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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct health - care costs and management of RIHA during treatment of CHC in a clinical trial setting .
### Output Text: | The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct health - care costs and management of RIHA during treatment of CHC in a clinical trial setting . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize information on the incidence and management of RIHA .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize information on the incidence and management of RIHA . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Decision - analytic techniques were used to estimate the cost of treating RIHA .
### Output Text: | Decision - analytic techniques were used to estimate the cost of treating RIHA . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Uncertainty was evaluated using sensitivity analyses .
### Output Text: | Uncertainty was evaluated using sensitivity analyses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : RIHA , defined as a reduction in hemoglobin to less than 100 g / L , occurs in approximately 7 % to 9 % of patients treated with combination therapy .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : RIHA , defined as a reduction in hemoglobin to less than 100 g / L , occurs in approximately 7 % to 9 % of patients treated with combination therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The standard of care for management of RIHA is reduction or discontinuation of the ribavirin dosage .
### Output Text: | The standard of care for management of RIHA is reduction or discontinuation of the <span class="chemical">ribavirin</span> dosage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We estimated the direct cost of treating clinically significant RIHA to be 170 per patient receiving combination therapy per 48 - week treatment course ( range 68 - 692 ) .
### Output Text: | We estimated the direct cost of treating clinically significant RIHA to be 170 per patient receiving combination therapy per 48 - week treatment course ( range 68 - 692 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results of the one - way sensitivity analyses ranged from 57 to 317 .
### Output Text: | The results of the one - way sensitivity analyses ranged from 57 to 317 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In comparison , the cost of 48 weeks of combination therapy is 16 , 459 .
### Output Text: | In comparison , the cost of 48 weeks of combination therapy is 16 , 459 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The direct cost of treating clinically significant RIHA is 1 % ( 170 / 16 , 459 ) of drug treatment costs .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : The direct cost of treating clinically significant RIHA is 1 % ( 170 / 16 , 459 ) of drug treatment costs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Questions remain about the optimal dose of ribavirin and the incidence of RIHA in a real - world population .
### Output Text: | Questions remain about the optimal dose of <span class="chemical">ribavirin</span> and the incidence of RIHA in a real - world population . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Despite these uncertainties , this initial evaluation of the direct cost of treating RIHA provides an estimate of the cost and management implications of this clinically important adverse effect .
### Output Text: | Despite these uncertainties , this initial evaluation of the direct cost of treating RIHA provides an estimate of the cost and management implications of this clinically important adverse effect . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Preliminary efficacy assessment of intrathecal injection of an American formulation of adenosine in humans .
### Output Text: | Preliminary efficacy assessment of intrathecal injection of an American formulation of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Preclinical studies of intrathecal adenosine suggest it may be effective in the treatment of acute and chronic pain in humans , and preliminary studies in volunteers and patients with a Swedish formulation of adenosine suggests it may be effective in hypersensitivity states but not with acute noxious stimulation .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Preclinical studies of intrathecal <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> suggest it may be effective in the treatment of acute and chronic pain in humans , and preliminary studies in volunteers and patients with a Swedish formulation of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> suggests it may be effective in hypersensitivity states but not with acute noxious stimulation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The purpose of this study was to screen for efficacy of a different formulation of adenosine marketed in the US , using both acute noxious stimulation and capsaicin - evoked mechanical hypersensitivity .
### Output Text: | The purpose of this study was to screen for efficacy of a different formulation of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> marketed in the US , using both acute noxious stimulation and <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> - evoked mechanical hypersensitivity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Following Food and Drug Administration and institutional review board approval and written informed consent , 65 volunteers were studied in two trials : an open - label , dose - escalating trial with intrathecal adenosine doses of 0 . 25 - 2 . 0 mg and a double - blind , placebo - controlled trial of adenosine , 2 mg .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Following Food and Drug Administration and institutional review board approval and written informed consent , 65 volunteers were studied in two trials : an open - label , dose - escalating trial with intrathecal <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> doses of 0 . 25 - 2 . 0 mg and a double - blind , placebo - controlled trial of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> , 2 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis , and pain ratings in response to acute heat stimuli and areas of mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia after intradermal capsaicin injection were determined .
### Output Text: | Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained for pharmacokinetic analysis , and pain ratings in response to acute heat stimuli and areas of mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia after intradermal <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> injection were determined . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Adenosine produced no effect on pain report to acute noxious thermal or chemical stimulation but reduced mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia from intradermal capsaicin injection for at least 24 h .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : <span class="chemical">Adenosine</span> produced no effect on pain report to acute noxious thermal or chemical stimulation but reduced mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia from intradermal <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> injection for at least 24 h . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , residence time of adenosine in cerebrospinal fluid was short ( < 4 h ) .
