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part_xaa/adam_davy	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Davy","to":"Adam Davy"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Adam Davy","missing":""}}}}
part_xaa/abhi_to_main_jawan_hoon	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abhi_To_Main_Jawan_Hoon","to":"Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon"}],"pages":{"28232847":{"pageid":28232847,"ns":0,"title":"Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon","extract":"Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon (Devnagari: \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u0971 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0945\u0942) is a Hindi comedy film directed by Amjad Khan released in 1989. Sachin, Anjan Srivastav and Bharat Bhushan played the pivotal roles in the film.\n\n\nPlot\nAmar (Sachin) falls in love with a man hater Geeta (Sohani), who lives with her retired Major uncle (Anjan Srivastav) and is also fed up with her bad cousin (Shehzad Khan). In order to win Geeta's heart, her uncle and Amar make a plan. Geeta needs some money to get rid of her cousin. Amar disguises himself as a dying sixty-year-old man Dilfekh, who has enough money. At first Geeta doesn't want to marry him but her teacher explains that the marriage will be a short one because Dilfekh will not live long. Geeta marries him and then finds out the truth.\n\n\nCast\nSachin as Amar\nSohani as Geeta\nAnjan Srivastav\nShehzad Khan\nBharat Bhushan\nViju Khote\nKalpana Iyer\n\n\nMusic\n\"Eena Meena Deeka\" - Kumar Sanu\n\"Jane Kaha Kab De Jaye Dhokha\" - Anuradha Paudwal, Mohammed Aziz\n\"Jawani Me Budhapa Hai\" - Amit Kumar\n\"Mai To Aarti Utaru Re Maharani Geeta Ki\" - Hariharan\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbhi To Main Jawan Hoon at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_parrett	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Parrett","to":"Aaron Parrett"}],"pages":{"53996362":{"pageid":53996362,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Parrett","extract":"Aaron Parrett (born 1967) is an American musician, author, letterpress printer, and educator. He is currently Professor of English Literature at the University of Providence in Great Falls, Montana. A considerable portion of his academic and written work deals with the genre of science fiction or about the state of Montana.\n\n\nBiography\nBorn in Butte, Montana, he earned a PhD in Comparative Literature in 2001 from the University of Georgia.\nHis first academic book, The Translunar Narrative in the Western Tradition (Ashgate, 2004) examined the dream of traveling to the Moon in literature, culminating in the Apollo Program of the 1960s and early 1970s that achieved the millennia-long vision of leaving Earth. A considerable portion of his academic work deals with the genre of science fiction. His other works have focused on his home state of Montana, including Montana: Then and Now (Bangtail, 2014), Literary Butte (History Press, 2015) and Montana Americana Music (Arcadia, 2016), for which prize-winning author Smith Henderson wrote the foreword. He won the Montana Historical Society's Peoples' Choice Award for his essay, \"Montana's Worst Natural Disaster,\" about the devastating 1964 flood that killed 30 Native American Indians on the Blackfeet Reservation.As a result of his Montana writings, he has been featured on many radio programs and was a featured guest on Anthony Bourdain's Parts Unknown television segment on Butte. He serves as president of the Drumlummon Institute, a non-profit whose mission is \"to promote and publish art and literatures created in Montana and the broader American West.\"\nParrett is also a songwriter and composer. His first album of original songs, The Sinners (Pizzle Records, 1996) earned critical acclaim (rereleased in 2015), yielding the song \"Texas,\" a song recorded by several artists, including the southern Americana band Stewart and Winfield. His songs have been featured in several Emmy-nominated documentary films, including Libby, Montana (High Plains Films, 2007) and The Naturalist (2004). A lyric from his song \"El Cuchillo\" is referenced in leading Steinbeck scholar Bob DeMott's Afield: American Writers on Bird Dogs (2014). His most recent recording was a joint effort with IBMA songwriter of the year, Ivan Rosenberg, called Stumbo Lost Wages (Pizzle Records, 2009).\nHe is also co-founder of The Territorial Press, along with master letterpress printer and book artist, Peter Rutledge Koch. The catalogue of The Territorial Press includes Himself Adrift (2016) by Matt Pavelich, Curses (2015) by Aaron Parrett, and Maple and Lead (2017) by Aaron Parrett, featuring wood-engraved illustrations by artist Seth Taylor Roby.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Parrett at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_heywood	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Heywood","to":"Abel Heywood"}],"pages":{"1220627":{"pageid":1220627,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Heywood","extract":"Abel Heywood (25 February 1810 \u2013 19 August 1893) was an English publisher, radical and mayor of Manchester.\n\n\nEarly life\nHeywood was born into a poor family in Prestwich, who moved to Manchester after Heywood's father died in 1812. Abel obtained a basic education at the Anglican Bennett Street School, and at the age of nine started work in a warehouse for 1s and 6d a week. He supplemented his energetic autodidactism by attending the Mechanics' Institute, and following a summary dismissal by his manufacturing employer set up a penny reading room in Manchester at some point in 1831. He gained the Manchester agency for The Poor Man's Guardian, and made a point of refusing to pay the stamp duty intended to suppress mass publishing, being imprisoned in 1832 for four months for refusing to pay a \u00a348 fine. Even though subject to heavy fines repeatedly throughout the next two years (which he paid), he continued his commitment to inexpensive newspapers. His bookselling business in Oldham Street was successful and continued for many years.\n\n\nRadicalism and Chartism\nDuring the next two decades Heywood had an ambiguous relationship with Manchester's frenetic Radicalism and agitation. In 1828 he was involved in the protests to reform the management of the Mechanics' Institute. Run on the model of the Edinburgh School of Art, total power was given to honorary members, who paid \u00a310 a year. The managers of the institution were then chosen by these honorary members, effectively ensuring constant middle class directorship. Anger over this and other matters such as the high annual subscription fee of \u00a31 for ordinary members and the strict prohibition of political lectures or literature, including newspapers, eventually boiled over. A number of subscribers, including Heywood, signed a document demanding the right to be allowed to elect nine directors from their own ranks, and once this was met with an unsatisfactory compromise these protestors broke away and formed the New Mechanics' Institute, electing Rowland Detrosier president. Although it is not known for certain if Abel remained in the old Institute or joined the new one, his brother and business partner John was an important member of the new Institute's governing provisional committee. By 1834 the rebels were drawn back to the old Institute, after the flight of over one hundred members had forced them into the democratic reforms sought by the subscribers.Despite these radical leanings, Abel's business prospered and he was able to be active in public life, becoming one of the Commissioners of Police, essentially a 180 strong town council, in 1836, having responsibility for paving and sanitation. In April 1840 he was again prosecuted for his publishing, this time for a blasphemy charge. Heywood presented an affidavit in extenuation, in which he declared that as soon as he had learned that the papers were blasphemous he withdrew them from sale. Having previously received fines and imprisonment on other charges, he was permitted to change his plea from not guilty to guilty in return for a suspended sentence. Pressed by the Government, the court decided to discharge him rather than press for judgment. Correspondence between Sir Charles Shaw, the Chief Commissioner of Police for Manchester, and the Home Office, have since revealed that Heywood had informed Shaw of a planned Chartist rising in Bolton on the night of 22/23 January 1840. In return, Shaw instructed the Government to pressure the court to let him off.Despite this, Heywood remained an active Chartist, and his business published much of the reading material of the town's movement, including the Northern Star. He often used his wealth to bail out Chartists such as Feargus O'Connor, and in 1841 was elected treasurer of the National Charter Association, as well as sitting on the executive committee. At the same time he campaigned actively for the incorporation of the city and, once this was achieved, was elected to the council in 1843. His wider network included the Leeds-based publisher Alice Mann.\n\n\nLater publishing and political career as a Liberal\nHeywood served as alderman in 1853 and in 1859 stood unsuccessfully as a Radical Liberal candidate for Manchester. His first term as mayor was in 1862\u20131863, during the cotton famine, and in 1865 he stood again as a Liberal for Manchester, again unsuccessfully. He would not repeat the attempt, instead becoming mayor again in 1876\u20131877. A major achievement was his role in guiding Manchester Town Hall to its completion.Heywood & Son published An Up-To-Date Collection of Nigger Songs and Recitations in 1865. In 1866, Heywood noticed that working-class people were just beginning to use trains to travel for pleasure. Seeing no affordable travel guides, he began to publish a series of Penny Guides, short travel guides that covered such places as Buxton, Southport, Bath and the Isle of Wight. The first edition of A Guide to Bakewell and Haddon Hall was issued in 1893. By 1912, Heywood had about one hundred different guide pamphlets in publication.The clock bell of the Town Hall, Great Abel, is named after Heywood and weighs 8 tons 2.5 cwt. It is inscribed with the initials AH and the Tennyson line Ring out the false, ring in the true.\n\n\nFamily relationships\nHis wife was the widow of his predecessor Thomas Goadsby. John Heywood's business was continued by his son John and was still in existence in the 1970s. Abel Heywood also had a son Abel who continued his business. His eldest daughter, Jane, married Robert Trimble in 1856. The Trimble family emigrated to Taranaki in New Zealand in 1875.\n\n\nSee also\nHeywood Guides\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nBibliography\n[Axon, W. E. A.] (1877) The Mayor of Manchester and his Slanderers\nBeetham, M. (2004) \"Heywood, Abel (1810\u20131893)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Retrieved 10 Aug 2008 (subscription or UK public library membership required)\nBoase, F. (1904) Modern English Biography\nHeywood, G. B. (1932) Abel Heywood, Abel Heywood & Son, Abel Heywood & Son Ltd, 1832\u20131932. Manchester\n[Johnson, Joseph] (1861) Clever Boys of our Time, and How they Became Famous Men\nWilliams, Joanna M. (2017). Manchester's Radical Mayor: Abel Haywood, The Man who Built the Town Hall. The History Press. ISBN 978-0750984089.\n\n\nExternal links\nSir Robert Peel, Abel Heywood and Thomas Fleming - Manchester Politicians and Social Reformers"}}}}
part_xaa/abdel-wahed_el-sayed	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdel-Wahed_El-Sayed","to":"Abdel-Wahed El-Sayed"}],"pages":{"7564518":{"pageid":7564518,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel-Wahed El-Sayed","extract":"Abdel-Wahed El-Sayed Abdel-Wahed Masoud is an Egyptian retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.\n\n\nHonors\n\n\nClub\nZamalek\n\nEgyptian Premier League (3): 2000\u201301, 2002\u201303, 2003\u201304\nEgyptian Super Cup (2): 2001, 2002\nEgypt Cup (5): 1998\u201399, 2001\u201302, 2007\u201308, 2013, 2014\nAfrican Cup Winners' Cup (1): 2000\nAfrican Champions League (1): 2002\nAfrican Super Cup (1): 2003\nArab Club Championship Title (1): 2003\nEgyptian Saudi Super Cup (1): 2003\n\n\nInternational\nAfrican Cup of Nations (2): 2006, 2010\n\n\nIndividual\nBest Egyptian Goal Keeper in 2003.\nBest Goal Keeper in Africa in 2002 CAF Champions League.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/achel_brewery	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achel_Brewery","to":"Achel Brewery"}],"pages":{"1572297":{"pageid":1572297,"ns":0,"title":"Achel Brewery","extract":"Achel Brewery or Brouwerij der Sint-Benedictusabdij de Achelse Kluis was a Belgian Trappist brewery, (the smallest of the Belgian Trappist breweries) until January 2021. It continues to operate as a brewery but is no longer Trappist, as the brewing monks whose presence gave rise to that status have retired. It is located in the Abbey of Saint Benedict in the Belgian municipality of Hamont-Achel. It brews six \"Trappist beers\" (now described as \"Trappist style\").\n\n\nHistory\nThe history of the brewery goes back to 1648, when Dutch monks built a chapel in Achel. The chapel became an abbey in 1686, but was destroyed during the period of the French Revolution. In 1844, the ruins were rebuilt by monks from Westmalle, and various farming activities began. The first beer to be brewed on the site was the Patersvaatje in 1852, and 19 years later in 1871, the site became a Trappist monastery, with beer brewing a regular activity.\nIn 1914 during World War I, the monks left the abbey due to German occupation. The Germans dismantled the brewery in 1917 to salvage the approximately 700 kg of copper. In 1998 the monks decided to begin brewing again. Monks from the Trappist Abbey of Westmalle and Rochefort Abbey assisted in the building of the new brewery. In 2001, the brewery released the Achel 8\u00b0 beers.\n\nLike all other Trappist breweries, the beers are sold in order to support the monastery and charities.\n\n\nBeers\nThe beers are labelled by their alcohol percentage and colour, with \"Bruin\" and \"Blond\" meaning \"brown\" and \"blonde\" in Dutch.\nAchel Blond 8\u00b0, 8% ABV\nAchel Bruin 8\u00b0, 8% ABV\nAchel Extra, 9.5% ABV Blond (75cl only)\nAchel Extra, 9.5% ABV Bruin (75cl only)Before 2017, there were Achel Blond 5\u00b0, Achel Bruin 5\u00b0.\n\n\nReferences\n2. https://www.tvl.be/nieuws/limburg-verliest-met-achel-zijn-enige-authentieke-trappistenbier-112013\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/abdul_rahim_ishak	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Rahim_Ishak","to":"Abdul Rahim Ishak"}],"pages":{"39079460":{"pageid":39079460,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Rahim Ishak","extract":"Abdul Rahim Ishak (25 July 1925 \u2013 18 January 2001), also known as Encik Rahim, was a Singaporean politician and journalist. The youngest brother of Yusof bin Ishak, the first President of Singapore, Abdul was Minister of State for Education from 1965 to 1968 and the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs for 1968 to 1972. He was the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary first to the United Arab Republic in 1968, to Yugoslavia, Ethiopia, and Lebanon in 1969, and to Indonesia from 1974 to 1978. He became an envoy to New Zealand in July 1981.\n\n\nEarly life\nBorn 25 July 1925 in Singapore, Abdul received his education at King Edward VII School in Perak and Raffles College in Singapore, and was eligible to be a teacher. He worked as a news journalist for the Utusan Melayu from 1947 to 1959.\n\n\nCareer and personal life\nAbdul served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary first to the United Arab Republic in 1968, to Yugoslavia, Ethiopia, and Lebanon in 1969, and to Indonesia from 1974 to 1978. He became an envoy to New Zealand in July 1981, succeeding Lee Khoon Choy. He succeeded Chan Keng Howe as High Commissioner to New Zealand officially on 12 July 1981. His spouse Cik Mawan Wajid Khan was the president of the Siglap Women's Association. They had six children; they had at least one daughter, Lily Zubaidah Rahim.\n\n\nLater life and death\nAbdul retired from his political career in 1987 and was rarely seen in public. In December 2000, he was hospitalised for treatment. He died on 18 January 2001 from an unspecified illness. Many leaders in Asia offered their condolences.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adelophthalmus	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"15331416":{"pageid":15331416,"ns":0,"title":"Adelophthalmus","extract":"Adelophthalmus is a genus of eurypterid, an extinct group of aquatic arthropods. Fossils of Adelophthalmus have been discovered in deposits ranging in age from the Early Devonian to the Early Permian, which makes it the longest lived of all known eurypterid genera, with a total temporal range of over 120 million years. Adelopthtalmus was the final genus of the Eurypterina suborder of eurypterids and consisted the only known genus of swimming eurypterids from the Middle Devonian until its extinction during the Permian, after which the few surviving eurypterids were all walking forms of the suborder Stylonurina.\nFossils of Adelophthalmus have been described from four continents; North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, which indicates that Adelophthalmus might have had a nearly cosmopolitan (worldwide) distribution, one of few eurypterid genera to achieve one besides potentially Pterygotus. The territorial expansion of Adelophthalmus had begun early, with representatives found in both Siberia and Australia during the Devonian, but it first gained its almost cosmopolitan distribution following the amalgamation of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Carboniferous and Permian.\nThe generic name Adelophthalmus means \"no obvious eye\", referencing that the holotype fossil seemingly represented an eyeless eurypterid, with a carapace (head plate) completely lacking any indication of eyes. Though this has caused much subsequent confusion, including the naming of several junior synonyms, the apparent eyelessness of the type specimen is treated by modern researchers as a preservational artifact, and not a feature that any species of Adelophthalmus would have possessed in life.\nAdelophthalmus was a genus of comparatively small eurypterids, with species ranging in size from 4 cm (1.6 in, A. douvillei) to 32 cm (12.6 in, A. khakassicus). As of 2020, Adelophthalmus is the most taxonomically diverse of all eurypterid genera, containing 33 species considered valid. This large amount of species, many named long ago, have prompted some researchers to designate Adelophthalmus as a \"wastebasket taxon\" with poorly known internal relationships and phylogeny. The genus as it is currently seen may form a monophyletic group (a group sharing a common ancestor) but might most appropriately be split into different genera along distinct clades formed within the current confines of the genus.\n\n\nDescription\nAdelophthalmid eurypterids such as Adelophthalmus were small and streamlined nektonic (actively swimming) eurypterids with prominent cuticle sculptures (ornamentation consisting of small, minute, scales across their backs). These scales are perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the group, though similar scales have been reported in other eurypterid groups, most notably the pterygotids, as well.Though the largest adelophthalmid, Adelophthalmus was, in comparison to larger apex predatory members of the group (such as Jaekelopterus), a genus of relatively small eurypterids. The largest species of Adelophthalmus known, A. khakassicus, reached a maximum length of approximately 32 cm (12.6 in). Many species were smaller, the smallest being the Permian A. douvillei at just 4 cm (1.6 in) in length. The genus as a whole does not appear to have fluctuated much in size over the course of its long evolutionary history, with \"large\" species occurring in the Devonian (A. sievertsi at 18 cm, 7 in, and A. waterstoni at 15 cm, 6 in), the Carboniferous (the aforementioned A. mazonensis, A. wilsoni at 20 cm, 7.9 in, and both A. granosus and A. zadrai at 15 cm, 6 in) and during the Permian (A. luceroensis at 18 cm, 7 in). Most of the smaller species are known from the Carboniferous, when Adelophthalmus was the most abundant, including the \"medium-sized\" A. irinae (13 cm, 5.1 in) and A. moyseyi (12 cm, 4.7 in) and the smaller A. mansfieldi, A. pennsylvanicus (both at 8 cm, 3.1 in), A. approximatus (7 cm, 2.8 in) and A. dumonti (6 cm, 2.4 in).\n\nLike most eurypterids (with some exceptions, such as Slimonia and Rhinocarcinosoma), the carapace (the segment covering the prosoma, the \"head\") of Adelophthalmus was parabolic in shape, with a narrow marginal rim (edge). The carapace was held in place with the aid of a small and hinged triangular \"locking\" mechanism placed anteriorly. The eyes were reniform (bean-shaped) and the small ocelli were located between, or slightly behind (depending on the species), the larger eyes. The metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen) of Adelophthalmus was oval in shape, with the first opisthosomal (the opisthosoma refers to all segments after the carapace, essentially the abdomen) having a reduced length and being tapered laterally. The body of Adelophthalmus ended with a long and sharp styliform telson (the posteriormost segment, here in the shape of a spike). The feature that primarily distinguishes Adelophthalmus from other adelophthalmid eurypterids is its elongated body and the spurs present on its abdominal segments.\n\n\nTable of species\nThe status of the 35 names (out of which two are synonyms) listed below follow a 2018 survey by German paleontologists Jason A. Dunlop and Denise Jekel and British paleontologist David Penney and size- and temporal ranges follow a 2009 study by American paleontologists James Lamsdell and Simon J. Braddy unless otherwise noted.\n\n\nHistory of research\n\n\nEarliest discoveries\n\nThe first specimen of Adelophthalmus to be discovered was excavated in 1851 by German paleontologist Hermann Jordan in a railway shaft at J\u00e4gersfreude, near Saarbr\u00fccken in Germany. This specimen was described three years later in 1854 in the work Ueber die Crustaceen der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbr\u00fccken (\"Of the crustaceans of the coal formation of Saarbr\u00fccken\"), written by Jordan and Hermann von Meyer and featuring descriptions of several other arthropod taxa. The fossil was immediately recognized by Jordan as that of a eurypterid, with both the overall shape and form and the individual parts (particularly the head and the appendages) being very similar to those of Eurypterus which had been described in the United States in 1825, 29 years earlier. Among the differences noted between the specimens were the smaller size and later age of the Saarbr\u00fccken fossil and what Jordan and von Meyer perceived to be a complete lack of eyes.Since the preserved carapace had no indication of there ever having been any eyes present, Jordan and von Meyer assumed that the animal would have been completely eyeless in life, with the original description of the fossil citing several cases in which eyeless forms occur in arthropod groups otherwise possessing eyes (such as in crustaceans and trilobites). This apparent eyelessness prompted the choice of name, Adelophthalmus, meaning \"no obvious eye\". The species name, granosus, is derived from the latin gr\u0101n\u014dsus (\"grainy\" or \"full of grains\"), referring to the state of the fossil preservation having given some of the fossils a grainy texture. The type specimen, to this day the only specimen referred to A. granosus, is today held in the arthropod paleontology collections of the Natural History Museum of Berlin under the specimen number MB.A. 890.\n\nThough modern researchers tend to treat the assumed eyelessness as a preservational artifact and not a feature that A. granosus would have had in life, this issue was not resolved immediately which made the naming of subsequently discovered species confusing and problematic. Lepidoderma imhofi, named in 1855 from Carboniferous-age deposits in Germany, shows definite eyes. The descriptor, Austrian paleontologist August Emanuel von Reuss, noted that Lepidoderma likely was synonymous with Adelophthalmus, but ignored the rules of taxonomical priority and used his younger name due to it being based on material that he considered to be better preserved. The name Lepidoderma derives from the Latin lepidus (\"elegant\" or \"fine\") and Ancient Greek \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 (\u00f0erma, \"skin\").In 1868, American paleontologists Fielding Bradford Meek and Amos Henry Worthen described Anthraconectes mazonensis, Anthraconectes being designated a subgenus of Eurypterus, based on fossils recovered in Carboniferous-age deposits at Mazon Creek in Illinois (the first species to be described from North America). After examining the Adelophthalmus type specimen in 1934, German paleontologist Paul Guth\u00f6rl remarked that Anthraconectes and Adelophthalmus were so similar that they would have been synonyms had Adelophthalmus possessed eyes. The name Polyzosternites was coined by German paleontologist Friedrich Goldenberg (who also named the species Polyzosternites raniceps, today recognized as A. raniceps) in 1873 to replace the name Adelophthalmus in regards to specimens described after the type specimen in the belief that the type of Adelophthalmus represented the fossil remains of a cockroach. Glyptoscorpius was erected to include some fossils from the Carboniferous of Scotland, including the species G. perornatus (designated as type, the type specimen consisting of only five tergites), G. caledonicus and G. kidstoni, by British geologist Ben Peach in 1882. Glyptoscorpius would for a long time erroneously be considered to represent the fossil remains of a scorpion and not an eurypterid.\nThe second species to be described from North America was A. pennsylvanicus (as Eurypterus pennsylvanicus), by Meek and Worthen from the coal-measures of Venango County, Pennsylvania in 1877. That same year, American paleontologist James Hall described the species A. mansfieldi (under the name Eurypterus (Dolichopterus) mansfieldi) based on fossils recovered in Cannelton, Pennsylvania. In 1888, Hall described the species A. approximatus (as Eurypterus approximatus) together with American paleontologist John Mason Clarke based on fossils also recovered from Pennsylvania.\nThe English geologist Henry Woodward described the species Eurypterus wilsoni (=Adelophthalmus wilsoni) in 1888 based on a fossil recovered by an Edward Wilson of the Bristol Museum, naming the species in his honor. The only known specimen is composed of six body segments and Woodward noted that naming the species may have been slightly premature. He noted that the specimen possessed markings and spikes running alongside the abdomen in a similar way to A. mansfieldi (then classified as Eurypterus mansfieldi).\nPortuguese paleontologist Pereira de Lima described the species Eurypterus douvillei (today seen as Adelophthalmus douvillei) in 1890 based on fossils from Bussaco in Portugal.\n\n\nTwentieth century\nIn 1907, Henry Woodward described Eurypterus moyseyi (today recognized as Adelophthalmus moyseyi) based on fossils recovered from Radstock, Somerset in England. Woodward compared the singular specimen of E. moyseyi to fossil specimens of A. mansfieldi from America, finding the spikes along the abdomen very similar, though noted that they were less prominent in E. moyseyi. Woodward described very large fossil specimens, the carapace alone measuring 21 cm (8.3 in) and the seven associated body segments measuring an additional 25 cm (9.8) together. Despite this, the latest available size estimates for A. moyseyi put the species at 12 cm (4.7 in) in length.A. nebraskensis was described as Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) nebraskensis in 1914 by American geologist Erwin H. Barbour based on fossils recovered in Nebraska, USA. The species was described alongside other fossils from the associated sediments, which helped reinforce the idea as Adelophthalmus (or Anthraconectes) as a freshwater animal.The species A. dumonti, Carboniferous in age, was described by Belgian paleontologist Xavier Stainier in 1915 as Eurypterus dumonti. The type specimen, a relatively complete fossil measuring just 3.3 centimetres (1.3 in) in length, was discovered through boring at a new coalfield in Campine, northern Belgium. Though the fossil had been slightly damaged, including the entire counterpart being fragmented, owing to careless usage of hammers and diamond bores during excavation, the fossil could nevertheless be studied in detail and compared to known eurypterid species. As Stainier considered every known Carboniferous eurypterid to be part of the genus Eurypterus (among them several species today recognized as Adelophthalmus, such as the type species A. granosus, A. imhofi and A. pennsylvanicus), he classified the new Belgian eurypterid in that genus as well. He did note that the new species was very similar to species such as E. pennsylvanicus and especially E. mansfieldi (both seen as species of Adelophthalmus today). The species name dumonti honors the prominent Belgian geologist Andr\u00e9 Dumont.The American geologist Amadeus William Grabau described the species Anthraconectes chinensis in 1920, based on fossils discovered in Zhaozezhuang, China.\nCanadian geologist Walter A. Bell described the species A. bradorensis in 1922 (as a species of Anthraconectes) based on a single fossil recovered in New Campbelton in the Municipality of the County of Victoria, Canada, referring it to the genus due to similarities with the Scottish A. kidstoni and the American A. mansfieldi.1924 saw the description of the species Anthraconectes sellardsi by American paleontologist Carl Owen Dunbar based on two incomplete fossils and few other small fragments from Elmo in Kansas. The first specimen preserves the carapace and the first four tergites of the preabdomen, while the second preserves five preabdominal and three postabdominal tergites; this specimen represents twice the size of the first one.The species A. oklahomensis was described by American paleontologist Carl E. Decker in 1938 based on Permian-age fossils in Oklahoma. Since the A. oklahomensis specimen was virtually identical to specimens of A. sellardsi of similar age and a similar stratigraphical horizon in Kansas, A. oklahomensis was designated a junior synonym of A. sellardsi by American geologist Carl Colton Branson, with the support of Decker, in 1959.The type specimen of A. zadrai, MB.A. 889, was collected in the Czech Republic in 1930 or 1931 and first mentioned in a manuscript by French Carboniferous worker Pierre Pruvost, who dubbed it \"Eurypterus (Anthraconectes) Zadrai\", but he did not formally describe the specimen or taxon. Pruvost had previous experience with the genus, having described the species Anthraconectes cambieri in 1930 based on fossils from Charleroi, Belgium. A. zadrai was first described formally in 1952 as Adelophthalmus zadrai, at a point in time when the type specimen was seemingly lost. The specimen was rediscovered in Berlin under a different species name based on the original collector of the fossil (Dr. Palisa) and without any designation of it representing a type specimen. Pruvost was also honored through the naming of A. pruvosti (described as Lepidoderma pruvosti by Norwegian paleontologist Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering in 1948 based on fossils discovered in Lens, France).\n1933 saw Ukrainian paleontologist Boris Isidorovich Chernyshev describe the species A. carbonarius based in one single specimen from the Donets in Ukraine. A new expedition in 2012 carried out by Russian paleontologist Evgeniy S. Shpinev and others in the respectively Russian and Ukrainian localities of Kakichev and Lomuvatka brought a number of well-preserved, presumably juvenile, fossils of A. carbonarius. The exact identification of these fossils is not possible, but they are identified as A. carbonarius since there are no features showing the opposite. Another Belgian species, A. corneti, was described by Pruvost in 1939 based on fossils from Quaregnon.\nAll synonymous genera; Anthraconectes, Glyptoscorpius, Lepidoderma and Polyzosternites, were subsumed into Adelophthalmus in studies during the middle twentieth century, notably that of Belgian paleontologist Fredrik Herman van Oyen (1956). Though most authors assign all described species to Adelophthalmus, some, such as van Oyen in 1956, have considered Anthraconectes to potentially represent a distinct genus, citing that scorpions with similar dorsal anatomies can be quite different ventrally and that the same could be true for the Carboniferous Adelophthalmus where the ventral morphology is not yet known. A genus Anthraconectes of this nature would be problematic due to its classification depending on the preservational state of any given specimen.A. asturica was described as Lepidoderma asturica by Spanish paleontologist Bermudo Mel\u00e9ndez in 1971 based on fossils from d'Ablana in Spain.\nThe species A. luceroensis was described by American paleontologists Barry S. Kues and Kenneth K. Kietzke in 1981 based on 150 fossil specimens recovered from the Madera Formation of New Mexico. The large amount of specimens recovered, representing individuals at various stages of development and ontogeny, allowed detailed studies to be performed on the ontogeny and intraspecific variation within Adelophthalmus.American paleontologist Roy E. Plotnick referred a species of Eurypterus, E. lohesti (first described in 1889) to Adelophthalmus in 1983 (as A. lohesti), but this classification is questionable as the morphology of the A. lohesti specimen is not consistent with that otherwise known of Adelophthalmus. The differences include A. lohesti having larger eyes, a wider carapace and what could possible by a median ridge on the carapace.\n\n\nTwenty-first century\n\nIn 2004, the German paleontologist Markus Poschmann referred the species A. sievertsi, first described as part of the genus Rhenopterus by Norwegian paleontologist Leif St\u00f8rmer in 1969 based on fossil remains from the Devonian Klerf Formation in Germany, to the genus. Poschmann also referred the species Rhenopterus waterstoni (described earlier in 2004 based on the singular specimen BMNH In 60174 from the Late Devonian of Australia) to Adelophthalmus. This species had previously not been assigned to the genus despite clear similarities to other species of Adelophthalmus partly due to there previously not being any solid evidence for the presence of Adelophthalmus as early as the Devonian.A. irinae was described in 2006 based on a fossil specimens (including the holotype, a prosoma, \"head\", with the specimen number PIN no. 5109/4) collected by the Krasnoyarsk Geological Expedition near Sakhapta, a village in the Nazarovsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Region of Russia. The fossils, from the Tournaisian Solomennyi Stan Formation, could confidently be assigned to Adelophthalmus based on their scalelike ornamentation, the position of their eyes and the shape of the carapace shortly after their excavation. The species is the first species of Adelophthalmus to be described from Russia and the first ever Carboniferous eurypterid known from the country. It is also one of few Carboniferous eurypterids found within the territory of the former Soviet Union, the only others being A. carbonarius from Ukraine and Unionopterus from Kazakhstan.Shpinev described two new species of Adelophthalmus in 2012; A. kamyshtensis and A. dubius (the name deriving from the Latin dubius = \"doubtful\"), both based on fossils originally collected by Russian geologist Yuriy Fedorovich Pogonya-Stefanovich in 1960 in deposits 3 km southeast of the village of Kamyshta (which lent its name to A. kamyshtensis) of the Republic of Khakassia, Russia and now housed at the Borissiak Paleontological Institute. Despite how poorly preserved these fossils are, several features (notably the parabolic carapace and the presence of spikes along the abdomen) place both species within Adelophthalmus.In 2013, A. piussii became the first eurypterid to be described from Italy. The specimen (specimen number MFSNgp 31681, housed at the Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale in Udine) was collected in the gravel bank of a small creek near the greater Bombaso creek, north of the village of Pontebba and consists of a carapace and seven opisthosomal segments on a large block of sandstone. The name of the species, piussii, honors the collector of the type specimen, Stefano Piussi.In 2018, Shpinev and Russian researcher A. N. Filimonov described a new species named A. khakassicus based in many well-preserved specimens. Found in the Ilemorovskaya Formation of Khakassia (hence the name) in 2014 by Filimonov, it represents the biggest species of the genus. The holotype, PM TGU 168/108, is composed of parts of the metasoma and a complete telson, with several other known paratypes. As A. khakassicus is known from similar stratigraphic levels to those of A. kamyshtensis and A. dubius, it has been suggested that these three species could represent synonyms.In 2020, Lamsdell, Victoria E. McCoy, Opal A. Perron-Felle and Melanie J. Hopkins described a new species of Adelophthalmus from the Tournaisian stage of (most likely) the Lydiennes Formation, in France. Its only known specimen, GLAHM A23113, is a nearly complete body only lacking the telson and preserved in phosphatic nodules. For this reason, it was called Adelophthalmus pyrrhae, named after Pyrrha of Thessaly, a figure from Greek mythology who, together with her husband Deucalion, threw stones that transformed into babies to repopulate the world. The good preservation of A. pyrrhae allowed researchers to examine parts of its respiratory system, and after their study it was confirmed that even if they had a mostly aquatic lifestyle, the eurypterids could venture on to land for long periods.\n\n\nEvolutionary history\n\n\nDevonian\n\nThe adelophthalmids likely first appeared in the waters of the continent Baltica in the Late Silurian, being a part of a rapid diversification of swimming eurypterids (suborder Eurypterina) throughout the Silurian. Baltica would later collide with the continents Avalonia and Laurentia and form the landmass Euramerica, where most of basal adelophthalmid evolution took place in the Early Devonian. The earliest known species of Adelophthalmus is A. sievertsi from Early Devonian (Emsian) deposits of the Klerf Formation in Wilwerath (in the Rhineland-Palatinate), Germany, then part of Avalonia within Euramerica. A. sievertsi lived in near-shore environments, typically a varied and unstable habitat, which indicates that Adelophthalmus was eurytopic (capable of surviving in a wide range of environments).Three other species from the Middle Devonian, A. khakassicus, A. kamyshtensis and A. dubius, are the earliest known species of Adelophthalmus from outside Europe, fossils of the three having been recovered from Khakassia in Russia. By the Late Devonian, Adelophthalmus had already become widespread, with the species A. waterstoni having been recovered from deposits of Frasnian (~382.2 to 372.2 million years old) age in the Gogo Formation of Western Australia, the only eurypterid with the exception of Acutiramus and Pterygotus known from the continent.The only other species of Adelophthalmus known from the Devonian is the Famennian (latest Devonian) A. lohesti, known from fossil deposits at Pont de Bonne in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium. Alongside a Famennian species of Hibbertopterus, H. dewalquei, A. lohesti represents the oldest known eurypterid hitherto discovered in Belgium. A. lohesti is however represented by a single fragmentary specimen whose identification as Adelophthalmus or even eurypterine at large is questionable, with it possibly representing a stylonurid eurypterid instead. Devonian specimens of Adelophthalmus have allegedly also been recovered from Siberia, which would mean that the range of the genus included water around all then existing continents.The eurypterids were one of the groups most heavily affected by the Late Devonian extinction event, following a major decline in diversity during the Early Devonian, eurypterids were rare in marine environments by the Late Devonian. Of the 16 eurypterid families that had been alive at the beginning of the Devonian, only three persisted into the Carboniferous. All of these were non-marine groups. Whilst the suborder Stylonurina was relatively unscathed, adapting new strategies (such as sweep-feeding) to avoid competition, and came to diversify once more in the Carboniferous, the Eurypterina was rendered almost completely extinct, Adelophthalmus becoming the sole survivor of the entire suborder.\n\n\nCarboniferous\n\nFollowing the extinction of all other swimming eurypterids in the Devonian, Adelophthalmus became the most common of all eurypterids of the late Paleozoic, existing in far greater number than the surviving members of the Stylonurina, both in terms of the number of individuals and the number of species. Adelophthalmus experienced a rapid diversification through the Carboniferous, with 23 of its 33 species having been described from the Carboniferous alone, and reached its peak diversity in the Late Carboniferous. This diversification did not lead to the evolution of any new genera\u2013Adelophthalmus remained the only genus of eurypterine eurypterids until the extinction of the group.Already widespread and represented around all major landmasses in the Late Devonian, the amalgamation of Pangaea into a global supercontinent during the Carboniferous and Permian would allow the able swimmer Adelophthalmus to gain an almost worldwide distribution, with Carboniferous-age fossils of Adelophthalmus having been recovered from the United States, Spain, Belgium, Ukraine, China, Germany, the Czech Republic, Russia, England, Wales, Scotland, France and Italy.