audio Program (more than $895 Value)
To reserve your place you only need to make a $795 deposit.
Please keep in mind that there are a limited number of seats available in the Neuro Linguistic Programming Training sessions and they can sell out fast. You should secure your spot quickly because if you don’t, you may miss your opportunity to attend the training.
These seats sell out fast…so claim yours now by clicking the button below.
The NLP Practitioner and Coaching Certification:
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is the most effective, high-performance system of identifying, learning, and obtaining control of your mind, thought patterns, emotions and actions.
You will learn how to apply these techniques with yourself and with others.
When you participate in our FasTrak™ Certification Program you will discover:
- Neuro Linguistic Programming:
The Basis of NLP
The foundational ideas and beliefs about where we begin.
The Primary thoughts and attitudes that empower to take control of the Mind Mastery paradigm and shed the former model that has held you back. You will learn to find and use the various interconnecting systems that link your feelings and actions (emotions and behaviors). NLP is the simplest and most powerful model for making changes, learning, communicating, adapting, and evolving as a person.
The 10 Strategies For Attaining Your Highest Goals
- Discover how to achieve all the goals you create for your self
- Learn how to identify the key differences between the goals you have accomplished and the goals you haven’t
- Learn how to get absolute clarity: the critical questions to ask to make your goals become crystal clear
Developing Rapport: Discover Proven Methods For Creating Instant Connections and Positive Communication
- Immediately tap into a sense of connection with the people you communicate with
- Develop your understanding of the hidden meanings in body-language
- Learn how to utilize various body positions and postures that instantly create positive (yet unconscious) associations with the people around you
- Discover the secrets to using vocal tones to create instant rapport in person and over the phone
- Learn proven methods to create immediate positive connections when you communicate with others
Learn The Secret To Representational Systems
Humans create representational systems that process the information we receive from our environment.
You will discover:
- How each of the 5 senses model themselves internally throughout your body
- Learn how sights, sounds, touches, smells and tastes affect our physical systems (especially on an unconscious level)
Different individuals have different inclinations toward the way they utilize the 5 senses to internalize the world around them. Discover how you can use this information to ignite positive communication with anyone
- Discover the secrets to eye movements and what each one tells you about a person’s thoughts
- Learn how to amplify your creative mind and accelerated learning processes by using simple eye movement systems
Discover Submodalities: The “Hidden” Programming Circuits Inside Your Mind
- Discover the “hidden” programming system that operates your mind and harness it to your own benefit
- Eliminate problematic behaviors (like overeating or smoking) using the power of Submodalities
- Find out how to implement a system of “programs” to change the beliefs that have been holding you back
- Are you having trouble taking control of your emotions? Learn the most effective way to transform them…
Learn The Secrets To “Sensory Acuity” and How To Use Them To Your Advantage
Words are powerful things—they transmit key information to others about your personality and intelligence.
- How the spoken words you use are selected through unconscious means yet they always have very important significance to the person saying them
- Discover how to identify the personality type that may be concealed beneath various words and phrases
- Learn a proven system for modifying your speaking patterns for each person to obtain immediate clarity, approval, and higher levels of communication
- Find out the secret to utilizing abstract language in order to create instant approval and even create a trance-like state
- Learn how a series of 3 simple questions can give you important info regarding any hidden subject or problem
- Discover the easiest way to identify and eliminate objections
- How to help anyone transform their thoughts and state of mind
Anchoring – Learn How To Take Control of Your Emotions and Mental State
- Techniques to take control of your emotional frame
- Discover an easy way to create a unique “trigger” that can elicit desired thoughts and behaviors
- Find out how you can overcome undesired emotions and internalized feelings to an external stimulus—like a sound or vocal tone (this works on past and present triggers)
- Learn how you can connect with your most powerful inner resources and learn how to tap into them when they are needed
- Finally eliminate procrastination from your life for good
Neuro Linguistic Programming Systems:
The Secret To Using Your Mental Programming To Obtain Desired Results
- Learn the system of creating different inner systems to obtain a desired result and find out how to reach a successful outcome every time
- Obtain real and long-term changes in your life using proven tactics and strategies
- Find out why people purchase things and the secret to our inner decision making mechanism—just from observing the way their eyes move
- Discover how to tap into your client’s inner motivations to reach sales success
- Learn proven strategies for igniting deep attraction and true love
Understanding “Parts” – Eliminating Internal Obstacles
- Discover how you can make decisions the easy way
- How to create alignment between your internal “parts” and compel them to agree
Train With Us and You Will Discover How To Apply NLP to:
- Personal Coaching
- Business Coaching
- Every aspects of Business—Marketing, Sales, Communication, and more
- Learning and Educational Coaching
- To Create Change and Growth on a Personal Level
- Therapy and Relationship Coaching
- Time Line Therapy® Practitioner Certification Training:
Learn How To Take Your Life Where YOU Want It To Go
Break through your internal barriers and help others do the same.
- Discard negative emotions, ideas and choices
- Learn how to make the best decisions for your ideal life
- Identify what it is you truly desire
- Develop and maintain a deep sense of motivation
Become the Architect of Your Own Future!
- Learn the secret to your personal “inner time machine” and the way it shapes your future reality
- Use the S-M-A-R-T system for achieving your goals
- Overcome the ideas, beliefs, and choices that have held you back in the past
Find out how to create the future you desire and make it more exciting, interesting, and fulfilling
- Hypnotherapy Certification:
During your training you’ll be getting exclusive hypnotherapy training from Rob Mitchell. Rob is a highly experienced Master Hypnosis Trainer and he will teach you the most effective and useful techniques behind the Ericksonian indirect permissive Hypnotherapy method. This will empower you to achieve better results from your clients, develop powerful language systems and patterns and much, much more!
When you take part in this key training session you will have the exclusive opportunity to obtain your certification in Hypnotherapy.
This training session adheres to the standards of the American Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming and the Time Line Therapy® Association and this means that your certification will be recognized throughout the world.
4. NLP Coach Certification:
Want to take your personal development to the next level?
Once you obtain your certification as an NLP Coach from this exclusive training you’ll be able to make quantum growth in all areas of your life.
Now you have access to 4 different powerful Certifications in one inspiring and life changing 7 day Accelerated Training system.
Sign Up Now and Discover How To Transform Your Life! |
पहाड़ पर विशाल बरगद का पेड़ हवा में झूम रहा था। वृक्ष लाल पके फलों से लदा था। तभी एक पका फल घबरा कर पेड़ को पुकार उठा। जरा धीरे हिलो। वरना मैं गिर पड़ूँगा। वृक्ष मुस्कुरा कर रह गया।
तभी झुंड के झुंड, हरे पंखों वाले तोते उसी डाल पर आ कर बैठ गए। डाली बड़ी ज़ोरों से लचक गई। फल फिर घबरा कर चिल्ला उठा मुझे बचाओ, मैं नीचे गिर पड़ूँगा। तभी एक तोते ने डरे-सहमे फल पर चोंच मारा। जिस बात का ड़र था, वही हुआ। बेचारा फल डाल से टूट कर नीचे गिरने लगा। पेड़ को उसने फिर आवाज़ दिया मुझे बचाओ। पेड़ ने स्वभाविकता से जवाब दिया। यही जिंदगी है, अब अपने बल पर जीना सीखो।
मौसम बीता, समय बीता। फल के अंदर के बीज़ धीरे-धीरे अंकुरा गए। एक नन्हा पौधा चट्टान पर जड़े पसारते बड़ा हो गया। उसकी लंबी जड़ें चट्ट्नो से लटक गई। जड़ें आगे बढ़ कर मजबूती से मिट्टी में समा गई। अब नन्हा पौधा पूरे शान से वृक्ष बन कर खड़ा था।
एक दिन पुराने बरगद ने आवाज़ दिया- याद है वह दिन। जब तुम कदम-कदम पर मदद के लिए मुझे आवाज़ देते थे? देखो आज तुम अपने बल पर कितने बड़े और शक्तिशाली हो गए हो। इसलिए डरने के बदले अपने-आप पर विश्वास करना जरूरी है।
नए पेड़ ने हामी भरी और कहा- हाँ तुम्हारी बात तो सही है। पर क्या तुमने कभी यह सोंचा की मेरे यहाँ उगने से बेचारे चट्टान को इतने बड़े दरार का सामना करना पड़ा। तभी नीचे से चट्टान की आवाज़ आई नहीं दोस्त, हम सभी का अस्तित्व तो एक दूसरे के बंधा है। हमारे बीच का यह दरार तो पुराना है। तुमने और तुम्हारी जड़ों ने तो हमें बांध कर रखा है। तुमने हमें तपती धूप और बरसते बौछारों से बचाया है। यह पूरा पर्वत ही तुम वृक्षो की वजह से कायम है।
नए पेड़ को पुराने पेड़ की बातों महत्व अब समझ आया। हम भी छोटी-छोटी बातों से घबरा कर औरों से मदद की उम्मीद लगाने लगते हैं। हमें अपने पर विश्वाश करने की आदत बनानी चाहिए। |
The flags of the boats in the bay whipped in the wind and the gulls wheeled for snapshots and the sound of bicycle bells fell through the leaves of the chestnut trees and down the cobbled streets, and, on warm afternoons, on the porch of her summer home, Mrs. Harlan Case would often be heard to say, “I would have sown them like beautiful flowers,” for she had wanted many children. It was a resort town, rich and glossy, and the Case house had the dignity of age and wealthy tenants. It was a restored Colonial with elms and widow’s walks, a tiny front yard bordering a brick sidewalk and masses of roses in the rear. There was a portrait of Winthrop in the ball and the rooms were stuffed with antiques and long mirrors guarded by eagles. Martinis chilled all day long. The driveway held a Mercedes, and, when the husband drove down from the city for the weekend, a new Porsche. A brace of Yorkshire terriers lolled on the grass. The Case’s had surrounded themselves with taste and various forms of beauty, the most precious being their only child, their son, Jefferson.