### Output Text: | In contrast , residence time of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> in cerebrospinal fluid was short ( < 4 h ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : These results show selective inhibition by intrathecal adenosine of hypersensitivity , presumed to reflect central sensitization in humans after peripheral capsaicin injection .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : These results show selective inhibition by intrathecal <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> of hypersensitivity , presumed to reflect central sensitization in humans after peripheral <span class="chemical">capsaicin</span> injection . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The long - lasting effect is consistent with that observed in preliminary reports of patients with chronic neuropathic pain and is not due to prolonged residence of adenosine in cerebrospinal fluid .
### Output Text: | The long - lasting effect is consistent with that observed in preliminary reports of patients with chronic neuropathic pain and is not due to prolonged residence of <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> in cerebrospinal fluid . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Delayed - onset heparin - induced thrombocytopenia .
### Output Text: | Delayed - onset <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Heparin - induced thrombocytopenia presents 5 to 12 days after heparin exposure , with or without arterial or venous thromboemboli .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia presents 5 to 12 days after <span class="chemical">heparin</span> exposure , with or without arterial or venous thromboemboli . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Delayed recognition and treatment of heparin - induced thrombocytopenia contribute to poor patient outcomes .
### Output Text: | Delayed recognition and treatment of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia contribute to poor patient outcomes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To describe and increase awareness of a clinical scenario in which the onset or manifestations of heparin - induced thrombocytopenia are delayed .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To describe and increase awareness of a clinical scenario in which the onset or manifestations of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia are delayed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : Retrospective case series .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : Retrospective case series . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Three large urban hospitals ( with active cardiovascular surgery programs ) .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Three large urban hospitals ( with active cardiovascular surgery programs ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS : 14 patients seen over a 3 - year period in whom heparin - induced thrombocytopenia became apparent on delayed presentation with thromboembolic complications .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS : 14 patients seen over a 3 - year period in whom <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia became apparent on delayed presentation with thromboembolic complications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MEASUREMENTS : Platelet counts , onset of objectively determined thromboembolism , results of heparin - induced platelet factor 4 antibody tests , and outcomes .
### Output Text: | MEASUREMENTS : Platelet counts , onset of objectively determined thromboembolism , results of <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced platelet factor 4 antibody tests , and outcomes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Patients went home after hospitalizations that had included heparin exposure - - in most cases , with no thrombocytopenia recognized - - only to return to the hospital ( median , day 14 ) with thromboembolic complications .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Patients went home after hospitalizations that had included <span class="chemical">heparin</span> exposure - - in most cases , with no thrombocytopenia recognized - - only to return to the hospital ( median , day 14 ) with thromboembolic complications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thromboemboli were venous ( 12 patients , 7 with pulmonary emboli ) or arterial ( 4 patients ) or both .
### Output Text: | Thromboemboli were venous ( 12 patients , 7 with pulmonary emboli ) or arterial ( 4 patients ) or both . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Platelet counts were mildly decreased in all but 2 patients on second presentation .
### Output Text: | Platelet counts were mildly decreased in all but 2 patients on second presentation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: On readmission , 11 patients received therapeutic heparin , which worsened the patients ' clinical condition and , in all 11 cases , decreased the platelet count ( mean at readmission , 143 x 10 ( 9 ) cells / L ; mean nadir after heparin re - exposure , 39 x 10 ( 9 ) cells / L ) .
### Output Text: | On readmission , 11 patients received therapeutic <span class="chemical">heparin</span> , which worsened the patients ' clinical condition and , in all 11 cases , decreased the platelet count ( mean at readmission , 143 x 10 ( 9 ) cells / L ; mean nadir after <span class="chemical">heparin</span> re - exposure , 39 x 10 ( 9 ) cells / L ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Results of serologic tests for heparin - induced antibodies were positive in all patients .
### Output Text: | Results of serologic tests for <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced antibodies were positive in all patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Subsequent treatments included alternative anticoagulants ( 11 patients ) , thrombolytic drugs ( 3 patients ) , inferior vena cava filters ( 3 patients ) and , eventually , warfarin ( 11 patients ) .
### Output Text: | Subsequent treatments included alternative anticoagulants ( 11 patients ) , thrombolytic drugs ( 3 patients ) , inferior vena cava filters ( 3 patients ) and , eventually , <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> ( 11 patients ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three patients died .