\nThe Early Carboniferous saw the appearance of a few new species, notably A. approximatus, the earliest record of Adelophthalmus in North America (although this species may have occurred as early as the Famennian stage, the last stage of the Devonian). The genus also spread to modern day Scotland (A. perornatus recovered from fossil deposits of Early Carboniferous age in Glencartholm) and Asia (the Tournaisian-age A. irinae known from fossil deposits near Krasnoyarsk, Russia). The appearance of A. irinae is particularly notable as it represents the hitherto only known Carboniferous eurypterid in Russia. A. pyrrhae discovered in France is also known from this time. The Late Carboniferous would see the appearance of several more species in various places around the world. During the Bashkirian stage (from 323.2 to 315.2 million years ago), two species appeared in Belgium, A. cambieri from Charleroi and A. corneti from Quaregnon, and a third species, A. zadrai has been reported from deposits of Bashkirian age in Moravo-Silesia of the Czech Republic.The abundance of the bivalve Anthracomya suggests strong evidence of freshwater deposition in the habitat of A. bradorensis, a Radstockian (Upper Westphalian) species from Canada.The Moscovian stage (from 315.2 to 307 million years ago) saw the appearance of several new species, including the two German species A. raniceps and A. granosus, both from Saarbr\u00fccken. Further Moscovian-age species include a variety of Adelophthalmus from Europe and North America; A. asturica from d\u2019Ablana, Spain, A. kidstoni from Radstock, England, A. imhofi from Vlkhys, Czech Republic, A. mazonensis from Illinois, USA, A. moyseyi from Blaengarw, Wales, A. pennsylvanicus from Pennsylvania, USA, A. pruvosti from Lens, France, A. wilsoni from Radstock, England and A. dumonti from Mechelen-sur-Meuse, Belgium. The very latest Carboniferous and early Permian would see the appearance of A. mansfieldi in Pennsylvania, USA and A. chinensis from Zhaozezhuang, China. Furthermore, the species A. piussii has been recovered from Late Carboniferous deposits in the Carnic Alps of Italy, the first and hitherto only eurypterid known from the country.\n\n\nPermian\n\nThe Permian fossil record of Adelophthalmus includes five species, all of which were confined to the Early Permian. The first stage of the period, the Asselian (from 298.9 to 295 million years ago), saw the appearance of A. luceroensis in New Mexico, USA, A. douvillei in Bussaco, Portugal and the continued survival of the Carboniferous Chinese species A. chinensis. A. douvillei lasted until the subsequent stage, the Sakmarian (from 295 to 290.1 million years ago), which also saw the appearance of A. nebraskensis in Nebraska, USA. A. nebraskensis is known to have lived in a freshwater environment, its fossil being found in association with fossils of land plants. The youngest described species is A. sellardsi, known from the Artinskian (290.1 to 283.5 million years ago) stage of Elmo in Kansas, USA.\nOut of all known species of Adelophthalmus, the final stragglers of the genus (A. luceroensis and A. sellardsi) were most similar to the very earliest known species, A. sievertsi, despite being separated by a timespan of more than a hundred million years. The similarities are likely due to a generalized, and not a specialized, ecological niche. This morphological conservatism in Adelophthalmus suggests that the genus became bradytelic, evolving at a slower rate than the standard rate among eurypterids. Typically, bradytelic organisms have a broad geographical spread, something that was seen in Adelophthalmus over the course of the late Devonian and Carboniferous.As with many other species of Adelophthalmus, A. luceroensis appears to have lived in environments of brackish to fresh water on a deltaic plain adjacent to a coastal plain. Climate conditions favorable for the spread and maintenance of such environments were optimal during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian, with Adelopthalmus being widespread and numerous in these times. In most of the locations Adelophthalmus was present it appears to have been similar ecologically.Though habitats of this kind were many, widespread and ecologically stable for a time in the early Permian, they would turn out to be delicate. A changing climate during the Permian altered depositional and vegetation patterns across the northern hemisphere, which drastically affected previously widespread environments such as the signature Carboniferous coal forests as well as brackish and fresh water habitats. As their habitat vanished, Adelophthalmus dwindled in number. Whilst some stylonurine eurypterids (Hastimima and Campylocephalus) that occupied niches outside of these habitats continued to survive for a time, Adelophthalmus, restricted to a rapidly disappearing type of environment, became extinct.\n\n\nClassification\n\nAdelophthalmus is classified as part of (and lends its name to) the family Adelophthalmidae, the only family within the superfamily Adelophthalmoidea, alongside the genera Parahughmilleria, Nanahughmilleria, Bassipterus, Pittsfordipterus and Eysyslopterus. The cladogram below presents the inferred phylogenetic positions of most of the genera included in the three most derived superfamilies of the Eurypterina suborder of eurypterids (Adelophthalmoidea, Pterygotioidea and the waeringopteroids), as inferred by O. Erik Tetlie and Markus Poschmann in 2008, based on the results of a 2008 analysis specifically pertaining to the Adelophthalmoidea and a preceding 2004 analysis.\nA close relationship between the three groups is confirmed partly due to basal members of all three groups, Orcanopterus, Eysyslopterus and Herefordopterus, sharing similar carapace shapes. Adelophthalmus being the most derived member of its family is confirmed by its swimming appendages being the thinnest of all included genera and by its eyes being the closest to the center of the carapace. In adelophthalmoids, eyes appear to get closer to the center of the carapace with every more derived genus, and even though eye position may reflect lifestyles and inhabited environments, they are also assumed to (particularly in this case, with a clear progression) include phylogenetically important information.\n\n\nInternal phylogeny and monophyly\n\nThe internal phylogeny and relationships within Adelophthalmus are poorly known, owing to its long history and the large amount of species assigned to the genus, many based on fragmentary remains.American paleontologist Victor P. Tollerton suggested in 1989 that some species of Adelophthalmus may be better placed within a new genus in the Slimonidae family of eurypterids, citing their lack of spines, however noted that the then presently available material of Adelophthalmus made it difficult to assess if the legs truly were non-spiniferous. A new genus for non-spiniferous species could be phylogenetically supported, but transferring the new genus to the Slimonidae based on the loss of a feature which seems to have been lost independently in the two groups is not in line with common practice.The cladogram below displays the results of a phylogenetic analysis conducted by O. Erik Tetlie and Markus Poschmann in 2008, featuring seven species of Adelophthalmus and excluding other species on the grounds that they were too incompletely known. All characters were treated as unordered and given equal weight. Orcanopterus, part of a clade that also contains Grossopterus and Waeringopterus, was included in the analysis as an outgroup to polarise the characters.\nThe results of the analysis showed that all the genera featured (including Adelophthalmus), with the exception of Nanahughmilleria, where the basal species N. patteni was assigned to the new genus Eysyslopterus, were (or had the potential to be) monophyletic. The monophyly of Adelophthalmus was supported by several synapomorphies, including the presence of an anterior triangle on the carapace (the function of which is uncertain), a central circular area of the carapace being raised, the eyes being further away from the margin of the carapace than from the ocelli, an oval metastoma, a long telson and the presence of epimera on the preabdomen.\nA. sievertsi was recovered as more basal than other species, which fits with it also being the earliest known species in the fossil record, mainly due to the broad swimming appendage being similar to the broad appendages of Parahughmilleria and Nanahughmilleria. All other species of Adelophthalmus where this appendage is known possess one that is thinner.\n\nThe analysis left out many fragmentary species of Adelophthalmus, as their character states could not be confidently taken into account, and Adelophthalmus in terms of all the species it is recognized as containing can thus not be fully confidently stated to be monophyletic, more fragmentary species need to be redescribed and more phylogenetic characters need to be confidently established before the status of the genus can be certain.\nAdelophthalmus as it is currently understood may form a monophyletic, and thus phylogenetically valid, group, but that it likely suffers from an under-splitting at the genus level and over-splitting at the species level. It is possible that the large amount of species form two or more distinct clades that could be split into different genera. Though most of the species included in the genus appear to form a monophyletic group, some species have been suggested to represent species of other recognized genera, with A. dumonti supposedly being similar to the obscure Unionopterus in its supposed trapezoid carapace (a feature now known to be incorrect and based on an incorrect illustration) and the large A. perornatus showing ornamentation similar to the one seen in the Hibbertopteridae.\nMany of the more fragmentary species could very well be synonyms of more well known species. In particular, A. imhofi was suggested by Fredrik Herman van Oyen in 1956 to possibly represent a senior synonym of many species, including A. zadrai, A. corneti, A. cambieri, A. pruvosti, A. bradorensis, A. kidstoni, A. wilsoni and A. sellardsi. Van Oyen's synonymizations were based on ratios of the carapace alone, ignoring other important phylogenetic features as well as possible taphonomic effects (defects produced during fossilization) on the fossils. Subsequent research has proven the validity of some species, now defined based on clear and distinguishing characteristics, including A. mazonensis, A. mansfieldi and A. moyseyi.\nThe precise taxonomy and status of the species within Adelophthalmus is an ongoing area of research, perhaps the most important question that remains unanswered is the exact relationship between the type species A. granosus and the second oldest described species, A. imhofi, which could have major implications for the internal phylogeny of the genus.\n\n\nStatus as a wastebasket taxon\nAdelophthalmus contains a large amount of species (33 as of 2020, the largest amount of any eurypterid), is geographically widespread, named a long time ago (1854) and the nominate form of a higher taxon (lending its name to the family Adelopthalmidae and the superfamily Adelopthalmoidea), meeting every criterion to be dubbed a \"wastebasket taxon\", a taxon existing for the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit elsewhere.Additionally, most of the species referred to Adelophthalmus were described by authors who were not eurypterid specialists (since eurypterid researchers mostly concentrated their efforts on the more diverse pre-Carboniferous eurypterids) and most descriptions lack in comparisons with previously described species of the genus. As such, the differences between species are often trivial, perhaps partly resulting from that the first overview paper on the taxon was published only in 1948, at which point 26 species had already been described.\n\n\nPaleoecology\n\nThe Adelophthalmoidea as a whole mainly lived in environments near coastal habitats, with a preference for habitats with reduced salinity such as river deltas, estuaries or lagoons. Marine influences are often recorded from these habitats and the deposits carrying adelophthalmoid fossils, but typical marine index fossils (fossils that indicate a marine environment and ecosystem) are not found associated with the eurypterid remains. The occasional Adelophthalmus fossils found in obviously marine deposits, such as the Late Devonian Australian A. waterstoni, might have been transported from their original habitat. In the case of A. waterstoni this is seen as particularly likely as it is represented by a single specimen that is also the only eurypterid specimen collected from the formation in which it was found, the Gogo Formation of Western Australia.In general, post-Devonian eurypterids are rare and occur in habitats of brackish or fresh water, having migrated from the marginal marine environments inhabited during the Silurian. The earliest adelophthalmoids, such as the Devonian Parahughmilleria hefteri, which are recovered in non-marine deposits such as in environments that were once brackish or estuarine habitats. The evolution of Adelophthalmus saw a shift from brackish environments to habitats dominated by fresh water. In habitats where both Parahughmilleria and early species of Adelophthalmus are found, such as in Early Devonian fossil sites in Germany where fossils of A. sievertsi have been discovered, Parahughmilleria are found in sections that are considerably more marginally marine than those sections inhabited by Adelophthalmus.\nThe largest presence of Adelophthalmus in freshwater habitats occurred in the Bashkirian and Moscovian stages of the Carboniferous, from which Adelophthalmus fossils are recovered in strata bearing coal (indicating a coal swamp environment) together with fossils of freshwater bivalves and terrestrial organisms. It is possible that these freshwater \"conquests\" are related to the diversification of the genus itself and the appearance of several new species during the Carboniferous, rather than reflecting a shift in the habitat preference of the genus as a whole. Indeed, these coal swamp Adelophthalmus seem to form a minority, with most species being confined to paralic or lowland basins in depositional environments with close connections to marginally marine habitats.\nFor instance, the latest surviving examples of Adelophthalmus in the Saar\u2013Nahe Basin of Germany (Moscovian in age) are from a time in which the basin was either part of, or at the very least connected to, a western subsiding area and drainage of the basin was to the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, located 1,500 km (930 miles) southwards. With uplift in the south during the Pennsylvanian and Early Permian, drainage became routed to the Panthalassa Ocean to the north, which resulted in the basin being located 1,300 km (810 miles) further away from the ocean. In these younger deposits, Adelophthalmus is nowhere to be found, which indicates that a shift to an environment further away from the ocean caused the extinction of these populations, which indicates that several species needed some form of connection to habitats of marginally marine nature, even if they did not live in them.\nLater fossil localities containing Adelophthalmus, from the Late Moscovian, the later Carboniferous and the Early Permian, show a larger presence in habitats with marine influence, particularly habitats of tidally influence estuarine environments. Despite Adelophthalmus spreading to fully freshwater environments, their conquests of these environments was apparently not as successful as that of other similar groups, for instance some Carboniferous xiphosurans of the Belinuridae family, that occurred in freshwater lakes and basins that completely lacked eurypterids.\n\n\nDiet and predation\nAs Adelophthalmus in many ways represented the last of its kind, being the final eurypterid to possess swimming appendages, it did not exist in diverse eurypterid faunas such as the ones observed with genera during the Silurian or early Devonian. Instead, the brackish of fresh water environments typically inhabited by Adelophthalmus, such as the Early Permian Madera Formation in New Mexico (where fossils of A. luceroensis have been recovered) preserve other organisms, such as insects, branchiopods, ostracods, millipedes and spirorbid worms. The thin and long paddles of Adelophthalmus indicates that it was a good swimmer, though it is likely that it spent most of its time crawling in the mud. As the chelicerae (frontal appendages) of Adelophthalmus were small, it is most likely that it fed on small organisms, possibly in part the ostracods and branchiopods known from associated fossils. There is a noticeable lack of insects in the fossil beds with dense plant fossils, where they should be more common, and a surprising abundance in fossil beds with few eurypterids, possibly indicating that Adelophthalmus fed on insects that had fallen into the water, hindering these from being preserved as fossils.The localities in which Adelophthalmus have been preserved in the Madera Formation are all part of the Red Tanks Member, which does not preserve any known organisms that would have been capable of preying on Adelophthalmus. It is however likely that various predatory fish, amphibians and early reptiles known to have been present at the time would have preyed upon the small eurypterids. Both fish and amphibians are known from similar environments of the same age in the nearby Manzanita Mountains.\n\n\nRespiration\nThrough X-ray microtomography imaging, researchers have been able to observe in detail the structure of the respiratory organs of the only known specimen of A. pyrrhae. A phosphate nodule on the ventral side of the animal is split in a manner in which the branchial chamber (gill tract) is visible. This uncovers four pairs of book gills (external gills arranged like the pages of a book), although they were probably five, as in xiphosurans. These are oriented horizontally and all of them but the ones from the sixth segment are fragmentary. There, they are oval in shape, attached near the midline of the body and consist of six lamellae. The number of lamellae in the other anterior segments is thought to have been higher, as indicated by some fragments and a specimen of Onychopterella augusti that had 45 lamellae in each of its four pairs of book gills from the second to fifth segments. Onychopterella's book gills, however, were vertically oriented. This and a fossil of the xiphosuran Tachypleus syriacus suggest that the book gills of A. pyrrhae underwent a taphonomic deformation and that they were originally vertically-oriented as well.The dorsal surface of each lamellae is covered by regularly spaced pillar-shaped trabeculae located between each lamellae, leaving a space filled with hemolymph (a fluid found in arthropods, analogous to the blood of vertebrates) in each. Trabeculae are commonly found in arachnids with lungs and represent a terrestrial adaptation to breathe air. They prevent the lamellae from sticking together and eliminating the space between them, which would suffocate the organism. Therefore, the presence of trabeculae in A. pyrrhae indicates that eurypterids were able breathe in terrestrial environments with their respiratory organs unlike xiphosurans or other basal euarthropods. Its trabeculae are also highly similar to those of arachnids, especially that of a specimen of an indeterminate species of Palaeocharinus from the Devonian.The presence of trabeculae also confirms that the kiemenplatten, ventral vascular structures of the eurypterids, acted indeed as active respiratory structures during air breathing as previously suggested. This and the evidence of land incursions made by stylonurines implies that eurypterids could stay out of the water for prolongated periods. This does not change the fact that they were predominantly aquatic creatures, just as their swimming paddles (which A. pyrrhae also possessed) indicate. Furthermore, it is possible that being out of the water would have been ineffective for them during their alimentation, limiting the time they stayed there. However, they may have moved from pool to pool to breed in safer locations, supported by the usual separation between adult and juvenile eurypterids in the fossil record and by the possession of spermatophores, which could have allowed eurypterids to store sperm for months to give them time to seek a secure environment.\n\n\nAge-based segregation\n\nIn the Madera Formation, Adelophthalmus and associated organisms lived in bodies of brackish to fresh water in what is assumed to have been a deltaic plain. The lack of large coal beds suggests that the fossil localities which have yielded Adelophthalmus was a moderately elevated region with less dense vegetation and better drainage than the swamplands that occupied much of the rest of the United States. The discovery of a large assemblage of A. luceroensis, including several adults and juveniles, allowed researchers to determine different habitat preferences for different age groups. Larger individuals (adults) are found associated with large plant fragments, including branches of Walchia and leaves of Cordaites, but smaller individuals (juveniles) are found in fossil beds containing less organic material and mostly smaller plant fragments. The large plant fragments of the adult habitat were deposited in quiet conditions, likely through leaves dropping into enclosed lagoons or standing ponds.The juveniles appear to have developed and lived in somewhat different conditions than the adults. In beds were juveniles are more common, insect fossils are more common as well, indicating a lack of adults that were capable of devouring them, and the presence of smaller plant fossils suggest a less prolific vegetation cover, the juvenile environment possibly having been lower areas on the delta plain between the ponds. Periodically, storms would drive marine water into the ponds, where salinity would thus be variable, while juveniles could live in fresher and less variable environments further away from the shoreline. It is possible that the adults mated in the streams that fed the ponds, and then returned to live in the ponds because of a richer food supply being present.Age-based segregation of this kind between juveniles and adults of the same population is relatively normal in arthropods, for instance, juveniles of the related and modern Limulus live in different environments and regions than the adults. The advantage of this form of segregation is not only to allow younger individuals to live in conditions more stable from a salinity standpoint, but also to keep juveniles safe from situations in which substantial amounts of marine water decimated the populations in the ponds by altering the living conditions too much. In such a situation, younger populations could after some time recolonize the old habitats.\n\n\nSee also\n\nList of eurypterid genera\nTimeline of eurypterid research\nCampylocephalus\u2014the last known surviving walking (stylonurine) eurypterid.\nPterygotus\u2014another eurypterid with an almost worldwide distribution.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nCitations\n\n\nBibliography\n\n\nWebsites\n\"Glosbe \u2013 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\". glosbe.com.\n\"Latin Lexicon \u2013 granosus\". latinlexicon.org.\n\"Latin Lexicon \u2013 lepidus\". latinlexicon.org."}}}}
part_xaa/acalolepta_dentifera	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acalolepta_dentifera","to":"Acalolepta dentifera"}],"pages":{"51573668":{"pageid":51573668,"ns":0,"title":"Acalolepta dentifera","extract":"Acalolepta dentifera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1927. It is known from the Philippines.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/a_beka_book	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Beka_Book","to":"A Beka Book"}],"redirects":[{"from":"A Beka Book","to":"Abeka"}],"pages":{"23004372":{"pageid":23004372,"ns":0,"title":"Abeka","extract":"Abeka Book, LLC, known as A Beka Book until 2017, is an American publisher affiliated with Pensacola Christian College (PCC) that produces K-12 curriculum materials that are used by Christian schools and homeschooling families around the world. It is named after Rebekah Horton, wife of college president Arlin Horton. By the 1980s, Abeka and BJU Press (formerly Bob Jones University Press) were the two major publishers of Christian-based educational materials in America.\n\n\nHistory\n\nThe company started in 1972 as A Beka Book. In 2017, the company rebranded as Abeka. The video program Abeka Academy is on DVD and streams on the web. \nIts previous logo shows a book design from the current one that was optimized.\n\n\nAccreditation\nAbeka's video program (Abeka Academy) and the Traditional Parent-Directed program are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools (MSA-CESS) and by the Florida Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (FACCS).\n\n\nCriticism\nAbeka has been criticized by organizations such as the University of California and National Center for Science Education for selling works that contradict the scientific consensus regarding the origins of the universe, origins of life, and evolution. Abeka takes Biblical literalist and young Earth creationist positions in its science curriculum, teaching the Genesis creation narrative as a literal and factual account confirmed by \"science\", a view that has led to its rejection for use in at least one state's educational system. In Association of Christian Schools International v. Roman Stearns, a judge upheld the University of California's rejection of Abeka publications for preparatory use, because the books are \"inconsistent with the viewpoints and knowledge generally accepted in the scientific community\".Aside from concerns regarding beliefs, experts from University of Central Florida and the University of Florida have criticized the content of Abeka textbooks as being markedly more simple than the content of comparable textbooks generally presented in public schools.\n\n\nTax status ruling\nBetween 1988 and 1996, A Beka Book held tax exempt status, because its profits were channeled into PCC as a tax-exempt religious organization or educational institution. In January 1995, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ruled that the college's publishing arm was liable for taxes as a profit-making entity. The IRS further ruled that the profits of the publishing arm benefited the organization as a whole, because both A Beka Book and PCC were run under the same organization and that all of the profits of A Beka Book went directly to PCC, constituting 60% of the college's income. The effect of this ruling rendered the publishing company ineligible for future tax exempt status.\nAlthough PCC was ultimately cleared of any liability for back taxes, PCC paid the estimated $44.5 million, and A Beka Book paid another $3.5 million.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/achaea_catocaloides	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Achaea_catocaloides","to":"Achaea catocaloides"}],"pages":{"24456741":{"pageid":24456741,"ns":0,"title":"Achaea catocaloides","extract":"Achaea catocaloides is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guen\u00e9e in 1852. It is found in Liberia, Guinea, Benin, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Kenya and Uganda.There are up to two generations per year.\nIn December 2008 and January 2009, there was a serious outbreak of in the border region of Liberia and Guinea, causing the Liberian government to declare a state of emergency. The feces of the caterpillars made local streams undrinkable.The larvae normally feed on various trees, but can become a pest on agricultural crops like coffee, cocoa, citrus, plantain, banana and cassava.\nThe larvae, known as minsangula or lukunku in D.R. Congo and mindelemoka or muchangumuna in Congo Republic, are eaten and frequently sold in markets.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_sanders	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Sanders","to":"Aaron Sanders"}],"pages":{"31826724":{"pageid":31826724,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Sanders","extract":"Aaron Sanders (born April 16, 1996) is an American actor, known for his roles as Morgan Corinthos in the soap-opera General Hospital and as Ethan in the movie No Greater Love. He has a younger brother, Cameron, who is also an actor. He now resides in Templeton, Ca.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nTelevision\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaron Sanders at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/addounia_tv	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Addounia_TV","to":"Addounia TV"}],"pages":{"34501221":{"pageid":34501221,"ns":0,"title":"Addounia TV","extract":"Addounia TV (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629, lit.\u2009'The World') was a private television station based in Damascus, Syria since March 23, 2007. The station is described by some western media as \"semi-official\" and a \"mouthpiece of the government.\" Addounia TV was a sister channel of Sama TV. The channel was shut down in 2015.\n\n\nPrograms\nAddounia TV features a variety of general-interest programs. News are aired in five daily bulletins: at 2:00 am, 11:00 am, 2:00 pm, 5:00 pm and 8:00 pm (Damascus time). Many other programs are shown on the channel; some of them are:\n\nSabah al Khair (Good Morning, \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631)\n7 Days\nSyrian Drama\nShi Chic (something chic, \u0634\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643)\nAll Sports\nAin ala al Hadas (Eye on the event, \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b)\nWeekend\nDrama Zoom (\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u0648\u0645)\nCinema in\nSa'a Houra (Free Hour, \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629)\nMain News Bulletin (\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629)\nfrom the newsroom (\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631)\nShabab Tube (Youth Tube, \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628)\nSahtak bel Dounia (Your health worth a lot, \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627) with Dr. Dana Al-Hamwi\n\n\nPresenters\nAddounia TV's current presenters includes:\nNews anchors: Wafa Al-Douiri (\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a) and Majed Hermuz (\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0632).\nOther anchors: Roaa Abbas (\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633), Evleen Haddad (\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f), Kinda Asfoura (\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629) and Reem Maarouf (\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641).\nCorrespondents which are making also reports for Sama TV: Ahmad al-Aaqel (\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644), Kinda al-Khidr (\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631), Ata Farhat (\u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a), Diana Farfour (\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631), Kinana Allouche (\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0634), and Haidar Mustafa (\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649).\nNotable past presenters now on Sama TV: Nizar Al-Farra (\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627), Hanaa Al-Saleh (\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d), Dr. Mohammed Abdel-Hamid (\u062f.\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f), Salem Al-Sheikh Bakri (\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0643\u0631\u064a), Inas Fadhloun (\u0625\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646), Toulin Mustafa (\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649) and Reem Sherkawi (\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a).\nOther notable past presenters: Salam Ishak (\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062d\u0642), Micheline Azar (\u0645\u064a\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631), Wafa Shabrouni (\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a), Rania Thanoun (\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0646\u0648\u0646), Khansa Al-Hukmiya (\u062e\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629), Majed Musallam (\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645) and Sara Dabbous (\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u0648\u0633).\n\n\nDuring the Syrian Civil War\n\nOn September 23, 2011, the Council of the European Union added Addounia TV to its list of sanctioned individuals and entities, on the basis that Addounia TV had \"incited violence against the civilian population in Syria. After one months on October 20, 2011 Addounia TV was interrupted on Hotbird. \nAddounia TV channel said that the sanctions imposed by the European Union contradict media freedom and the international conventions which protect the freedom of expression.Addounia TV has suspended on February 5, 2012 its SMS 'Breaking News' service temporarily because it was hacked by the opposition.The Arab League officially asked the satellite operators Arabsat and Nilesat to stop broadcasting Syrian media, including Addounia TV in June 2012. Syrian State News Agency, SANA, called the move to stop broadcasting a \"misleading campaign launched against Syria.\"President Bashar al-Assad gave an interview on 29 August 2012 to Addounia TV in which he talked on the local and regional developments. The whole interview is available on YouTube with English subtitles.On 5 September 2012, Syrian Television Channels broadcast were broken off on Arabsat and Nilesat, including Addounia TV.Journalist Suheil al-Ali from Addounia TV died on 4 January 2013 after suffering wounds from four days prior when opposition fighters opened fire on him in Damascus countryside while on his way home from work.On May 16, 2013, the US Department of State included Addounia Television to the US blacklists of sanctions.On March 25, 2014, Addounia Television broadcasting returned on Nilesat following the channel's more than 18 months suspension.\n\n\nAwards\nNovember 2010, Addounia TV won the Tetrapylon Palmyra Award for Best Satellite Channel.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAddounia TV official website (in Arabic)\nAddounia TV live stream (in Arabic)"}}}}
part_xaa/abdelkader_salhi	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdelkader_Salhi","to":"Abdelkader Salhi"}],"pages":{"66847150":{"pageid":66847150,"ns":0,"title":"Abdelkader Salhi","extract":"Abdelkader Salhi may refer to:\n\nAbdelkader Salhi (footballer)\nAbdelkader Salhi (serial killer)"}}}}
part_xaa/abadi_emamzadeh_esmail	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abadi_Emamzadeh_Esmail","to":"Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail"}],"pages":{"35156612":{"pageid":35156612,"ns":0,"title":"Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail","extract":"Abadi Emamzadeh Esmail (Persian: \u0627\u0628\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644, also Romanized as \u0100b\u0101d\u012b Em\u0101mz\u0101deh Esm\u0101\u2018\u012bl; also known as Em\u0101mz\u0101deh Sh\u0101hz\u0101deh Esm\u0101\u2018\u012bl, Em\u0101mz\u0101deh Esm\u0101\u2018\u012bl, Sh\u0101hz\u0101deh Esm\u0101\u2018\u012bl, and Sh\u0101hz\u0101deh Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl) is a village in Fordu Rural District, Kahak District, Qom County, Qom Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 13 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abergeldie_castle	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abergeldie_Castle","to":"Abergeldie Castle"}],"pages":{"30647768":{"pageid":30647768,"ns":0,"title":"Abergeldie Castle","extract":"Abergeldie Castle is a four-floor tower house in Crathie and Braemar parish, SW Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It stands at an altitude of 840 feet (260 m), on the south bank of the River Dee, five miles (8 km) west of Ballater, and about two miles (3 km) east of the royal residence of Balmoral Castle. Behind it rises Creag nam Ban, a rounded granite hill about 527 metres (1,729 ft) high, and across the river to its front is the cairn-crowned Geallaig Hill, rising to 743 metres (2,438 ft).\nIt is protected as a category A listed building. The castle was the home of Baron Abergeldie.\n\n\nHistory\nThe name derives from the Pictish language, and means the \"Confluence of Geldie,\" a reference to its location near the confluence of River Geldie and River Dee.(Note: attempts have been made to derive the name from Scottish Gaelic, such as \"inbhir-gile\" [\"shining {or bright} confluence\"], but while aber and inbhir both mean \"confluence\" the former is derived from Pictish, a P-Celtic [Brythonic] language which once dominated in Britain, while the latter is derived from Gaelic, a Q-Celtic [Goidelic] language, originating in Ireland. Since Abergeldie is in the heartland of the ancient Pictish realm, and is surrounded by other place names incorporating \"aber\" [including nearby Aberdeen], it is safe to assume that Pictish is the correct origin of the name.)\nA late Bronze Age standing stone, about 6.5 feet high, 2.5 feet wide, and 1.25 feet thick on the lawn of the castle is one indicator of the great antiquity of this site, and its long occupation by man. It also has one of the longest unbroken records of ownership, being in the hands of the Gordon family for 600 years.\nIt was most likely built around 1550 by Sir Alexander Gordon of Midmar, son of the first Earl of Huntly, on grounds acquired by the Gordon family in 1482. The interior has been returned to its original state, restored by a descendant of the builder.\nDuring the course of the first Jacobite rising in 1689\u201390, the castle was besieged by Jacobite forces. However, following the defeat of General Buchan's Jacobite forces by Sir Thomas Livingstone at Cromdale on 1 May 1690, General Hugh Mackay of Scourie marched with some cavalry and 1,400 Williamite Dutch infantry (probably including his own former regiment) to lift the siege.\nIt figured again in the 1715 Jacobite Rising, being garrisoned by government troops (having then only recently been renovated by Rachel Gordon, 10th Heiress, and her husband, Captain Charles Gordon, who had also built nearby Birkhall, later sold to the current royal family), and again in the short 1719 Rising, when it was briefly garrisoned by Spanish troops. \nIn 1848, Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's Consort, purchased the lease of the Abergeldie Estate for 40 years, as it was relatively close to the new royal residence of Balmoral. Birkhall, with an estate of 6,500 acres, was bought from the Gordons by Albert, the Prince Consort, about the same time (though there has long been a local rumour that the Laird lost Birkhall in a card game).\nAfter his marriage in 1863, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, whose family nickname was 'Bertie', stayed every year at Abergeldie, indulging his twin passions of shooting by day and card games by night. According to an entry in W. E. Gladstone's 1871 diary, Albert Edward one night asked Gladstone to drive over from Balmoral to dine. Gladstone was charmed by his manner, but not his gaming morals.\n\nThe Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland mentions that the Duchess of Kent spent several autumns here between 1850 and 1861, and that the Empress Eug\u00e9nie passed the October there following the loss of her son The Prince Imperial (1879), and that it was used as a summer residence and shooting box for the then Prince of Wales (who later became Edward VII).\nAfter the accession of King Edward VII in 1901, it was used by his son the Prince of Wales (later King George V) in 1902. Other members of the Royal Family who stayed at Abergeldie included the daughters of Edward VII, Princesses Louise, Victoria and Maud of Wales.Birkhall remains in the Royal Family's possession; King Charles III spent time here when he was Duke of Rothesay, together with Camilla, Queen Consort of the United Kingdom.\nAbergeldie Castle was last occupied by the 21st Laird, John Seton Howard Gordon, who had lived there since 1972 (the lands having been previously on lease to the Royal Family's Balmoral Estate, who had their lease on the game lands renewed in the year 2000).\n\nIn January 2016, the castle was threatened by rising flood waters from the River Dee, which washed away much of the land behind the building, leaving it on a precipice over the river, thus forcing the 76-year-old Laird to flee. For a time, authorities were uncertain if the castle could be saved if the flooding continued. A few days later, structural engineers were confident that shoring efforts would prevent imminent collapse.\n\n\nStructure\nThe castle is an imposing building, its oldest part being a turreted square block tower of the \"tower house\" type, with rectangular-plan tower measuring around 35 by 28 feet (10.7 by 8.5 m), with a round stair tower 15 feet (4.6 m) across at the south-west corner. The walls are 4 feet thick, as was common for the unsettled nature of the times. Tradition suggests that the castle was originally surrounded by a moat, but no trace exists today. In the 18th century, a wing was added to the 16th-century structure. In the early 19th century, an ogee-roofed belfry was built at the top of the stair tower, and a Venetian window inserted in the south fa\u00e7ade. W. D. Simpson noted similarities between Abergeldie and the Castle of Balfluig at Alford, suggesting that they may have shared a designer.The estate grounds extend ten miles (16 km) along Deeside, and consist of 11,700 acres (4,700 ha) planted with Scotch pine, larch, and birch, mixed in the private grounds with spruce, ash, plane, and sycamore.