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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Calcitonin gene - related peptide levels during nitric oxide - induced headache in patients with chronic tension - type headache .
### Output Text: | Calcitonin gene - related peptide levels during <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> - induced headache in patients with chronic tension - type headache . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: It has been proposed that nitric oxide ( NO ) induced headache in primary headaches may be associated with release of calcitonin gene - related peptide ( CGRP ) .
### Output Text: | It has been proposed that <span class="chemical">nitric oxide</span> ( <span class="chemical">NO</span> ) induced headache in primary headaches may be associated with release of calcitonin gene - related peptide ( CGRP ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In the present study we aimed to investigate plasma levels of CGRP during headache induced by the NO donor glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN ) in 16 patients with chronic tension - type headache and 16 healthy controls .
### Output Text: | In the present study we aimed to investigate plasma levels of CGRP during headache induced by the <span class="chemical">NO</span> donor <span class="chemical">glyceryl trinitrate</span> ( <span class="chemical">GTN</span> ) in 16 patients with chronic tension - type headache and 16 healthy controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The subjects were randomly allocated to receive 0 . 5 microg / kg / min GTN or placebo over 20 min on two headache - free days .
### Output Text: | The subjects were randomly allocated to receive 0 . 5 microg / kg / min <span class="chemical">GTN</span> or placebo over 20 min on two headache - free days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Blood samples were collected at baseline , 10 , 20 and 60 min after start of infusion .
### Output Text: | Blood samples were collected at baseline , 10 , 20 and 60 min after start of infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Both patients and controls developed significantly stronger immediate headache on the GTN day than on the placebo day and the headache was significantly more pronounced in patients than in controls .
### Output Text: | Both patients and controls developed significantly stronger immediate headache on the <span class="chemical">GTN</span> day than on the placebo day and the headache was significantly more pronounced in patients than in controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: There was no difference between the area under the CGRP curve ( AUCCGRP ) on GTN vs . placebo day in either patients ( P = 0 . 65 ) or controls ( P = 0 . 48 ) .
### Output Text: | There was no difference between the area under the CGRP curve ( AUCCGRP ) on <span class="chemical">GTN</span> vs . placebo day in either patients ( P = 0 . 65 ) or controls ( P = 0 . 48 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The AUCCGRP recorded on the GTN day did not differ between patients and controls ( P = 0 . 36 ) .
### Output Text: | The AUCCGRP recorded on the <span class="chemical">GTN</span> day did not differ between patients and controls ( P = 0 . 36 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Both in patients and controls , CGRP levels changed significantly over time , on both the GTN and placebo days ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | Both in patients and controls , CGRP levels changed significantly over time , on both the <span class="chemical">GTN</span> and placebo days ( P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The present study indicates that NO - induced immediate headache is not associated with release of CGRP .
### Output Text: | The present study indicates that <span class="chemical">NO</span> - induced immediate headache is not associated with release of CGRP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Fluconazole - induced torsade de pointes .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Fluconazole</span> - induced torsade de pointes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To present a case of fluconazole - associated torsade de pointes ( TDP ) and discuss fluconazole ' s role in causing TDP .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To present a case of <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> - associated torsade de pointes ( TDP ) and discuss <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> ' s role in causing TDP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CASE SUMMARY : A 68 - year - old white woman with Candida glabrata isolated from a presacral abscess developed TDP eight days after commencing oral fluconazole The patient had no other risk factors for TDP , including coronary artery disease , cardiomyopathy , congestive heart failure , and electrolyte abnormalities There was a temporal association between the initiation of fluconazole and TDP .
### Output Text: | CASE SUMMARY : A 68 - year - old white woman with Candida glabrata isolated from a presacral abscess developed TDP eight days after commencing oral <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> The patient had no other risk factors for TDP , including coronary artery disease , cardiomyopathy , congestive heart failure , and electrolyte abnormalities There was a temporal association between the initiation of <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> and TDP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The TDP resolved when fluconazole was discontinued ; however , the patient continued to have premature ventricular contractions and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia ( NSVT ) until six days after drug cessation DISCUSSION : Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the use of fluconazole and the development of TDP .
### Output Text: | The TDP resolved when <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> was discontinued ; however , the patient continued to have premature ventricular contractions and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia ( NSVT ) until six days after drug cessation DISCUSSION : Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship between the use of <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> and the development of TDP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The possible mechanism is depression of rapidly activating delayed rectifier potassium currents .