### Output Text: | Three patients died . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Delayed - onset heparin - induced thrombocytopenia is increasingly being recognized .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Delayed - onset <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia is increasingly being recognized . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To avoid disastrous outcomes , physicians must consider heparin - induced thrombocytopenia whenever a recently hospitalized patient returns with thromboembolism ; therapy with alternative anticoagulants , not heparin , should be initiated .
### Output Text: | To avoid disastrous outcomes , physicians must consider <span class="chemical">heparin</span> - induced thrombocytopenia whenever a recently hospitalized patient returns with thromboembolism ; therapy with alternative anticoagulants , not <span class="chemical">heparin</span> , should be initiated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatment of risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia with a dopamine agonist in children .
### Output Text: | Treatment of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> - induced hyperprolactinemia with a <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> agonist in children . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Risperidone , a potent antagonist of both serotonergic ( 5HT2A ) and dopaminergic D2 receptors is associated with hyperprolactinemia in adults and children .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Risperidone</span> , a potent antagonist of both serotonergic ( 5HT2A ) and dopaminergic D2 receptors is associated with hyperprolactinemia in adults and children . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Chronically elevated prolactin levels in children with prolactinomas may be associated with arrested growth and development resulting in either delayed puberty or short stature .
### Output Text: | Chronically elevated prolactin levels in children with prolactinomas may be associated with arrested growth and development resulting in either delayed puberty or short stature . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These possibilities stress the importance of developing a safe and effective approach to drug - induced hyperprolactinemia in youth .
### Output Text: | These possibilities stress the importance of developing a safe and effective approach to drug - induced hyperprolactinemia in youth . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report the successful treatment of risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia with cabergoline in youth .
### Output Text: | We report the successful treatment of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> - induced hyperprolactinemia with <span class="chemical">cabergoline</span> in youth . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : We undertook a retrospective case review of four children with risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia treated with cabergoline .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We undertook a retrospective case review of four children with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> - induced hyperprolactinemia treated with <span class="chemical">cabergoline</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Four males ( age 6 - 11 years ) with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( fourth edition ) bipolar disorder or psychoses , with risperidone - induced elevations in serum prolactin levels ( 57 . 5 - 129 ng / mL , normal 5 - 15 ng / mL ) , were treated with cabergoline ( mean dose 2 . 13 + / - 0 . 09 mg / week ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Four males ( age 6 - 11 years ) with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( fourth edition ) bipolar disorder or psychoses , with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> - induced elevations in serum prolactin levels ( 57 . 5 - 129 ng / mL , normal 5 - 15 ng / mL ) , were treated with <span class="chemical">cabergoline</span> ( mean dose 2 . 13 + / - 0 . 09 mg / week ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: When serum prolactin levels normalized in all four subjects ( mean 11 . 2 + / - 10 . 9 ng / mL ) , the cabergoline dose was reduced to 1 mg / week in three of four subjects .
### Output Text: | When serum prolactin levels normalized in all four subjects ( mean 11 . 2 + / - 10 . 9 ng / mL ) , the <span class="chemical">cabergoline</span> dose was reduced to 1 mg / week in three of four subjects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mean duration of therapy with cabergoline was 523 . 5 + / - 129 . 7 days , and the mean duration of therapy with risperidone was 788 . 5 + / - 162 . 5 days .
### Output Text: | The mean duration of therapy with <span class="chemical">cabergoline</span> was 523 . 5 + / - 129 . 7 days , and the mean duration of therapy with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> was 788 . 5 + / - 162 . 5 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cabergoline was well tolerated without adverse effects .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cabergoline</span> was well tolerated without adverse effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Cabergoline may be useful for the treatment of risperidone - induced hyperprolactinemia in youth ; however , further research is needed .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Cabergoline</span> may be useful for the treatment of <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> - induced hyperprolactinemia in youth ; however , further research is needed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute cholestatic hepatitis after exposure to isoflurane .
### Output Text: | Acute cholestatic hepatitis after exposure to <span class="chemical">isoflurane</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To report a case of acute cholestatic hepatitis following exposure to the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To report a case of acute cholestatic hepatitis following exposure to the inhalational anesthetic <span class="chemical">isoflurane</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CASE SUMMARY : A 70 - year - old healthy woman from Iraq developed acute cholestatic hepatitis 3 weeks following repair of the right rotator cuff under general anesthesia .