\n\n\nGhost\nThe castle is said to be haunted by the spirit of a French serving woman named Catherine (or Kittie) Rankie (or Frankie), also known as French Kate. She was accused of being a witch, and was imprisoned in the cellars before being burned at the stake on nearby Craig-na-Ban (Gaelic Creag-na-Ban \u2013 Rock of the Women), which overlooks the castle. Since that time, Kate's ghost has been said to have been seen in the cellars and in the clock tower.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abiras	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"4836464":{"pageid":4836464,"ns":0,"title":"Abiras","extract":"Abiras (French: les Abiras) is a former settlement that was located on the northern bank of the Ubangi River at its source, the confluence of the Mbomou and Welle rivers. It was located opposite from the Congolese city of Yakoma in the area of the present-day Central African Republic. \nIt was not until 1882 or \u201983 that the German explorer Wilhelm Junker established that the Welle flowed into the Mbomou; the Belgian agent Alphonse Vangele established the Yakoma post in 1890. The Frenchman Gaston Gaillard then received a grant from the Yakoma leader Inkesse on the north bank and established Abiras on September 7, 1891. During the initial French settlement of central Africa, Abiras served as the capital of the French Congo's territory of Upper Ubangi (Haut-Oubangui) and then as the first capital of the colony of Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari). It was replaced in 1906 first by Fort de Possel and then by Bangi, the present-day Bangui.Coordinates are based on aerial photographs; a statement that in 1894, \"a large French expedition had massed at Abiras (junction of the Well\u00e9 and Mbomu Rivers)\"; and a statement \"Elsewhere we learn that Abiras, at the mouth of the Mbomu...\". There are a number of villages in the area in the present day, such as Andr\u00e9.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abou-deia_airport	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abou-De\u00efa_Airport","to":"Abou-De\u00efa Airport"}],"pages":{"21079497":{"pageid":21079497,"ns":0,"title":"Abou-De\u00efa Airport","extract":"Abou-De\u00efa Airport (IATA: AOD) (Arabic: \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0627) is an airstrip serving Abou-De\u00efa, a town in the Salamat Region in Chad. The town and airport name may also be transliterated as Aboude\u00efa.\n\n\nFacilities\nThe airport resides at an elevation of 480 metres (1,575 ft) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 11/29 with a clay surface measuring 1,400 by 42 metres (4,593 ft \u00d7 138 ft).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/absf_african_snooker_championships	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"ABSF_African_Snooker_Championships","to":"ABSF African Snooker Championships"}],"pages":{"47342723":{"pageid":47342723,"ns":0,"title":"ABSF African Snooker Championships","extract":"The ABSC African Snooker Championship is an annual snooker competition and is the highest ranking and most prestigious amateur event in Africa. The event series is sanctioned by the African Billiards & Snooker Confederation. Having been established back in 1993, the winner of the event often becomes the African nomination for the World Snooker Tour. Throughout the tournament\u2019s early history the championship was dominated by South African players, however at the turn of the millennium Egyptian players became the dominant force in the championship, winning 11 of 15 championships since the year 2000.\nThe championship is currently held by Mohamed Ibrahim who defeated Hesham Shawky 5\u20134 in the final of the 2022 All-Africa Snooker & 6-Red Championship.\n\n\nWinners\n\n\nStats\n\n\nChampions by country\n\n\nSee also\nWorld Snooker Tour\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abarema_abbottii	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abarema_abbottii","to":"Abarema abbottii"}],"pages":{"12176961":{"pageid":12176961,"ns":0,"title":"Abarema abbottii","extract":"Abarema abbottii, the Abbott abarema, is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in the Dominican Republic, and is confined to broad-leaved woodlands on limestone soils.\n\n\nMorphology\nThe tree is a perennial plant. It is 4 to 12 metres tall, with rough grey bark.\n\n\nDistribution and habitat\nDistribution: Restricted to north-east Dominican Republic, on the southern shore of Samana Bay and west towards Sa Quita-espuela.Habitat: A tree confined to broad-leaved woodland on limestone soils up to 800 metres.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/actinotalea	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"31899109":{"pageid":31899109,"ns":0,"title":"Actinotalea","extract":"Actinotalea is a genus in the phylum Actinomycetota (bacteria).\n\n\nEtymology\nThe name Actinotalea derives from:\n\nGreek noun aktis, aktinos (\u1f00\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c2, \u1f00\u03ba\u03c4\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), a beam =actinomycete-like bacterium; Latin feminine gender noun talea, a slender staff, rod, stick; New Latin feminine gender noun Actinotalea, ray stick, in effect meaning a slender bacillus-shaped actinomycete-like bacterium.The specific epithet fermentans is from the Latin participle adjective fermentans, fermenting.\n\n\nSee also\nBacterial taxonomy \u2013 Rank based classification of bacteria\nMicrobiology \u2013 Study of microscopic organisms\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaraam_thampuran	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaraam_Thampuran","to":"Aaraam Thampuran"}],"pages":{"7513491":{"pageid":7513491,"ns":0,"title":"Aaraam Thampuran","extract":"Aaraam Thampuran (transl.\u2009The Sixth Lord) is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language action drama film directed by Shaji Kailas, written by Ranjith and produced by Revathy Kalamandhir. It stars Mohanlal in the title role with Narendra Prasad, Manju Warrier, Sai Kumar, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Cochin Haneefa and Srividya in supporting roles. The story follows Jagannadhan (Mohanlal), a former Mumbai-based enforcer who buys an old kovilakam (royal manor) named Kanimangalam and shifts the balance of power in that village, and he comes to be known as Aaram Thampuran (sixth lord). The film features original songs composed by Raveendran. The film completed more than 250 days theatrical run and become the highest-grossing Malayalam film of 1997. It also broke the collection records of Mohanlal-starrer Chandralekha which was released in the same year.\n\n\nPlot\nNandakumar is a business tycoon in Mumbai, who faces huge financial loss when his manager Abey Mathew decides to broker a deal with an Australian group and another rival Indian firm. Nandakumar calls up his friend and enforcer Jagannadhan, to intervene. Jagan lands up at Abey's office and forces him to withdraw from brokering the deal with the Australian company, there by bringing massive profit to Nandan. In return, Nandan is profuse in his offer to Jagan, all of which he humbly disavows. Jagan finally demands Nandan a small favor. He wants Nandan to purchase a kovilakam at Kanimangalam, a village in Kerala, to which Nandan agrees.\nJagan also expresses his desire that the palace should be bought in the name of Nandan, and Jagan should be there as a benami of him. Jagannadhan reaches down at Kanimangalam for the registration of the palace and the property surrounding it. Meanwhile, Kulappully Appan Thamburan, a feudal landlord with vested interests, opposes the purchase of the property. Appan lost his one eye after he got a slash with a sword between a fight at his younger age. Appan's sister was married to Dathan Thampuran of Kanimangalam palace, who deserted her one day. The extreme hatred towards Kanimangalam had made Appan to even stop the annual temple festival, which according to the villagers, has resulted in the anger of Goddess, the local deity.\nWith the arrival of Jagannathan, Appan is back again to create troubles, but Jagannathan tactfully overcomes it and gets the palace registered. Presently the palace is occupied by an old musician Krishna Varma and his foster daughter Unnimaya, but is disowned by the rest of his family members. Though, now in the hands of Jagan, he allows Varma and Unnimaya to stay in the palace. Though, initially, both Varma and Unnimaya felt uncomfortable in staying with Jagan, slowly, they develop an affection towards him. Within a short time, Jagan gets involved in the problems of the villagers, and they started considering him to the heir of the palace and their leader.\nJagannathan invites the ire of Appan Thamburan, with whom he clashes over the demolition of the palace, which he had earlier promised during the registration. Jagan, when he expresses his desire to stay at Kanimangalam, Appan sends his henchmen, who had to humiliatingly return from Jagan. Now, the villagers decide to hold up the annual festival at the temple, after a long gap of 16 years. Jagannathan takes up the leadership, and with the support of villagers, he starts the preparations. Within mean time, Unnimaya develops a closeness towards him. In the midst of this, Nayanthara, Jagan's close friend reaches Kanimangalam from Bangalore who expresses her desire to marry Jagan, which he declines, saying that he is now in love with Unnimaya.\nNayanthara accepts his decision and goes back, wishing him all the best for the future. According to the customs of the village, the festival puja should be done under a head priest from Keezhpayoor Mana. Still, when Appan Thamburan interferes, the members from Keezhpayoor refuses to conduct the puja, which makes Jagan to forcefully take the younger Namboothiri away from home on the way back. Suddenly Nandakumar lands down at Kanimangalam with his friends, one of whom harasses Unnimaya. This upsets Jagan, and, without Nandan's knowledge, he forcefully sends them back from Kanimangalam.\nIn the midst of this, the younger priest is taken away by Appan Thamburan's men. It is then revealed by Jagan that he is the son of the Kaloor Brahmadathan Namboothiripadu, the head priest of the temple, who died after being wrongly accused of stealing the divine ornaments of the Goddess. Jagan follows Ayinikad Namboothiri, the astrologer's instructions, and wears his Yagyopaveetham, the holy thread, and adopts back Brahmanyam. The day of the festival arrives. Nandan, who had gone in search of his friends, is now back in an inebriated condition and furiously demands Jagan to leave the palace.\nJagan pleads with him one day's time, but Nandan is not ready to listen. Finding no other option, Jagan locks up Nandan in a room and reaches the temple to perform the rituals. Kulappully Appan's henchmen attacks villagers. Jagan is helpless as he is supposed to control his emotions while performing the puja and holding the divine ornaments of the Goddess. The younger priest suddenly reappears and replaces Jagan in the puja so that Jagan can save the villagers. Jagan fights and saves the villagers, emerging as their leader. He then points his sword at Appan's neck and threatens to kill him if he ever comes back.\nThe festival concludes successfully, and the village is cheerful. Nandan is released, and Jagan announces to the cheering crowd that it is not him, but Nandakumar, the original owner of the Kanimangalam palace, and he is leaving the village with both Unnimaya and Krishna Varma, but Nanda Kumar, who is overwhelmed by seeing the affection of the people for Jagan, calls him back and hands over the ownership to him.\n\n\nCast\nMohanlal as Kanimangalam Jagannadhan Thampuran / Aaraam Thampuran\nManju Warrier as Unnimaya\nNarendra Prasad as Kulappully Appan Thampuran\nKalabhavan Mani as the younger Namboothiri of Keezhpayoor Mana\nPriya Raman as Nayanthara\nSai Kumar as Nandakumar (Jaganathan's friend)\nOduvil Unnikrishnan as Krishna Varma Thampuran (Unnimaya's foster father)\nSrividya as Subhadra Thamburatti\nCochin Haneefa as Govindan Kutty\nAugustine as Bappu\nManiyanpilla Raju as Soman Pillai\nKunchan as Nambeesan\nSankaradi as Ezhuthachan\nKuthiravattam Pappu as Mangalam\nT. P. Madhavan as Pisharody\nMohan Raj as Chenkalam Madhavan\nInnocent as S.I. Bharathan\nChithra as Thottathil Meenakshi\nAmitha Sebastian as Meenakshi's Friend\nK. B. Ganesh Kumar as Rural S.P. Ashok Kumar\nMadampu Kunjukuttan as Aynikkadu Thirumeni\nBobby Kottarakkara as the guest-house assistant\nSadiq as Balarama Varma\nJagannatha Varma as Cheriyachhan\nBheeman Raghu as Appu Kutty Nambiar\nAjith Kollam as Prabhu, Appan's henchmen\nKundara Johnny as Arjunan, Appan's henchmen\nV. K. Sreeraman as District Collector Eeshwaranunni\nRadhika R Nath As Dancer in Harimuraleeravam Song\nRamu as Shelly, Nandakumar's friend\nSubair as Abey Mathew\nAlleppey Ashraf as Jairam (Nandakumar's friend)\n\n\nSoundtrack\nThis film includes five songs written by Gireesh Puthenchery and one traditional song by Muthuswami Dikshitar. The songs are composed by Raveendran. The song were widely popular and topped the charts for months. The song Harimuraliravam was picturized by director Priyadarshan as Shaji Kailas was on paternity break.\n\n\nReception\nThe film was released in December 1997, which was subjected to high expectations, as it was the first collaboration between Mohanlal and Shaji Kailas. Upon its release, The film redefined the career of Shaji Kailas as a successful director. The film was made on a budget of \u20b92.5 crore (US$310,000), which was a high-budget film at the time. Padmanabha Venugopal of The Indian Express wrote, \"The songs are ordinary, and the dialogue reminds us again of Devasuram as both scripts were authored by Ranjith. But it is an entertaining movie with brilliant acting from Lal, Manju and Narendra Prasad\". In 1998, during the 250 days celebration of the film, Jayasurya was one among the ten fans who got the opportunity to garland Mohanlal as he went to the event as part of a mimicry show. It was also at the event that he received his first film offer from director Priyadarshan.\n\n\nAwards\nThe film won two Kerala State Film Awards\u2014Best Background Music for Rajamani and Best Singer for K. J. Yesudas. Manju Warrier won her second consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Actress \u2013 Malayalam.\n\nKerala State Film AwardsBest Singer \u2013 K. J. Yesudas\nBest Background Music \u2013 C. RajamaniFilmfare Awards SouthBest Actress in Malayalam \u2013 Manju WarrierScreen Awards SouthBest Actor in Malayalam \u2013 Mohanlal\nBest Actress in Malayalam \u2013 Manju Warrier\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAaraam Thampuran at IMDb"}}}}
part_xaa/acyrthosiphon_kondoi	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acyrthosiphon_kondoi","to":"Acyrthosiphon kondoi"}],"pages":{"45464728":{"pageid":45464728,"ns":0,"title":"Acyrthosiphon kondoi","extract":"Acyrthosiphon kondoi, the blue alfalfa aphid or bluegreen aphid, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from leguminous plants, particularly alfalfa (known as lucerne in most countries outside North America).\n\n\nDescription\nThe blue alfalfa aphid grows to a length of 3 to 3.5 mm (0.12 to 0.14 in). It is very similar in appearance to the closely related pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), but is often a more bluish shade of green. One significant difference from the pea aphid is that the blue alfalfa aphid has uniformly dark-coloured antennae. Both wingless and winged female forms occur, with the winged aphids being able to disperse and colonise new plants. Males also sometimes occur, are smaller than females, and are green with brown markings on head, thorax and abdomen.\n\n\nDistribution\nA native of Asia, the species has spread to other parts of the world including North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand; it was first detected in the United States in California in 1974 and had spread to Nebraska by 1979, Georgia and Kentucky by 1983 and Maryland by 1992. It is mainly a pest of plants in the family Leguminosae including alfalfa, pea, lentil and cowpea. Its host range in North America is very similar to that of the pea aphid, however, it is seen earlier in the spring and is more tolerant of cool weather than the pea aphid. As populations build up, they are increasingly affected by entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids, with populations peaking and stabilising. Hot summer weather, with temperatures averaging above 80.8 \u00b0F (27.1 \u00b0C), favours the plants' natural resistance mechanisms, and numbers of aphids reduce sharply.\n\n\nEcology\nThere are both winged and wingless adult females and both can produce live young by viviparity although some females also produce batches of eggs. Wingless forms are prolific and may have twelve or more generations in a season, producing young at the rate of seven nymphs per day. Winged forms produce many fewer young. These aphids may overwinter as eggs or as females, the latter moving from annual plants onto perennial legumes in the fall.\n\n\nEconomic importance\nThis aphid is a major pest of dwarf beans and clover, where it feeds on leaves and stems. Where infection rates are high, yellowing, twisting, stunting and leaf drop may occur, young seedlings may die and plants regrowing after cutting are severely affected. This aphid does more damage to lucerne crops than does pea aphid, and yields of the crop may be severely reduced even at low population densities, particularly in spring and autumn. Further damage may also occur to the plants as a result of the accumulation of honeydew and the sooty mould that grows on it, and the aphid can be a vector of alfalfa mosaic virus, lucerne transient streak virus and lucerne Australian latent virus in lucerne, as well as cucumber mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus and watermelon mosaic virus in other crops.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abergavenny_junction_railway_station	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abergavenny_Junction_railway_station","to":"Abergavenny Junction railway station"}],"pages":{"17837217":{"pageid":17837217,"ns":0,"title":"Abergavenny Junction railway station","extract":"Abergavenny Junction railway station was a station situated near the junction made between the London and North Western Railway's Heads of the Valleys line and the West Midland Railway's Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway, which served the town of Abergavenny in the Welsh county of Monmouthshire.\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nOpening\nThe first section of the Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway from Abergavenny Junction to Brynmawr was opened on 29 September 1862. The line was leased and operated by the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) which acquired the smaller railway company on 30 June 1866. The L&NWR was itself amalgamated into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in the 1923 Grouping. The new line made a south-facing junction with the West Midland Railway's Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway at a point on the northern outskirts of Abergavenny near the grounds of an asylum. The West Midland had been under a 999-year lease to the Great Western Railway (GWR) since May 1861 and was absorbed by the larger company as from 1 August 1863. A siding served the asylum\nAbergavenny Junction opened on 1 October 1862, the first day of the L&NWR's lease of the line and the commencement of public services. It was a unique station as the only purely L&NWR station on a GWR main line with the only evidence of the GWR being the staff operating the 65-lever signal box which controlled the junction and which was GWR property. The box lasted until 14 November 1965 when it was replaced by a ground frame further south. The line west towards Abergavenny Brecon Road dropped at a gradient of 1 in 40.\n\n\n1870 resiting\nThe first station at Abergavenny Junction lasted only until 20 June 1870 when it was relocated 505 metres (552 yd) further north. The L&NWR had sought to improve access to the Merthyr branch by remodelling the junction which became a north-facing triangular junction with the provision of a north-to-east spur from a new Abergavenny Junction station. This avoided the need for reversal required by the old junction which faced the GWR's Monmouth Road station. The east-to-south arm of the junction, which had been the original connection, was rarely used for passenger services, but was useful for turning engines.The new station had three platform faces: a central island platform with one face for Down main line services to Hereford and the north and the other for Up main line services to Pontypool Road and Newport, while Down Merthyr branch services used a bay platform opposite the island. The main station buildings were on the island platform, with only a minimal timber shelter provided for the bay. The GWR once had a small booking office on the Down side of the island where the platform did not reach standard height unlike the Up side platform.The station's running in board read \"change for Brynmawr, Tredegar and Merthyr\". Only limited road access was provided in the form of a narrow unmade track leading up to a gate to the north of the island platform.\n\n\nFacilities\nAbergavenny Junction had two different yards: one at the station end known as the Top Yard which was used by branch line services and trains coming off the main line, and one near the junction itself called South Sidings which would receive and sort through traffic for the branch before going to Top Yard where the engine could be detached and sent to shed. Top Yard was also where trains were shunted out for Shrewsbury, Crewe, Stafford and Birkenhead, and where engines would come off shed, hook on and depart. Arriving train crews could spend the night at Abergavenny Barracks before the next day's return journey.There had been locomotive facilities at Abergavenny Junction since the opening of the line. In November 1864, Ramsbottom reported that there were eight locomotives stabled at the junction, although the facilities were only intended for two. He proposed the enlargement of the accommodation but the L&NWR preferred to construct new facilities on its own metals at Abergavenny (Brecon Road). A brick-built carriage shed with timber roof trusses was provided in the early 1920s to the south of the platforms.\n\n\nClosure\nDecline in local industry and the costs of working the line between Abergavenny and Merthyr led to the cessation of passenger services on 4 January 1958. The last public service over the line was an SLS railtour on 5 January 1958 hauled by LNWR 0-8-0 49121 and LNWR Webb Coal Tank No. 58926]\n. Official closure came on 9 June. The line between Brecon Road goods yard and Abergavenny Junction remained open for goods traffic until 4 April 1971, the last section of the Abergavenny and Merthyr line to close. After closure, the station's footbridge was moved to Abergavenny Monmouth Road station.\n\n\nPresent\nTrains on the Welsh Marches Line speed through the site of Abergavenny Junction which is now in commercial use. The station itself was located near the point where the Beacons Way footpath crosses the A465 road.The route of the former Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway through Abergavenny and shape of the triangular junction south of the station site are still visible in aerial photographs.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nSources\nAwdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.\nButt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.\n\nClinker, C.R. (1988) [1978]. Clinker's Register of Closed Passenger Stations and Goods Depots in England, Scotland and Wales 1830\u20131980 (2nd ed.). Bristol: Avon-Anglia Publications & Services. ISBN 978-0-905466-91-0. OCLC 655703233.Conolly, W. Philip (2004) [1958]. British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0320-0.\nEdge, David (September 2002). Abergavenny to Merthyr including the Ebbw Vale Branch. Country Railway Routes. Midhurst: Middleton Press. ISBN 1-901706-915.\nHall, Mike (2009). Lost Railways of South Wales. Newbury: Countryside Books. ISBN 978-1-84674-172-2.\nHawkins, Chris; Reeve, George (1981). LMS Engine Sheds: The L&NWR. Vol. 1. Upper Bucklebury: Wild Swan Publications. ISBN 0-90686-702-9.\nPage, James (1988) [1979]. South Wales. Forgotten Railways. Vol. 8. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-946537-44-5.\nQuick, Michael (2009) [2001]. Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology (4th ed.). Oxford: Railway & Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-57-5. OCLC 612226077.\nReed, M.C. (1996). The London & North Western Railway. Penryn: Atlantic Transport. ISBN 0-906899-66-4.\nTasker, W.W. (1986). The Merthyr, Tredegar & Abergavenny Railway and branches. Poole: Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-86093-339-7.\n\n\nExternal links\nNavigable map showing Abergavenny Junction and station. OS Sheet SO31, scale 1:25,000, 1956, digitized by National Library of Scotland."}}}}
part_xaa/a_bad_day_for_sorry	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Bad_Day_for_Sorry","to":"A Bad Day for Sorry"}],"pages":{"53602017":{"pageid":53602017,"ns":0,"title":"A Bad Day for Sorry","extract":"A Bad Day for Sorry is a book written by Sophie Littlefield and published by Minotaur Books (an imprint on St. Martin's Press owned by Macmillan Publishers) on 4 August 2009, which later went on to win the Anthony Award for Best First Novel in 2010.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdallah_laroui	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdallah_Laroui","to":"Abdallah Laroui"}],"pages":{"8562296":{"pageid":8562296,"ns":0,"title":"Abdallah Laroui","extract":"Abdallah Laroui (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a; born 7 November 1933) is a Moroccan philosopher, historian, and novelist. Besides some works in French, his philosophical project has been written mostly in Arabic. He is among the most read and discussed Arab and Moroccan philosophers.\n\n\nBiography\nLaroui was born in 1933 in Azemmour. His mother died when he was two. He studied at the kuttab before entering the public primary school at seven, where he studied from 1941 to 1945. In 1945, he obtained a grant to study at the College Sidi Mohammed in Marrakesh, where he stayed five years. Afterwards he studied at Lyc\u00e9e Lyautey in Casablanca from 1949 to 1951 and at Lyc\u00e9e Gouraud in Rabat from 1951 to 1953. He obtained his baccalaur\u00e9at in 1953, and then studied history and economics, at the Institut d'\u00c9tudes Politiques in Paris, where he studied under Charles Moraz\u00e9 and Raymond Aron. In 1958, he obtained a Dipl\u00f4me d'\u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures. After receiving his agr\u00e9gation in Islamic studies in June 1963, he was appointed as an assistant professor of history at the Mohammed V University in Rabat. In 1976, he defended his Doctorat d'Etat with a thesis titled \"Les Origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain, 1830\u20131912\" (Social and Cultural Origins of Moroccan Nationalism, 1830\u20131912) and published it in 1977. Laroui taught at the University Mohammed V until 2000. He has written five novels (o.a. L'Exil (Sindbad-Actes Sud, 1998)).Historian Albert Hourani describes him as a significant Arab thinker of the post-1967 era. Laroui's philosophy was guided by a Marxist reading of history and a commitment to radical critique of culture, language, and tradition.\n\n\nAwards and honors\nIn 2000, he was awarded the Premi Internacional Catalunya (Catalonia International Prize).\nIn 2017, he was awarded the Sheikh Zayed Book Award for \"Cultural Personality of the Year\", the premier category with a prize of 1 million dirhams.\n\n\nPartial bibliography\nL'Id\u00e9ologie arabe contemporaine: essai critique [Contemporary Arab ideology: a critical essay]. Paris: Maspero. 1967.\nL'Alg\u00e9rie et le Sahara marocain [Algeria and the Moroccan Sahara]. Casablanca: Serar. 1976.\nLaroui, Abdallah (1974). La crise des intellectuels arabes: Traditionalisme ou historicisme?. Paris: Masp\u00e9ro.\nThe Crisis of the Arab Intellectual: Traditionalism Or Historicism?. Translated by Cammell, Diarmid. University of California Press. 1976. ISBN 978-0-520-02971-2.\nLes origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain: 1830-1912 [The social and cultural origins of Moroccan nationalism, 1830\u20131912]. Paris: Masp\u00e9ro. 1977.\nL'Histoire du Maghreb: un essai de synth\u00e8se. Paris: Maspero. 1970.\nThe History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1977. ISBN 978-1-4008-6998-5.\nIslam et modernit\u00e9 [Islam and modernity]. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte. 1987. ISBN 978-2-7071-1662-8.\nIslam et histoire. Paris: Albin Michel. 1999. ISBN 978-2-226-19903-4.\nLe Maroc et Hassan II: Un t\u00e9moignage [Morocco and Hassan II: testimony]. Quebec: Les Presses Inter Universitaires. 2005. ISBN 978-2-89441-084-4.\n\n\nSee also\nAbdelwahab Benmansour\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Western Orientalism and Liberal Islam: Mutual Distrust?\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-01-31. . Lecture by Abdallah Laroui, Fulbright 50th Anniversary Distinguished Fellow, (Lecture delivered at the Middle East Studies Association annual meeting in Providence, RI)."}}}}
part_xaa/acipayam	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"4196741":{"pageid":4196741,"ns":0,"title":"Ac\u0131payam","extract":"Ac\u0131payam is a town and a rural district of Denizli Province in high country between the Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey. A plain, watered by two reservoirs, known for growing melons and watermelons, on the road between the city of Denizli and Antalya. It covers an area of 1700 km\u00b2, and the altitude is 895 m. The district has a population of 57,533 of which 13,700 live in the city of Acipayam.\n\n\nEtymology\nThe name Ac\u0131payam means bitter almond (payam being a loanword from Persian) in the local dialect, the town was formerly named Garbipayam and Garbikaraa\u011fa\u00e7.\n\n\nHistory\nThe plain has been settled since 2000 BC, and Hittites were here in 1500 BC, followed by the Ancient Greeks and more civilizations up to the Byzantines and then the arrival of the Turkish peoples. From 1097 the area was in the hands of the Seljuk Turks. Turkish rule was interrupted by the Crusades but afterwards was settled by the Oghuz Turks and eventually was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire.\n\n\nClimate\n\n\nAc\u0131payam today\nAs well as agriculture some of Denizli's textile industry has spread to Ac\u0131payam too, where there is a cellulose factory. In the past the people would migrate seasonally to pick tobacco or cotton in other parts of Turkey, today this is not necessary.\n\n\nPlaces of interest\nKelo\u011flan Cave - a 145m long cave, open to visitors.\n\n\nTowns\nAlaattin\nDedeba\u011f\u0131\nYe\u015filyuva\n\n\nNeighbourhoods\n\n\nSee also\nAc\u0131payam (sheep)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nA local news web site (in Turkish)"}}}}
part_xaa/abatsky_district	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abatsky_District","to":"Abatsky District"}],"pages":{"32658561":{"pageid":32658561,"ns":0,"title":"Abatsky District","extract":"Abatsky District (Russian: \u0410\u0431\u0430\u0301\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0301\u043d) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Abatsky Municipal District. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,080 square kilometers (1,580 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Abatskoye. Population: 19,837 (2010 Census); 23,566\u2009(2002 Census); 26,453\u2009(1989 Census). The population of Abatskoye accounts for 40.1% of the district's total population.\n\n\nGeography\nAbatsky District is located in the southeast of Tyumen Oblast, supporting mostly agricultural land on forest-steppe terrain of the West Siberian Plain. The district is in the Ural Federal District, on the west side of the border with the Siberian Federal District. The Ishim River runs from south to north through the middle of the district, about 130 km south of where it enters the Irtysh River to the north. The Trans-Siberian Railway runs through the middle of the district from west to east, passing through the administrative center of Abatskoye. Abatsky District is 280 km southeast of the city of Tyumen, 185 km northwest of the city of Omsk, and 2,000 km east of Moscow. The area measures 70 km (north-south), 60 km (west-east); total area is 4,080 km2 (about 0.003% of Tyumen Oblast).The district is bordered on the north by Vikulovsky District, on the east by Krutinsky District of Omsk Oblast, on the south by Sladkovsky District, and on the west by Ishimsky District.\n\n\nHistory\nThe first Russian presence was as part of a string of security posts along the Ishim River in the 1600s, as a defense against Siberian Tatars. The settlement of Abatskoye is believed to have been formed in 1695. By 1710, the population in 9 villages was reported as 177 households (473 male, 402 female individuals). Incoming settlers from central Russia were attracted to the farmland, and with involuntary conscripts added the population grew. By the 1800s, Abatskoye had become a significant crossroads market town.The district was formally created November 12, 1923 as part of the Ishim district of the Ural region. On January 1,1932, the District abolished, and became part of Maslyansky District. On January 25,1935, the District was formed again as part of Omsk Oblast, and on August 14, 1944 by decree of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidium, Abatsky District was included in Tyumen Oblast\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nSources\n\u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u211653 \u043e\u0442 4 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1996 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u211647 \u043e\u0442 7 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2015 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 14 \u0438 15 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \"\u041e\u0431 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\"\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \"\u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\", \u2116220, 12 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1996 \u0433. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #53 of November 4, 1996 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast, as amended by the Law #47 of May 7, 2015 On Amending Articles 14 and 15 of the Law of Tyumen Oblast \"On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tyumen Oblast\". Effective as of the moment of official publication.).\n\u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0414\u0443\u043c\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u2116263 \u043e\u0442 5 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2004 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u211639 \u043e\u0442 7 \u043c\u0430\u044f 2015 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 1 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 2005 \u0433. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \"\u0422\u044e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\", \u2116213 (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439), 12 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2004 \u0433. (Tyumen Oblast Duma. Law #263 of November 5, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tyumen Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of a Municipal District, Urban Okrug, and Rural Settlement, as amended by the Law #39 of May 7, 2015 On Abolishing the Village of Burmistrova in Balaganskoye Rural Settlement of Vikulovsky Municipal District of Tyumen Oblast and on Amending Various Laws of Tyumen Oblast. Effective as of January 1, 2005.)."}}}}
part_xaa/abraham_erasmus_van_wyk	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Erasmus_van_Wyk","to":"Abraham Erasmus van Wyk"}],"pages":{"18043691":{"pageid":18043691,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Erasmus van Wyk","extract":"Abraham Erasmus van Wyk, also known as Braam van Wyk (born 1952, Wolmaransstad) is a South African plant taxonomist. He has been responsible for the training of a significant percentage of the active plant taxonomists in South Africa and has also produced the first electronic application (app) for the identification of trees in southern Africa.\n\n\nEducation and career\nVan Wyk was born in 1952 in Wolmaransstad, North-West Province, South Africa and grew up on a maize (corn) and cattle farm. In 1973, he completed a BSc (Botany, Zoology, Physiology) at Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education (PCHO), followed by a BSc (Hons) in 1974, a Higher Diploma in Education in 1976 and a MSc (Botany) in 1977 (supervised by DJ Botha). All of the degrees he completed at PCHO with obtained with distinction. He then went on to the University of Pretoria where he obtained his PhD in botany with a thesis on the classification of the genus Eugenia (Myrtaceae) in southern Africa.\nSince 1977 he has been associated with the botany department of the University of Pretoria, where in 1989 he was appointed Professor of Botany and Curator of the H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium of the university.He has presented many academic and public lectures and courses on a variety of botanical topics. He has also regularly contributed to the Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) project. Van Wyk enjoys making biology accessible to the public and has participated in a weekly science programme on radio for 18 years.Van Wyk taught the following courses at University of Pretoria in 2012: BOT 251 Southern African flora and vegetation, BOT 366 Plant diversity, BOT 741 Plant taxonomy, BOT 742 Plant classification, and ZEN 809 Biogeography and macro ecology.\n\n\nResearch projects\nVan Wyk's research project areas include Myrtaceae, Celastraceae, Icacinaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Araceae and are conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, Pondoland, Maputaland, Sekhukhuneland and the northeastern Drakensberg Escarpment. His research focuses on morphology, anatomy, pollen analysis, developmental biology, reproductive biology and biogeography.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\nPublications\nVan Wyk has published, often with his postgraduate students, in a number of botanical subdisciplines, including anatomy, biography, bibliography, taxonomy, nomenclature, embryology, phytogeography, palynology, reproductive biology, phytosociology, systematics, floristics and ecology. He has authored (or co-authored) over 390 works on botany of Southern Africa including the following books:\n\nField Guide to Wild Flowers of the Highveld\nField Guide to Trees of Southern Africa\nA Photographic Guide to Wild Flowers of South Africa \nHow to Identify Trees in Southern Africa\nAloes of Southern Africa\nPhoto Guide to Trees of Southern Africa\n\n\nAwards and acknowledgement\nThe Journal Flowering Plants of Africa dedicated volume 65 (June 2017) to van Wyk.\nThe species Aloe braamvanwykii is named in his honour.\nSilver Medal for Botany from the South African Association of Botanists\nAllen Dyer Award from the Succulent Society of South Africa\nHavenga Prize for Life Sciences from the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns\nExceptional Academic Achiever Award from the University of Pretoria\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nProf Braam van Wyk at University of Pretoria Plant and Soil Sciences department\nAbraham Erasmus van Wyk on Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries database\nA.E. van Wyk on JSTOR"}}}}
part_xaa/abdul_sattar_murad	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Sattar_Murad","to":"Abdul Sattar Murad"}],"pages":{"12357938":{"pageid":12357938,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Sattar Murad","extract":"Abdul Sattar Murad is a politician in Afghanistan.\nMurad was born on March 16, 1958, in Parwan province. He completed his bachelor's degree in political science in June 1976 at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India. In 1979, he joined the Military Academy in India and completed the Academy in 1980. In 1988, he joined the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA, for a postgraduate program in public administration. In June 2000, he received his M.A. degree in public administration from the Faculty of Economics and Administration at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.\nMurad held various positions in the government of Afghanistan. Between 1991 and 1995, he was general director of First Political Division at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was assigned as minister counselor and charg\u00e9 d'affaires at the Afghanistan Embassy in Malaysia from 1995 to 2002. Following the collapse of the Taliban, he was appointed as Governor of Kapisa province from 2004 to 2006.He was selected as chairman of the political committee of Jamiat-e-Islami of Afghanistan, the country's largest political party, by the leadership council of the party in 2007.\nFrom May 2015 until 2017, he was minister of economy of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abbaye_de_belloc	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbaye_de_Belloc","to":"Abbaye de Belloc"}],"pages":{"2450156":{"pageid":2450156,"ns":0,"title":"Abbaye de Belloc","extract":"Abbaye de Belloc (Basque: Belokeko Abadia) is a French Pyrenees, traditional farmhouse, semi-hard cheese from the Pays Basque region, made from unpasteurized sheep milk, with a fat content of 60%. The cheese is still made in the traditional manner by the Benedictine monks of the Abbaye Notre-Dame de Belloc, in the commune of Belloc in the Ari\u00e8ge department of southwestern France. Production of this Ossau-Iraty cheese is regulated by A.O.C. laws. Abbaye is produced from the milk of a centuries-old breed of red-nosed Manech ewes, particular to the Basque region, delivered by farms neighboring Belloc Abbey. It is believed that these Benedictine monks were the first to teach shepherds from the Basque region how to make cheese many centuries ago. Abbaye de Belloc has a pleasantly nutty and complex flavor that is characteristic of Basque, and is made in a 5 kg fat wheel with a natural, crusty, brownish colored rind with patches of red, orange and yellow. This semi-firm cheese has a dense, rich and creamy texture and a distinctive lanolin aroma. Careful attention under the correct maturing conditions accentuates this cheese's rich, caramelized flavors, which sometime resemble burnt caramel, that can make Abbaye de Belloc so addictive. It pairs particularly well with Pinot Noir, as it is mild enough not to overwhelm the subtleties of this delicate varietal, but also has sufficient complexity to stand up to the bolder flavors of a Syrah/Shiraz.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_hawkins	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Hawkins","to":"Aaron Hawkins"}],"pages":{"62217421":{"pageid":62217421,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Hawkins","extract":"Aaron Hawkins may refer to:\n\nAaron Hawkins (engineer) (born 1970), American engineer\nAaron Hawkins (politician) (born 1983/1984), mayor of Dunedin City in Otago, New Zealand"}}}}
