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part_xaa/aaron_gorrell | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Gorrell","to":"Aaron Gorrell"}],"pages":{"3395916":{"pageid":3395916,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Gorrell","extract":"Aaron Gorrell (born 31 March 1981) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played as a hooker in the 2000s. He played for the St. George Illawarra Dragons and the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL, and for the Catalans Dragons in the Super League.\n\n\nBackground\nGorrell was born in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.\n\n\nPlaying career\nGorrell was made famous by slotting in the last-minute conversion in a round 15, 2006 game against the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium. The Dragons won the match 18-16. Gorrell had converted rookie Brett Morris' try in the 78th minute after coach Nathan Brown gave him the goal-kicking duties after Mathew Head had kicked the last two conversions.\nIn 2007 he joined Catalans Dragons for their second season in the Super League. With his NRL experience he proved a key influence in the opening rounds of the season, before suffering a season-ending knee injury in round four which required a knee reconstruction. It was confirmed by the Brisbane Broncos on 27 September that Aaron Gorrell has signed with them for the 2009 season, where he will fill the vacancy left by the departing Michael Ennis.Gorrell played his first match for the Brisbane Broncos in round 1 of the 2009 NRL season.Gorrell played for and coached the Queanbeyan Kangaroos in the Canberra Raiders cup between 2012 and 2017 but then moved into a full time coach role with the club in 2018.\n\n\nCareer highlights\nJunior Club: Albion Park-Oak Flats\nFirst Grade Debut: Round 5, St George Illawarra v Parramatta, WIN Stadium, 14 April 2002\nFirst Grade Record: 2002 - 2006 8 tries & 94 goals\nSuper League: 2007-2010 signing with Catalans Dragons\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nSuper League profile\nAaron Gorrell Official Player Profile\nAaron Gorrell NRL Profile"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_bock | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Bock","to":"Adam Bock"}],"pages":{"8497686":{"pageid":8497686,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Bock","extract":"Adam Bock (born November 4, 1961) is a Canadian playwright currently living in the United States. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In the fall of 1984, Bock studied at the National Theater Institute at The Eugene O'Neill Theater Center. He is an artistic associate of the Shotgun Players, an award-winning San Francisco theater group. His play Medea Eats was produced in 2000 by Clubbed Thumb, which subsequently premiered his play The Typographer's Dream in 2002. Five Flights was produced in New York City by the Rattlestick Playwrights Theater in 2004.The Thugs opened Off-Off-Broadway in a production by SoHo Rep in October 2006, directed by Anne Kauffman. He won a 2006-07 Obie award, Playwriting, for The Thugs.During the 2007-2008 New York theatrical season, two plays by Bock were produced Off Broadway: The Receptionist at Manhattan Theatre Club in 2007 and The Drunken City, originally commissioned by the Kitchen Theatre Company in Ithaca, New York, at Playwrights Horizons.\nBock is openly gay and often writes about homosexuality. He is quoted as saying \"I'm a gay playwright. I like being called a gay playwright. It's who I am. It's how I write. I have a very specific take on the world because I'm gay.\"Bock has been nominated for two 2007-2008 Outer Critics Circle Awards. Both The Receptionist and The Drunken City were nominated for Outstanding Off-Broadway Play. In 2012, he won a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship for his work.Bock's play A Small Fire ran December 16, 2010 \u2013 January 23, 2011 Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons, under the direction of Trip Cullman. A Life premiered Off-Broadway at Playwrights Horizons on September 30, 2016 (previews), starring David Hyde Pierce and directed by Anne Kauffman. A Life was nominated for the 2017 Drama Desk Awards: Outstanding Play; David Hyde Pierce as Outstanding Actor in a Play; Anne Kauffman for Outstanding Director of a Play; Laura Jellinek for Outstanding Set Design for a Play; and Mikhail Fiksel for Outstanding Sound Design in a Play.\n\n\nPlays\nThe Shaker Chair\nFive Flights (Produced in New York City, 2004)\nSwimming in the Shallows (Produced by Second Stage Theatre Off-Broadway, 2005; produced by Whim Productions, 2019)\nThree Guys and a Brenda (Produced at the Humana Festival of New American Plays, 2006)\nThe Typographer's Dream - (Produced by Clubbed Thumb in New York, 2002)\nThe Thugs (Produced by SoHo Rep Off-Off-Broadway, 2006; produced by Portland Center Stage, Portland, OR, 2007)\nA Roadside Garden\nMedea Eats - (Produced by Clubbed Thumb in New York, 2000)\nPercy Stripped Down\nThe Gayboy Nutcracker\nThursday\nThe Drunken City (Produced by Playwrights Horizons in New York, 2008)\nThe Receptionist - (Premiered Off-Broadway 2007; Produced by Portland Center Stage in Portland, OR, 2010 and Cygnet Theatre Company in San Diego, CA, 2010)\nThe Flowers - (Premiered at About Face Theatre in Chicago, October 2009)\nA Small Fire (Produced Off-Broadway by Playwrights Horizons, 2011; produced by Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Robert Theatre, 2019)\nA Life (Produced by Playwrights Horizons Off-Broadway, 2016)\nBefore The Meeting (Produced by Williamstown Theater Festival, 2019)\nThe Canadians (Produced by South Coast Repertory, 2019)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdam Bock at the Internet Off-Broadway Database\nPlayscripts, Inc. - Adam Bock\nShotgun Players Alumni Page\nInterview with Outzonetv.com"}}}} |
part_xaa/action_tuam | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Action_Tuam","to":"Action Tuam"}],"pages":{"46892658":{"pageid":46892658,"ns":0,"title":"Action Tuam","extract":"Action Tuam was established as a non-profit organisation in 1990 to assist in creating employment in North County Galway, South County Mayo and County Roscommon. Action Tuam is registered in Ireland with the Companies Registration Office (CRO). The organisation offers advice and industrial unit rental to start-up SMEs and entrepreneurs with business ideas with the potential to create employment in the West of Ireland.\n\n\nHistory\nThe origins of Action Tuam date to the early 1980s and a government decision to close the Greencore sugar factory at Tuam. The sugar factory had been a major source of employment in North Galway, and then Archbishop of Tuam, Joseph Cassidy convened a meeting to discuss the issue of unemployment, at which a task group was formed.\nThe original enterprise centre was set up in 1992 at Tuam Business Park. It attracted several small business, including John Concannon's \"JFC Manufacturing\", now a multi-national operation. The group converted an old textile factory into industrial units, and the centre was officially opened in March 1994 by the then Minister for Enterprise and Employment Ruairi Quinn. The industrial units were later sold to tenants to finance expansion.\nIn 2004 the group purchased the adjacent lands from the Industrial Development Authority with a view to building a technology centre. The new Beechtree Business Park facility was constructed during 2010 and 2011 with some support from Enterprise Ireland.To launch the Beech Tree Business Park facility, together with the Galway County and City Enterprise Board, Action Tuam ran a business competition. A special student prize was also on offer to third level entrepreneurs. The \u20ac25,000 prize fund gave three companies an opportunity to expand their business.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nBeechtree Business Park official website."}}}} |
part_xaa/a_chance_to_cut_is_a_chance_to_cure | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Chance_to_Cut_Is_a_Chance_to_Cure","to":"A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure"}],"pages":{"929265":{"pageid":929265,"ns":0,"title":"A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure","extract":"A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure is the fourth studio album by American electronic music duo Matmos, released in 2001. The album consists primarily of samples of medical procedures, including plastic surgeries, liposuctions, hearing tests and bonesaws. The album maintains a sense of humour in contrast with the serious nature of the audio being sampled. The exception to the medical samples is the song \"For Felix (And All the Rats)\", a piece dedicated to their deceased pet rat Felix, performed entirely on his cage.\nThe two members of Matmos, Drew Daniel and Martin Schmidt, both had doctors as parents, a fact that likely influenced them in the album's creation. The album is sometimes considered a concept album within the glitch or musique concr\u00e8te genre.\n\n\nCritical reception\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure received an average score of 80 based on 13 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Heather Phares of AllMusic described the album as \"seven remarkably accessible, melodic pieces of experimental techno.\" Simon Reynolds of Spin said, \"Matmos have captured with discomforting vividness the sheer surrealism of the modern vanity industry, the medieval tortures people gladly endure in pursuit of physical perfection.\"In 2017, Pitchfork placed A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure at number 19 on its list of \"The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time\".\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nCredits adapted from liner notes.\nMatmos\n\nM. C. Schmidt \u2013 straw and water (1), acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (1, 3), voice (1, 3), test tones (3), synthesizer (3), acupuncture point detector (4), skin (4), plucked and bowed rat cage (5), sequencing (5, 7), human skull (6), goat spine (6), teeth (6), flute (7), computer (7), mixing\nDrew Daniel \u2013 voice (1), electric guitar (1, 3), sound effects (3), digital editing, sequencing, sampling, editing, mixing, recordingAdditional musicians\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure at Discogs (list of releases)\nA Chance to Cut is a Chance to Cure at Brainwashed"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_change_of_pace | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Change_of_Pace","to":"A Change of Pace"}],"pages":{"2446655":{"pageid":2446655,"ns":0,"title":"A Change of Pace","extract":"A Change of Pace is an American five piece pop punk band from Peoria, Arizona, United States. The band was on both the 2005 and 2006 Warped Tours.\n\n\nBiography\nA Change of Pace formed in 2001 when singer Torry Jasper and drummer Jonathan Kelly began playing together in freshmen year of high school (while attending Centennial High School). In 2003, after a few years of jamming and playing small local shows, bassist Johnny Abdullah and guitarist Adam Rodgers joined the band. From there they were discovered by manager Jorge Hernandez, and within a few months they were signed to Immortal Records in August 2004, and released their EP Change Is The Only Constant.\nIn 2005 the band released their first full-length album, An Offer You Can't Refuse, and landed a spot on the Warped Tour. Between October and December 2005, the band embarked on the Myspace Fall Tour across the US. In June 2006, Prepare the Masses was announced, and later released on August 15, 2006. In between this, the band appeared on Warped tour again. The band also added a fifth member to the band, Dan Parker (previously in Don't Let Go). They then went on tour with Roses Are Red. In November 2006, they toured the US with Paulson and InMemory.In March and April 2007, A Change of Pace went on a tour with Quietdrive, the Classic Crime, Sullivan, and thebleedingalarm. They then supported Paulson on their headlining tour in June 2007. On June 1, 2008 the band announced that they had parted ways with former vocalist Torry Jasper, and announced a new lead singer, Micah Bentley. They also announced the release of their EP, Just No Better Way. With new singer Micah Bentley they have adopted a lighter tone to their music, contrasting drastically with their previous singer Torry Jasper who screamed vocals in the older material.\nThe band released their third and final album, entitled It Could Be Worse on February 22, 2011.\n\n\nBreakup and departure of Micah Bentley\nOn March 13, 2011, drummer Jon Kelley announced via Facebook that after 10 years, A Change of Pace was calling it quits. Their last show, \"A Change of Pace Farewell Show\", took place on April 22, at The Clubhouse in Tempe. Opening bands included Greeley Estates, Desole, It's Like Love, and In It for Storms.\nIn April 2011, A Change Of Pace played their final show with singer Micah Bentley as he began to prepare for his solo career.\n\n\nReunion, new album and return of Torry Jasper\nOn Christmas Day 2011, A Change Of Pace was asked to reunite with Torry Jasper and play the \u2018South By So What\u2019 festival in Dallas, Texas on March 17 of 2012. After several discussions, the band agreed to perform at the festival with other acts such as The Early November, Motion City Soundtrack, HelloGoodbye and Cartel.\nAfter several meetings, the band decided to work on an album with Torry Jasper. However, this album was never released.\n\n\nPrepare The Masses 10th anniversary shows and second breakup\nIn May 2016, the band announced two concerts to celebrate the 10 year anniversary of Prepare The Masses, the first show which took place on July 30, 2016 at The Pressroom in Phoenix, AZ and the second show took place at the Chain Reaction in Anaheim, CA on August 6, 2016. On August 5, the band announced that the show at the Chain Reaction would be their last.\n\n\nSecond reunion\nIn February 2019, the band posted a cryptic date June 22 to their social media pages. The band later revealed they would be headlining the first \"Pop Punk Nite\" at The Van Buren in Phoenix, AZ on June 22.\n\n\nPost-breakup\nIn 2011, Micah Bentley married Ashley Bentley. Bentley currently lives with his wife in Peoria, Arizona where he continues to write music for his new project. This new project is called \"Micah and His Friend\".\nJonathan Kelley graduated from medical school at Midwestern University in Glendale, Arizona and is currently completing an emergency medicine residency at Maricopa Medical Center.Torry Jasper has a new band called \"Video Head System\" and tends bar at your local teppanyaki restaurant.\nDan Parker currently works as a record producer.\nJohnny Abdullah married Nicole Castleman in 2017 and has since moved to Wenatchee, Washington. They welcomed their first son in December of 2019.\n\n\nStyle and influences\nA Change of Pace's music is drawn from a number of different bands, ranging from pop bands such as the Beatles, to metal bands such Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin and to the piano pop/rock of artists such as Five for Fighting and Ben Folds. The band however cites their major influence as alternative rock band Third Eye Blind. They have also been noted by AllMusic reviewer Jo-Ann Greene as showing: \"the sparkle of U2, the attitude of Green Day, a stinging arena rock-styled lead guitar solo, and a splash of new wave synth, deftly delivered by Dave Holdredge.\"AllMusic commented on how all members of the band shared a love for pop punk and Third Eye Blind leading to A Change of Pace's style being described as \"explosive, pop-edged alternative rock\". Reviews have cited them as showing influence from a variety of rock genres including: pop punk, alternative rock, post-hardcore, screamo, melodic hardcore, pop rock, hard rock, punk rock and indie rock.\n\n\nBand members\nTorry Jasper: lead vocals (2001\u20132008; 2012\u20132016; 2019), rhythm guitar (2001-2006)\nJonathan Kelley: drums (2001\u20132016; 2019)\nJohnny Abdullah: bass, vocals (2001\u20132016; 2019)\nAdam Rodgers: lead guitar (2001\u20132016; 2019)\nDan Parker: rhythm guitar, vocals (2006\u20132016; 2019)FormerMicah Bentley: lead vocals (2008\u20132011; 2016)\n\n\nDiscography\n\n\nStudio albums\nAn Offer You Can't Refuse (2005)\nPrepare the Masses (2006) U.S. No. 156\nIt Could Be Worse (2011)\n\n\nEPs\nChange Is the Only Constant (2003)\nJust No Better Way (2008)\nIn This Together (2009)\nThe B-Sides (2013)\n\n\nCompilations\nMasters of Horror (2005)\nA Santa Cause: It's a Punk Rock Christmas (2006)\nRockin' Romance (Summer Girls - LFO Cover) (2009)\n\n\nDemos\nConnect Set (2000)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nA Change of Pace at Allmusic\nA Change of Pace on Purevolume"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_classic_case | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Classic_Case","to":"A Classic Case"}],"pages":{"3283534":{"pageid":3283534,"ns":0,"title":"A Classic Case","extract":"A Classic Case (1985) is an album by Jethro Tull, playing with the London Symphony Orchestra, released in 1985. The music was arranged and conducted by Dee Palmer, who had collaborated with the band from 1968 and had been a full band member from 1976 to 1980. The album features band members Ian Anderson, Martin Barre, Dave Pegg and Peter-John Vettese.\nThe album was recorded during the summer of 1984 at the CBS Studios in London. It was released on 31 December 1985 in the United States, where it reached No. 93 in the charts.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nIan Anderson \u2013 flute, acoustic guitar\nMartin Barre \u2013 electric guitar\nDave Pegg \u2013 bass guitar\nPeter-John Vettese \u2013 keyboards\nPaul Burgess - drums, percussion\nLondon Symphony Orchestra\nDee Palmer \u2013 orchestral arrangements\n\n\nSee also\nIan Anderson Plays the Orchestral Jethro Tull\nLondon Symphony Orchestra\nJethro Tull \u2013 The String Quartets\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_chau | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Chau","to":"A Chau"}],"pages":{"3445350":{"pageid":3445350,"ns":0,"title":"A Chau","extract":"A Chau (Chinese: \u9d09\u6d32) is a small uninhabited island in the inner most of Starling Inlet (Sha Tau Kok Hoi), off Nam Chung, in the north-eastern New Territories of Hong Kong. It is under the administration of North District, and falls within the Closed Area.\n\n\nFauna\nA Chau has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1985. The fauna of the island includes night heron, little egret, great egret, black-headed gull and herring gull. It is also a breeding site for the passage migrants. It was reported in 2007 that A Chau was the largest egretry in Hong Kong and may also have been one of the most important night roosting sites for the ardeids in winter.\n\n\nSee also\nList of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abraham_bueno_de_mesquita | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Bueno_de_Mesquita","to":"Abraham Bueno de Mesquita"}],"pages":{"24746299":{"pageid":24746299,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Bueno de Mesquita","extract":"Abraham \"Appie\" Bueno de Mesquita (July 23, 1918 in Amsterdam \u2013 August 19, 2005 in Lelystad) was a Dutch comedian, actor and stage artist, well known for his ability to make funny faces.\nIn World War II, Bueno de Mesquita was imprisoned in the Dossin Barracks in Mechelen, Belgium on account of being Sephardi Jewish, and was scheduled to be deported to Auschwitz. However, the camp commander was looking for musicians. His ability to play a one string cello combined with his mimical talents saved his life.\nBueno de Mesquita was one of the first television artists, starring on-screen as early as 1952, Bueno de Mesquita appeared on television as a comedian. In the 1960s, he prouced shows with Rita Corita, both on television and in theaters. In 1968, he started working with Rudi Carrell on German television, which he continued doing for 13 seasons. Since his name was hard to pronounce for many Germans, he was known as \"the small one with the moustache\". He has stated that his success in making Germans laugh sometimes felt like a small revenge.\nBeside working with Rita Corita and Rudi Carrell, he also worked a lot with The Mounties (Dutch comedians), both on television and the theaters.\nHe wrote an autobiography titled Cello met \u00e9\u00e9n snaar (Cello with one string).\nAfter a long illness with lung cancer and a brain tumor, Bueno de Mesquita died on August 18/19, 2005, in his hometown of Lelystad at the age of 87.\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Abraham Bueno de Mesquita at Wikimedia Commons\nBueno de Mesquita at IMDb\nVariet\u00e9-artiest Bueno de Mesquita overleden (Dutch)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abbas_sarkhab | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbas_Sarkhab","to":"Abbas Sarkhab"}],"pages":{"40584187":{"pageid":40584187,"ns":0,"title":"Abbas Sarkhab","extract":"Abbas Sarkhab (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0628, born 21 March 1970) is an Iranian retired football player and coach who currently manages Kargar Boneh Gaz in the Iranian Second Division. He played for Esteghlal in the 1990s.\n\n\nManagerial statistics\nAs of November 2, 2013\n\n\nHonours\nEsteghlalAFC Champions League: 1990\u201391, 1991\u201392 (Runner-up)\nIran Pro League: 1989\u201390, 1991\u201392 (Runner-up), 1994\u201395 (Runner-up)\nHazfi Cup: 1989\u201390 (Runner-up)\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/aaron_wagner | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Wagner","to":"Aaron Wagner"}],"pages":{"21258957":{"pageid":21258957,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Wagner","extract":"Aaron Wagner (born July 5, 1982) is a former Canadian football fullback/linebacker for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted in the second round of the 2005 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts. He played college football at BYU.\n\n\nProfessional career\n\n\nPre-draft measurables\n\n\nSaskatchewan Roughriders\nAfter being drafted by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2005 CFL Draft, he opted to return to BYU. He joined Toronto in 2006 after a brief stint with The New York Jets of the National Football League ( NFL ). In Toronto, Wagner started at linebacker for the Argonauts, but mostly played on special teams. It was reported by The Canadian Press on February 15, 2009, that Wagner had been traded to the Saskatchewan Roughriders for future considerations.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nSaskatchewan Roughriders bio\nToronto Argonauts bio\nRoughriders Aaron Wagner knows different side"}}}} |
part_xaa/abercarn | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"2700":{"pageid":2700,"ns":0,"title":"Abercarn","extract":"Abercarn is a small town and community in Caerphilly county borough, Wales. It is 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Newport on the A467 between Cwmcarn and Newbridge, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire.\n\n\nHistory\nAn estate at Abercarn was owned by the ironmaster Richard Crawshay; in 1808, it passed to his son-in-law, the industrialist and politician Benjamin Hall.The district was traditionally associated with the coal mining collieries, ironworks and tinplate works of the South Wales coalfield and South Wales Valleys, although all have now closed; the town, which lies in the middle portion of the Ebbw valley, being situated on the south-eastern flank of the once great mining region of Glamorgan and Monmouthshire.On 11 September 1878, an underground explosion at the Prince of Wales Colliery killed 268 coal miners.\n\n\nLocal government\nThe area was part of the ancient Monmouthshire parish of Mynyddislwyn until the late 19th century. In 1892 a local board of health and local government district of Abercarn was formed. This became Abercarn urban district in 1894, governed by an urban district council of twelve members. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the urban district was abolished in 1974, becoming part of the borough of Islwyn, Gwent. Further local government organisation in 1996 placed the area in the county borough of Caerphilly. The former urban district corresponds to the three communities of Abercarn, Crumlin and Newbridge.\n\n\nSport\nAbercarn is home to Abercarn Rugby Club which is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union, and to Abercarn United Football Club which plays in division one of the Gwent County League.\n\n\nTransport\n\n\nBus\nThe town is served by Stagecoach South Wales services including:\nX15 (from Newport to Brynmawr)\n151 gold (from Newport to Blackwood Interchange)\n\n\nRail\nThe town is lies between Newbridge railway station and Crosskeys railway station, with the latter is slightly the closer of the two. Both are approximately a four-minute drive or thirty minute walk away. The town was formerly served by Abercarn railway station, which closed to passengers in April 1962.\n\n\nMilitary\nFollowing the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the Abercarn Territorial Cadet Company was formed within the wider Army Cadet Force. Following its formation the company was assigned to the 2nd Battalion, Monmouthshire Regiment. In 1912 the company was affiliated with the new formed 1st Cadet Battalion, The Monmouthshire Regiment.\n\n\nNotable people\nThe surgeon Sir Clement Price Thomas (1893\u20131973) was born in Abercarn. He was famous for his 1951 operation on King George VI.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abu_luqman | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Luqman","to":"Abu Luqman"}],"pages":{"718403":{"pageid":718403,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Luqman","extract":"Ali Moussa Al-Shawakh, (1973 \u201317 April 2018) known by his kunya Abu Luqman, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari or Ali al-Hamoud, was a Syrian man and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant governor of Raqqa, Syria as of July 2015. He used to be governor of Aleppo province.\n\n\nHistory\nAbu Luqman was born in as-Sahl village in Raqqa province. He studied law at the University of Aleppo. He is from the Ajeel clan of Raqqa. It is claimed he used to have a Sufi orientation because he followed Mahmud al-Aghasi (known as Abu Qaqa) who was the leader of Ghuraba al-Sham.\nHe was freed from Sednaya Prison, Damascus in the summer of 2011 by President Bashar al-Assad, at the outset of the uprising against the Syrian government.\n\n\nISIL activity\nAccording to Ibrahim Muslem, a human-rights activist quoted by The Wall Street Journal, \"Abu Luqman decides who gets the oil\". At Mr. Luqman's discretion, smugglers pay for fuel and load it into tanker trucks. Refined products from the Akrish refinery are driven more than 200 miles to Syrian villages near the Turkish border, according to Mr. Muslem.\nMohammed al-Saleh, a spokesman for the advocacy group Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently, quoted in The Wall Street Journal, said Abu Luqman replaced several foreign generals with locals after the loss of the town of Tell Abyad.\nHe was also responsible for the execution of Abu Saad al-Hadram, Jabhat al-Nusra's commander for Raqqa province.\n\n\n2014\nIn early 2014, he was ISIL's chief interrogator in Raqqa province. As of April 2014, he was the IS emir of Raqqa province. In this role, he was the primary official responsible for appointing other ISIL leaders, distributing fighters among the various IS fighting fronts, and publicizing ISIL military operations. In mid-2014, he ordered the beheading of two hostages held by ISIL.\nAs of late 2014, he was a member of ISIL's eight-member governing council. His responsibilities for ISIL included frequently traveling across Syria to transfer ISIL prisoners. Also in late 2014, he changed his name when he was reported dead in the press as a security measure. \n\n\n2015\nIn early 2015, he was a member of an ISIL governance council chaired by IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. As of early 2015, he was the senior figure in charge of ISIL detention of Western hostages.\nIn June 2015, he was the governor of Aleppo and the security emir for Syria responsible for foreign fighters. Previously as governor of Raqqa, he was responsible for executions. In July 2015, he was reappointed governor of Raqqa and was the de facto chief in Raqqa, overseeing security affairs. As of mid-2015, he was ISIL's overall security amir at a Raqqa detention facility holding more than 1,000 ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight.\n\n\nUS and UN sanctions\nOn 29 September 2015 he was added to the United States Department of Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control Specially Designated Nationals List.The US Department of Treasury further describes his role, saying \"Al-Shawakh is being designated for acting for or on behalf of ISIL, an entity designated pursuant to E.O. 13224. As of mid-2015, Syrian national al-Shawakh served as ISIL\u2019s governor for Raqqa, Syria, after having served as ISIL\u2019s senior security official for Syria and as governor in Aleppo, roles in which he directed combat assignments for foreign fighters. Al-Shawakh was in charge of ISIL\u2019s detention of foreign hostages, and oversaw the appointment of other ISIL leaders. Al-Shawakh supervised security matters, including executions, interrogations, and transfers of ISIL prisoners, at an Raqqa detention facility used to hold foreign hostages and ISIL foreign recruits who had refused to fight. In mid-2014, al-Shawakh ordered the beheadings of two ISIL hostages. Al-Shawakh also served on a governance council chaired by ISIL leader and U.S. and UN-designated SDGT Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (AKA Dr. Ibrahim al-Badri)\".He is also sanctioned by the United Nations who said, \"Ali Musa al-Shawakh was listed on 29 February 2016 pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 4 of resolution 2161 (2014) as being associated with Al-Qaida for \u201cparticipating in the financing, planning, facilitating, preparing, or perpetrating of acts or activities by, in conjunction with, under the name of, on behalf of, or in support of\u201d the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), listed as Al-Qaida in Iraq (QDe.115)\".\n\n\nDeath\nAbu Luqman was reportedly killed by an Iraqi airstrike on 17 April 2018.\n\n\nReferences\n\nBeno\u00eet Faucon and Ayla Albayrak (2014-09-16). \"Islamic State Funds Push Into Syria and Iraq With Labyrinthine Oil-Smuggling Operation\". The Wall Street Journal.\nMatt Bradley (2016-03-25). \"Rift Grows in Islamic State Between Foreign, Local Fighters\". The Wall Street Journal.\nKhaled Yacoub Oweis (2014-01-12). \"Al Qaeda Syria unit executes dozens of rivals in Raqqa: activists\". Reuters."}}}} |
part_xaa/academie_mallarme | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acad\u00e9mie_Mallarm\u00e9","to":"Acad\u00e9mie Mallarm\u00e9"}],"pages":{"15738693":{"pageid":15738693,"ns":0,"title":"Acad\u00e9mie Mallarm\u00e9","extract":"The Acad\u00e9mie Mallarm\u00e9 is a French literary academy of writers and poets, founded in 1937. Since 1976, the Acad\u00e9mie has awarded the Prix Mallarm\u00e9 literary prize at the Brive book fair.\nFounding members include Paul Val\u00e9ry, \u00c9douard Dujardin, Andr\u00e9 Fontainas, Charles Vildrac, Maurice Maeterlinck, Ferdinand H\u00e9rold, Albert Mockel, L\u00e9on-Paul Fargue, Francis Vi\u00e9l\u00e9-Griffin, Paul Fort, Saint-Pol-Roux, Val\u00e9ry Larbaud, and Jean Ajalbert. When asked, Andr\u00e9 Gide, Francis Jammes and Paul Claudel declined the invitation to become founding members.\nLater, Jean Cocteau, G\u00e9rard d'Houville, Henry Charpentier, Jacques Audiberti, and Henri Mondor became members.\nIn 2008, Academy members include Jean L'Anselme, Jean-Michel Maulpoix, Robert Sabatier, Sylvestre Clancier, Abdellatif La\u00e2bi, Venus Ghoury-Ghata, Andr\u00e9e Chedid, Anise Koltz, Philippe Jones, Jean Portante, Robert Marteau, Fran\u00e7ois Montmaneix, Jean Orizet, Claude Beausoleil, Dominique Grandmont, Marie-Claire Bancquart, Claude Vig\u00e9e, Richard Rognet, Charles Dobzynski, Pierre Oster, Lionel Ray, \u00c9douard Maunick, Jean P\u00e9rol, Bernard Mazo, Philippe Delaveau, Pierre Dhainaut, Henri Meschonnic, Michel Deguy, Alexandre Voisard, Max Alhau, Claudine Helft..."}}}} |
part_xaa/acaiatuca_denudata | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acaiatuca_denudata","to":"Acaiatuca denudata"}],"pages":{"51232017":{"pageid":51232017,"ns":0,"title":"Acaiatuca denudata","extract":"Acaiatuca denudata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2001. It is known from Brazil.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acoustic_mine | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acoustic_mine","to":"Acoustic mine"}],"pages":{"8539317":{"pageid":8539317,"ns":0,"title":"Acoustic mine","extract":"An acoustic mine is a type of naval mine which monitors audio activity in its vicinity. Depending on its design, it will either passively listen to its environment, depending only on the noise that is made by passing ships or actively send out audio pulses, not unlike a sonar, listening to the lapse in time in which the echo returns to it.\nThe mine may freely drift, be moored at a certain location and depth, or lie at the bottom of the ocean floor.\n\n\nUsage\nThe first acoustic mines were deployed by the German navy in the Thames Estuary in October 1940. These mines could be set to broad spectrum or narrow spectrum sound signature. The broad setting would be triggered by the sound of any passing ship's propeller; the narrow would be set to only explode when the propeller of a large ship was detected.The US Navy deployed acoustic mines as an anti-submarine device from 1948.\n\n\nMechanism\nIn naval warfare, an acoustic mine is defined as one being equipped with a hydrophone that functions as a listening device. This hydrophone listens for particular noises made by any ship or vessel's machinery (propellers). It can also detects structural sounds from the hull of a passing ship. An acoustic mine is mainly operated by a sensitive diaphragm located inside the hydrophone. This diaphragm is actuated when a certain noise reaches a predetermined intensity and duration. This initiates the closing of a switch causing an electrical circuit to flow and the mine to detonate.\n\n\nCounter measures\nWhen first encountering this type of mine in the 1940s the British Royal Navy responded with a series of devices that produced loud noises underwater to trigger the mines . Experiments were conducted with jackhammers, sirens, handgrenades, and bundles of loose metal pipes. They eventually settled on the jackhammer (known as breakers in the UK). This was initially set up to hammer against a bulkhead of a minesweeper but this resulted in the mine exploding dangerously close to the vessel. The hammer was then located in a metal box that was extended over the bows of the ship so that its sound preceded the ship itself. Towing the hammer in a floating vessel off to the side of the ship was also used. An off the shelf electrically powered breaker called a Kango was used and the approach became known as the \"Kango sweep\".\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nBibliography\nBrown, David K. (2002). \"Question 49/01\". Warship International. XXXIX (4): 348\u2013349. ISSN 0043-0374.\nLevie, Howard S. Mine Warfare at Sea. Norwell, MA. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. ISBN 079231526X"}}}} |