He was a beautiful child. With impeccable manners. Tucked demurely into rattan, one slender finger constantly circling the rim of her glass, Mrs. Case would speak as much in pride as in sorrow, for her single creation was (all the neighbors agreed) perfect. The other pretty freckled children with slim bodies and damp hair, with white but slanting teeth, were common as grasses or bright air beside Jefferson who, in neat white shorts and small white tennis jersey, passed the crackers and made polite and precious conversation.
Upstairs in the bathroom of his father’s house, on the morning of his birthday eve, on the last day that he would be five, Jefferson, beautiful solemn child, hair blond to the color of tinsel, eyes large and grey, small swim trunks bunched round his knees, peed into a jelly jar.
He pushed his trunks all the way to his ankles and stepped from them carefully. They lay there, two blue eyes, the green tile of the floor their pupils. He set the jar on the sink and clambered onto a chair where he admired himself in the mirror. The beautiful growth below his belly. Between his legs. White and perfect as a northern peach. He thought it was the finest thing he had ever seen, much finer than his father’s which was raw and dark, surrounded with harsh hair. He patted it fondly. To an only child to whom everything is private, everything one’s own, this was his most prized possession. He scrubbed his hands and face, combed his hair and brushed his teeth. He dipped his finger into the jar and sniffed.
His father used colognes and dusting powder. There was a splashy odor of lime and alcohol about him. His mother drenched herself with wide swaths of perfume which Jefferson did not care for. There was a curious texture to her lipstick which he also did not like, for when she kissed him, her lips fell greasily away from his cheek like a spoonful of cake batter. He did not like to be kissed by his mother. He did not like to be touched at all. His body would feel stained and uncomfortable—blurred like a watercolor, no longer entirely his own. He politely endured his mother’s caresses although he did not understand them. She handled him as though he were one of the stuffed animals of his room even though he had never felt a desire to hug his own toys, not even as a baby. She had feared that he would chew them in his crib and she had taken away their eyes, snipped off the buttons, the goggling plastic from the clowns and bears and ponies—but he had shown little interest in toys or objects. Occasionally he would touch them very carefully, respecting their furred or shining faces. When he grew older, their eyes had been restored and they stared at Jefferson admiringly from the shelf. When he rearranged them, the buttons swiveled wildly in their sockets.
“Jeffie,” he said to the face in the mirror, “is going to do something special for you today.” He smiled. The vision in the mirror smiled. He crooned at it, opened his mouth still wider and grinned. He thought again of the whale and of his own wonderful idea, pleased that something so eminently his own could be put to such good and fragrant use.
His father had told him about the whales, traveling in herds like cattle through the sea—about the boats a hundred years ago that had sailed from Nantucket and their own summer island. They walked together hand in hand along the shore, Jefferson blinking uneasily with the knowledge. He thought all fish to be ugly unnecessary things, especially the scup and blues which his father brought in from the bay and cleaned on the chopping board behind the house and which he, Jefferson, pushed around his plate at supper, in and out of the peas and white sauce. He thought Ahab a fool to lose his leg for casks of oil from a useless whale. Jefferson thought the whole operation to be unclean and he found the stories boring. As with his mother, however, he was polite and silent, nodding his lovely head, smiling kindly. While his father told him about spars and quadrants, squaring the yards and sounding, Jefferson slapped his feet against the sand and felt the sun beat through his shirt onto his shoulders. He never went out without some protection for his skin. His father would laugh at his grim caution.
“Jeffie,” he once said, “sailors don’t cover themselves up. They let the sun burn them the color of leather. Out on their boats they’re dark as Indians.”
Jefferson winced at the vision. “I don’t care,” he said, and then, later, stroking his shoulders, smooth, warm, the color of honey—“I’m not a sailor.”
“No precious,” his father had said. “You’re a little boy. You’re my beautiful son.”
It was the ambergris that fascinated Jefferson. The sweetness in the bowels. The basis for all perfumes. He was appalled and then entranced. His father went on to other things—gunwales, harpoons, the black towering sea—Harlan Case being a devotee of the past and the islands, cheerful in the enormity of his information—but the child, while the white sun poured down onto his hair, thought only of the wonder of the body. He had a new respect for whales who were able to create from their own diseased and private parts exquisite fragrances. If such beasts could make something extraordinary, he could make something divine. Jefferson had walked along the beach, his arms folded across his chest, pleased with the dreams of his own possibilities. He was beautiful and capable of anything. His parents told him that he was beautiful—the mirror—the people he saw every day, those who spoke and those who did not, the last telling him how perfect he was with their own imperfections—with their moles, stray hairs and swellings, with their pimples, bad teeth, pale lips and large noses. Everything reflected Jefferson’s beauty. He was confident. He spoke softly to himself—his only friend.
In the bathroom on the day before he was six, he dipped his fingers into the jar of his urine and slid them through his hair, repeating this until his head was damp. He took the comb and slicked his hair down neatly. He daubed himself on the forehead, behind his ears, on his chest and under his arms. He did this until the jar was empty. An amber drop slipped down his cheek and hovered on his chin. He swept it away, put his trunks on and trotted down the stairs.
Up the street roared the butterscotch Porsche, slipping from one gear into another with a sound tidy as ripping canvas. The pride of Harlan Case, it was a beautiful car, throbbing purely, gliding around corners, glinting in the sunlight like a shining coin. On the luxurious leather of the passenger seat, mingled with packages in candy-bright wrappings, lay a stack of cards and letters. The car swung into the driveway just as Jefferson was kissing his mother good-bye. She pulled her fork away from a soft-boiled egg as though she had wounded it.
“Darling,” she said, “you smell funny.”
Jefferson tugged away from her. “No, I couldn’t,” he said and picked up a sand pail and shovel from behind the door. A pirate straddled the sides of the bucket, guarding a chest of gold. The shovel was grey and jagged where the paint had worn off.
She placed her fork in the middle of the egg again. “It’s probably something gone bad under the sink.”
Harlan Case bounded into the kitchen followed by the two terriers who flung themselves against Jefferson’s legs and started licking him. He pushed them away and looked at the presents in his father’s arms. He couldn’t think of a thing that he wanted for his birthday. His father grinned extravagantly, his teeth white as candles. “You can’t see them yet,” he said. “You’ll have to wait until tomorrow.” Jefferson nodded and turned the shovel around in the pail.
His mother’s face was pink and vague. “You shouldn’t tease him like that, Harlan. You can open them all now if you want to, sweetie,” she said to Jefferson. “There’ll be more tomorrow.”
“Of course there’ll be more,” his father yelped indignantly.
“He’ll be unwrapping presents all day long!”
“That’s all right,” Jefferson said. “I think I’d rather wait.” Overcome with tenderness, Mrs. Case’s face went soft as custard. Her jaw sagged into caricature. God love him, she mouthed to her husband.
“What aplomb,” his father said. “What a patient little man!” He put the presents into the closet and handed Jefferson the stack of birthday cards. There was a shade of disappointment in his voice. “At least you can look at these.”
Jefferson sat obediently at the kitchen table and opened each envelope with a knife. When he had opened all the envelopes, he systematically thumbed through the cards, looking up only once to glare at the dogs who were snuffling and panting on the floor. Under his gaze they closed their pink happy mouths slowly—their eyes puce and puzzled, their small white teeth protruding evenly beneath their whiskers. When Jefferson looked away, they resumed their ragged exuberant panting.
There were clowns and cowboys, a Ferris wheel of dimes. Happy days leaped at him from fans and coiled springs and one card had a mirror inside of dented foil. Jefferson’s face against the aluminum spread out like oil on water, his eyes running into his mouth, his nose mottled, a lump of punched clay. He placed it with the envelopes. “That’s a silly card,” he said. “I think I’ll go to the beach now.”
His mother’s voice drifted to him from the other room where she was propping the cards on the fireplace mantle. “You have so many friends, Jeffie. You’re a very lucky little boy.” And then, absently, to her husband, “You must wash the dogs today, Harlan. They look so darling after they’ve been washed and brushed.”
Outside, Jefferson wandered around the Porsche, touching it with his small palm, rippling his fingers across the engine vents. His father had waxed it so often that the metal felt pure as smooth skin. There were no scratches anywhere. The daylight fell away from it in moons of brightness. Jefferson’s face reflected wide and orange from the car, his eyes long as knives, his fluttering fingers broad and shiny as birds’ wings. He opened his mouth and a pearl of spittle dropped onto the hood. He rubbed it in with his finger until there was a dull greasy spot the size of a half dollar on the finish. He looked towards the house and began walking towards the beach, his towel trailing along the ground.