### Output Text: | The possible mechanism is depression of rapidly activating delayed rectifier <span class="chemical">potassium</span> currents . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In our patient , there was no other etiology identified that could explain QT prolongation or TDP The complete disappearance of NSVT and premature ventricular contractions followed by normalization of QT interval after the drug was stopped strongly suggests fluconazole as the etiology .
### Output Text: | In our patient , there was no other etiology identified that could explain QT prolongation or TDP The complete disappearance of NSVT and premature ventricular contractions followed by normalization of QT interval after the drug was stopped strongly suggests <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> as the etiology . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Clinicians should be aware that fluconazole , even at low doses , may cause prolongation of the QT interval , leading to TDP .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Clinicians should be aware that <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> , even at low doses , may cause prolongation of the QT interval , leading to TDP . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Serial electrocardiographic monitoring may be considered when fluconazole is administered in patients who are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias .
### Output Text: | Serial electrocardiographic monitoring may be considered when <span class="chemical">fluconazole</span> is administered in patients who are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with oxacillin .
### Output Text: | Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with <span class="chemical">oxacillin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A 67 - year - old man who was treated with oxacillin for one week because of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia , developed renal failure and diffuse , symmetric , palpable purpuric lesions on his feet .
### Output Text: | A 67 - year - old man who was treated with <span class="chemical">oxacillin</span> for one week because of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia , developed renal failure and diffuse , symmetric , palpable purpuric lesions on his feet . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Necrotic blisters were noted on his fingers .
### Output Text: | Necrotic blisters were noted on his fingers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Skin biopsies showed findings diagnostic of leucocytoclastic vasculitis .
### Output Text: | Skin biopsies showed findings diagnostic of leucocytoclastic vasculitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Oxacillin was discontinued and patient was treated with corticosteroids .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Oxacillin</span> was discontinued and patient was treated with <span class="chemical">corticosteroids</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The rash disappeared after three weeks and renal function returned to normal .
### Output Text: | The rash disappeared after three weeks and renal function returned to normal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Leucocytoclastic vasculitis presents as palpable purpura of the lower extremities often accompanied by abdominal pain , arthralgia , and renal involvement .
### Output Text: | Leucocytoclastic vasculitis presents as palpable purpura of the lower extremities often accompanied by abdominal pain , arthralgia , and renal involvement . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Etiologic factors or associated disorders include infections , medications , collagen vascular disease and neoplasia .
### Output Text: | Etiologic factors or associated disorders include infections , medications , collagen vascular disease and neoplasia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , in half of the cases no etiologic factor is identified .
### Output Text: | However , in half of the cases no etiologic factor is identified . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Usually it is a self - limited disorder , but corticosteroid therapy may be needed in life - threatening cases since early treatment with corticosteroids in severe cases can prevent complications .
### Output Text: | Usually it is a self - limited disorder , but <span class="chemical">corticosteroid</span> therapy may be needed in life - threatening cases since early treatment with <span class="chemical">corticosteroids</span> in severe cases can prevent complications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Oxacillin should be included among the drugs that can cause leucocytoclastic vasculitis .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Oxacillin</span> should be included among the drugs that can cause leucocytoclastic vasculitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The renal pathology in a case of lithium - induced diabetes insipidus .
### Output Text: | The renal pathology in a case of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> - induced diabetes insipidus . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A case of lithium - induced diabetes insipidus is reported .
### Output Text: | A case of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> - induced diabetes insipidus is reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: At necropsy microscopy shoed unique and extensive damage to cells lining the distal nephron .
### Output Text: | At necropsy microscopy shoed unique and extensive damage to cells lining the distal nephron . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: It is suggested that these changes represent a specific toxic effect of lithium , reported here for the first time in man .
### Output Text: | It is suggested that these changes represent a specific toxic effect of <span class="chemical">lithium</span> , reported here for the first time in man . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Cholestatic jaundice associated with the use of metformin .
### Output Text: | Cholestatic jaundice associated with the use of <span class="chemical">metformin</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We report a patient who developed cholestatic jaundice shortly after initiation of treatment with metformin hydrochloride .
### Output Text: | We report a patient who developed cholestatic jaundice shortly after initiation of treatment with <span class="chemical">metformin hydrochloride</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Ultrasound of the liver and abdominal CT were normal .