part_xaa/acosmeryx_omissa | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acosmeryx_omissa","to":"Acosmeryx omissa"}],"pages":{"30298944":{"pageid":30298944,"ns":0,"title":"Acosmeryx omissa","extract":"Acosmeryx omissa is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Rothschild and Jordan in 1903. It is known from south-east Asia, including Thailand.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abu_shenan-e_sofla | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Shenan-e_Sofla","to":"Abu Shenan-e Sofla"}],"pages":{"37374711":{"pageid":37374711,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Shenan-e Sofla","extract":"Abu Shenan-e Sofla (Persian: \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a, also Romanized as Ab\u016b Shen\u0101n-e Sofl\u00e1; also known as Ab\u016b Shen\u0101n, Ab\u016b Shen\u0101n-e P\u0101\u2019\u012bn, and B\u016b Shen\u0101n-e P\u0101\u2019\u012bn) is a village in Azadeh Rural District, Moshrageh District, Ramshir County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 10 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abbahu | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"2671":{"pageid":2671,"ns":0,"title":"Abbahu","extract":"Rabbi Abbahu (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d1\u05d4\u05d5) was a Jew and Talmudist of the Talmudic Academies in Syria Palaestina from about 279-320 and is counted a member of the third generation of Amoraim. He is sometimes cited as Rabbi Abbahu of Kisrin (Caesarea).\n\n\nBiography\nHis rabbinical education was acquired mainly at Tiberias in the academy presided over by Johanan bar Nappaha, with whom his relations were almost those of a son. He frequently made pilgrimages to Tiberias, even after he had become well known as rector of the Caesarean academy.Abbahu was an authority on weights and measures. He encouraged the study of Koine Greek by Jews. He learned Greek himself in order to become useful to his people, then under the Roman proconsuls, that language having become, to a considerable extent, the rival of Hebrew even in prayer. In spite of the bitter protest of Shimon bar Abba, he also taught his daughters Greek. Indeed, it was said of Abbahu that he was a living illustration of the biblical maxim, \"It is good that you should take hold of this [the study of the Law]; yea, also from that [other branches of knowledge] withdraw not your hand: for he that fears God shall come forth of them all\".\n\n\nRector in Caesarea\nBeing wise, handsome, and wealthy, Abbahu became not only popular with his coreligionists, but also influential with the proconsular government. On one occasion, when his senior colleagues, Hiyya bar Abba, Rabbi Ammi, and Rabbi Assi, had punished a certain woman, and feared the wrath of the proconsul, Abbahu was deputed to intercede for them. He had, however, anticipated the rabbis' request, and wrote them that he had appeased the informers but not the accuser. The witty enigmatic letter describing this incident, preserved in the Talmud, is in the main pure Hebrew, and even includes Hebrew translations of Greek proper names, to avoid the danger of possible exposure should the letter have fallen into the hands of enemies and informers.After his ordination he declined a teacher's position, recommending in his stead a more needy friend, Abba of Acre, as worthier than himself. He thereby illustrated his own doctrine that it is a divine virtue to sympathize with a friend in his troubles as well as to partake of his joys. Later he assumed the office of rector in Caesarea, the former seat of Hoshaiah Rabbah, and established himself at the so-called Kenishta Maradta (Insurrectionary Synagogue); from which some of the most prominent teachers of the next generation issued. In Caesarea he originated several ritual rules, one of which (that regulating the sounding of the shofar) has since been universally adopted, and is referred to by rishonim as \"the Enactment of R. Abbahu\".He did not confine his activity to Caesarea, but also visited and taught in many other Jewish towns. On these journeys, Abbahu gathered so many halakhot that scholars turned to him for information on mooted questions. In the course of these travels he made a point of complying with all local enactments, even where such compliance laid him open to the charge of inconsistency. On the other hand, where circumstances required it, he did not spare even the princes of his people. Where, however, the rigorous exposition of laws worked hardship on the masses, he did not scruple to modify the decisions of his colleagues for the benefit of the community. As for himself, he was very strict in the observance of the laws. Once he ordered some Samaritan wine, but subsequently hearing that the Samaritans no longer strict observed the dietary laws, with the assistance of his colleagues (Hiyya bar Abba, Rabbi Ammi, and Rabbi Assi) he investigated the report, and, ascertaining it to be well founded, ruled the Samaritans to be equivalent to Gentiles for all ritual purposes.\n\n\nAbbahu and Hiyya bar Abba\nAbbahu's chief characteristic seems to have been modesty. While lecturing in different towns, he met R. Hiyya bar Abba, who was lecturing on intricate halakhic themes. As Abbahu delivered popular sermons, the masses naturally crowded to hear him, and deserted the halakhist. At this apparent slight, Hiyya manifested chagrin, and Abbahu hastened to comfort him by comparing himself to the peddler of glittering fineries that always attracted the eyes of the masses, while his rival was a trader in precious stones, the virtues and values of which were appreciated only by the connoisseur. This speech not having the desired effect, R. Abbahu showed special respect for his slighted colleague by following him for the remainder of that day. \"What,\" said Abbahu, \"is my modesty as compared with that of Abba of Acre, who does not even remonstrate with his interpreter for interpolating his own comments in the lecturer's expositions.\" When his wife reported to him that his interpreter's wife had boasted of her own husband's greatness, Abbahu simply said, \"What difference does it make which of us is really the greater, so long as through both of us heaven is glorified?\" His principle of life he expressed in the maxim, \"Let man ever be of the persecuted, and not of the persecutors; for there are none among the birds more persecuted than turtle-doves and pigeons, and the Scriptures declare them worthy of the altar.\"\n\n\nLater years\nAbbahu had two sons, Zeira and Hanina. Some writers ascribe to him a third son, Abimi. Abbahu sent Hanina to the academy at Tiberias, where he himself had studied, but the youth occupied himself with the burial of the dead, and on hearing of this, the father sent him a reproachful message in this laconic style: \"Is it because there are no graves in Caesarea that I have sent you off to Tiberias? Study must precede practice\". Abbahu left behind him a number of disciples, the most prominent among whom were the leaders of the 4th amoraic generation, R. Jonah and R. Jose. At Abbahu's death the mourning was so great that it was said, \"Even the statues of Caesarea shed tears\".\n\n\nAgainst the Christians\nR. Abbahu, although eminent as a halakhist, was more distinguished as an aggadist and controversialist. He had many interesting disputes with the Christians of his day. Sometimes these disputes were of a humorous nature. Thus, a heretic bearing the name of Sason (=Joy) once remarked to him, \"In the next world your people will have to draw water for me; for thus it is written in the Bible, 'With joy shall ye draw water.'\" To this R. Abbahu replied, \"Had the Bible said 'for joy' [le-sason], it would mean as you say, but since it says 'with joy' [be-sason], it means that we shall make bottles of your skin and fill them with water\". These controversies, although forced on him, provoked resentment, and it is even related that his physician, Jacob the Schismatic (Minaah), was slowly poisoning him, but Rabbi Ammi and Rabbi Assi discovered the crime in time.A Christian (Minaah) once asked Abbahu \"When does your Messiah come?\" in a tone of mockery. Abbahu replied: \"When you will be wrapped in darkness, for it says, 'Behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the nations; then shall the Lord rise upon you and His glory shall be seen on you'.\" A Christian came to Abbahu with the quibbling question: \"How could your God in His priestly holiness bury Moses without providing for purificatory rites, yet oceans are declared insufficient?\" Abbahu replied: \"Does it not say, 'The Lord comes with fire'? Fire is the true element of purification, according to Numbers 31:23.\" Another question of the same character: \"Why the boastful claim, 'What nation on earth is like Your people Israel', since we read, 'All the nations are as nothing before Him'?\" Abbahu replied: \"Do we not read of Israel, he 'shall not be reckoned among the nations'?\"Abbahu made a notable exception with reference to the Tosefta's statement that the Gilyonim (Gospels) and other books of the heretics (Minnin) are not to be saved from a fire on Shabbat: \"the books of those [written by Minnin for the purpose of debating with Jews] at Abidan may or may not be saved.\" In regard to the line \"Barukh Shem Kevod Malkhuto\" (Blessed be the Name of His glorious Kingdom) recited after the Shema, Abbahu says that in Palestine, where the Christians look for points of controversy, the words should be recited aloud (lest the Jews be accused of silently tampering with the unity of God proclaimed in the Shema), whereas in the Babylonian city of Nehardea, where there are no Christians, the words are recited with a low voice. Preaching directly against the Christian dogma, Abbahu says: \"A king of flesh and blood may have a father, a brother, or a son to share in or dispute his sovereignty, but the Lord says, 'I am the Lord your God! I am the first - that is, I have no father; and I am the last - that is, I have no brother; and besides me there is no God - that is, I have no son'\". His comment on Numbers 23:19 has a still more polemical tone: \"God is not a man that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent; if a man says: 'I am God,' he is a liar; if he says: 'I am a son of man,' he will have cause to regret it; and if he says, 'I will go up to heaven,' he has said [something] but will not keep his word\".Some of his controversies on Christian theological subjects, as on Adam, on Enoch, and on the resurrection, are less clear and direct.\n\n\nOther Abbahus\nThere are several other Abbahus mentioned in the Talmudim and Midrashim, prominent among whom is Abbahu (Abuha, Aibut) b. Ihi (Ittai), a Babylonian halakhist, contemporary of Samuel and Anan, and brother of Minyamin (Benjamin) bar Ihi. While this Abbahu repeatedly applied to Samuel for information, Samuel in return learned many halakhot from him.\n\n\nReferences\n\n One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901\u20131906). \"Abbahu\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved June 18, 2013. It has the following bibliography:\n\nGr\u00e4tz, Gesch. d. Juden, 2d ed., iv. 304, 307\u2013317;\nJost, Gesch. des Judenthums und seiner Sekten, ii.161-164;\nFrankel, Mebo, pp. 58a-60;\nWeiss, Dor, iii. 103\u2013105;\nBacher, Ag. Pal. Amor. ii. 88\u2013142."}}}} |
part_xaa/ad_abi_karam | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ad_Abi_Karam","to":"Ad Abi Karam"}],"pages":{"40901277":{"pageid":40901277,"ns":0,"title":"Ad Abi Karam","extract":"Ad Abi Karam (born 28 March 1937 in Kornet Chehwan, Matn District, Lebanon) is a retired Lebanese Australian Maronite Catholic bishop of the Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney.\n\n\nLife\nOrdained to the priesthood on 25 March 1962, Karam was appointed on 26 October 2001 bishop by Pope John Paul II of the Maronite Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney, Australia. Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, Cardinal Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, on January 12, 2002, ordained him bishop and his co-consecrators were Roland Aboujaoud\u00e9, auxiliary bishop of Antioch, and Samir Mazloum, Curial Bishop of Antioch. He was installed as bishop on February 8, 2002.\nKaram had his age-related renounce of his office on 17 April 2013 accepted by Pope Francis.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nhttp://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zmar1.htm"}}}} |
part_xaa/abbas_kamandi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbas_Kamandi","to":"Abbas Kamandi"}],"pages":{"43335837":{"pageid":43335837,"ns":0,"title":"Abbas Kamandi","extract":"Abbas Kamandi (Kurdish: \u0639\u06d5\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d5\u0645\u06d5\u0646\u062f\u06cc; January 1, 1952 \u2013 May 21, 2014) was a Kurdish singer, songwriter, poet, writer, painter and film director.He was born in Sanandaj and was the son of Ali Kamandi.\n\n\nDiscography/Works\n\n\nAlbums\n\"Glavyzh\"\n\"Pershang / Music Ensemble: The Kamkars\"\n\"Ouraman / Music Ensemble: The Kamkars\"\n\"Kyzhy Kurd\"\n\n\nScreenplays\n1. Asb (Horse)\n2. Yek Sabad Alaf (A grass basket)\n3. Parvaz Dar Ghafas (Flying in the Cage)\n4. Ersie Mame Rehim (Heritage of Mame Rehim)\n5. Ozve Jadide OPEC (New Member of OPEC)\n6. Nabarde Ramadie (Battle of Ramadie )\n7. Koche Sorkh (Red Alley)\n8. Vakil Aval (First Lawyer)\n9. Ghalam o Sheytan (Pen and Satan)\n10. Pahlavan Panbe (Panbe Champion)\n\n\nPrograms produced\n1. manzel nou mobarak\n2. Puppet Show of pahlevan panbe\n3.Documentary kona havaran (Introducing the Kurdistan Fame)\n\n\nBooks\n1. Kurdish and Persian Poetry\n2. Poetry Collection of Mirza Shafi\n3. The Ancient Sport of Kurdish Heroes\n4. Biography of Seyed Ali Asghar Kurdistani\n5. Hawraman\n6. Decoding the Cultural Manifestations\n7. Collection of Hejai Poetry Before Islam\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/adenanthos_argyreus | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adenanthos_argyreus","to":"Adenanthos argyreus"}],"pages":{"29749763":{"pageid":29749763,"ns":0,"title":"Adenanthos argyreus","extract":"Adenanthos argyreus, commonly known as little woollybush, is a species of erect shrub endemic to southwest Western Australia.The shrub has an erect and compact habit and typically grows to a height of 1.2 metres (4 ft). It blooms between May and February producing pink-red flowers.\nIt is found among areas of low scrub in the southern Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-clay soils that can contain gravel.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Adenanthos argyreus Diels\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government."}}}} |
part_xaa/abdeslam_ouaddou | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdeslam_Ouaddou","to":"Abdeslam Ouaddou"}],"pages":{"6243383":{"pageid":6243383,"ns":0,"title":"Abdeslam Ouaddou","extract":"Abdeslam Ouaddou (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648; born 1 November 1978) is a Moroccan former professional footballer who played as a centre-back or defensive midfielder.\n\n\nClub career\nOuaddou was born in Alnif, Morocco. He started his footballing career quite late, at the age of 21. In the summer of 2001, Ouaddou was signed by newly promoted Premier League club Fulham for \u00a32 million, on a four-year contract. However, Ouaddou did not settle in England and spent the last two years of his contract on loan at Rennes, before joining the French club permanently once his contract expired.In summer 2006, Ouaddou signed for Olympiacos. After disappointing appearances with the team, he was relegated to the bench. On 7 December 2006, he asked Olympiacos to release him free because he felt homesick and had some family problems. The club's directors agreed and Ouaddou will return to France.On 1 January 2007, the opening day of the January transfer window, Ouaddou joined Valenciennes FC on a free transfer. After one season with the club however, he transferred to AS Nancy for a fee of \u00a3150,000. He was voted the club's best signing for the 2008\u201309 campaign.\nOn 30 June 2010, Ouaddou left Nancy after a dispute with the Ligue 1 outfit. He had a deal until 2012 but left after the club decided to sack him for gross misconduct, while the player wanted to cancel his contract.\nIn 2010, he played for Al-Duhail SC in the Qatar Stars League, eventually winning the league championship.\nIt was announced on 8 August 2011, that Qatar SC had signed him for a two-year deal. He commented on the move, stating \"I'm more than pleased to have extended my stay in the Qatar Stars League and move to another big club\". In 2013, he criticized employment conditions in Qatar, stating \"When you work in Qatar you belong to someone. You are not free. You are a slave.\" In November 2012, he left Qatar SC.\nOn 1 January 2013, he signed a contract with his first professional club AS Nancy to close his career, but two weeks later he announced that he retired from professional football.\n\n\nInternational career\nBetween 2000 and 2009, Ouaddou made 58 appearances for the Morocco national team scoring three goals.\n\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Morocco's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ouaddou goal.\n\n\nHonours\nFulham\n\nUEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002Morocco\n\nAfrica Cup of Nations runner-up: 2004\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbdeslam Ouaddou's profile, stats & pics\nAbdeslam Ouaddou at L'\u00c9quipe Football (in French)\n\"Player profile - QSL.com.qa\". Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017."}}}} |
part_xaa/abdelkader_el_khiati | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdelkader_El_Khiati","to":"Abdelkader El Khiati"}],"pages":{"33197843":{"pageid":33197843,"ns":0,"title":"Abdelkader El Khiati","extract":"Abdelkader El Khiati (born 1945) is a Moroccan football defender who played for Morocco in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He also played for FAR Rabat.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_bentick | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Bentick","to":"Adam Bentick"}],"pages":{"4350243":{"pageid":4350243,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Bentick","extract":"Adam Bentick (born 13 June 1985) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).\nBentick played for two years in Victoria's top under-18s competition, the TAC Cup for the Calder Cannons. In that time, he established himself as a promising mid-fielder who was particularly good at roving the hit-outs and getting a quick kick out of the packs. Calder dominated the TAC Cup through these years, and under Bentick's captaincy won the 2003 premiership.Despite captaining the premiers and averaging 20 disposals per game in the TAC Cup, Bentick was passed over in the 2003 National Draft. He was eventually picked up as a rookie by Carlton in the rookie draft.Bentick played most of 2004 in Carlton's VFL-affiliate, the Northern Bullants. He made a strong impression in the VFL, and was elevated to the senior list late in the season. He played the final five games for 2004, debuting at Optus Oval against the Fremantle Dockers.\nBentick began 2005 in the Bullants, and was re-elevated to the seniors in Round 8, playing for four weeks, including the Round 9 Optus Oval farewell game against Melbourne. He was dropped after Round 11. His recall to the seniors in Round 18 heralded his permanent position in the team. Given the midfield role he relished, he amassed a high number of possessions, as well as a strong tackling game which could not be ignored. In Round 20 against Collingwood, Bentick's twelfth game, he amassed 34 disposals and 5 tackles. This eye-catching performance earned him an AFL Rising Star award nomination, as well as three Brownlow Medal votes.\nBentick was a regular in the team for the next three years. He played the first twenty games of the 2006 season, before missing the final two with a shoulder injury, and played another twenty games in 2007 and fourteen in 2008. He developed into one of the club's most important inside midfielders, adept at winning the hard ball and tackling, a style reminiscent of Brett Ratten, (who was both an assistant coach, and later the head coach, during Bentick's time at Carlton, and whose #7 guernsey Bentick adopted in 2007). Bentick's career-best disposal haul of 36 came in Round 21, 2007 against the Kangaroos, allowing Bentick to achieve the rare feat of earning a Brownlow Medal vote in an 82-point loss. At the time he was delisted, his career average of 5.0 tackles per game was amongst the highest in VFL/AFL history.Bentick was injured for most of the 2009 season. He played the latter part of the season with the Bullants, including their grand final loss against North Ballarat, but did not play a game for Carlton. Bentick was delisted by Carlton at the end of the 2009 season.After being delisted, Bentick played three seasons (2010 \u2013 2012) with the Port Melbourne Football Club in the VFL, and then shifted to St Bernard's in the Victorian Amateur Football Association in 2013. Bentick captained the VAFA in representative football in 2014, and was joint-winner of the 2015 Woodrow Medal as the VAFA Premier Division Best and Fairest.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAdam Bentick's playing statistics from AFL Tables\nAdam Bentick Profile in Blueseum"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_bigger_bang | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Bigger_Bang","to":"A Bigger Bang"}],"pages":{"2317299":{"pageid":2317299,"ns":0,"title":"A Bigger Bang","extract":"A Bigger Bang is the 22nd British and 24th American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released through Virgin Records on 6 September 2005. It is their most recent studio album of original compositions to date, though a follow-up has been long promised. It is also their last album of original material recorded with Charlie Watts on drums before his death in 2021.Unlike their prior effort eight years before, the sprawling and eclectic Bridges to Babylon, which had a bewildering array of producers, musical styles, and guest musicians, the Stones set out to make a basic, hard rock album that hearkened back to their 1970s heyday. A single producer, Don Was, was brought in to co-produce the album alongside the band's principal songwriting and production team of vocalist Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. Joining the two were band members Ronnie Wood on guitar and Charlie Watts on drums, contract players Darryl Jones on bass and Chuck Leavell on keyboards, and multi-instrumentalist Matt Clifford. Most of the basic tracks were recorded as a simple trio of Jagger, Richards, and Watts, with overdubs added later by other players.\nThe back-to-basics method of recording the album paid off for the Stones, who saw the album reach number three in the US, number two in the UK, and number one in eleven countries around the world. The lead single, \"Streets of Love\", failed to chart in the US, but was otherwise successful around the world, reaching number 15 in the UK and top-40 in over a dozen other countries. Two other singles were released to moderate worldwide sales. Reviews of the album were generally favourable; while critics noted that the album was not up to the standards of the Stones classic period, it nonetheless was among the best reviewed of their later albums. The follow-up tour, which lasted two years, would become the highest-grossing tour of all time by its completion. A Martin Scorsese-directed concert film titled Shine a Light documented the tour.\n\n\nHistory\nThe album used a stripped-down style reminiscent of Some Girls (1978), but with a harder, more contemporary edge. Although initial reports stated that the Stones had \"returned to their roots\" with the record, the minimal instrumentation, rough mix, tough blues and \"garage\" rock hybrid bear certain similarities to the style of contemporary artists like the White Stripes and the Black Keys.\nMany songs were recorded with just the core band of Jagger, Richards and Watts. Ronnie Wood was absent from many sessions, playing on only ten of the sixteen tracks, with only occasional contributions from outside musicians comprising the recording of the album. This is also the first album where Jagger plays bass guitar on some tracks.\nThe Stones said in a statement that the album's title reflects \"their fascination with the scientific theory about the origin of the universe.\"\n\n\nWriting and recording\nA Bigger Bang was written in June 2004 by Jagger and Richards at Jagger's chateau in Poc\u00e9-sur-Cisse, France. At the ch\u00e2teau, they learned of Charlie Watts' throat cancer diagnosis and debated about postponing the writing, but ultimately went ahead after determining that Watts wasn't required to be present until later. As a result of this, Jagger played the drums during early guide track recordings; all but one of these was later rerecorded by Watts, but Jagger's beat remained. Jagger and Richards shared bass and guitar parts between them. The album was produced by Don Was and the sound engineering was done by Krish Sharma. Mixing for the album was performed by Jack Joseph Puig and Dave Sardy.\n\n\nRelease and reception\nThe first single, \"Streets of Love\"/\"Rough Justice\", reached No. 15 in the UK singles chart, while A Bigger Bang peaked at No. 2 on the UK charts. Another song, \"Sweet Neo Con\", was critical of the conservative Christian movement in American politics.In August 2005, the Rolling Stones embarked on the 90-show A Bigger Bang Tour in support of the album. It was met with sold-out tickets at every destination, usually within minutes of going on sale. The tour was extended into 2007 because Richards got hurt falling out of a tree in Fiji and required surgery in New Zealand. The tour concluded in August 2007 at the O2 Arena in London.\nCritical reaction was mostly positive. The aggregate score of the album by Metacritic was rated 73 out of 100, categorizing the reviews as \"generally favourable\". A Bigger Bang was touted as the best Rolling Stones album in years. Nevertheless, all of the Stones albums since 1989's Steel Wheels had been similarly lauded, and many critics and fans felt that the Stones had yet to record a late-period album truly up to their high standards. It was chosen as one of Amazon.com's Top 100 Editor's Picks of 2005, and ranked the second-best album of the year by Rolling Stone magazine, behind rapper Kanye West's Late Registration. A review by the Associated Press referred to the album as \"a winner\" that \"hammers home the fact that The Rolling Stones still have 'it'\".A Bigger Bang went platinum in the US and Germany, and gold in Japan. According to Nielsen SoundScan it sold 546,000 copies in the US, and as of 31 March 2006, 2.4 million copies worldwide according to EMI.In 2009, A Bigger Bang was reissued by Universal Music Group. The US re-release was handled by Interscope Records, while Polydor Records handled all other territories.\n\n\nUsage in other media\nSongs from A Bigger Bang have seen commercial use in television, including multiple appearances in Days of Our Lives.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nPersonnel\nCredits adapted from album liner notes.The Rolling Stones\n\nMick Jagger \u2013 vocals (all tracks), guitars (1\u20135, 8, 10\u201316), keyboard (4, 12, 13, 16), vibraphone (4), bass guitar (6, 7, 11, 13, 14), harmonica (6, 13, 16), percussion (6, 7, 12, 15, 16), slide guitar (6, 9), production (all tracks)\nKeith Richards \u2013 guitars (all tracks), backing vocals (2, 3, 7, 8), lead vocals (9, 16), bass guitar (9, 10, 16), piano (9), keyboard (16), production (all tracks)\nCharlie Watts \u2013 drums (all tracks)\nRonnie Wood \u2013 slide guitar (1, 2), guitars (3\u20135, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15)\n\n\nAdditional musicians\nDarryl Jones \u2013 bass guitar (1\u20135, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15)\nChuck Leavell \u2013 piano (1, 5, 15), organ (3, 5, 8)\nMatt Clifford \u2013 keyboard (4, 5), vibraphone (4, 5), organ (5), piano (5), programming (5), string arrangement (5), production (5)\nBlondie Chaplin \u2013 vocals (7, 16)\nLenny Castro \u2013 percussion (14)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nCharts\n\n\nCertifications\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nA Bigger Bang at Discogs (list of releases)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abacetus_unisetosus | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abacetus_unisetosus","to":"Abacetus unisetosus"}],"pages":{"40180691":{"pageid":40180691,"ns":0,"title":"Abacetus unisetosus","extract":"Abacetus unisetosus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1939.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_zimmer | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Zimmer","to":"Adam Zimmer"}],"pages":{"49007875":{"pageid":49007875,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Zimmer","extract":"Adam Zimmer (January 13, 1984 \u2013 October 31, 2022) was an American professional football coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was an assistant defensive backs coach and offensive analyst for the Cincinnati Bengals, assistant linebackers coach for the Kansas City Chiefs and New Orleans Saints, and linebackers coach and co-defensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings. Zimmer was the son of former Vikings head coach Mike Zimmer.\n\n\nEarly years\nBorn in Ogden, Utah, Zimmer grew up in Colleyville, Texas, and attended Heritage High School while his father Mike Zimmer was a defensive coach for the Dallas Cowboys. His grandfather Bill Zimmer coached football at Lockport Township High School for 35 years. By the age of 10, Zimmer knew that he wanted to follow in his father's and grandfather's footsteps and become a football coach.\n\n\nPlaying career\nZimmer played for the Trinity University Tigers football team as a safety from 2002 to 2005, where he wore #28.\n\n\nCoaching career\n\n\nNew Orleans Saints\nZimmer landed his first coaching job with the New Orleans Saints as an assistant linebackers' coach in 2006. During his first season in the NFL, the Saints won the NFC South Division Title and made it to the NFC Championship game. In the 2009 season, Zimmer's final season in New Orleans, the Saints went on to win Super Bowl XLIV.\n\n\nKansas City Chiefs\nZimmer became the Chiefs' assistant linebackers coach in the 2010 season. In his first season, he helped the Chiefs allow 46.2 fewer rushing yards per game compared to the year before.In the 2011 season, linebackers Tamba Hali and Derrick Johnson were selected to the Pro Bowl.During the 2012 season, linebacker Jovan Belcher fatally shot his girlfriend then drove to the Chiefs' facility where he committed suicide in front of head coach Romeo Crennel. Adam Zimmer was strongly affected by this, especially after he had recently lost his mother of natural causes in 2009. Zimmer was let go when Kansas City fired Crennel after the 2012 season.\n\n\nCincinnati Bengals\nFor the 2013 season, Zimmer joined the Bengals alongside his father Mike Zimmer as an assistant defensive backs coach while his dad was the defensive coordinator.\n\n\nMinnesota Vikings\nWhen Mike Zimmer became the 9th head coach of the Minnesota Vikings for the 2014 season, Adam Zimmer was brought in to be the linebackers' coach. The Vikings won the NFC North Division Title in the 2015 season, allowing 18.9 points per game on defense, ranked 5th-best in the NFL. Linebacker Anthony Barr was selected to the 2016 Pro Bowl as a replacement for Jamie Collins.On January 27, 2020, Zimmer and defensive line coach Andre Patterson were named co-defensive coordinators for the 2020 season. Zimmer was fired following the conclusion of the 2021 season.\n\n\nReturn to Bengals\nFollowing his firing by the Vikings, Zimmer was hired by the Bengals as an offensive analyst.\n\n\nDeath\nZimmer died on October 31, 2022, at the age of 38, in Mendota Heights, Minnesota. Mendota Heights Police responded to a welfare check request at his home at 1:13 pm CDT. He was found dead inside once the police arrived. His death was not believed to be suspicious. His cause of death was not initially known but an autopsy was scheduled.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nMinnesota Vikings bio"}}}} |
part_xaa/aaron_esterson | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Esterson","to":"Aaron Esterson"}],"pages":{"3385260":{"pageid":3385260,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Esterson","extract":"Aaron Esterson (23 September 1923 \u201315 April 1999) was a British psychiatrist, practising in Glasgow.\nHe was one of the founders of the Philadelphia Association along with R. D. Laing. \nBorn in Glasgow in 1923, Esterson served in the Royal Navy as a wireless operator on a minesweeper during World War II. After the war, he earned an M.D. from Glasgow University in 1951. He first was a general practitioner, then became a psychiatrist in 1954, after which he practiced in British mental hospitals and psychiatric units. In 1962, he established a private practice as an existential psychoanalyst and family therapist.\n\n\nBibliography\nLaing, R.D. & Esterson, A. (1958) Collusive Function of Pairing in Analytic Groups, British Journal of Medical Psychology\nLaing, R.D. & Esterson, A. (1964) Sanity, Madness, and the Family: Families of Schizophrenics. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-021157-8\nEsterson, A., Cooper D. and Laing, R.D. (1965) Results of family-oriented therapy with hospitalised schizophrenics, British Medical Journal\nLeaves of Spring: Study in the Dialectics of Madness (Stud. in Existentialism S) (1970) Tavistock Publications ISBN 0-422-73210-9\nThe Leaves of Spring: Study in the Dialectics of Madness (Pelican S.) (1972) Penguin Books Ltd ISBN 0-14-021458-5\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nArticle on Sanity, Madness, and the Family"}}}} |
part_xaa/aaron_pina_mora | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aar\u00f3n_Pi\u00f1a_Mora","to":"Aar\u00f3n Pi\u00f1a Mora"}],"pages":{"16495693":{"pageid":16495693,"ns":0,"title":"Aar\u00f3n Pi\u00f1a Mora","extract":"Aar\u00f3n Pi\u00f1a Mora (1914\u20132009) was a Mexican painter and muralist.\n\n\nLife\nHe was born in Metztitlan in the state of Hidalgo, and moved with his family, at an early age, to Mexico City. From 1930 to 1933 he attended the School of Drawing and Sculpture of the Plastic Arts at the Public Education Secretariat. During the 1940s, he relocated to Chihuahua, where he further developed his skills as a painter. In 1954 he received a scholarship by the Ignacio Usle Fern\u00e1ndez Foundation to study with Don Daniel Vazquez Diaz in Madrid, Spain. During that time he also studied technique in the Museo del Prado and attended classes at the Fine Arts Circle of Madrid.\nIn 1956 he organized the School of Plastic Arts of the University of Chihuahua and in 1958 became the Principal of the Fine Arts Institute of the same university.\nHis best known works are the murals in the Government Palace of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico, which cover the courtyard walls on the first floor and much of the second floor.\nHe received this commission in 1959 from Governor Teofilo Borunda, and when President Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos visited the city in 1962, he inspected the first-floor murals, and urged Pi\u00f1a to continue the work to the second-floor as well. However, it wasn't until the 1990s that he completed the farming and mining panels on the second floor, and in a much changed, more mature style.\nPi\u00f1a Moras murals and paintings may also be found in the United States, Europe and Mexico, two of which are in the Teatro de Del\u00edcias, Delicias, Chihuahua and the Mora Independent School in Mora, New Mexico.\nPi\u00f1a Mora died on April 19, 2009, at his home in Chihuahua.\n\n\nExternal links\nAar\u00f3n Pi\u00f1a Mora, at the University of Chihuahua Website (in Spanish)\nObituary, in El Heraldo de Chihuahua (in Spanish)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdan_raz-e_olya | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdan_Raz-e_Olya","to":"Abdan Raz-e Olya"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Abdan Raz-e Olya","missing":""}}}} |