### Output Text: | CASE SUMMARY : A 70 - year - old healthy woman from Iraq developed acute cholestatic hepatitis 3 weeks following repair of the right rotator cuff under general anesthesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was no evidence for viral , autoimmune , or metabolic causes of hepatitis .
### Output Text: | There was no evidence for viral , autoimmune , or metabolic causes of hepatitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No other medications were involved except for dipyrone for analgesia .
### Output Text: | No other medications were involved except for <span class="chemical">dipyrone</span> for analgesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The alanine aminotransferase was elevated to a peak concentration of 1533 U / L and the serum bilirubin reached a peak of 17 . 0 mg / dL .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">alanine</span> aminotransferase was elevated to a peak concentration of 1533 U / L and the serum <span class="chemical">bilirubin</span> reached a peak of 17 . 0 mg / dL . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There was slow improvement over 4 months .
### Output Text: | There was slow improvement over 4 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Accidental reexposure by the patient to dipyrone was uneventful .
### Output Text: | Accidental reexposure by the patient to <span class="chemical">dipyrone</span> was uneventful . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DISCUSSION : The clinical and histologic picture of this case resembles halothane hepatitis , which has a significant mortality rate .
### Output Text: | DISCUSSION : The clinical and histologic picture of this case resembles halothane hepatitis , which has a significant mortality rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Isoflurane , a common anesthetic agent , can cause severe cholestatic hepatitis .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Isoflurane</span> , a common anesthetic agent , can cause severe cholestatic hepatitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Torsade de pointes induced by metoclopramide in an elderly woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block .
### Output Text: | Torsade de pointes induced by <span class="chemical">metoclopramide</span> in an elderly woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There is a growing list of drugs implicated in acquired long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes .
### Output Text: | There is a growing list of drugs implicated in acquired long QT syndrome and torsade de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , the torsadogenic potential of metoclopramide , a commonly used antiemetic and prokinetic drug , has not been reported in the literature , despite its chemical similarity to procainamide .
### Output Text: | However , the torsadogenic potential of <span class="chemical">metoclopramide</span> , a commonly used antiemetic and prokinetic drug , has not been reported in the literature , despite its chemical similarity to <span class="chemical">procainamide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report on a 92 - year - old woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block who developed torsade de pointes after intravenous and oral administration of metoclopramide .
### Output Text: | We report on a 92 - year - old woman with preexisting complete left bundle branch block who developed torsade de pointes after intravenous and oral administration of <span class="chemical">metoclopramide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This patient also developed torsade de pointes when cisapride and erythromycin were given simultaneously .
### Output Text: | This patient also developed torsade de pointes when <span class="chemical">cisapride</span> and <span class="chemical">erythromycin</span> were given simultaneously . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These two episodes were suppressed successfully after discontinuing the offending drugs and administering class IB drugs .
### Output Text: | These two episodes were suppressed successfully after discontinuing the offending drugs and administering class IB drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This is the first documentation that metoclopramide provokes torsade de pointes clinically .
### Output Text: | This is the first documentation that <span class="chemical">metoclopramide</span> provokes torsade de pointes clinically . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Metoclopramide should be used cautiously in patients with a risk of torsade de pointes .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Metoclopramide</span> should be used cautiously in patients with a risk of torsade de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dopamine D2 receptor signaling controls neuronal cell death induced by muscarinic and glutamatergic drugs .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Dopamine</span> D2 receptor signaling controls neuronal cell death induced by muscarinic and glutamatergic drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dopamine ( DA ) , through D1 / D2 receptor - mediated signaling , plays a major role in the control of epileptic seizures arising in the limbic system .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Dopamine</span> ( <span class="chemical">DA</span> ) , through D1 / D2 receptor - mediated signaling , plays a major role in the control of epileptic seizures arising in the limbic system . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Excitotoxicity leading to neuronal cell death in the affected areas is a major consequence of seizures at the cellular level .
### Output Text: | Excitotoxicity leading to neuronal cell death in the affected areas is a major consequence of seizures at the cellular level . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In this respect , little is known about the role of DA receptors in the occurrence of epilepsy - induced neuronal cell death .
### Output Text: | In this respect , little is known about the role of <span class="chemical">DA</span> receptors in the occurrence of epilepsy - induced neuronal cell death . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Here we analyze the occurrence of seizures and neurotoxicity in D2R - / - mice treated with the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine .
### Output Text: | Here we analyze the occurrence of seizures and neurotoxicity in D2R - / - mice treated with the cholinergic agonist <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We compared these results with those previously obtained with kainic acid ( KA ) , a potent glutamate agonist .