### Output Text: | Ultrasound of the liver and abdominal CT were normal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: An ERCP showed normal biliary anatomy .
### Output Text: | An ERCP showed normal biliary anatomy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A percutaneous liver biopsy was obtained showing marked cholestasis , with portal edema , ductular proliferation , and acute inflammation .
### Output Text: | A percutaneous liver biopsy was obtained showing marked cholestasis , with portal edema , ductular proliferation , and acute inflammation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Metformin hydrochloride was discontinued , and the patient ' s jaundice resolved slowly over a period of several months .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Metformin hydrochloride</span> was discontinued , and the patient ' s jaundice resolved slowly over a period of several months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Given the onset of his jaundice 2 wk after the initiation of metformin , we believe that this case represents an example of metformin - associated hepatotoxicity , the first such case reported .
### Output Text: | Given the onset of his jaundice 2 wk after the initiation of <span class="chemical">metformin</span> , we believe that this case represents an example of <span class="chemical">metformin</span> - associated hepatotoxicity , the first such case reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Systemic toxicity and resuscitation in bupivacaine - , levobupivacaine - , or ropivacaine - infused rats .
### Output Text: | Systemic toxicity and resuscitation in <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> - , <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> - , or <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> - infused rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We compared the systemic toxicity of bupivacaine , levobupivacaine , and ropivacaine in anesthetized rats .
### Output Text: | We compared the systemic toxicity of <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> , <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> , and <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> in anesthetized rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We also compared the ability to resuscitate rats after lethal doses of these local anesthetics .
### Output Text: | We also compared the ability to resuscitate rats after lethal doses of these local anesthetics . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Bupivacaine , levobupivacaine , or ropivacaine was infused at a rate of 2 mg .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Bupivacaine</span> , <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> , or <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> was infused at a rate of 2 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: kg ( - 1 ) .
### Output Text: | kg ( - 1 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: min ( - 1 ) while electrocardiogram , electroencephalogram , and arterial pressure were continuously monitored .
### Output Text: | min ( - 1 ) while electrocardiogram , electroencephalogram , and arterial pressure were continuously monitored . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: When asystole was recorded , drug infusion was stopped and a resuscitation sequence was begun .
### Output Text: | When asystole was recorded , drug infusion was stopped and a resuscitation sequence was begun . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Epinephrine 0 . 01 mg / kg was administered at 1 - min intervals while external cardiac compressions were applied .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Epinephrine</span> 0 . 01 mg / kg was administered at 1 - min intervals while external cardiac compressions were applied . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Resuscitation was considered successful when a systolic arterial pressure > or = 100 mm Hg was achieved within 5 min .
### Output Text: | Resuscitation was considered successful when a systolic arterial pressure > or = 100 mm Hg was achieved within 5 min . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The cumulative doses of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine that produced seizures were similar and were larger than those of bupivacaine .
### Output Text: | The cumulative doses of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> and <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> that produced seizures were similar and were larger than those of <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The cumulative doses of levobupivacaine that produced dysrhythmias and asystole were smaller than the corresponding doses of ropivacaine , but they were larger than those of bupivacaine .
### Output Text: | The cumulative doses of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> that produced dysrhythmias and asystole were smaller than the corresponding doses of <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> , but they were larger than those of <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The number of successful resuscitations did not differ among groups .
### Output Text: | The number of successful resuscitations did not differ among groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , a smaller dose of epinephrine was required in the Ropivacaine group than in the other groups .
### Output Text: | However , a smaller dose of <span class="chemical">epinephrine</span> was required in the <span class="chemical">Ropivacaine</span> group than in the other groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We conclude that the systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine is intermediate between that of ropivacaine and bupivacaine when administered at the same rate and that ropivacaine - induced cardiac arrest appears to be more susceptible to treatment than that induced by bupivacaine or levobupivacaine .