The sea was high and green and starfish dangled in the shallows by the jetties and the children, their feet sunk into sand, played by the lip of water. They were very brown and the sun had singed the top of their dark hair so that it was the color of lemons. They had cut Chlorox bottles into scoops and were shoveling water at each other, and their laughter, shrill as terns screaming, followed Jefferson as he walked far away from them, up the beach. He settled himself in solitude by some pilings. The beach sped lumpily with hundreds of tiny prints towards the waves. A grapefruit turned from black to pink as the flies flew away. Jefferson looked at it and climbed over the pilings to the other side where he set down his sand bucket and spread out his towel.
The wind blew strongly against his face. He put his hand to his hair and found that it was dry. He could no longer smell himself and he rumpled his hair angrily and then rubbed his eyes. It was going to be his birthday and he had not accomplished anything. It was coming tomorrow and there was nothing that anyone could give him that would be as valuable as himself. Jefferson walked to the water and waded in until the tail of his shirt grew wet. He seldom went in above his knees. He did not like to get his face wet and he didn’t like to swim. He sometimes enjoyed splashing the water on his arms and legs and drying himself in the sun. Then he would lick the salt off with his tongue. He enjoyed the taste of that. In the clear shallow water where the sand was very smooth and clean, he saw a thin wavering line ending in a small depression where a hermit crab had tucked himself. He reached down and picked up the faded and shell-encrusted whelk that it had adopted and brought it back to his towel. The crab had sucked itself so far backwards that the mollusk seemed empty. Jefferson set the shell down, its hollow facing him, and lay down himself very quietly and watched it. After a few moments the crab waved a grey and delicate claw in the air, then another, then two antennae and the slim and tragic eyestalks. It ducked back into the shell but reappeared almost immediately, this time extending and spreading its soft coiled body into an arch as it tossed the whelk forward on its back and began to make its way towards the sea. The crab crept about a foot before Jefferson scooped it up and put it close to him again. It disappeared soundlessly into its whirl of shell.
In his mind, the child saw pictures only of Jefferson. They galloped and grazed across his eyes—sweet pretty animals of self. They overcame all externals. The crab was very ugly and Jefferson was very handsome and the crab was very timid and Jefferson was afraid of nothing and no one at all, but Jefferson envied the crab’s home and concealment and wished it for himself. In his father’s house, he constantly had to depend upon objects which did not reflect him—the white porcelain and the soft bed, the ceiling and the fork. Even his clothes, clean and pressed in the drawers of his room, the small suits hanging, the shoes in boxes, were only momentarily his—then they were removed, his scent and form scrubbed from them, and replaced again in stacks and layers and rows. They were very expensive clothes, always new, never mended or soiled and Jefferson was proud of them. At the same time they seemed menacing to him. They could have belonged to anyone.
The crab crept away from the towel and Jefferson brought it back. There was a soft nicker of sand as it fled far inside its shell. Jefferson stretched and nuzzled his face against the soft gauze of hair on his arms. He wished that he had a home like the crab or like the conch whose form was his home, who spun out his surroundings with his life. He wished he was some marvelous creature that could dine upon itself—lunching on flesh that would return—pure and tasty mushroom self.
He turned on his back and humming and patting his face, he looked at the sky. He wished that he could provide all things for himself, but he knew that he could not. He knew that he would have to eat food and sleep in his father’s house and allow his mother to bathe and dress him in clothes that could not be his own. Looking up at the sky, the clouds bounding huge as ships, he knew that he would have to suffer all these things. He stared solemnly upwards. Everything was very large and deep and he was possessor of it all. But not master... He was not even master of his own body which he was sure wandered away at night while he was asleep—performing odd and wonderful things, living a life of its own while he lay bereft under the sheets, dreaming and lost. Though he treated it well, though it was the only thing he loved, he did not feel as though it were faithful to him.
He closed his eyes and the blue of the sky followed behind his lids. It was not faithful to him because he was not careful enough with it. It did not serve him always because he did not protect it against the encroachment of other, bigger bodies. Some morning he would wake to find that it had not returned to him and he would never be able to go out into the world again. He would lie there uselessly—blank as air, a stain upon the sheets. Beauty would leave him then too—because he had not defended it. It would abandon him and enter other things which would be admired and blessed, and he, Jefferson, would be lost forever. He saw all objects, all his possessions as crafty and living things, plotting among themselves, making their own alliances. He saw them after beauty had deserted him—raging like soldiers, clamoring over his gone and wasted self.
He would have to be cautious. He would have to be strong. If he were kind to it, his loveliness, if he were always alert to danger and threat, it would stay forever and his body would remain with him because it would be useless to go elsewhere and all things would come to him, to Jefferson. He would be the most beautiful thing in the world and would absorb all other beauties and all things would obey him and nothing would be necessary but himself. If he were patient... if he were clever...
He leapt upwards and hurled the crab as far as he could. It turned through the air and hit the sand with a dull smack. By the time Jefferson had reached his home, the crab had gained the water, and eternal, returned, without memory or design, loosed a stream of gentle bubbles and settled beneath the sand.
Jefferson ate a frankfurt and a dish of lemon sherbet and then lay on his bed. The room was dim and cool and the wind from the sea moved the curtains back and forth. When his mother came to wake him two hours later, he had not yet gone to sleep. He took a bath. The soap formed grey and listless bubbles and the water grew cold. He dressed and played Authors with his father until the guests began to come.
There were always guests coming to the house. The walls seemed to exist only to enclose parties. They celebrated his birthday, his father arriving for the weekend, his mother’s new dress with an excitement which Jefferson thought mad. They would sail through the house—tall tanned people—stroking his head and picking him up, feeding pecans to the dogs, leaving glasses and ashtrays on the floor and lawn. The child would sit on the stairs in his pajamas and watch the crab meat salad disappear into mouths—the bright dresses and jackets sway through the smoke, the music and words hanging stark as balloons in the air. He would close one eye and peer through the bannister railings and watch the guests move in noisy colorful coffins of space.
That night they brought him presents—miniature bears carved from cryptomeria wood, books, a cranberry-colored jacket, a toy boat with intricate rigging and nylon sails. He stood on the lawn and accepted them all with great grace. They stayed outside until it grew dark—the chiffon of the women’s skirts brushing past Jefferson’s face, the men clustered admiringly around the new car. The terriers ricocheted through legs and around bushes like croquet balls. They were black and tan—the color of used pipe cleaners. When they approached Jefferson, he would clap his hands at them and they would fly away in another direction.
“Quite a piece of cake, eh Harlan,” a man said from the driver’s seat of the Porsche. He was fingering the wood-rimmed steering wheel, slipping the shift dryly through the gears.
Harlan Case squatted by the open door. “O-60 in seven seconds,” he said. “Five speed, all syncro gearbox. Disc brakes.” He smiled. “Finest piece of machinery I’ve ever owned.”
“Ah like that lil’ strip of teak thar,” a woman with bright eyes and long wet lashes said. “Ah like the appointments!” She plunged her head inside and dropped a potato chip on the seat. She picked it up daintily, popped it into her mouth and licked her fingers. “Ah think thar elegant.”
Harlan had slipped behind the wheel and turned on the ignition. The needles of the dials swung forward as he revved the engine to 5000 r.p.m. where it wailed like a long high note on a jazz saxophone. He dropped it to a gentle idle and it throbbed perfectly without dip or miss.
“Your daddy has a beautiful car there, Jefferson,” one of the men said.
Jefferson smiled and stroked the fender.
“In a few years the girls are going to be crying in their diaries over you, Jefferson,” the same man said. It was growing dark. Harlan turned off the engine and helped Jefferson gather up his presents. The people began to go inside and mill about the buffet. Jefferson sat in a corner, eating an artichoke and dropping the leaves into a napkin in his lap. His mother kissed him and straightened his tie. Someone gave him a sip of whiskey and put a rosebud in the paws of one of the carved bears. He regarded the party with large calm eyes. Before long, his father came and picked him up and carried him upstairs. Jefferson allowed himself to be hugged, undressed and put to bed. Through the closed door of his room, he could still hear the sounds of the party.
When he woke, it was still dark and the house was very quiet. He knew that everyone had gone home and that his parents were asleep but he did not know if it was his birthday yet. He lay on the bed until he could make out the dim outlines of objects in his room, and then he got up and opened the door. Downstairs, the rooms smelled of smoke and creamed cheese. Jefferson picked up a cracker from a dish and ate it. He was not sleepy at all. He felt very old and wise and determined. He picked up a handful of crackers and nibbled them slowly. He thought of all the presents, the giddy dogs, the way his face spread in the shine of the car. He thought of all the foolish things that his mother praised and his father liked. He felt everything holding its breath, waiting for him to prove himself, and he felt the comfortable presence of his own body and knew that it had not yet deserted him.