### Output Text: | We compared these results with those previously obtained with <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> ( <span class="chemical">KA</span> ) , a potent <span class="chemical">glutamate</span> agonist . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Importantly , D2R - / - mice develop seizures at doses of both drugs that are not epileptogenic for WT littermates and show greater neurotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Importantly , D2R - / - mice develop seizures at doses of both drugs that are not epileptogenic for WT littermates and show greater neurotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , pilocarpine - induced seizures result in a more widespread neuronal death in both WT and D2R - / - brains in comparison to KA .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> - induced seizures result in a more widespread neuronal death in both WT and D2R - / - brains in comparison to <span class="chemical">KA</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , the absence of D2R lowers the threshold for seizures induced by both glutamate and acetylcholine .
### Output Text: | Thus , the absence of D2R lowers the threshold for seizures induced by both <span class="chemical">glutamate</span> and <span class="chemical">acetylcholine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , the dopaminergic control of epilepsy - induced neurodegeneration seems to be mediated by distinct interactions of D2R signaling with these two neurotransmitters .
### Output Text: | Moreover , the dopaminergic control of epilepsy - induced neurodegeneration seems to be mediated by distinct interactions of D2R signaling with these two neurotransmitters . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Steroid structure and pharmacological properties determine the anti - amnesic effects of pregnenolone sulphate in the passive avoidance task in rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Steroid</span> structure and pharmacological properties determine the anti - amnesic effects of <span class="chemical">pregnenolone sulphate</span> in the passive avoidance task in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Pregnenolone sulphate ( PREGS ) has generated interest as one of the most potent memory - enhancing neurosteroids to be examined in rodent learning studies , with particular importance in the ageing process .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Pregnenolone sulphate</span> ( <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> ) has generated interest as one of the most potent memory - enhancing neurosteroids to be examined in rodent learning studies , with particular importance in the ageing process . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mechanism by which this endogenous steroid enhances memory formation is hypothesized to involve actions on glutamatergic and GABAergic systems .
### Output Text: | The mechanism by which this endogenous <span class="chemical">steroid</span> enhances memory formation is hypothesized to involve actions on glutamatergic and GABAergic systems . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This hypothesis stems from findings that PREGS is a potent positive modulator of N - methyl - d - aspartate receptors ( NMDARs ) and a negative modulator of gamma - aminobutyric acid ( A ) receptors ( GABA ( A ) Rs ) .
### Output Text: | This hypothesis stems from findings that <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> is a potent positive modulator of <span class="chemical">N - methyl - d - aspartate</span> receptors ( NMDARs ) and a negative modulator of <span class="chemical">gamma - aminobutyric acid</span> ( A ) receptors ( <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) Rs ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , PREGS is able to reverse the amnesic - like effects of NMDAR and GABA ( A ) R ligands .
### Output Text: | Moreover , <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> is able to reverse the amnesic - like effects of NMDAR and <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) R ligands . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To investigate this hypothesis , the present study in rats examined the memory - altering abilities of structural analogs of PREGS , which differ in their modulation of NMDAR and / or GABA ( A ) R function .
### Output Text: | To investigate this hypothesis , the present study in rats examined the memory - altering abilities of structural analogs of <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> , which differ in their modulation of NMDAR and / or <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) R function . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The analogs tested were : 11 - ketopregnenolone sulphate ( an agent that is inactive at GABA ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) , epipregnanolone ( [ 3beta - hydroxy - 5beta - pregnan - 20 - one ] sulphate , an inhibitor of both GABA ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) , and a newly synthesized ( - ) PREGS enantiomer ( which is identical to PREGS in effects on GABA ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) .
### Output Text: | The analogs tested were : <span class="chemical">11 - ketopregnenolone sulphate</span> ( an agent that is inactive at <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) , <span class="chemical">epipregnanolone ( [ 3beta - hydroxy - 5beta - pregnan - 20 - one ] sulphate</span> , an inhibitor of both <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) , and a newly synthesized ( - ) <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> enantiomer ( which is identical to <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> in effects on <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ( A ) Rs and NMDARs ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The memory - enhancing effects of PREGS and its analogs were tested in the passive avoidance task using the model of scopolamine - induced amnesia .
### Output Text: | The memory - enhancing effects of <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> and its analogs were tested in the passive avoidance task using the model of <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> - induced amnesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Both PREGS and its ( - ) enantiomer blocked the effects of scopolamine .