### Output Text: | We conclude that the systemic toxicity of <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> is intermediate between that of <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> and <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> when administered at the same rate and that <span class="chemical">ropivacaine</span> - induced cardiac arrest appears to be more susceptible to treatment than that induced by <span class="chemical">bupivacaine</span> or <span class="chemical">levobupivacaine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Amphotericin B - induced seizures in a patient with AIDS .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Amphotericin B</span> - induced seizures in a patient with AIDS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To report a case of multiple episodes of seizure activity in an AIDS patent following amphotericin B infusion .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : To report a case of multiple episodes of seizure activity in an AIDS patent following <span class="chemical">amphotericin B</span> infusion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CASE SUMMARY : A 46 - year - old African - American man experienced recurrent grand mal seizures during intravenous infusion of amphotericin B , then petit mal seizures as the infusion was stopped and the drug concentrations decreased with time .
### Output Text: | CASE SUMMARY : A 46 - year - old African - American man experienced recurrent grand mal seizures during intravenous infusion of <span class="chemical">amphotericin B</span> , then petit mal seizures as the infusion was stopped and the drug concentrations decreased with time . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The patients concurrent medications included didanosine , hydroxyzine , promethazine , hydrocortisone , and prochlorperazine .
### Output Text: | The patients concurrent medications included <span class="chemical">didanosine</span> , <span class="chemical">hydroxyzine</span> , <span class="chemical">promethazine</span> , <span class="chemical">hydrocortisone</span> , and <span class="chemical">prochlorperazine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Despite administration of phenytoin and lorazepam , the seizures persisted and occurred only during amphotercin B administration .
### Output Text: | Despite administration of <span class="chemical">phenytoin</span> and <span class="chemical">lorazepam</span> , the seizures persisted and occurred only during <span class="chemical">amphotercin B</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DISCUSSION : AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis , both of which the patient had , can potentially cause seizures .
### Output Text: | DISCUSSION : AIDS and cryptococcal meningitis , both of which the patient had , can potentially cause seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The patient had a history of alcohol abuse ; alcohol intake as well as withdrawal can also cause seizures .
### Output Text: | The patient had a history of alcohol abuse ; <span class="chemical">alcohol</span> intake as well as withdrawal can also cause seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Didanosine also has a potential for inducing seizures .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Didanosine</span> also has a potential for inducing seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , these other potential causes of seizure were ruled out .
### Output Text: | However , these other potential causes of seizure were ruled out . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The time course of events suggested that amphotericin B was the cause of the seizures in this AIDS patient .
### Output Text: | The time course of events suggested that <span class="chemical">amphotericin B</span> was the cause of the seizures in this AIDS patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Amphotericin B seems to be the probable cause of the seizures .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Amphotericin B</span> seems to be the probable cause of the seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To date , only three cases of seizures associated with amphotericin B have been reported in the literature , but healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for this rare adverse effect .
### Output Text: | To date , only three cases of seizures associated with <span class="chemical">amphotericin B</span> have been reported in the literature , but healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for this rare adverse effect . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sirolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for calcineurin - free immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Sirolimus</span> and <span class="chemical">mycophenolate mofetil</span> for calcineurin - free immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Calcineurin inhibitors , such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus , have been available for almost 20 years .
### Output Text: | Calcineurin inhibitors , such as <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> and <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> , have been available for almost 20 years . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although these drugs are highly effective and represent the mainstay of transplant immunosuppression , they are associated with acute and chronic nephrotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Although these drugs are highly effective and represent the mainstay of transplant immunosuppression , they are associated with acute and chronic nephrotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute nephrotoxicity , which occurs in the early period after transplantation , leads to a higher rate of dialysis , and chronic nephrotoxicity may eventually result in graft loss .
### Output Text: | Acute nephrotoxicity , which occurs in the early period after transplantation , leads to a higher rate of dialysis , and chronic nephrotoxicity may eventually result in graft loss . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Acute and chronic nephrotoxicity is becoming more common as the use of marginal kidneys for transplantation increases .
### Output Text: | Acute and chronic nephrotoxicity is becoming more common as the use of marginal kidneys for transplantation increases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two recently available immunosuppressive agents , mycophenolate mofetil and sirolimus ( rapamycin ) , have no nephrotoxicity .
### Output Text: | Two recently available immunosuppressive agents , <span class="chemical">mycophenolate mofetil</span> and <span class="chemical">sirolimus</span> ( <span class="chemical">rapamycin</span> ) , have no nephrotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The use of these drugs in combination with other agents has led to the development of new paradigms of immunosuppressive therapy .
### Output Text: | The use of these drugs in combination with other agents has led to the development of new paradigms of immunosuppressive therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This paper reviews the results of clinical trials that have investigated these new approaches to immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients .
### Output Text: | This paper reviews the results of clinical trials that have investigated these new approaches to immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Tolerability of nimesulide and paracetamol in patients with NSAID - induced urticaria / angioedema .
### Output Text: | Tolerability of <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> and <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> in patients with <span class="chemical">NSAID</span> - induced urticaria / angioedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Previous studies evaluated the tolerance of nimesulide and paracetamol in subjects with cutaneous , respiratory and anaphylactoid reactions induced by nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) .
### Output Text: | Previous studies evaluated the tolerance of <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> and <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> in subjects with cutaneous , respiratory and anaphylactoid reactions induced by <span class="chemical">nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs</span> ( <span class="chemical">NSAIDs</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In this study we investigated tolerability and reliability of nimesulide and paracetamol in a very large number of patients with an exclusive well - documented history of NSAID - induced urticaria / angioedema .
### Output Text: | In this study we investigated tolerability and reliability of <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> and <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> in a very large number of patients with an exclusive well - documented history of <span class="chemical">NSAID</span> - induced urticaria / angioedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , we evaluated whether some factors have the potential to increase the risk of reaction to paracetamol and nimesulide .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , we evaluated whether some factors have the potential to increase the risk of reaction to <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> and <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A single - placebo - controlled oral challenge procedure with nimesulide or paracetamol was applied to 829 patients with a history of NSAID - induced urticaria / angioedema .
### Output Text: | A single - placebo - controlled oral challenge procedure with <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> or <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> was applied to 829 patients with a history of <span class="chemical">NSAID</span> - induced urticaria / angioedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A total of 75 / 829 ( 9 . 4 % ) patients experienced reactions to nimesulide or paracetamol .
### Output Text: | A total of 75 / 829 ( 9 . 4 % ) patients experienced reactions to <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> or <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of the 715 patients tested with nimesulide 62 ( 8 . 6 % ) showed a positive test , while of 114 subjects submitted to the challenge with paracetamol , 13 ( 9 . 6 % ) did not tolerate this drug .
### Output Text: | Of the 715 patients tested with <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> 62 ( 8 . 6 % ) showed a positive test , while of 114 subjects submitted to the challenge with <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> , 13 ( 9 . 6 % ) did not tolerate this drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , 18 . 28 % of patients with a history of chronic urticaria and 11 . 8 % of subjects with an history of NSAID - induced urticaria / angioedema or angioedema alone ( with or without chronic urticaria ) resulted to be intolerant to alternative drugs .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , 18 . 28 % of patients with a history of chronic urticaria and 11 . 8 % of subjects with an history of <span class="chemical">NSAID</span> - induced urticaria / angioedema or angioedema alone ( with or without chronic urticaria ) resulted to be intolerant to alternative drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Taken together , our results confirm the good tolerability of nimesulide and paracetamol in patients who experienced urticaria / angioedema caused by NSAIDs .
### Output Text: | Taken together , our results confirm the good tolerability of <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> and <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> in patients who experienced urticaria / angioedema caused by <span class="chemical">NSAIDs</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , the risk of reaction to these alternative study drugs is statistically increased by a history of chronic urticaria and , above all , by a history of NSAID - induced angioedema .
### Output Text: | However , the risk of reaction to these alternative study drugs is statistically increased by a history of chronic urticaria and , above all , by a history of <span class="chemical">NSAID</span> - induced angioedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Comparison of aqueous and gellan ophthalmic timolol with placebo on the 24 - hour heart rate response in patients on treatment for glaucoma .
### Output Text: | Comparison of aqueous and gellan ophthalmic <span class="chemical">timolol</span> with placebo on the 24 - hour heart rate response in patients on treatment for glaucoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : Topical beta - blocker treatment is routine therapy in the management of patients with glaucoma .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : Topical beta - blocker treatment is routine therapy in the management of patients with glaucoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therapy results in systemic absorption , however , the degree of reduction of resting and peak heart rate has not been quantified .