He rubbed the salt of the crackers against his pajamas and walked through the kitchen to the outside. The sky was not so dark as his room had been, and the moon shone whiteley upon his bare feet. The sand bucket lay where he had dropped it that afternoon—by the water spigot at the side of the house—and he picked it up now and righted it, ferocious painted pirate with an earring and sand upon his leggings, and he grasped the shovel, carefully, by its handle, because the edge of the scoop was rough and sharp, a blade of snagged metal. The night was very quiet and there was no wind. The house loomed tall and white and the Porsche rested sleekly in the driveway and the child hesitated between the two. He was beautiful. He was proud. He was Jefferson and in the world alone.
He walked over to the car and brushed the shovel lightly across the hood. The first tear in the coat of baked enamel rang through his fingertips. He pressed down harder on the blade and it ploughed crookedly forward with a soft and brittle hiss. He rubbed his finger over the ridge and turned the shovel over flat and swept it scrapingly down the length of the hood. He stood on the balls of his feet, a matador, and plunged the shovel down again and again upon the Porsche, scarring every part of the car that he could touch. He opened the door, climbed inside and closed the door again against discovery and the silence outside, and delicate, sincere—as though he were offering a blessing—he knelt on the seat and rapped each of the gauges until the glass shattered and the needles fell twisted. By the time that he had finished, the darkness had receded and his face was pale in the greyness before dawn.
He got out of the car and replaced the shovel in the sand bucket. It was still very quiet but there was a fine mist rising and he could hear the birds moving about in the bushes. He brushed the flakings of paint from his pajamas and went into the house and softly closed the door. There was a small cut on his finger. One of the terriers brushed drowsily against his leg and Jefferson reached down and touched the rough head and the dog craned upwards and licked his hand. The child stood bent, listening, and then picked up a stool and walked to the sink. He climbed onto the sideboard, adjusted the plug and began to run the water. The faucet opened with a rattle and Jefferson, scowling at it and shaking his fist, turned it down to a slender, almost silent stream. While the basin was filling, he coaxed the terrier up onto the stool and then grasped its front legs and pulled it into his lap. The dog, wriggling happily, pressed its cold nose against his neck and then wobbled uncertainly from the boy’s lap and bent its head to lap the water. Jefferson slipped his hand beneath the collar and rubbed the dog’s ears. It was necessary that he protect himself. |
As mentioned above, the DOI is available mainly for scholarly journals. That means that a database that includes magazines or reference books as well as scholarly (peer-reviewed) journals may have some articles with DOI and some without.
The DOI is sometimes given as part of the text of an article, above or below the abstract. See also under PDF files, below.
Click the title of the article to display the abstract/full text page. The information about the article, following its title, may include a DOI. If the publisher's PDF version of the article is available, the PDF may contain a DOI.
Click on the title of the article to display the full text. The DOI is shown above the abstract, after the Cite menu.
In Education Full Text he DOI is given in the brief description on the results page, after the page numbers. In the full records of both Education Full Text and CINAHL, it is one of the labeled areas following the abstract.
If available, the DOI appears in the PDF.
Some journals print a DOI for each article, usually at the top or bottom of the first page of the article, or near the abstract.
If there is a periodical article without a DOI, the MLA style requires you to give the URL after the database name. |
Features of 2-D Matrix Codes and Symbol Terminology
2-D Matrix Code SizeEach 2-D matrix code is made up of a specific number of modules. Modules within a code are all the same size and do not change. However, the total number of modules can vary depending on number of rows and number of columns. For example, the overall size of a 10x10 matrix code can be the same overall size as a 20x20 matrix code except the 20x20 has half of the module size.
In order to properly decode a matrix code, the size of one module and the total number of modules within the code must be identified and understood. Below is a diagram of a 16x16 Data Matrix code.
2-D Matrix Code Symbol Terminology
Quiet ZoneSimilar to 1-D barcode Quiet Zones, 2-D matrix Quiet Zones are the margin of white space around the entire code. 2-D matrix codes must have a Quiet Zone in order to be decoded correctly.
Code PatternThe Finder or “L” Pattern is how the code is located.
The Clocking Pattern is opposite the finder pattern and alternates black and white boxes or modules. It is the Clocking Pattern that is used to establish the module size of the code.
Note: 2-D codes can only be read using an image based ID reader.
The diagram below outlines the different features and symbol terminology for a 2-D Data Matrix code. The diagram key is below. |
Kitchen Mats: Colorful And Water Absorbent
Kitchen mats help in avoiding wet feet which might lead to slipping. The kitchen is the central area of the house where all the members of the family visit regularly. However, the kitchen is prone to an accident because of the regular work that takes place. Usually, the kitchen is wet because of the constant use of water for cooking, washing and cleaning. Thus, there are chances of the person’s feet getting wet. Typically, the people are always in a rush of doing one or the other thing. So, they might slip because of their wet feet. Thus, it is essential to use a kitchen mat to avoid such accidents.
Slipping in the kitchen is the general things that can happen because of the highest use of water. However, there are ways in which the person can avoid slipping and maintain their health. Moreover, the person cannot spend enough time on wiping their feet numerous times to dry them. So, it is essential to have a mat which helps in quick drying. Not only can the person use the kitchen mats for the kitchen but also any common wet areas. The main job of the rug is to dry the feet. Also, to protect the person from slipping on the floor and injuring themselves.
People use many different kinds of mats to avoid slipping, but all do not the excellent features of this mat. So, the listed features might help the person in knowing the technical reason for not moving.
- The material of the mat is Chenille yarn. So, this material has the speciality of absorbing water. Moreover, the size of the rug is 60 X 40 cm which supports the general standards of the mat. Furthermore, the size can help in the original fitting of the carpet in any common areas.
- Also, the base of the mat can stay fit on the place. If the person is in a hurry and they wipe their feet on the mat while running, then the rug would not move from its place. So, the base material helps the carpet to stick the site even on getting high pressure.
- Not only is the mat super absorbent but also it can soak water. So, this soaking ability helps in quick drying of the cloth.
- The design and pattern of the mat also help in giving a neat look at the area of its placement. Also, it would help to enhance the style of the place.
- Moreover, the mat is available in many colours which helps in decorating the room. So, the varied colours are pink, coffee, khaki, beige, blue, purple and red. Thus, the person can choose the colour according to their colour theme.
Thus, the kitchen mats help the people of the house in many ways. Also, the carpets would support in maintaining cleanliness as the place would remain dry. So, the elegant designs and soaking capacity would enable more extended durability of the rugs. Thus, you can buy these kitchen mats for perfect use in the kitchen and bathroom area. |
Heroin Harm Reduction Guide - Advice & Tips for Users
Why harm reduction?
Many people find harm reduction ridiculous; after all, instead of promoting safer use shouldn’t we concentrate on helping people stop completely? Is it ever right to support heroin use?
But actually, harm reduction does help a person stop completely by keeping them alive and healthy until the day they're ready to quit:
- Dead addicts can't quit - so we need to keep people alive and well until they're ready for treatment.
- Seriously compromised physical, mental and cognitive health reduces a person's abstinence chances - so we need to help addicts stay as healthy as possible until they're ready for change.
- Addicts already in regular contact with health workers learn about treatment options and have facilitated treatment access.
Basically then, if you support abstinence as the optimal goal, you should support harm reduction as a great vehicle for helping addicts get there.
So if you (or someone you care about) use heroin, delve into the following harm reduction ideas and consider making a few simple changes to safeguard health and well-being.
Read on to learn...
- why it makes sense exactly
- 50+ Harm Reduction Tips
The Philosophy Behind Heroin Harm Reduction
Consider some of the arguments behind harm reduction:1
- It’s less judgmental. Society (and some treatment providers) may view people as ‘good’ when they abstain or use responsibly and ‘bad’ when they don’t or when they don’t want to quit at this moment. Under a harm reduction philosophy, people aren’t judged on their drug use. Each person is treated with the same dignity and respect – no matter what their situation or history. Each person is considered deserving of health and happiness, whether they choose to use heroin or not.
- It recognizes that sometimes improving a person’s quality of life is more important than insisting that person accept a goal of total abstinence (and not supplying services to people who don’t accept this goal).
- It empowers people to believe in the possibility of self-directed change.
- It meets people where they are now. This way every opioid user can benefit from harm reduction and better health right now – not just when they achieve some optimal state of motivation and readiness for abstinence.
- It recognizes that sometimes a bit of education can help opioid users minimize their risks of health consequences and fatal overdose.
- It recognizes that society as a whole benefits when drug users get healthier and more in-control.
- It recognizes that most change occurs as an incremental process – not a sudden lurch. By supporting a person as he makes small improvements we help him move steadily toward a chosen goal.
- Harm reduction programs tend to be evidence-based and science-driven.
- Small financial harm reduction investments cause major societal cost savings.
Heroin Harm Reduction Tips
- Alternate nostrils. This reduces the odds of infection and tissue damage.
- Don’t share straws. Minute flecks of blood on a straw can transmit hepatitis B or C.
- Don’t use rolled-up money to snort with. Paper money is teeming with germs and you increase your risk of infections.
- Take some time before snorting to chop up very finely. If you need to snort black tar heroin, you’re best off dissolving this in water completely and then sniffing this water.
- Make sure you’re snorting on a clean surface (a plastic card from your wallet can work). This reduces the odds of sinus infections as well as cold and flu.
- Don’t hold it in your lungs. This won’t increase absorption but it will increase lung irritation and damage.