part_xaa/ab_chendaran-e_sofla_gelal	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ab_Chendaran-e_Sofla_Gelal","to":"Ab Chendaran-e Sofla Gelal"}],"pages":{"39927291":{"pageid":39927291,"ns":0,"title":"Ab Chendaran-e Sofla Gelal","extract":"Ab Chendaran-e Sofla Gelal (Persian: \u0627\u0628 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u06af\u0644\u0627\u0644, also Romanized as \u0100b Chend\u0101r\u0101n-e Sofl\u00e1 Gel\u0101l; also known as \u0100b Chend\u0101r, \u0100b Chend\u0101r\u0101n, and \u0100b Chend\u0101r-e Gel\u0101l) is a village in Chin Rural District, Ludab District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 444, in 85 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abe_great_falls	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abe_Great_Falls","to":"Abe Great Falls"}],"pages":{"23762725":{"pageid":23762725,"ns":0,"title":"Abe Great Falls","extract":"Abe Great Falls (\u5b89\u500d\u306e\u5927\u6edd, Abe-no-\u014ctaki) is a waterfall in northern Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan, on the upper reaches of the Abe River. It is also sometimes referred to as the Suruga Great Falls (\u99ff\u6cb3\u5927\u6edd, Suruga-no-\u014ctaki) or the Otome Falls (\u4e59\u5973\u306e\u6edd, Otome-no-taki). It is located near the Umegashima onsen resort area.\nThe Abe Great Falls is listed as one of the \"Japan\u2019s Top 100 Waterfalls\", in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990.\n\n\nExternal links\nShizuoka City tourism home page\n(in Japanese) Hello Navi Shizuoka"}}}}
part_xaa/acoustic_at_olympic_studios	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acoustic_at_Olympic_Studios","to":"Acoustic at Olympic Studios"}],"pages":{"22517214":{"pageid":22517214,"ns":0,"title":"Acoustic at Olympic Studios","extract":"Acoustic at Olympic Studios is an acoustic album by New York-based shoegaze band Asobi Seksu, recorded at Olympic Studios in Barnes, London. The album was first released in February 2009 by One Little Indian Records as a tour-exclusive CD, then reissued and retitled Rewolf by their US label, Polyvinyl Record Co., in November 2009. It contains mostly acoustic versions of songs from Citrus and Hush, as well as a few unique tracks.\n\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by Asobi Seksu, except where noted.\n\n\"Breathe into Glass\" \u2013 3:12\n\"Walk on the Moon\" \u2013 3:56\n\"Meh No Mae\" \u2013 3:29\n\"New Years\" \u2013 3:11\n\"Blind Little Rain\" \u2013 2:40\n\"Urusai Tori\" \u2013 2:56\n\"Suzanne\" (Hope Sandoval) \u2013 3:35\n\"Gliss\" \u2013 4:05\n\"Familiar Light\" \u2013 3:17\n\"Thursday\" \u2013 4:24\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAlbum page at One Little Indian Records"}}}}
part_xaa/abansky_district	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abansky_District","to":"Abansky District"}],"pages":{"26588923":{"pageid":26588923,"ns":0,"title":"Abansky District","extract":"Abansky District (Russian: \u0410\u0301\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u0301\u043d) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai and borders with Boguchansky District in the north, Irkutsk Oblast in the east, Nizhneingashsky District in the southeast, Ilansky District in the south, Kansky District in the southwest, Dzerzhinsky District in the west, and with Taseyevsky District in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 9,512 square kilometers (3,673 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Aban. Population: 22,577\u2009(2010 Census); 26,783 (2002 Census); 32,501\u2009(1989 Census).\n\n\nGeography\nThe district lies between the forest steppe and taiga zones. It stretches for 124 kilometers (77 mi) from west to east and for 120 kilometers (75 mi) from north to south.\n\n\nHistory\nThe district was founded on April 4, 1924.Abansky District is characterized by a diversity of its population. Many people voluntarily migrated to this area, but some were exiled here as well. During the 18th\u201319th centuries, the region was a common destination for exiled insurgents and revolutionaries, including Poles and the Decembrists. Most, however, migrated here voluntarily in the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolutionary events of 1905 and as a result of the agrarian reforms by Pyotr Stolypin.\nMigrants typically traveled by rail and arrived in big groups to Kansk. From there, they transported by horses to Aban. The majority of the farms and villages in the area appeared in the first two or three decades of the 20th century. Various ethnic groups tended to stick together for the reasons of common language, traditions, customs, and religious beliefs. This led to the establishment of villages populated mostly by the members of a single ethnic group; for example, Sterlitamak was predominantly Tatar, Vostok was a village of the Chuvash people, while Vorobyovka was populated by the Mordvins.\nThe second wave of migrants rushed in during the late 1920s, as the area was subject to collectivization on a lesser scale than other regions of the country. New migrants usually moved with their fellow countrymen who had already been well-settled in the area and were able to provide the newcomers with support and assistance. The aspiration to \"stick together\" further strengthened and unified already tight ethnic communities. Even after settling in, people continued to speak their native language and maintained their customs and traditions, passing them on to the new generations. However, they also had to master Russian, as it was the language of communication between various ethnic groups and the language of the government.\nVarious ethnic communities lived in peace and friendship, respecting each other's customs and sharing the best practices and experiences. Eventually, over time, the cultures blended together, creating a group which is now described by the term \"Siberians\".\nAfter World War II, many people exiled here started families; many remained to live and work in the district.\nIn the 1960s, Aban became a destination for people exiled from the big cities under the \"Decree of 1961\"\u2014people were sent here for their religious beliefs, for drunkenness, and for parasitism. As a result, the social composition of the population changed significantly. While the 1930s\u20131940s saw an influx of educated people and intellectuals sent here for political reasons, a significant portion of the exiles of the 1960s consisted of the people genuinely unwilling to work and \"re-educated\" by means of forcing them to work on forest plots. Five commandants were assigned to Abansky District to oversee the forced labor.\nThe villages of Machino, Tagashi, Noshino, and Beryozovka housed Germans who were deported here after the end of World War II. The deported Germans were required to register with the local commandant twice a month and were prohibited from leaving their assigned residences. Many Germans were separated from their families, and only in the 1980s they were allowed to leave.\n\n\nEconomy\n\nAgriculture and forestry, at 55.6%, comprise the largest share of the district's economy, followed by the wholesale and retail trade and auto maintenance (18%).\nAbansky District is one of the top agricultural districts in the krai in terms of production volume. The district specializes in grain crops and their processing. Animal husbandry specializes in pig- and cattle-breeding.\nThe district is rich in timber and coal reserves.\n\n\nEducation\nFifty-seven educational facilities are located in the district:\n\n11 pre-school facilities\n43 secondary schools\n1 inter-school educational-industrial complex\n2 continuous education establishments for childrenThirty-four per cent of children between ages one and eleven are covered by the pre-school educational system.\n\n\nPublic health services\nThere are three hospitals with the total of 211 beds in the district, in addition to 4 clinics. There are on average 14.3 doctors per 10,000 people and 7.7 medical workers per 1,000 people.\nMedicinal Lake Plakhino (Borovoye) is located in the district.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nSources\n\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u211610-4765 \u043e\u0442 10 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2010 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u21167-3007 \u043e\u0442 16 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2014 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043b\u0443\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \"\u041e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\"\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 1 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2010 \u0433. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \"\u0412\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\", \u211633(404), 5 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 2010 \u0433. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #10-4765 of June 10, 2010 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Law #7-3007 of December 16, 2014 On Changing the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Bolsheuluysky District and on Amending the Krai Law \"On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Territorial Units of Krasnoyarsk Krai\". Effective as of July 1, 2010.).\n\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u211613-2755 \u043e\u0442 17 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2004 \u0433. \u00ab\u041e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u21167-2509 \u043e\u0442 4 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2008 \u0433 \u00ab\u041e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f \"\u041e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439\"\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \"\u0412\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\", \u21161, 10 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 2005 \u0433. (Legislative Assembly of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Law #13-2755 of December 17, 2004 On Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation of Abansky District and to Other Municipal Formations Within Its Borders, as amended by the Law #7-2509 of December 4, 2008 On Amending the Krai Law \"On Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation of Abansky District and to Other Municipal Formations Within Its Borders\". Effective as of ten days after the official publication.).\n\u0410\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21168-31 \u043e\u0442 20 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f 1998 \u0433. \u00ab\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\u00bb, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u211617-147\u0420 \u043e\u0442 19 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2011 \u0433 \u00ab\u041e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0410\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u044f\u00bb. \u0412\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043d\u0451\u043c \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d: \"\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0417\u043d\u0430\u043c\u044f\", \u211641\u201344 (\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435), 13 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 2009 \u0433. (Abansky District Council. Decision #8-31 of February 20, 1998 Charter of Abansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, as amended by the Decision #17-147R of December 19, 2011 On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of Abansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai. Effective as of the day following the day of the official publication, providing the state registration has been completed.)."}}}}
part_xaa/aafir	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"25879867":{"pageid":25879867,"ns":0,"title":"Aafir","extract":"Aafir or Afir (Arabic: \u0623\u0639\u0641\u064a\u0631, Kabyle: A\u025bfir) is a town and commune located on the Mediterranean Sea within Dellys District, Boumerd\u00e8s Province, northern Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of approximately 12,613. Aafir is one of three communes in the Dellys district, the others being Ben Choud and Dellys itself.The commune includes the western part of the forest of Mizrana, where the zawiya of Sidi Mhand Saadi is located. This zawiya was abandoned during the 1990s but is currently being renovated.\n\n\nHistory\nFirst Battle of the Issers (1837)\n\n\nNotable people\n\nAbderrahmane Abdelli, artist.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acanthogonatus_hualpen	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthogonatus_hualpen","to":"Acanthogonatus hualpen"}],"pages":{"39788414":{"pageid":39788414,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthogonatus hualpen","extract":"Acanthogonatus hualpen is a mygalomorph spider of Chile, named after its type locality: Hualp\u00e9n, Concepci\u00f3n, B\u00edo B\u00edo Region. Males can be distinguished from those of A. nahuelbuta and A. patagallina by the shaped of the bulb's apex, and by the palpal tibia being wide in the basal two-thirds (tapering abruptly at the apex) with thickened setae along the apical one-third of the retrolateral face (instead of two-thirds).\n\n\nDescription\nMale: total length 9.42 millimetres (0.371 in); cephalothorax length 4.08 millimetres (0.161 in), width 3.25 millimetres (0.128 in); cephalic region length 2.66 millimetres (0.105 in), width 1.92 millimetres (0.076 in); medial ocular quadrangle (OQ) length 0.45 millimetres (0.018 in), width 0.84 millimetres (0.033 in); labium length 0.34 millimetres (0.013 in), width 0.79 millimetres (0.031 in); sternum length 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in), width 0.99 millimetres (0.039 in). Its labium and maxillae possess no cuspules; its maxillae have thickened setae on their anterior inner corner. A serrula is present. Its sternum and sigilla resemble those in A. nahuelbuta. Chelicerae: rastellum is absent. Cheliceral tumescence is small, with a ventral protuberance. Leg I and its tibial apophysis is similar to that of A. Nahuelbuta, while its metatarsus is straight. Its color is also as in A. Nahuelbuta.\nFemale: total length 12.5 millimetres (0.49 in); cephalothorax length 4.90 millimetres (0.193 in), width 3.92 millimetres (0.154 in); cephalic region length 3.32 millimetres (0.131 in), width 2.6 millimetres (0.10 in); fovea width 0.62 millimetres (0.024 in); OQ length 0.49 millimetres (0.019 in), width 0.95 millimetres (0.037 in); labium length 0.47 millimetres (0.019 in), width 0.85 millimetres (0.033 in);sternum length 2.52 millimetres (0.099 in), width 2.27 millimetres (0.089 in). Its cephalic region is convex, with the fovea slightly procurved. Its labium possesses 1 cuspule. A well-developed serrula is present. Its sternal sigilla is small, shallow and marginal. Chelicerae: rastellum is absent. Color as in male.\n\n\nDistribution\nOnly in its type locality.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Acanthogonatus hualpen\". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.\nADW entry\n\"Acanthogonatus hualpen\" at the Encyclopedia of Life"}}}}
part_xaa/aaptos_pernucleata	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaptos_pernucleata","to":"Aaptos pernucleata"}],"pages":{"36829884":{"pageid":36829884,"ns":0,"title":"Aaptos pernucleata","extract":"Aaptos pernucleata is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Suberitidae. The species was described in 1870.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adenosine_kinase	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adenosine_kinase","to":"Adenosine kinase"}],"pages":{"14676583":{"pageid":14676583,"ns":0,"title":"Adenosine kinase","extract":"Adenosine kinase (AdK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of gamma-phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine (Ado) leading to formation of Adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In addition to its well-studied role in controlling the cellular concentration of Ado, AdK also plays an important role in the maintenance of methylation reactions. All S-adenosylmethionine-dependent transmethylation reactions in cells lead to production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), which is cleaved by SAH hydrolase into Ado and homocysteine. The failure to efficiently remove these end products (Ado removed by phosphorylation by AdK) can result in buildup of SAH, which is a potent inhibitor of all transmethylation reactions. The disruption of AdK gene (-/-) in mice causes neonatal hepatic steatosis, a fatal condition characterized by rapid microvesicular fat infiltration, leading to early postnatal death. The liver was the main organ affected in these animals and in it the levels of adenine nucleotides were decreased, while those of SAH were elevated. Recently, missense mutations in the AdK gene in humans which result in AdK deficiency have also been shown to cause hypermethioninemia, encephalopathy and abnormal liver function.\n\n\nBiochemical properties\nAdK is a monomeric protein (~ 38-40 kDa), which works via an ordered Bi-Bi reaction mechanism. It belongs to the phosphofructokinase B (PfkB) family of sugar kinases. Other members of this family (also known as the RK family) include ribokinase (RK), inosine-guanosine kinase, fructokinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the presence of three conserved sequence motifs. The structures of AdK and several other PfK family of proteins have been determined from a number of organisms (see section below) as well as that for RK protein from E. coli. Despite low sequence similarity between AdK and other PfkB family of proteins, these proteins are quite similar at structural levels. Compounds that are substrates for AdK include the N-nucleosides toyocamycin, tubercidin and 6-methylmecaptopurine riboside; the C-nucleosides formycin A, 9-azadenosine, and a large number of other C- and N-nucleoside analogs. The AdK from mammalian sources, in addition to carrying out ATP-dependent phosphorylation of Ado, also catalyzes an Ado-AMP exchange reaction requiring ADP. This activity is an integral part of AdK and it presumably allows a rapid and precise control of Ado concentration in cells. The enzymatic activity of AdK from different sources show a marked dependence on phosphate (Pi) and/or pentavalent ions and it is a conserved property of the PfkB family of proteins. The conserved NXXE motif, which is a distinctive property of the PfkB family of proteins, is involved in Pi (PVI) dependency.\n\n\nEvolution and Relationship to the PfkB Family of Proteins\nThe AdK gene/protein is mainly found in eukaryotic organisms and its primary sequence shows a high degree of conservation (>55% aa similarity). However, AdK sequences exhibit low (~ 20-25%), but significant similarity to other PfkB family of proteins such as RK and phosphofructokinases, which are also found in prokaryotic organisms. Although a protein exhibiting AdK activity has been reported in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sequence and biochemical characteristics of this enzyme reveal it to be an atypical enzyme that is more closely related to ribokinase and fructokinase (35%) than to other ADKs (less than 24%).\n\n\nGene and isoforms\nThe AdK gene in humans is located on chromosome 10 in the 10q11-10q24 region. In contrast to its coding sequence (about 1 Kb), the AdK gene in mammalian species is unusually large (~546 Kb in humans) and it consists of 11 exons (36 to 173 bp in length) and 10 introns whose lengths vary from 4.2 Kb to 128.6 Kb (average ~50Kb). The ratio of the non-coding to coding sequence for human ADK (>550) is the highest known for any gene. The AdK gene in mammalian organisms is also linked in a head to head manner to the gene for the long isoform of AdK to the gene for \u03bc3A adaptor protein, and both these genes are transcribed from a single bi-directional promoter. The large size of the AdK gene and its linkage to the gene for \u03bc3A adaptor protein are apparently unique characteristic of the amniotes (e.g. various mammals, birds, and reptiles). In contrast, the AdK genes in other eukaryotic organisms are much smaller in lengths (1.3 \u2013 20 Kb long). In mammals, two isoforms of Adk are present. These two isoforms show no difference in their biological activity and they differ only at the N-terminus where the long isoform (AdK-long) contains extra 21 amino acids that replace the first 4 amino acids of the short isoform (AdK-short). These two isoforms are independently regulated at the transcriptional level and the promoter for the short isoform is located within the first large AdK intron. It was recently shown that of the two AdK isoforms, the AdK-long isoform is localized in the nucleus, whereas AdK-short is found in the cytoplasm.\n\n\nCardio- and neuro-protective roles\nAdK plays a central role in controlling the cellular levels of Ado, which via its interaction with adenosine receptors in mammalian tissues produces a broad range of physiological responses including potent cardioprotective and neuroprotective activities. The overexpression of AdK in the brain, which leads to decreased Ado levels and loss of inhibition of neuronal excitability by astrocytes, has been proposed as the main underlying cause of progression of epilepsy. Hence, the modulation of AdK by external means provides an important strategy for harnessing its potential therapeutic benefits. As such, there is much interest in developing specific inhibitors of AdK. Many AdK inhibitors, some of which show useful analgesic, anti-seizure, and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models have been described.\n\n\nStudies with mutant mammalian cells\nIn cultured mammalian cells, mainly Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, many kinds of mutants that are affected in AdK and show interesting differences in their genetic and biochemical properties have been isolated; One kind of mutant that is obtained at unusually high spontaneous mutant frequency (10\u22123-10\u22124) contain large deletions within the AdK gene that leads to the loss of several introns and exons. Many mutants that are affected in the expression of either the expressions of the two AdK isoforms have also been isolated.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSee also\nADK (gene)"}}}}
part_xaa/abraham_ephiphanios	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Ephiphanios","to":"Abraham Ephiphanios"}],"pages":{"26467181":{"pageid":26467181,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Ephiphanios","extract":"Abraham Epiphanios as of 2020 is the metropolitan of the Sultan Bathery Diocese of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. He was also the assistant metropolitan of Bangalore Diocese. He was born on 17 September 1960 in Kozhenchery. He is a member of St. Mary's Cathedral, Malaysia.\nEphiphanios had his education in Pathanamthitta Catholicate College, the Orthodox Theological Seminary and took M.Th. degree from Serampore University. He was ordained as deacon in 1986 and priest in 1987 respectively; on 31 March 2002 he became Ramban. He was in the ashrams in Parumala and Madras from 1990 to 1996. He also served as Vicar of St. Thomas Cathedral from 1996 to 2002.\nThereafter he served as the Manager of Bishop's House, Madras in 2003. From 2004 to 2006 he was the Manager at Parumala Seminary and from 2007 he served as the Manager of Devalokam Catholicate Aramana.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abigail_thompson	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abigail_Thompson","to":"Abigail Thompson"}],"pages":{"44841077":{"pageid":44841077,"ns":0,"title":"Abigail Thompson","extract":"Abigail A. Thompson (born 1958 in Norwalk, Connecticut) is an American mathematician. She works as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Davis, where she specializes in knot theory and low-dimensional topology.\n\n\nEducation and career\nThompson graduated from Wellesley College in 1979, and earned her Ph.D. in 1986 from Rutgers University under the joint supervision of Martin Scharlemann and Julius L. Shaneson. After visiting positions at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of California, Berkeley, she joined the University of California Davis faculty in 1988. Thompson had a postdoctoral fellowship with the National Science Foundation from 1988 to 1991 and a Sloan Foundation Fellowship from 1991 to 1993. She was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1990-1991, 2000-2001, and 2015-2016. She became the Chair of the Department of Mathematics at UC Davis in 2017. She is one of the current vice presidents of the American Mathematical Society; her term is February 1, 2019 to January 31, 2022.\n\n\nResearch\nThompson extended David Gabai's concept of thin position from knots to 3-manifolds and Heegaard splittings.\n\n\nEducation reform\nThompson has also been an activist for reform of primary and secondary school mathematics education. She has publicly attacked the Mathland-based curriculum in use in the mid-1990s when the oldest of her three children began studying mathematics in school, claiming that it provided an inadequate foundation in basic mathematical skills, left no opportunity for independent work, and was based on poorly written materials. As an alternative, she founded a program at UC Davis to improve teacher knowledge of mathematics, and became the director of the California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science, a month-long summer mathematics camp for high school students.\n\n\nRecognition\nThompson won the 2003 Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics for her research on thin position and Heegard splittings. In 2013, she became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.In February 2020, Abigail Thompson has been recognized by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni (ACTA) as a \"Hero of Intellectual Freedom.\" The award is due to an op-ed Thompson published in The Wall Street Journal on December 19, 2019, denouncing the use of diversity statements in faculty hiring practices in the University of California system. Thompson will deliver the keynote address at ACTA\u2019s ATHENA Roundtable Conference on November 13, 2020. In December of 2019 she published a similar opinion piece under the heading \"A word from... Abigail Thompson\" in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society, of which she was one of the Vice Presidents at the time. Both opinion pieces generated a lot of discussion within the mathematics community and the academy in general, with official responses from the Association for Women in Mathematics, and the UC Davis Chancellor and Vice Chancellor among others.\n\n\nSelected publications\nResearch papersScharlemann, Martin; Thompson, Abigail (1994), \"Thin position for 3-manifolds\", Geometric topology (Haifa, 1992), Contemp. Math., vol. 164, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, pp. 231\u2013238, doi:10.1090/conm/164/01596, MR 1282766.\nScharlemann, Martin; Thompson, Abigail (1994), \"Thin position and Heegaard splittings of the 3-sphere\", Journal of Differential Geometry, 39 (2): 343\u2013357, doi:10.4310/jdg/1214454875, MR 1267894.\nThompson, Abigail (1994), \"Thin position and the recognition problem for S3\", Mathematical Research Letters, 1 (5): 613\u2013630, doi:10.4310/MRL.1994.v1.n5.a9, MR 1295555.\nThompson, Abigail (1997), \"Thin position and bridge number for knots in the 3-sphere\", Topology, 36 (2): 505\u2013507, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(96)00010-9, MR 1415602.BooksAdams, Colin; Hass, Joel; Thompson, Abigail (1998), How to Ace Calculus: The Streetwise Guide, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-3160-6.\nAdams, Colin; Hass, Joel; Thompson, Abigail (2001), How to Ace the Rest of Calculus: The Streetwise Guide, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-7167-4174-1.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nHome page"}}}}
part_xaa/abdulqadir_hassan	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdulqadir_Hassan","to":"Abdulqadir Hassan"}],"pages":{"8983042":{"pageid":8983042,"ns":0,"title":"Abdulqadir Hassan","extract":"Abdulqadir Hassan Mohamed (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f) (born 15 April 1962) is an Emirati footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for the UAE national football team as well as Al-Shabab Club in Dubai.\nHassan was a member of the UAE squad at the 1990 FIFA World Cup finals. However, he did not play in any matches.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aco_sopov	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aco_\u0160opov","to":"Aco \u0160opov"}],"pages":{"40848756":{"pageid":40848756,"ns":0,"title":"Aco \u0160opov","extract":"Aco \u0160opov (Macedonian: \u0410\u0446\u043e \u0428\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 [\u02c8at\u0361s\u0254 \u02c8\u0283\u0254p\u0254f]; 1923 in \u0160tip \u2013 1982 in Skopje) was a Macedonian poet. He was considered one of the most important poets of Yugoslavia. He took part in World War II in Yugoslavia (1941\u201345) and his poems written at the time were published as Pesni (Poems) in Belgrade and Kumanovo in 1944, and in \u0160tip the following year. Pesni was the first poetry collection published in Macedonian in SR Macedonia after the war.\n\u0160opov was member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1967) and corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1968).\nHe graduated from the philosophy department of the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje and the Higher Political School in Belgrade. He was president of the Translators\u2019 Union and the Writers\u2019 Union of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the 1950s and 1960s, and of the Writers\u2019 Union of Yugoslavia from 1965 to 1969. From 1970 to 1977 he was a diplomat.\n\n\nBiography\n\nHis childhood was haunted by the specter of incurable disease, death, sadness, and loneliness - themes that would later permeate his poetry. He referred to his youth as the \"Hundred-headed monster.\" When he was just eleven years old, his mother, whom he had cared for alone, died prematurely of a serious illness . He began writing poetry in a school notebook at the age of fourteen.\nIn 1943, at the age of 19, Aco \u0160opov became engaged in the Yugoslav Partisans' resistance to the Nazi occupying forces. He continued writing poetry during this period and found his subject matter in his own experience. He proved to be a highly personal poet even when chronicling events of a social or patriotic nature, as when describing the death of a much-loved woman and fellow partisan, Vera Joci\u0107.\nWith his poetry book Stihovi na makata i radosta (Verses of Suffering and Joy), \u0160opov moved away from socialist realism. Because of this departure in the early 1950s, \u0160opov's poetry was initially criticized but came to be recognized several years later.Speaking with his own voice, \u0160opov charted his own course in poetry, without being a dissident. \"The greatest challenge and the greatest moral responsibility of the poet,\" he said in an interview, \"is to find the right words to the contents and ideas he wants to express in an authentic and inimitable way. If it fails, the poem is pulled out of its socket, the word becomes a lie.\"\nHe was an editor of the literary magazine \"Sovremenost\".\nIn 1967, Aco \u0160opov became one of the founding members of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, and was awarded with the AVNOJ in 1970. The AVNOJ Prize is the highest recognition in the area of science and art in the frames of the former Yugoslavia.\n\n\nPublic career\nIn 1971, after many years of journalism and publishing, Aco \u0160opov was nominated as the Yugoslav Ambassador to Senegal. \u0160opov's time in Senegal inspired the book Poem for the black women, which won the Miladinov Brothers Prize at the Struga Poetry Evenings in 1976. This international festival, held each year in the South of Macedonia, was founded in 1961 by \u0160opov himself with a group of Macedonian poets.\nIn 1975, back from Senegal, Aco \u0160opov was appointed as President of the Commission for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries of the Republic of Macedonia. However, just three years later, the disease foreshadowed in his poems forced him to retire from active life. Following a long illness, he died on 20 April 1982 in Skopje.\n\n\nBibliography\n\n\nAco \u0160opov's Poetry Collection in English\nThe Word\u2019s Nativity/ Aco \u0160opov. Edited by Katica Kulavkova. Skopje: St. Clement of Ohrid National and University Library, 2011. 196 p.\n\n\nAco \u0160opov's poems in various anthologies in English\n\nAn Anthology of Modern Yugoslav Poetry in English Translations / Janko Lavrin.- London : John Calder, 1962.\nA texte-Book of the Macedonian Language / Krum To\u0161ev and Dragi Stefanija.- Skopje : Matica na iselenicite od Makedonija, 1965.- 185 p.\nReflexions of pain and Unsubmissiveness : Selection of Macedonian Poetry from the Early Beginnings to Our Day.- Skopje, 1972\nIntroduction to Yugoslav Literatur : an Anthology of Fiction and Poetry / ed. by Branko Mikasinovich, Dragan Milivojevich and Vasa D. Mihailovich.- New York : Twayne, 1973.- 647 p.\nContemporary Yugoslav Poetry / Vasa D. Mihailovich.- Iowa City : University of Iowa Press, 1977.\nReading the Ashes : an Anthology of the Poetry of Modern Macedonia/ Milne Holton, Graham W. Reid.- Pitsburg : University of Pitsburg Press, 1977.\nEvenings of Macedonian Poetry : Days of Macedonian Culture.- Skopje : Republic Commission for Cultural Relations of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1979.- [68] p.\nWhite stones and fire trees : an Anthology of Contemporary Slavic Literature / Vasa D. Mihajlovich.- London : Associated University Presses, 1977.\nTo Struga with love / Stanley H. Barkan.- Merrick \u2013 New York : Cross cultural Communications, 1978.\nLonging for the South : an Anthology of Contemporary Macedonian Poetry / Sitakant Mahapatra, Jozo T. Bo\u0161kovski.- New Delhi : A. K. Dash, Prachi Prakasan, 1981.\nMacedonian Poetry / transl. N. Kuhner, G. Reid.- Aligarh \u2013 India : Editor Baldev Mirza, 1983.\n\n\nAco \u0160opov's Poetry Collections in Macedonian (originals)\nPesni (Poems). Okoliski NOMSM. 1994.\nPruga na mladosta (Railways of Youth)(with Slavko Janevski). Skopje. Main Board of the People\u2019s Youth Force of Macedonia.1946.\nNa Gramos (On Gramos). Skopje: NAPOK. 1950.\nSo na\u0161i race (With Our Hands). Skopje: State Book Publisher of Macedonia. 1950.\nStihovi na makata i radosta (Verses of Suffering and Joy). Skopje. Ko\u010do Racin. 1952.\nSlej se so ti\u0161inata (Merge with Silence). Skopje: Ko\u010do Racin. 1955.\nVetrot nosi ubavo vreme (Winds Bring Nice Weather). Skopje: Ko\u010do Racin. 1957.\nNebidnina (Nonbeing). Skopje: Ko\u010do Racin. 1963.\nRagjanje na zborot (The Word\u2019s Nativity). Skopje: Misla. 1966.\nJus-univerzum (Yus-Universum). Skopje: Misla. 1968.\nGleda\u010d vo pepelta (Reading the Ashes). Skopje: Makedonska Kniga. 1970.\nPesna za crnata \u017eena (Song for the Black Woman). Skopje: Misla. 1976.\nDrvo na ridot (A Tree on a Bare Hill). Skopje. Misla. 1980.\n\n\nAco \u0160opov\u2019s Poetry Selections in Macedonian\nPesni (Poems). Skopje: Ko\u010do Racin. 1963.\nPesni (Poems). Skopje: Makedonska kniga & Detska radost. 1967.\nIzbor (Selection). Edited by Georgi Stardelov. Skopje: Makedonska kniga. 1968.\nZlaten krug na vremeto (Golden Circle of Time). Skopje: Misla. 1969.\nOdbrani dela (Selected Works). Edited by Slobodan Mickovi\u0107. Skopje: Misla. 1976.\nOkeanot e mal, \u010dovekot e golem (The Ocean is Small, the Man is Vast). Edited by Georgi Stardelov. Skopje: Centar za kultura i informacii. 1977.\nLuzna (Scar). Skopje: Misla (Foreword to Eftim Kletnikov).1981.\nIzbor od poezijata (Poetry Selection) Edited by Rade Siljan. Skopje, Makedonska kniga, 1987.\nPesni (Poems). Edited by Rade Siljan. Skopje: Zdru\u017eeni izdava\u010di. 1988.\nNebo na ti\u0161inata (Sky of Silence). Edited by Vele Smilevski. Skopje: Kultura. 1990.\nGleda\u010d vo pepelta (Reader of Ashes). Edited by Georgi Stardelov. Skopje: Misla. 1991.\nDolgo doagjanje na ognot (The Long Arrival of the Fire). Edited by Svetlana \u0160opova. Skopje: Liber-M.1993.\nPoezija (Poetry) Aco \u0160opov\u2019s poetry selection. Edited by Katica Kulavkova. Skopje: Makedonska Kniga. 1993.\nRa\u0111anjeto na zborot (The Word\u2019s Nativity). Edited by Katica Kulavkova. Bitola: NID MIKENA, 2008.\n\n\nAco \u0160opov\u2019s Poetry Selections in other languages\nZlij se s ti\u0161ino. Prepev Ivan Minati. Ljubljana : Dr\u017eavna zalo\u017eba Slovenije, 1957. 72 p.\n\u00d6r\u00f6k v\u00e1rakoz\u00f3. Foditotta: Feh\u00e9r Ferenc, Novi Sad, Forum, 1964. 78 p.\n\u0412\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, 1964. 64 p.\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0458\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0458\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0107. \u0422\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434: \u0413\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434, 1966. 115 p.\nUgnus-milestiba: dzeja. Sakartojis Aleksandar Romanenko. Riga: Liesma, 1974. 103 p.\n\u041f\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0435. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432; \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0458\u0435\u0432 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434: \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u045a\u0438\u0433\u0430, 1974. 277 p.\nPjesma crne \u017eene. Prevela Elina Elimova, Zagreb, August Cesarec, 1977. 39 p.\n\u0414\u0443\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u045a\u0430: \u0438\u0437a\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043c\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434: \u0420\u0430\u0434, 1977. 105 p.\nEn chasse de ma voix. Choix et adaptation Djurdja Sinko-Depierris, Jean-Louis Depierris, Paris, Editions Saint-Germains-des-Pr\u00e9s, 1978. 60 p.\nNa\u015fterea cuv\u00e9ntului. Selectiesi traducere de Ion Deaconesvu ; prefat\u00e2 si note Traian Nica. Cluj-Napoca: Dacia, 1981, 91 p.\nLector de cenizas. Presentaci\u00f3n selecti\u00f3n i traucci\u00f3n por Aurora Marya Saavedra. M\u00e8hico: Cuadernos Cara a Cara, 1987, 93 p.\n\u0428\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0442, \u0428\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0442. \u0418\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0448 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e. \u0421\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0458\u0435: \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, 1994 (\u0418\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u043a\u043d. 2).\nAnthologie Personnelle. Po\u00e9sie traduite du mac\u00e9donien par Jasmina \u0160opova ; introduction d\u2019Ante Popovski ; adaptation et postface d\u2019Edouard Maunick. Paris: Actes Sud / Editions UNESCO, 1994, 143 p.\nStigmate. Edit\u00e9 par Jasmina \u0160opova. Skopje : Matica makedonska, 2001. 253 p. (mac\u00e9donien et fran\u00e7ais)\nSenghor-\u0160opov : Parall\u00e8les. Edit\u00e9 par Jasmina \u0160opova; Introductions: Jasmina \u0160opova, Hamidou Sall, Risto Lazarov. Illustrations: Hristijan Sanev. Skopje: Sigmapres, 2006. 206 p. (fran\u00e7ais et mac\u00e9donien).\nSol negro. Traducci\u00f3n de Luisa Futoransky. Pr\u00f3logo y selecci\u00f3n por Jasmina \u0160opova. Buenos Aires : Leviat\u00e1n, 2011. 98 p.\nGeburt des Wortes = Naissance de la parole. Gedichte \u00fcbersetzt aus dem Makedonischen von Ina Jun Broda ; Traduit du mac\u00e9donien par Jasmina \u0160opova et Edouard J.Maunick. Struga: Sruga Poesieabende / Soir\u00e9es po\u00e9tiques de Struga, 2010. 92 p.\nSoleil noir = Schwarze Sonne. Pr\u00e9face = Vorwort: Jasmina \u0160opova. Differdange: Editions PHI, 2012. 121 p.\n'\u2019\u0420\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e\u2019\u2019. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043e\u0432 ; \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0435: \u0410\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442, 2013. 110 p.\n\n\nTranslations in Macedonian by Aco \u0160opov\nEduard Bagricki, Pesna za Apanasa, translated by \u0160opov and Slavko Janevski. 1951.\nOton Zupan\u010di\u010d, Ciciban. 1951.\nI. A. Krilov, Basani. 1953.\nGustav Krklec, Telegrafski basni. 1954.\nJovan Jovanovi\u0107 Zmaj, Pesni. 1954.\nPierre Corneille, Le Cid. 1958.\nGrigor Vitez, Pesna na \u010du\u010duligata. 1959.\nWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet. 1960.\nMiroslav Krle\u017ea, Pesni/Izbor. 1963.\nIzet Sarajli\u0107, Poezija. 1965.\nDragutin Tadijanovi\u0107, Ve\u010der nad gradot. 1966.\nWilliam Shakespeare, Sonnets. 1970.\n\n\nBooks on Aco \u0160opov\nAco \u0160opov (1923\u20131982): Festschrift presented as a memorial to Aco \u0160opov : a member of Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts.\nIvanovi\u0107 Radomir: Poetikata na Aco \u0160opov, prevod od srpskohrvatski rakopis Milan Trajkov, Skopje, Makedonska revija, 1986.\nIvanovi\u0107 Radomir: Re\u010d o re\u010di : poetika Ace \u0160opova, Beograd, Novo Delo, 1986.\nTvore\u0161tvoto na Aco \u0160opov (simpozium po povod 70-godi\u0161ninata od ra\u0111anjeto na Aco \u0160opov), Skopje, Filolo\u0161ki fakultet, Institut za makedonska literatura, 1993.\nKitanov Bla\u017ee: Aco \u0160opov, \u017divot i delo, Skopje, Kultura, 1998.\nStardelov Georgi, Nebidninata: poezijata i poetskoto iskustvo na Aco \u0160opov, Skopje, Matica makedonska, 2000.\nAco \u0160opov: sve\u010den sobir po povod 20-godi\u0161ninata od smrtta na Aco \u0160opov, Skopje, 24.IV 2002 godina.\n\u0160opova Jasmina: Po-tragite na Aco \u0160opov, Skopje, Sigmapres, 2003.\n\u017divotot i deloto na Aco \u0160opov (me\u0111unaroden nau\u010den sobir po povod osumdesetgodi\u0161ninata od ra\u0111anjeto na Aco \u0160opov), Skopje, Makedonska Akademija na naukite i umetnostite, 2005\nThe Word's Nativity. Edited by Katica Kulavkova. Skopje: St. Clement of Ohrid National and University Library, 2011. 196 p.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial multilingual website of the author\nMeetings at Struga Poetry Evenings: Jovan Strezovski - Memories on Aco Sopov\nAco Sopov Poetry (YouTube)\nPortal: Republic of Macedonia/UNESCO\nCentre of culture \"Aco \u0160opov\" in \u0160tip (Macedonia), Aco \u0160opov's birthplace"}}}}
