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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Analysis is reported on 37 patients with a minimum of 6 months follow - up who received a total of 192 cycles of TFL : nine cycles ( 5 % ) were associated with grade 3 / 4 neutropenia requiring hospitalization ; seven ( 4 % ) cycles in two patients required granulocyte colony - stimulating factor due to neutropenia ; no patient required platelet transfusions .
### Output Text: | Analysis is reported on 37 patients with a minimum of 6 months follow - up who received a total of 192 cycles of TFL : nine cycles ( 5 % ) were associated with grade 3 / 4 neutropenia requiring hospitalization ; seven ( 4 % ) cycles in two patients required <span class="chemical">granulocyte colony - stimulating factor</span> due to neutropenia ; no patient required platelet transfusions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Grade 3 / 4 nonhematologic toxicities were uncommon .
### Output Text: | Grade 3 / 4 nonhematologic toxicities were uncommon . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Among the 34 patients evaluable for response , there were three complete responses ( 9 % ) and 18 partial responses ( 53 % ) for an overall response rate of 62 % .
### Output Text: | Among the 34 patients evaluable for response , there were three complete responses ( 9 % ) and 18 partial responses ( 53 % ) for an overall response rate of 62 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Of the 19 evaluable patients with prior doxorubicin exposure , 11 ( 58 % ) responded compared with nine of 15 ( 60 % ) without prior doxorubicin .
### Output Text: | Of the 19 evaluable patients with prior <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> exposure , 11 ( 58 % ) responded compared with nine of 15 ( 60 % ) without prior <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Plasma paclitaxel concentrations were measured at the completion of paclitaxel infusion and at 24 hours in 19 patients .
### Output Text: | Plasma <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> concentrations were measured at the completion of <span class="chemical">paclitaxel</span> infusion and at 24 hours in 19 patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: TFL is an active , well - tolerated regimen in metastatic breast cancer .
### Output Text: | TFL is an active , well - tolerated regimen in metastatic breast cancer . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Efficacy and proarrhythmia with the use of d , l - sotalol for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias .
### Output Text: | Efficacy and proarrhythmia with the use of <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This study prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy , the incidence of torsades de pointes , and the presumable risk factors for torsades de pointes in patients treated with d , l - sotalol for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias .
### Output Text: | This study prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy , the incidence of torsades de pointes , and the presumable risk factors for torsades de pointes in patients treated with <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Eighty - one consecutive patients ( 54 with coronary artery disease , and 20 with dilated cardiomyopathy ) with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation received oral d , l - sotalol to prevent induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia .
### Output Text: | Eighty - one consecutive patients ( 54 with coronary artery disease , and 20 with dilated cardiomyopathy ) with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation received oral <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> to prevent induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: During oral loading with d , l - sotalol , continuous electrocardiographic ( ECG ) monitoring was performed .
### Output Text: | During oral loading with <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> , continuous electrocardiographic ( ECG ) monitoring was performed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Those patients in whom d , l - sotalol prevented induction of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were discharged with the drug and followed up on an outpatient basis for 21 + / - 18 months .
### Output Text: | Those patients in whom <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> prevented induction of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were discharged with the drug and followed up on an outpatient basis for 21 + / - 18 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia was prevented by oral d , l - sotalol in 35 ( 43 % ) patients ; the ventricular tachyarrhythmia remained inducible in 40 ( 49 % ) patients ; and two ( 2 . 5 % ) patients did not tolerate even 40 mg of d , l - sotalol once daily .
### Output Text: | Induction of the ventricular tachyarrhythmia was prevented by oral <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> in 35 ( 43 % ) patients ; the ventricular tachyarrhythmia remained inducible in 40 ( 49 % ) patients ; and two ( 2 . 5 % ) patients did not tolerate even 40 mg of <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> once daily . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Four ( 5 % ) patients had from torsades de pointes during the initial oral treatment with d , l - sotalol .