- If you have asthma, make sure you have your inhaler on hand. Inhaled heroin can lead to serious asthma attacks.
Injecting: Protecting Your Veins
- Try to work on a clean surface. If you’re not sure about your work area, putting down a sheet of newspaper can help a lot.
- If you mainline, use the smallest needle that you can find. Sharp needles reduce vein damage and every time you reuse a needle the point gets progressively duller.
- Don’t inject into muscle or skin-pop unless your heroin dissolves easily in water without needing to add an acid. Doing otherwise increases your chances of abscesses (black tar heroin may differ).
- Never inject against the flow of blood in your veins. Inject toward your heart.
- Never inject into an artery (this increases your risk of gangrene and other problems). If you can feel a pulse, it’s an artery.
- Inject slowly – don’t slam it in. The faster you inject the greater your risks of vein tearing. Take the needle out as soon as you are done to reduce bruising.
- Don’t flush the needle (pulling blood in to re-inject). This doesn’t get you any more heroin but it does increase vein damage by making the hole bigger, increasing bleeding and clotting and damaging vein linings.
- If you need to use an acid to dissolve your heroin, try to avoid using lemon juice or vinegar; opt for powdered vitamin C or powdered citric acid instead. Injecting lemon juice or vinegar can cause fungal infections. Use as little acid as is needed to completely dissolve your drugs.
- Don’t inject tablets. Tablets contain additives and these don’t dissolve completely. Injecting solids into veins increases the chances of vein damage/collapse.
- Rotate your injection spots. If you find you can no longer inject in lower-risk areas (like the elbow area) you should consider moving away from injecting rather than moving down to higher-risk areas. The risks of serious health complications and lasting pain and disability go up substantially once you move on to riskier injection sites, like the legs, groin, feet, etc.
Injecting: Reducing Bacterial Risk
- Wash your hands with soap and hot water before you start preparing your works.
- Heating your shot, even when not needed, may help to reduce bacterial infections. If your water isn’t sterile, heating it to a boil before mixing with dope can reduce bacterial risks.
- Don’t lick the needle!
- The tip of the needle picks up bacteria from your skin every time you insert through it. If you need to insert several times because you’re having a hard time finding a vein you may want to change your needle.
- Choose your water carefully. Consider the following water supplies, listed in order from safest - to - most dangerous: 1. unopened sterile water pack, 2. boiled water, 3. cold tap water, 4. bottled water (bacteria in bottled water pose no health risk when ingested into the stomach, but may cause infection when injected), 5. distilled water (though distilled water contains no minerals, it is not generally intended for human consumption and can be bacteria-rich), 6. hot tap water (hot tap water may not be hot enough to kill bacteria – this can make hot water riskier than cold), 7. toilet water, 8. puddle water, 9. shared sterile water pack, 10. shared cup of water.2
- Cleaning the injection site before injections can help to reduce bacterial infections. Wash with soap and water and then wipe with alcohol.
- Don’t save your cottons for the residue that accumulates. Used cottons are great bacterial incubators.
- Get a tetanus vaccine and stay up to date.
- If you get a skin infection or abscess, try not to pick at it, squeeze it or cut it open. This can spread infection and worsen the problem. A doctor might prescribe antibiotic treatment or perform a small procedure to open and treat the wound.
- As a much safer alternative to conventional injecting, you can prepare your works (use a syringe without a needle!) as normal but then insert the syringe into your rectum and gently squirt in the contents.
Injecting: Avoiding Infectious Disease
- Not only shouldn’t you share a needle, you also need to use your own water, cotton, tie, cooker or spoon. Sharing any of these increases your risk of infectious diseases.
- If you inject, you can greatly reduce your risks by using a new sterile needle each time you inject, as well as new cotton each time, a clean cooker and fresh sterile water. Keeping things clean and sterile reduces your odds of skin infections and abscesses, internal infections like endocarditis and transmittable infections like HIV and hepatitis C. If possible use sterile medical grade disposable cookers and syringes as well as sterile water.
- If you absolutely need to reuse a syringe, learn how to safely clean with water – bleach – and water again.
- A drop of blood that’s too small to see can contain enough hepatitis or HIV to get you infected. Not only shouldn’t you share any injecting supplies, you also need to make sure that your heroin never comes into contact with another person’s needle, mixing water, cooker or filter.3
- Get a hepatitis B vaccine.
- Be flexible with your intake – if you can’t get a clean needle, you’re much better off snorting or smoking than using a friend’s.
General Health Preservation
- Work past constipation by having a bowel movement before you get high (using will make constipation worse). Also, eat a high fiber diet and stay hydrated.
- Have condoms on hand (to prevent STDs from unplanned sexual activity).
- Don’t rely on pain as a sole indicator for when dental or medical care is needed. Since heroin is such a potent pain reliever, serious problems can go unnoticed; If something looks like it needs medical attention – even if it doesn’t hurt - it probably does.
- If you get a sudden high fever and feel very unwell you may have septicaemia (blood poisoning). This is a potentially lethal condition so treat this as a medical emergency.
- A large skin infection, where the skin becomes tight, hot, red and painful over a large area is possibly cellulitis. This is also a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
- Go see a doctor if any skin near an injection site becomes black or discolored, or starts weeping fluid.
- If you’re using but not yet dependent, avoid using more than 2 days in a row and take a break if you start feeling like you need drugs.
- Don’t use alone or behind locked doors.
- Try a small tester shot first.
- If you can, buy from someone you know and trust and ask them about potency before using.
- If using alone, try snorting instead of mainlining.
- If you’ve taken a break – even a short one - your tolerance can drop substantially and a hit that you could have handled easily before can become dangerous. After a break, use with caution, use less, and consider safer forms of administration, like smoking or sniffing.
- Feeling very run-down can increase heroin’s effects. Use less if feeling ill, very tired or dehydrated or if your liver isn’t working well.4
- Have naloxone on hand and know how to use it.
Don’t mix heroin with benzodiazepines, alcohol,
cocaine or other drugs. Mixing substances increases overdose
risks. Some OTC and prescription drug can stay in your system for a day or
longer, so you have to be careful even when combining heroin with medications
you took the day before.5
- Learn CPR and rescue breathing to save a life.
Starting Methadone or Suboxone Treatment
- Getting involved with a methadone or Suboxone treatment program can help you stabilize, take breaks and improve your overall functioning.
Preventing Community Harm
- Dispose of injection equipment in a Sharps container to protect others from accidental sticks and infectious disease transmission.
- Get tested for HIV and hepatitis C.
Consider Treatment - Even if Not Abstinence-Ready
Harm reduction helps you safeguard your health while using, but nothing improves health as much as reducing or stopping altogether.
If you want to stop, then treatment’s a no-brainer. Suboxone or methadone can get you stabilized and rebuilding your life in a matter of weeks.
But even if you’re not sure you want to stop completely, treatment is still worth considering. Research shows that people getting heroin treatment...6
- Are less likely to overdose.
- Use less (or sometimes stop completely) – and longer periods in treatment generally equate to progressively reduced use.
- Get physically and emotionally healthier (a by-product of reduced use and increased contact with medical professionals).
- Commit fewer crimes.
- Are better able to hold onto a job and maintain satisfying intimate and social relationships.
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Four pieces of advice on how long you’ll need to use Suboxone from one of America’s leading experts on the use of the drug.Read the complete article
A list of SAMHSA recommended medications for managing the withdrawal symptoms that occur during Suboxone tapering.Read the complete article
Zubsolv is a new drug for opiate dependence. Like Suboxone, it’s composed of a combination of buprenorphine and naloxone. Read on to learn about how it works and how it differs from Suboxone.Read the complete article |
शाहजहाँपुर के सिंधौली थाना क्षेत्र में बीती रात मकान की दीवार गिर गई और मलबे में दबकर बुजुर्ग दम्पत्ति की मौत हो गई। बुजुर्ग दम्पत्ति की मौत से परिवार में कोहराम मच गया।मौके पर बड़ी संख्या में लोगों का मजमा लगा रहा।
सिंधौली थाना क्षेत्र के ग्राम कोटा वारी निवासी स्वामी दयाल (६२) अपनी पत्नी जयदेवी (६०) के साथ सो रहे थे।बीती देर रात अचानक कच्ची दीवार भर-भरा कर उनके ऊपर गिर पड़ी। आवाज सुनकर जागे परिजनो में कोहराम मच गया। चीख-पुकार सुन आसपास के लोग भी मौक पर पहुंच गए। आनन-फानन किसी तरह लोगों ने दम्पत्ति को बाहर निकाला लेकिन तब तक उनकी मौत हो चुकी थी। सूचना पर पहुंची पुलिस ने शवो को कब्जे में लेकर पोस्टमार्टम के लिए भेज दिया। |
[ (an-uh-lawg, an-uh-log) ]
Save This Word!
A signal in which some feature increases and decreases in the same way as the thing being transmitted. In am radio, for example, the strength of the radio wave goes up and down in analogy with the loudness of the original sound. (Contrast digital signal.)
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Question 1 of 7
Which sentence is correct?