part_xaa/abol-fath_khan_zand	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abol-Fath_Khan_Zand","to":"Abol-Fath Khan Zand"}],"pages":{"3781941":{"pageid":3781941,"ns":0,"title":"Abol-Fath Khan Zand","extract":"Abol-Fath Khan Zand (Persian: \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0646\u062f Abol-Fat\u1e25 Kh\u0101n Zand; 1755/1756 \u2013 1787) was the third Shah of the Zand dynasty, ruling from March 6, 1779, until August 22, 1779.\n\n\nBiography\nAfter the death of Karim Khan in 1779, two factions emerged, one supporting Abol-Fath, one his younger brother Mohammad Ali Khan Zand. Both were still children, and were pawns in the game of power. Karim Khan's brother Zaki Khan managed to proclaim Mohammad Ali Khan, his own son-in-law, as shah of the Zand dynasty but soon after, he also made Abol-Fath joint ruler of Iran. Both Mohammad Ali and Abol-Fath only held nominal power during their reigns, as their uncle was the effective master of the government. As another brother of Karim Khan, Sadeq Khan Zand, had left Shiraz, then the capital, and was gathering an army in Kerman ostensibly in support of Abol-Fath Khan, Zaki Khan even had Abol-Fath imprisoned.\nTo add to the political trouble, right after the death of Karim Khan, the Qajar prince Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who had until then been a hostage in Shiraz, in order to prevent an outbreak of war between the Qajars, who still dominated the North of the country, and the Zands, escaped promptly and reached his stronghold of Mazandaran. Subsequently, he took command of his tribe in Astarabad, and declared independence from the Zand Shah. To counter that move, Zaki Khan dispatched the Iranian army under the command of his nephew, Ali-Morad Khan Zand against the Qajar lord. Soon however, it appeared that Ali-Morad Khan had rebelled against him and captured Isfahan. On the other hand, Zaki Khan had levied high taxes on the landlords and put to death and tortured anyone who had resisted. Subsequently, his own army rebelled and killed Zaki Khan as he was marching on Isfahan, on June 6, 1779.\nMeanwhile, Abol-Fath's other uncle Sadeq Khan had by then returned to Shiraz from Kerman with an army. Upon reception of the news of Zaki Khan's demise, on June 19, 1779, he had Abol-Fath proclaimed sole official ruler of Iran. Sadeq held the real power, while Abol-Fath, according to most accounts, was satisfied with a life of pleasures, and did not take any part in the administration of the Empire. This situation did not however suit Sadeq Khan for long. Only two months after Abol-Fath's installation, on August 22, 1779, Sadeq Khan had him deposed and was proclaimed Shah instead. Abol-Fath was blinded, either on Sadeq Khan's orders, or two years later when Shiraz fell to Ali-Morad Khan. He died in 1787, aged 32.\n\n\nSources\nPerry, John R. (2011). \"Ab\u016b l-Fat\u1e25 Kh\u0101n Zand\". In Fleet, Kate; Kr\u00e4mer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.\nW. William Bayne Fisher; P. Avery; G. R. G. Hambly; C. Melville (10 October 1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. VII. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0. Retrieved 28 July 2013.\nEncyclopedia Iranica, \"Abu\u2019l-Fath Khan Zand\"\nRulers of Iran\nIranology - History of Iran, Part XIII: Afshar and Zand Dynasties [1]"}}}}
part_xaa/a_dark_traveling	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Dark_Traveling","to":"A Dark Traveling"}],"pages":{"33455920":{"pageid":33455920,"ns":0,"title":"A Dark Traveling","extract":"A Dark Traveling is a science fantasy novel by American writer Roger Zelazny. The story uses teleportation as both fantasy and science fiction elements. It is the only novel he wrote for young adults and one of three books without a heroic protagonist.\n\n\nPlot introduction\nWhen an injured scientist disappears into a parallel world that is the battlefield between the forces of light and dark, his children set out to find him.\n\n\nSetting\nOur Earth is but one of many parallel Earths split off from each other by world-changing historical events. Over many generations the Wiley family guards and develops our Earth's transcomp, a portal to the other worlds. Parallel Earths are called bands, a term taken from the bandwidth or frequency that a transcomp tunes to in order to open a portal to each world. There are four categories of bands:\n\nLightbands are friendly worlds that exchange information, students, and observers.\nGraybands are worlds without transcomps and delicate historical conditions.\nDeadbands have no people, but they have artifacts of past ruined civilizations.\nDarkbands exploit other bands with lower levels of technology.Lightbands and darkbands prosecute wars against each other on some bands.\n\n\nCharacters\nJames Wiley \u2013 A 15-year-old boy, an incipient werewolf, joins with his sister Becky and exchange-student Barry to find and rescue his father and mother who are missing among the bands.\nBecky Wiley \u2013 A tough 14-year-old sorceress and James' adopted sister transports James, Barry and herself to other bands without a transcomp.\nBarry \u2013 A 15-year-old exchange student is a trained assassin and devotee of the martial arts.\nGeorge \u2013 James' uncle, a werewolf and shapeshifter, saves James, Becky, and Barry from certain death.\nTom Wiley \u2013 James and Becky's father runs a transcomp and a science think tank in the American Southwest.\nAgatha Wiley \u2013 James' mother, a sorceress, fights Crow, a darkband sorcerer, psychically. James is led to believe she is dead.\nThe Golem (Golly) \u2013 An android is activated by James to protect the Wiley family's transcomp.\nCrow \u2013 A darkband sorcerer attempts to stop the children from destroying a transmitter that disables the lightband's transcomps.\nTranscomps \u2013 Transporters connected to computers open portals to the other bands..\n\n\nPlot summary\nBecky Wiley has a vision of someone threatening her father, Tom Wiley, in their transcomp room. She runs to the control room and finds blood on the floor. The transmission part of the transcomp is destroyed, but the receiving mechanism still works.\nShe waits for her brother, James, and their exchange-student Barry to return home. They theorize that Tom is attacked by an intruder. After a brief fight in which one of them is wounded, Tom escapes through the transcomp. The intruder damages the sending capability of the transcomp and leaves. The children think Tom is probably wounded, so they decide to find and help him. The controls on the transcomp suggest two possible bands for Tom's escape.\nAs a sorceress Becky has the ability to transport the boys to the bands in question without a transcomp. She sends them to the wrong worlds, however. Barry is sent to a deadband where he verifies that Tom is not there.\nJames arrives at night in a world with a full moon. He has his first transformation into a werewolf. His uncle George, a werewolf and shapeshifter, is the resident transcomp operator. He finds and cares for James. He expects James because Barry arrives earlier from the deadband.\nTom escapes to a darkband, a former lightband which is only partly controlled by the darkbanders. Forces from the lightbands including Tom and Agatha, James' mother, are assisting a rebellion against the darkbanders. It is closely fought so darkbanders are attacking lightbander transcomps to stop armed lightbanders from entering the war.\nBecky arrives later through her own magical means of travel to bands. Through sorceress to sorceress communication with Agatha, Becky discovers that the darkbanders are jamming the lightbanders' transcomp on the battlefield with a special transmitter so that lightbander reinforcements can not pour in from their transcomps. Agatha is involved in a psychic battle with a darkbander sorcerer named Crow.\nThe children decide to go with Becky to the darkbander's camp and destroy the transmitter. They arrive in a wood at the edge of the camp. They identify a tent that they think houses the jamming transmitter. Through a spell Becky is able to make them invisible so that the darklanders in the camp can not see them. They reach the tent and although Becky senses danger, they enter. Crow, the blackbander sorcerer, confronts them in the tent. He disables Barry and focuses his attention on Becky, who engages him in psychic combat. Although the sorcerer is able to slow him down, James manages to push the transmitter off its table and break it. Uncle George follows the children and, in werewolf form, bounds into the tent and kills the sorcerer.\nWithout the jamming of their transcomp, the lightbanders bring in their reinforcements and eke out a victory. However, the margin of victory to so minute and of such world-changing significance a new darkbander world is created in which the darkbanders prevail. The children find Tom and Agatha. Tom is wounded superficially. They return to their Earth realizing that the darkbanders will have to be fought again and again.\n\n\nLiterary discussion\n\n\nProse poetry\nZelazny has been lauded as a prose poet, a writer who uses poetic elements such as form, image, structure, alliteration, internal rhyme and metaphor. James' transformation into a werewolf for the first time is a good example of this style:\n\n\nProtagonists\nTheodore Krulik, one of Zelazny's literary biographers, has indicated that Zelazny's protagonists are all cast from a certain mold:\n\nMore than most writers, Zelazny persists in reworking a persona composed of a single literary vision. This vision is the unraveling of a complex personality with special abilities, intelligent, cultured, experienced in many areas, but who is fallible, needing emotional maturity, and who candidly reflects upon the losses in his life. This complex persona cuts across all of Zelazny\u2019s writings. . . .\nJane Lindskold takes a different view and gives James Wiley as an example of an ordinary person \"who is forced into action by extraordinary circumstances\". It is difficult to call a werewolf ordinary, but he does not fit the heroic protagonist, and his boyish nature is emphasized throughout the story. Like any boy with siblings, James struggles with the idea that his younger sister and Barry share secrets with adults, deeming him too immature to share these secrets. A hero would not have such limitations, as James does: \"It seems that I am destined always to be surrounded by secrets\u2014and not to be in on most of them\". He later complains indignantly to Becky:\n\n\u201dEverybody knows stuff I don\u2019t!\u201d. . .\u201dEven you! And you\u2019re a lot younger! How come Dad told you all this stuff when he didn\u2019t tell me?\u201d\nDespite being a werewolf, James is in other respects a 14-year-old boy.\n\n\nPublication history\nZelazny, Roger (1987). A Dark Traveling. Walker and Co. p. 143. ISBN 0-8027-6686-2.\nZelazny, Roger (1989). A Dark Travelling. Hutchinson. pp. 109. Hardcover. ISBN 0-09-173756-7.\nZelazny, Roger (1989). A Dark Traveling. Avon. pp. 151. Paperback. ISBN 0-380-70567-2.\nZalazny, Roger (1990). A Dark Travelling. Beaver. pp. 109. Paperback. ISBN 0-09-960970-3.\nZalazny, Roger (2003). To Die in Italbar/A Dark Travelling. ibooks. pp. 310. Hardcover. ISBN 0-7434-4536-8.\nZalazny, Roger (2004). To Die in Italbar/A Dark Travelling. ibooks. pp. 310. Paperback. ISBN 0-7434-7914-9.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nBibliography\nCowper, Richard (March 1977). \"A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose. . .In Search of Roger Zelazny\". Foundation. The Science Fiction Foundation. 11 and 12: 145\u2013147.\nKrulik, Theodore (1986). Roger Zelazny. New York: Ungar Publishing. ISBN 0-8044-2490-X.\nLindskold, Jane M. (1993). Roger Zelazny. New York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-3953-X.\nSales, Ian (1990). \"Capsules\". Paperback Inferno: The Review of Paperback SF. British Science Fiction Association (85): 14.\nSchweitzer, Darrell (1987). \"books\". Aboriginal Science Fiction: 29.\nSturgeon, Theodore (1967). \"Introduction\". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) In Zelazny, Roger (1967). Four for Tomorrow. New York: Ace. ISBN 9780824014445.\nZelazny, Roger (1987). A Dark Traveling. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 0-8027-6686-2.\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Author Information: Roger Zelazny\". Internet Book List. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.\n\"Bibliography: A Dark Traveling\". Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base. Retrieved 2 February 2013.\n\"A Dark Traveling\". Open Library. Retrieved 20 February 2013.\nA Dark Traveling. Worldcat. OCLC 15017642.\n\"Exhibitions/Science Fiction Hall of Fame: Roger Zelazny\". EMP Museum. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2013.\n\"Roger Zelazny\". Locus Index to SF Awards. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.\n\"Roger Zelazny \u2013 Summary Bibliography\". Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base. Retrieved 7 August 2011."}}}}
part_xaa/acantharctia_nigrivena	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acantharctia_nigrivena","to":"Acantharctia nigrivena"}],"pages":{"37779313":{"pageid":37779313,"ns":0,"title":"Acantharctia nigrivena","extract":"Acantharctia nigrivena is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1935. It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_craig	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Craig","to":"Aaron Craig"}],"pages":{"42993086":{"pageid":42993086,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Craig","extract":"Aaron Craig (born 1992) is an Irish hurler who plays as a centre-back for the Westmeath senior team.Born in Mullingar, County Westmeath, Craig first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Westmeath minor team, before later lining out with the under-21 side. He made his senior debut in the 2011 championship. Craig has since gone on to become a regular member of the starting fifteen.\nAt club level Craig plays with St Oliver Plunkett's.\n\n\nHonours\n\n\nTeam\nWestmeathAll-Ireland Minor B Hurling Championship (1): 2010\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acura_el	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acura_EL","to":"Acura EL"}],"pages":{"598171":{"pageid":598171,"ns":0,"title":"Acura EL","extract":"The Acura EL is a subcompact executive car that was built at Honda's Alliston, Ontario, plant, and also the first Acura built in Canada. It was also exclusively sold in Canada. The EL is a badge-engineered Honda Civic with a higher level of features. There is no Type-S trim offered on any Acura EL.\nThe Acura EL was a sales success. Representing 51% of Acura Canada's annual new-vehicle sales in its first full year, the EL remained Acura's top seller in Canada from 1997 to 2003. The Acura EL was replaced for the 2006 model year by the Acura CSX which, like the EL, was available only in Canada.\n\n\nFirst generation (1997\u20132000)\n\nSeeing that sales within Canada for the four-door Acura Integra were extremely low, Honda decided to replace it with the four-door-only Acura EL. The first generation of the EL was a somewhat altered version of the 1997\u20132000 Honda Civic with the differing front end, trunk, lights and various interior pieces. Produced by Honda Canada, the EL would also be rebadged and exported to Japan as the second-generation Honda Domani.\nThe EL has a moonroof, CD player, and a 1.6-litre SOHC VTEC engine produces 127 hp (95 kW) at 6,600 rpm and 107 lb\u22c5ft (145 N\u22c5m) at 5,500 rpm, making it similar to the American Civic EX sedan (which was not sold in Canada) and the Canadian Civic Si Coupe (which was equivalent to the American Civic EX Coupe). The EL has additional features not available on Civics such as amber-lit LED interior dash display, tachometer, power trunk (no keyhole on the trunklid), alarm, 15-inch (195/55/15) wheels, antenna in the rear window glass, chrome interior door handles, extra pocket underneath the centre console, paint-matched mirrors, side mouldings, and door handles, slightly stiffer suspension, 12-mm rear sway bar and 26-mm front sway bar, heated mirrors, and an amplifier. From 1999, all 5-speed models had a leather-wrapped shift knob, similar to the one in the Acura Integra GS-R.\n\n\nModel configurations\nIn addition to the above: \n\nBase: CD player, air conditioning\nSport: 15-inch alloy wheels, CD player, air conditioning. From 1999: folding heated mirrors, a sunroof, and an upgraded grill on the front end.\nPremium: in addition to the Sport, leather seats, and decorative spoiler.\n\n\nSecond generation (2001\u20132005)\n\nThe EL was completely redesigned for the 2001 model year and was then based on the seventh-generation Civic. Besides the slightly more powerful and torquier VTEC-equipped 1.7 L 4-cylinder SOHC engine with 127 hp (95 kW), headlight and taillight designs and available leather interior trimmings set it apart from the Civic. Other differences include 15-inch multi-spoke alloys, heated power mirrors, cruise control, and rear disc brakes. The badging was changed to Acura 1.7EL and was dropped altogether for 2004.\nThe second generation was available in touring and premium trim levels, the latter adding leather seats, heated front seats and a power sunroof. Automatic climate control was added for the premium trim in 2003 and the touring trim in 2004. All second generation EL models came with ABS anti-lock braking, but in 2003 an electronic brakeforce distribution system was made standard. For 2003 and 2004, a special dealer-installed 'aero package' was made available for both trims levels adding unique front and rear lips, side stills and a rear spoiler. In 2004, the EL underwent a slight exterior makeover with restyled headlamps, front bumper and grille, taillights, trunk lid, and rear bumper. The new look came with standard fog lights, a restyled steering wheel, new woodgrain trim patterns, and two additional tweeters powered by two amplifiers to complete the 6-speaker audio system.\n\n\nDiscontinuation\nDespite being Acura Canada\u2019s best-selling vehicle, Honda announced that it would discontinue the EL. In 2006, the CSX was confirmed to be a replacement for the EL. Like the EL, the CSX was sold only in Canada. The CSX was discontinued in 2011.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdullah_al-garni	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdullah_Al-Garni","to":"Abdullah Al-Garni"}],"pages":{"27739488":{"pageid":27739488,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah Al-Garni","extract":"Abdullah Al-Garni (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a; born 18 February 1987) is a Saudi Arabian footballer. He currently plays as a defender for Al-Nassr in the Saudi Professional League.\n\n\nEarly club career\nAl-Garni joined his birthplace football club Al-Zaytoon FC in Sabt Alalaya town. He first played as a defensive midfielder. At this time his team was competing the Saudi Arabian 3rd division league. After a while he decided to leave his hometown to complete his education in Aramco Institute. He was playing football non-professionally with colleagues in Aramco football team.\n\n\nAbha 2008/2009\nAfter Abha's promotion to the Saudi Professional League, Al-Garni went back to get closer to his hometown and signed a one-year contract with Abha. That is when he first played as a central defender under a supervision of the technical manager Mahdi Al-Ragdi. He made his debut with Abha against Al-Ittihad in the sixth round of the Saudi Professional League 2008\u201309. Since then, Al-Garni continued in Abha's line-up squad until ending the season with relegation to the Saudi First Division League.\n\n\nAl-Nassr 2009/2010\nAs the previous technical manager, Edgardo Bauza, was looking for young defenders. He scouted Al-Garni and requested the youngster's service from Abha. Al-Nassr management signed, after a dramatic transfer, a five-year contract with Al-Garni, together with his teammate in Abha Khaled Al-Zylaeei, starting from 15 July 2009 Al-Garni participated in a preparatory training camp in Barcelona, Spain with the new Uruguayan manager, Jorge da Silva. However, Al-Garni was deemed not yet mature enough to assume the reserve position for his team. He played a couple of matches with Al-Nassr U-23 team, which is considered to be team B in some countries, where he scored the first goal with Al-Nassr against Al-Shabab. In the ninth round of the Saudi Professional League, Al-Nassr played the worst 45 minutes against Al-Ahli from Jeddah when they received three goals ending the first half 3-0 for Al-Ahli. Al-Garni joined as a substitute at the beginning of the second half and the Al-Nassr succeed to get to end up the tough match with a big draw 3-3. Since then, he kept his position in the team until the end of the season.\n\n\nInternational career\nAl-Garni called up for the Saudi Arabian National Team for the first time at the end of the season 2009/2010 He suffered a knee injury during the training camp which was in Austria. He couldn't make his debut for the national team yet.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_bowen	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Bowen","to":"Abel Bowen"}],"pages":{"24890434":{"pageid":24890434,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Bowen","extract":"Abel Bowen (1790-1850) was an engraver, publisher, and author in early 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts.\n\n\nBiography\nBowen was born in New York in 1790. Arriving in Boston in 1812, he worked as a printer for the Columbian Museum, at the time under the proprietorship of his uncle, Daniel Bowen. In 1814 Abel married Eliza Healey of Hudson, New York. Their children included Abel Bowen (d.1818).With W.S. Pendleton he formed the firm of Pendleton & Bowen, which ended in 1826. He joined the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association in 1828. In the 1830s Bowen and others formed the Boston Bewick Company, which published the American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. He lived and worked in Congress Square, ca.1823-1826; in 1832 he kept his shop on Water Street, and lived on Union Street; in 1849 he worked on School Street, and lived in Chelsea.Bowen taught Joseph Andrews, Hammatt Billings, George Loring Brown, B.F. Childs, William Croome, Nathaniel Dearborn, G. Thomas Devereaux, Alonzo Hartwell, Samuel Smith Kilburn, and Richard P. Mallory. Contemporaries included William Hoogland. His siblings included publisher Henry Bowen.\n\n\nWorks by Bowen\nBowen, Abel (1816). The Naval Monument.\nRufus Porter (c. 1822). Revolving Almanack. Billerica, Mass. Engraved by Abel Bowen.\nBowen's Boston News-letter, and City Record. 1826.\nEarly Impressions A novella published 1827, Bowles and Dearborn: Boston, and reprinted by Allen and Ticknor, Boston, 1833.\nBowen's Picture of Boston, Boston: Abel Bowen, 1829, OCLC 76917747, OL 7113723M\nAbel Bowen (1833), Bowen's Picture of Boston (2nd ed.), Boston: Lilly Wait & Co., OCLC 4530924, OL 6905755M\nAbel Bowen (1838), Bowen's Picture of Boston (3rd ed.), Boston: Otis, Broaders and Company\nYoung Ladies' Book. 1830.\n\n\nImages\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nJoseph Sabin, ed. (1869). \"Bowen\". Bibliotheca Americana. Vol. 2. New York. OCLC 13972268.\nWilliam H. Whitmore (1887), \"Abel Bowen\", Bostonian Society Publications, vol. 1\n\n\nExternal links\n\nWorldCat. Bowen, Abel 1790-1850\nYoung Ladies' Book, excerpts. 1830.\nAmerican paintings & historical prints from the Middendorf collection, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Bowen (no. 74)"}}}}
part_xaa/acrolophus_juxtatus	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_juxtatus","to":"Acrolophus juxtatus"}],"pages":{"36958272":{"pageid":36958272,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus juxtatus","extract":"Acrolophus juxtatus is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It was described by Hasbrouck in 1964. It is found in North America, including Arizona.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acharya_parvati_kumar	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acharya_Parvati_Kumar","to":"Acharya Parvati Kumar"}],"pages":{"53268970":{"pageid":53268970,"ns":0,"title":"Acharya Parvati Kumar","extract":"Acharya Parvati Kumar or Parvatikumar (27 February 1921\u201329 November 2012) was an Indian classical dancer, classical dance choreographer and scholar as well as Bharata Natyam guru.\n\n\nLife\nEarly Training in Dance: He learned Bharata Natyam under Guru Chandrashekhar Pillai. He also learned several compositions from Guru Mahalingam Pillai and Smt Maylapur Gauri Amma. He learned Kathakali from Guru Karunakar Panikar and Kathak from Guru Ratikant Arya and Guru Sunder Prasad.\nChoreography: of Indian Dance-Ballets: Between 1942 and 1983 he choreographed over twenty ballets. These include- Dawn of a New Era (1942), Sita Haran (1943), Sundopsunda(1944), By 1951 (1948), Bharat Ki Kahani (1949), Rhythm of Culture (1950), Rajput Episode-Raja Rani ki Kahani (1956), Dekh Teri Bambai (1958), Discovery of India(1964), Krishna Leela(1965)Choreography for Children's Ballets: Manitaichi Fajity(1947), billi Mausi ki Fajety (1948), Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1958), Panchatantra (1970), Apna Hath Jagannath (1980), Durga Zali Gauri (1983)\nChoreography for Films: Between 1950 and 1968 he choreographed dance sequences for several Hindi Films. These include: Gavna, Daag, Badshah, Vishwamitra Menaka, Hum Hindoostani, Ek Moosafir Ek Hasina, Dil Deke Dekho, Tumsa Nahin Dekha, Kale Gore, Mr. X, Dhola Maru, Raj Mukut, Jai Mahalaxmi.\nHe also choreographed dance sequences for some regional films. These include, Postatil Mulgi (Marathi), Prem Andhla Asta (Marathi), Sudi Guntalu (Telugu)\nTours Overseas: In 1959, he was invited to Paris to present the ballet 'Dekh Teri Bamabi' at the invitation of Theatre de Nations, sponsored by the Indian National Theatre.\nIn 1969 he visited Romania and Hungary on a cultural tour sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Govt of India.\nFounding of Dance Institutions: In 1968 he founded 'Tanjavur Nrityashala' to train students in the discipline of Bharata Natyam.\nResearch and Choreography of Marathi Nirupanas: In 1982 his path-breaking research on the Nirupanas of the Tanjavur Kings was published in the form of the 'Tanjavur Nritya Prabandha' by the Sahitya and Sanskriti Mandal, Maharashtra.[1]\nThe Nirupanas of Serfoji Maharaj II (1777\u20131832), a descendant of the Bhonsle family of kings, were compositions written in Marathi but set to Carnatic music. These were researched and choreographed in dance-form by Acharya Parvati Kumar.\nResearch and Choreography of Abhinaya Darpanam: In 1986 and subsequently in 1992 he presented his key contribution to Bharata Natyam, the choreography in dance-form of the entire classical Sanskrit text, the 'Abhinaya Darpanam'[2]\nAwards: He has received several awards. They are: Maharashtra State Award for Distinguished Service in the Cultural Field (1969), F. I. E. Foundation Awards for Ichalkaranji (1979), Akhil Bharatiya Natya Parishad (1980), Sangeet Natak Academy Award for Choreography (1981), Marathi Natya Parishad, Mumbai (1982), Sharangdev Feelowship (1990), Maharashtra Gaurav Puraskar (1990).\nHe has also been honoured by the following institutions: Kala Chaya, Pune(1982), Bala Rangabhumi, Little Theatre, Mumbai (1982), Sahitya Sangha Mandir, Mumbai (1982), Yuvak Biradri, Mumbai (1983), Gana Kala Bharati, Ahmedabad(1983), Ganesh Prasad Social Forum, Mumbai(1991), Rangashree Ballet Troupe, Bhopal (1991), Kala Parichaya, Mumbai (1991), Konkan Kala Mandal, Maharashtra(1994)\nImportant Positions Held: Member of the General Council of the Sangeet Natak Academy, New Delhi (1980\u20131982)\nAppointed as a member of the committee for the selection of young artists, by the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India (1978\u20131979)\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/achlyphila	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"43744762":{"pageid":43744762,"ns":0,"title":"Achlyphila","extract":"Achlyphila is a genus of plants in the Xyridaceae, first described as a genus in 1960. It contains only one known species, Achlyphila disticha, endemic to the Serran\u00eda de la Neblina National Park in the State of Amazonas in southern Venezuela, very close to the border with Brazil.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abubakar_umar_gada	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abubakar_Umar_Gada","to":"Abubakar Umar Gada"}],"pages":{"24413070":{"pageid":24413070,"ns":0,"title":"Abubakar Umar Gada","extract":"Abubakar Umar Gada was a Nigerian senator who represented the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Sokoto State. He became a member of the Nigerian Senate in 2007.\n\n\nBackground\nAbubakar Umar Gada was born on 16 January 1966. He has a master's degree in public administration, a master's degree in business administration, a post graduate diploma in public administration and a Bachelor Of Science. Before engaging in politics, he was a Crude Oil marketer for the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. He first entered politics in 2003, in a failed attempt to become a deputy governor of Sokoto state.\n\n\nSenate career\nAbubakar Umar Gada was elected senator for Sokoto East in 2007. He was appointed to committees on Integration and Cooperation, Establishment & Public Service, Downstream Petroleum, Communications, Commerce, Water Resources and Women and Youth.In July 2007, speaking on the failure of Bode Agusto from Lagos to secure senate confirmation, Gada said the former director-general of the Budget Office performed very poorly during Obasanjo's regime, and showed contempt for the National Assembly.In April 2008, the Senate established a twelve-man ad hoc committee chaired by Senator Heineken Lokpobiri to investigate the management of funds appropriated for the transport sector since 1999. Senator Gada was named to the committee.\nIn May 2008, Gada was one of the senators appointed to the National Assembly Joint Committee on Constitution Review.Speaking about the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in April 2009, Senator Gada, who is Vice Chairman of the Senate Committee on Downstream Petroleum, said that the bill had to be subjected to thorough scrutiny to ensure that it achieved its objectives.In July 2009, violence erupted in Maiduguri, Borno State in which the army attacked a compound and mosque used by the militant Islamist Boko Haram group, killing their deputy leader and 200 followers. Commenting on the incident, Abubakar Umar Gada said the Boko Haram had taken advantage of the large number of people without jobs or opportunities to better themselves.\nIn a press interview, Gada condemned the rating of senators through the numbers of sponsored Bills, stating that their contribution as the bill was processed was also of great importance.Ibrahim Gada competed at the PDP primaries in January 2011 to again be the Sokoto East Senatorial candidate. \nHowever, he was beaten by Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir, who polled 1,547 votes to Gada's 60 votes. \nGobir went on to be elected.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abel_douay	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abel_Douay","to":"Abel Douay"}],"pages":{"28123361":{"pageid":28123361,"ns":0,"title":"Abel Douay","extract":"Charles Abel Douay (2 March 1809 \u2013 4 August 1870) was a general in the French army during the reign of the Emperor Napoleon III. He commanded troops in numerous French campaigns in Europe and overseas. He was killed in battle at the age of sixty-one, near Wissembourg during the Franco-Prussian War.\n\n\nEarly life and career\nCharles Abel Douay was born in the city of Draguignan on 2 March 1809. He became a well-known and well-respected military officer, described roundly as an \"able\" and \"intrepid\" soldier. He served in Algeria, in the Crimean War and in Italy in 1859.He was the elder brother of General F\u00e9lix Charles Douay (1816\u20131879), who was also a distinguished career officer. (Because of their similar names and overlapping careers, the elder Douay is most frequently referred to as \"Abel Douay\".) At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, Abel Douay had already settled into his position as president of the military academy at Saint-Cyr.\n\n\nDeath\nRecalled to active duty at the outbreak of war in 1870, the academy president was given command of a division under Marshal Patrice de Mac-Mahon at the frontline, and on the first day of the first battle of the war, Abel Douay was killed in combat, hit by an artillery explosion. The subsequent Battle of Wissembourg (4 August 1870) proved a disaster for the French. Demoralized by the loss of their commander, Douay's outnumbered division fell back. By the end of the month, a crushing loss at the Battle of Sedan eliminated Mac-Mahon's entire army and, with it, the Second French Empire.\n\n\nBattle of Wissembourg\n\nOn 3 August 1870, the 61-year-old Abel Douay led the forward division of Mac-Mahon's army group, a force of approximately 8,600, into the frontier town of Wissembourg in Alsace, the border region between the two combatant nations. Faulty intelligence had characterized the Prussians' border positions as weak and unready, and Abel Douay's superiors felt confident that he could repulse any enemy probes while making use of the town's badly needed food and resources. Though the logistical benefit of the seizure of Wissembourg's stores was keenly appreciated at first, the tactical and strategic drawbacks quickly became known: the town, a flat lowland place with antiquated seventeenth-century fortifications, faced thickly wooded countryside which would help cover the advance of the attackers. At 8:30am the next day, batteries of undetected Prussian artillery began pummelling the French position, and though Abel Douay attempted a rapid defensive posture, the advantage of surprise had been devastatingly complete. The massive scale of the attack quickly became apparent \u2013 total Prussian forces are estimated between 50,000 to 80,000. By mid-morning Abel Douay was already organizing for a withdrawal when he was killed by a burst of artillery. Some writers have mistakenly reported that he was hit by gunfire, but most historians concur that he died from a shell which exploded in the nearby ammunition magazine of one of the French grapeshot cannon. The withdrawal turned into a rout, with over a thousand French soldiers dead and a thousand more taken prisoner.\n\n\nAftermath\n\nThe death of Abel Douay was a deeply demoralizing blow to the French army and gave a profound shock to the nation at large. Few, however, were as shocked as Napoleon III, who immediately issued a flurry of new orders reconstituting the army's command structure and strategic guidelines.General F\u00e9lix Douay was stationed along the same front as his older brother and fought at Sedan until the final surrender. He too served as a field commander, leader of the French 7th Corps.Twenty years after the battle, an apocryphal story was published in Germany proffering a different end for Abel Douay: a German \"eyewitness\" claimed that the general had been shot by one of his own men, allegedly for ordering the French retreat. This story perhaps derived from the reported words of Frederick III who, advancing through the battlefield, had come upon Abel Douay's corpse and made the bald observation that the general had died beyond the range of German rifle fire. A solemn portrayal of this scene was later created by the Prussian history painter Anton von Werner.General Abel Douay is buried in a stately tomb just outside Wissembourg together with many of his fallen soldiers. A large monument to the battle was erected near his tomb at the end of the First World War.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nBibliography\nEncyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol. 7 (9 ed.). Werner Co. 1893. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nHallays, Andr\u00e9 (1919). The Spell of Alsace. Page Company. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nHazen, Charles Downer (1917). Modern European history. H. Holt and Company. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nHooper, George (1887). The campaign of Sedan: the downfall of the second empire. August-September, 1870. G. Bell & sons. Retrieved 2015-12-13.\nHorne, Alistair (2004). La Belle France. USA: Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4000-3487-1. Retrieved 2010-12-02.\nHoward, Michael Eliot (2001). The Franco-Prussian War: the German invasion of France, 1870\u20131871. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-415-26671-8. Retrieved 2010-12-02.\nMargueritte, Paul; Margueritte, Victor; Lees, Frederic (1898). The Disaster. Chatto & Windus. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nMurray, John (1886). Handbook for North Germany: from the Baltic to the Black Forest, and the Rhine. J. Murray. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nOllier, Edmund (1894). Cassell's History of the War Between France and Germany, 1870-1871. Cassell. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nWawro, Geoffrey (2003). The Franco-Prussian War: the German conquest of France in 1870-1871. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-521-58436-1. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\nWilliams, Henry Smith (1904). The Historians' History of the World: France, 1815-1904. Outlook. Retrieved 2010-12-02.\nZola, \u00c9mile (1902). The Downfall. P. F. Collier & son. Retrieved 2010-12-03.\n\n\nFurther reading\nService historique de la d\u00e9fense \u2013 File of General Charles Abel Douay (7 Yd 1428)"}}}}
part_xaa/address_supporting_organization	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Address_Supporting_Organization","to":"Address Supporting Organization"}],"pages":{"5342678":{"pageid":5342678,"ns":0,"title":"Address Supporting Organization","extract":"The Address Supporting Organization (ASO) is a supporting organization affiliated with ICANN. It was founded in 1999. Its members make up the Address Council. The ASO's web site states that the ASO's purpose \"is to review and develop recommendations on Internet Protocol (IP) address policy and to advise the ICANN Board.\"\nThe ASO is made of up of representatives from each of the five regional internet registries. It nominates two members of the ICANN board of directors.\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\nAddress Supporting Organization: About the ASO"}}}}
part_xaa/abdurahmanov's_pugolovka	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdurahmanov's_pugolovka","to":"Abdurahmanov's pugolovka"}],"pages":{"31796007":{"pageid":31796007,"ns":0,"title":"Abdurahmanov's pugolovka","extract":"Abdurahmanov's pugolovka (Benthophilus abdurahmanovi) is a brackishwater fish of family Gobiidae. It is found in the northern Caspian Sea and the lower reaches of the rivers Volga and Terek. FishBase treats this taxa as a subspecies of the Azov tadpole goby (Benthophilus magistri abdurahmanovi.The specific name honours Azerbaijani zoologist Yusif Abdurahmanov.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nBenthophilus abdurahmanovi at FishWise"}}}}