### Output Text: | Four ( 5 % ) patients had from torsades de pointes during the initial oral treatment with <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Neither ECG [ sinus - cycle length ( SCL ) , QT or QTc interval , or U wave ] nor clinical parameters identified patients at risk for torsades de pointes .
### Output Text: | Neither ECG [ sinus - cycle length ( SCL ) , QT or QTc interval , or U wave ] nor clinical parameters identified patients at risk for torsades de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , the oral dose of d , l - sotalol was significantly lower in patients with torsades de pointes ( 200 + / - 46 vs . 328 + / - 53 mg / day ; p = 0 . 0017 ) .
### Output Text: | However , the oral dose of <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> was significantly lower in patients with torsades de pointes ( 200 + / - 46 vs . 328 + / - 53 mg / day ; p = 0 . 0017 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Risk factors associated with the development of torsades de pointes were the appearance of an U wave ( p = 0 . 049 ) , female gender ( p = 0 . 015 ) , and significant dose - corrected changes of SCL , QT interval , and QTc interval ( p < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Risk factors associated with the development of torsades de pointes were the appearance of an U wave ( p = 0 . 049 ) , female gender ( p = 0 . 015 ) , and significant dose - corrected changes of SCL , QT interval , and QTc interval ( p < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: During follow - up , seven ( 20 % ) patients had a nonfatal ventricular tachycardia recurrence , and two ( 6 % ) patients died suddenly .
### Output Text: | During follow - up , seven ( 20 % ) patients had a nonfatal ventricular tachycardia recurrence , and two ( 6 % ) patients died suddenly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: One female patient with stable cardiac disease had recurrent torsades de pointes after 2 years of successful treatment with d , l - sotalol .
### Output Text: | One female patient with stable cardiac disease had recurrent torsades de pointes after 2 years of successful treatment with <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Torsades de pointes occurred early during treatment even with low doses of oral d , l - sotalol .
### Output Text: | Torsades de pointes occurred early during treatment even with low doses of oral <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Pronounced changes in the surface ECG ( cycle length , QT , and QTc ) in relation to the dose of oral d , l - sotalol might identify a subgroup of patients with an increased risk for torsades de pointes .
### Output Text: | Pronounced changes in the surface ECG ( cycle length , QT , and QTc ) in relation to the dose of oral <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> might identify a subgroup of patients with an increased risk for torsades de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Other ECG parameters before the application of d , l - sotalol did not identify patients at increased risk for torsades de pointes .
### Output Text: | Other ECG parameters before the application of <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> did not identify patients at increased risk for torsades de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Recurrence rates of ventricular tachyarrhythmias are high despite complete suppression of the arrhythmia during programmed stimulation .
### Output Text: | Recurrence rates of ventricular tachyarrhythmias are high despite complete suppression of the arrhythmia during programmed stimulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Therefore programmed electrical stimulation in the case of d , l - sotalol seems to be of limited prognostic value .
### Output Text: | Therefore programmed electrical stimulation in the case of <span class="chemical">d , l - sotalol</span> seems to be of limited prognostic value . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Chronic hyperprolactinemia and changes in dopamine neurons .
### Output Text: | Chronic hyperprolactinemia and changes in <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> neurons . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic ( TIDA ) system is known to inhibit prolactin ( PRL ) secretion .
### Output Text: | The tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic ( TIDA ) system is known to inhibit prolactin ( PRL ) secretion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In young animals this system responds to acute elevations in serum PRL by increasing its activity .
### Output Text: | In young animals this system responds to acute elevations in serum PRL by increasing its activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , this responsiveness is lost in aging rats with chronically high serum PRL levels .
### Output Text: | However , this responsiveness is lost in aging rats with chronically high serum PRL levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The purpose of this study was to induce hyperprolactinemia in rats for extended periods of time and examine its effects on dopaminergic systems in the brain .