Words nearby analog signal
The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. |
वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग राज्य मंत्री श्री सी. आर. चौधरी, वाणिज्य सचिव सुश्री रीता तेवतिया के साथसाथ वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मंत्रालय और राष्ट्रीय भवन निर्माण निगम (एनबीसीसी) के वरिष्ठ अधिकारी भी उपस्थित थे। वाणिज्य भवन का निर्माण 226 करोड़ रु. की लागत से किया जा रहा है और दिसंबर 2019 तक इसका निर्माण पूरा कर लिया जाना अनुमानित है। वहीं हरिद्वार में गुरुकुल कांगड़ी विश्वविद्यालय के ठीक सामने उस वक्त बड़ा हादसा होते होते बचा जब एक कार को बचाने के प्रयास में बस पलटने से बच गई। बस डिवाइडर पर चढ़ने के बाद रुक गई। बस में 40 यात्री सवार थे। दुर्घटना बृहस्पतिवार शाम करीब चार बजे घटित हुई। हिंदी न्यूज़ बिहार अररिया न जल रहे हैं चूल्हे, न आ रही है नींद, जीने नहीं देती है उनकी की यादें खुफिया रिपोर्ट्स के मुताबिक मसूद को आर्थिक मदद और जैश ए मोहम्मद की स्थापना के लिए सहारा केवल से ही नहीं बल्कि अफगानिस्तान की तालिबान सरकार से भी मिला था. इसके अलावा अंतरराष्ट्रीय आतंकी ओसामा बिन लादेन ने भी इसकी स्थापना में मसूद अज़हर की मदद की थी. दोनों के बीच में संबंध कराची स्थित बिनोरिया मदरसा के जरिए स्थापित हुए थे. से कैश निकालते समय न करें ये गलतियां,</s> |
GIBRALTAR, British crown colony, south of *Spain. Jews lived in Gibraltar in the 14th century, and in 1356 the community issued an appeal for assistance in the ransoming of Jews captured by pirates. In 1473, a number of Marranos fleeing from Andalusia applied for permission to settle in Gibraltar. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), which ceded the fortress to England, excluded the Jews from Gibraltar in perpetuity. However, by an agreement in 1729 between England and the sultan of Morocco, his Jewish subjects were empowered to come there temporarily for the purpose of trade, and the establishment of a permanent community was not long delayed. The majority of the Jewish settlers were from adjacent parts of North Africa. By 1749, when the legal right of Jewish settlement was recognized, the community numbered about 600, being about one-third of the total number of civilian residents, and there were two synagogues. During the siege of 1779–83, many took refuge in London, reinforcing the Sephardi community there. Subsequently, the community in Gibraltar resumed its development. During the period of the Napoleonic wars, Aaron Nuñez *Cardozo was one of the foremost citizens of Gibraltar; his house on the Almeida subsequently became the city hall. In the middle of the 19th century, when the Rock was at the height of its importance as a British naval and military base, the Jewish community numbered about 2,000 and most of the retail trade was in their hands, but thereafter the number declined. During World War II, almost all the civilian population, including the Jews, was evacuated to British territories, and not all returned. In 1968, the community numbered 670 (out of a total population of 25,000); it still maintained four synagogues and many communal organizations. Sir Joshua A. *Hassan was the first mayor and chief minister of Gibraltar from 1964 to 1969. In 2004, about 600 Jews lived in Gibraltar, with the same four synagogues and a communal rabbi. Almost all Jewish children attended the community's primary schools and girls went to the Jewish secondary school. The community published a weekly newsletter.
A.B.M. Serfaty, Jews of Gibraltar under British Rule (19582); H.W. Howes, The Gibraltari an: Origin and Development of the Population of Gibraltar from 1704 (1950); Beinart, in: Sefunot, 5 (1961), 87–88; Cano de Gardoqui and Bethencourt, in: Hispania, 103 (1966), 325–81; Hirschberg, in: Essays Presented … I. Brodie (1968), 153–81; JYB (1968), 140. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: M. Benady, "The Settlement of Jews in Gibraltar, 1704–1783," in: JHSET, 26 (1974–78), 87–110.
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved. |
Facebook phishing, however, is a more focused scenario that relates to malicious actions performed by approaching victims on Facebook. According to a 2020 threat report, Facebook is one of the top sites impersonated by phishing sites or cybercriminals, along with Microsoft, Apple, Google, PayPal, and Dropbox. Attacks are usually run through fake or stolen accounts (of an acquaintance or of a business known to the victim), and used to steal sensitive information, such as bank login details, or to get the victim to download malware onto their computer. If that succeeds, the attacker will likely use the newly obtained Facebook account to carry out further attacks on more victims.
Common Facebook Scams
One of the more popular Facebook phishing scams revolves around prizes. A fake Facebook page, usually belonging to a business, posts about a prize being given to people who perform an action, such as visiting a website or providing personal details, as well as sharing the original post with their friends to increase its popularity and creditability. Another popular scam uses the romance theme – fake profiles used to write comments in dating groups to lure victims into online “relationships” that eventually end up with requests for money, airline tickets or any other commodity that can be profitable for the attacker.
A few notable prize scams posted on Facebook from recent times include: Virgin Atlantic celebrating its thirty-fifth birthday by giving away two free tickets, Ellen DeGeneres giving away prizes, and Costco giving away $75 coupons. Each of these campaigns had hundreds or more people participating through sharing and providing their details.
Another common scam is sponsored ads. They pop up in a user’s Newsfeed and take them to a phishing site if they click the ad. The victim is then asked to provide credit card details, email address info, etc. to find out more about the product. These types of scams are much harder to detect, as they can target a specific audience.
Recognising a Facebook Scam
Despite some of these scam campaigns appearing downright obvious to informed individuals, a lot of people are less aware and might become a victim. There are a few warning signs that can help to determine whether or not you are actually dealing with a scam:
- Visiting a page that asks you to re-enter your Facebook credentials. If the conversation began on Facebook and you have not logged off, there is no reason to provide your username or password again.
- A sense of urgency – scammers will often want to create a sense of urgency to catch victims out and prevent them from thinking things through. For example, scams might state that “this is a limited-time offer”, urging you to reply quickly, otherwise you will miss out. Countdown timers are common as well, where you are given 5 or 10 minutes to complete a survey (which is a fake), to then win a prize.
- Being approached by old friends – if you have someone in your Facebook contacts with whom you have not spoken in a while, and they suddenly send you a strange message with a link or an attachment, it is most likely a scam.
- Similarly, approaches from people who are not on your Facebook friends list, but who want you to click a link or download an attachment, could also be dangerous. It is recommended to check that person’s profile information, as scam campaigns often use newly created profiles with generic pictures. If you have mutual friends, ask them how they know them, to verify the profile’s legitimacy.
- Grammar or spelling mistakes – as scammers often approach victims from different countries, it is common for them to have spelling or grammar errors, since they are not writing in their mother tongue. Texts that seem to be copied from Google Translate or have multiple mistakes should raise suspicion.
What to do if you fall victim
If you have fallen victim to a fake Facebook post, you can report it, so it lessens the chance of someone else falling victim.
Note: It is also important that the scam website is taken down, by a Cyber Security company, like FraudWatch International, otherwise the threat will still be out there.
To report a scam:
Report the fake posts to Facebook using this
If you have fallen victim to a scam and provided your Facebook login details, there are some steps you should take:
- Change your Facebook password as soon as possible. If you use your Facebook password for other websites or services, change it on each of them as well.
- Set your account to Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) using this This identifies first time logins from devices and sends a code to your phone to verify it is you. That way, even if someone has your Facebook credentials, they will still not be able to access your account. |
Comparison of FRET probes of conformational changes in DnaK and Hsc70
Hsp70s are one of the most well conserved protein families known, yet little of their in vivo activity is understood and experimental resources required to investigate their activity. All Hsp70s are made up of two highly conserved functional domains joined by a flexible linker, the nucleotide binding domain and the substrate binding domain. The Hsp70 proteins undergo a conformational in their peptide binding and release cycle, with conformation of the protein determined by the nucleotide bound in the nucleotide binding domain. This study compared the two most wildly studied Hsp70 proteins, DnaK and the human Hsc70, HSPA8. Hsc70 is a constitutively expressed member of the Hsp70 family which has many roles within the cell, assisting with folding of nascent polypeptides, targeting proteins for degradation and translocating proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Both proteins were purified from bacterial expression systems and the purification of Hsc70 was improved by the addition of an additional isocratic step during ion exchange chromatography. Efficiency of labelling with fluorescent dyes was improved and the activity cycle of DnaK and Hsc70 directly compared. Of the eight variants tested only two, DnaK variant C16S/K321C/E430C and Hsc70 variant E318C/T427C/C574S/C603S showed changes in FRET efficiency in response to different nucleotides. In order to validate these variants as suitable models and to probe why other variants showed no changes in FRET efficiency, proteins were analysed for their protein refolding activity. An improved luciferase refolding assay was developed to analyse the rate of protein refolding for each of the Hsc70 and DnaK variants. All of the variants for both DnaK and Hsc70 retained protein refolding activity, however most were less efficient than the wild type protein, showing between 20 to 100% of the wild type proteins activity. This study identified Hsc70 variant E318C/T427C/C574S/C603S as a suitable candidate for future in vivo fluorescence assay of Hsc70 function.