part_xaa/adachi_kagemori	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adachi_Kagemori","to":"Adachi Kagemori"}],"pages":{"352151":{"pageid":352151,"ns":0,"title":"Adachi Kagemori","extract":"Adachi Kagemori (\u5b89\u9054 \u666f\u76db) (died 1248) was a Japanese warrior. He was part of the Adachi clan, and then he joined the Hojo clan.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abraham_kaufman	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Kaufman","to":"Abraham Kaufman"}],"pages":{"21034453":{"pageid":21034453,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Kaufman","extract":"Dr. Abraham Josevich Kaufman (\u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0418\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0430\u0443\u0444\u043c\u0430\u043d, b. November 22, 1885 \u2013 d. March 25, 1971) was a Russian-born medical doctor, community organizer and Zionist who helped protect some tens of thousands of Jews seeking safe-haven in East Asia from Nazi atrocities during World War II.As a consequence of his contacts with Japanese authorities during World War II and the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was kidnapped, arrested and imprisoned by Soviet authorities immediately after the war, and was interned in a Soviet Gulag penal labor camp from 1945 to 1956. Israeli authorities subsequently worked to expedite his immigration to Israel, where he was able to resume his medical practice.\n\n\nEarly life\nAbraham Kaufman was born to Yosef Zalmonovich Kaufman in 1885 in Megilne (\u041c\u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435), a tiny Jewish village near Chernigov (ex-Chernihovsky Region \u2013\u2013 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438) in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire). He was a great grandson of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, who founded the Chabad movement. Kaufman graduated from a traditional Gymnasium Institute (secondary school) in Perm, Russia, in 1903, where he became interested in Zionism. He then studied medicine from 1904 at the University of Bern, Switzerland, graduating and returning to Russia in 1908 or 1909.Kaufman became an ardent Zionist, and while working in Perm after completing his medical degree he devoted all his spare time to supporting the movement, working under Dr. E. V. Chlenov (\u0415.\u0412.\u0427\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432) in the Moscow region. He toured a number of cities lecturing on Zionism, and supervised the Hovevei Zion (\u0445\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0439-\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d) organization, which was headed by his father Yosef.\n\n\nMove to China\nKaufman emigrated to Harbin, China in 1912, and quickly became the community shtadlan (organizer), active in many Jewish organizations. In 1914 he helped organize the EKOPO society (Jewish Committee for the Help of War Victims) to assist some 200,000 World War I refugees with shelter, food and medical care. In 1919 he became a Zionist leader in the Harbin Jewish community, and of Manchuria (called Manchukuo when it was occupied by Imperial Japan) more widely, in the 1930s. He became an integral part of the cultural organizations of Harbin Jewry. Between 1919 and 1945 he was variously:\nmedical director of the Jewish hospital of Harbin\nchairman of the Harbin's Jewish community\nchairman of the Jewish National Fund and Keren Hayesod Zionist fundraising organizations\nboard member of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency\nchairman of the Jewish Zionist organization of China\npresident of the Hebrew Association of Harbin\nchief editor of the Evreiskaya Zhizn (\"Jewish Life\" \u2013 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044c) weekly Jewish magazine in Russian (1921\u20131943)\nchairman of the National Council of the Jews of Eastern Asia (Far East) in 1937He was also the head of the Far Eastern Jewish Council (FEJ \u2013 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430) which he helped found, and also the Vaad Haleumi (\u0412\u0430\u0430\u0434-\u0413\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0443\u043c\u0438), both founded in 1937 with the encouragement of Japanese officials such as Norihiro Yasue.\n\n\nActivities during the Holocaust\nBefriended by Imperial Japanese Army Colonel Yasue and General Kiichir\u014d Higuchi, the engineers of the later-named \"Fugu Plan\", Kaufman organized three large conferences of the Far Eastern Jewish Council, which brought together Jews from across East Asia, and successfully appealed for his organization to be accepted under the umbrella of the World Jewish Congress. Through these conferences, he worked to encourage Jews from other parts of the region, and the world, to think of Manchukuo as a safe-haven for Jews, reassuring them, as his Japanese friends had assured him, that the Japanese were not anti-Semitic, nor inclined to be racially discriminatory against Jews.In May 1939, Kaufman was invited on an official visit to Tokyo, where he visited many of the ministries of the Japanese government, met with a number of officials, and became one of the few foreigners to be honored with an imperial award. He used this opportunity to express to the government officials with whom he met the desires, needs and attitudes of the Jews of Manchukuo, and was reassured of the non-discriminatory attitude of the Japanese government. He formally thanked Prime Minister Nobuyuki Abe for the prejudice-free protection offered Jews in East Asia by the Japanese authorities, and suggested that the global Jewish community would be grateful should Japan create a safe haven in East Asia, and that in return the Jewish communities of East Asia would support Imperial Japan's vision for a new order in East Asia.By 1942, a great number of Jews had sought refuge in Japan from Eastern Europe, settling in Kobe before being moved to the Shanghai Ghetto in China. As early as 1941, the local Gestapo chief Josef Meisinger (The Butcher of Warsaw) visited the ghetto, and proposed plans to exterminate its Jewish population. Kaufman, through his influence and contacts in the Japanese government, prevailed upon Tokyo to prevent Meisinger's plans being carried out. Ultimately, Kaufman succeeded and Meisinger's schemes were rejected by Tokyo, but not before the doctor along with seven other Jewish community leaders were arrested, imprisoned, and maltreated by the Kempeitai (Japanese military police) as traitors for accusing Japan of plotting genocide. All but one of the community leaders were released days or weeks after their arrests.Following his release, Kaufman returned to Harbin, and to his activities with the Far Eastern Jewish Council, which included raising substantial donations to the severely impoverished Jewish community in Shanghai.\n\n\nPost\u2013war arrest by the Soviets\nIn 1945, just days before the end of World War II, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria, overrunning Harbin. To celebrate the end of the war a short time later on August 21, the Soviets held a formal reception to which they invited the many minority leaders of the city, including Dr. Kaufman. The Soviets then kidnapped him along with two of his colleagues, Anatoly Grigorievich Orlovsky (\u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439), and Moses Gdalievich Zimin (\u041c\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0417\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d)). They were subsequently arrested by the Soviet Red Army on charges of collaboration with foreign forces. Kaufman's former college roommate had been another notable Zionist, Chaim Weizmann, and a passport to Palestine was immediately issued for the doctor, but the Soviets refused to release him.The Jewish community organizers were taken to the Soviet Union, where Kaufman was imprisoned in a Gulag labor camp for 11 years. Zimin would die during his imprisonment in the Soviet penal labor camp that he was interned in.\n\n\nEmigration to Israel\nAfter Kaufman's release from the Gulag system in 1956, he moved to Karaganda, Kazakhstan, and on March 25, 1961, emigrated to Israel. He was joined by his son Theodore (Teddy) Kaufman, who would later hold a high position in the Israeli government. Dr. Kaufman spent the remainder of his life practicing medicine, specializing in pediatrics under the Histadrut in Israel, and was buried there after he died in Tel Aviv in 1971.\n\n\nFamily\nKaufman's wife also matriculated in medicine at the University of Bern. Kaufman\u2019s son Theodore became president of Association of Former Jewish Residents of China, and also the Israel-China Friendship Society. He and Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences Professor Qu Wei co-wrote \u201cThe Homesick Feeling of the Harbin Jews\u201d. Theodore\u2019s wife, Rasha Segerman, studied at the Shanghai Jewish School in her youth.\n\n\nSee also\n\n\nReferences\nNotes\nBibliographyBen-Canaan, Dan. Nostalgia vs. Historical Reality, Heilongjiang University,\u0096 School of Western Studies, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P.R.C., 2007.\nKaufman, Abraham, translation: Tzur, Benny. Camp Doctor: 16 Years in the Soviet Union, JewsOfChina.org website.\nTokayer, Marvin & Swartz, Mary. \"The Fugu Plan: The Untold Story of the Japanese and the Jews During World War Two\", Weatherhill Inc., New York, 1979.\nEber, Irene. Chinese and Jews: Encounters Between Cultures, Vallentine Mitchell, 2008, pg.14, ISBN 0-85303-673-X, ISBN 978-0-85303-673-9."}}}}
part_xaa/active_islamic_youth	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Active_Islamic_Youth","to":"Active Islamic Youth"}],"pages":{"15239679":{"pageid":15239679,"ns":0,"title":"Active Islamic Youth","extract":"Active Islamic Youth (Bosnian: Aktivna islamska omladina) was a small youth organization based in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was active in the Bosnian postwar period. According to some media reports, it was described as a front for the Saudi High Commission for Relief and the Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation.AIO was the first publisher of the Islamic magazine Saff, with an estimated circulation of 9,000.The AIO was launched after the 1992-1995 Bosnian war, when a group of young Bosnian Muslims decided to form the organization to promote the Islamic teachings they learned from the Arab volunteers who fought on the Bosnian side during the war. The volunteers were also Islamic missionaries. They distributed Islamic literature. Some of the literature tend to designate dozens of habits of the Bosnian Muslims that had nothing to do with the Wahabi teachings and that had to be corrected. These Arab fighters and missionaries influenced some of the young Bosniaks who joined the Bosnian Mujahideen during the war. After the war, these young people went on to form AIO.AIO's mission is to awaken the religious feelings of Bosnian Muslims - who, the organization believes, have been deprived of the real Islam for too long, first by the Communist regime of the former Yugoslavia, and later by the traditional mainstream Bosnian Muslims. The AIO emphasises that it aspires to original Islamic teachings as preached by Mohammed, and that it does not accept any \"novelties\" in Islam. Members of the AIO are known for their atypical way of praying, and for their Middle-East-style clothes and long beards. The men do not shake hands with women, and the women wear headscarves in public.People associated with AIO are reported to have behaved violently, including during demonstrations. Leaders of AIO are said to have made inflammatory statements in which they criticized Bosnian Muslims for accepting too many habits of their Christian neighbours. On 24 December 2002 a young Muslim fanatic, Muamer Topalovi\u0107, shot three members of a Croat returnee family in Konjic, 80 km south of Sarajevo. Topalovic, who confessed to the killing, said that he wanted to do something against Croats. He was subsequently arrested and sentenced to 35 years in prison. Police said that Topalovic told them during the investigation that he was a member of AIO. That was later proven false. AIO leaders, however, acknowledged the possibility that Topalovic might have attended some of the courses the group organized.After 11 September 2001, Bosnian police have taken a keener interest in AIO's activities. It became clear that some of the Arab teachers who had impressed AIO's founders were potential threat. AIO premises were raided several times, and its finances were thoroughly audited. It has been established that AIO received donations in the past from large Saudi charities, such as the Al Haramain Foundation. In the fall of 2002, U.S. authorities declared Al Haramain a sponsor of terrorist networks and froze its assets in the United States and Bosnia and Herzegovina.Today, the number of people associated with AIO is shrinking. The organization is experiencing financial troubles, as many of its former donors have stopped sending money because of the bad reputation that AIO has acquired. It covers its expenses through internet clubs and from selling Islamic magazines and literature, but its future is uncertain.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abba_pater	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abb\u00e0_Pater","to":"Abb\u00e0 Pater"}],"pages":{"19096233":{"pageid":19096233,"ns":0,"title":"Abb\u00e0 Pater","extract":"Abb\u00e0 Pater (English: Good Father) is a devotional album from Pope John Paul II released in 1999 in anticipation of the Great Jubilee for Radio Vaticana. The album reached #175 on the Billboard album chart. The pontiff had reached #126 in 1979 with another album, \"Pope John Paul II Sings At The Festival Of Sacrosong.\" Abb\u00e0 Pater is made up entirely of original compositions. Many of the lyrics are derived from the Bible and Roman Catholic liturgy. The liner notes are composed in English, Italian, French, Spanish and Portuguese.\n\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written by Leonardo De Amicis, except where noted:\n\n\"Cercate il Suo Volto\" (\"English: Seek His Face\") \u2013 3:03\n\"Cristo \u00c8 Liberazione\" (\"English: Christ Is Freedom\") \u2013 3:25\n\"Verbum Caro Factum Est\" (\"English: The Word Became Flesh\") \u2013 1:07\n\"Abb\u00e0 Pater\" \u2013 5:46\n\"Vieni, Santo Spirito\" (\"English: Come, Holy Spirit\") \u2013 9:24\n\"Padre, Ti Chiediamo Perdono\" (\"English: Father, We Ask Your Forgiveness\") \u2013 3:12\n\"Dove C'\u00e8 Amore C'\u00e8 Dio\" (\"English: Where There Is Love, There Is God\") (Stefano Mainetti) \u2013 4:06\n\"Padre Della Luce\" (\"English: Father of Light\") \u2013 4:26\n\"Un Comandamento Nuovo\" (\"English: A New Commandment\") (Stefano Mainetti) \u2013 3:00\n\"Madre di Tutte le Genti\" (\"English: Mother of All Mankind\") \u2013 5:37\n\"La Legge Delle Beatitudini\" (\"English: The Law of the Beatitudes\") \u2013 6:08\n\n\nPersonnel\nPope John Paul II \u2013 vocals\nOrchestra Nuova Sinfonietta Roma, conducted by Riccardo Biseo \u2013 Tracks 2\u20135, 8, 9\u201311\nOrchestra St. Caterina d'Allesandria, conducted by Leonardo De Amicis \u2013 Tracks 1 and 6\nRoman Academy Choir \u2013 Tracks 3, 4, 7, and 9\nPablo Colino's Choir \u2013 Track 4\nEcho \u2013 Track 8\nCatharina Scharp \u2013 Vocals on tracks 3, 5, and 9\n\n\nRelease history\n\n\nChart performance\n\n\nAlbum\n\n\nCertifications and sales\n\n\nExternal links\nAbb\u00e0 Pater at AllMusic\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adarsha_institute_of_technology	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adarsha_Institute_of_Technology","to":"Adarsha Institute of Technology"}],"pages":{"42961130":{"pageid":42961130,"ns":0,"title":"Adarsha Institute of Technology","extract":"Cambridge Institute of Technology- North Campus is a private college of engineering and technology located in the northern part of the city of Bangalore. Established in 2013, CITNC offers three under-graduate courses and is affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU). The institution is approved by AICTE, New Delhi and recognised by the Government of Karnataka.\n\n\nHistory\nCambridge Institute of Technology - North Campus was founded in 2013 in the rural part of Bangalore city by Sharada Education trust which was established in 2009. It was started by Rotarians Mukund Ananda M.P. and Dr. K. Udaya Kumar, with service to society as their motto. Dr. Udaya Kumar is serving as the Director of the college. He was earlier the Principal of B.N.M.Institute of Technology and Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology. Dr. Narayana B Dodda Pattar is the Principal of this college.\n\n\nUndergraduate courses\nCITNC offers Bachelor of Engineering (BE) at the Under Graduate level. The course spans over four years and is offered in three different branches. The course structure is based on the guidelines framed by VTU.\nList of Under Graduate BE courses offered:\n\nComputer Science & Engineering\nElectronics & Communication Engineering\nMechanical Engineering\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/adamae_vaughn	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adamae_Vaughn","to":"Adamae Vaughn"}],"pages":{"9893651":{"pageid":9893651,"ns":0,"title":"Adamae Vaughn","extract":"Adamae Vaughn (November 8, 1905 \u2013 September 11, 1943), also billed as Ada Mae Vaughn, was an American actress.\n\n\nEarly years\nHer sister was film actress Alberta Vaughn. Adamae was at first Alberta's manager and chaperone. When the studio needed a brunette, Adamae, a blonde, sent her sister.\n\n\nActress\nVaughn was named a WAMPAS Baby Star of 1927. She was in nine movies between 1921 and 1936, including The Courtship of Miles Standish (1923) and The Last Edition (1925). Dancing Sweeties (1930) was produced by First National Pictures and Vitaphone and featured Sue Carol and Grant Withers. Vaughn played Emma O'Neil.\nIn September 1929, she was a member of a Warner Brothers review featuring sisters who were actresses. Together with Alberta, she was featured with Dolores Costello, Helene Costello, Shirley Mason, Viola Dana, Loretta Young, Sally Blane, and others.\n\n\nMarriage\nShe married Albert R. Hindman, a Los Angeles, California, businessman, in May 1926. They divorced in October 1927. A reconciliation schedule for early 1928 was cancelled.In June 1934, Vaughn wed Hollywood automobile executive Joseph Valentine Roul Fleur D'Anvray (also known as Viscount D'Anvray), who came from a noble family in Anvray, France. He was a French author and a representative of General Motors in Europe. After their marriage, Vaughn accompanied her husband to live in France. They divorced in October 1940.\n\n\nDeath\nIn April 1937, Vaughn underwent abdominal surgery, which left her with multiple adhesions. Complications from this operation eventually landed her in the Hollywood Hospital located in Studio City, California. Vaughn died on September 11, 1943, from an intestinal blockage.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nReferences\n \nLos Angeles Times, \"New Baby Stars Stud Hollywood Firmamament\", January 7, 1927, page A1.\nLos Angeles Times, \"Film Girls Cast In Bride Roles\", January 24, 1928, page A5.\nLos Angeles Times, \"Baby Star To Be Guest\", June 12, 1929, page A18.\nLos Angeles Times, \"Film Actress Will Be Bride\", June 13, 1934, page A1.\nLos Angeles Times, \"Mrs. Adamae Vaughn\", September 14, 1943, page 18.\nThe New York Times, \"Mamoulian's Camera\", September 22, 1929, X5.\nSyracuse Herald, \"Baby Star Will Become Bride of French Nobleman\", Sunday Morning, May 26, 1929, Fourth Section, page 10.\nThe Washington Post, \"Will Osborne And A Breezy Camera Play\", July 20, 1930, page A2.\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAda Mae Vaughn at the TCM Movie Database\n\"Adamae Vaughn\". Actress. Find a Grave. September 11, 1943."}}}}
part_xaa/adam_van_vianen	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_van_Vianen","to":"Adam van Vianen"}],"pages":{"35272048":{"pageid":35272048,"ns":0,"title":"Adam van Vianen","extract":"Adam van Vianen (1568\u2013 1627) was a leading silversmith of the early Dutch Golden Age, who trained as an engraver and was also a medallist. Unlike his brother Paul van Vianen, he spent little time away from his native Utrecht. Together they developed the auricular style which bridges the gap between Northern Mannerist and Baroque ornament.\n\n\nBiography\nVan Vianen was born and died in Utrecht. He was the oldest son of Willem Eerstensz. van Vianen, the brother of Paulus Willemsz. van Vianen and the father of Christian van Vianen. He probably trained with a local goldsmith, learning engraving, as most goldsmiths did. A handful of prints can be identified as his, including two portraits and a map of Utrecht. His earliest surviving piece of silver is a standing cup of 1594, now in the Hermitage Museum.On 12 October 1593, he married Aeltgen Verhorst, with whom he had a son. After his wife's death, he married Catharina van Wapenveldt, with whom he had three children. He is believed to have died on 25 or 26 August 1627. Adam van Vianen's son Christiaen van Vianen was considered to be his father's equal in skill, according to Joachim von Sandrart.He became known along with his brother for the auricular style of cartilaginous arabesques in baroque art. According to some, Paulus designed them and Adam transformed them into three-dimensional objects.\n\n\nMemorial ewer of 1614\n\nEspecially important is a gilded ewer of 1614 in the Rijksmuseum. This is \"a strikingly original work that is largely abstract and completely sculptural in its conception\", and was commissioned by the Amsterdam goldsmiths' guild to commemorate the death of Paul in 1613, despite neither brother living in Amsterdam or being a member of the guild. The piece became famous and appears in several Dutch Golden Age paintings, both still lifes and history paintings, \"no doubt in part because its bizarre form allowed it to pass as an object from an ancient and foreign land\", and so useful for Old Testament scenes and the like.According to James Trilling, it \"is one of the very few ornamental works that deserve recognition as art-historical turning points. Van Vianen's breakthrough was the introduction of inchoate or indeterminate form, which paved the way for both Rococo and modernist ornament.\" It was raised by a lengthy process of chasing from a single sheet of silver, and chasing was the main technique used in auricular silver.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\nE.A. Jones, 'A Basin and Ewer by Adam Van Vianen', The Burlington Magazine 72 (1938), p. 92-93\nTh.M. Duyven\u00e9 de Wit-Klinkhamer, 'Een vermaarde zilveren beker', Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 17 (1966), p. 79-103\nR. ter Molen, 'Adam van Vianen's silverware in relation to Seventeenth Century Dutch painting', Apollo 110 (1979), p. 482-289\nLiedtke (2007): Liedtke, Walter A. (ed.), Dutch Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2 vols., 2007, ISBN 1588392732, 9781588392732, google books"}}}}
part_xaa/abrothrix_illuteus	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abrothrix_illuteus","to":"Abrothrix illuteus"}],"pages":{"12171815":{"pageid":12171815,"ns":0,"title":"Abrothrix illuteus","extract":"Abrothrix illuteus, also known as the gray akodont, gray grass mouse, or gray soft-haired mouse, is a species of small rodent in the genus Abrothrix of family Cricetidae. It is found only in northwestern Argentina.\n\n\nDescription\nThe dorsal surface of Abrothrix illuteus is a uniform olive-gray in colour with tufts of white hairs on the chin and white bases to the hairs in the inguinal area. The ventral surface is ashy-gray. The hair is soft and long and the short tail is well-covered with hair. The feet are large, have claws of the same size on fore and hind feet, and have naked soles. The skull is robust with a long muzzle.\n\n\nDistribution and habitat\nAbrothrix illuteus is found at moderate elevations in Catamarca Province and Tucum\u00e1n Province, in northwestern Argentina, on the eastern flanks of the Andes at elevations between about 700 and 2,500 m (2,300 and 8,200 ft). Its presence at higher altitudes in the Nevados del Aconquija mountains on the border between the two provinces requires confirmation. Its typical habitat is moist forests of Podocarpus parlatorei and Alnus acuminata on steep hillsides. At higher elevations it inhabits areas with rough grasses and bushes alongside streams.\n\n\nEcology\nIn a research study into the diet of the barn owl (Tyto alba) in Tucum\u00e1n Province, this mouse was the second most frequently found item.\n\n\nStatus\nAlthough the population size and abundance of this mouse is unclear, it has a large range and is present in some protected areas, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \"least concern\". The chief threats it faces are likely to be from logging, wildfires and cattle grazing.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nLiterature cited\nMusser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894\u20131531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0"}}}}
part_xaa/a_colt_is_my_passport	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Colt_Is_My_Passport","to":"A Colt Is My Passport"}],"pages":{"17528498":{"pageid":17528498,"ns":0,"title":"A Colt Is My Passport","extract":"A Colt Is My Passport (\u62f3\u9283\uff08\u30b3\u30eb\u30c8\uff09\u306f\u4ffa\u306e\u30d1\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c8, Koruto wa Ore no Pasup\u014dto) is a 1967 Japanese yakuza film directed by Takashi Nomura for the Nikkatsu Corporation. It is based on the novel Tobosha by Shinji Fujihara.It stars Joe Shishido as a hitman and Jerry Fujio as his partner; reprising his usual roles of contract killer, Shishido's performance in the film launched him beyond doubt as a hard boiled action hero, not only in Japan but in the whole genre, and remains his personal favourite of the most of 100 films he made at Nikkatsu.\nThe film was strongly influenced by French New Wave and crime films directors such as Jean-Pierre Melville, Jacques Becker or Henri Decoin and by Sergio Leone-style westerns. Nomura's use of still shots in the opening sequence has been compared to manga art techniques.This film was made available in North America when Janus Films released a special set of Nikkatsu Noir films as part of the Criterion Collection, also including I Am Waiting, Rusty Knife, Take Aim at the Police Van, and Cruel Gun Story.\n\n\nPlot\nContract killer Shuji Kamimura (Joe Shishido) and his partner Shun Shiozaki (Jerry Fujio) are hired by yakuza boss Senzaki to eliminate a former partner, Boss Shimazu, who has embezzled from an international co-op between both men. Kamimura successfully assassinates Boss Shimazu at his home while meeting with Senzaki. Kamimura and Shun attempt to leave the country by plane, but are waylaid and kidnapped by Shimazu's men. The duo escapes by stopping their car with specially-designed second brake behind the driver's seat that Shun had installed earlier, which kills Shimazu's men. Senzaki's lieutenant Nozaki orders them to hide out at a truck stop, the Hotel Nagisakan, to wait for further instructions. Later that night, more gunmen under Shimazu's lieutenant, following information from fellow yakuza boss Tsugawa arrive to kill them, but do not find the duo as they have escaped by bribing one of the patrons to take them to another motel.\nThe next day, the chief of Shimazu's men attempts to kill the duo by intercepting them and ordering their ferry that was supposed to be their getaway vehicle to depart early; this fails when Kamimura and Shun show up in the truck they rode in from the previous night and run over the hitman, but the ferry has already left. Returning to the Nagisakan, Kamimura drugs Shun with a sleeping pill while Mina, the motel's waitress, directs him to a freighter captain willing to smuggle the three out of the country. However, Tsugawa manages to broker a peace deal between Senzaki and Shimazu's son, who has succeeded his father as boss. The two settle their differences and decide to have Kamimura eliminated. Shun is later kidnapped at the Nagisakan, and when Mina arrives to pick him up and her belongings, is told by Senzaki by phone to have Kamimura meet with one of his henchmen. Later, Mina returns to Kamimura and tries to leave without Shun, but one of Senzaki's men arrives. Kamimura then negotiates to have Shun released in exchange for himself in three hours' time.\nThe exchange goes as planned, and the ship leaves without Kamimura, who arranges to meet with Senzaki and Shimazu at a landfill the next morning for his execution. Kamimura then spends the rest of the day planning on how to fight off the gunmen, spying on them testing various weapons on a special car with bulletproof windows, which Senzaki, Shimazu, and Tsugawa plan to use to safely watch Kamimura's execution. Kamimura then builds a bomb from several dynamite sticks with stopwatch as a timer; he also digs a ditch in the landfill where he plans to hide it. Shortly after finishing the ditch, he is beset by hitmen and fends them off. The car carrying Senzaki, Shimazu, and Tsugawa then moves to run him over with a gunman in the front trying to shoot Kamimura. Kamimura is hit several times but when the car is almost upon him, he dives into the ditch and plants the bomb under the car, which explodes, killing all its occupants. An injured Kamimura then briefly surveys the carnage before limping away as the film ends.\n\n\nCast\nJoe Shishido as Shuji Kamimura\nJerry Fujio as Shun Shiozaki\nChitose Kobayashi as Mina\nShoki Fukae as Funaki\nHideaki Esumi as Senzaki\nJun Hongo as Kaneko\nAkio Miyabe as Miyoshi\nToyoko Takechi as Otatsu\nZenji Yamada as barge captain\nKanjuro Arashi as Shimazu\nRy\u014dtar\u014d Sugi as Shimazu's successor\nKojiro Kusanagi as hitman\nTakamaru Sasaki as Otawara\nAsao Uchida as Tsugawa\nZeko Nakamura as apartment receptionist\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Colt Is My Passport at IMDb\nA Colt Is My Passport at AllMovie\nA Colt Is My Passport (in Japanese) at the Japanese Movie Database"}}}}
part_xaa/abadiy-e_kharook	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abadiy-e_Kharook","to":"Abadiy-e Kharook"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Abadiy-e Kharook","missing":""}}}}
part_xaa/adenia	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"1941458":{"pageid":1941458,"ns":0,"title":"Adenia","extract":"Adenia is a genus of flowering plants in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics. The centers of diversity are in Madagascar, eastern and western tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia. The genus name Adenia comes from \"aden\", reported as the Arabic name for the plant by Peter Forssk\u00e5l, the author of the genus.\n\n\nDescription\nAll Adenia are perennial plants, but there are many different forms, including herbs, vines, lianas, shrubs, and trees. Many are succulents and some are pachycauls. Some have fibrous root systems and some have tubers. Adenia can be found in a wide variety of habitat types, from dry African deserts to wet Southeast Asian rainforests. There are some 100 species in the genus.Adenia have alternately arranged leaves borne on petioles. There are two glands located near the attachment of the blade to the petiole. Most species are dioecious. Inflorescences of a few to many flowers occur in the leaf axils. There is a stipe below the flower. The calyx of sepals around the base of the flower has five lobes. The five petals are usually smaller than the sepals and may be whitish or greenish. The male flower has five stamens. In the female flower these are reduced to staminodes. There are three styles tipped with stigmas that may be long-hairy to very woolly. The fruit is a red capsule. Each black seed has a fleshy aril.Adenia species can be difficult to identify and distinguish. Individuals of a species can be variable. One plant can have leaves of varying shapes and sizes, and young and old specimens can have different leaf types. Some taxa are poorly represented in herbarium collections, leaving few examples to compare with new specimens. Records of some taxa lack descriptions of both flower types. Many species only flower for a few weeks, and during this time they may also lose their leaves. Succulent plants can be difficult to properly collect and preserve.\n\n\nUses\nSeveral species are used in traditional African medicine. Various parts of A. cissampeloides are used to treat many conditions, including gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, pain, fever, malaria, leprosy, scabies, cholera, anemia, bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, menorrhagia, and mental illness. It is used both as an abortifacient and to prevent miscarriage. A. dinklagei leaves are ingested to treat palpitations. The leaves of A. tricostata are used to treat fever. The leaves or leaf sap of A. bequaertii are taken to treat headache, mental illness, and possession. A. lobata stems are applied to sites of Guinea worm infection during extraction of the worm. It is also used as an enema and an aphrodisiac.A. cissampeloides is used as a fish poison and arrow poison. The red-colored sap is used as a cosmetic. The stems can be made into rope. The crushed twigs or smoke from burning roots can be used to calm honeybees during honey harvest.The leaves of A. cissampeloides are eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.A. digitata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its very large, distinctive aboveground tuber.\n\n\nToxicity\nMany Adenia are poisonous. They contain lectins such as lanceolin, stenodactylin, and volkensin, which are toxic to cells. They cause apoptosis, hemagglutination, inhibition of protein synthesis, and depurination of ribosomes and DNA. Mouse experiments with small doses of lanceolin and stenodactylin, from A. lanceolata and A. stenodactyla, respectively, revealed that they are \"amongst the most potent toxins of plant origin\".The fruit of A. digitata has been used in Africa to commit homicide and suicide.\n\n\nDiversity\n\nThere are approximately 100 species in the genus.Species include:\nAdenia aculeata Engl.\nAdenia acuta\nAdenia boivinii\nAdenia cardiophylla\nAdenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms \u2013 monkey rope, snake climber, wild granadilla\nAdenia cladosepala (Baker) Harms\nAdenia densiflora\nAdenia digitata Engl.\nAdenia ellenbeckii Harms\nAdenia firingalavense (Drake ex Jum.) Harms\nAdenia formosana Hayata\nAdenia fruticosa Burtt Davy\nAdenia glauca Schinz\nAdenia globosa Engl.\nAdenia goetzii\nAdenia gummifera\nAdenia heterophylla \nAdenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde\nAdenia huillensis\nAdenia karibaensis\nAdenia keramanthus Harms\nAdenia kigogoensis\nAdenia kirkii\nAdenia lanceolata\nAdenia litoralis\nAdenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl.\nAdenia macrophylla\nAdenia mcdadiana\nAdenia metamorpha\nAdenia olaboensis Claverie\nAdenia pachyphylla\nAdenia pechuelii Harms\nAdenia penangiana\nAdenia pyromorpha\nAdenia racemosa\nAdenia repanda\nAdenia rumicifolia\nAdenia spinosa Burtt Davy\nAdenia stenodactyla\nAdenia stylosa\nAdenia subsessilifolia H.Perrier\nAdenia venenata Forssk. \u2013 akerbia\nAdenia volkensii Harms \u2013 kiliambiti\nAdenia wightiana\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\n\nHearn, David J. (2009). \"Descriptive anatomy and evolutionary patterns of anatomical diversification in Adenia (Passifloraceae)\". Aliso. 27 (1): 13\u201338. doi:10.5642/aliso.20092701.03.\nHearn DJ (November 2009). \"Developmental patterns in anatomy are shared among separate evolutionary origins of stem succulent and storage root-bearing growth habits in Adenia (Passifloraceae)\". American Journal of Botany. 96 (11): 1941\u201356. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800203. PMID 21622314."}}}}
part_xaa/active_valve_control_system	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Active_valve_control_system","to":"Active valve control system"}],"pages":{"850094":{"pageid":850094,"ns":0,"title":"Active valve control system","extract":"The active valve control system (AVCS) is an automobile variable valve timing technology used by Subaru. It varies the timing of the valves by using hydraulic oil pressure to rotate the camshaft, known as \"phasing\", in order to provide optimal valve timing for engine load conditions. The system is closed loop using the camshaft sensors, crankshaft sensors, air flow meter, throttle position as well as oxygen sensors and/or Air-Fuel ratio sensors in order to calculate engine load. The ECU is programmed to operate control valves that adjust the delivery of the hydraulic pressure in order to move the camshaft into the position that will provide the engine with the best performance while meeting emissions standards.\nAVCS is used on the Version 7 and up EJ207 engines, the EJ204, EJ254, EJ255, EJ257, the second generation EZ30D (2005+ in the USA market) found in the Legacy Outback, Legacy 2.0R, 3.0R and the B9 Tribeca.\nA dual AVCS system phases both the intake and exhaust camshafts on the EZ36 found in the 2008+ Tribeca, 2009+ Outback 3.6R, 2009+ Legacy 3.6R, and on the 2008+ STi EJ257 (W25 heads). Dual AVCS is present on the new FA20 engines in the 2015+ WRX, Forester and BRZ and the FB20 engines in the 2012+ Impreza / Crosstrek, though they actuate with a different method than those of the older engines. Dual AVCS is also found on Japanese-spec engines, notably the late model EJ207s in the WRX STI.\n\n\nAVCS\nThe implementation of AVCS is quite different from AVLS. The latter just changes the cam profile that's operating the two valves.\nIn AVCS, the engine computer (ECU) can command a solenoid which advances or retards the camshaft rotation by up to 35 degrees.\nBy retarding the cams at idle or very low engine loads, you achieve a smoother, easier idle. From idle through medium engine loads, AVCS advances the intake valves to begin opening during the last part of the exhaust stroke, when the exhaust valves are still slightly open. Some of the pressure created during the exhaust stroke flows into the intake manifold, having the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The intake valves also close earlier during the intake stroke. This helps with engine efficiency and fuel economy.\nAt very high engine loads, AVCS advances the intake valves further to open even sooner during the exhaust stroke. This produces a scavenging effect \u2013 that is, intake airflow helps clear the cylinder of exhaust gas. It also closes the intake valves sooner on the compression stroke. This results in improved volumetric efficiency, increased dynamic compression, and helps to generate higher power output.\n\n\nSee also\nAVLS\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nSubaru Drive Magazine articles: AVCS, i-AVLS\nSubaru AVCS Explained"}}}}