### Output Text: | The purpose of this study was to induce hyperprolactinemia in rats for extended periods of time and examine its effects on dopaminergic systems in the brain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Hyperprolactinemia was induced by treatment with haloperidol , a dopamine receptor antagonist , and Palkovits ' microdissection technique in combination with high - performance liquid chromatography was used to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in several areas of the brain .
### Output Text: | Hyperprolactinemia was induced by treatment with <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> , a <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> receptor antagonist , and Palkovits ' microdissection technique in combination with high - performance liquid chromatography was used to measure neurotransmitter concentrations in several areas of the brain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: After 6 months of hyperprolactinemia , dopamine ( DA ) concentrations in the median eminence ( ME ) increased by 84 % over the control group .
### Output Text: | After 6 months of hyperprolactinemia , <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> ( <span class="chemical">DA</span> ) concentrations in the median eminence ( ME ) increased by 84 % over the control group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Nine months of hyperprolactinemia produced a 50 % increase in DA concentrations in the ME over the control group .
### Output Text: | Nine months of hyperprolactinemia produced a 50 % increase in <span class="chemical">DA</span> concentrations in the ME over the control group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , DA response was lost if a 9 - month long haloperidol - induced hyperprolactinemia was followed by a 1 1 / 2 month - long extremely high increase in serum PRL levels produced by implantation of MMQ cells under the kidney capsule .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">DA</span> response was lost if a 9 - month long <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced hyperprolactinemia was followed by a 1 1 / 2 month - long extremely high increase in serum PRL levels produced by implantation of MMQ cells under the kidney capsule . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: There was no change in the levels of DA , norepinephrine ( NE ) , serotonin ( 5 - HT ) , or their metabolites in the arcuate nucleus ( AN ) , medial preoptic area ( MPA ) , caudate putamen ( CP ) , substantia nigra ( SN ) , and zona incerta ( ZI ) , except for a decrease in 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( 5 - HIAA ) in the AN after 6 - months of hyperprolactinemia and an increase in DA concentrations in the AN after 9 - months of hyperprolactinemia .
### Output Text: | There was no change in the levels of <span class="chemical">DA</span> , <span class="chemical">norepinephrine</span> ( <span class="chemical">NE</span> ) , <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> ( <span class="chemical">5 - HT</span> ) , or their metabolites in the arcuate nucleus ( AN ) , medial preoptic area ( MPA ) , caudate putamen ( CP ) , substantia nigra ( SN ) , and zona incerta ( ZI ) , except for a decrease in <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid</span> ( <span class="chemical">5 - HIAA</span> ) in the AN after 6 - months of hyperprolactinemia and an increase in <span class="chemical">DA</span> concentrations in the AN after 9 - months of hyperprolactinemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These results demonstrate that hyperprolactinemia specifically affects TIDA neurons and these effects vary , depending on the duration and intensity of hyperprolactinemia .
### Output Text: | These results demonstrate that hyperprolactinemia specifically affects TIDA neurons and these effects vary , depending on the duration and intensity of hyperprolactinemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The age - related decrease in hypothalamic dopamine function may be associated with increases in PRL secretion .
### Output Text: | The age - related decrease in hypothalamic <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> function may be associated with increases in PRL secretion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Treatment - related disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy with characteristic contrast enhancement of the white matter .
### Output Text: | Treatment - related disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy with characteristic contrast enhancement of the white matter . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This report describes unique contrast enhancement of the white matter on T1 - weighted magnetic resonance images of two patients with disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy , which developed from acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high - dose methotrexate .
### Output Text: | This report describes unique contrast enhancement of the white matter on T1 - weighted magnetic resonance images of two patients with disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy , which developed from acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high - dose <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In both patients , the enhancement was more pronounced near the base of the brain than at the vertex .
### Output Text: | In both patients , the enhancement was more pronounced near the base of the brain than at the vertex . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Necropsy of the first case revealed loss of myelination and necrosis of the white matter .
### Output Text: | Necropsy of the first case revealed loss of myelination and necrosis of the white matter . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Possible mechanisms causing such a leukoencephalopathy are discussed .