part_xaa/abdelhamid_sharaf | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdelhamid_Sharaf","to":"Abdelhamid Sharaf"}],"pages":{"1368790":{"pageid":1368790,"ns":0,"title":"Abdelhamid Sharaf","extract":"Abdelhamid Sharaf (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0641;\u200e 8 July 1939 \u2013 3 July 1980), was a Jordanian politician born in Iraq who served as the 24th Prime Minister of Jordan from December 1979 until his death of a heart attack after seven months in office. King Hussein announced the death in a live radio broadcast and said that \"His death could not have come at a worse time.\" Sharaf was ambassador to the United States (1967\u20131972), Canada (1969\u20131972) and the United Nations (1972\u20131976).\n\n\nSee also\nList of prime ministers of Jordan\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nBiographies on Rulers.org\nPrime Ministry of Jordan website"}}}} |
part_xaa/addis_ababa_light_rail | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Addis_Ababa_Light_Rail","to":"Addis Ababa Light Rail"}],"pages":{"40304604":{"pageid":40304604,"ns":0,"title":"Addis Ababa Light Rail","extract":"The Addis Ababa Light Rail (Amharic: \u12e8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u1240\u120b\u120d \u1263\u1261\u122d; Ye\u2019Ad\u012bsi Abeba k\u2019elali Baburi) is a light rail system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is the first light rail and rapid transit in eastern and sub-saharan Africa.A 17-kilometre (11 mi) line running from the city centre to industrial areas in the south of the city was opened on 20 September 2015 and inaugurated by Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn. Service began on 9 November 2015 for the second line (west-east). The total length of both lines is 31.6 kilometres (19.6 mi), with 39 stations. Trains are expected to be able to reach maximum speeds of 70 km/h (43 mph).The railway was contracted by China Railway Group Limited. The Ethiopian Railways Corporation began construction of the double track electrified light rail transit project in December 2011 after securing funds from the Export-Import Bank of China. Trial operations were begun on 1 February 2015, with several months of testing following that. It is operated by the Shenzhen Metro Group.\n\n\nOverview\n\nOf the two line rail lines, the east-west line extends 17.4 kilometres (10.8 mi), stretching from Ayat Village to Torhailoch, and passing through Megenagna, Meskel Square, Legehar and Mexico Square. The north-south line, which is 16.9 kilometres (10.5 mi) in length, passes through Menelik II Square, Merkato, Lideta, Legehar, Meskel Square, Gotera and Kaliti. However, two lines have a common track of about 2.7 km. The common track is the elevated section which runs east to west across the southern edge of the CBD from Meskel Square to Mexico Square, and onwards to Lideta. Trains on the north south line are blue and white, whilst on the east west line they are green and white. The Fares cost 2-6 Ethiopian birr. Tickets are bought at orange coloured kiosks next to each station.\nThe final cost to build the railway was US$475m, with construction taking three years. The Addis Ababa Light Rail was originally to have a total of 41 stations on its two lines, and each train was planned have a capacity to carry 286 passengers. This will enable the light rail transit to provide a transportation service to 15,000 passengers per hour per direction (PPHPD) and 60,000 in all four directions. The railway lines have their own dedicated power grid.According to CREC the system carried on average 113,500 daily passengers in January 2016 with 153,000 passengers as highest passenger load during a single day. Service frequency was 10 minutes during peak hours on both lines and 20 minutes during off-peak hours. On average there were 94 train rotations on the Blue line (3,177.2 vehicle-kilometres) and 93 rotations on the Green line (3,236.4 vehicle-kilometres).\n\n\nFuture expansion\nThere are future plans for extensions in all four directions. According to Getachew Betru, CEO of Ethiopian Railway Corporation, the Ethiopian government indicated that any new line built should be completely grade-separated. Apart from extending the existing lines, two new lines are under consideration by the Ethiopian government. The first one will start at St. George's Cathedral, pass along Mexico Square to the African Union Headquarters and will terminate at Lebu, connecting to the new national rail network. The second line will start at Megenagna Roundabout and passes via Bole Airport, Wello Sefer area, Saris market area and Jommo area and terminates at Lebu.\n\n\nRolling stock\nAddis Ababa Light Rail operates currently a fleet of 41 three-section 70% low-floor trams manufactured by CNR Changchun (and based on the design for Shenyang Modern Tram).\n\n\nLines\n\n\nBlue Line\nOpen 20 September 2015.\nThe 16.9-kilometre (10.5 mi) Blue Line runs south from Menelik Square to Kaliti with 22 stops (including the common section). There are three planned stops.\n\n\nCommon section\nOpen 20 September 2015.\nThe 2.7-kilometre (1.7 mi) common section runs from St. Lideta to Meskel Square, with 5 stops.\n\n\nGreen Line\nOpen 9 November 2015.\nThe 17.4-kilometre (10.8 mi) Green Line runs east from Ayat to Tor Hailoch, with 23 stops (including the common section). There are five planned stops.\n\n\nSee also\nList of tram and light rail transit systems\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nProject presentation\nAddis Ababa at UrbanRail.Net\nAddis Train (Android App)\nAddis Ababa Light Rail Transit Map"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdullah_sungkar | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdullah_Sungkar","to":"Abdullah Sungkar"}],"pages":{"1471489":{"pageid":1471489,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah Sungkar","extract":"Abdullah Sungkar (1937 \u2013 20 October 1999) founded and led Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist terrorist and separatist organization. He was of Hadhrami Arab descent.\n\n\nSee also\nAbu Bakar Ba'asyir\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abantis_eltringhami | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abantis_eltringhami","to":"Abantis eltringhami"}],"pages":{"38297837":{"pageid":38297837,"ns":0,"title":"Abantis eltringhami","extract":"Abantis eltringhami is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Cameroon.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/aaron_bastani | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Bastani","to":"Aaron Bastani"}],"pages":{"68597256":{"pageid":68597256,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Bastani","extract":"Aaron Bastani (born 1983/1984) is a British journalist and writer. He co-founded the left-wing media organisation Novara Media in 2011, and has hosted and co-hosted many of its podcasts and videos. After a 2014 video for the publication, he popularised the term \"fully automated luxury communism\", which describes a post-capitalist society in which automation greatly reduces the amount of labour humans need to do. He wrote a book in 2019, Fully Automated Luxury Communism, about the subject. Bastani has also written for The Guardian, London Review of Books, openDemocracy and Vice, and is known for his Twitter activity.\n\n\nEarly life and education\n\nAaron Bastani was born as Aaron Peters in Bournemouth to a single mother, who died in 2015. She was employed in cleaning, the service industry and social care, and voted for the Conservative Party. His Iranian father Mammad Bastani was made a British refugee during the Iranian Revolution. He took his father's name Bastani in 2014.Bastani completed an undergraduate and Master's degree at the University College London. At the Royal Holloway, University of London, Bastani completed a PhD titled Strike! Occupy! Retweet!: The Relationship Between Collective and Connective Action in Austerity Britain under the supervision of Andrew Chadwick. At weekends, he sold tomatoes while working on Novara Media projects. He held a significant role in the 2010 United Kingdom student protests against increased tuition fees as an activist and organiser. During protest attendances as research for his PhD, Bastani was arrested twice, leading to a six-month extension. After he used a bin to jam open an HSBC bank door at a 2011 protest, he was convicted of a public order offence and served a year's community service at Mind and as a leaf sweeper. He completed the PhD in 2015.\n\n\nCareer\nBastani has written for publications including The Guardian, London Review of Books, openDemocracy and Vice. Jane Merrick called Bastani a \"non-journalist\", but Bastani argued in 2015 that he is a journalist. The Quietus commented that he is known for \"regularly engaging in Twitter jousts\", and is regularly engaged in controversy over his views. In 2017, he tweeted a false claim about Labour's membership figures increasing by 150,000 that was widely repeated; Sam Burgon of the BBC suggested that the information could have originated from a typo by Richard Burgon, who tweeted the same claim shortly after Bastani. After speaking critically about the Remembrance poppy and Royal British Legion during 2018, Bastani was criticised in The Sun and by Labour MPs including Tom Watson, Nia Griffith and Kevan Jones.Andy Beckett of The Guardian described Bastani in 2019 as \"an effective but slippery broadcaster and online presence: always fluent and flexible, able to switch from fierce defence of Corbynism to cheekier updates on the busy British left's latest preoccupations\". The Labour MP Jon Cruddas criticised Bastani, among other left-wing figures, in his 2021 book The Dignity of Labour, for prioritising an educated cosmopolitan youth over \"workers\". Prospect's Andrew Fisher found Cruddas's account of Bastani's \"technological determinism\" to be mistaken. Bastani was criticised for sexism by Lucy Hall of HuffPost in 2019.\n\n\nNovara Media\n\nIn 2011, Bastani co-founded Novara Media, a left-wing news outlet, with James Butler. They were introduced to each other by Laurie Penny in the tuition fee protests. Named after the Italian city central to The Working Class Goes to Heaven, Novara Media was initially an hour-long radio programme on Resonance FM. In its early years, the organisation produced short-form media that Bastani compared to BuzzFeed, but it branched out into long-form content. It experienced an increase in popularity under the Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn, whom it was positive towards. Novara Media interviewed Corbyn and other major Corbynist figures. However, it was critical of the party under its following leader, Keir Starmer. Bastani has run video and podcast series for Novara Media including IMO Bastani and The Bastani Factor. Along with Michael Walker, Bastani has co-hosted The Fix and TyskySour.\n\n\nFully automated luxury communism\nBastani has been credited with popularising the term \"fully automated luxury communism\" (FALC), also called Fully Automated Luxury Gay Space Communism (FALGSC). In the essay Socialist Imaginaries and Queer Futures, Thomas Hobson and Kaajal Modi said that it originated as a \"tongue-in-cheek\" phrase used by \"London-based lefties\". Bastani first used it in a 2014 IMO Bastani video for Novara Media. He argued for public ownership of automation as a way to improve falling living conditions and wages. He later said that the concept is based on Karl Marx's Das Kapital and Grundrisse, and imagines a society with decentralised control over technologies that reduce the amount of human labour required. Universal basic income (UBI) can be a short-term step towards this goal. The phrase, and variant \"fully automated luxury gay space communism\", circulated online as a meme after Bastani's usage. Beckett said that the phrase was characteristic of Bastani, as it is \"attention-grabbing\" and \"armoured against attack with a sparkly coating of irony\". Other leftist people and groups use similar phrases, such as the communist group Plan C's phrase \"luxury for all\".The concept has been compared to a 1930 essay by John Maynard Keynes, Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, that predicted improving technology would lead to a 15-hour working week within a century. Hobson and Modi criticised FALC as a misunderstanding of economics and how technology relates to social orders, saying that it assumes a gendered notion of labour and ignores ecological factors. In The Wall Street Journal, Andy Kessler argued that the idea is \"complete baloney\" because it would \"fail in real life\" due to \"productivity\". Kessler saw government actions in the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States as \"a version of partly automated luxury communism\".\n\n\nFully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto\n\nBastani wrote a book named after the term, Fully Automated Luxury Communism: A Manifesto, published in 2019 by Verso Books. In it, he conceives of a Third Disruption that would see the overthrow of capitalism and effective use of solar power for energy and mineral-rich asteroids for resources. Bastani opposes capitalism for creating short-term incentives that lead to artificial shortages. With technological advancement, UBI and free public services could be achieved in an environmentally sustainable manner.\n\n\nPersonal life\nBastani left the Labour Party in February 2021.In August 2021, Bastani married Charlotte Gerada in Malta. Gerada is a Labour councillor on Portsmouth City Council who was first elected in May 2021.Whilst interviewing Jeremy Corbyn in September 2022, Bastani briefly stated that he was a Catholic.\n\n\nSelected publications\n\n\nBooks\nBastani, Aaron (2019). Fully Automated Luxury Communism. London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781786632654.\n\n\nNews\nBastani, Aaron (8 September 2020). \"Centrists Are Pining for a Golden Age that Never Was\". Jacobin.\nBastani, Aaron (11 June 2019). \"The World Is a Mess. We Need Fully Automated Luxury Communism\". The New York Times.\nBastani, Aaron (12 June 2015). \"Britain Doesn't Need More Austerity, It Needs Luxury Communism\". Vice UK.\nBastani, Aaron (5 December 2013). \"Student protests are changing tack \u2013 and facing heavy police repression\". The Guardian.\n\n\nVideos\nBastani, Aaron (10 November 2014). \"Fully Automated Luxury Communism\". Novara Media.\nBastani, Aaron (19 September 2019). \"The Uninhabitable Earth: Aaron Bastani Meets David Wallace-Wells\". Novara Media.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/aarti_industries | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aarti_Industries","to":"Aarti Industries"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Aarti Industries","missing":""}}}} |
part_xaa/abby_rakic-platt | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abby_Rakic-Platt","to":"Abby Rakic-Platt"}],"pages":{"19146466":{"pageid":19146466,"ns":0,"title":"Abby Rakic-Platt","extract":"Abby Rakic-Platt (born 3 May 1993) is a British actress best known for her performances in the television series The Story of Tracy Beaker on the children's channel CBBC as Jackie Hopper. She appeared in a 2010 Sainsbury's Christmas advert.\n\n\nEarly and personal life\nShe attended Highams Park School and Grey Coat Hospital secondary school, both in London, England, and has four younger siblings, Maddie, Jaime and Eloise Rakic-Platt who are also actresses. Rakic-Platt's maternal grandfather is from Yugoslavia. Rakic-Platt was trained at the Anna Scher Theatre School, attending from the age of 7 or 8 to 18. Rakic-Platt lives in Walthamstow with her father, a taxi driver, and her mother, a school secretary.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nTheatre\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAbby Rakic-Platt at IMDb\nAbby Rakic-Platt on Twitter"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_bouchard | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Bouchard","to":"Adam Bouchard"}],"pages":{"46223448":{"pageid":46223448,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Bouchard","extract":"Adam Samuel Bouchard (born March 12, 1996) is a Canadian soccer player who last played for Toronto FC II in the USL.\n\n\nClub career\n\n\nEarly career\nIn April 2013 he and two teammates (including Nicol\u00e1s Galvis) left Oakville SC to sign for Uruguayan club Defensor Sporting. After a year in Uruguay, he returned to Canada and joined TFC Academy in October 2014.\n\n\nToronto FC II\nBouchard signed his first professional contract with Toronto FC II, Toronto FC's reserve team, on March 20, 2015. He made his debut on March 21 against the Charleston Battery.\n\n\nInternational career\nBouchard was named to the Canadian roster for the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup. He also participated in a U-20 camp in May 2014.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nCanada Soccer bio\nOlympic.ca bio\nAdam Bouchard at Soccerway"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdala_bucaram | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdal\u00e1_Bucaram","to":"Abdal\u00e1 Bucaram"}],"pages":{"1750198":{"pageid":1750198,"ns":0,"title":"Abdal\u00e1 Bucaram","extract":"Abdal\u00e1 Jaime Bucaram Ortiz ( (listen) ahb-d\u0259-LAH buu-k\u0259-RAHM; Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0645; born 20 February 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996, to 6 February 1997. As President, Abdal\u00e1 Bucaram was nicknamed \"El Loco Que Ama\" (\"The Madman Who Loves\", a nickname he himself championed) and was removed from office after being declared mentally unfit to rule by the National Congress of Ecuador on 12 February 1997. Bucaram claims innocence now that all cases against him have been dismissed. He lived in exile in Panama under Political Asylum laws, then returned to Ecuador in 2017 when the charges against him expired.\n\n\nFamily political background\nBorn in Guayaquil, Bucaram is the son of Jacobo Bucaram Elmhalin (1920-1967), the son of Lebanese immigrants, and Rina Ortiz Caicedo (1926-1982). He grew up playing football in the streets of Guayaquil and later went on to become a successful athlete and earn a degree in physical education. He was also a hurdler. He was the flag bearer for Ecuador at the 1972 Summer Olympics but did not compete in the Games due to injury. He was the police chief of Guayas and the president of Barcelona Sporting Club, a football team from his hometown. While being a gym teacher, he earned a degree in law and soon began his political career. He used to live in Kennedy Norte, a neighborhood next to the Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Olmedo International Airport, before he left to Panama after the deposition of his government.Bucaram was the nephew of the politician Assad Bucaram, who was mayor of Guayaquil. His sister, Martha Bucaram, was married to former President Jaime Rold\u00f3s Aguilera, both of whom were killed in a mysterious air crash.\n\n\nEarly political years\nHe was the Mayor of Guayaquil, and the founder and member of the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party (PRE). He then competed for the presidency of the Republic in 1988 and 1992 before succeeding in the 1996 run.\n\n\n1996 presidential campaign\n\nBucaram defeated Social Christian Party (PSC) candidate Jaime Nebot by winning in all but one of the 21 provinces. He was the first elected president to do so.\n\n\nTime as president\nBucaram was president from 10 August 1996, to 6 February 1997. His cabinet was put together by Vice President Rosalia Arteaga. Within months, Bucaram was accused of embezzling millions of dollars of public funds.\nAfter he took office, Bucaram tried to reorganize the state, which included trying to regularize the privatization process initiated by Osvaldo Hurtado (1980, Popular Democracy Party), and supported by the next three presidents: Le\u00f3n Febres Cordero (1984, PSC), Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1988, Democratic Left) and Sixto Dur\u00e1n Ball\u00e9n (1992, ex-PSC). Political opponents took advantage of Bucaram's perceived trust and loyalty in the selection of his cabinet. Many of Bucaram's ministers and senior officials were influenced by the people who were in control of the state since 1980, and made terrible mistakes.\n\n\nImpeachment\nBy 1996 the state had already been dismantled by several years of privatizations; there was no way to control corruption, also, there was no desire of Bucaram's officers to help in this matter. \"The Tequila effect\" severely affected the Ecuadorean economy; however, no economic measures were taken due to the scandals in which the former President Duran-Ballen's family (Flores y Miel) and his Vice-president Dahik (embezzlement of public funds) were involved. In addition, Duran-Ball\u00e9n's Cenepa War against Peru exhausted the already disassembled state.\nDuring the Latin American economic crisis, Ecuador was not the exception; the private banks and financial institutions took advantage of the false \"bonanza,\" and the bankers ended up acquiring much state property. Bankers felt the shortage and started to loan money to themselves to maintain their recently acquired properties. The cash flow started to decrease abruptly. The superintendency of banking, controlled by bankers, authorized the issuance of currency without support; this fired up a rapid currency devaluation.\nBucaram had no alternative but to take economic measures which affected people on lower incomes. Bucaram was a populist, so he had no defined political tendency. He decided his economic plan to be very neo-liberal; it was designed by Argentinian economist Domingo Cavallo, and included ending subsidies, regulation of banks and financial institutions, and a strong currency devaluation (\"Un s\u00f3lo toque\" would replace the sucre).\nMassive protests against the proposed economic plan left Bucaram isolated. The indigenous and social movements who helped raise him to power now were against him. The indigenous Pachakutik Movement, left-wing Democratic People's Movement (MPD), PSC and Popular Democracy were the main parties organizing the protests.\nThis protest led to his dismissal from the Ecuadorian presidency. He was dismissed by the congress on grounds of alleged mental incapacity. Bucaram's assumed insanity was never officially diagnosed; it was more a political maneuver of the PSC and Popular Democracy who were in control of the legislative and judicial power, also, Pachakutik and MPD supported the decision in exchange for political representation. Congress passed the measure (44 votes in favor and 34 against) with a simple majority instead of the two thirds required by the Constitution, and appointed congressional leader Fabi\u00e1n Alarc\u00f3n in his place, bypassing the sitting Vice President Rosal\u00eda Arteaga.\nThe constitutional court determined the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court resolution and proceeded to confirm Fabian Alarcon as interim president. Finally, Congress, illegally, requested that the army assert Alarc\u00f3n's power.\n\n\nLife after impeachment\nBucaram received political asylum in Panama after several corruption charges were laid against him. He returned on Saturday, 2 April 2005, after the corruption charges were lifted the previous day. He stayed in Guayaquil for about two and a half weeks. The corruption charges against him were reinstated after Lucio Guti\u00e9rrez was forced to leave to avoid the charges.\nOn 1 December 2014, his son Abdal\u00e1 \"Dalo\" Bucar\u00e1m Jr. renounced his seat in the Ecuadorian National Assembly.On 4 June 2020, Attorney General Diana Salazar M\u00e9ndez announced that a hoard of 5,000 masks and 2,000 COVID-19 tests had been found at Bucaram's residence.On 12 August 2020, Bucaram was arrested at his home in Guayaquil, in relation to the murder of an Israeli citizen, Tomer Sheinman (also known as Shy Dahan), a few days earlier in the Guayaquil jail, as there was an audio of a conversation between Bucaram and the murdered Sheinman (Dahan), who was involved in trading medical supplies with Bucaram's son, Jacobo.On 9 March 2022, the United States announced that it was designating Bucaram \"due to his involvement in significant corruption, including misappropriation of public funds, accepting bribes, and interfering with public processes.\"\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nAbdal\u00e1 Bucaram - YouTube\nCaida de Abdala Bucaram 5 de Febrero de 1997\nAUGE Y CA\u00cdDA DE BUCARAM, EN RESUMEN\nCORRUPCI\u00d3N EN ECUADOR: \u00a1PROHIBIDO OLVIDAR!\nExtended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation\nOfficial Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History\nDalo y Gaby Asambleistas, PRE la nueva Era\nBiography by CIDOB (in Spanish)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abraham_howell | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Howell","to":"Abraham Howell"}],"pages":{"33831482":{"pageid":33831482,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Howell","extract":"Abraham Howell (died 1727) was a British colonial governor. He was Deputy Governor of Anguilla from 1666 to 1689.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdullah_noor_wasughe | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdullah_Noor_Wasughe","to":"Abdullah Noor Wasughe"}],"pages":{"35801759":{"pageid":35801759,"ns":0,"title":"Abdullah Noor Wasughe","extract":"Abdullah Noor Wasughe (born 13 December 1947) is a Somali former high jumper who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics. He also won the 1970, 1971 and 1972 East and Central African Championships and the 1973 All-Africa Games.His personal best jump was 2.05 metres, achieved in 1972.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/ada_madssen | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ada_Madssen","to":"Ada Madssen"}],"pages":{"25277465":{"pageid":25277465,"ns":0,"title":"Ada Madssen","extract":"Ada Madssen (9 February 1917 \u2013 22 September 2009) was a Norwegian sculptor.\nShe was born in Kristiania. She studied under Wilhelm Rasmussen and Axel Revold at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1938 to 1940. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design owns three of her works, and she is also known for statues of Queen Maud near the Royal Palace, Oslo (erected 1959) and Camilla Collett at Eidsvoll (erected 1977). In 2007 she was decorated as a Knight First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acalolepta_flavomarmorata | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acalolepta_flavomarmorata","to":"Acalolepta flavomarmorata"}],"pages":{"51571638":{"pageid":51571638,"ns":0,"title":"Acalolepta flavomarmorata","extract":"Acalolepta flavomarmorata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1936. It is known from Papua New Guinea.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acanthemblemaria_johnsoni | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthemblemaria_johnsoni","to":"Acanthemblemaria johnsoni"}],"pages":{"29072004":{"pageid":29072004,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthemblemaria johnsoni","extract":"The white-cheeked blenny (Acanthemblemaria johnsoni) is a species of chaenopsid blenny found in coral reefs around Tobago, in the western central Atlantic ocean. The specific name honours the ichthyologist G. David Johnson Curator of the Division of Fishes at the Smithsonian Institution.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abraliopsis_affinis | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraliopsis_affinis","to":"Abraliopsis affinis"}],"pages":{"43085533":{"pageid":43085533,"ns":0,"title":"Abraliopsis affinis","extract":"Abraliopsis affinis is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod in the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, and is known from Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru. It was described by Pfeffer in 1912 and is rated as a least-concern species by the IUCN.\n\n\nDescription\nFemale specimens spawn eggs in gelatinous strings with diameters of 0.9 to 1.5 millimetres (0.035 to 0.059 in). Three of its arms have been observed on a specimen as having distal suckers and between fifteen and thirty hooks, and some arms have been observed with protective membranes. Each hectocotylus has two flaps of similar sizes. Ventral hooks are roughly two-and-a-half the length of dorsal hooks, and it has a large aboral keel and carpal flap. It has five ocular photophores and nine integumental photophores (six on the mantle and three on the ventral head).\n\n\nDistribution\nA. affinis is found over a large oceanic area which means that it is less affected by the actions of humans. Figures of its population are unknown, as is its ecology, specific distribution, and threats. It is found in Costa Rica, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Nicaragua; it occurs in the eastern central and southeastern Pacific Ocean. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has rated its conservation status as a least-concern species due to its large range. There are no actions of conservation regarding the species. It is found at mid-depths below the surface and at night, it travels upwards for feeding.\n\n\nTaxonomy\nPfeffer described the species as Abraliopsis affinis in 1912.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_of_fulda | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_of_Fulda","to":"Adam of Fulda"}],"pages":{"1001524":{"pageid":1001524,"ns":0,"title":"Adam of Fulda","extract":"Adam of Fulda (c. 1445 \u2013 1505) was a German composer and music theorist of the second half of the 15th century. He was born in Fulda and died in Wittenberg.\nIn Heinrich Glarean's Dodecachordon he is described as Francum Germanum, i.e., of German origin. Adam of Fulda calls himself at times musicus ducalis (musician of the Court). He also mentions Guillaume Dufay (1400\u20131474) as his contemporary.\n\n\nBiography\nAdam of Fulda was born approximately 1445. He was educated at the Benedictine Monastery at Vornbach Abbey, where he wrote his De musica. After leaving the monastery, he was a lecturer at the Wittenberg University in Torgau, where he was one of the scholars involved with Renaissance humanism. From 1490 he was choir director.\n\n\nWritings\nThree writings of his are known. De musica is a four-part manuscript written in Strasbourg, dated 4 November 1490. It deals in 7 chapters with an explication, invention and praise of music; in 21 chapters with the human hand, the chant, the voice, the clefs, the mutation and the keys; in 13 chapters with \nmensural music and in 8 chapters with proportions and consonances.\nHe wrote \"Ein ser andechtig Cristenlich Buchle\u012b aus hailig\u0113 schrifften vnd Lerern von Adam von Fulda in teutsch reymenn gesetzt\" (A very pious and Christian booklet from the Holy writings and studies), published in Wittenberg in 1512 (reprinted, Berlin, 1914).\nFulda began another work which was to be a history of Saxony. It was completed by Johannes Trithemius after Adam's death in 1514 as Annales Hirsaugiensis.\n\n\nMusical works\nMost of Adam's musical works are liturgical settings or secular songs. He wrote one mass, and several liturgical works. Niem\u00f6ller lists 3 secular songs.\n\n\nRecordings of works by Adam of Fulda\nAch h\u00fclf mich leid and other works by Adam of Fulda have been recorded by the German Renaissance-music vocal group \"Stimmwerck\".\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences\nAllgemeine Deutsche Biographie \u2013 online version\n\n\nExternal links\nFree scores by Adam of Fulda in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)"}}}} |