Advisor: Wilbanks, Sigurd
Degree Name: Master of Science
Degree Discipline: Biochemistry
Publisher: University of Otago
Keywords: Protein; dynamics
Research Type: Thesis |
from random import randint
random_user = randint(0 , 9)
user_answer = 3
while user_answer > 0:
user = int(input("Veuillez entrer un nombre compris entre 0 et 9: "))
if user == random_user:
print ("Bravo!tu as choisi le bon numéro")
break
if user > random_user:
print ("vous êtes sorti de l'intervalle 0 et 9")
elif user != random_user:
print ("Opss! mauvais numéro reéssayer")
user_answer -= 1
else:
print ("Désolé, vous avez échoué 3 fois!")
|
H.J. Heinz Co. of Canada Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2006 SCC 13
Summary: This case is about a procedural question: can a third party object to the disclosure of information under the Access to Information Act on the basis that it would disclose personal information about another individual? The majority of the Supreme Court of Canada answer the question in the affirmative. However, in the course of its reasons, the Supreme Court of Canada articulated several principles about the interpretation of the Privacy Act.
Facts: In June 2000, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (“CFIA”) received a request under the Access to Information Act for records pertaining to H.J. Heinz Co. of Canada Ltd. (“Heinz”). The CFIA determined that some of those records may contain confidential business or scientific information and, as required by the Access to Information Act, gave notice to Heinz of the request. Heinz made submissions about why the records should not be disclosed, but the CFIA eventually decided that redacted versions of the documents should be disclosed. Heinz then applied to the Federal Court under s. 44 of the Access to Information Act. In its application, Heinz made new arguments that the records contained personal information and therefore should not be disclosed. The Attorney General of Canada objected to those arguments, alleging that Heinz could not raise privacy-related issues in this way. The Attorney General argued that the individuals whose personal information would be disclosed could file complaints under the Privacy Act (after-the-fact) and challenge the disclosure in that fashion. Both the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal concluded that Heinz could raise privacy-related issues in this way.
Result: The majority of the Supreme Court of Canada concluded that Heinz could make arguments about other individuals’ personal information.
Decision: The majority of the Supreme Court of Canada decided that Heinz had the right to object to the disclosure of records on the basis of other individuals’ personal information. The majority also pointed out that it was much more convenient and expeditious for Heinz to be permitted to make those arguments as opposed to making each affected individual file a separate complaint with the Privacy Commissioner after-the-fact or file their own separate application for judicial review, again after-the-fact.
The majority of the Supreme Court also discussed the architecture of the Privacy Act and Access to Information Act more generally. Three important aspects of this discussion were:
- The Court confirmed that “the right to privacy is paramount over the right of access to information, except as prescribed in the legislation.”
- The Privacy Act establishes a central role for the Privacy Commissioner in the protection of privacy rights to investigate complaints both by individuals about their personal information and, under s. 29(1)(h) of the Privacy Act, to investigate complaints by third parties about the misuse of other people’s personal information.
- Despite this central role, the Privacy Commissioner has limited powers under the Privacy Act. The Privacy Commissioner in most cases investigates complaints after the breach of the Act has already happened; the Privacy Commissioner may not act to prevent the disclosure of personal information. Further, the Privacy Commissioner has no authority to make binding decisions or injunctive power to prevent the disclosure of personal information.
On the actual merits of the case, the Federal Court judge who first heard the case decided that several records did contain personal information and ordered that they be redacted accordingly (H.J. Heinz Co. of Canada Ltd. v. Canada (Attorney General) 2003 FCT 250). The Attorney General did not challenge that finding on appeal, so the records were redacted to remove personal information.
- The right to privacy trumps the right to access government information, subject to certain limited and specific circumstances spelled out in the Privacy Act.
- The Privacy Commissioner plays a central role in the administration of the Privacy Act, but cannot make binding orders about compliance with the Act.
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- Date modified: |
sures are often to mixtures of chemicals. Some studies of herbicides are conducted using herbicide mixtures and are noted as such in the text.
This chapter begins with a brief summary of major conclusions derived from the literature reviews in VAO, Update 1996, and Update 1998. This is followed by a summary of toxicological research findings as they relate to human health, and then an overview of the scientific literature published since release of Update 1998, reviewed in detail in this chapter. Note that these more general summaries do not include references to the scientific literature because they are intended to provide background for the nonspecialist.
The “Toxicity Profile Updates” section then provides details of the relevant scientific studies, with references, that have been conducted on 2,4-D,2,4,5-T, picloram, cacodylic acid, and TCDD since Update 1998. The toxicity profile update for TCDD includes a section that discusses the issues involved in estimating potential health risk and factors influencing toxicity. That subsection includes a discussion of the toxic equivalency factor approach to estimating the toxicity of TCDD. It is important, when evaluating the experimental data for all of the compounds, to keep in mind the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of various types of studies. These considerations are discussed in the final section of the chapter, “Issues in Evaluating the Evidence.”
Chapter 4 of VAO and Chapter 3 of both Update 1996 and Update 1998 review the results of animal and in vitro studies published through 1997 that investigate the toxicokinetics, mechanism of action, and disease outcomes of TCDD and herbicides. According to these earlier reviews, TCDD elicits a diverse spectrum of biological sex-, strain-, age-, and species-specific effects, including carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, chloracne, and loss of body weight. The scientific consensus is that TCDD is not directly genotoxic and that its ability to influence the carcinogenic process is mediated via epigenetic events such as effects on enzyme induction, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and intracellular communication. The toxicity of the herbicides used in Vietnam has been poorly studied. In general, the herbicides 2,4-D,2,4,5-T, cacodylic acid, and picloram have not been identified as particularly toxic substances since high concentrations are often required to modulate cellular and biochemical processes. A comprehensive description of the toxicological literature published through 1997 can be found in VAO, Update 1996, and Update 1998. |
# Do Now 9/8/10 Take out HW from last night. Text p.5-7, #4-52 multiples of 4 Copy HW in your planner. Text p. 10-11, #2-32 even In your journal answer.
## Presentation on theme: "Do Now 9/8/10 Take out HW from last night. Text p.5-7, #4-52 multiples of 4 Copy HW in your planner. Text p. 10-11, #2-32 even In your journal answer."— Presentation transcript:
Do Now 9/8/10 Take out HW from last night. Text p.5-7, #4-52 multiples of 4 Copy HW in your planner. Text p. 10-11, #2-32 even In your journal answer the following. In your journal answer the following. If 26 = L. of the A. means 26 letters of the alphabet, how many of the following “equations” can you translate? If 26 = L. of the A. means 26 letters of the alphabet, how many of the following “equations” can you translate? 24 = H in a D. 90 = D. in a R.A. 18 = H. on the G.C. 8 = P. in the S.S. 1000 = W. that a P. is W. Hours in a Day Degrees in a Right Angle Holes on the Golf Course Planets in the Solar System Words that a Picture is Worth
Homework Text p. 5-7, #4-52 multiples of 4 4). 2.4 8). 4.5 12). 1/3 16). Twelve to the fifth power; 20). One half to the eighth power; 24). 0.4 was multiplied by two instead of squared; 0.16 28). 1 32). 64 36). 16/81 40). 17.4 44). C 48). 30 m 52). C
Evaluate the Expression 3 + 7 x 3 3 + 7 = 10 10 x 3 = 3 33 30 7 x 3 = 21 3 +21 = 2 22 24
Objective SWBAT use the order of operations to evaluate expressions.
Section 1.2, Order of Operations Order of Operations Order of Operations – the rules established to evaluate an expression involving more than one operation 4(y² – 8) 13 * 22 - 14 5 ÷ x · 6
Evaluate expressions within grouping signs. ( ) parentheses or [ ] brackets Evaluate powers. Multiply and divide from left to right. Add and subtract from left to right. 1 3 4 PEMDAS 2 Order of Operations
Evaluate the Expression PEMDAS 4 + 7 x 3 4 + 21 25 25 ² 2 + 7 x 3
Evaluate the Expression [2 x (4 + 4)] + 3 PEMDAS [2 x 8] + 3 16 + 3 43 ³ ³ ³ 16 + 27
Evaluate the expressions when m = 3. a. (1 + m²) Substitute. Evaluate power. b. m³ – 6 ÷ 6 Substitute. Evaluate power. Divide. (1 + 3²) 3³ – 6 ÷ 6 (1 + 9) 10 Add within parentheses. 27 – 6 ÷ 6 Subtract. 27 – 1 26
Divide. Evaluate power. 27 3 2 2 – 3 = 27 9 2 – 3 27 9 2 – 3 = 3 2 – 3 3 2 – 3 = 6 – 3 Multiply. Multiply and divide from left to right. STEP 3 Evaluate the expression 27 3 2 2 3. – There are no grouping symbols, so go to Step 2. STEP 1 Evaluate powers. STEP 2 STEP 4 Add and subtract from left to right. 6 – 3 = 3 Subtract. ANSWER The value of the expression 27 3 2 2 – 3 is 3.