### Output Text: | Possible mechanisms causing such a leukoencephalopathy are discussed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thrombotic complications in acute promyelocytic leukemia during all - trans - retinoic acid therapy .
### Output Text: | Thrombotic complications in acute promyelocytic leukemia during <span class="chemical">all - trans - retinoic acid</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A case of acute renal failure , due to occlusion of renal vessels in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) treated with all - trans - retinoic acid ( ATRA ) and tranexamic acid has been described recently .
### Output Text: | A case of acute renal failure , due to occlusion of renal vessels in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia ( APL ) treated with <span class="chemical">all - trans - retinoic acid</span> ( <span class="chemical">ATRA</span> ) and <span class="chemical">tranexamic acid</span> has been described recently . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report a case of acute renal failure in an APL patient treated with ATRA alone .
### Output Text: | We report a case of acute renal failure in an APL patient treated with <span class="chemical">ATRA</span> alone . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This case further supports the concern about thromboembolic complications associated with ATRA therapy in APL patients .
### Output Text: | This case further supports the concern about thromboembolic complications associated with <span class="chemical">ATRA</span> therapy in APL patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The patients , a 43 - year - old man , presented all the signs and symptoms of APL and was included in a treatment protocol with ATRA .
### Output Text: | The patients , a 43 - year - old man , presented all the signs and symptoms of APL and was included in a treatment protocol with <span class="chemical">ATRA</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 10 days of treatment , he developed acute renal failure that was completely reversible after complete remission of APL was achieved and therapy discontinued .
### Output Text: | After 10 days of treatment , he developed acute renal failure that was completely reversible after complete remission of APL was achieved and therapy discontinued . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We conclude that ATRA is a valid therapeutic choice for patients with APL , although the procoagulant tendency is not completely corrected .
### Output Text: | We conclude that <span class="chemical">ATRA</span> is a valid therapeutic choice for patients with APL , although the procoagulant tendency is not completely corrected . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thrombotic events , however , could be avoided by using low - dose heparin .
### Output Text: | Thrombotic events , however , could be avoided by using low - dose <span class="chemical">heparin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pupillary changes associated with the development of stimulant - induced mania : a case report .
### Output Text: | Pupillary changes associated with the development of stimulant - induced mania : a case report . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 30 - year - old cocaine - dependent man who was a subject in a study evaluating the anticraving efficacy of the stimulant medication diethylpropion ( DEP ) became manic during his second week on the study drug .
### Output Text: | A 30 - year - old <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - dependent man who was a subject in a study evaluating the anticraving efficacy of the stimulant medication <span class="chemical">diethylpropion</span> ( <span class="chemical">DEP</span> ) became manic during his second week on the study drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pupillometric changes while on DEP , especially changes in the total power of pupillary oscillation , were dramatically different than those observed in the eight other study subjects who did not become manic .
### Output Text: | Pupillometric changes while on <span class="chemical">DEP</span> , especially changes in the total power of pupillary oscillation , were dramatically different than those observed in the eight other study subjects who did not become manic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The large changes in total power of pupillary oscillation occurred a few days before the patient became fully manic .
### Output Text: | The large changes in total power of pupillary oscillation occurred a few days before the patient became fully manic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Such medication - associated changes in the total power of pupillary oscillation might be of utility in identifying persons at risk for manic - like adverse effects during the medical use of psychomotor stimulants or sympathomimetic agents .
### Output Text: | Such medication - associated changes in the total power of pupillary oscillation might be of utility in identifying persons at risk for manic - like adverse effects during the medical use of psychomotor stimulants or sympathomimetic agents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Fetal risks due to warfarin therapy during pregnancy .
### Output Text: | Fetal risks due to <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> therapy during pregnancy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with warfarin during pregnancy .
### Output Text: | Two mothers with heart valve prosthesis were treated with <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> during pregnancy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of warfarin with heparin .