part_xaa/absolute_geometry | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Absolute_geometry","to":"Absolute geometry"}],"pages":{"699294":{"pageid":699294,"ns":0,"title":"Absolute geometry","extract":"Absolute geometry is a geometry based on an axiom system for Euclidean geometry without the parallel postulate or any of its alternatives. Traditionally, this has meant using only the first four of Euclid's postulates, but since these are not sufficient as a basis of Euclidean geometry, other systems, such as Hilbert's axioms without the parallel axiom, are used. The term was introduced by J\u00e1nos Bolyai in 1832. It is sometimes referred to as neutral geometry, as it is neutral with respect to the parallel postulate.\n\n\nProperties\nIt might be imagined that absolute geometry is a rather weak system, but that is not the case. Indeed, in Euclid's Elements, the first 28 Propositions and Proposition 31 avoid using the parallel postulate, and therefore are valid in absolute geometry. One can also prove in absolute geometry the exterior angle theorem (an exterior angle of a triangle is larger than either of the remote angles), as well as the Saccheri\u2013Legendre theorem, which states that the sum of the measures of the angles in a triangle has at most 180\u00b0.Proposition 31 is the construction of a parallel line to a given line through a point not on the given line. As the proof only requires the use of Proposition 27 (the Alternate Interior Angle Theorem), it is a valid construction in absolute geometry. More precisely, given any line l and any point P not on l, there is at least one line through P which is parallel to l. This can be proved using a familiar construction: given a line l and a point P not on l, drop the perpendicular m from P to l, then erect a perpendicular n to m through P. By the alternate interior angle theorem, l is parallel to n. (The alternate interior angle theorem states that if lines a and b are cut by a transversal t such that there is a pair of congruent alternate interior angles, then a and b are parallel.) The foregoing construction, and the alternate interior angle theorem, do not depend on the parallel postulate and are therefore valid in absolute geometry.In absolute geometry it is also provable that two lines perpendicular to the same line cannot intersect (which makes the two lines parallel by definition of parallel lines), proving that the summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral cannot be obtuse, and that spherical geometry is not an absolute geometry.\n\n\nRelation to other geometries\nThe theorems of absolute geometry hold in hyperbolic geometry, which is a non-Euclidean geometry, as well as in Euclidean geometry.Absolute geometry is inconsistent with elliptic geometry: in that theory, there are no parallel lines at all, but it is a theorem of absolute geometry that parallel lines do exist. However, it is possible to modify the axiom system so that absolute geometry, as defined by the modified system, will include spherical and elliptic geometries, that have no parallel lines.Absolute geometry is an extension of ordered geometry, and thus, all theorems in ordered geometry hold in absolute geometry. The converse is not true. Absolute geometry assumes the first four of Euclid's Axioms (or their equivalents), to be contrasted with affine geometry, which does not assume Euclid's third and fourth axioms.\n(3: \"To describe a circle with any centre and distance radius.\",\n4: \"That all right angles are equal to one another.\" ) \nOrdered geometry is a common foundation of both absolute and affine geometry.The geometry of special relativity has been developed starting with nine axioms and eleven propositions of absolute geometry. The authors Edwin B. Wilson and Gilbert N. Lewis then proceed beyond absolute geometry when they introduce hyperbolic rotation as the transformation relating two frames of reference.\n\n\nHilbert planes\nA plane that satisfies Hilbert's Incidence, Betweenness and Congruence axioms is called a Hilbert plane. Hilbert planes are models of absolute geometry.\n\n\nIncompleteness\nAbsolute geometry is an incomplete axiomatic system, in the sense that one can add extra independent axioms without making the axiom system inconsistent. One can extend absolute geometry by adding different axioms about parallel lines and get incompatible but consistent axiom systems, giving rise to Euclidean or hyperbolic geometry. Thus every theorem of absolute geometry is a theorem of hyperbolic geometry and Euclidean geometry. However the converse is not true.\n\n\nSee also\nAffine geometry\nErlangen program\nFoundations of geometry\nIncidence geometry\nNon-Euclidean geometry\n\n\nNotes\n\n\nReferences\nCoxeter, H. S. M. (1969), Introduction to Geometry (2nd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons\nFaber, Richard L. (1983), Foundations of Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry, New York: Marcel Dekker, ISBN 0-8247-1748-1\nGreenberg, Marvin Jay (2007), Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History (4th ed.), New York: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-9948-0\nGreenberg, Marvin Jay (2010), \"Old and New Results in the Foundations of Elementary Plane Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries\" (PDF), Mathematical Association of America Monthly, 117: 198\u2013219\nHartshorne, Robin (2005), Geometry: Euclid and Beyond, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98650-2\nPambuccain, Victor Axiomatizations of hyperbolic and absolute geometries, in: Non-Euclidean geometries (A. Pr\u00e9kopa and E. Moln\u00e1r, eds.). J\u00e1nos Bolyai memorial volume. Papers from the international conference on hyperbolic geometry, Budapest, Hungary, July 6\u201312, 2002. New York, NY: Springer, 119\u2013153, 2006.\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Absolute geometry at Wikimedia Commons\nWeisstein, Eric W. \"Absolute Geometry\". MathWorld."}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_ferrara | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Ferrara","to":"Adam Ferrara"}],"pages":{"2143542":{"pageid":2143542,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Ferrara","extract":"Adam Ferrara is an American actor and comedian known for playing the role of Chief \"Needles\" Nelson on the FX series Rescue Me. He was a co-host on the U.S. version of Top Gear and played NYPD Sgt. Frank Verelli opposite Edie Falco on Showtime series Nurse Jackie. He also played Detective Tommy Manetti on the television series The Job.\n\n\nBiography\nFerrara grew up in Huntington Station, New York in an Italian-American family.\nHe is married to indie actress Alex Tyler, who is on the cover of his comedy DVD Funny as Hell. She also plays the \"Beautiful She Devil\" in the special's introductory sketch.\n\n\nCareer\nFerrara has performed on Comedy Central Presents and has twice been nominated for the American Comedy Award for Best Male Stand-Up. Ferrara frequently performs stand-up at Caroline's and the Comedy Cellar. Ferrara also tours often, performing stand-up at the top clubs around the country.\nHe has performed stand-up several times on The Tonight Show, the Late Show with David Letterman, and Comedy Central. His stand-up was featured in Comedy Central's animated series Shorties Watchin' Shorties in 2004.\nIn 2009, Ferrara performed in an hour stand-up special which aired on Comedy Central entitled Funny As Hell, and was released on DVD the same day. Ferrara appeared on The Tony Kornheiser Show on January 24, 2013, and has made numerous in-person and telephone appearances since that time.\nFerrara co-hosted the American version of Top Gear.He recently came up with his new podcast '30 Minutes You\u2019ll Never Get Back', which was listed as a 'must listen' by Hidden Remote.\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nReferences\nNotes\nGeneral citations\"Adam Ferrara's Engagement to Allie Tyler\". Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2010.\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nAdam Ferrara at IMDb"}}}} |
part_xaa/accomac_historic_district | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Accomac_Historic_District","to":"Accomac Historic District"}],"pages":{"39380195":{"pageid":39380195,"ns":0,"title":"Accomac Historic District","extract":"Accomac Historic District is a national historic district located at Accomac, Accomack County, Virginia. The district encompasses 158 contributing buildings in the town of Accomac, mainly grouped into two periods of construction. From its founding in 1786 through the second quarter of the nineteenth century, several residential, commercial, governmental, and religious structures were built in the core of Accomac, representing both high-style and vernacular examples of late Georgian, Federal, and Greek Revival styles. Notable structures surviving from this period include the rectory of St. George's Episcopal Parish (1798, 1811); the Seymour House (1791-1815); Roseland (1750-1850); Seven Gables (1786-1905); Rural Hill (1816, 1835), and the Francis Makemie Presbyterian Church (1840). The second period of construction reflected in the town dates to the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when the arrival of the New York, Philadelphia, and Norfolk Railroad spawned renewed growth and economic prosperity in Accomack County following the Civil War. These buildings also display both high-style and vernacular expressions of Victorian Era styles, including Second Empire, Italianate, Gothic Revival, and Romanesque. Notable structures from this time period include Bayly Memorial Hall (a former Baptist Church built in 1870 and later moved), the County Clerk's Office (1887), the Accomack County Courthouse (1899), and houses found in the Lilliston Avenue extension of the town built in the 1880s-1890s. There are also contributing structures dating from the first quarter of the twentieth century, including the Drummondtown Baptist Church (1914), Drummondtown United Methodist Church (1920), and the former hotel at the town square (1925).There are three structures within the Accomac Historic District which are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places. They are the Debtors' Prison, the Bank Building, and St. James Episcopal Church.\nThe Accomac Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.\n\n\nHistory\nThe Virginia General Assembly in its October 1786 session enacted \"that ten acres of land, the property of Richard Drummond, adjoining to Accomack courthouse...are hereby established a town, by the name of Drummond.\" The act establishing Drummondtown came over a century after the court of Accomack County has begun meeting at the site, first in the home or tavern of John Cole and then in a brick courthouse completed in 1756.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_case_of_exploding_mangoes | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes","to":"A Case of Exploding Mangoes"}],"pages":{"20067619":{"pageid":20067619,"ns":0,"title":"A Case of Exploding Mangoes","extract":"A Case of Exploding Mangoes (2008) is a comic novel by the Pakistani writer Mohammed Hanif based on the 1988 plane crash that killed General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, former president of Pakistan. The book received generally positive reviews from critics. It won the Commonwealth Foundation's Best First Book prize in 2009, and was shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award.\n\n\nPlot summary\nThe central theme of the book is a fictitious story behind the real-life plane crash which killed General Zia, president of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988, about which there are many conspiracy theories. After witnessing a tank parade in Bahawalpur, Pakistan on August 17, 1988, Zia leaves the small Punjabi town in the C-130 Hercules aircraft designated \"Pak One,\" along with several of his senior army officials, the US Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel, and some crates of mangoes. Shortly after a smooth takeoff, the control tower loses contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air later claim it was flying erratically, before nosediving and exploding on impact, killing all 31 on board. Zia had ruled Pakistan for 11 years prior to his death.\nLazy, irreverent Ali Shigri narrates the story. Ali's father, Col. Quli Shigri, has recently died in what was called a suicide, but Ali discovers that his father was killed by a rogue ISI officer, Major Kiyani, under Zia's orders. The story takes place in the months before the plane crash, jumping back and forth between Ali's revenge plans and his third-person observations of Zia's life. Ali attends the Pakistani Air Force Academy with his fellow cadets and their instructors. His best friend is Cadet \"Baby O\" Obaid, his roommate and lover.\nInterspersed between pieces of Ali's narrative are glimpses into the lives of other key Pakistani and American political players: Chief of Pakistani Intelligence General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, American ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel, and President Zia ul-Haq himself. The book also touches on the perspectives of some of Zia's closest confidants.\nOver the course of the book, Zia grows ever more suspicious of those in his inner circle until he is driven utterly mad by his own paranoia. Every morning, he asks his chief of security, \"Who's trying to kill me?\" A devout Muslim, he attends daily prayers, where he weeps loudly (an occurrence to which the other worshippers have become accustomed). He fights with his wife and takes every opportunity to leer at non-Muslim cleavage.\nIn one subplot, General Zia sentences Zainab, a blind woman, to death by stoning for being the victim of a gang rape. Being blind, she could not identify her attackers, so according to Zia\u2019s sharia court, she has committed adultery. For condemning her, Zainab calls down a curse upon Zia. The curse is picked up by a sugar-obsessed crow. In another subplot, Arnold Raphel holds a Fourth of July party in Islamabad. A young, bearded Saudi known as \"OBL\" attends. OBL works for Laden and Co. Constructions, making this a clear reference to, and a cameo by, Osama bin Laden.\nAli's revenge plot consists of stabbing Zia in the eye with his under-officer sword, a move he practices daily in secret. But Baby O concocts a new plot to kill Zia by crashing a plane kamikaze-style down on him. He even goes so far as to steal a plane for the job, but in doing so, he accidentally lands Ali in prison at Lahore Fort, a torture center. While there, Ali listens to the screams of his tortured fellow prisoners and talks via a hole in the wall with the \"Secretary General\" who has been in solitary confinement there for nine years. Ali eventually learns that his own father is the one responsible for turning Lahore Fort into a torture center (\"Nice work, Dad,\" he responds). Meanwhile, Major Kiyani appears on the scene, intending to torture Ali.\nA sudden change in ISI command takes place, and Ali is freed in time to avoid torture. Upon his arrival back at the Pakistani Air Force Academy, he learns that he has been chosen as part of the squad that will perform a silent drill salute for Zia. Ali will finally have his opportunity, and he decides to stake his revenge plot on the use of snake venom from Uncle Starchy (launderer for PAF Academy), injected into Zia's hand via Ali's sword. After the silent drill salute, Zia boards the doomed Pak One.\nThe novel does not confirm whether or not Ali is successful in his attempt to assassinate General Zia. Rather, several alternatives are offered: the curse-carrying crow that crashed into the plane's engines while pursuing the mangoes, an explosive planted in the mangoes by the All Pakistan Sweepers Union in revenge for the death of their general-secretary at the hands of Major Kiyani, or one of Zia's confidants, each with their own secrets and motivations. The book even speculates that it could be the work of the CIA.\n\n\nThemes\n\n\nCorruption\nGeneral Akhtar Abdul Rehman is the chief of ISI under General Zia. He controlled the tremendously great ISI and falls resentfully to second in importance, command, and control to General Zia ul-Haq. The ISI with its government agent systems and the measure of financing makes General Akhtar an exceptionally well-off and dangerous man. As ISI is in charge of piping the assets and weapons to the Afghan mujahideen, the book indicates that every one of these assets are not given to the mujahideen. The millions are occupied somewhere else, to people with great influence, General Akhtar chief among them.\n\n\nGlobal politics\nThe book explores the seemingly self-contradictory nature of American policy in the Middle East during this time. Much time is spent discussing the joint US-Pakistan effort to support Afghan mujahideen guerilla fighters against Soviet forces in the 1980s. Hanif writes, \"Would-be supporters of the jihad against the Soviets were sent cards carrying a picture of a dead Afghan child (caption: Better dead than red).\" Readers are reminded that the US enthusiastically collaborated with General Zia to finance, train, and supply the Afghan mujahideen in their insurgency. It was Zia who permitted the shipment of American arms and billions of American dollars to the rebels, and who allowed the border regions of Pakistan to be used as their haven and training base. Hanif highlights the irony in America wanting to purge the world of one type of authoritarianism by cultivating another. By propping up an unhinged dictator like Zia and conspiring with violent radicals, Hanif believes that the U.S. demonstrates that it will manipulate any weaker actor it can into being a pawn in their foreign policy strategy.\n\n\nIslamism\nThroughout the book, Zia remains convinced he is guided by Allah and feels he is receiving ominous messages straight out of the Quran predicting his demise. During his presidency Zia was credited for the Islamization of Pakistan. He was committed to enforcing his interpretation of Nizam-e-Mustafa (\"Rule of the prophet\" Muhammad), i.e. to establish an Islamic state and enforce sharia law. Hanif depicts this in a negative light to expose the hypocrisies he believes are present in political Islam.\n\n\nCharacters\n\n\nFictitious characters\nUnder Officer Ali Shigri \u2013 protagonist, leader of \"Silent Drill Squad\" at Pakistan Air Force Academy, Risalpur\nMajor Kiyani \u2013 ISI officer who pushes Shigri to sign off that his father was a suicide (may be based on 2007-2013 Pakistan Army Chief Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, but not identical\u2014as revealed at the novel's end) and transports Shigri between prisons\n\"Secretary General\" \u2013 prisoner in the cell next to Ali Shigri, who claims to have been the Secretary General of the All Pakistan Sweepers Union back in the beginning of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's era. His real name is never revealed.\nUnder Officer Obaid \"Baby O\" \u2013 Shigri's roommate and lover at Pakistan Air Force Academy, who develops the idea of crashing his plane into an area where Zia is present (in manner of Mathias Rust's flight into Moscow)\nBrigadier TM-Tahir Mirza \u2013 bears a slight resemblance to Tariq Mehmood. Dies in a televised parachuting accident.\nLt. \"Loot\" Bannon \u2013 hash-smoking USAF instructor who develops \"Silent Drill\"\n\"Uncle Starchy\" \u2013 launderer for PAF Academy, who keeps jars of krait venom which he terms \"death nectar\"\nZainab \u2013 blind rape-victim whom Zia sentences to death (through stoning) for adultery, and who curses Zia\n\n\nReal people appearing as characters\nGeneral Muhammad Zia ul-Haq\nZia's wife, Begum Shafiq Zia\nGeneral Akhtar Abdur Rahman\nGeneral Mirza Aslam Beg\nU.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel\nRaphel's wife, diplomat Nancy Halliday Ely-Raphel\nCIA Near East & South Asia Division Chief Charles Cogan\nOsama bin Laden\nRomanian dictator Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu\nU.S. political activist Joanne Herring\n\n\nReception\nThe Guardian described the novel as \"woven in language as explosive as the mangoes themselves, is wickedly cynical and reveals layers of outrageous \u2013 and plausible \u2013 corruption.\" The New York Times, in a review, called the novel \"eerie timeliness\". The Washington Post concluded its review by attesting that \"Hanif has his own story to tell, one that defies expectations at every turn.\"\n\n\nAwards and nominations\nWinner of the 2009 Commonwealth Book Prize in the Best First Book category.\nWinner of the 2008 Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize.\nShortlisted for the 2008 Guardian First Book Award.\nLonglisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/act_of_succession | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Act_of_Succession","to":"Act of Succession"}],"pages":{"210790":{"pageid":210790,"ns":0,"title":"Act of Succession","extract":"Act of Succession may refer to:\n\nSwedish Act of Succession\nSuccession to the Crown Act (disambiguation), several English bills\nDanish Act of Succession\nBoles\u0142aw III of Poland' Act of Succession (1138)"}}}} |
part_xaa/acanthoderes_laportei | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthoderes_laportei","to":"Acanthoderes laportei"}],"pages":{"43370790":{"pageid":43370790,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthoderes laportei","extract":"Acanthoderes laportei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1923.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/ab_insaf_hoga | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ab_Insaf_Hoga","to":"Ab Insaf Hoga"}],"pages":{"30173306":{"pageid":30173306,"ns":0,"title":"Ab Insaf Hoga","extract":"Ab Insaf Hoga is a 1995 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Harish Shah, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Rekha, Rohini Hattangadi, Farooq Shaikh and Prem Chopra. The movie was released on 6 January 1995.\n\n\nPlot\nJanki (Rekha) lives a poor lifestyle in a small village consisting of her dad, Bhervi Prasad and her mom. She meets and falls in love with her school-teacher, Ramcharan, and both want to get married. Ramcharan's brother is opposed to this marriage as Bhervi is unable to pay any dowry, but the couple are turned out of Kalicharan (Raza Murad)'s house, and instead go to live with Ramcharan's friend, Ashok Mishra. Ashok attempts to molest Janki, and a fight breaks out between Ramsharan and Ashok, and they move back to Janki's village where she finds that her parents have killed themselves. They decide to live in the village where Janki gives birth to a baby, Khusboo. Ramcharan is then assaulted by Ashok and receives a head injury that leaves him paralyzed. Janki takes him to Bombay, finds a job as a laborer, and takes Ramcharan to see a doctor, it will cost her a lot of money. She approaches her employer, Girdharilal (Prem Chopra), who is willing to pay the entire cost of her husband's treatment provided she sleeps with him, when she refuses, she does not get any money and is instead molested. Ramcharan does recover a little, and goes to confront Girdharilal, but gets killed. The police refuse to register any complaint against Girdharilal. Alone, traumatized, and devastated Janki and Khusboo wander aimlessly. She gets into an accident with a car that belongs to Gaurishankar (Mithun Chakraborty), a local gangster with a good heart, who wants to be a Municipal Councillor. With Janki's help he does become a Councillor and both entrap Girdharilal, and then subsequently Ashok and Kalicharan, get them arrested on a variety of criminal charges and jailed. What Janki and Gaurishankar do not know is that the trio have gotten together in prison and have planned a devious scheme that will ensure that Janki gets killed - without implicating any one of them.\n\n\nCast\nMithun Chakraborty as Gaurishankar\nRekha as Jankidevi Prasad\nRohini Hattangadi as Judge\nFarooq Shaikh as Ramcharan\nPrem Chopra as Girdharilal\nShafi Inamdar as Ashok Mishra\nRaza Murad as Kalicharan\nSulabha Deshpande as Kashibai\nJaved Khan as Ashok's friend\nYunus Parvez as Bashir Khan\nHarish Patel as Bansi, Mukadam\nShail Chaturvedias Builder Saxena\nParikshat Sahni as Inspector Khan\nHimani Shivpuri as Mrs. Kalicharan\nRohini Hattangadi as Judge\nGhanshyam Rohera as Manglu\nPadma Rani as Mrs. B. Prasad\nRam Mohan as Bhairvi Prasad\nSahila Chadha as Sabina B. Khan\nT. P. Jain as Sabina's father\nAshwini Kaushal as Monish Khana\nDeepika Amin as Khushboo Prasad, Janakidevi Daughter\n\n\nSoundtrack\n\n\nBox-Office\nThe film was a success and had tax-exemption in Maharashtra.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAb Insaf Hoga at IMDb"}}}} |
part_xaa/adam_henderson | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adam_Henderson","to":"Adam Henderson"}],"pages":{"30339726":{"pageid":30339726,"ns":0,"title":"Adam Henderson","extract":"Adam Henderson may refer to:\n\nAdam Henderson (footballer) (1873\u2013after 1901), English footballer\nAdam Henderson (fl. 1989\u20131995), British musician and founding member of Inkubus Sukkubus"}}}} |
part_xaa/abu_diyan | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Diyan","to":"Abu Diyan"}],"pages":{"23942406":{"pageid":23942406,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Diyan","extract":"Abu Diyan is a village in east-central Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate.\n\n\nExternal links\nTowns and villages in the Hadhramaut Governorate"}}}} |
part_xaa/abraham_best_house | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_Best_House","to":"Abraham Best House"}],"pages":{"48868774":{"pageid":48868774,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham Best House","extract":"The Abraham Best House is a historic house located at 113 Vischer Ferry Road near Vischer Ferry, Saratoga County, New York.\n\n\nDescription and history\nIt was built in about 1815 by Abraham and Harriet Best of Claverack, Columbia County, and is a two-story, five-bay wide, Federal style brick dwelling. It has a 1+1\u20442-story rear kitchen ell. The house sits on a limestone foundation and the front block has a side gable roof and interior end chimneys. The house was renovated in the 1940s. The front facade features a Palladian window on the second floor over the main entry. Also on the property is a contributing barn (c. 1900).:\u200a5\u20136\u200aIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 2011.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdisalaam_issa_khatib | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdisalaam_Issa_Khatib","to":"Abdisalaam Issa Khatib"}],"pages":{"8523588":{"pageid":8523588,"ns":0,"title":"Abdisalaam Issa Khatib","extract":"Abdisalaam Issa Khatib is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nParliament of Tanzania website"}}}} |
part_xaa/abilene_trail | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abilene_Trail","to":"Abilene Trail"}],"pages":{"4405380":{"pageid":4405380,"ns":0,"title":"Abilene Trail","extract":"The Abilene Trail was a cattle trail leading from Texas to Abilene, Kansas. Its exact route is disputed owing to its many offshoots, but it crossed the Red River just east of Henrietta, Texas, and continued north across the Indian Territory to Caldwell, Kansas and on past Wichita and Newton to Abilene. The first herds were probably driven over it in 1866, though it was not named until Abilene was established in 1867.\nIn 1867, Joseph G. McCoy of Illinois settled in Abilene to engage in the cattle trade. He laid out a cattle trail to connect with the north end of the Chisholm Trail, near Wichita. It was to run northward to Abilene on the Union Pacific Railroad where the cattle could be marketed in a more expeditious manner. The road from the mouth of the Little Arkansas to Abilene \"was not direct but circuitous. In order to straighten up this trail and bring the cattle direct to Abilene, and by shortening the distance, to counteract the exertions of western would-be competing points for the cattle trade, an engineer corps was sent out under the charge of Civil Engineer T. F. Hersey.\nHersey, armed with a compass, flag men, and a detail of laborers with spades and shovels, started out and ran due south from Abilene until the crossing of the Arkansas was reached. There they found good water and abundant grass with suitable camping points throughout the entire distance. With the first drove of cattle of the season, the party piloted the herd over the new trail and across the Arkansas River, thus opening it to the many thousand herds that followed in the months and years afterward.\"\nIn 1867 about 35,000 head of cattle were driven from Texas to Abilene over this trail; in 1868 about 75,000; in 1870 about 300,000; and in 1871 about 700,000. This was the largest number ever received from Texas in any one year. The country about Abilene was settling up quickly at this time. Grazing lands were becoming scarcer and these conditions were such that many of the settlers objected to the pasturing of the great herds in the vicinity. In the year 1872, Wichita was in possession of the trade that Abilene had enjoyed for several years prior due to the completion of the Santa Fe railroad. This gave Wichita the needed railroad facilities. From 1867 to 1871 about 10,000 cars of livestock were shipped out of Abilene and in 1872 about 80,000 head of cattle were shipped from Wichita.\nThe settlement of the valleys of the Arkansas and the Ninnescah rivers rendered it impractical to reach Wichita shipping yards after 1873 and the loading of cattle was transferred to points on the railroad farther west, finally stopping at Dodge City. The use of the Abilene cattle trail ended in 1887.\n\n\nReferences\nThis article incorporates text from Kansas: a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc., published in 1912"}}}} |
part_xaa/abduli_zalyab | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abduli_Zalyab","to":"Abduli Zalyab"}],"pages":{"34571274":{"pageid":34571274,"ns":0,"title":"Abduli Zalyab","extract":"Abduli Zalyab (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628, also Romanized as \u02bfAbd\u016bl\u012b Z\u0101ly\u0101b) is a village in Kuhdasht-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Kuhdasht County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 4 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/adderall | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"649100":{"pageid":649100,"ns":0,"title":"Adderall","extract":"Adderall and Mydayis are trade names for a combination drug called mixed amphetamine salts containing four salts of amphetamine. The mixture is composed of equal parts racemic amphetamine and dextroamphetamine, which produces a (3:1) ratio between dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, the two enantiomers of amphetamine. Both enantiomers are stimulants, but differ enough to give Adderall an effects profile distinct from those of racemic amphetamine or dextroamphetamine, which are marketed as Evekeo and Dexedrine/Zenzedi, respectively. Adderall is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used illicitly as an athletic performance enhancer, cognitive enhancer, appetite suppressant, and recreationally as a euphoriant. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the phenethylamine class.Adderall is generally well tolerated and effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy. At therapeutic doses, Adderall causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in sex drive (loss of sex drive), increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. At these doses, it induces physical effects such as a faster reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. In contrast, much larger doses of Adderall can impair cognitive control, cause rapid muscle breakdown, provoke panic attacks, or induce a psychosis (e.g., paranoia, delusions, hallucinations). The side effects of Adderall vary widely among individuals, but most commonly include insomnia, dry mouth, loss of appetite, and weight loss. The risk of developing an addiction or dependence is insignificant when Adderall is used as prescribed at fairly low daily doses, such as those used for treating ADHD; however, the routine use of Adderall in larger daily doses poses a significant risk of addiction or dependence due to the pronounced reinforcing effects that are present at high doses. Recreational doses of amphetamine are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses, and carry a far greater risk of serious adverse effects.The two amphetamine enantiomers that compose Adderall (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and narcolepsy by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, which results in part from their interactions with human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in neurons. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent CNS stimulant than levoamphetamine, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects and a longer elimination half-life than dextroamphetamine. The levoamphetamine component of Adderall has been reported to improve the treatment response in some individuals relative to dextroamphetamine alone. Adderall's active ingredient, amphetamine, shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with the human trace amines, particularly phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, the latter of which is a positional isomer of amphetamine. In 2020, Adderall was the 22nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 26 million prescriptions.\n\n\nUses\n\n\nMedical\n\nAdderall is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (a sleep disorder).\nLong-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage, but in humans with ADHD, pharmaceutical amphetamines at therapeutic dosages appear to improve brain development and nerve growth. Reviews of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function in several parts of the brain, such as the right caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia.Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD. Randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Two reviews have indicated that long-term continuous stimulant therapy for ADHD is effective for reducing the core symptoms of ADHD (i.e., hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity), enhancing quality of life and academic achievement, and producing improvements in a large number of functional outcomes across 9 categories of outcomes related to academics, antisocial behavior, driving, non-medicinal drug use, obesity, occupation, self-esteem, service use (i.e., academic, occupational, health, financial, and legal services), and social function. One review highlighted a nine-month randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in children that found an average increase of 4.5 IQ points, continued increases in attention, and continued decreases in disruptive behaviors and hyperactivity. Another review indicated that, based upon the longest follow-up studies conducted to date, lifetime stimulant therapy that begins during childhood is continuously effective for controlling ADHD symptoms and reduces the risk of developing a substance use disorder as an adult.Current models of ADHD suggest that it is associated with functional impairments in some of the brain's neurotransmitter systems; these functional impairments involve impaired dopamine neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic projection and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the prefrontal cortex. Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. Children with ADHD who use stimulant medications generally have better relationships with peers and family members, perform better in school, are less distractible and impulsive, and have longer attention spans. The Cochrane reviews on the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults with pharmaceutical amphetamines stated that short-term studies have demonstrated that these drugs decrease the severity of symptoms, but they have higher discontinuation rates than non-stimulant medications due to their adverse side effects. A Cochrane review on the treatment of ADHD in children with tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome indicated that stimulants in general do not make tics worse, but high doses of dextroamphetamine could exacerbate tics in some individuals.\n\n\nAvailable forms\nAdderall is available as immediate-release (IR) tablets or two different extended-release (XR) formulations. The extended-release capsules are generally used in the morning. A shorter, 12-hour extended-release formulation is available under the brand Adderall XR and is designed to provide a therapeutic effect and plasma concentrations identical to taking two doses 4 hours apart. The longer extended-release formulation, approved for 16 hours, is available under the brand Mydayis. In the United States, the immediate and extended release formulations of Adderall are both available as generic drugs.\n\n\nEnhancing performance\n\n\nCognitive performance\nIn 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal healthy adults; these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor \u03b12 in the prefrontal cortex. A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to improved recall of information. Therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency (motivation to perform a task) and increase arousal (wakefulness), in turn promoting goal-directed behavior. Stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. Based upon studies of self-reported illicit stimulant use, 5\u201335% of college students use diverted ADHD stimulants, which are primarily used for enhancement of academic performance rather than as recreational drugs. However, high amphetamine doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory and other aspects of cognitive control.\n\n\nPhysical performance\nAmphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and athletic performance-enhancing effects, such as increased endurance and alertness; however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies. In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase muscle strength, acceleration, athletic performance in anaerobic conditions, and endurance (i.e., it delays the onset of fatigue), while improving reaction time. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine in the central nervous system. Amphetamine and other dopaminergic drugs also increase power output at fixed levels of perceived exertion by overriding a \"safety switch\", allowing the core temperature limit to increase in order to access a reserve capacity that is normally off-limits. At therapeutic doses, the adverse effects of amphetamine do not impede athletic performance; however, at much higher doses, amphetamine can induce effects that severely impair performance, such as rapid muscle breakdown and elevated body temperature.Adderall has been banned in the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA). In leagues such as the NFL, there is a very rigorous process required to obtain an exemption to this rule even when the athlete has been medically prescribed the drug by their physician.