part_xaa/about_box	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"About_box","to":"About box"}],"redirects":[{"from":"About box","to":"Dialog box"}],"pages":{"217500":{"pageid":217500,"ns":0,"title":"Dialog box","extract":"The dialog box (also called dialogue box (non-U.S. English) or simply dialog) is a graphical control element in the form of a small window that communicates information to the user and prompts them for a response.\nDialog boxes are classified as \"modal\" or \"modeless\", depending on whether they block interaction with the software that initiated the dialog. The type of dialog box displayed is dependent upon the desired user interaction.\nThe simplest type of dialog box is the alert, which displays a message and may require an acknowledgment that the message has been read, usually by clicking \"OK\", or a decision as to whether or not an action should proceed, by clicking \"OK\" or \"Cancel\". Alerts are also used to display a \"termination notice\"\u2014sometimes requesting confirmation that the notice has been read\u2014in the event of either an intentional closing or unintentional closing (\"crash\") of an application or the operating system. (E.g., \"Gedit has encountered an error and must close.\") Although this is a frequent interaction pattern for modal dialogs, it is also criticized by usability experts as being ineffective for its intended use, which is to protect against errors caused by destructive actions, and for which better alternatives exist.An example of a dialog box is the about box found in many software programs, which usually displays the name of the program, its version number, and may also include copyright information.\n\n\nModeless\nNon-modal or modeless dialog boxes are used when the requested information is not essential to continue, and so the window can be left open while work continues elsewhere. A type of modeless dialog box is a toolbar which is either separate from the main application, or may be detached from the main application, and items in the toolbar can be used to select certain features or functions of the application.\nIn general, good software design calls for dialogs to be of this type where possible, since they do not force the user into a particular mode of operation. An example might be a dialog of settings for the current document, e.g. the background and text colors. The user can continue adding text to the main window whatever color it is, but can change it at any time using the dialog. (This isn't meant to be an example of the best possible interface for this; often the same functionality may be accomplished by toolbar buttons on the application's main window.)\n\n\nSystem modal\nSystem modal dialog boxes prevent interaction with any other window onscreen and prevent users from switching to another application or performing any other action until the issue presented in the dialog box is addressed. System modal dialogs were more commonly used in the past on single tasking systems where only one application could be running at any time. One current example is the shutdown screen of current Windows versions. \n\n\nApplication modal\n\nModal dialog boxes temporarily halt the program: the user cannot continue without closing the dialog; the program may require some additional information before it can continue, or may simply wish to confirm that the user wants to proceed with a potentially dangerous course of action (confirmation dialog box). Usability practitioners generally regard modal dialogs as bad design-solutions, since they are prone to produce mode errors. Dangerous actions should be undoable wherever possible; a modal alert dialog that appears unexpectedly or which is dismissed automatically (because the user has developed a habit) will not protect from the dangerous action.A modal dialog interrupts the main workflow. This effect has either been sought by the developer because it focuses on the completion of the task at hand or rejected because it prevents the user from changing to a different task when needed.\n\n\nDocument modal\nThe concept of a document modal dialog has recently been used, most notably in macOS and Opera Browser. In the first case, they are shown as sheets attached to a parent window. These dialogs block only that window until the user dismisses the dialog, permitting work in other windows to continue, even within the same application.\nIn macOS, dialogs appear to emanate from a slot in their parent window, and are shown with a reinforcing animation. This helps to let the user understand that the dialog is attached to the parent window, not just shown in front of it. No work can be done in the underlying document itself while the dialog is displayed, but the parent window can still be moved, re-sized, and minimized, and other windows can be brought in front so the user can work with them:\nThe same type of dialog box can be compared with the \"standard\" modal dialog boxes used in Windows and other operating systems.\nSimilarities include:\n\nthe parent window is frozen when the dialog box opens, and one cannot continue to work with the underlying document in that window\nno work can be done with the underlying document in that window.The differences are that\n\nthe dialog box may open anywhere in the parent window\ndepending on where the parent window is located, the dialog box may open virtually anywhere on screen\nthe dialog box may be moved (in almost all cases), in some cases may be resizable, but usually cannot be minimized, and\nno changes to the parent window are possible (cannot be resized, moved or minimized) while the dialog box is open.Both mechanisms have shortcomings:\n\nThe Windows dialog box locks the parent window which can hide other windows the user may need to refer to while interacting with the dialog, though this may be mitigated since other windows are available through the task bar.\nThe macOS dialog box blocks the parent window, preventing the user from referring to it while interacting with the dialog. This may require the user to close the dialog to access the necessary information, then re-open the dialog box to continue.\n\n\nSee also\nApplication posture\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abu_izzadeen	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Izzadeen","to":"Abu Izzadeen"}],"pages":{"5376755":{"pageid":5376755,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Izzadeen","extract":"Abu Izzadeen (Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646, Ab\u016b \u2018Izz ad-D\u012bn; born Trevor Richard Brooks on 18 April 1975) is a British spokesman for Al Ghurabaa, a British Muslim organisation banned under the Terrorism Act 2006 for the glorification of terrorism. He was convicted on charges of terrorist fund-raising and inciting terrorism overseas on 17 April 2008 and sentenced to four and a half years in jail. He was released in May 2009, after serving three and a half years, including time on remand. In January 2016, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment for breaching the Terrorism Act by leaving the UK illegally.\n\n\nPersonal background\nAbu Izzadeen is a British citizen born on 18 April 1975 in Hackney, east London, to a Christian family originally from Jamaica. Brooks converted to Islam the day before he turned 18, on 17 April 1993, changing his name to Omar, but preferring to be called Abu Izzadeen. He is fluent in Arabic.He trained and worked for a while as an electrician. He has three children with his wife, Mokhtaria, whom he married in 1998.\n\n\nPolitical activities\nAbu Izzadeen met Omar Bakri Muhammed and Abu Hamza al-Masri at Finsbury Park Mosque in the 1990s; this is when he is thought to have been radicalised. He visited Pakistan in 2001, before the 11 September attacks, as part of Al-Muhajiroun; he said he went there to give a series of lectures. He also said he had attended terror training camps in Afghanistan.He described the 7/7 suicide bombers in London as \"completely praiseworthy\". On the eve of the anniversary of the 7/7 attacks in London, he was filmed preaching to a group of Muslims in Birmingham mocking and laughing at those who believe in the war on terror and who feel a need to resist Islamic terrorism. He also mocked the courage of journalists who were captured by insurgents. He has openly stated that he wishes to die as a suicide bomber.On 20 September 2006, Abu Izzadeen and Anjem Choudary disrupted Home Secretary John Reid's first public meeting with Muslims since his appointment. He called Reid an \"enemy\" of Islam. John Humphrys interviewed Izzadeen on the edition of 22 September 2006 of BBC Radio 4's Today programme. In a heated discussion Abu Izzadeen stated that his aim was to bring about Sharia law in the UK and that this should be achieved without following the democratic process but rather \"in accordance to the Islamic methodology\".On 22 March 2017, Izzadeen was incorrectly identified as the perpetrator of the 2017 Westminster attack by a number of news sources, including Channel 4 News and The Independent, until it emerged that he was still in prison. This incorrect information was subsequently added to Izzadeen's Wikipedia page, sparking a conflict among editors over whether it should be included. It was removed once and for all eight hours after the attack, after Channel 4 apologized for incorrectly naming Izzadeen as the attack's perpetrator.\n\n\nArrests and convictions (2007\u201315)\nBritish police arrested Abu Izadeen on charges of inciting terrorism on 2 August 2007. A spokesman for Scotland Yard said the arrest is related to an \"on-going inquiry,\" involving a speech Abu Izadeen gave in the West Midlands area in 2006, which predates 20 September 2006 incident.Izzadeen was arrested again in a pre-dawn police raid on 24 April 2007 under the Terrorism Act 2000 \"in connection with inciting others to commit acts of terrorism overseas and terrorist fundraising\".\nOn 17 April 2008, Izzadeen was among six men convicted at Kingston Crown Court of supporting terrorism, while the jury failed to reach a verdict on a third charge of encouraging terrorism. He was subsequently jailed for three and a half years.\nOn 14 November 2015, Izzadeen and Sulayman Keeler were detained by police in L\u0151k\u00f6sh\u00e1za, Hungary, on a train heading to Bucharest, Romania, because they were not able to identify themselves. During the time of their detention, on 17 November 2015, a European Arrest Warrant appeared in the Schengen Information System against both individuals. The two men did not inform the British authorities about leaving the UK despite the court decision ordering them to do so.\n\n\nSee also\nAbdul-Aziz ibn Myatt\nKhalid Kelly\nAnjem Choudary\nAbu Uzair\nHassan Butt\nAndrew Ibrahim\nSulayman Keeler\nAbu Hamza al-Masri\nOmar Bakri Muhammad\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acetolactic_acid	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acetolactic_acid","to":"Acetolactic acid"}],"pages":{"26773679":{"pageid":26773679,"ns":0,"title":"Acetolactic acid","extract":"\u03b1-Acetolactic acid is a precursor in the biosynthesis of the branched chain amino acids valine and leucine. \u03b1-Acetolactic acid is produced from two molecules of pyruvic acid by acetolactate synthase. \u03b1-Acetolactic acid can also be decarboxylated by alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase to produce acetoin. The name \u03b1-acetolactate is used for anion (conjugate base), salts, and esters of \u03b1-acetolactic acid.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abu_mohammad_jawad_walieddine	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine","to":"Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine"}],"pages":{"35642247":{"pageid":35642247,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine","extract":"Sheikh Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine (1916 \u2013 April 27, 2012) was regarded as the highest spiritual authority amongst the Druze community encompassing Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Israel from 1988 up to his death in 2012. From 1988 he was head of the Druze Spiritual Council, and was known as the \"Sheikh of the (northern) Jazeera\".\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adem_poric	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adem_Poric","to":"Adem Poric"}],"pages":{"15138821":{"pageid":15138821,"ns":0,"title":"Adem Poric","extract":"Adem Poric (born 22 April 1973) is a soccer coach and former professional player, who is the chief executive and the head coach of Gold Coast Knights SC, as well as the president of youth academy side Magic United.\nAs a player, he was a midfielder from 1992 to 2002 and most notably played in the Premier League for Sheffield Wednesday. He also spent time in England playing in the Football League with Southend United, Rotherham United and Notts County as well as Australian sides St George Saints, Sydney Olympic, Northern Spirit FC and City of Gold Coast. Born in England, he was capped twice by Australia U20.\n\n\nClub career\nDuring the 1991\u201392 season he had an unsuccessful trial at Arsenal, playing in three reserve team games. Sheffield Wednesday signed Poric for \u00a360,000 from St George Saints on 1 October 1993. He found it difficult to break into the first team at Hillsborough and loan spells at Southend United and Rotherham United followed. He made just 13 league appearances in two seasons for the Owls, then a Premier League side, under Trevor Francis.\nHe eventually joined Notts County on a free transfer on 27 March 1998. He had not appeared in a competitive game for Sheffield Wednesday for almost three years by this stage, his last appearance coming as a substitute against Manchester United in a 1\u20130 defeat at Old Trafford in the league on 7 May 1995.\n\n\nInternational career\nHe represented Australia at youth level.\n\n\nCoaching career\nPoric has returned to Australia where he is involved in running the Total Football Academy. The Academy has developed links to Sheffield Wednesday with the first of an anticipated influx of academy players coming to Hillsborough in September 2008.\nHe is the president of Magic United. He is now also the Head Coach and CEO of Gold Coast Knights SC.\n\n\nPersonal life\nPoric was born in London, England to Australian parents of Bosnian heritage.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Adem Poric career stats on Soccerbase.com\". Retrieved 10 January 2008."}}}}
part_xaa/adel_al-hosani	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adel_Al-Hosani","to":"Adel Al-Hosani"}],"pages":{"50615102":{"pageid":50615102,"ns":0,"title":"Adel Al-Hosani","extract":"Adel Al-Hosani (Arabic:\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a) (born 23 August 1989) is an association football player who plays for Al Sharjah SC.\n\n\nInternational\nHe made his debut for the United Arab Emirates national football team on 26 March 2019 in a friendly against Syria.\n\n\nExternal link\nAdel Al-Hosani at Soccerway\nAdel Al-Hosani at National-Football-Teams.com\n\n\nReference"}}}}
part_xaa/abdel_rahman_swar_al-dahab	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdel_Rahman_Swar_al-Dahab","to":"Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab"}],"pages":{"8646441":{"pageid":8646441,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab","extract":"Abdel Rahman Suwar al-Dahab (otherwise known as Suwar al-Dahab or al-Dahab; 1934 \u2013 18 October 2018) (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628) was the President of Sudan from 6 April 1985, to 6 May 1986.\nHis full name has also been listed by the Sudanese Ministry of Defence as Abdul Rahman Muhammad Hassan Swar Al Thahab.\n\n\nBiography\nSwar-Eldahab was born in 1934 in Omdurman, Sudan. He graduated from the Sudanese Military Academy, later attending military education courses in Britain, the United States, Egypt, and Jordan. He became a prominent figure when then-President Gaafar Nimeiry appointed him Chief of Staff, and then Minister of Defence and general commander of the armed forces in 1984.In 1985, he launched a coup ousting President Gaafar Nimeiry leading to him becoming the Chairman of the Transitional Military Council. Following elections, he surrendered power to the government of head of state Ahmed al-Mirghani and prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi in 1986.In 1987, he became Chairman of the Islamic Call Organization.In 2004, he received the King Faisal International Prize for his service to Islam. He died on 18 October 2018 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia of natural causes.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_boogaard	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Boogaard","to":"Aaron Boogaard"}],"pages":{"22077086":{"pageid":22077086,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Boogaard","extract":"Aaron Boogaard (born August 11, 1986) is a former professional ice hockey player who most recently played for the Wichita Thunder of the ECHL.\n\n\nPlaying career\nBoogaard was drafted 175th overall by the Minnesota Wild in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins on April 23, 2007. He spent the majority of the 2007\u201308 season with the Wheeling Nailers, the Penguins' ECHL affiliate, appearing in only two games with Wilkes-Barre/Scranton. Boogaard appeared in 41 games for Wilkes-Barre/Scranton during the following season.\nAfter being cleared of his charges connected to the death of his brother, Boogaard was offered a chance to continue his professional hockey career by receiving a training camp invite to the Houston Aeros, the AHL affiliate of the Minnesota Wild. Aeros General Manager Jim Mill has mentioned that Boogaard may be signed to a two-way contract between the Aeros and a team in the ECHL or Central Hockey League.\n\n\nLegal troubles\nOn July 20, 2011, Boogaard was arrested on suspicion of prescription fraud/possession of prescription pills. He was charged with the unlawful distribution of a controlled substance, oxycodone, and with interfering with a crime scene for misleading the coroner or concealing evidence in the death of his brother, Derek Boogaard.On October 6, 2011, Hennepin County District Judge William Howard said the facts of the case didn't support the charge, being that Aaron did not buy the pills, and dismissed the felony charge of unlawful distribution of a controlled substance against Boogaard. Boogaard would later plea guilty to interfering with the scene of a death. As a result of Boogaard's guilty plea, he received two years probation and eighty hours community service (which must be completed within the next year.)\n\n\nPersonal\nIn the offseason, Boogaard runs a hockey camp in Regina for 12- to 18-year-old youths. While the emphasis in the camp does cover fighting, Boogaard has countered by saying that with the league becoming bigger, stronger, and faster, the camp focuses with safety on the ice and how a player would defend themselves in the event of a fight.He is the brother of the late Derek Boogaard, who had also spent the majority of his career with the Minnesota Wild.\nAaron Boogaard had his first child in 2019.\n\n\nCareer statistics\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nBiographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or The Internet Hockey Database\nBuy Ambien Online"}}}}
part_xaa/achalpur	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"5697412":{"pageid":5697412,"ns":0,"title":"Achalpur","extract":"Achalpur, formerly known as Ellichpur and Illychpur, is a city and a municipal council in Amravati District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the second most populous city in Amravati District after Amravati and seventh most populous city in Vidarbha. Achalpur camp is known as Paratwada.\n\n\nHistory\nAchalpur was the earliest capital of a branch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, which emerged sometime in the 8th century. It was the site of a battle between the Rashtrakutas and the Kalachuris in the 9th century.Achalpur or Ellichpur is first mentioned authentically in the 13th century as one of the famous cities of the Deccan. Though tributary to the Delhi Sultanate after 1294, it remained under Hindu administration till 1318, when it came directly under the Muslim Delhi Sultanate.\nIn 1347 Achalpur with the Berar region was ruled by the Bahmani Sultanate.\nIn 1490 Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk proclaimed his independence and founded the Imad Shahi dynasty of the Berar Sultanate. He proceeded to annex Mahur to his new kingdom and established his capital at Ellichpur. It was afterwards capital of the Berar Subah at intervals until the Mughal occupation, when the seat of the provincial governor was moved to Balapur. The town retains many relics of the Sultans of Berar.As the Mughal empire deteriorated in the 18th century, Achalpur along with the rest of Berar came under the rule of the Nizam of Hyderabad. In 1853, Berar Province came under British administration, although it remained formally part of the Hyderabad state until 1903 when the province became the Berar Division of the Central Provinces. Achalpur, known by the British as Ellichpur, became part of East Berar, with Amraoti (Amravati) as capital of the division. In 1867 East Berar was split into the districts of Amraoti and Ellichpur district, with Ellichpur as the headquarters of Ellichpur District. The district had an area of 2,605 square miles (6,750 km2).\nIn 1901 Achalpur had a population of 29,740, with ginning factories and a considerable trade in cotton and forest produce. It was connected by good roads with Amraoti and Chikhaldara. Berar was annexed to British India in 1903 and merged with the Central Provinces, and in 1905 Ellichpur District was merged into Amraoti District. The civil station of Paratwada, 5 km. from the town of Ellichpur, contained the principal public buildings at the beginning of the 20th century.After India's independence in 1947, the Central Provinces became the province, and after 1950 the state, Madhya Pradesh. The 1956 States Reorganisation Act redrew the boundaries of India's states along linguistic lines, and the predominantly Marathi-speaking Amravati District was transferred to Bombay State, which was renamed Maharashtra in 1960.\n\n\nGeography\nAchalpur and Paratwada are twin cities located in the lap of Satpuda . It has an average elevation of 369 metres (1210 ft). These twin cities are surrounded by rivers named Sapan and Bicchhan, the tributaries of Chandrabhaga river. There is hilly area that acts like a fence to this city. This city is at the boundary of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Even Madhya Pradesh is so close to this city that travelling of (about) 12 km changes the state region.\n\n\nDemographics\nAs of census 2011 Achalpur Tehsil had a population of 6,12,293.\nAs of 2001 India census, Achalpur & Paratwada had a population of 107,304. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Achalpur has an average literacy rate of 88%, higher than the national average of 59.59%; with 54.41% of the males and 46% of females literate. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.\n\n\nTransportation\nAchalpur railway station is the northern terminus of the 762 mm narrow gauge railway known locally as the Shakuntala railway. This line is composed of two legs intersecting with the Mumbai\u2013Kolkata standard gauge railway at Murtajapur \u2014 the 76 km northern leg to Achalpur and the 113 km southeastern leg to Yavatmal. As of 2004 this line was still owned by a London-based company which had leased the line to India's Central Railway since 1903.Paratwada is well connected to major cities by state highways. Maharashtra Major State Highway 6 and Major State Highway 24 passes from Paratwada. Both public and private transport are popular in Paratwada. Private companies too run buses to major cities throughout India. Auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are allowed to operate in this city. Also The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) provides transport services to this city for interstate travel.\n\n\nSee also\nEllichpur District\nParatwada\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aabb	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"657142":{"pageid":657142,"ns":0,"title":"AABB","extract":"AABB (Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies) is an international, not-for-profit organization representing individuals and institutions involved in the field of transfusion medicine and biotherapies.\nThe Association works collaboratively to advance the field through the development and delivery of standards, accreditation and education programs. AABB is dedicated to its mission of improving lives by making transfusion medicine and biotherapies safe, available and effective worldwide.\nThe Association was founded in the United States in 1947 as the American Association of Blood Banks. In 2021, it changed its name to Association for the Advancement of Blood & Biotherapies to better reflect its mission and work.\nVirtually all blood banks in the United States are accredited by AABB. In addition, AABB accredits hospital transfusion services, biotherapies facilities, cord blood banks, relationship testing facilities, and various other facilities whose work relates to blood and biotherapies. Accreditation by AABB meets the requirements of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) for blood bank, transfusion service, and immunohematology reference laboratory operations.AABB hosts an Annual Meeting every fall for the dissemination of research and information for the blood and biotherapies field. The Association publishes a monthly magazine, a weekly newsletter, and a peer-reviewed research journal titled Transfusion. AABB publishes a variety of other materials for the blood and biotherapies field, including the standards by which it accredits institutions.\nSince 1953, the organization has also operated a National Blood Exchange to facilitate transfers of blood products during shortages or when rare blood types are required.\nOn June 1, 2018, Debra BenAvram, FASAE, CAE, became the Association's Chief Executive Officer (CEO).\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/acute_hemorrhagic_edema_of_infancy	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acute_hemorrhagic_edema_of_infancy","to":"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy"}],"pages":{"22280164":{"pageid":22280164,"ns":0,"title":"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy","extract":"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a skin condition that affects children under the age of two with a recent history of upper respiratory illness, a course of antibiotics, or both.:\u200a833\u200a The disease was first described in 1938 by Finkelstein and later by Seidlmayer as \"Seidlmayer cockade purpura\".\n\n\nSee also\nCutaneous small-vessel vasculitis\nList of cutaneous conditions\nHenoch\u2013Sch\u00f6nlein purpura\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links"}}}}
part_xaa/abiodun_agunbiade	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abiodun_Agunbiade","to":"Abiodun Agunbiade"}],"pages":{"9807282":{"pageid":9807282,"ns":0,"title":"Abiodun Agunbiade","extract":"Abiodun Agunbiade (born 2 January 1983) is a Nigerian former football player. He was a pacey and highly skilful dribbling midfielder that usually played on the right wing. During the final years of his career he played as a striker.\nBetween summer of 2006 and February 2007, Abiodun and teammate Wayne Srhoj didn't play a single official game, as they claimed their contract with FC Na\u0163ional had run out at the end of the 2005\u20132006 season. After seven months of controversial court hearings and delays, the final decision favoured the players who then signed with the Timi\u0219oara based team.He played one match for Nigeria in a 2005 friendly which ended with a 3\u20130 loss against Romania.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbiodun Agunbiade at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) and StatisticsFootball.com\nAbiodun Agunbiade at Soccerway\nAbiodun Agunbiade at WorldFootball.net\nFC Interna\u0163ional Curtea de Arge\u015f profile (in Romanian)"}}}}
part_xaa/abdullah-al-muti	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"5945279":{"pageid":5945279,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah-Al-Muti","extract":"Abdullah Al Muti Sharafuddin (1 January 1930 \u2013 30 November 1998), mostly known as \"Abdullah Al Muti\" was a Bangladeshi educationist and science writer. He wrote tough scientific ideas in an easy fashion suitable for children and teenagers. He became first Bangladeshi writer to win the UNESCO Kalingo Prize in 1983. He had earned major national awards - Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1975, Ekushey Padak in 1985 and Independence Day Award in 1995.\n\n\nEarly life\nBorn in a village in Sirajganj District, Muti was the eldest among five sons and six daughters of Sheikh Moin Sharafuddin and Halima Sharafuddin. In 1945, attending matriculation (presently SSC) from Muslim High School, Dhaka he placed second in Kolkata board. Two years later he passes IA exam (presently HSC) and got admitted in the University of Dhaka. He completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Physics standing first class first in 1952 and 1953 respectively. Then he got a scholarship from US government and went to University of Chicago, Illinois. There he accomplished MA (education) and PhD (education) in 1960 and 1962 respectively.\n\n\nCareer\nMuti started his career as a lecturer in physics at the Rajshahi Government College in 1954. He became professor in the same college in 1955. He held the post Director, Education Extension Center, Dhaka from 1965 to 1973. He also assumed office as Education and Culture Councilor at different foreign embassies of Bangladesh, Joint Secretary, Additional Secretary and Secretary at Education and Science Ministry at different times. After his retirement in 1986, he was the chief adviser of Secondary Scientific Education Program financed by ADB and UNDP. Besides he also presented several science related popular programs in radio and television.\nMuti started writing on science since his school days. At that time he contributed articles to the Dainik Azad ('Mukuler Mahfil') and Monthly Mohammadi. He was also associated with editing tabloid magazines named 'Mukul' and 'Mukul Fouz'. Besides, he also wrote about prospects of education in the Monthly 'Hullor' and 'Dilruba.\nMuti wrote 27 books on science and education. He also translated 10 books from English into Bengali. He was the executive editor of UNESCO Batayan, a quarterly Bengali edition of Unesco Courier from 1982 until his death.\n\n\nBooks\nEso Bigganer Rajje (1955)\nObak Prithibi (1955)\nRohosser Shesh Nei (1969)\nJana-Ojanar Deshe (1976)\nSagorer Rohosshopuri (1976)\nBiggan O Manush (1975)\nE Juger Biggan (1981)\nTelivisioner Kotha (1988)\nSwadhinota, Shikhya O Onnano Prosongo\nAbiskarer Neshay (1969)\nDangai Jole Hawai Chole (1977)\n\n\nAwards\nIndependence Day Award (1995)\nEkushey Padak (1985)\nKalinga Award of UNESCO (1983)\nBangla Academy Literary Award (1975)\nShishu Academy Award\nQudrat-i-Khuda Gold Medal\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abdellatif_meftah	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdellatif_Meftah","to":"Abdellatif Meftah"}],"pages":{"28475248":{"pageid":28475248,"ns":0,"title":"Abdellatif Meftah","extract":"Abdellatif Meftah (born January 3, 1982, in Bouchane, Morocco) is a French long distance runner.\nHe ran for Morocco at the Pan Arab Games and won a gold medal in the half marathon for his home nation. Transferring his nationality, Meftah represented France at the 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and finished in 40th place. He broke the French record in the half marathon at the Semi-Marathon de Lille in September that year, running a time of 1:00:46 to erase Larbi Zeroual's mark from 1999. At the 2010 European Cross Country Championships he led the French men to the team title, although he just missed out on an individual medal with his fourth-place finish. Meftah moved up a further distance on the roads, making his debut at the 2011 Paris Marathon in April. He was Europe's top finisher at the competition, coming tenth, and completed the course in a time of 2:10:53 hours.\n\n\nAchievements\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdellatif Meftah at World Athletics\nAbdellatif Meftah at the French Olympic Committee (in French)\nAbdellatif Meftah at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)"}}}}
part_xaa/abbe_raven	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbe_Raven","to":"Abbe Raven"}],"pages":{"8208955":{"pageid":8208955,"ns":0,"title":"Abbe Raven","extract":"Abbe Raven is the Acting Chairman of A+E Networks. Raven previously retired from her role as Chairman on February 2, 2015. She was asked to return in March 2018 upon the departure of the CEO, Nancy Dubuc. Raven is also the former President and CEO of A+E Networks. Raven is one of the original founders of the HISTORY brand and is one of the longest running employees at A+E Networks. She began her career in 1982 as a production assistant and rose through the ranks to become the second CEO and first Chairman in A+E Networks' history.\n\n\nBackground and education\nRaven was born and raised in Queens, New York. In 1974, she received her B.A. in Theatre from the State University of New York at Buffalo. Raven received her M.A. in Theatre & Film from Hunter College. She was awarded Honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Hunter College, Florida Southern College and State University of New York at Buffalo.\nRaven met her husband, Martin Tackel, while at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Tackel is an attorney and a commercial arbitrator.\n\n\nCareer\nAfter graduating from the State University of New York at Buffalo, Raven was a stage manager for off-Broadway and regional theater. She took an opportunity to work for a company called DAYTIME that was just starting out. It later became the Arts & Entertainment Network. She was promoted to Senior Vice President and put in charge of all production, post-production and studio facilities. Raven then transferred to the HISTORY brand as the Executive Vice President and General Manager and was in charge of all programming. She was then promoted to President of A&E Network and The Biography Channel. In March 2005, Raven became the President & CEO of A+E Networks. In June 2013, she became Chairman of A+E Networks. Raven retired and became Chairman Emeritus of A+E Networks in February 2015. Upon the departure of CEO Nancy Dubuc in March 2018, Raven returned to A+E as Acting Chairman.In October 2009, she was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame.In 2010, she was named in The Hollywood Reporter's Women in Entertainment Power 100 list and named one of the top 5 most powerful women in entertainment.She is Chairman of the board of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.Raven is on the board of directors of the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.She was elected to the board of directors of Pencil, a non-profit group that brings corporate know how to New York City public schools.She is a director of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and is on their executive committee.In 2018, Raven was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the State University of New York at Buffalo.Raven is a co-producer of the Broadway musical The Prom, which opened on November 15, 2018.\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adarnase_iii_of_tao	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adarnase_III_of_Tao","to":"Adarnase III of Tao"}],"pages":{"3352129":{"pageid":3352129,"ns":0,"title":"Adarnase III of Tao","extract":"Adarnase III (Georgian: \u10d0\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4 III) (died 896) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and hereditary ruler of Tao with the title of eristavt-eristavi, \"duke of dukes\".\nThe name Adarnase derives from Middle Persian \u0100durnars\u0113h, with the second component of the word (Nase) being the Georgian attestation of the Middle Persian name Narseh, which ultimately derives from Avestan nairy\u014d.sa\u014bya-. The Middle Persian name Narseh also exists in Georgian as Nerse. The name \u0100durnars\u0113h appears in the Armenian language as Atrnerseh.Adarnase was the oldest son of Gurgen I of Tao upon whose death in a dynastic strife he succeeded in 891. Adarnase's tenure was short-lived. He died six years after his accession, leaving two sons and a daughter behind:\n\nDavid, the oldest son of Adarnase, also had the title of eristavt-eristavi. He must have been very young when his father died, and it is doubtful, if he ever ruled himself. He died in 908 and did not leave any son behind.\nGurgen II, \"the Great\", duke of Tao\nDinar, proselytizing queen of Hereti\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abimana_aryasatya	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abimana_Aryasatya","to":"Abimana Aryasatya"}],"pages":{"43366400":{"pageid":43366400,"ns":0,"title":"Abimana Aryasatya","extract":"Abimana Aryasatya (born Robertino; October 24, 1982) is an Indonesian actor and film producer. He is best known for starring in the films Shackled (2012), 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa (2013), Haji Backpacker (2014), and in the highest-grossing Indonesian film of all time, Warkop DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss! Part 1 (2016). He has received multiple awards and nominations such as Indonesian Movie Awards, Indonesian Film Festival, and Indonesian Box Office Movie Awards.\n\n\nCareer\n\n\n1995\u20132010: early career\nAbimana began his entertainment career in 1997 as stand-in and film crew in television series or movies. in 1999 he started his first role debut as supporting actor in Indonesian popular TV series Lupus Millenia under the name Robertino.He made his big screen debut in 2005 with Missing and 12.00 AM. Just as his acting career was starting to kick off, Abimana vanished from the industry in 2006. In an interview with The Jakarta Post in October 2014 Abimana stated that at the time, he felt he had had enough of acting and just wanted to get away from the entertainment world, saying, \"Acting has never been the only choice for me. At that time, I felt that there was too much drama and backstage politicking in the entertainment world\". During the hiatus, he took his wife, Inong Ayu, to Semarang in Central Java, where he started a culinary business.However, he still appear in low budget movies such as Miracle: Menantang Maut (2007), Malam Jumat Kliwon (2007) and Rudi Soedjarwo 2008 Film, Sebelah mata.\n\n\n2010\u20132013: career comeback and breakthrough\nAfter a hiatus of five years, In 2010, he made comeback to small screen with soap opera Sinar.\nIn 2011 he decided to change his name to Abimana Aryasatya, also in the same year his breakthrough role arrived when he starred opposite actor Ario Bayu, Carissa Putri, and Didi Petet in the film Catatan (Harian) Si Boy a reboot of the 1987 film Catatan Si Boy. He received his first Indonesian Movie award Nomination for Best Supporting Actor and Favorite Supporting Actor at the 6th Annual Indonesian Movie Awards.\nThe film established him as a promising film star and leading man and led him continued his career with leading roles in films such as Dilema (2012), Keumala (2012), Sang Pialang (2013), Coboy Junior: The Movie (2013) and isyarat (2013)\nIn 2012, Abimana starred in the horror-thriller movie Shackled with Imelda Therinne and Laudya Cynthia Bella. In the movie, he plays Elang, a youth who experiences mental illness. He was nominated in numerous awards for his performance, such as, Best Male Leading Actor at the 2013 Indonesian Film Festival, Favorite Actor and Best Actor at the 2013 Indonesian Movie Awards, and Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 2013 Maya Awards. The same year, he also starred in the film Republik Twitter as Lead actor with Laura Basuki and Tio Pakusadewo. He formed the band Drona with Ario Bayu and one of their singles, \"Gadis Dalam Mimpi\", was used in the soundtrack of the movie Republik Twitter.\nIn 2013, he was cast to replacing Noah's vocalist, Nazril Irham, as Arai in the third Installment of Laskar Pelangi franchises Edensor.\n\n\n2013\u2013present: rising popularity and widespread recognition\nHis popularity skyrocketed and gain widespread recognition when he starred alongside Acha Septriasa in the 2013 Indonesia blockbuster film 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa adaptation from novel with the same name. This movie, a Maxima Pictures film, was the studio's most expensive movie when released, with a budget exceeding 15 billion rupiah. It received praise from the President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, during its premiere at Djakarta Theater on November 29, 2013.In 2014, Abimana starred as Mada in Haji Backpacker. His character travels overland to Mecca through Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, India, Tibet, Nepal, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.\nHis performance received praise both from critics and public and he was nominated for Best Male Leading Actor at the Indonesian Film Festival for the second time, and also for Favorite Actor and Best Actor at the 2013 Indonesian Movie Awards.In 2016, he portrayed indonesian famous comedian Dono in remake comedy film, Warkop DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss! Part 1. The film went on to become the highest-grossing Indonesian film of all time, grossing more than 6.8 Billion in admission. Abimana performance was praised and the following year he won Indonesian Box Office Movie Awards for Best Actor in Leading role and nominated for numerous awards such as Indonesian Film Festival for Best Leading Actor, Maya Awards for Best Actor in Leading Role and Indonesian Choice Awards for Actor of the Year.2018 become his debut year as a producer, he collaborated with Fourcolour Films to produced family films The Adventure of a Thunder Catcher and also co-produce Timo Tjahjanto horror movies May the Devil Take You.\nat the same year he also played alongside Iko Uwais, Joe Taslim and Julie Estelle in Netflix original films The Night Comes for Us.\nIn October 2018 at Indonesia Comic-Con, it was announced that Abimana will star in Joko Anwar's Highly anticipated upcoming superhero film Gundala.\n\n\nPersonal life\nAbimana was born on October 24, 1982, in Jakarta. He is the only child of Spanish father, Roberto Candelas Aguinaga, and Indonesian mother, Siti Emi. Previously known as Robertino, In 2011 he changed his name to Abimana Aryasatya because Robertino is his father's name. \"I never see my father, and I am uncomfortable using that name,\" he explains. \"By changing my name, I want to become a new person and apart from the shadow of my father and my past\". He has been practicing Islam since he was around the age of 13.In 2001, he married Indonesian Actress and Model Inong Nindya Ayu. Together, they have four children. After years of searching his biological father, he eventually met him for the first time after 33 years, where his father currently reside in Durango.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nFilm\n\n\nTelevision Series\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\nAwards and nominations\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbimana Aryasatya at IMDb\nAbimana Aryasatya at Rotten Tomatoes"}}}}