### Output Text: | In the first case a caesarean section was done one week after replacement of <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> with <span class="chemical">heparin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage .
### Output Text: | The baby died of cerebral and pulmonary hemorrhage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section .
### Output Text: | The second mother had a male infant by caesarean section . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The baby showed warfarin - induced embryopathy with nasal hypoplasia and stippled epiphyses ( chondrodysplasia punctata ) .
### Output Text: | The baby showed <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> - induced embryopathy with nasal hypoplasia and stippled epiphyses ( chondrodysplasia punctata ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with warfarin during the first trimester , and a causal association is probable .
### Output Text: | Nasal hypoplasia with or without stippled epiphyses has now been reported in 11 infants born to mothers treated with <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> during the first trimester , and a causal association is probable . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative .
### Output Text: | In view of the risks to both mother and fetus in women with prosthetic cardiac valves it is recommended that therapeutic abortion be advised as the first alternative . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The negative mucosal potential : separating central and peripheral effects of NSAIDs in man .
### Output Text: | The negative mucosal potential : separating central and peripheral effects of NSAIDs in man . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : We wanted to test whether assessment of both a central pain - related signal ( chemo - somatosensory evoked potential , CSSEP ) and a concomitantly recorded peripheral signal ( negative mucosal potential , NMP ) allows for separation of central and peripheral effects of NSAIDs .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : We wanted to test whether assessment of both a central pain - related signal ( chemo - somatosensory evoked potential , CSSEP ) and a concomitantly recorded peripheral signal ( negative mucosal potential , NMP ) allows for separation of central and peripheral effects of NSAIDs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: For this purpose , experimental conditions were created in which NSAIDs had previously been observed to produce effects on phasic and tonic pain by either central or peripheral mechanisms .
### Output Text: | For this purpose , experimental conditions were created in which NSAIDs had previously been observed to produce effects on phasic and tonic pain by either central or peripheral mechanisms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : According to a double - blind , randomised , controlled , threefold cross - over design , 18 healthy subjects ( 11 males , 7 females ; mean age 26 years ) received either placebo , 400 mg ibuprofen , or 800 mg ibuprofen .
### Output Text: | METHODS : According to a double - blind , randomised , controlled , threefold cross - over design , 18 healthy subjects ( 11 males , 7 females ; mean age 26 years ) received either placebo , 400 mg <span class="chemical">ibuprofen</span> , or 800 mg <span class="chemical">ibuprofen</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Phasic pain was applied by means of short pulses of CO2 to the nasal mucosa ( stimulus duration 500 ms , interval approximately 60 s ) , and tonic pain was induced in the nasal cavity by means of dry air of controlled temperature , humidity and flow rate ( 22 degrees C , 0 % relative humidity , 145 ml . s - 1 ) .
### Output Text: | Phasic pain was applied by means of short pulses of <span class="chemical">CO2</span> to the nasal mucosa ( stimulus duration 500 ms , interval approximately 60 s ) , and tonic pain was induced in the nasal cavity by means of dry air of controlled temperature , humidity and flow rate ( 22 degrees C , 0 % relative humidity , 145 ml . s - 1 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Both CSSEPs as central and NMPs as peripheral correlates of pain were obtained in response to the CO2 stimuli .
### Output Text: | Both CSSEPs as central and NMPs as peripheral correlates of pain were obtained in response to the <span class="chemical">CO2</span> stimuli . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Additionally , the subjects rated the intensity of both phasic and tonic pain by means of visual analogue scales .
### Output Text: | Additionally , the subjects rated the intensity of both phasic and tonic pain by means of visual analogue scales . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : As described earlier , administration of ibuprofen was followed by a decrease in tonic pain but - relative to placebo - an increase in correlates of phasic pain , indicating a specific effect of ibuprofen on the interaction between the pain stimuli under these special experimental conditions .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : As described earlier , administration of <span class="chemical">ibuprofen</span> was followed by a decrease in tonic pain but - relative to placebo - an increase in correlates of phasic pain , indicating a specific effect of <span class="chemical">ibuprofen</span> on the interaction between the pain stimuli under these special experimental conditions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Based on the similar behaviour of CSSEP and NMP , it was concluded that the pharmacological process underlying this phenomenon was localised in the periphery .