\n\n\nRecreational\n\nAdderall has high potential for misuse as a recreational drug. Adderall tablets can either be swallowed, crushed and snorted, or dissolved in water and injected. Injection into the bloodstream can be dangerous because insoluble fillers within the tablets can block small blood vessels.Many postsecondary students have reported using Adderall for study purposes in different parts of the developed world. Among these students, some of the risk factors for misusing ADHD stimulants recreationally include: possessing deviant personality characteristics (i.e., exhibiting delinquent or deviant behavior), inadequate accommodation of disability, basing one's self-worth on external validation, low self-efficacy, earning poor grades, and having an untreated mental health disorder.\n\n\nContraindications\n\n\nAdverse effects\n\nThe adverse side effects of Adderall are many and varied, but the amount of substance consumed is the primary factor in determining the likelihood and severity of side effects. Adderall is currently approved for long-term therapeutic use by the USFDA. Recreational use of Adderall generally involves far larger doses and is therefore significantly more dangerous, involving a much greater risk of serious adverse drug effects than dosages used for therapeutic purposes.\n\n\nPhysical\nCardiovascular side effects can include hypertension or hypotension from a vasovagal response, Raynaud's phenomenon (reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and tachycardia (increased heart rate). Sexual side effects in males may include erectile dysfunction, frequent erections, or prolonged erections. Gastrointestinal side effects may include abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea. Other potential physical side effects include appetite loss, blurred vision, dry mouth, excessive grinding of the teeth, nosebleed, profuse sweating, rhinitis medicamentosa (drug-induced nasal congestion), reduced seizure threshold, tics (a type of movement disorder), and weight loss. Dangerous physical side effects are rare at typical pharmaceutical doses.Amphetamine stimulates the medullary respiratory centers, producing faster and deeper breaths. In a normal person at therapeutic doses, this effect is usually not noticeable, but when respiration is already compromised, it may be evident. Amphetamine also induces contraction in the urinary bladder sphincter, the muscle which controls urination, which can result in difficulty urinating. This effect can be useful in treating bed wetting and loss of bladder control. The effects of amphetamine on the gastrointestinal tract are unpredictable. If intestinal activity is high, amphetamine may reduce gastrointestinal motility (the rate at which content moves through the digestive system); however, amphetamine may increase motility when the smooth muscle of the tract is relaxed. Amphetamine also has a slight analgesic effect and can enhance the pain relieving effects of opioids.USFDA-commissioned studies from 2011 indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, heart attack, and stroke) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants. However, amphetamine pharmaceuticals are contraindicated in individuals with cardiovascular disease.\n\n\nPsychological\nAt normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased alertness, apprehension, concentration, initiative, self-confidence and sociability, mood swings (elated mood followed by mildly depressed mood), insomnia or wakefulness, and decreased sense of fatigue. Less common side effects include anxiety, change in libido, grandiosity, irritability, repetitive or obsessive behaviors, and restlessness; these effects depend on the user's personality and current mental state. Amphetamine psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) can occur in heavy users. Although very rare, this psychosis can also occur at therapeutic doses during long-term therapy. According to the USFDA, \"there is no systematic evidence\" that stimulants produce aggressive behavior or hostility.Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a conditioned place preference in humans taking therapeutic doses, meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine.\n\n\nReinforcement disorders\n\n\nAddiction\nAddiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses; in fact, lifetime stimulant therapy for ADHD that begins during childhood reduces the risk of developing substance use disorders as an adult. Pathological overactivation of the mesolimbic pathway, a dopamine pathway that connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, plays a central role in amphetamine addiction. Individuals who frequently self-administer high doses of amphetamine have a high risk of developing an amphetamine addiction, since chronic use at high doses gradually increases the level of accumbal \u0394FosB, a \"molecular switch\" and \"master control protein\" for addiction. Once nucleus accumbens \u0394FosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it begins to increase the severity of addictive behavior (i.e., compulsive drug-seeking) with further increases in its expression. While there are currently no effective drugs for treating amphetamine addiction, regularly engaging in sustained aerobic exercise appears to reduce the risk of developing such an addiction. Sustained aerobic exercise on a regular basis also appears to be an effective treatment for amphetamine addiction; exercise therapy improves clinical treatment outcomes and may be used as an adjunct therapy with behavioral therapies for addiction.\n\n\nBiomolecular mechanisms\nChronic use of amphetamine at excessive doses causes alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection, which arise through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. The most important transcription factors that produce these alterations are Delta FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (\u0394FosB), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB). \u0394FosB is the most significant biomolecular mechanism in addiction because \u0394FosB overexpression (i.e., an abnormally high level of gene expression which produces a pronounced gene-related phenotype) in the D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations and regulates multiple behavioral effects (e.g., reward sensitization and escalating drug self-administration) involved in addiction. Once \u0394FosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it induces an addictive state that becomes increasingly more severe with further increases in \u0394FosB expression. It has been implicated in addictions to alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, methylphenidate, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, propofol, and substituted amphetamines, among others.\u0394JunD, a transcription factor, and G9a, a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both oppose the function of \u0394FosB and inhibit increases in its expression. Sufficiently overexpressing \u0394JunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by \u0394FosB). Similarly, accumbal G9a hyperexpression results in markedly increased histone 3 lysine residue 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) and blocks the induction of \u0394FosB-mediated neural and behavioral plasticity by chronic drug use, which occurs via H3K9me2-mediated repression of transcription factors for \u0394FosB and H3K9me2-mediated repression of various \u0394FosB transcriptional targets (e.g., CDK5). \u0394FosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. Since both natural rewards and addictive drugs induce the expression of \u0394FosB (i.e., they cause the brain to produce more of it), chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological state of addiction. Consequently, \u0394FosB is the most significant factor involved in both amphetamine addiction and amphetamine-induced sexual addictions, which are compulsive sexual behaviors that result from excessive sexual activity and amphetamine use. These sexual addictions are associated with a dopamine dysregulation syndrome which occurs in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs.The effects of amphetamine on gene regulation are both dose- and route-dependent. Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. This suggests that medical use of amphetamine does not significantly affect gene regulation.\n\n\nPharmacological treatments\n\nAs of December 2019, there is no effective pharmacotherapy for amphetamine addiction. Reviews from 2015 and 2016 indicated that TAAR1-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential as a treatment for psychostimulant addictions; however, as of February 2016, the only compounds which are known to function as TAAR1-selective agonists are experimental drugs. Amphetamine addiction is largely mediated through increased activation of dopamine receptors and co-localized NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens; magnesium ions inhibit NMDA receptors by blocking the receptor calcium channel. One review suggested that, based upon animal testing, pathological (addiction-inducing) psychostimulant use significantly reduces the level of intracellular magnesium throughout the brain. Supplemental magnesium treatment has been shown to reduce amphetamine self-administration (i.e., doses given to oneself) in humans, but it is not an effective monotherapy for amphetamine addiction.A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction; it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion, mirtazapine, sertraline), antipsychotics (aripiprazole), anticonvulsants (topiramate, baclofen, gabapentin), naltrexone, varenicline, citicoline, ondansetron, prometa, riluzole, atomoxetine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil.\n\n\nBehavioral treatments\nA 2018 systematic review and network meta-analysis of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that combination therapy with both contingency management and community reinforcement approach had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) and acceptability (i.e., lowest dropout rate). Other treatment modalities examined in the analysis included monotherapy with contingency management or community reinforcement approach, cognitive behavioral therapy, 12-step programs, non-contingent reward-based therapies, psychodynamic therapy, and other combination therapies involving these.Additionally, research on the neurobiological effects of physical exercise suggests that daily aerobic exercise, especially endurance exercise (e.g., marathon running), prevents the development of drug addiction and is an effective adjunct therapy (i.e., a supplemental treatment) for amphetamine addiction. Exercise leads to better treatment outcomes when used as an adjunct treatment, particularly for psychostimulant addictions. In particular, aerobic exercise decreases psychostimulant self-administration, reduces the reinstatement (i.e., relapse) of drug-seeking, and induces increased dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) density in the striatum. This is the opposite of pathological stimulant use, which induces decreased striatal DRD2 density. One review noted that exercise may also prevent the development of a drug addiction by altering \u0394FosB or c-Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum or other parts of the reward system.\n\n\nDependence and withdrawal\nDrug tolerance develops rapidly in amphetamine abuse (i.e., recreational amphetamine use), so periods of extended abuse require increasingly larger doses of the drug in order to achieve the same effect.\nAccording to a Cochrane review on withdrawal in individuals who compulsively use amphetamine and methamphetamine, \"when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue amphetamine use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose.\" This review noted that withdrawal symptoms in chronic, high-dose users are frequent, occurring in roughly 88% of cases, and persist for 3\u20134 weeks with a marked \"crash\" phase occurring during the first week. Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, drug craving, depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, increased movement or decreased movement, lack of motivation, sleeplessness or sleepiness, and lucid dreams. The review indicated that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is positively correlated with the age of the individual and the extent of their dependence. Mild withdrawal symptoms from the discontinuation of amphetamine treatment at therapeutic doses can be avoided by tapering the dose.\n\n\nOverdose\n\n\nInteractions\nMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) taken with amphetamine may result in a hypertensive crisis if taken within two weeks after last use of an MAOI type drug.\nInhibitors of enzymes that directly metabolize amphetamine (particularly CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong the elimination of amphetamine and increase drug effects.\nSerotonergic drugs (such as most antidepressants) co-administered with amphetamine increases the risk of serotonin syndrome.\nStimulants and antidepressants (sedatives and depressants) may increase (decrease) the drug effects of amphetamine, and vice versa.\nGastrointestinal and urinary pH affect the absorption and elimination of amphetamine, respectively. Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents increase the absorption of amphetamine. Urinary alkalinizing agents increase concentration of non-ionized species, decreasing urinary excretion.\nProton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) modify the absorption of Adderall XR and Mydayis.\nZinc supplementation may reduce the minimum effective dose of amphetamine when it is used for the treatment of ADHD.\n\n\nPharmacology\n\n\nMechanism of action\n\nAmphetamine, the active ingredient of Adderall, works primarily by increasing the activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. It also triggers the release of several other hormones (e.g., epinephrine) and neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and histamine) as well as the synthesis of certain neuropeptides (e.g., cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) peptides). Both active ingredients of Adderall, dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, bind to the same biological targets, but their binding affinities (that is, potency) differ somewhat. Dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are both potent full agonists (activating compounds) of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and interact with vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), with dextroamphetamine being the more potent agonist of TAAR1. Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces more CNS stimulation than levoamphetamine; however, levoamphetamine has slightly greater cardiovascular and peripheral effects. It has been reported that certain children have a better clinical response to levoamphetamine.In the absence of amphetamine, VMAT2 will normally move monoamines (e.g., dopamine, histamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc.) from the intracellular fluid of a monoamine neuron into its synaptic vesicles, which store neurotransmitters for later release (via exocytosis) into the synaptic cleft. When amphetamine enters a neuron and interacts with VMAT2, the transporter reverses its direction of transport, thereby releasing stored monoamines inside synaptic vesicles back into the neuron's intracellular fluid. Meanwhile, when amphetamine activates TAAR1, the receptor causes the neuron's cell membrane-bound monoamine transporters (i.e., the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, or serotonin transporter) to either stop transporting monoamines altogether (via transporter internalization) or transport monoamines out of the neuron; in other words, the reversed membrane transporter will push dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin out of the neuron's intracellular fluid and into the synaptic cleft. In summary, by interacting with both VMAT2 and TAAR1, amphetamine releases neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles (the effect from VMAT2) into the intracellular fluid where they subsequently exit the neuron through the membrane-bound, reversed monoamine transporters (the effect from TAAR1).\n\n\nPharmacokinetics\n\nThe oral bioavailability of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH; it is well absorbed from the gut, and bioavailability is typically over 75% for dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine is a weak base with a pKa of 9.9; consequently, when the pH is basic, more of the drug is in its lipid soluble free base form, and more is absorbed through the lipid-rich cell membranes of the gut epithelium. Conversely, an acidic pH means the drug is predominantly in a water-soluble cationic (salt) form, and less is absorbed. Approximately 20% of amphetamine circulating in the bloodstream is bound to plasma proteins. Following absorption, amphetamine readily distributes into most tissues in the body, with high concentrations occurring in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue.The half-lives of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH. At normal urine pH, the half-lives of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine are 9\u201311 hours and 11\u201314 hours, respectively. Highly acidic urine will reduce the enantiomer half-lives to 7 hours; highly alkaline urine will increase the half-lives up to 34 hours. The immediate-release and extended release variants of salts of both isomers reach peak plasma concentrations at 3 hours and 7 hours post-dose respectively. Amphetamine is eliminated via the kidneys, with 30\u201340% of the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH. When the urinary pH is basic, amphetamine is in its free base form, so less is excreted. When urine pH is abnormal, the urinary recovery of amphetamine may range from a low of 1% to a high of 75%, depending mostly upon whether urine is too basic or acidic, respectively. Following oral administration, amphetamine appears in urine within 3 hours. Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose.CYP2D6, dopamine \u03b2-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT) are the enzymes known to metabolize amphetamine or its metabolites in humans. Amphetamine has a variety of excreted metabolic products, including 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetone, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, norephedrine, and phenylacetone. Among these metabolites, the active sympathomimetics are 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, and norephedrine. The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and deamination. The known metabolic pathways, detectable metabolites, and metabolizing enzymes in humans include the following:\n\n\nPharmacomicrobiomics\n\n\nRelated endogenous compounds\n\nAmphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain. Among this group, the most closely related compounds are phenethylamine, the parent compound of amphetamine, and N-methylphenethylamine, an isomer of amphetamine (i.e., it has an identical molecular formula). In humans, phenethylamine is produced directly from L-phenylalanine by the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzyme, which converts L-DOPA into dopamine as well. In turn, N-methylphenethylamine is metabolized from phenethylamine by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, the same enzyme that metabolizes norepinephrine into epinephrine. Like amphetamine, both phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine regulate monoamine neurotransmission via TAAR1; unlike amphetamine, both of these substances are broken down by monoamine oxidase B, and therefore have a shorter half-life than amphetamine.\n\n\nHistory, society, and culture\n\n\nHistory\nThe pharmaceutical company Rexar reformulated their popular weight loss drug Obetrol following its mandatory withdrawal from the market in 1973 under the Kefauver Harris Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act due to the results of the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) program (which indicated a lack of efficacy). The new formulation simply replaced the two methamphetamine components with dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components of the same weight (the other two original dextroamphetamine and amphetamine components were preserved), preserved the Obetrol branding, and despite it lacking FDA approval, it still made it onto the market and was marketed and sold by Rexar for many years.\nIn 1994 Richwood Pharmaceuticals acquired Rexar and began promoting Obetrol as a treatment for ADHD (and later narcolepsy as well), now marketed under the new brand name of Adderall, a contraction of the phrase \"A.D.D. for All\" intended to convey that \"it was meant to be kind of an inclusive thing\" for marketing purposes. The FDA cited the company for numerous significant CGMP violations related to Obetrol discovered during routine inspections following the acquisition (including issuing a formal warning letter for the violations), then later issued a second formal warning letter to Richwood Pharmaceuticals specifically due to violations of \"the new drug and misbranding provisions of the FD&C Act\". Following extended discussions with Richwood Pharmaceuticals regarding the resolution of a large number of issues related to the company's numerous violations of FDA regulations, the FDA formally approved the first Obetrol labeling/sNDA revisions in 1996, including a name change to Adderall and a restoration of its status as an approved drug product. In 1997 Richwood Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Shire Pharmaceuticals in a $186 million transaction.Richwood Pharmaceuticals, which later merged with Shire plc, introduced the current Adderall brand in 1996 as an instant-release tablet. In 2006, Shire agreed to sell rights to the Adderall name for the instant-release form of the medication to Duramed Pharmaceuticals. DuraMed Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Teva Pharmaceuticals in 2008 during their acquisition of Barr Pharmaceuticals, including Barr's Duramed division.The first generic version of Adderall IR was introduced to market in 2002. Later on, Barr and Shire reached a settlement agreement permitting Barr to offer a generic form of the extended-release drug beginning in April 2009.In the United States, a labor shortage at Teva Pharmaceuticals caused a supply shortage of Adderall in 2022. This is thought to be due to both a labor shortage and increased demand following the Covid-19 pandemic.\n\n\nCommercial formulation\nChemically, Adderall is a mixture of four amphetamine salts; specifically, it is composed of equal parts (by mass) of amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, amphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and dextroamphetamine saccharate. This drug mixture has slightly stronger CNS effects than racemic amphetamine due to the higher proportion of dextroamphetamine. Adderall is produced as both an immediate release (IR) and extended release (XR) formulation. As of December 2013, ten different companies produced generic Adderall IR, while Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Actavis, and Barr Pharmaceuticals manufactured generic Adderall XR. As of 2013, Shire plc, the company that held the original patent for Adderall and Adderall XR, still manufactured brand name Adderall XR, but not Adderall IR.\n\n\nComparison to other formulations\nAdderall is one of several formulations of pharmaceutical amphetamine, including singular or mixed enantiomers and as an enantiomer prodrug. The table below compares these medications (based on US approved forms):\n\n\nLegal status\nIn Canada, amphetamines are in Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, and can only be obtained by prescription.\nIn Japan, the use, production, and import of any medicine containing amphetamine are prohibited.\nIn South Korea, amphetamines are prohibited.\nIn Taiwan, amphetamines including Adderall are Schedule 2 drugs with a minimum five years prison term for possession. Only Ritalin can be legally prescribed for treatment of ADHD.\nIn Thailand, amphetamines are classified as Type 1 Narcotics.\nIn the United Kingdom, amphetamines are regarded as Class B drugs. The maximum penalty for unauthorized possession is five years in prison and an unlimited fine. The maximum penalty for illegal supply is 14 years in prison and an unlimited fine.\nIn the United States, amphetamine is a Schedule II prescription drug, classified as a CNS stimulant.\nInternationally, amphetamine is in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.\n\n\nSee also\nDextroamphetamine\nLevoamphetamine\nLisdexamfetamine\nMethylphenidate\n\n\nExplanatory notes\n\nImage legend\n\n\nReference notes\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\"Amphetamine\". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.\n\"Amphetamine sulfate\". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.\n\"Amphetamine aspartate\". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.\n\"Dextroamphetamine saccharate\". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.\n\"Amphetamine\". MedlinePlus."}}}} |
part_xaa/aaa_fusion_championship | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"AAA_Fusi\u00f3n_Championship","to":"AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship"}],"pages":{"40464756":{"pageid":40464756,"ns":0,"title":"AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship","extract":"The AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship (\"Campeonato AAA Fusi\u00f3n\" in Spanish) was a professional wrestling championship promoted by the AAA promotion in Mexico. The first champion was crowned on March 17, 2013, when F\u00e9nix won a tournament for the title. On August 17, 2014, the title was unified with the AAA Cruiserweight Championship.\nThe championship was generally contested in professional wrestling matches, in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition.\n\n\nHistory\nIn late 2012, AAA introduced a new television program, titled AAA Fusi\u00f3n, which would start airing alongside the promotion's primary television program, Sin L\u00edmite. The first show was taped on September 30, 2012. The following November, AAA started a tournament to determine the inaugural AAA Fusi\u00f3n Champion. On April 23, 2013, AAA split its entire roster into two brands; AAA Evoluci\u00f3n and AAA Fusi\u00f3n, with the AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship becoming exclusive to the latter. On June 27, 2014, AAA announced that the AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship and the AAA Cruiserweight Championship would be unified on August 17 at Tripleman\u00eda XXII. El Hijo del Fantasma won the ten-way elimination match to unify the two titles into the new \"AAA World Cruiserweight Championship\".\n\n\nChampionship tournament\nThe AAA Fusi\u00f3n Championship tournament started on November 3, 2012, when F\u00e9nix defeated Dark Dragon, Drago and Toscano in a four-way elimination match to become the first wrestler to advance to the finals. The second tournament match took place on November 18, when Daga defeated Jack Evans, Joe L\u00edder and Psicosis in another four-way elimination match. The final two first round elimination matches took place on March 1, 2013, when Juventud Guerrera defeated Aero Star, Pentag\u00f3n Jr. (Dark Dragon's second appearance in the tournament) and \u00daltimo Gladiador, while Crazy Boy defeated Ang\u00e9lico, Halloween and Super Fly. The finals of the tournament took place on March 17 at Rey de Reyes, where F\u00e9nix defeated Crazy Boy, Daga and Juventud Guerrera to become the inaugural champion.\n\n\nTitle history\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAAA's official title history"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdul_shakoor_rashad | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Shakoor_Rashad","to":"Abdul Shakoor Rashad"}],"pages":{"23999531":{"pageid":23999531,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Shakoor Rashad","extract":"Professor Abdul Shakoor Rashad (Pashto: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0634\u06a9\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f) was born on November 14, 1921, in Kandahar city, Afghanistan.\n\n\nEarly life\nAbdul Shakoor Rashad graduated from school at the age of 12 in 1933. While he was only 13 years old, he was appointed as a teacher in school in 1934 from where he started his official career.In 1948, Abdul Shakoor went to India for further education where he continued his research in Pashto language. While he was in India, he wrote the book \"Lodi Pashtoons\" consisting of (351) pages and learned Hindi Language.\n\n\nAcademic life\nIn 1957, Abdul Shakoor became a member of the Pashto Tolana (Pashto Academy) and a professor of Pashto language at the Faculty of Language and Literature at the Kabul University. Later on he became the Assistant Director of pashto Tolana.\nIn 1961, he was appointed as a Pashto teacher in the Institute of Eastern Research in St. Petersburg (Previously known as Lenin Grad) where he served for two and a half years. He moved back to Kabul where he continued to serve as a professor at the University of Kabul in the Faculty of Language and Literature as Professor and as the Chief of the Pashto Department.\nProfessor Rashad besides his native language Pashto spoke fluent Persian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Russian and English. He also had knowledge of Sanskrit, Japanese and other regional languages. He had written poems in Persian and Urdu languages as well. However has devoted all his life in study and research of Pashto literature.\nReshad knew 6 languages including Sanskrit and Hebrew. He has written around 105 books (only 36 were published) and hundreds of articles.In 2004, due to his numerous efforts in the fields of Art, Science, Philosophy, History and Literature, he was given the title of \"Alama\"(Laureate, Academician) by the Govt. of Afghanistan and he was greeted by the then Governor of Kandahar Province Mohammad Yousaf Pashtun by organizing a seminar by his name for his remarkable efforts and official giving him the title of \"Alama\".\n\n\nPolitical life\nIn 1946, Abdul Shakoor was appointed as the Director of Kandahar City Selection Committee and in 1947 he became the Deputy Mayor of Kandahar City.At the age of 26, Abdul Shakoor joined the \"Weesh Zalmian - \u0648\u064a\u069a \u0632\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0646 (Awaken Youth)\", an Afghan youth movement. In 1952, he was elected as a representative of Weesh Zalmian to the parliament. But due to the opposition of Governor Abdul Ghani Khan and the officials of that time, his vote box was confiscated by the police from the election bureau. In this movement the high-profile leaders, writers, activists such as Hasham Maiwandwal(Prime Minister of Afghanistan), Abdul Rauf Benawa, Sadiqullah Reshteen, Faiz Mohammad Angar, Khwakhuzhi Sahib, Abdul Hye Habibi, Noor Mohammad Angar, Bari Jahani, Habibullah Rafi, Gul Pacha Ulfat, Basarki Sahab and others were associated with him.\nAbdul Shakoor remained in Afghanistan during the Russian invasion of Afghanistan (1979\u20131989) and the Civil War in Afghanistan followed by the withdrawal of the Russian forces form Afghanistan. He wrote several poems and articles critical of the communist regimes during the Soviet occupation and the warlords during the civil war. For security reasons, most of his works were published by alias names.\nAbdul Shakoor Rashad retired after the communist coup in 1978. However, he always kept a close academic relation with the institutions and other academics.\nHe died on 1 December 2004 at the age of 83 in Kabul, Afghanistan and he was buried in Kandahar University Campus in Kandahar city.\n\n\nBooks\nA prolific writer, some of his notable publications include:\n\n\u1e24az\u0324rat Ab\u016b Bakr \u1e62idd\u012bq, on the life and eminence of first Muslim Caliph Ab\u016b Bakr, d. 634\nPu\u1e63ht\u0101nah shu\u02bbar\u0101\u02bc : bashpa\u1e5b matn, collective biography of Pushto poets from ancient times to 20th century from Afghanistan and Pakistan; includes samples from their works\nDa Kandah\u0101r y\u0101d\u0101\u1e63ht\u016bnah, historical and cultural study of Kandah\u0101r, Province of Afghanistan from ancient times to 20th century\nDa Dawlat Law\u0101\u1e47ay d\u012bw\u0101n, Pashto poetry\nLod\u012b Pu\u1e63ht\u0101n\u1ea1h, political history of Lodi dynasty of Afghanistan; includes biographical sketches of noted personalities of the tribe\nMil\u012b atal Gh\u0101z\u012b Waz\u012br Mu\u1e25ammad Akbar Kh\u0101n, on the life of Gh\u0101z\u012b Waz\u012br Mu\u1e25ammad Akbar Kh\u0101n, d. 1847, a national hero of Afghanistan\nDa Pu\u1e63hto pakhw\u0101nay Alafbe, Brief history of Pushto script\nLughaw\u012b \u1e61e\u1e5banah, Pushto words analysis\nMakh\u0101rij al-hur\u016bf, annotation and commentary on a work of Arabic phonetics by Avicenna\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/ace_mahbaz | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Ace_Mahbaz","to":"Ace Mahbaz"}],"pages":{"43729963":{"pageid":43729963,"ns":0,"title":"Ace Mahbaz","extract":"Ace Mahbaz (born 25 June 1986) is an actor and writer, known for Small World. He was born in Tehran and raised in Europe, currently residing in London and Berlin.\n\n\nPersonal life\nAfter attending college, he went to Italy, France, England, currently lives in London and Berlin and became well known in the sign language community by appearing in theatre plays and films in sign languages. He has been deaf since birth and knows 6 languages fluently.\n\n\nCareer\nHe started to perform on stage as a teenager and there his interest grew. While living in Italy, he created and performed plays in a few countries around Europe. Following this, he has been at many festivals, including Festival Clin d'\u0153il throughout Europe as an actor, performer in various sign languages like DGS, BSL, LIS, Svenska TS and LSF. He won first place in poetry slam competition (B\u00c4\u00c4M! Der Deaf Slam and Poetry Slam vs. Geb\u00e4rden Slam) in Berlin twice. His latest play was in A Midsummer Night's Dream as Oberon and Theseus at Shakespeare's Globe. He co-created a sitcom TV series called Small World which he also appears in. He has also featured as an actor in various short films.\n\n\nTheatre\nPeter Pan (Riksteatern), Actor - 2019\nHem (Riksteatern), Actor - 2019\nFestmeny (Teater Manu), Performer - 2015\nA Midsummer Night's Dream (at Shakespeare's Globe) Actor - 2014\n4Play (Deafinitely theatre) Actor - 2013\nMetroworld (On/OFF Compagnie) Actor, Writer - 2011-2014\nAmor Jr. (DAVANTI theatre) Actor, Director - 2009-2011\nIl cioccolato (DAVANTI theatre) Actor, Director - 2008\n\n\nFilmography\n\n\nReferences\n\nDeutsche Geh\u00f6rlosen-Zeitung \"Pendler zwischen Berlin und London\" No. 3 2015 March\nArt'Pi Magazine \"I'm an autodidact,I like to learn by myself.\" No. 1, Summer 2001\nAce Mahbaz at IMDb\nwww.acemahbaz.com"}}}} |