part_xaa/absolute_taste	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Absolute_Taste","to":"Absolute Taste"}],"pages":{"33158829":{"pageid":33158829,"ns":0,"title":"Absolute Taste","extract":"Absolute Taste, is a UK-based catering company with Head Quarters in Bicester. Gary Kennerley is its managing director. It had \u00a320m annual turnover in 2008. It has run projects with Gordon Ramsay Holdings (GRH), McLaren Group, and fleets of private jets. It runs five caf\u00e9s and restaurants and caters for private parties. Absolute Taste's most notable venue is the McLaren Technology Centre.\n\n\nHistory\nAbsolute Taste was formed in 1997 by Ron Dennis and Lyndy Redding. Redding had just graduated from Tante Marie with a diploma and produced a 3-page business proposal to Dennis to start a catering company. Dennis owned a 55% interest. Initially centred on providing hospitality for the VIP guests of the McLaren Racing around the world, and for employees at the McLaren headquarters, the company grew and developed a separate identity.\nAbsolute Taste provided the catering for David Beckham and Victoria Beckham's 2006 FIFA World Cup send-off party, based on Gordon Ramsay's menu.Absolute Taste catered Nelson Mandela\u2019s 90th Birthday party and Chelsea FC footballer John Terry's wedding.In 2003, Absolute Taste Inflight was formed. It is a 24-hour, 365-day operation catering for private jets. It began at the suggestion of some McLaren employees and was vetted for a year on a shareholder's own plane. Six vans now deliver pre-prepared gourmet meals to airports all over the South of England.The company's tenth anniversary happened in 2008, when it announced a partnership with Gordon Ramsay Holdings. \"Gordon Ramsay by Absolute Taste\" is an entirely bespoke service in which Absolute Taste works with Gordon and his team to produce food from his restaurants for outside events. Ramsay and Redding had met previously at Aubergine, Ramsay's restaurant, when a pastry chef had left the clear paper on Redding's chocolate fondant and Ramsay apologized to her. They met again at a McLaren F1 event when Ramsay was McLaren's guest.Absolute Taste was acquired by One Event Management in December 2016.\n\n\nCaf\u00e9s\nAbsolute Taste operates three caf\u00e9s. The Design Caf\u00e9 and Dome Caf\u00e9 are situated in Chelsea Harbour Design Centre. DetoxRetox at Harvey Nichols. There is also the Apron Caf\u00e9 at Farnborough Airport. Absolute Taste now operates 13 restaurants, based mainly in the south of England.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/acini_di_pepe	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acini_di_pepe","to":"Acini di pepe"}],"pages":{"2548627":{"pageid":2548627,"ns":0,"title":"Acini di pepe","extract":"Acini di pepe [\u02c8a\u02d0t\u0283ini di \u02c8pe\u02d0pe] are a form of pasta. The name is Italian for \"seeds of pepper\". Acini is the plural of acino whose root is the Latin word acinus. In both Latin and Italian, the word means \"grape\" or \"grape-stones\", with the \"stones of a grape\" being the seeds of the grape. Acini di pepe then translates into \"seeds of a pepper\". They were and are known as a symbol of fertility, which is why they are used in Italian wedding soup. They are also sometimes referred to as pastina (Italian for \"tiny dough\"); however, some pasta makers distinguish pastina as smaller than acini di pepe. The individual pieces usually resemble tiny cylinders about 1mm, or less, in each dimension.\nAcini di pepe work well in soups and cold salads. Acini di pepe are often used in Italian wedding soup. Frog's eye salad is an American cold salad that combines the pasta with whipped topping, marshmallows, pineapple and mandarin oranges.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adelaida_garcia_morales	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adelaida_Garc\u00eda_Morales","to":"Adelaida Garc\u00eda Morales"}],"pages":{"47453815":{"pageid":47453815,"ns":0,"title":"Adelaida Garc\u00eda Morales","extract":"Adelaida Garc\u00eda Morales (1945, in Badajoz, Spain \u2013 22 September 2014, in Dos Hermanas, Spain) was a Spanish writer.\n\n\nLife and work\nBorn in Badajoz, Garc\u00eda Morales moved at the age of 13 to Seville, her parents' home town. She lived there for most of her youth. She went to university in Madrid, obtaining a degree in philosophy and letters in 1970. She also studied screenwriting at the Escuela Oficial de Cine (State School of Cinematography). She then worked as a high school teacher, teaching Spanish and philosophy, and as a model and actress, forming part of the theatre group Esperpento. She also worked for a while as a translator in Algeria.Her first novel, Archipi\u00e9lago was published in 1981, but success didn't come until 1985, when she published her acclaimed volume of two novellas: El sur, seguido de Bene. The story El sur was made into a famous film by her then partner V\u00edctor Erice, whom she had first met in 1972.\nHer next book, El silencio de las sirenas, set in Capileira (a village in the Alpujarras where she had lived for five years in the late 1970s), was her most successful work, winning the Premio Herralde and the Premio \u00cdcaro. The principal theme of the novel: an obsessive, unrequited love, was said to be based on her own obsession with the philosopher Eugenio Tr\u00edas, whom she had only met once.Garc\u00eda Morales died of heart failure in 2014 in Dos Hermanas, in the province of Seville.\n\n\nPublications\n\n\nNovels\nArchipi\u00e9lago (1981), shortlisted for Premio S\u00e9samo,1981\nEl Sur y Bene (1985, Anagrama) \u2013 two novellas in one volume\nEl silencio de las sirenas (1985, Anagrama): Premio Herralde 1985 y Premio \u00cdcaro 1985\nLa l\u00f3gica del vampiro (1990, Anagrama)\nLas mujeres de H\u00e9ctor (1994, Anagrama)\nLa t\u00eda \u00c1gueda (1995, Anagrama)\nNasmiya (1996, Plaza y Jan\u00e9s)\nEl accidente (1997, Anaya)\nLa se\u00f1orita Medina (1997, Plaza y Jan\u00e9s)\nEl secreto de Elisa (1999, Debate)\nUna historia perversa (2001, Planeta)\nEl testamento de Regina (2001, Debate)\n\n\nShort stories\nMujeres solas (1996, Plaza y Jan\u00e9s)\nLa carta. Cuento en Vidas de mujer (1998, Alianza)\nEl legado de Amparo. Cuento en Mujeres al alba (1999, Alfaguara)\nLa mirada. Cuento en Don Juan. Relatos (2008, 451 Editores)\n\n\nTranslations into English\nThe silence of the sirens, tr. C. Hayter (1989)\nThe South & Bene, tr. Sarah Marsh (1992)\nThe South & Bene, tr. Thomas G. Deveny (1999)Her short story \u2018\u2019El encuentro (A Chance Encounter) was included in Rainy Days - D\u00edas de lluvia: Short Stories by Contemporary Spanish Women Writers, an anthology edited by Montserrat Lunati, together with a translation into English.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abubakar_girei	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abubakar_Girei","to":"Abubakar Girei"}],"pages":{"27809983":{"pageid":27809983,"ns":0,"title":"Abubakar Girei","extract":"Abubakar Halilu Girei (born 14 March 1954) was elected Senator for the Adamawa Central constituency of Adamawa State, Nigeria at the start of the Nigerian Fourth Republic, running on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He took office on 29 May 1999.After taking his seat in the Senate he was appointed to committees on Senate Services, Banking & Currency, Internal Affairs (Vice Chairman) and Local & Foreign Debts.In January 2011, Girei was a contender to be the PDP candidate for the Adamawa Central Senatorial District in the 2011 elections, but came third in the primaries. Alhaji Bello Tukur, former chief of staff to Governor Murtala Nyako, was the clear winner.Senator Abubakar H. Girei was born on 14 March 1954 in Girei Local Government Area of Adamawa State. He attended the famous Barewa College, Zaria for his secondary education and Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science Degree in Quantity Surveying and Masters in Business Administration (MBA). He is a Chartered Quantity Surveyor, Real Estate Developer and a Construction Management Consultant.\nSenator Girei is a Fellow of Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors, a Fellow of the Nigerian Institute of Management and also a member of the prestigious National Institute of Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS) Kuru, Jos where he served as the Monitor General of SEC 31.\nAfter his National Youth Service in Port Harcourt, Rivers State in 1979. He worked for the defunct Gongola State Government as a Quantity Surveyor and rose to the rank of Principal Quantity Surveyor in 1984. Senator Abubakar Girei then moved on to the Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative Bank Limited in 1985 as Manager, Property Division and then became the General Manager, Estate Department, from 1988 to 1996. He resigned to set up his consultancy firm, Premier Association Consultants which he ran as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer between 1996 and 1999.\nThe years 1999 to 2003 marked a turning point in the career of Senator Abubakar Girei when he contested and was duly elected to the office of the Distinguished Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria representing Adamawa Central Senatorial District in the 1st Senate of the 4th Republic from 1999 to 2003. As a Senator, he served as Chairman, Senate Committee on Services, Vice Chairman, Senate Committee on Internal Affairs, Vice Chairman, Senate Committee on Solid Minerals and also as member of Committee on Defense (Air Force), Police Affairs, Banking and Currency, Culture and Tourism, Transport, Gas, Drugs and Financial Crime and Local and Foreign Debt. Senator Abubakar Girei has also served on the boards of numerous public and private companies as well as Tertiary Institutions. These include Realex Properties as President and CEO, Premier Associated Consultants as Chairman, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Governing Council, a member of the Governing Council of Nigeria Institute of Management, the National Teachers Institute and the National Agricultural Production and Research Institute, Zaria to mention but a few. Senator Abubakar Girei is a major stakeholder in the People\u2019s Democratic Party, Adamawa State and the North East Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/adandozan	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"72448":{"pageid":72448,"ns":0,"title":"Adandozan","extract":"Adandozan was a king of the Kingdom of Dahomey, in present-day Benin, from 1797 until 1818. His rule ended with a coup by his brother Ghezo who then erased Adandozan from the official history resulting in high uncertainty about many aspects of his life. Adandozan took over from his father Agonglo in 1797 but was quite young at the time and so there was a regent in charge of the kingdom until 1804. Dealing with the economic depression that had defined the administrations of his father Agonglo and grandfather Kpengla, Adandozan tried to reduce slavery to decrease European trade, and when these failed reform the economy to focus on agriculture. Unfortunately, these efforts did not end domestic dissent and in 1818 at the Annual Customs of Dahomey, Ghezo and Francisco F\u00e9lix de Sousa, a powerful Brazilian slave trader, organized a coup d'\u00e9tat and replaced Adandozan. He was left alive and lived until the 1860s hidden in the palaces while he was largely erased from official royal history.\n\n\nRise to power\nAgonglo's (1789-1797) reign had been very contentious ending in his assassination by a brother, Dogan. The slave trade had been largely disrupted for two decades by the Oyo empire, the lack of military success by Dahomey, and European traders changing their focus (the French abolished slavery in 1794 and the British and Portuguese had stopped relying on Dahomey's ports). The result was that when Agonglo died there was a large scale upheaval led by various factions, but this ended on May 5, 1797 with the appointment of Adandozan, the second oldest son of Agonglo as the new king. However, because Adandozan was young at the time, the first seven years of his rule were held by a regency of various elder statesmen. In 1804, he became old enough to formally rule with his own authority but the regency members retained importance.One story contends that Adandozan's younger brother Ghezo had actually been named the heir to Agonglo and that Adandozan was merely a regent. However, that Adondozan refused to relinquish the throne when Ghezo was old enough. This story is doubted by historian Akinjogbin as an invention by Ghezo to justify his coup against Adandozan.\n\n\nAdministration\nAdandozan followed Agonglo's policies of trying to revive the slave trade through slave raiding of the Mahi people to the north and disrupting the trade at rival ports (namely Porto-Novo). However, these attempts were generally unsuccessful and with the recovery of the Oyo empire by 1805, they reasserted power and stopped these activities by Adandozan.Unable to foster the slave trade through military action, he turned to improving diplomacy with European traders. In 1804, he sent ambassadors to Portugal and to the British at Cape Coast Castle. Unlike his father who had received Catholic missionaries from the Portuguese, Adandozan made clear that he had no interest in conversion but requested the Portuguese help him in building mining operations and a gun manufacturing facility in Dahomey. The Portuguese received these requests politely to secure the release of some Portuguese prisoners, but did not agree to the terms. The British had grown highly suspicious of Adandozan when the British officer in the port city of Whydah, who had become a citizen of Dahomey, had died in 1803 and, as per the customs, his wives were taken by the king. His assistant wrote to the British calling Adandozan a tyrant and this increased tension with the British. Adandozan, worried that the British would abandon their fort in Whydah, passed a law that any British person in Dahomey could not leave without a substitute which only ended increasing tensions.Adandozan responded to the slowing of the slave trade by trying to reform the economy to focus on agricultural production. He increased opportunities for agriculture and made the Corn Customs a primary festival held publicly. While attempting these reforms, changed policies in Europe largely undermined his efforts. The British abolished the slave trade in 1807 and began pressuring other countries in Europe to do the same. As part of these efforts they signed an agreement in 1810 with the Portuguese which allowed slave trade only at ports where the Portuguese already traded slaves and no new ports, Whydah was specifically mentioned as a port which could have trade while Porto-Novo, Badagry, and Little Popo (all rival slave trade ports) could not. The result was a sudden increase in the Portuguese slave trade in Whydah.The increased slave trade simultaneously undermined the agricultural reforms of Adandozan and increased the power of Francisco F\u00e9lix de Sousa, a powerful Brazilian slave trader. By 1810, de Sousa had become the wealthiest trader in the city of Whydah and loaned significant amounts of money to Adandozan. When he requested repayment for this loan, Adandozan publicly insulted de Sousa and imprisoned him causing de Sousa to flee to Little Popo. One of Adandozan's younger brothers, Ghezo (then called Madogungun), befriended de Sousa and together the plotted a coup to replace Adandozan.\n\n\nCoup\nThere is little evidence about the last years of Adandozan's reign and the specifics of the coup to replace him are detailed very differently in different sources; even the year of the coup is not agreed upon.In general, it is contended that during the Annual Customs of Dahomey in 1818, Ghezo replaced Adandozan with the help of Adandozan's Migan and Mehu (prime ministers). Maurice Ahanhanzo Gl\u00e9l\u00e9 says that Adandozan was replaced because he had failed economically and then decided to sacrifice his sister, Sinkutin, to have her plead his case to the ancestors. Civil war erupted in the palace and Ghezo was able to bring the various factions together. Edouard Dunglas provides details about the coup saying that Ghezo took the war drum from the palace and then entered the palace standing in the position of the king over the drum. The Migan of Adandozan announces that \"two suns cannot shine at the same time\" and removes the royal sandals from Adandozan's feet. In reality there was apparently significant violence in the coup between different factions and many of Adandozan's sons and his entire group of female bodyguards were executed by Ghezo.\n\n\nLegacy\nEvidence of Adandozan after the coup are not clear but there were reports in the 1860s that he was left alive and lived until 1861 (three years after Ghezo). He lived much of his later life confined to the palaces, while his descendants changed their name to avoid association, and when he died he was buried quickly but with full royal honors. Historian Edna Bay writes that after the coup \"Adandozan suffered a bizarre punishment that was perhaps worse than assassination--to watch history be reworked as though he had never lived.\"Adandozan's legacy was reworked significantly by Ghezo and Glele who depicted the former king as a cruel and incompetent ruler who had usurped his throne and erased all official history of Adandozan. His name was largely erased from the history of Dahomey, and to this day is generally not spoken aloud in the city of Abomey. He is not referred to in kings' lists and is not included in the cloth applique of the kingdom. The traditional stories about Adandozan's rule (which are retold, with some changing of names, in Bruce Chatwin's novel The Viceroy of Ouidah) portray him as extremely cruel: he is said to have raised hyenas to which he would throw live subjects for amusement; he is pictured slitting a pregnant woman's abdomen open on a bet to see whether he could predict the sex of the fetus.\nMany historians question the negative portrayal of Adandozan in the official history and common stories about the king and believe that it is the attempt to remove his claim to history. A similar process may have occurred earlier with Queen Hangbe who may have ruled for a brief period in the 1700s.Although tradition has not been kind to Adandozan, the letters he wrote to various outsiders, especially the kings and other officials of Portugal (who fled to Brazil following the conquest of Portugal by Napoleon) have shown a different picture of his rule. In these letters, Adandozan outlines substantial military campaigns, which he presents as victories, as well as detailing his negotiations with Europeans. Some of these letters were published in work by Pierre Verger in the 1960s. A large cache, found in the Instituto Historico e Geografico Brasileiro and Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro, and several of the letters in this collection were examined in an article published by historian Ana Lucia Araujo in the British journal Slavery and Abolition. The full text of Adandozan's letters, both from the Institute cache and other repositories, as well as a few from his predecessor Agongolo and his successor Gezo were published in (the original) Portuguese in 2013.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acromantis_grandis	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acromantis_grandis","to":"Acromantis grandis"}],"pages":{"18576723":{"pageid":18576723,"ns":0,"title":"Acromantis grandis","extract":"Acromantis grandis is a species of praying mantis found in Vietnam and Nepal.\n\n\nSee also\nList of mantis genera and species\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/acetylcholinesterase	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"14306436":{"pageid":14306436,"ns":0,"title":"Acetylcholinesterase","extract":"Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters:\n\nacetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetateIt is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to the carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.\n\n\nEnzyme structure and mechanism\n\nAChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity\u2014each molecule of AChE degrades about 25,000 molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) per second, approaching the limit allowed by diffusion of the substrate. The active site of AChE comprises 2 subsites\u2014the anionic site and the esteratic subsite. The structure and mechanism of action of AChE have been elucidated from the crystal structure of the enzyme.The anionic subsite accommodates the positive quaternary amine of acetylcholine as well as other cationic substrates and inhibitors. The cationic substrates are not bound by a negatively charged amino acid in the anionic site, but by interaction of 14 aromatic residues that line the gorge leading to the active site. All 14 amino acids in the aromatic gorge are highly conserved across different species. Among the aromatic amino acids, tryptophan 84 is critical and its substitution with alanine results in a 3000-fold decrease in reactivity. The gorge penetrates halfway through the enzyme and is approximately 20 angstroms long. The active site is located 4 angstroms from the bottom of the molecule.The esteratic subsite, where acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to acetate and choline, contains the catalytic triad of three amino acids: serine 203, histidine 447 and glutamate 334. These three amino acids are similar to the triad in other serine proteases except that the glutamate is the third member rather than aspartate. Moreover, the triad is of opposite chirality to that of other proteases. The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme undergoes nucleophilic attack by a water molecule, assisted by the histidine 440 group, liberating acetic acid and regenerating the free enzyme.\n\n\nBiological function\nDuring neurotransmission, ACh is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, relaying the signal from the nerve. AChE, also located on the post-synaptic membrane, terminates the signal transmission by hydrolyzing ACh. The liberated choline is taken up again by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase.A cholinomimetic drug disrupts this process by acting as a cholinergic neurotransmitter that is impervious to acetylcholinesterase's lysing action.\n\n\nDisease relevance\n\nDrugs or toxins that inhibit AChE lead to persistence of high concentrations of ACh within synapses, leading to increased cholinergic signaling within the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.\n\nIrreversible inhibitors of AChE may lead to muscular paralysis, convulsions, bronchial constriction, and death by asphyxiation. Organophosphates (OP), esters of phosphoric acid, are a class of irreversible AChE inhibitors. Cleavage of OP by AChE leaves a phosphoryl group in the esteratic site, which is slow to be hydrolyzed (on the order of days) and can become covalently bound. Irreversible AChE inhibitors have been used in insecticides (e.g., malathion) and nerve gases for chemical warfare (e.g., Sarin and Soman). Carbamates, esters of N-methyl carbamic acid, are AChE inhibitors that hydrolyze in hours and have been used for medical purposes (e.g., physostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma). Reversible inhibitors occupy the esteratic site for short periods of time (seconds to minutes) and are used to treat of a range of central nervous system diseases. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and donepezil are FDA-approved to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Rivastigmine is also used to treat Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementia, and pyridostigmine bromide is used to treat myasthenia gravis.An endogenous inhibitor of AChE in neurons is Mir-132 microRNA, which may limit inflammation in the brain by silencing the expression of this protein and allowing ACh to act in an anti-inflammatory capacity.It has also been shown that the main active ingredient in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol, is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.\n\n\nDistribution\nAChE is found in many types of conducting tissue: nerve and muscle, central and peripheral tissues, motor and sensory fibers, and cholinergic and noncholinergic fibers. The activity of AChE is higher in motor neurons than in sensory neurons.Acetylcholinesterase is also found on the red blood cell membranes, where different forms constitute the Yt blood group antigens. Acetylcholinesterase exists in multiple molecular forms, which possess similar catalytic properties, but differ in their oligomeric assembly and mode of attachment to the cell surface.\n\n\nAChE gene\nIn mammals, acetylcholinesterase is encoded by a single AChE gene while some invertebrates have multiple acetylcholinesterase genes. Note higher vertebrates also encode a closely related paralog BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase) with 50% amino acid identity to ACHE. Diversity in the transcribed products from the sole mammalian gene arises from alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational associations of catalytic and structural subunits. There are three known forms: T (tail), R (read through), and H (hydrophobic).\n\n\nAChET\nThe major form of acetylcholinesterase found in brain, muscle, and other tissues, known as is the hydrophilic species, which forms disulfide-linked oligomers with collagenous, or lipid-containing structural subunits. In the neuromuscular junctions AChE expresses in asymmetric form which associates with ColQ or subunit. In the central nervous system it is associated with PRiMA which stands for Proline Rich Membrane anchor to form symmetric form. In either case, the ColQ or PRiMA anchor serves to maintain the enzyme in the intercellular junction, ColQ for the neuromuscular junction and PRiMA for synapses.\n\n\nAChEH\nThe other, alternatively spliced form expressed primarily in the erythroid tissues, differs at the C-terminus, and contains a cleavable hydrophobic peptide with a PI-anchor site. It associates with membranes through the phosphoinositide (PI) moieties added post-translationally.\n\n\nAChER\nThe third type has, so far, only been found in Torpedo sp. and mice although it is hypothesized in other species. It is thought to be involved in the stress response and, possibly, inflammation.\n\n\nNomenclature\nThe nomenclatural variations of ACHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at Cholinesterase \u00a7 Types and nomenclature.\n\n\nInhibitors\n\nFor acetylcholine esterase (AChE), reversible inhibitors are those that do not irreversibly bond to and deactivate AChE. Drugs that reversibly inhibit acetylcholine esterase are being explored as treatments for Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, among others. Examples include tacrine and donepezil.Exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is one of several studied explanations for the chronic cognitive symptoms veterans displayed after returning from the Gulf War. Soldiers were dosed with AChEI pyridostigmine bromide (PB) as protection from nerve agent weapons. Studying acetylcholine levels using microdialysis and HPLC-ECD, researchers at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine determined PB, when combined with a stress element can lead to cognitive responses.\n\n\nSee also\n Biology portal\nCholinesterases\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\n\n\nExternal links\nATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Including Insecticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\nProteopedia Acetylcholinesterase\nProteopedia AChE_inhibitors_and_substrates\nProteopedia AChE_inhibitors_and_substrates_(Part_II)\nProteopedia AChE bivalent inhibitors AChE_bivalent_inhibitors AChE bivalent inhibitors\nAcetylcholinesterase: A gorge-ous enzyme\u2014PDBe\nAcetylcholinesterase\u2014RCSB PDB\nHuman ACHE genome location and ACHE gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.\nOverview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P22303 (Human Acetylcholinesterase) at the PDBe-KB."}}}}
part_xaa/acoustics_ii	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acoustics_II","to":"Acoustics II"}],"pages":{"39928232":{"pageid":39928232,"ns":0,"title":"Acoustics II","extract":"Acoustics II is the first acoustic full-length album from Minus the Bear. It marks the second acoustic work by the band, following 2008's Acoustics EP, encompassing songs from all their previous albums. Acoustics II includes two new compositions and eight other re-imagined versions of band and fan favorites. It was released on September 4, 2013 through the band's own Tigre Blanco Records, following a successful PledgeMusic campaign.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nJake Snider \u2013 Vocals, Guitar\nDave Knudson \u2013 Guitar\nErin Tate \u2013 Drums, Percussion\nCory Murchy \u2013 Bass\nAlex Rose \u2013 Keyboards, Vocals\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website"}}}}
part_xaa/aaron_links	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Links","to":"Aaron Links"}],"pages":{"14478672":{"pageid":14478672,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Links","extract":"Aaron Links (born January 13, 1981, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American natural bodybuilding competitor who has competed in the now disbanded American Natural Bodybuilding Conference (ANBC). Links began lifting weights seriously after his mother beat him in an arm wrestling match when he was a teenager. On July 19, 2000, at the age of 19, he won his first 2 bodybuilding titles of Junior Division Champion and Novice Men's Open Champion in the Southwest Classic regional competition held in Albuquerque, New Mexico.\nLinks remained a Junior Division Champion at the Southwest Classic competition again in 2002 at the age of 21 where he also placed second in the Open Men's Tall division. On November 15, 2003, at the age of 22, Links won the Junior Division National Champion title at the USA Championship held in Boston, Massachusetts where he also placed 5th in the Men's Open Tall division. In 2004, Links again competed in the ANBC USA Championship where he received second place in the Men's Open Tall Division and the Best Posing Award for that division Links graduated from the University of New Mexico in May, 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Journalism and Mass Communications with a minor in Business Management. He states that he will compete again but does not name a particular date. He continues to write fitness-related articles for an on-line publication.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/aboti_brahmin	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aboti_Brahmin","to":"Aboti Brahmin"}],"pages":{"46379202":{"pageid":46379202,"ns":0,"title":"Aboti Brahmin","extract":"The Aboti Brahmin are a Sakaldwipiya Brahmin community living in western part of India. They are mainly agricultural community who were recorded living in Rajasthan, India, around 1228 CE (1306 VS), where they were usually temple servants and had migrated from Dvaravati. Today, they are found in the state of Gujarat . They perform puja at the Dwarkadhish Temple in Dwarka during the Hindu festival of Janmashtami.In addition to their priestly role at Dwarka, they are a farming community, and in 1961 were noted to have been illiterate.\n\n\nSee also\nRajpurohit\nJangid\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nFurther reading\n\"Title unascertained\". Journal of Social Research. Council of Social and Cultural Research, Bihar. 17. 1974.\nTrivedi, Harshad R. (1961). The Mers of Saurashtra: an exposition of their social structure and organisation. Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.\nParikh, R. D.; Jamindar, Rasesh, eds. (1981). Epigraphic Resources in Gujarat. Butala.\nMukta, Parita (1994). Upholding the Common Life: The Community of Mirabai. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19563-115-9.\nSudan, Anita (1989). A study of the Cahamana inscriptions of Rajasthan. Research Publishers.\nAnsari, Zainuddin Dawood; Mate, Madhukar Shripad (1966). Excavations at Dwarka, 1963. Deccan College Postgraduate & Research Institute.\nMajumdar, Asoke Kumar (1977). Concise History of Ancient India: Political theory, administration and economic life. Munshiram Manoharlal.porbandar dist all"}}}}
part_xaa/acropora_plumosa	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acropora_plumosa","to":"Acropora plumosa"}],"pages":{"46970483":{"pageid":46970483,"ns":0,"title":"Acropora plumosa","extract":"Acropora plumosa is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Dr. C. C. Wallace and J. Wolstenholme in 1998. Found in marine, tropical, reefs on slopes sheltered from wave action, and on reef walls. It occurs at depths between 10 and 30 m (33 and 98 ft). It is classed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and it has a decreasing population. It is not common and found over a large area and is classified under CITES Appendix II.\n\n\nDescription\nAcropora plumosa is found in irregular flat table-like colonies. Brown in colour, with branch tips being pale, some structures are broken away from main colonies, or may form in irregular patterns. Sometimes occurring in plate structures, there are linked together from the centre or sides of the structure, and are made of branches linked together, and a small number of sub-branches. The branches occur around one central point, and contain axial and radial corallites. Axial corallites are located on the branch and sub-branch tips, and are tube-shaped and small. The radial corallites occur on the sides of the branches and sub-branches, and are tube-shaped and well-spaced. This obvious species is similar to Acropora clathrata and Acropora pharaonis. It is found in a marine environment in tropical, shallow reefs, on sheltered slopes of reefs, deeper slopes, and reef walls. It occurs on walls of reefs at below 12 m (39 ft), but can be found at between 10 and 30 m (33 and 98 ft).\n\n\nDistribution\nAcropora plumosa is uncommon and found over a large area; the Central Indo-Pacific. It occurs in four regions of Indonesia, and also in Palau, Papua New Guine, the Solomon Islands, Pohnpei, the Philippines, Raja Ampat, and Banggai. It is native to Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Micronesia, Palau, Singapore, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. This coral is threatened by reef destruction, climate change, rising sea temperatures leading to bleaching, coral disease, being prey to starfish Acanthaster planci, and human activity and infrastructure. It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, is under CITES Appendix II, and may potentially occur within Marine Protected Areas.\n\n\nTaxonomy\nIt was first described by C. C. Wallace and J. Wolstenholme in 1998.\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/abu_sudayrah	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Sudayrah","to":"Abu Sudayrah"}],"pages":{"16220404":{"pageid":16220404,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Sudayrah","extract":"Abu Sudayrah is a settlement in Qatar, located in the municipality of Ad Dawhah. It is located 3 miles from Doha International Airport.\nNearby towns and villages include As Sadd (0.5 nm), Al Bida` al Gharbiyah (0.8 nm), `Abd al `Aziz (0.7 nm). Al Jabar (0.7 nm) and Al Muntazah (0.9 nm).\n\n\nReferences"}}}}
part_xaa/academy_of_sciences	/tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db	{"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Academy_of_sciences","to":"Academy of sciences"}],"pages":{"858214":{"pageid":858214,"ns":0,"title":"Academy of sciences","extract":"An academy of sciences is a type of learned society or academy (as special scientific institution) dedicated to sciences that may or may not be state funded. Some state funded academies are tuned into national or royal (in case of the United Kingdom i.e. Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge) as a form of honor. \nThe other type of academies are Academy of Arts or combination of both (e.g., American Academy of Arts and Sciences).\nAcademy of Letters is another related expression, encompassing literature.\nIn non-English-speaking countries, the range of academic fields of the members of a national Academy of Science often includes scholarly disciplines which would not normally be classed as \"science\" in English. Many languages use a broad term for systematized learning which includes both natural sciences and social sciences and fields such as literary studies, linguistics, history, or art history. (Often these terms are calques from Latin scientia (the etymological source of English science) and, accordingly, derivatives of the verb 'know', such as German Wissenschaft, Swedish vetenskap, Hungarian tudom\u00e1ny, Estonian teadus or Finnish tiede.) Accordingly, for example the Austrian Academy of Sciences (\u00d6sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia), or the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia) also cover the areas of social sciences and humanities.\nAs the engineering sciences have become more varied and advanced, there is a recent trend in many advanced countries to organize the National Academy of Engineering (or National Academy of Engineering Sciences), separate from the national academy of sciences. \nAcademies of science play an important role in science diplomacy efforts.\nAcademies are increasingly organized in regional or even international associations. The Interacademy Partnership for example is a global network consisting of over 140 national, regional and global member academies of science, engineering and medicine. Additionally, there are many regional associations such as ALLEA in Europe, NASAC as the Network of African Science Academies, IANAS in Latin America, and AASSA in Asia. \nApart from national academies of science, there are now increasingly also national young academies. National young academies usually select members for a limited term, normally 4\u20135 years, after which members become academy alumni. Young academies typically engage with issues important to young scientists. These include, for example, science education or the dialog between science and society. Most young academies are affiliated with a senior Academy of Sciences or with a network of senior academies. The Global Young Academy, which itself is a science academy (e.g. full member of Interacademy Partnership) often serves as a facilitator of the growing global network of young academies. Since its creation, more than 35 national young academies have been established. In 2019, there were 41 national young academies.\n\n\nList\n\nAfghanistan \u2013 Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan\nAlbania \u2013 Academy of Sciences of Albania\nArgentina - National Academy of Sciences of Argentina\nArmenia \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of Armenia\nAustria \u2013 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna\nAustralia \u2013 Australian Academy of Science\nAzerbaijan \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan\nBangladesh \u2013 Bangladesh Academy of Sciences\nBelarus \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of Belarus\nBelgium \u2013 Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium\nBrazil\nBrazilian Academy of Sciences\nPernambuoc Academy of Science\nBulgaria \u2013 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences\nCanada\nRoyal Society of Canada\nCanadian Academy of Engineering\nChile \u2013 Academia Chilena de Ciencias\nChina\nChinese Academy of Sciences\nChinese Academy of Engineering\nChinese Academy of Social Sciences\nHong Kong Academy of Sciences\nCosta Rica \u2013 Academia Nacional de Ciencias (Costa Rica)\nCroatia \u2013 Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nCzech Republic \u2013 Czech Academy of Sciences\nDenmark \u2013 Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters\nEstonia \u2013 Estonian Academy of Sciences\nFinland\nFinnish Society of Sciences and Letters\nFinnish Academy of Science and Letters\nFrance \u2013 French Academy of Sciences\nGeorgia\nGeorgian National Academy of Sciences\nAbkhazian Regional Academy of Sciences\nGermany\nGerman National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina\nUnion of Regional German Academies of Sciences and Humanities:\nAkademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur\nAcademy of Sciences and Humanities in Hamburg\nBavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nBerlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nG\u00f6ttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nHeidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities\nNorth Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts\nSaxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nacatech\nGhana \u2013 Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences\nGreece \u2013 Academy of Athens\nHungary \u2013 Hungarian Academy of Sciences\nIndia\nIndian Academy of Sciences\nIndian National Science Academy\nNational Academy of Sciences, India\nIndonesia\nIndonesian Institute of Sciences\nIndonesian Academy of Sciences\nIran \u2013 Academy of Sciences of Iran\nItaly\nLincean Academy\nAccademia Nazionale delle Scienze (detta dei XL)\nAccademia Nazionale Virgiliana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti\nAccademia delle Scienze dell'Umbria\nIsrael \u2013 Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nJapan\nScience Council of Japan\nJapan Academy\nKazakhstan \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan\nKyrgyzstan \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic\nLatvia \u2013 Latvian Academy of Sciences\nLebanon \u2013 Lebanese Academy of Sciences\nLiechtenstein - Naturwissenschaftliches Forum\nLithuania \u2013 Lithuanian Academy of Sciences\nMexico \u2013 Mexican Academy of Sciences\nMoldova \u2013 Academy of Sciences of Moldova\nMongolia \u2013 Mongolian Academy of Sciences\nMontenegro\nMontenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts\nDoclean Academy of Sciences and Arts\nMorocco \u2013 Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technologies\nNetherlands \u2013 Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences\nNew Zealand \u2013 Royal Society of New Zealand\nNigeria \u2013 Nigerian Academy of Science\nNorth Korea \u2013 Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea\nNorth Macedonia \u2013 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nNorway\nNorwegian Academy of Science and Letters\nRoyal Norwegian Society of Science and Letters\nNorwegian Academy of Technological Sciences\nPakistan \u2013 Pakistan Academy of Sciences\nPhilippines - National Academy of Science and Technology\nPoland\nPolish Academy of Sciences\nPolish Academy of Learning\nPortugal \u2013 Lisbon Academy of Sciences\nRomania \u2013 Romanian Academy\nRussia \u2013 Russian Academy of Sciences\nSan Marino \u2013 International Academy of Sciences San Marino\nSerbia \u2013 Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nSingapore \u2013 Singapore National Academy of Science\nSlovakia \u2013 Slovak Academy of Sciences\nSlovenia \u2013 Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts\nSouth Africa - Academy of Science of South Africa\nSouth Korea \u2013 National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea\nSoviet Union \u2013 Soviet Academy of Sciences\nSpain \u2013 Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences\nSri Lanka \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of Sri Lanka\nSweden \u2013 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\nSwitzerland \u2013 Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences\nTaiwan \u2013 Academia Sinica\nThailand\nRoyal Institute of Thailand\nThai Academy of Science and Technology\nTurkey\nTurkish Academy of Sciences\nMesopotamian Academy /Beyt Nahrin Mesopotamian Academy of Arts and Sciences\nUkraine \u2013 National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine\nUnited Kingdom\nRoyal Society\nRoyal Academy of Engineering\nAcademy of Medical Sciences\nScotland \u2013 Royal Society of Edinburgh\nUnited States\nNational Academies\nU.S. National Academy of Sciences\nU.S. National Academy of Engineering\nU.S. National Academy of Medicine formerly the Institute of Medicine\nNational Research Council\nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences\nState-specific\nCalifornia \u2013 California Academy of Sciences\nIllinois \u2013 Illinois State Academy of Science \nMississippi \u2013 Mississippi Academy of Sciences\nMissouri \u2013 Academy of Science, St. Louis\nNew York \u2013 New York Academy of Sciences\nPennsylvania - Pennsylvania Academy of Science\nTexas \u2013 Texas Academy of Sciences\nWisconsin \u2013 Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters \nVatican City \u2013 Pontifical Academy of Sciences\nJordan and the Islamic world \u2013 Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS)\nDeveloping world \u2013 TWAS\nASEAN \u2013 ASEAN Academy of Engineering and Technology\nAcademy \u2013 World Academy of Art and Science\n\n\nSee also\n\nNational academy\n\n\nReferences"}}}}

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