### Output Text: | Based on the similar behaviour of CSSEP and NMP , it was concluded that the pharmacological process underlying this phenomenon was localised in the periphery . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: By means of the simultaneous recording of interrelated peripheral and central electrophysiologic correlates of nociception , it was possible to separate central and peripheral effects of an NSAID .
### Output Text: | By means of the simultaneous recording of interrelated peripheral and central electrophysiologic correlates of nociception , it was possible to separate central and peripheral effects of an NSAID . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The major advantage of this pain model is the possibility of obtaining peripheral pain - related activity directly using a non - invasive technique in humans .
### Output Text: | The major advantage of this pain model is the possibility of obtaining peripheral pain - related activity directly using a non - invasive technique in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effect of D - Glucarates on basic antibiotic - induced renal damage in rats .
### Output Text: | Effect of <span class="chemical">D - Glucarates</span> on basic antibiotic - induced renal damage in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dehydrated rats regularly develop acute renal failure following single injection of aminoglycoside antibiotics combined with dextran or of antibiotics only .
### Output Text: | Dehydrated rats regularly develop acute renal failure following single injection of <span class="chemical">aminoglycoside</span> antibiotics combined with dextran or of antibiotics only . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Oral administration of 2 , 5 - di - O - acetyl - D - glucaro - 1 , 4 - 6 , 3 - dilactone protected rats against renal failure induced by kanamycin - dextran .
### Output Text: | Oral administration of <span class="chemical">2 , 5 - di - O - acetyl - D - glucaro - 1 , 4 - 6 , 3 - dilactone</span> protected rats against renal failure induced by <span class="chemical">kanamycin</span> - dextran . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The protective effect was prevalent among D - glucarates , and also to other saccharic acid , hexauronic acids and hexaaldonic acids , although to a lesser degree , but not to a hexaaldose , sugar alcohols , substances inthe TCA cycle and other acidic compounds .
### Output Text: | The protective effect was prevalent among <span class="chemical">D - glucarates</span> , and also to other <span class="chemical">saccharic acid</span> , <span class="chemical">hexauronic acids</span> and <span class="chemical">hexaaldonic acids</span> , although to a lesser degree , but not to a hexaaldose , <span class="chemical">sugar alcohols</span> , substances inthe <span class="chemical">TCA</span> cycle and other acidic compounds . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: D - Glucarates were effective against renal damage induced by peptide antibiotics as well as various aminoglycoside antibitocis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">D - Glucarates</span> were effective against renal damage induced by peptide antibiotics as well as various <span class="chemical">aminoglycoside</span> antibitocis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dose - responses were observed in the protective effect of D - Glucarates .
### Output Text: | Dose - responses were observed in the protective effect of <span class="chemical">D - Glucarates</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: With a D - glucarate of a fixed size of dose , approximately the same degree of protection was obtained against renal damages induced by different basic antibiotics despite large disparities in administration doses of different antibiotics .
### Output Text: | With a <span class="chemical">D - glucarate</span> of a fixed size of dose , approximately the same degree of protection was obtained against renal damages induced by different basic antibiotics despite large disparities in administration doses of different antibiotics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: D - Glucarates had the ability to prevent renal damage but not to cure it .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">D - Glucarates</span> had the ability to prevent renal damage but not to cure it . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Rats excreted acidic urine when they were spared from renal lesions by monosaccharides .
### Output Text: | Rats excreted acidic urine when they were spared from renal lesions by <span class="chemical">monosaccharides</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The reduction effect of D - glucarates against nephrotoxicity of basic antibiotics was discussed .