part_xaa/abu'l-aswar_shavur_ibn_manuchihr | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu'l-Aswar_Shavur_ibn_Manuchihr","to":"Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr"}],"pages":{"47015752":{"pageid":47015752,"ns":0,"title":"Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr","extract":"Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Manuchihr was a Shaddadid emir of Ani, formerly an Armenian royal capital, from c. 1118 to 1124. \nA son and successor of Manuchihr b. Shavur, Abu'l-Aswar was accused by the contemporary Armenian historian Vardan Areveltsi of persecuting Christians and attempting to sell Ani to the emir of Kars. His rule was terminated by the resurgent King David IV of Georgia, whom Ani surrendered without a fight in 1124. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ended his days as a captive of the Georgians in exile in Abkhazia, while Ani was given by David IV to his general, Abulet. Abu'l-Aswar Shavur's son Fadl would be able to resume the Shaddadid reign in Ani in 1125.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/achimi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"9196243":{"pageid":9196243,"ns":0,"title":"Achimi","extract":"Achimi was the buffalo god of the Kabyle people of Algeria. With his father, the buffalo god Itherther, they were responsible for the development of hunting and meat-eating in Kabyle mythology.\n\n\nMythology\nAchimi was the son of the first buffalo Itherther and Thamuatz. After a close encounter with the first humans, Achimi received advice from an ant who told him how the world worked. He said that if he wanted comfortable but short life, he would have to live with and serve humans. If he wanted a long and free life, he could live wild but would always be hungry. Achimi chose freedom. The ant also told her that he could mate with his mother and sister. Achimi returned home and did so. When Itherther found out, the father and son fought. Defeated, Itherther ran away.With his mother and sister, Achimi reproduced to create a herd of buffalo. Many years later when Achimi was old, the herd were cold, hungry and suffering. Achimi remembered the advice of the ant and realised that it would be better to have a short but comfortable life living with humans. He took the herd to where the humans lived. The buffalo were welcomed and from then on, mankind kept cattle.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/aatos_lehtonen | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aatos_Lehtonen","to":"Aatos Lehtonen"}],"pages":{"50068941":{"pageid":50068941,"ns":0,"title":"Aatos Lehtonen","extract":"Aatos Ensio Lehtonen (15 February 1914 \u2013 6 November 2005) was a Finnish association football forward. He was part of the Finnish team that finished ninth at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was the best Finnish scorer at the national championships in 1935\u201339, and won two national titles in 1936 and 1938. During those years he scored 109 goals, 25 of them in 14 matches in 1937. Internationally he capped for Finland 19 times and scored 7 goals. He retired in 1947 to become a Finnish national coach until 1955. In 1956\u201358 he worked at his previous club Helsingin Ponnistus (HJK), and in 1959 returned to the national team. In parallel he worked for the Finnish railways in Hyvink\u00e4\u00e4 between 1956 and 1977, wrote articles for the weekly sports magazine Urheilulehti, and translated books on football training into Finnish. In 1993, he was inducted into the Finnish Football Hall of Fame.Besides football Lehtonen won the 1937 Finnish title in bandy with HJK. He also competed in handball and basketball.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAatos Lehtonen at FIFA (archived) \nAatos Lehtonen at WorldFootball.net\nAatos Lehtonen at Olympedia"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_cotton_office_in_new_orleans | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Cotton_Office_in_New_Orleans","to":"A Cotton Office in New Orleans"}],"pages":{"29240609":{"pageid":29240609,"ns":0,"title":"A Cotton Office in New Orleans","extract":"A Cotton Office in New Orleans, also known as Interior of an Office of Cotton Buyers in New Orleans and Portraits in an Office (New Orleans), is an oil painting by Edgar Degas. Degas depicts the interior of his maternal uncle Michel Musson's cotton firm in New Orleans. Musson, Degas's brothers Ren\u00e9 and Achille, Musson's son-in-law William Bell, and other associates of Musson are shown engaged in various business and leisure activities while raw cotton rests on a table in the middle of the office.\nDegas created the painting in the early part of 1873 during an extended visit with family in New Orleans. His trip coincided with the political turbulence of Reconstruction. Degas exhibited the work at the 1876 Impressionist Exhibition in Paris. Degas hoped to sell the painting to a textile manufacturer in Manchester but was unsuccessful. A Cotton Office in New Orleans was eventually sold in 1878 to the Municipal Museum in Pau, France. Degas was the only major French Impressionist to travel to the United States and paint US subjects.\n\n\nBackground\n\n\nFamily ties to New Orleans and visit\n\nEdgar Degas had familial ties to Creole New Orleans. Germain Musson, Degas's maternal grandfather, was born of French descent in Port-Au-Prince. In the aftermath of the Haitian Revolution, he relocated in 1810 to New Orleans where he established himself as a cotton exporter. Musson married Marie C\u00e9leste D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Rillieux who was from a prominent Creole family. They had five New Orleans-born children including Degas's mother, Marie-C\u00e9lestine Musson, and Michel Musson. After his wife died in 1819, Germain Musson moved his family to Paris. He relocated back to New Orleans after the 1832 marriage of his daughter Marie-C\u00e9lestine to Auguste Degas. When Edgar was born, Auguste arranged the purchase of a New Orleans cottage in his son's name.Edgar Degas made his first and only trip to the United States and the birthplace of his mother in the fall of 1872 at the behest of his brother Ren\u00e9. Ren\u00e9 at the time was running a cotton brokerage in New Orleans with their other brother Achille. Ren\u00e9 had married his first cousin Estelle Musson, daughter of Michel Musson. Before he left for New Orleans, Edgar was at an artistic crossroads. He was still uncertain about focusing his painting on contemporary subjects and had not yet found much success selling his art.During his stay in New Orleans, Edgar Degas resided in Michel Musson's rented mansion in the Garden District. Degas lived with his uncle; Ren\u00e9, Estelle and their family; Michel Musson's other two daughters (one of whom was married to businessman William Bell) and their families. He spent much time painting these family members, especially Estelle. However, Degas expressed dissatisfaction with this work in letters to his friends Henri Rouart and James Tissot.Michel Musson and his partners ran a cotton factoring firm whose office was in close proximity to Achille and Ren\u00e9's business. William Bell and his business partner Frederick Nash Ogden worked in the cotton trade close by. Degas would spend some time each day in his brothers' office receiving and responding to mail, reading newspapers, and overhearing his brothers' and their associates' commercial conversations. Degas would write to Tissot that, in New Orleans, \"One speaks of nothing but cotton.\"\n\n\nCotton, slavery, Civil War, and Reconstruction\nThe production and sale of cotton was vital to the Antebellum Southern US economy. It was also inextricably linked to slavery in the United States. During the Civil War, cotton played a pivotal role in the Confederacy's diplomatic strategy. New Orleans stood at the heart of the cotton and slave trades as both the United States' most important cotton port and its largest slave market. Despite emancipation and the end of the plantation-slave complex in 1865, newly freed black farmers were still the main labor force in cotton production and were subjected to oppressive sharecropping systems and continued political persecution during Reconstruction.\nMembers of the Musson and Degas families owned slaves, supported the Confederacy, and had ties to and participated in white supremacist groups during Reconstruction. Germain and Michel Musson both owned slaves. Edgar Degas's mother had her dowry increased by her father's sale of a young slave girl. Michel Musson, Auguste and Ren\u00e9 Degas invested in confederate bonds. In 1873, Musson was briefly a supporter of the Louisiana Unification Movement, which sought interracial cooperation and public integration. However, he, Ren\u00e9 Degas, William Bell, and Bell's associate Frederick Nash Ogden, became members and leaders of the White League and would participate in the Battle of Liberty Place.\n\n\nPainting\n\n\nCreation\nInitially intending to leave New Orleans around New Year's, Edgar Degas remained in the city until around March of 1873. Before his departure, Degas found a new subject to paint and wrote to Tissot, \"After having wasted time in the family trying to do portraits in the worst conditions of the day that I have ever found or imagined, I have attached myself to a fairly vigorous picture\u2026 Interiors of a Cotton Buyers Office in New Orleans\u2026 What a lot of good this absence of Paris has done in any case, my dear friend, I have made the most of it.\"While it was earlier believed to have been painted on his return to France, Degas finished A Cotton Office in New Orleans in America and arranged for its travel across the Atlantic.\n\n\nComposition\nA Cotton Office in New Orleans is both a family portrait and a depiction of 19th century capitalism. Degas paints the interior of Michel Musson's cotton factoring firm, Musson, Prestidge, and Company on Carondelet Street.\nSeveral of Degas's relatives are depicted engaged in a range of activities. Musson is seated in the foreground and is examining cotton for its quality. His legs are cropped by the lower frame and the top of his hat is surrounded by cotton. To his left is an empty chair where raw cotton rests. Ren\u00e9 Degas sits close by, reading The Daily Picauyne. Achille Degas leans against an open window to the far left. William Bell stands next to the long table in the middle, cotton in his hands as he encourages a customer to sample it himself. Other figures include Musson's business partners and associates, bookkeeping or wearing dusters while they inspect cotton.\nIn the middle of the painting is a \"sea of cotton\" covering a table. A small tuft has fallen off, resting by William Bell's foot. The shelves in the back of the office hold stacks of brown paper-wrapped cotton bale samples. In the top right, there is a picture of a steamship hanging above a safe.\n\n\nAnalysis\nArt historian Michelle Foa notes that the painting alludes to the life cycle of cotton. Cotton is represented in its raw form and its transformation into textiles is suggested through the men's finished clothing along with the various papers scattered around the office. The picture of the steamship evokes the transit of cotton across the Atlantic.Art historian Marilyn Brown points out that even though the production of cotton is not shown in the painting, \"Degas's Cotton Office ultimately represses, disavows, and dematerializes the oppression of black labor by transforming its white product into a commodity sold by anxious white men.\"\n\n\nLinks to Degas's other paintings\n\n\nBallet paintings\nA Cotton Office in New Orleans shares similarities with Degas's paintings of ballet rehearsals. The floor in the office is sloped in a way that resembles Degas's depictions of dance floors. The men are gathered in casual yet controlled groupings while some have assumed balletic positions. The office's interior windows resemble mirrors for working the barre.A Cotton Office exhibits a link to Degas's 1872 painting Dance Class at the Opera on the rue Le Peletier as both works feature a visible empty chair. While the chair in A Cotton Office holds raw cotton, the seat in Dance Class features a white cloth, a finished textile product. Degas personally collected various fabrics. He also painted textiles throughout his career ranging from the ballet outfits to the clothes seen in renderings of laundresses. It is likely that some of the fabrics in these depiction were manufactured from southern cotton.\n\n\nCotton Merchants in New Orleans\nDegas painted another rendering of cotton buyers around the same time titled Cotton Merchants in New Orleans. It is an oil sketch that has compositional similarities with A Cotton Office in New Orleans. Both paintings feature a table covered in amorphous cotton, similarly dressed men wearing formal attire, a picture within a picture of a steamship, and a contrast of the men's black attire with the white cotton. However, Degas describes Cotton Merchants as \"less complicated and more spontaneous, of a better art, where people are in summer dress, white walls, a sea of cotton of the tables.\" Cotton Merchants is also noted as more \"impressionistic\" with its handling of light and airier brushstrokes than the more realistic A Cotton Office.\nCotton Merchants in New Orleans is now located at the Harvard Art Museums in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n\n\t\t\n\n\nExhibitions, reception, and sale\nDegas had originally hoped to sell his A Cotton Office in New Orleans to a certain cotton manufacturer and art collector in Manchester, England. Manchester was one of the world's largest centers for cotton manufacturing at the time. However, the Panic of 1873 and its resulting economic depression had an adverse effect on the global cotton trade and the art market in both England and France. The Manchester art collector sold his entire collection of works in April of 1873. In addition, Paul Durand-Ruel, who supported many of the Impressionist artists including Degas, suffered financial losses in 1874 and temporarily ceased his purchases.At the same time, Degas's family experienced a series of financial setbacks. Auguste Degas died in 1874 and left considerable outstanding debts. Ren\u00e9 and Achille Degas had also suffered losses that Edgar and the rest of the family took on. There was now a greater need for Edgar to make money from selling his art.\n\n\n1876 Impressionist Exhibition\nEdgar Degas showed A Cotton Office in New Orleans in 1876 at the Impressionists' second Paris exhibition. Other participating artists included Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissarro. Degas exhibited A Cotton Office along with 23 other works including several of his laundress and ballet paintings.A Cotton Office was singled out more than other exhibited works for critical comment and received mostly positive reviews. Some critics favored A Cotton Office to the other works of Degas and other artists in the exhibition for its relatively finished quality. Critic Arthur Baigneres wrote, \"One of the most reasonable of all [Degas's] pictures, which represents cotton merchants of New Orleans, gives us faces well-modeled and drawn with care\u2026 If one judged M. Degas only on the basis of this picture, one would be truly amazed to see him in such company.\" Similarly, Alfred de Lostalt published in his review of the 1876 exhibition that A Cotton Office \"is also a good picture which has nothing to do with revolutionary methods.\" French art critic Marius Chaumelin noted that A Cotton Office offered a \"remarkably painted\" interior space and that the work \"will not disappoint those who love accurate, frankly modern painting, and who think that the expression of ordinary life and execution ought to count.\" However, not all the reviews praised the painting. Novelist Emile Zola wrote that \"as [Degas] completes his work, his draftsmanship becomes blurred and pathetic. He paints pictures like Portraits in an Office (New Orleans), halfway between a seascape and a plate from an illustrated journal. He has excellent artistic perspectives, but I am afraid his brush will never really be creative.\"Despite its notable critical popularity, Degas failed to sell A Cotton Office in the immediate aftermath of the 1876 exhibition.\n\n\n1878 Pau Exhibition and sale\nThe art society in Pau, France, held local art exhibitions that in 1876 and 1877 showed works by prominent artists such as Courbet, Manet, and some of the Impressionists. Degas participated in these exhibitions and was able to sell one of his works in 1876. For the 1878 exhibition, he entered A Cotton Office in New Orleans where it received mixed reviews by the local critics. After the exhibition, a five-member committee appointed by the mayor of Pau decided to purchase A Cotton Office for Pau's local Museum at a price of 2,000 francs.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSources\nBenfey, Christopher E. G. (1997). Degas in New Orleans: Encounters in the Creole World of Kate Chopin and George Washington Cable. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-43562-4.\nBrown, Marilyn (1994). Degas and the Business of Art: A Cotton Office in New Orleans. College Art Association. ISBN 978-0-271-00944-5.\nBrown, Marilyn R. (2018). \"Degas's New Orleanian Spaces\". In Toulouse, Teresa A.; Ewell, Barbara C. (eds.). Sweet Spots: In-Between Spaces in New Orleans. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 87\u2013108. doi:10.2307/j.ctv5jxn8k.9. ISBN 978-1-4968-1857-7. JSTOR j.ctv5jxn8k.9.\nFoa, Michelle (2 July 2020). \"In Transit: Edgar Degas and the Matter of Cotton, between New World and Old\". The Art Bulletin. 102 (3): 54\u201376. doi:10.1080/00043079.2020.1711487. S2CID 221192480.\nMcMullen, Roy (1984). Degas: His Life, Times, and Work. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-27603-7."}}}} |
part_xaa/abbas_milani | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbas_Milani","to":"Abbas Milani"}],"pages":{"3831983":{"pageid":3831983,"ns":0,"title":"Abbas Milani","extract":"Abbas Malekzadeh Milani (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u06a9\u200c\u0632\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc; born 1949) is an Iranian-American historian and author. Milani is a visiting professor of Political Science and the director of the Iranian Studies program at Stanford University. He is also a research fellow and co-director of the Iran Democracy Project at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. Milani has found evidence that Persian modernism dates back to more than 1,000 years ago.\n\n\nBiography\nMilani was born in Iran to a prosperous family and was sent to California when he was sixteen, graduating from Oakland Technical High School in 1966 after only one year of studies. Milani earned his B.A. in political science and economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1970 and his Ph.D. in political science from the University of Hawaii in 1974.\nWith his girlfriend Fereshteh, Milani returned to Iran to serve as an assistant professor of political science at the National University of Iran from 1975 to 1977. He lectured on Marxist themes veiled in metaphor but was jailed for two years as a political prisoner for \"activities against the government\". He was a research fellow at the Iranian Center for Social Research from 1977 to 1978. He was also an assistant professor of law and political science at the University of Tehran and a member of the board of directors of Tehran University's Center for International Studies from 1979 to 1986, but after the Iranian Revolution he was not allowed to publish or teach. He left Iran in 1986 during the time of the Iran\u2013Iraq War for the United States, and his son Hamid and his wife Fereshteh followed.Returning to California, Milani was appointed professor of History and Political Science as well as chair of the department at Notre Dame de Namur University in Belmont, California. He served as a research fellow at the Institute of International Studies at University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley).\nMilani became a Hoover Institution research fellow in 2001 and left Notre Dame de Namur for Stanford University in 2002. He is currently the Hamid and Christina Moghadam Director of Iranian Studies at Stanford University.\n\n\nPolitical activities\nMilani embraced Marxism\u2013Leninism during his youth and was a member of a Maoist underground cell that was uncovered by Iranian security forces in 1975. He was subsequently jailed at Evin Prison, and became disillusioned with revolutionary politics. His eventual ideology has been described as neoconservative. In July 2009, Milani appeared in a United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing amidst 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, and called for imposing \"multilateral and\ncrippling sanctions\" on Iranians. He also advised the congressmen not to support military invasion of Iran because it would not politically contribute to the American goal of regime change. Shortly afterwards, Iranian prosecutors in the post-election trials built a case against the defendants by connecting them to Milani, mentioning him by name in the official indictment. Hamid Dabashi criticized Milani for throwing monkey wrenches at Green Movement of Iran by supporting foreign intervention instead of grassroots democracy in Iran.\n\n\nPersonal life\nMilani separated from his first wife, Fereshteh Davaran, in 1988. He lives on Stanford campus with his second wife, Jean Nyland, who is chair of Notre Dame de Namur's psychology department.\n\n\nBibliography\n\n\nBooks\nMalraux and the tragic vision. Agah Press. 1982.\nOn Democracy and Socialism, Pars Press, 1987\nTales of Two Cities: A Persian Memoir, Mage Publishers, 1996 (ISBN 0-934211-47-7)\nModernity and Its Foes in Iran, Gardon Press, 1998\nThe Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Mage Publishers , 2000(ISBN 0-934211-61-2)\nLost Wisdom: Rethinking Persian Modernity in Iran, Mage Publishers, 2004 (ISBN 0-934211-89-2)\nEminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941\u20131979, Syracuse University Press , 2008 (ISBN 978-0-8156-0907-0)\nThe Myth of the Great Satan: A New Look at America's Relations with Iran, Hoover Institution Press, 2010 (978-0-8179-1134-8)\nThe Shah, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 (ISBN 978-1-4039-7193-7)\n\n\nEssays and reporting\n\"Pious populist\". Boston Review. 32 (6). November\u2013December 2007.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nMilani's Official Stanford Web Site\nMilani's Hoover Institution Biography\nAppearances on C-SPAN"}}}} |
part_xaa/accent_on_love | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Accent_on_Love","to":"Accent on Love"}],"pages":{"47938371":{"pageid":47938371,"ns":0,"title":"Accent on Love","extract":"Accent on Love is a 1941 American drama film directed and filmed by Ray McCarey and written by John Larkin. The film stars George Montgomery, Osa Massen, J. Carrol Naish, Cobina Wright, Stanley Clements and Minerva Urecal. It was released on July 11, 1941 by 20th Century Fox.\n\n\nPlot\nUnhappily married, John Worth Hyndman wants to leave his spouse and her father's company, Triton Realty, where he is a vice president. His wife Linda scoffs and says without his father-in-law, John wouldn't even be able to find a job digging ditches.\nTrying to calm down, taking a walk, John happens across a team of actual ditchdiggers from a WPA project. He asks the foreman Manuel for a job, but Manuel is suspicious because John is well-dressed and turns him down. Manuel's daughter Osa advises John to change his appearance. In work clothes, digging voluntarily, John gets the job.\nWeeks go by without the workers knowing John's true identity. Osa falls in love with him. Upset by their living conditions at home, Manuel's family protests to the landlord, who is John's father-in-law T. J. Triton.\nManuel, Osa and the others feel betrayed when they learn the truth. John wins back everyone's trust, makes Triton see the error of his ways and lets a happy Osa know that Linda has left him to get a divorce.\n\n\nCast\nGeorge Montgomery as John Worth Hyndman\nOsa Massen as Osa\nJ. Carrol Naish as Manuel Lombroso\nCobina Wright as Linda Hyndman\nStanley Clements as Patrick Henry Lombroso\nMinerva Urecal as Teresa Lombroso\nThurston Hall as T.J. Triton\nIrving Bacon as Mr. Smedley\nLeonard Carey as Flowers\nOscar O'Shea as Magistrate\nJohn T. Murray as Wardman\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAccent on Love at IMDb"}}}} |
part_xaa/abenezer_temesgen | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abenezer_Temesgen","to":"Abenezer Temesgen"}],"pages":{"-1":{"ns":0,"title":"Abenezer Temesgen","missing":""}}}} |
part_xaa/adamski | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"396222":{"pageid":396222,"ns":0,"title":"Adamski","extract":"Adam Paul Tinley (born 4 December 1967), known professionally as Adamski, as well as Sonny Eriksson, is an English DJ, musician, singer and record producer, prominent at the time of acid house for his tracks \"N-R-G\" and \"Killer\", a collaboration with Seal, which was a No. 1 song in the UK in 1990.\n\n\nCareer\nTinley was born in Lymington, Hampshire, England. As a youngster, influenced by punk rock and John Peel, he formed his first band The Stupid Babies when he was 11 and living in New Forest in England. He persuaded his 5-year-old brother Dominic to sing while he strummed a small guitar, and sent a demo tape to the indie label Fast Product, run by The Human League's manager Bob Last. \"Everyone thought that was a really precocious and strange thing for an 11 year-old to do,\" Adamski recalls \"but I just thought that's what everybody did\". The kiddie-punk tracks were released on a sampler. When alternative BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel started playing their song \"Babysitters\" the band caused quite a stir, receiving positive write-ups in music magazines like Smash Hits and Melody Maker. He performed with his brother Mark Tinley, and Johnny Slut of the band Specimen, as Diskord Datkord. They released their only single in 1988, an electroid cover of \"Identity\" by punk band X-Ray Spex. It was single of the week in NME.In March 1989, Adamski was booked for his first solo gig at Le Petit Prince Restaurant in Kentish Town, run by his manager Phil Smith. Lenny D, promoter of nightclub Heaven, happened to be walking past, and was convinced by Smith to book Adamski for an all-dayer at Heaven. He quickly catapulted into the upper echelons of the nascent rave scene. Within a few weeks, Adamski was playing to 8,000 people at Sunrise Festival at Santa Pod Raceway and, after a bidding war, signed to MCA Records, producing the first rave record on MCA called Liveandirect.\nHe had success with this first release, which was a collection of tracks recorded live at various raves. It contained a short, live version of his first single \"N-R-G\", as well as \"I Dream of You\", which appeared on a free 4-track 7\" vinyl single given away with the music paper Record Mirror in 1989. The cover of the single \"N-R-G\" featured a mocked up Lucozade bottle with the word \"Lucozade\" replaced with \"N-R-G\".\nAdamski toured many clubs with his portable keyboard set up, playing long sets, with an MC, Daddy Chester, and later with Seal. In front of his keyboard was a UK car number plate with the word ADAMSKI on it. Early versions of future singles \"Killer\" and \"Future Love Paradise\" were played on some of the Seal dates.\nThe album, Adamski's Thing, was issued in late 1998 on Trevor Horn's ZTT Records label, recorded at Adrian Sherwood\u2019s On-U Sound studios. The style followed the trend started with his 1992 album Naughty, with guitars, strings, raw vocals and introspective lyrics, but maintaining a rhythmic dance sensibility. Adamski's Thing spawned two singles, \"Intravenous Venus\" and \"One of the People\" (a record featuring dance vocalist Gerideau, that got to No. 56 in the UK Singles Chart).As a producer, his songs at that time also included a collaboration with musician Danny Williams. In 2007, he released a remake of The Pop Group's 1979 single \"We Are All Prostitutes\" with Mark Stewart which appeared on a number of compilations. His single \"ApeX\" was released on Kitsun\u00e9 Music in 2006. In 2009, he began to release more material on Shir Khan's record label.\n\n\nDiscography\n\n\nAlbums\nLiveandirect (1989) \u2013 UK No. 47\nDoctor Adamski's Musical Pharmacy (1990) \u2013 UK No. 8\nNaughty (1992)\nAdamski vs The Sentinels (1993)\nAdamski's Thing (1998)\nKiller \u2013 The Best of Adamski (1999)\nMutant Pop (1999)\nThis is 3-Step EP (2014)\nRevolt (2015)\nThe Sound of Sonny Eriksson (2017)\nThe Spirit of Sonny Eriksson (EP) (2018)\n Re:nrgise (2019)\nFree to Kill Again (2020) \n\n\nSingles\n\n\nRemixes\nMiss Kittin and The Hacker \u2013 \"Stock Exchange\" (2003)\nMignon \u2013 \"Demons of Love\" (2004)\nESKA \u2013 \"She's in the Flowers\" (2015)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\nAdamski biography at Allmusic\nAdamski discography at Discogs\nZTT Records official site\nIan Peel: Warriors of pop, 21 years of ZTT Record Collector, September 2004 (copy at Zang Tuum Tumb and all that) Article about ZTT's history, contains info on Adamski\nInterview with Kool magazine"}}}} |
part_xaa/adebayo_ogunlesi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adebayo_Ogunlesi","to":"Adebayo Ogunlesi"}],"pages":{"11294673":{"pageid":11294673,"ns":0,"title":"Adebayo Ogunlesi","extract":"Adebayo \"Bayo\" O. Ogunlesi CON (born December 20, 1953) is a Nigerian lawyer and investment banker. \nHe is currently Chairman and Managing Partner at the private equity firm Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP). \nOgunlesi was the former head of Global Investment Banking at Credit Suisse First Boston before being promoted to Chief Client Officer and Executive Vice Chairman.\n\n\nEarly life and education\nOgunlesi hails from Makun, Sagamu, Ogun State in Nigeria. He is the son of Theophilus O. Ogunlesi, the first Nigerian professor of medicine at University of Ibadan. His family is of Yoruba origin.\nOgunlesi went to King's College, Lagos, a secondary school in Lagos, Nigeria. He received a B.A. with first class honors in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from Oxford University in England. In 1979, Ogunlesi received a J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School and an M.B.A. from the Harvard Business School, which he pursued at the same time. During his time at Harvard, he was on the Harvard Law Review.\n\n\nCareer\nFrom 1980 to 1981, Ogunlesi served as a law clerk to Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall of the United States Supreme Court. Ogunlesi was an attorney in the corporate practice group of the New York City law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, where he had been a summer associate while studying for his M.B.A.In 1983, Ogunlesi joined the investment bank First Boston as an advisor on a Nigerian gas project. At First Boston, he worked in the Project Finance Group, advising clients on transactions and financings and has worked on transactions in North and South America, the Caribbean, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. From 1997 to 2002, he was the Head of the Global Energy Group of the by then renamed Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB). In 2002, Ogunlesi was appointed Global Head of CSFB's Investment Banking Division. Also in 2002, he served as a member of Credit Suisse's Executive Board and Management Committee. From 2004 to 2006, Ogunlesi was Executive Vice Chairman and Chief Client Officer of CSFB.In July 2006, Ogunlesi started the private equity firm, Global Infrastructure Partners (GIP), a joint venture whose initial investors included Credit Suisse and General Electric. He currently serves as Chairman and Managing Partner.In 2006, GIP bought London City Airport. In 2009, GIP acquired the majority in London Gatwick Airport in a deal worth \u00a31.455 billion. The Nigerian press has given him the nickname, \"The Man Who Bought Gatwick Airport.\" GIP also owns Edinburgh Airport, which they bought in 2012, and Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, which they bought in February 2018.\n\n\nAdditional work\nOgunlesi is a member of the District of Columbia Bar Association. While working at Credit Suisse First Boston, he was a lecturer at Harvard Law School and the Yale School of Management, where he taught a course on transnational investment projects in emerging countries.In October 2012, he was appointed to the Board of Directors at Goldman Sachs. On July 24, 2014, he was named Lead Director.In December 2016, it was announced that Ogunlesi, among other business leaders, would be part of Donald Trump's Strategic and Policy Forum, which was disbanded on Aug 16, 2017.\n\n\nPersonal life\nOgunlesi has been married to British-born optometrist, Dr. Amelia Quist-Ogunlesi since 1985. They have two children. On the song Wonderful, Burna Boy pays tribute to Adebayo citing his hard work.\n\n\nAwards and honors\nRecipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. Ogunlesi was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2019.\n\n\nWorks and publications\nOgunlesi, Adebayo (1979). The Basic Human Needs Approach to Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. OCLC 81062298. Submitted to: Professor C. Clyde Ferguson, Jr. [for the] Seminar: Legal Problems of the New International Economics Order (Harvard third year paper)\n\n\nSee also\nGlobal Infrastructure Partners\nList of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAdebayo O. Ogunlesi at Bloomberg L.P.\nAdebayo O. Ogunlesi at Goldman Sachs"}}}} |
part_xaa/acleris_stachi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acleris_stachi","to":"Acleris stachi"}],"pages":{"44750240":{"pageid":44750240,"ns":0,"title":"Acleris stachi","extract":"Acleris stachi is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Xinjiang). It was described by J\u00f3zef Razowski in 1953 (as Peronea stachi).\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abacetus_franzi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abacetus_franzi","to":"Abacetus franzi"}],"pages":{"40181050":{"pageid":40181050,"ns":0,"title":"Abacetus franzi","extract":"Abacetus franzi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Straneo in 1961.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acylglycerol_kinase | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acylglycerol_kinase","to":"Acylglycerol kinase"}],"pages":{"14676549":{"pageid":14676549,"ns":0,"title":"Acylglycerol kinase","extract":"In enzymology, an acylglycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.94) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction\n\nATP + acylglycerol \n \n \n \n \u21cc\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n ADP + acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateThe two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and acylglycerol, whereas its two products are ADP and acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:acylglycerol 3-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include monoacylglycerol kinase, monoacylglycerol kinase (phosphorylating), sn-2-monoacylglycerol kinase, MGK, monoglyceride kinase, and monoglyceride phosphokinase. This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism.\n\n\nReferences\n\nPieringer RA, Hokin LE (March 1962). \"Biosynthesis of lysophosphatdic acid from monoglyceride and adenosine triphosphate\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 237: 653\u20138. PMID 14486486.\nPieringer RA, Kunnes RS (July 1965). \"The biosynthesis of phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid by glyceride phosphokinase pathways in Escherichia coli\" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 240 (7): 2833\u20138. PMID 14342303."}}}} |
part_xaa/abdalanli | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"17969045":{"pageid":17969045,"ns":0,"title":"Abdalanl\u0131","extract":"Abdalanl\u0131 (also, Abdalanly and Abdalinlu) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.\nAbdalani is the Azeri village in Qubadli.\n\n\nReferences\nAbdalan\u0131 (as Abdalany) at GEOnet Names Server\n\n\nExternal links\nSatellite map at Maplandia.com"}}}} |