24 – (9 + 1) = 2[9] Evaluate the expression. a. 7(13 – 8) = = 35 Subtract within parentheses. Multiply. b.b. 24 – (3 2 + 1) = Evaluate power. =24 – 10 Add within parentheses. = 14 Subtract. c. 2[30 – (8 + 13)] = Add within parentheses. Subtract within brackets. = 18 Multiply. 7(5) 2[30 – 21]
Evaluate the expression when x = 4. 9x 3(x + 2) Substitute 4 for x. Add within parentheses. 18 36 = Multiply. =2 Divide. = 9 4 3(4 + 2)3 6 9 4 =
24 Text p. 10-11, #2-32 even Homework
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A common complaint seen in the medical world is hip pain. Individuals of any age can develop hip pain from a number of conditions, but the largest demographic would be those aged 60 and up. In a study conducted by John Hopkins Medical School, 14.3-percent of adults 60 years old and up reported significant chronic hip pain that oftentimes lasted 6 weeks or more. As you can see, hip pain affects many people, every day, but the reason why you have hip pain isn’t always obvious.
In order to understand where the hip pain is coming from, you should visit a doctor for an examination and imaging tests. Once you’ve been properly diagnosed, you and your doctor can come up with a treatment plan. However, understanding symptoms of common causes of hip pain can help you communicate with medical professionals better.
Let’s have a look at the 10 common causes of hip pain:
Things To Know About Hip Pain
Before getting into the causes, we need to discuss some anatomy. The hip is comprised of a ball-and-socket joint. The “socket” is the pelvic bone, called the acetabulum, and the “ball” is the femoral head. The ball-and-socket joint is covered in cartilage, a white tissue that cushions bones and allows for easy movement.
Because of the joint shape, pain can be spread in several directions. Problems with the joint itself will cause pain inside the hip (anterior hip pain). Meanwhile, pain that develops on the side of the hip (lateral hip pain) or behind the hip, near the buttocks (posterior hip pain), is usually rooted in muscle, ligament, tendon, and nerve problems around the hip joint. Being able to differentiate where the pain is coming from is the first step to understanding what could be wrong.
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ज्योतिषीय एवं धर्मशास्त्रीय दृष्टि से कार्तिक मास में किया स्नान, व्रत व दान काफी पुण्यकारी माने जाते हैं। विष्णु धर्मोत्तर पुराण में लिखा है कि वर्षभर में किए पुण्य कर्मों की अपेक्षा महिलाओं के लिए कार्तिक स्नान व्रत व दान करने से दस गुणा ज्यादा लाभ होता है। भगवान विष्णु की कृपा पाने के लिए भी इस मास में पूजा व व्रत रखना चाहिए। स्कंद व मत्स्य पुराण के अनुसार कार्तिक स्नान करने वाली महिलाओं, युवतियों को मास पर्यंत क्रोध न करना, ईष्र्या, द्वेष नहीं रखना चाहिए। वन्य जीवों, पालतु पशुओं, तथा पक्षियों के लिए किसी भी प्रकार की हिंसा न करे। चोरी, व्यभिचार व किसी भी प्राणी को कायिक, वाचिक और मानसिक रूप से आघात नहीं पहुंचाना चाहिए।
कार्तिक स्नान कर रहीं महिलाओं को प्रतिदिन तांबे के पात्र में जल लेकर डाब से गाय के दाहिनें सींग को सींचना चाहिए। गाय को अनाज व हरी घास खिलाना इस मास में पुण्यकारी माना गया है। कार्तिक मास में गोवत्स द्वादशी या पूरे माह में योग्य ब्राह्मण को गोदान करने से उसे नरक का मुंह नहीं देखना पड़ता तथा नारकीय यातनाएं नहीं सहनी पड़ती है, ऐसा विष्णु पुराण में उल्लेख मिलता है। पूरे कार्तिक मास तक तुलसी की पूजा करनी चाहिए तथा विष्णु व लक्ष्मी के श्लोक पढऩे चाहिए। आंवले व केले के पेड़ को पूरे कार्तिक माह तक सींचना चाहिए और उनके प्रतिदिन सात-सात परिक्रमाएं भी करनी चाहिए। परिक्रमा के दौरान ऊं विष्णवे नम: का उच्चारण करना लाभकारी माना गया है।
न हि पिता जननी न च बांधव:।
वृजति साकमनेन जनेन वै भजत रे मनुजा: कमलापतिम्।।
रोगं शोकं तापं पापं हर में भगवति कुमतिकलापम्।
त्रिभुवनसारे वसुधाहारे त्वमसि गति: मम खलु संसारे।।
लभेयं तां शांतिं परममुनिभिर्या ह्यधिगता।
दयां कृत्वा मे त्वं वितर परशांतिं भवहर।।
अपनी सुविधा के अनुसार महिलाओं को कार्तिक मास में किए स्नान व व्रत आदि के बाद कार्तिक शुक्ल पूर्णिमा को ७ या २१ ब्राह्मण जोड़ों को भोजन कराना चाहिए तथा भगवान विष्णु के लिए हवन करवाना भी उत्तम रहता है। कार्तिक मास में ही तांबे, वस्त्र, गाय, चांदी का दान करना उत्तम है। शुक्रवार या रविवार को सुहागिनों को कम्बल या आभूषण का दान या सुहागिनी संबंधी दान करने से दंपत्ती दीर्घायु होती हैं, ऐसा मार्कण्डेय पुराण का अभिमत है।
ब्रह्मपुराण के अनुसार रोगी या शारीरिक रूप से कमजोर व्यक्ति दो समय भोजन कर सकते हैं। भूलकर भी कार्तिक स्नान करने वाली महिलाओं को इस मास में आंसू नहीं बहाना चाहिए। कलह नहीं करना चाहिए। पूरे मास स्नान करने से सूर्योदय के सवा दो घंटे बाद तक पीले वस्त्र या पीली ओढऩी का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं। ऐसा पद्म व कूर्म पुराण का मत है। व्रतोपवास के दौरान विवाहिताओं के लिए मंगल सिंदूर लगाना चाहिए। इस माह ज्यादा सौंदर्य प्रसाधन सामग्री के उपयोग से भी बचना चाहिए। साथ ही तिल का तेल, श्रीखंड व आंवले का भी सेवन करना चाहिए। पवित्र कार्तिक मास तन और मन दोनों को शुद्ध करने का माध्यम है।
कार्तिक स्नान व व्रत करने से मृत्यु मुख में जा रहा व्यक्ति भी बच निकलता है, ऐसा ब्रह्म पुराण और भविष्य पुराण में लिखा गया है। वास्तव में इस मास के धार्मिक कृत्यों के लिए जो लोग क्षमाशील, विनम्र, दयाभाव, दानी, जितेन्द्रिय, आस्तिक, संतोषी, पाखंड से दूर रहने वाले, ब्रह्मचर्य, अहिंसा, सत्य व सात्विक भोजन करने वाले कार्तिक स्नान व व्रत के अधिकारी होते हैं। इतना ही नहीं कार्तिक स्नान व व्रत करने वालों को नमक व शहद का बहुत कम मात्रा में प्रयोग करना चाहिए। यथा संभव जौ के आटे का सेवन करें व एक समय भोजन करें। भोजन में तुलसी पत्ते का सेवन जरूर करना चाहिए। |
- Rehumanizing Babel: Museums and the Re-enchantment of the Arts and Sciences
- Series Title:
- Rehumanizing the University: New Perspectives on the Liberal Arts
- Physical Description:
- Shelton, Anthony
- Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, University of Florida
- Place of Publication:
- Gainesville, FL
- Publication Date:
- Over the past 150 years, the arts and sciences have been sharply divided by questions of methodology, authority, and their role and relevance in modern societies. Science has become increasingly transcendental and estranged from mainstream western culture, while art practices have sought to embed themselves more in social processes and encourage a dialogue on contemporary issues and conditions. In this talk, Prof. Shelton argues that university museums are in a unique position to act as catalysts in drawing these two great forms of knowing together in order to re-situate and humanize science, while at the same time bringing new conditions of knowledge production into existence.
- Anthony Shelton received his D.Phil. in Anthropology at the University of Oxford in 2002. He currently serves as Director of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, and Professor of Anthropology and Adjunct Professor of Art History, Visual Culture and Theory at the same institution. Previously he was Head of Collections, Research, and Development at the Horniman Museum in London. His research interests range from theoretical foundations of anthropology to the incorporation of Latin American Art into Western collections. He has edited The Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia (2009, with Carol E. Mayer), Collectors: Expressions of Self and Other (2001), Collectors: Individuals and Institutions (2001), and a number of articles on combat in Mexican dance dramas and museological practice.
- This series of twelve lectures is co-sponsored by the UF Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere (Rothman Endowment), the Harn Eminent Scholar Chair in Art History Program, the UF Honors Program, the Alexander Grass Chair in Jewish History at UF, the UF International Center, the UF Office of Research, UF College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the UF Center for Jewish Studies, the UF Libraries, the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions, the UF France-Florida Research Institute, the Hyatt and Cici Brown Endowment for Florida Archaeology, the UF Department of History, the UF Department of Classics, the UF African American Studies Program, the UF Center for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, UF College of Design, Construction and Planning, and the Alachua County Library District.
- Source Institution:
- University of Florida
- Holding Location:
- University of Florida
- Rights Management:
- All rights reserved by the source institution.
- System ID: |
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