### Output Text: | Both <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> and its ( - ) enantiomer blocked the effects of <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The results show that , unlike PREGS , 11 - ketopregnenolone sulphate and epipregnanolone sulphate failed to block the effect of scopolamine , suggesting that altering the modulation of NMDA receptors diminishes the memory - enhancing effects of PREGS .
### Output Text: | The results show that , unlike <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> , <span class="chemical">11 - ketopregnenolone sulphate</span> and <span class="chemical">epipregnanolone sulphate</span> failed to block the effect of <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> , suggesting that altering the modulation of <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> receptors diminishes the memory - enhancing effects of <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Moreover , enantioselectivity was demonstrated by the ability of natural PREGS to be an order of magnitude more effective than its synthetic enantiomer in reversing scopolamine - induced amnesia .
### Output Text: | Moreover , enantioselectivity was demonstrated by the ability of natural <span class="chemical">PREGS</span> to be an order of magnitude more effective than its synthetic enantiomer in reversing <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> - induced amnesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results identify a novel neuropharmacological site for the modulation of memory processes by neuroactive steroids .
### Output Text: | These results identify a novel neuropharmacological site for the modulation of memory processes by neuroactive <span class="chemical">steroids</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Activation of poly ( ADP - ribose ) polymerase contributes to development of doxorubicin - induced heart failure .
### Output Text: | Activation of <span class="chemical">poly ( ADP - ribose )</span> polymerase contributes to development of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced heart failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Activation of the nuclear enzyme poly ( ADP - ribose ) polymerase ( PARP ) by oxidant - mediated DNA damage is an important pathway of cell dysfunction and tissue injury in conditions associated with oxidative stress .
### Output Text: | Activation of the nuclear enzyme <span class="chemical">poly ( ADP - ribose )</span> polymerase ( PARP ) by oxidant - mediated DNA damage is an important pathway of cell dysfunction and tissue injury in conditions associated with oxidative stress . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Increased oxidative stress is a major factor implicated in the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin ( DOX ) , a widely used antitumor anthracycline antibiotic .
### Output Text: | Increased oxidative stress is a major factor implicated in the cardiotoxicity of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( <span class="chemical">DOX</span> ) , a widely used antitumor <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> antibiotic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , we hypothesized that the activation of PARP may contribute to the DOX - induced cardiotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Thus , we hypothesized that the activation of PARP may contribute to the <span class="chemical">DOX</span> - induced cardiotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Using a dual approach of PARP - 1 suppression , by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition with the phenanthridinone PARP inhibitor PJ34 , we now demonstrate the role of PARP in the development of cardiac dysfunction induced by DOX .
### Output Text: | Using a dual approach of PARP - 1 suppression , by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition with the phenanthridinone PARP inhibitor <span class="chemical">PJ34</span> , we now demonstrate the role of PARP in the development of cardiac dysfunction induced by <span class="chemical">DOX</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PARP - 1 + / + and PARP - 1 - / - mice received a single injection of DOX ( 25 mg / kg i . p ) .
### Output Text: | PARP - 1 + / + and PARP - 1 - / - mice received a single injection of <span class="chemical">DOX</span> ( 25 mg / kg i . p ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five days after DOX administration , left ventricular performance was significantly depressed in PARP - 1 + / + mice , but only to a smaller extent in PARP - 1 - / - ones .
### Output Text: | Five days after <span class="chemical">DOX</span> administration , left ventricular performance was significantly depressed in PARP - 1 + / + mice , but only to a smaller extent in PARP - 1 - / - ones . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Similar experiments were conducted in BALB / c mice treated with PJ34 or vehicle .
### Output Text: | Similar experiments were conducted in BALB / c mice treated with <span class="chemical">PJ34</span> or vehicle . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Treatment with a PJ34 significantly improved cardiac dysfunction and increased the survival of the animals .
### Output Text: | Treatment with a <span class="chemical">PJ34</span> significantly improved cardiac dysfunction and increased the survival of the animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition PJ34 significantly reduced the DOX - induced increase in the serum lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities but not metalloproteinase activation in the heart .
### Output Text: | In addition <span class="chemical">PJ34</span> significantly reduced the <span class="chemical">DOX</span> - induced increase in the serum <span class="chemical">lactate</span> dehydrogenase and <span class="chemical">creatine</span> kinase activities but not metalloproteinase activation in the heart . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , PARP activation contributes to the cardiotoxicity of DOX .
### Output Text: | Thus , PARP activation contributes to the cardiotoxicity of <span class="chemical">DOX</span> . |
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