part_xaa/acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia","to":"Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia"}],"pages":{"16187658":{"pageid":16187658,"ns":0,"title":"Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia","extract":"Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is life-threatening leukemia in which malignant megakaryoblasts proliferate abnormally and injure various tissues. Megakaryoblasts are the most immature precursor cells in a platelet-forming lineage; they mature to promegakaryocytes and, ultimately, megakaryocytes which cells shed membrane-enclosed particles, i.e. platelets, into the circulation. Platelets are critical for the normal clotting of blood. While malignant megakaryoblasts usually are the predominant proliferating and tissue-damaging cells, their similarly malignant descendants, promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes, are variable contributors to the malignancy.AMKL is commonly regarded as a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). More formally, it is classified under the AML-M7 category of the French-American-British classification and by the World Health Organization of 2016 in the AML-Not Otherwise Specified subcategory.Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia falls into three distinct groups which differ in underlying causes, ages of presentation, responses to therapy, and prognoses. These groups are: AMKL occurring in young children with Down syndrome, i.e. DS-AMKL; AMKL occurring in children who do not have Down syndrome, i.e. non-DS-AMKL (also termed pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia or pediatric AMKL); and AMKL occurring in non-DS adults, i.e. adult-AMKL. AMKL, while rare, is the most common form of AML in DS-AMKL, occurring ~500-fold more commonly in Down syndrome children than in children without Down syndrome; non-DS-AMKL and adult-AMLK are rare, accounting for <1% of all individuals diagnosed as in the AML-M7 category of leukemia.\n\n\nDS-AMKL\n\n\nPathophysiology\n\nIndividuals with Down syndrome almost always have three instead of the normal two copies of chromosome 21. The extra copies of key chromosome 21 genes underlie their increased susceptibility to AMKL by promoting the development of a certain type of inactivating mutation in the GATA1 gene. The GATA1 gene resides on the X chromosome and codes for two transcription factors, GATA1 and a shorter version, GATA1-S. GATA1 and GATA1-S contribute to regulating the expression of genes that control the maturation of megakaryoblasts to promegakaryocytes, megakaryocytes, and platelets as well as the maturation of erythroblasts to red blood cells. GATA1-S appears less active than GATA1 in controlling some of the genes that promote megakaryoblast maturation but more active than GATA1 in stimulating megakaryoblast proliferation. Various GATA1 mutations that cause this gene to make GATA1-S but unable to make GATA1 result in the excessive proliferation of platelet precursor cells, reductions in the levels of circulating blood platelets, mild reductions in the levels of circulating red blood cells, and the development of transient myeloproliferative disease (TMD). TMD is a disorder involving the excessive proliferation of non-malignant megakaryoblasts and descendent cells due to the cited truncating mutations in the GATA1 gene. TMD is a necessary predecessor to DS-AMKL.Down syndrome fetuses and neonates with one of the cited types of GATA1 truncating mutations are in rare cases asymptomatic (i.e. silent TMD) but more commonly exhibit in utero or during the first months of live accumulations of immature megakaryoblasts in, and sometimes life-threatening injury to, the fetal blood-forming organ, the liver, and other tissues. While fatal in up to 20% of cases, ~80 of infants with TMD fully recover from the diseases within 4 months. However, ~10% of individuals with a history of symptomatic or silent TMD develop DS-AMKL within 4 years. During this interval, these individuals may acquire somatic mutations in those of their megakaryoblasts that bear the original truncating GATA1 mutation. These newly acquired mutations appear to result from the interactions of GATAT1 truncating mutations with excessive copies of chromosome 21 genes. The genes with these mutations include TP53, FLT3, ERG, DYRK1A, CHAF1B, HLCS, RUNX1, MIR125B2 (which is the gene for microRNA MiR125B2CTCF, STAG2, RAD21, SMC3, SMC1A, NIPBL, SUZ12, PRC2, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, MPL, KRAS, NRAS, and SH2B3. At least one but probably several of these mutations, whether occurring in individuals with silent or symptomatic TMD, are presumed responsible for or to contribute to the development of DS-AMKL.Rare cases of transient myeloproliferative disease and DS-AMKL occur in individuals who do not have Down syndrome. These individuals usually have a history of TMD and invariably have megakaryoblasts which bear extra copies of key chromosome 21 genes, truncating mutations in GATA1, and somatic mutations in one or more of the genes listed in the previous section. These individuals have extra copies of only a portion of the genes on chromosome 21. This duplication of only some chromosome 21 genes results from: a) Robertsonian translocations, wherein part of chromosome 21 is duplicated on another chromosome; b) partial trisomy 21, wherein only part of chromosome 21 is duplicated); c) an isochromosome, wherein chromosome 21 contains two long but no short arms); or d) duplications, wherein extra chromosome 21 genes are on this or other chromosomes. AMKL occurring in these individuals is classified as DS-AMKL.\n\n\nPresentation\nDS-AMKL most often presents in children 1\u20132 years old but almost always less than 4 years old who have a history of TMD. Given this history, these children are usually followed-up medically with complete blood count tests. and therefore often present with elevated blood levels of abnormally appearing platelets and platelet precursor cells, particularly megakaryoblasts, and reduced blood levels of red blood cells. DS-AMKL usually progresses slowly with affected children gradually developing increasingly more severe changes in their blood counts as well as slowly developing symptoms of these developments such as fatigue and shortness of breath due to anemia. In cases of advanced disease, individuals with DS-AMKL may present with signs and symptoms that are more typical of acute myeloid leukemic diseases such as liver enlargement, spleen enlargement, leukemia cutis (i.e. skin nodules caused by leukemic infiltrates), or leukostasis (i.e. an emergency situation in which excessive elevations in circulating blast (i.e. early precursor) cells plug the microcirculation to cause life-threatening heart, lung, and neurological dysfunctions).\n\n\nDiagnosis\nThe diagnosis of DS-AMKL in young children is indicated by: a history of TMD; findings of increased presence of blast cells (e.g. \u226520% of nucleated cells) that have the megakaryoblast phenotype in blood and/or bone marrow as defined by the morphology of these cells in blood or bone marrow smears; failure to obtain a bone marrow aspirate because of marrow fibrosis; and immunophenotyping analyses of platelet precursor cells lineage as determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Malignant megakaryoblasts are usually medium-sized to large cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Nuclear chromatin is dense and homogeneous. There is scanty, variable basophilic cytoplasm which may be excessively vacuolated. An irregular cytoplasmic border is often noted in some of the megakaryoblasts and occasionally projections resembling budding atypical platelets are present. Megakaryoblasts lack myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and stain negatively with Sudan Black B. They are alpha naphthyl butyrate esterase negative and manifest variable alpha naphthyl acetate esterase activity usually in scattered clumps or granules in the cytoplasm. PAS diastase staining varies from negative to focal or granular positivity to strongly positive. Immunochemical analyses, often conducted by flow cytometry, of the surface antigens on leukemic blast cells are positive for CD41, CD42b, CD51, and Von Willebrand factor in AMKL but not leukemia involving non-platelet malignant cells.Where indicated and available, the diagnosis of DS-AMKL is further supported by; immunophenotyping analysis using monoclonal antibody directed against megakaryocyte restricted antigen (CD41 and CD61) and DNA sequencing to detect GATA1 mutations that are projected to cause the gene to make GATA1-S but not GATA1 transcription factors.\n\n\nTreatment\nThe chemotherapy regimens used for all types of AMKL are similar to those used for AML. A final confirmation of safety and efficacy phase 3 study consisted of 4 cycles of induction therapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin followed by a single course of intensification therapy consisting of cytarabine and L-asparaginase, and concluded with a central nervous system consolidation course of 3 additional doses of intrathecal cytarabine. The dosages of cytarabine in this study were kept low because DS-AMKL patients proved highly susceptible to the toxic effects of the regimen which used a higher cytarabine dosage to treat AML. The low-dose cytarabine regimen achieved excellent results in DS-AMKL with relatively reduced overall toxicity and is currently recommended as a preferred treatment regimen for the disease.Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (i.e. transplantation of stem cells derived from the individual being transplanted) did not improve relapse-free survival in one large study of DS-AMKL. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (i.e. transplantation of stem cells derived another individual) has given better disease-free survival results than autologous transplantation and, based on recent uncontrolled studies, should be considered in DS-AMKL cases that have relapsed after their first chemotherapy-induced complete remission.\n\n\nPrognosis\nThe 5-year event free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival rate in the phase 3 clinical study in DS-AMKL were 79, 89, 84 percent, respectively. Other studies that use a treatment regimen similar to that used in the phase 3 clinical study report overall survival rates of ~80% and long-term survivals of 74-91%. However, DS-AMKL patients who relapse following chemotherapy have a far poorer outlook with 3 year overall survival rate in one study of only 26%. There also appears to be little role for stem cell transplantation in DS-AMKL given the success of initial chemotherapy and the relatively poor results in DS-AMKL patients given this transplantation.\n\n\nNon-DS-AMKL\n\n\nPathophysiology\nThe most common genetic abnormality occurring in non-Down-AMKL is a nonreciprocal translocation between the short or p arm at position 13 on chromosome 1 (i.e. 1p13) and the p arm at position 13 on chromosome 22 (i.e. 22p13). Nonreciprocal translocations are exchanges of genes between two chromosomes that are not homologs, i.e. that are not maternal and paternal copies of the same chromosome. This particular translocation, designated t(1;22)(p13;q13), occurs mainly in infants but also is seen in children up to the age of 7 years with non-DS-AMKL. This translocation involves the RBM15 gene on chromosome 1 and the MKL1 gene (also termed MRTFA) on chromosome 22 to create a RBM15-MKL1 fusion gene. Studies in mice indicate that the Mkl1 gene (only the first letter of a mouse gene is capitalized) product, MKL1, interacts with the transcription factor SRF to stimulate the expression of various genes. MKLl is required for the maturation of mouse megakaryoblasts: in its absence, megakaryoblasts and promegakaryocytes proliferate abnormally while megakaryocytes are few in number and have an abnormal morphology. Mouse studies also indicate that the product of Rbm15, RMB15, interacts with Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1, Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (also termed SMRT), and RBPJ nuclear proteins to suppress the expression of various genes that are involved in the maturation of platelet, myeloid and lymphocyte precursor cells. In consequence, the RBM15-MKL1 fusion protein acts in an unregulated fashion to suppress MKL1 targeted genes while stimulating RPBJ target genes. This causes an over-active Notch signaling pathway and, among other abnormalities, expansion of fetal hematopoiesis and development of AMKL in a small percentage of adult mice. It is assumed that these events must be accompanied by other, as yet undefined, oncogenic (i.e., cancer causing) events to explain the development of human non-Down AMKL. A large number of other genetic abnormalities are associated with the development of non-DS-AMLK. These include complex chromosomal rearrangements and increases in copy number of various genes. Besides the t(1;22)(p13;q13) translocation, common genetic abnormalities in a study of 372 individuals diagnosed with non-DS-AMKL include: rearrangements of genes at position 23 on the long (i.e. q) arm of chromosome 11; inversion of chromosome 16 occurring between p13.3 and q24.3 denoted as inv(16)(p13.3q24.3) that results in the production of a CBFA2T3-GLIS2 fusion protein; and increases in chromosome numbers from a normal of 46 to anywhere from 47 to >50. The relationships of these and the many other genetic abnormalities detected in non-Down-AMKL to the disease's development require further investigations.\n\n\nPresentation\nNon-DS-AMKL occurs in neonates, infants, and children of all ages. Except for the lack of Down syndrome, no history of TMD, and occurrences in children that can be >4 years of age, individuals with non-DS-AMKL present with many of the symptoms, signs, and hematological findings seen in DS-AMKL. However, non-DS-AMKL is a more aggressive and rapidly progressing disorder than DS-AMKL. Nonetheless, the presentation of non-DS-AMKL is also like DS-AMKL in that it is not often accompanied by one or more extramedullary signs or symptoms of the disease such as liver enlargement, spleen enlargement, leukemia cutis, and leukostasis.\n\n\nDiagnosis\nThe diagnosis of non-DS-AMKL is made in children who do not have Down syndrome but exhibit the same clinical symptoms, signs, hematological abnormalities, and specialized laboratory findings seen in DS-AMKL. These children should bear one or more of the genetic aberrations associated with the disease but not the inactivating GATA1 mutations, extra copies of chromosome 21 genes, or other genetic abnormalities associated with DS-AMKL. Non-DS-AMKL has many clinical and laboratory features similar to and must be distinguished from Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis, a disorder characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, abnormal megakaryocytes, macrocytic erythropoiesis, defects in neutrophil production, reduced blood levels of most circulating cells (i.e. pancytopenia), and low levels of circulating blast cells. Analyses of circulating and bone marrow blast cells for features of AMKL (see Diagnosis section of DS-AMKL) and genetic aberrations is helpful in distinguishing the two diseases.\n\n\nTreatment\nIn a review of 153 patients treated for non-DS-AMKL between 1990 and 2014 with various intensive chemotherapy protocols that included cytarabine, an anthracycline (e.g. daunorubicin, doxorubicin), and in 25% of cases human stem cell transplantation, the probability of overall 4 year survival rate, probability of 4 year event-free survival, and probability of 4 year cumulative relapse rate were 56, 51, and 29%, respectively. A more recent treatment regimen that is similar to that used to treat DS-AMKL as described above (except it employs the high dose of cytarabine used to treat AML) gives better results and has been recommended for non-DS-AMKL. The response to this regimen approached that seen in non-DS-AMKL, i.e. its complete remission and estimated 10 year survival rates were both 76%. Similar to DS-AMKL treatment regimens, allogenic rather than autologous stem cell bone marrow transplantation should be considered in non-DS-AMKL cases that have relapsed following their first chemotherapy-induced complete remission. Further studies may indicate that this recent cancer chemotherapy regimen plus allogenic bone marrow transplantation in cases which relapse after the first remission are the preferred treatment for non-DS-AMKL.\n\n\nPrognosis\nIn a review of 153 patients treated for non-DS-AMKL between 1990 and 2014 with various intensive chemotherapy protocols that included cytarabine, an anthracycline (e.g. daunorubicin, doxorubicin), and in 25% of cases human stem cell transplantation, the probability of overall 4 year survival rate, probability of 4 year event-free survival, and probability of 4 year cumulative relapse rate were 56, 51, and 29%, respectively. Patients with non-DS-AMKL given the treatment regimen described for DS-AMKL above had a much better prognosis than patients treated with earlier-devised treatment regimens: their overall survival rate using these regimen was estimated to be 76%.\n\n\nAdult-AMKL\n\n\nPathophysiology\nAdult-AMKL can result from the progression of other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) viz., chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis. In one review of adult-AMKL, 25% of 49 cases were considered as secondary to one of these MPN. The mechanism behind these cases of secondary AMKL are unknown although an inversion in chromosome 3 at positions q21 and q26, i.e. inv(3)(q21q26), is often seen in these secondary cases of adult-AMKL.Rare cases of adult-AMKL also have mediastinal germ cell tumors. These tumors are malignancies of germ cells, i.e. primitive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum cells. In adult-AMKL, mediastinal germ cell tumors that are associated with adult-AMKL are not seminomas (i.e. do not originate from the sperm cell line) and occur before or concomitantly with but not after the diagnosis AMKL is made. The three most common genetic aberrations in the bone marrow cells of these individuals (representing ~65% of all cases) were inversions in the p arm of chromosome 12, trisomy 8, and an extra X chromosome. In several of these cases, the genetic aberrations in the malignant platelet precursor cells were similar to those in the malignant mediastinal germ cells. These results and those of other analyses suggest that the two malignancies derive from a common founding clone of cells (i.e. a set of genetically identical cells).Overall, the most common genetic aberrations occurring in adult-AMKL are the previously described inv((3)(q21q26) inversion, translocation between the q arm of chromosome 9 at position 34 and the q arm of chromosome 22 at position 11, i.e. (t(9:22)(q34:q11), and various aberrations in chromosome 5 or chromosome 7. Aberrations in the latter two chromosomes are also commonly seen in an AML that is associated with myelodydplastic-related changes (i.e. predominance of immature blood cells in the bone marrow). The underlying malignancy-causing mechanism, if any, behind these genetic aberrations requires further study.\n\n\nPresentation\nAdult-AMKL may occur in individuals who have a prior diagnosis of and/or present with chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, or mediastinal germ cell tumor. AMKL associated with mediastinal germ cell tumors typically occurs in younger adults, i.e. ages 13\u201336 (average age 24). Cases occurring in children aged \u226418 years, which represent ~20% of all cases, could be regarded in the non-DS-AMKL category. Cases of the disease not associated with mediastinal germ cell tumors occur in adults who as a group have older median age centering around those 50\u201370 years old. The disorder is far more fulminant than non-DS-AMKL and DS-AMKL and generally presents with more serious hematological symptoms (e.g. anemia-related) and a much higher incidence of extramedullary manifestations (e.g. organ enlargement, leukemia cutis) than seen in the other two forms of AMKL.\n\n\nDiagnosis\nAdult-AMKL commonly occurs in adults in their sixties and seventies but may be seen in adolescents as young as 13. Its diagnosis can be suspected in cases that have either a prior history of MPN or a history or current findings indicating the presence of mediastinal blast cell tumor. In all cases, the diagnosis adult-AMKL rests upon the same determinations used to diagnose DS-AMKL, e.g. increased blast cells in blood and/or bone marrow, immunochemical evidence that these blast cells bear platelet line-specific markers, and occurrence of the genetic aberrations in these blast cells that have been associated with the disease.\n\n\nTreatment\nAdult-AMKL has remained poorly responsive to the treatment regiments used in DS-AMKL and non-DS-AMKL. These treatments have given complete remission rates of 43-50%.\n\n\nPrognosis\nThe prognosis of adult-AMKL in patients treated for the disease is far below that of other forms of AMKL. Their median overall survival times are only 18 to 41 weeks with 5 year survival rates of only 10-11 percent. Major improvements in these statistics will likely require new approaches directed at the underlying mechanisms driving the disease.\n\n\nSee also\nList of hematologic conditions\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nHistology at University of Virginia\nImages at Nagoya University\nhttps://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/524/acute-megakaryoblastic-leukemia (NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdul_hafeez_pirzada | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdul_Hafeez_Pirzada","to":"Abdul Hafeez Pirzada"}],"pages":{"2783288":{"pageid":2783288,"ns":0,"title":"Abdul Hafeez Pirzada","extract":"Abdul Hafeez Pirzada (Urdu: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u06cc\u0638 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06c1; 24 February 1935 \u2013 1 September 2015) was a Pakistani lawyer, legal theorist, and politician, who served variously as minister for information, minister for law, minister for finance, and minister for education under president and later prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1971 to 1977. As law minister, he is credited as a principal draftsman of the Constitution of Pakistan, passed in 1973.\nTrained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, Pirzada was a founding member of the Pakistan People's Party. He was elected to the National Assembly in the elections of 1970, holding several ministerial portfolios in the Bhutto government. After the government was deposed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977, Pirzada unsuccessfully assisted with Bhutto's defence in his criminal trial for murder. He briefly led the PPP before being imprisoned by the Zia regime, eventually leaving the party over differences with Benazir Bhutto, and retiring from politics.\nReturning to private practice, Pirzada rose to Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, becoming one of the country's leading lawyers. He died of medical complications in Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, on 1 September 2015. He is cited as the 'Father of the Pakistani Constitution'.\n\n\nEarly life and family\nBorn in Sukkur, Sindh, British India, Abdul Hafeez Pirzada belonged to a Sindhi family, the son of former chief minister of Sindh Abdul Sattar Pirzada. His family remains active in politics: his brother Abdul Mujeeb is a member of the Pakistan Muslim League (F).Pirzada obtained his LLB degree from Karachi University, before gaining his LLM from Sindh University. He was also awarded an MSc. in political science from the university, after focusing his thesis on the Soviet Union and the rise of communism. He then trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London, as his father and grandfather had.Pirzada began his legal career at the Sindh High Court, known then as the West Pakistan High Court. He first met fellow lawyer Zulfikar Ali Bhutto when both were associates at Dingomal Ramchandani's law chambers in Karachi.\n\n\nPPP co-founder and federal minister\nPirzada was one of 30 members that co-founded the Pakistan People's Party on 30 November 1967, led by Bhutto. As Bhutto's legal counsel in cases instituted by the military regime of Ayub Khan, Pirzada successfully defended the cases, and rose to play a greater role in the party.\nIn the general elections of 1970, Pirzada was elected a Member of the National Assembly from Malir, polling 64,000 votes. After Bhutto was handed the presidency in 1971, he sacked incumbent Minister for Information Roedad Khan, appointing Pirzada instead. Pirzada also gained the Ministry of Education a year later.\n\n\nFather of the Constitution\nIn 1973, Pirzada assumed control of the Ministry of Law and Justice, after Mahmud Ali Kasuri resigned from the post over differences with Bhutto. Pirzada played an integral role in the drafting, and ultimate passing, of the Constitution of 1973.\n\n\nGovernment negotiation team member\nIn 1977, Pirzada was made Finance Minister. Elected an MNA again in 1977, Pirzada was a key member of the three-member government team that negotiated, unsuccessfully, a deal with the PNA opposition grouping. During that time, he was the Finance Minister of Pakistan for a little over three months, before the PPP-led government was overthrown by military coup by (see Fair Play) General Zia-ul-Haq, then-Chief of Army Staff.\n\n\nCoup d'\u00e9tat and arrest\nOn 17 September 1977, Pirzada, along with Dr. Hassan and Bhutto, was arrested by the Military Police, but was released in 1978. Upon his release, Pirzada filed a petition in the Supreme Court requesting to review the petition. He then also filed a petition for the release of Dr. Mubashir Hassan but the petition was denied as the Military Police were holding Dr. Hassan on unknown criminal charges.\n\n\nFighting Bhutto's case\nOn 24 February, the Supreme Court denied the request of review, and so the court upheld its original decision. Pirzada then attempted to attain a commutation of Bhutto's sentence on the basis of split decision. This time, the Court decided to hear the arguments. On 28 February, the Army banned all the college text books of Dr. Hassan and forcefully lifted the books from major bookstores. On 12 March, the Supreme Court started to review the petition, and did so for the next 12 days. On 24 March, Pirzada informed Bhutto in jail that the President of Pakistan was able to change a death sentence into one of life imprisonment. Undaunted, Pirzada filed a petition to President General Zia-ul-Haq, who was serving at the time as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Pirzada asked the President to use \"Section 45 of the Constitution\", to commute the sentence to one of life imprisonment. However, General Zia-ul-Haq denied the application, saying the application had gone missing. Pirzada immediately went to meet Bhutto in his cell where he notified Bhutto about the application's status. After that, Pirzada held a press conference and told the media that Bhutto was prepared for death and would not file another application for mercy.\n\n\nPro-democracy activism\nOn 1 October 1982, Pirzada was arrested for demonstrating against Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization, where he also demanded the basic rights of citizens. Following the ouster of the PPP Government and the imposition of martial law by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Pirzada developed differences with Nusrat and Benazir Bhutto. During the military rule in Pakistan he remained in exile in the United Kingdom.\n\n\nReturn to private practice\nOn his return to Pakistan in the late 1980s, Pirzada withdrew from active politics and fully concentrated on his legal career. Pirzada was one of the most successful advocates in Pakistan.\n\n\nDeath\nOn September 1, 2015, Pirzada died in Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, the United Kingdom. He was buried in Sukkur, the Pirzada family's ancestral homeland.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abd_el_gadir_salim | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abd_El_Gadir_Salim","to":"Abd El Gadir Salim"}],"redirects":[{"from":"Abd El Gadir Salim","to":"Abdel Gadir Salim"}],"pages":{"13927080":{"pageid":13927080,"ns":0,"title":"Abdel Gadir Salim","extract":"Abdel Gadir Salim (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645, born 1946) is a singer and bandleader of popular music from Sudan. He is one of the most well-known Sudanese singers in the West, having performed around the world and recorded in countries such as the United Kingdom and France.\n\n\nBiography\nSalim was born in the village of Dilling, Kordofan province, amidst the Nuba Mountains in the West of Sudan in 1946. He trained in both European and Arabic music at the Institute of Drama and Music in Khartoum, beginning with Oud at the behest of a friend. \nBy 1971, he changed from composing urban-styled music to folkloristic rural tunes. Seeking out traditional and colloquial songs to perform, he began in his native Kordofan and in Darfur. Rarely writing his own lyrics, his songs range from politically aware, educational arguments to love ballads. Salim is noted for maintaining a neutral repertoire that has kept him from irritating the government of the day.\nReferring to discrimination of music in Sudan, the music critic Angel Romero wrote: \"In 1994, Salim was a victim in a knife attack in Omdurman, which took the life of famed singer Khogali Osman. The assault reflected the fiercely anti-cultural environment that followed the 1989 coup, but Salim, always a figure above politics, dismissed it as the act of a crazy man, and carried right on with his work.\"\n\n\nMusical style\nIn his early work, Salim was seen as a representative of a musical style known as the \u201cKhartoum city song\u201d, popular urban music. It is a mixture of popular Sudanese music styles with new musical elements, such as some influences from jazz. The addition of Western musical instruments such as the electric guitar, accordion or saxophone in his band's lineup is characteristic of the urban popular style of the time.\nMany of Salim's rhythms come from traditional music, such as wedding dances that are often in strident 6/8 beats. Some of the beats, from desert areas, are modelled after the gait of camels. His sonorous voice comes often in a long, steady croon.\nEven in their English translation, Salim's lyrics give valuable insight into Sudanese culture and poetry. One song, called Al-Lemoni, compares a beautiful woman to a lemon. The record jacket explains that the Sudanese refer to her skin color as green, as opposed to black or brown. Therefore, to compare a woman to a lemon is poetic flattery. Jeenaki, or \"The Return of Geese,\" describes how the sight of geese is a welcome indication of rain in the desert of river-scarce Sudan, where flocks of geese alight to drink from pools.\nSalim performs solo at times, though most often with his group, the All-Stars. Hamid Osman Abdalla, the saxophonist, comes from Dilling as well.\n\n\nCareer\nSalim shared duties in his careers as international performer and as headmaster of a school in Chad between at least the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s. According to a statement on the back of his album Nujum Al-Lail (Stars in the Night) (1989, Globe Style, UK), the two careers harmonize without strain. In 2005 he recorded a collaborational album called Ceasefire with Sudanese rapper, former child soldier and Christian convert Emmanuel Jal.\nSalim represented Sudan at the qualification round of the first ABU Radio Song Festival 2012, but failed to qualify for the final which was scheduled to take place at the KBS Concert Hall in Seoul, South Korea on 14 October 2012.\n\n\nDiscography\nAbdel Gadir Salim on discogs\nSounds of Sudan Vol.1, Songs from Kordofan, World Circuit 1987\nNujum al-Lail, Stars of the night, Globe Style 1989\nThe Merdoum Kings Play Songs of Love, World Circuit 1991\nLe blues de Khartoum, Harmonia mundi 1999\nCeasefire (with Emmanuel Jal), Riverboat Records 2005\n\n\nSee also\nMusic of Sudan\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nSong \"How Old is She?\" (\"\u0642\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0646\u0627\") with English subtitles on YouTube\nSalim Gadir, Abdel Biography\nAbdel Gadir Salim\nSalim, Abdel Gadir. Nujum Al-Lail. Vinyl Record. London: Globe Style Records, 1989"}}}} |