### Output Text: | Therapy results in systemic absorption , however , the degree of reduction of resting and peak heart rate has not been quantified . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : This trial evaluated the effect of placebo , 0 . 5 % aqueous timolol ( timolol solution ) and a 0 . 5 % timolol suspension that forms a gel on application to the conjunctiva ( timolol gellan ) on the 24 - hour heart rate in patients currently being treated for glaucoma to quantify the reduction in mean heart rate .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : This trial evaluated the effect of placebo , 0 . 5 % aqueous <span class="chemical">timolol</span> ( <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution ) and a 0 . 5 % <span class="chemical">timolol</span> suspension that forms a gel on application to the conjunctiva ( <span class="chemical">timolol</span> gellan ) on the 24 - hour heart rate in patients currently being treated for glaucoma to quantify the reduction in mean heart rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Forty - three Caucasian patients with primary open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension with a mean ( + / - SD ) age of 63 ( + / - 8 ) years were randomized and crossed over in a double - masked manner to 14 days of treatment with placebo ( morning and evening in both eyes ) , timolol solution ( morning and evening in both eyes ) , or timolol gellan ( morning in both eyes with placebo in the evening ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Forty - three Caucasian patients with primary open - angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension with a mean ( + / - SD ) age of 63 ( + / - 8 ) years were randomized and crossed over in a double - masked manner to 14 days of treatment with placebo ( morning and evening in both eyes ) , <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution ( morning and evening in both eyes ) , or <span class="chemical">timolol</span> gellan ( morning in both eyes with placebo in the evening ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: On the 13th day of each period , heart rate was recorded continuously during a typical , ambulant 24 - hour period .
### Output Text: | On the 13th day of each period , heart rate was recorded continuously during a typical , ambulant 24 - hour period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Both timolol solution and timolol gellan reduced the mean 24 - hour heart rate compared with placebo ( P < or = . 001 ) , and this reduction was most pronounced during the daytime ( - 7 . 5 % change in mean heart rate , - 5 . 7 beats / min ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Both <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution and <span class="chemical">timolol</span> gellan reduced the mean 24 - hour heart rate compared with placebo ( P < or = . 001 ) , and this reduction was most pronounced during the daytime ( - 7 . 5 % change in mean heart rate , - 5 . 7 beats / min ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Timolol gellan showed a numerically but not significantly smaller reduction in 24 - hour heart rate , compared with timolol solution .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Timolol</span> gellan showed a numerically but not significantly smaller reduction in 24 - hour heart rate , compared with <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: During the night , the mean 12 - hour heart rate on placebo and timolol gellan were both significantly less than on timolol solution ; the difference between solution and gellan treatments was statistically significant ( P = . 01 ) .
### Output Text: | During the night , the mean 12 - hour heart rate on placebo and <span class="chemical">timolol</span> gellan were both significantly less than on <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution ; the difference between solution and gellan treatments was statistically significant ( P = . 01 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Both timolol solution and timolol gellan decrease the mean 24 - hour heart rate compared with placebo .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Both <span class="chemical">timolol</span> solution and <span class="chemical">timolol</span> gellan decrease the mean 24 - hour heart rate compared with placebo . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This response was most pronounced during the active daytime period .
### Output Text: | This response was most pronounced during the active daytime period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These data quantify the modest bradycardia associated with ophthalmic beta - blocker therapy in a typical patient population on therapy for glaucoma .
### Output Text: | These data quantify the modest bradycardia associated with ophthalmic beta - blocker therapy in a typical patient population on therapy for glaucoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although exercise performance was not assessed in this trial , reductions of this magnitude should not have substantial clinical consequences .
### Output Text: | Although exercise performance was not assessed in this trial , reductions of this magnitude should not have substantial clinical consequences . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Management strategies for ribavirin - induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C : clinical and economic implications .
### Output Text: | Management strategies for <span class="chemical">ribavirin</span> - induced hemolytic anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C : clinical and economic implications . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : Recently published studies have demonstrated increased efficacy and cost - effectiveness of combination therapy with interferon and alpha - 2b / ribavirin compared with interferon - alpha monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C ( CHC ) .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : Recently published studies have demonstrated increased efficacy and cost - effectiveness of combination therapy with interferon and alpha - 2b / <span class="chemical">ribavirin</span> compared with <span class="chemical">interferon - alpha</span> monotherapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C ( CHC ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Combination therapy is associated with a clinically important adverse effect : ribavirin - induced hemolytic anemia ( RIHA ) .
### Output Text: | Combination therapy is associated with a clinically important adverse effect : <span class="chemical">ribavirin</span> - induced hemolytic anemia ( RIHA ) . |
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