### Output Text: | The reduction effect of <span class="chemical">D - glucarates</span> against nephrotoxicity of basic antibiotics was discussed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute severe depression following peri - operative ondansetron .
### Output Text: | Acute severe depression following peri - operative <span class="chemical">ondansetron</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 41 - year - old woman with a strong history of postoperative nausea and vomiting presented for abdominal hysterectomy 3 months after a previous anaesthetic where ondansetron prophylaxis had been used .
### Output Text: | A 41 - year - old woman with a strong history of postoperative nausea and vomiting presented for abdominal hysterectomy 3 months after a previous anaesthetic where <span class="chemical">ondansetron</span> prophylaxis had been used . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: She had developed a severe acute major depression disorder almost immediately thereafter , possibly related to the use of a serotonin antagonist .
### Output Text: | She had developed a severe acute major depression disorder almost immediately thereafter , possibly related to the use of a <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> antagonist . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nine years before she had experienced a self - limited puerperal depressive episode .
### Output Text: | Nine years before she had experienced a self - limited puerperal depressive episode . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anaesthesia with a propofol infusion and avoidance of serotonin antagonists provided a nausea - free postoperative course without exacerbation of the depression disorder .
### Output Text: | Anaesthesia with a <span class="chemical">propofol</span> infusion and avoidance of <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> antagonists provided a nausea - free postoperative course without exacerbation of the depression disorder . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Hypertensive response during dobutamine stress echocardiography .
### Output Text: | Hypertensive response during <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress echocardiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Among 3 , 129 dobutamine stress echocardiographic studies , a hypertensive response , defined as systolic blood pressure ( BP ) > or = 220 mm Hg and / or diastolic BP > or = 110 mm Hg , occurred in 30 patients ( 1 % ) .
### Output Text: | Among 3 , 129 <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress echocardiographic studies , a hypertensive response , defined as systolic blood pressure ( BP ) > or = 220 mm Hg and / or diastolic BP > or = 110 mm Hg , occurred in 30 patients ( 1 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Patients with this response more often had a history of hypertension and had higher resting systolic and diastolic BP before dobutamine infusion .
### Output Text: | Patients with this response more often had a history of hypertension and had higher resting systolic and diastolic BP before <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Continuously nebulized albuterol in severe exacerbations of asthma in adults : a case - controlled study .
### Output Text: | Continuously nebulized <span class="chemical">albuterol</span> in severe exacerbations of asthma in adults : a case - controlled study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A retrospective , case - controlled analysis comparing patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit with severe exacerbations of asthma who received continuously nebulized albuterol ( CNA ) versus intermittent albuterol ( INA ) treatments is reported .
### Output Text: | A retrospective , case - controlled analysis comparing patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit with severe exacerbations of asthma who received continuously nebulized <span class="chemical">albuterol</span> ( CNA ) versus intermittent <span class="chemical">albuterol</span> ( INA ) treatments is reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Forty matched pairs of patients with asthma are compared .
### Output Text: | Forty matched pairs of patients with asthma are compared . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CNA was administered for a mean of 11 + / - 10 hr .
### Output Text: | CNA was administered for a mean of 11 + / - 10 hr . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was similar between groups .
### Output Text: | The incidence of cardiac dysrhythmias was similar between groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Symptomatic hypokalemia did not occur .
### Output Text: | Symptomatic hypokalemia did not occur . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CNA patients had higher heart rates during treatment , which may reflect severity of illness .
### Output Text: | CNA patients had higher heart rates during treatment , which may reflect severity of illness . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The incidence of intubation was similar .
### Output Text: | The incidence of intubation was similar . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We conclude that CNA and INA demonstrated similar profiles with regard to safety , morbidity , and mortality .
### Output Text: | We conclude that CNA and INA demonstrated similar profiles with regard to safety , morbidity , and mortality . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate : report of a case and review of the literature .
### Output Text: | Paraplegia following intrathecal <span class="chemical">methotrexate</span> : report of a case and review of the literature . |
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