part_xaa/academy_for_character_education | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Academy_for_Character_Education","to":"Academy for Character Education"}],"pages":{"24400986":{"pageid":24400986,"ns":0,"title":"Academy for Character Education","extract":"Academy for Character Education (ACE) is a public charter school in Cottage Grove, Oregon, United States.\n\n\nClassical education model\nThe school uses the classical education model, which is a similar method to what the Greeks or Romans used. Students go through three stages of education cycles known as the \"Grammar, Dialectic and Rhetoric stages\". In the first stage, children learn the basics of language, mathematics, and discourse, along with the fundamentals of science. In the second stage, the knowledge from stage 1 is pieced together as students ask \"why\" and \"how\". Students begin to understand what they memorized in the Grammar stage. They can begin to form ideas of their own while being taught to properly formulate them with the study of logic. In the final stage, young adults can form their own opinions based on fact and reason. They can analyze sources, interpret them, and have meaningful discussions with each other. They often enjoy friendly but firmly grounded debates.\nStudents learn Latin. They are taught science, language arts, humanities and a special subject called Character, in which they discuss \"character traits\", and the moral characters of those in history and apply them to their own lives.\nAs the year progresses, high schoolers teach a class on a given week. They focus on a certain character trait per month, such as attentiveness.\nACE tailors academia to each student individually. Students can go down or up to less rigorous or more challenging classes if it best helps their learning, and are placed in classes based on skill level rather than age.\nACE offers excellent AP classes that prepare students well for the tests. Students have been shown to understand more intellectual processes, have a better knowledge of science, history, logic and government (both U.S. and foreign nations) than non-ACE students they interact with. For the 2018\u20132019 school year ace offers/ed 5 AP classes. The teachers according to the students exceed in aiding the students by helping them individually and as a group. Students also receive individual aid in their mathematics once a week via a tutor.\n\n\nAcademics\nIn 2008\u20132017, 100% of the school's seniors received a high school diploma. Of 11 seniors, 11 graduated from ACE. For the 2016\u20132017 school year 80% if high school students received a 3.5 GPA or higher with some exceeding a 4.0., thus receiving a Presidential Award with the sitting president's signature printed on it.\nThere are 9 classes for 12 grades. ACE is a public/homeschool hybrid, in which there are avg six SCD days a month. Students attend school on Tuesdays and Thursdays, following normal school hours, and get every fourth week off. (three weeks of SCDs, one week of break), as well as normal breaks for things like holidays, and spring, summer, fall, and winter break.\nStudents are required to complete a good 4.5 weeks' worth of homework in 3 weeks expectantly increasing in the AP classes, but get the privilege of having the 4th week off. They also have four-year education cycles for history and science (e.g., biology, chemistry, physics, and geology). If effort is put into this experience, students should be well on track for college.\n\n\nActivities\nACE meets only six mandatory times a month, but students can use the SIF (student instructional funds) they receive, if their work is up to par, to do extra-curricular activities during their week studying at home. They attend field trips throughout the year as a whole school. Trips are education and strive to best supplement the current history/science rotation they are studying. Examples are the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, OMSI, civil war reenactments, boat trips and even trips to Washington DC, Grece, or London. in which fundraising, SIF funds and additional out of pocket funds are used by the students to experience.\n\n\nHistory\nACE started as a simple homeschooling support group for families by Ranell Curl, and her daughter, Star Sahnow, in Oakridge, Oregon, known as the Home Scholars Academy. In 2007, ACE became an official school, and moved to Cottage Grove.\n\n\nClasses\nCharacter- Analyze the moral character of those in present and history or in novels, also assessment of one's own character.\nScience - Learn biology, chemistry, physics, or earth science and astronomy depending on year. Labs are done every month or more often.\nLanguage-Arts - Learn to read and write (five paragraph essay model) including poetry and spelling and cursive practice and literature discussions in class.\nHumanities - Study ancient, medieval renaissance and US history depending on year, also logic and reasoning. Econ and music and art history are studied too.\nLatin - Latin grammar vocabulary and translation is learned. In 2017, middle school ACE students won the Latin Olympika competition.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abutilon_pictum | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abutilon_pictum","to":"Abutilon pictum"}],"pages":{"1936502":{"pageid":1936502,"ns":0,"title":"Abutilon pictum","extract":"Abutilon pictum, syn. Abutilon striatum (disputed), is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is native to southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The plant has become naturalised in Central America, and is used in horticulture. Common names include redvein abutilon, red vein Indian mallow, redvein flowering maple, Chinese-lantern and red vein Chinese lanterns.\n\n\nDescription\nAbutilon pictum is a shrub growing to 5 metres (16 ft) tall by 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide. The leaves are 5\u201315 cm long, three- to five- (rarely seven-) lobed.\nThe yellow to orange-red bell shaped flowers have prominent dark red veining, with five petals 2\u20134 cm long. It blooms from April to September, and longer in warmer subtropical areas. The flowers attract pollinators, such as native bees and hummingbirds.The Latin specific epithet pictum means \u201cpainted\u201d.\n\n\nUses\n\n\nCulinary\nThe flowers are edible, raw or cooked, with the sweet flavor increasing the longer the bloom is open.\n\n\nCultivation\nAbutilon pictum is cultivated as a popular ornamental plant, for use in gardens in subtropical and warm temperate climates. It is also planted in containers or pots, on patios and balconies outdoors, or as a winter house plant.The plant can grow in light shade or full sun, and is frost tender, not tolerating temperatures below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F). It requires moist soil, preferring fertile sandy, loamy, or well-drained clay soils.\n\n\nCultivars\nNote: both Abutilon pictum and Abutilon striatum are susceptible to Abutilon mosaic virus - while A. pictum simply gets crinkly leaves, A. striatum develops a mottled or variegated leaf that is prized, and often sold as a different variety, notably \"Gold dust\" in Hawaii.\n\u2018Mardi Gras\u2019 \u2014 Mardi Gras abutilon (syn: Abutilon pictum \u2018Aureomaculatum\u2019); very vigorous form to 10 ft. by 10 ft. but can be kept smaller/espaliered, has large green leaves splashed boldly with gold, narrow light orange flowers.\n\u2018Thompsonii\u2019 \u2014 variegated Thompson's abutilon (syn: Abutilon striatum \u2018Thompsonii\u2019); speckled yellow and green variegated leaves, orange flowers: this cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society\u2019s Award of Garden Merit. \n\n\nReferences\n\n(in Portuguese) LORENZI, H.; SOUZA, M.S. (2001) Plantas Ornamentais no Brasil: arbustivas, herb\u00e1ceas e trepadeiras. Plantarum ISBN 85-86714-12-7\n\n\nExternal links\n\nPFAF\u2014Plants For A Future, Plant Database: Abutilon pictum"}}}} |
part_xaa/abbey_gate_college | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abbey_Gate_College","to":"Abbey Gate College"}],"pages":{"28890047":{"pageid":28890047,"ns":0,"title":"Abbey Gate College","extract":"Abbey Gate College is an independent school in Chester, Cheshire, England for pupils aged 4 - 18 years. The infant and junior school is based in the village of Aldford, 2 miles (3.2 km) from the senior school in Saighton.\n\n\nNotable former pupils\nSeb Morris, British GT Championship driver\n\n\nSee also\nListed buildings in Saighton\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_beautiful_lie_tour | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Beautiful_Lie_Tour","to":"A Beautiful Lie Tour"}],"redirects":[{"from":"A Beautiful Lie Tour","to":"Thirty Seconds to Mars"}],"pages":{"1790402":{"pageid":1790402,"ns":0,"title":"Thirty Seconds to Mars","extract":"Thirty Seconds to Mars (commonly stylized as 30 Seconds to Mars) is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1998. The band consists of brothers Jared Leto (lead vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards) and Shannon Leto (drums, percussion). During the course of its existence, it has undergone various line-up changes.\nThe band's debut album, 30 Seconds to Mars (2002), was produced by Bob Ezrin and released to positive reviews but only to limited commercial success. The band achieved worldwide fame with the release of its second album A Beautiful Lie (2005), which received multiple certifications all over the world. Its next release, This Is War (2009), showed a dramatic evolution in the band's musical style, as it incorporated experimental music as well as eclectic influences. The recording process of the album was marked by a legal dispute with record label EMI that eventually became the subject of the documentary film Artifact (2012). Thirty Seconds to Mars then moved to Universal Music and released the fourth album, Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013), to critical and commercial success. It was followed by America (2018), which polarized critics upon release.\nAs of September 2014, the band had sold over 15 million albums worldwide. Thirty Seconds to Mars has consistently enjoyed sold out tours and numerous headlining festival slots. The band is noted for its energetic live performances and for fusing elements from a wide variety of genres, through its use of philosophical and spiritual lyrics, concept albums, and experimental music. Thirty Seconds to Mars has received several awards and accolades throughout its career, including a Guinness World Record, and has been included in the Kerrang! list of best artists of the 2000s.\n\n\nHistory\n\n\n1998\u20132000: Formation and first years\nThirty Seconds to Mars started in 1998 in Los Angeles, California, as a collaboration between brothers Jared Leto and Shannon Leto, who had been playing music together since their childhood. The duo later expanded to a four-piece when they added guitarist Solon Bixler and bassist Matt Wachter to the line-up. Additional guitarist Kevin Drake, who first auditioned for the position of bassist, also joined the band as a touring musician. The band played its first concerts under different names, before finally settling on the name \"Thirty Seconds to Mars\", which was taken from a rare manuscript titled Argus Apocraphex. Jared Leto described the name as \"a reference, a rough translation from the book. I think the idea is interesting, it's a metaphor for the future,\" he explained. \"Thirty seconds to Mars\u2014the fact that we're so close to something that's not a tangible idea. Also Mars being the God of War makes it really interesting, as well. You could substitute that in there, but what's important for my brother and I, is that it be imaginative and really represent the sound of our music in as unique a way as possible.\" He described it as a name that \"works on several different levels, a phrase that is lyrical, suggestive, cinematic, and filled with immediacy.\" When Thirty Seconds to Mars first started, Jared Leto did not allow his vocation as a Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band.By 1998, the group performed gigs at small American venues and clubs. Their eponymous debut album had been in the works for a couple of years, with Leto writing the majority of the songs. During this period, the band recorded demo tracks such as \"Valhalla\" and \"Revolution\", or \"Jupiter\" and \"Hero\", which later appeared on the band's debut album as \"Fallen\" and \"Year Zero\" respectively, but also \"Buddha for Mary\". Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records. In 1999, Virgin Records entered into the contract.\n\n\n2001\u20132003: Debut album\n\nThirty Seconds to Mars retreated to the isolation of Wyoming's countryside in 2001 to record their debut album, working with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue. They contacted Ezrin because they grew up listening to his work with Pink Floyd, Kiss and Alice Cooper and they felt he was the only one who could help them capture the size and scope of what they wanted to accomplish on their debut recording. The band chose an empty warehouse lot on 15,000 acres (6,100 hectares), striving for the precise location that would enhance their sound. Even before the album was released, Puddle of Mudd invited Thirty Seconds to Mars to open a six-week tour for them in the spring of 2002. The band later embarked on a North American tour to support Incubus and began a club tour in August.The band released their first studio album, 30 Seconds to Mars, on August 27, 2002 in the United States through Immortal and Virgin. Jared Leto described the record as a concept album that focuses on human struggle and self-determination, in which otherworldly elements and conceptual ideas are used to illustrate a truthful personal situation. The album reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers, selling 121,000 copies in the United States. It was preceded by the single \"Capricorn (A Brand New Name)\", which peaked at number 31 on the US Mainstream Rock chart. Upon its release, 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews; music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band has \"managed to carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm.\" The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide as of March 2011.In October 2002, the band toured with I Mother Earth and Billy Talent on MTV Campus Invasion. The following month, Thirty Seconds to Mars made their first appearance on television on Last Call with Carson Daly and opened concerts for Our Lady Peace and Sevendust. Released in 2003, \"Edge of the Earth\" became the second single from the album. In early 2003, Bixler left the band due to issues primarily related to touring. He was later replaced by Tomo Mili\u010devi\u0107, who successfully auditioned for the part of guitarist. The band later went on tour with Chevelle, Trust Company, and Pacifier, and took a slot on the 2003 Lollapalooza tour.\n\n\n2004\u20132008: A Beautiful Lie\n\nThirty Seconds to Mars returned to the studio in March 2004 to begin working on their second album A Beautiful Lie, with Josh Abraham producing. During the recording process, the band traveled to four different continents to accommodate Jared Leto's acting career. A Beautiful Lie was notably different from the band's debut album, from both musical and lyrical aspect. \"On the first record I created a world, then hid behind it,\" Leto said. \"With A Beautiful Lie, it was time to take a more personal and less cerebral approach. Although this record is still full of conceptual elements and thematic ideas it is ultimately much more wrapped around the heart than the head. It's about brutal honesty, growth, change. It's an incredibly intimate look into a life that is in the crossroads. A raw emotional journey. A story of life, love, death, pain, joy, and passion. Of what it is to be human.\"A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30, 2005 in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million. Its lead single, \"Attack\", made its radio debut on June 6, 2005 and became the most added track on American modern rock radio during its first week of release. During 2005, Thirty Seconds to Mars went on tour with Chevelle, Audioslave and The Used. The group embarked on their first headlining tour Forever Night, Never Day in March 2006. At the same time, the band released the album's second single, \"The Kill\", which set a record for the longest-running hit in the history of the US Modern Rock chart when it remained on the national chart for more than 50 weeks, following its number three peak in 2006. Its music video, directed by Jared Leto under the pseudonym of Bartholomew Cubbins, received a largely positive response and numerous accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award.\n\nIn October 2006, the band began their Welcome to the Universe Tour, sponsored by MTV2, and were supported by Head Automatica, The Receiving End of Sirens, Cobra Starship, and several other bands including Street Drum Corps. The third single from the album, \"From Yesterday\", was released in November 2006 and became the band's first number one on the Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks. Jared Leto directed a short film for the single, which became the first ever American music video shot in the People's Republic of China in its entirety. A Beautiful Lie was released in Europe in February 2007. During the year, Thirty Seconds to Mars toured extensively throughout Europe and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde, Pinkpop, Rock am Ring, and Download. In March 2007, Matt Wachter left the group to spend more time with his family and was replaced by Tim Kelleher, performing live only.On November 1, 2007, Thirty Seconds to Mars won an MTV Europe Music Award in the category of Best Rock. The band also received the Kerrang! Award for Best Single in two consecutive years for \"The Kill\" and \"From Yesterday\" in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The album's title track, \"A Beautiful Lie\", was released as the fourth single in North America and selected European countries. Its music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland, and proceeds from the sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council. At the 2008 MTV Europe Music Awards on November 6, Thirty Seconds to Mars earned their second Best Rock and Best Video for \"A Beautiful Lie\".\n\n\n2008\u20132011: EMI lawsuit and This Is War\n\nThirty Seconds to Mars began recording their third studio album This Is War in August 2008. To produce the record, the band worked with Flood and Steve Lillywhite. Thirty Seconds to Mars had attempted to sign with a new label after the A Beautiful Lie tour, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin) to file a lawsuit for $30 million. EMI claimed that the band had failed to produce three of the five records they were obliged to deliver under their 1999 contract, which Virgin entered into with the now-defunct Immortal Records. Jared Leto responded to some of the claims in the suit stating \"under California law, where we live and signed our deal, one cannot be bound to a contract for more than seven years.\" Thirty Seconds to Mars had been contracted for nine years, so the band decided to exercise their \"legal right to terminate our old, out-of-date contract, which, according to the law is null and void.\"After nearly a year of the lawsuit battle, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the case had been settled. The suit was resolved following a defense based on a contract case involving actress Olivia de Havilland decades before. Leto explained, \"The California Appeals Court ruled that no service contract in California is valid after seven years, and it became known as the De Havilland Law after she used it to get out of her contract with Warner Bros.\" Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI. Leto said the band had resolved their differences with EMI and the decision had been made because of \"the willingness and enthusiasm by EMI to address our major concerns and issues, [and] the opportunity to return to work with a team so committed and passionate about Thirty Seconds to Mars.\"In a bid to involve their fans for This Is War, Thirty Seconds to Mars held an event, called The Summit, at the Avalon Club in Los Angeles, where they invited fans to provide backing vocals and percussion. After the success of the initial Summit, the group repeated the event in eight countries and extended it digitally. The band also invited fans to submit close-up shots of their faces in order to make 2,000 different individual covers for the album. Leto described This Is War as a record about survival: \"It was a two-year creative battle that was ferocious and tough but creatively rewarding, and all of those adverse elements, in hindsight, made us stronger and made the record stronger.\"\n\nAlthough the release date was changed many times, This Is War was eventually released in December 2009. The album reached the top ten of several national album charts and entered the Billboard 200 at number 18, with first-week sales of 67,000 in the United States. Its first two singles, \"Kings and Queens\" and \"This Is War\", reached the number-one spot on the US Alternative Songs chart. After a promotional tour in winter 2009, Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010.At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, \"Kings and Queens\" received four nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Direction, and went on to win Best Rock Video. The album's third single, \"Closer to the Edge\", was the 2010 best-selling rock single in the United Kingdom, topping the UK Rock Chart for eight consecutive weeks. Thirty Seconds to Mars collaborated with rapper Kanye West on the song \"Hurricane\", which was released on the deluxe edition of This Is War and became the album's fourth single in some countries. On November 7, Thirty Seconds to Mars and West performed \"Hurricane\" at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards at the Puerta de Alcal\u00e1 in Madrid, where the band also received their third Best Rock. On May 13, 2011, Thirty Seconds to Mars recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged. They performed with musicians from the Vitamin String Quartet and invited a gospel choir to join the group for a rendition of U2's song \"Where the Streets Have No Name\".A Songkick study indicated that, based on quantity of tour dates, Thirty Seconds to Mars was among the hardest-working touring artists in 2010. On October 16, 2011, it was announced that the band would enter the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows. The 300th show, called Tribus Centum Numerarae, took place on December 7, 2011 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City and was followed by a special series of shows which marked the end of the Into the Wild Tour.\n\n\n2012\u20132015: Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams\nThirty Seconds to Mars took a break from touring in 2012 and spent most of the year recording their fourth album, entitled Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams. The album was produced by Jared Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite. Leto said that the band took a new direction with Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams. He explained that the album \"is more than an evolution, it's a brand new beginning. Creatively, we've gone to an entirely new place, which is exciting, unexpected, and incredibly inspiring.\" In September 2012, Artifact, a documentary about the band's legal battle against the record label EMI and the making of This Is War, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and won the People's Choice Documentary Award.\n\nIn February 2013, it was announced that \"Up in the Air\" would be the first single from the fourth album. In partnership with NASA, Thirty Seconds to Mars launched the first copy of \"Up in the Air\" aboard the Dragon spacecraft on SpaceX CRS-2. The mission was launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket on March 1, 2013, sending the first ever commercial copy of music into space. On March 18, 2013, the single premiered from the International Space Station, after a Q&A session with the band and Expedition 35 flight engineer Tom Marshburn, while Annise Parker, mayor of the city of Houston, proclaimed the Thirty Seconds to Mars Day. \"Up in the Air\" made its radio debut on March 18 and became commercially available for downloading the following day. The song reached number three on the US Alternative Songs chart and experienced success in international markets.Thirty Seconds to Mars released Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams on May 21, 2013, through Universal in the United States. The album received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. The band began their Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour in June, which included festival dates at Rock Werchter, Pinkpop, Rock in Rio, and Rock am Ring. The second single from the album, \"Do or Die\", achieved a level of play on modern rock radio, while \"City of Angels\", the third single, was released to rave reviews from critics and eventually reached number eight on the Alternative Songs chart in the US. At the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, held on August 25, \"Up in the Air\" won the award for Best Rock Video.Thirty Seconds to Mars announced on April 25, 2014 that they have parted from Virgin Records after tumultuous years with the label, with Leto telling Billboard, \"We're free and clear and excited about the future. It's the most wonderful place to be.\" In August 2014, the group embarked on a double-headline tour, dubbed the Carnivores Tour, with American rock band Linkin Park, visiting arenas and stadiums throughout North America. Thirty Seconds to Mars then launched a music festival called Camp Mars. The first edition took place in Malibu, California, in August 2015 and included a series of activities in a semi-rustic setting and several DJ sets.\n\n\n2015\u20132021: America and the departure of Mili\u010devi\u0107\n\nOn November 3, 2015, it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars was working on their fifth studio album. In August 2016, the band revealed to have signed to Interscope Records. The group later unveiled that they would embark on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS, which took take place from May to September 2017. In August 2017, \"Walk on Water\" was announced as the lead single from the band's fifth album. Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed the song at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott. During the ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell, who both died earlier that year.On January 25, 2018, Thirty Seconds to Mars released \"Dangerous Night\" as the second single from their upcoming fifth studio album. In February 2018, the band officially announced the Monolith Tour with Walk the Moon, Misterwives, K. Flay, Joywave, and Welshly Arms. Thirty Seconds to Mars later confirmed America as title of their fifth album, which was released on April 6, 2018. The album received polarizing reviews from critics and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming the band's highest entry on the chart. America also reached the top ten in seventeen other countries, including number one in Germany and Austria.During the first leg of the Monolith Tour, it was announced that Mili\u010devi\u0107 would be taking a break from touring due to personal matters. On June 11, 2018, he officially announced his departure from the band.\n\n\n2021\u2013present: New music\nOn October 5, 2021, Leto announced that he would be featured in a song with Illenium called \"Wouldn't Change a Thing\". On August 27, 2022, Thirty Seconds to Mars announced a commemorative 20th-anniversary version of its debut album.\n\n\nMusical style\nThe style of the band's first studio album combined progressive metal and space rock with influences and elements from electronica, utilizing programming and synthesizers. Ryan Rayhill from Blender described the album as a \"high-minded space opera of epic scope befitting prog-rock prototypes Rush,\" and wrote that Thirty Seconds to Mars \"emerged with an eponymous debut that sounds like Tool on The Dark Side of the Moon,\" referring to the 1973 album by Pink Floyd.\n\nWhereas the eponymous concept album's lyrics focus on human struggle and self-determination, A Beautiful Lie's lyrics are more personal and the music introduces screaming vocals. The transformation that resonates throughout the album reflects the personal and artistic changes experienced by the band members before and during the creation of the record. The album widened the band's sound by combining elements from progressive rock, hard rock and emo. Such alternative rock style has been compared to bands like The Cure, U2 and The Smashing Pumpkins.Their third release This Is War was described as \"an extremely progressive rock sound with killer choruses,\" drawing inspirations from experimental Pink Floyd to melodic M83. Chris Harris from Rolling Stone considered it \"an ambitious collection of experimental rock\" shaped by the band's personal struggles and legal battle with their record label. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic acknowledged the band's progression, referring to the overall style of the record as a mixture of synth rock, heavy metal, and progressive rock.In Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams the band experimented with different instruments and drew influences from a wider and more varied range of styles. The album mixes experimental instrumentation with elements both symphonic and electronic, and the music introduces a minimalist approach full of ethereal sonics. The record carries the concept album format of This Is War and expands the spectrum to revolve around the themes after which it is named.\n\n\nActivism\nThirty Seconds to Mars launched a website, called abeautifullie.org, to provide information about environmental issues and ways to participate in environmental activities. People can make donations through the site to support the Natural Resources Defense Council. In 2006, Jared Leto created the cover art for The 97X Green Room: Volume 2, a compilation of live music that includes a Thirty Seconds to Mars song, which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy. During their Welcome to the Universe Tour, the group worked to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption to offset the impact that the tour would have had on the environment.In June 2008, the band joined Habitat for Humanity to work on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's \"A Brush With Kindness\" programme. In advance of the build, the band organized an auction of \"build slots\" to give fans the opportunity to volunteer alongside them. In less than a week, six extra workers were enlisted and over $10,000 was raised to fund additional Habitat for Humanity projects. Thirty Seconds to Mars fans, termed as the Echelon, started several philanthropic organizations and projects with the purpose of supporting various charities and humanitarian causes.After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Thirty Seconds to Mars raised $100,100 for Haitian relief through a charity auction. The band has also supported the Haitian population through the Echelon project \"House for Haiti\" and Hope For Haiti Now telethon special. The group auctioned a quantity of items raising funds to help the Red Cross assist people affected by the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami. The band contributed one dollar per concert ticket sold on the Carnivores Tour to the charity Music for Relief to support disaster relief and programs to protect and restore the environment.\n\n\nBand members\n\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums30 Seconds to Mars (2002)\nA Beautiful Lie (2005)\nThis Is War (2009)\nLove, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013)\nAmerica (2018)\n\n\nConcert tours\nForever Night, Never Day Tour (2006)\nWelcome to the Universe Tour (2006)\nInto the Wild Tour (2010\u201311)\nLove, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour (2013\u201315)\nCarnivores Tour (with Linkin Park) (2014)\nMonolith Tour (2018\u201319)\n\n\nSee also\nList of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart\nList of awards and nominations received by Thirty Seconds to Mars\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website"}}}} |
part_xaa/acuma_incorporated | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acuma_Incorporated","to":"Acuma Incorporated"}],"pages":{"22869969":{"pageid":22869969,"ns":0,"title":"Acuma Incorporated","extract":"Acuma Incorporated (formerly the Australasian Campus Union Managers\u2019 Association) is a representative organisation for senior staff in tertiary campus service organizations in Australia and New Zealand. The purpose of this group is to speak on behalf of its members in areas affecting the tertiary campus service industry. Individual campus service organizations are represented by their General Manager or an equivalent position.\n\n\nHistory\nPrior to 1992, General Managers and their equivalents in the Australian campus service industry gathered yearly under the banner of the ACUI Region 16 Conference. In 1992, the organisation was incorporated as a not-for-profit body in New South Wales under the Associations Incorporation Act.\n\n\nGovernance\nAcuma Incorporated is governed by a Board of Management composed of elected representatives from each of the following regional groups in Australasia:\n\nEastern Region - composed of New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand\nSouthern Region - composed of Victoria and Tasmania\nSouth/Western Region - composed of South Australia and Western Australia and\nNorthern Region - composed of Queensland and the Northern TerritoryThe organisation is managed by an executive officer who is contracted to the organisation, and who acts on the directions of the board as expressed by the elected president.\n\n\nRole in Voluntary Student Unionism\nAcuma Incorporated was active in the debate surrounding the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism (VSU) legislation in Australia. In conjunction with Australian University Sport (AUS), Acuma Incorporated produced a study of the impact of VSU on individual campuses around Australia.\n\n\nNotes"}}}} |
part_xaa/aaron_lipstadt | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aaron_Lipstadt","to":"Aaron Lipstadt"}],"pages":{"30296154":{"pageid":30296154,"ns":0,"title":"Aaron Lipstadt","extract":"Aaron Lipstadt (born November 12, 1952) is an American film director, television director and producer.\nIn 1980, he began his career as assistant production manager on the film Battle Beyond the Stars. He continued to manage productions for the films Saturday the 14th (1981), Galaxy of Terror (1981), Forbidden World (1982) and The Slumber Party Massacre (1982). In 1982, he made his directorial debut with the film Android. In 1984, he directed the film City Limits.\nSince 1986, he has focused primarily on directing television. His television credits include Miami Vice, Crime Story, The Equalizer, Quantum Leap, Law & Order, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Trial by Jury, The Division, Medium, The 4400, Elementary and many other series.\n\n\nFilmography\nActor\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nAaron Lipstadt at IMDb"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdol_rahman_sarani | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdol_Rahman_Sarani","to":"Abdol Rahman Sarani"}],"pages":{"41935007":{"pageid":41935007,"ns":0,"title":"Abdol Rahman Sarani","extract":"Abdol Rahman Sarani (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a, also Romanized as \u02bfAbdol Ra\u1e29man S\u0101r\u0101n\u012b) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73, in 15 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/a_day's_adventure | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"A_Day's_Adventure","to":"A Day's Adventure"}],"pages":{"13434748":{"pageid":13434748,"ns":0,"title":"A Day's Adventure","extract":"A Day's Adventure is a 1915 American drama film featuring Harry Carey.\n\n\nCast\nHarry Carey\nBarney Furey (as J. Barney Furey)\nClaire McDowell\nCharles West (as Charles H. West)\n\n\nSee also\nList of American films of 1915\nHarry Carey filmography\n\n\nExternal links\nA Day's Adventure at IMDb"}}}} |
part_xaa/adekunle_lukmon | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Adekunle_Lukmon","to":"Adekunle Lukmon"}],"pages":{"15288656":{"pageid":15288656,"ns":0,"title":"Adekunle Lukmon","extract":"Babatunde Luqmon Adekunle (born 10 October 1984 in Lagos) is a Nigerian footballer.\n\n\nCareer\nLukmon played as 20\u2013year\u2013old in the 2004\u201305 First League of Serbia and Montenegro with FK Borac \u010ca\u010dak and moved one year later to FK V\u00ebllaz\u00ebrimi Ki\u010devo in Macedonia. From June 2006 to December 2008, he was under contract by FK Rabotni\u010dki where he contributed a lot to the success of the team, playing a big part in the Qualifiers to the UEFA Champions League 2008\u201309.On 22 December 2008, the Swiss Super League Club confirmed the signing of Lukmon on a four-and-a-half year contract with FC Luzern after a Swiss agent discovered him in a Champions League qualifying match against FC Inter Baku in Azerbaijan and brought him to FC Luzern. He got off to a sensational start with the team in the beginning of 2009.In summer 2011, after having already played two league matches for Luzern in the 2011\u201312 season, Lukmon agreed to a one-year loan deal to play for SC Kriens in the Swiss Challenge League. At SC Kriens in the 2011\u201312 season he played 13 times in total for the club while on loan\nOn July 1, 2014 Adekunle signed for Swiss team Zug 94 having been released by FC Luzern. He scored his first goal for his new club against FC Grenchen in a 9-0 win.\n\n\nHonours\nFK Rabotni\u010dkiFirst Macedonian Football League: 2007\u201308\nMacedonian Cup: 2007\u201308FC LuzernSwiss Cup Runner Up: 2011-12\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nAdekunle Lukmon at FootballDatabase.eu\n\"Football.ch profile\". Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2009-02-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)\nProfile at Srbijafudbal (in Serbian)"}}}} |
part_xaa/aao_huzoor_tumko | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aao_Huzoor_Tumko","to":"Aao Huzoor Tumko"}],"pages":{"44171114":{"pageid":44171114,"ns":0,"title":"Aao Huzoor Tumko","extract":"\"Aao Huzoor Tumko\" is a song composed by O. P. Nayyar and sung by Asha Bhosle for the 1968 Bollywood film Kismat. The song was pictured on Babita and Biswajit Chatterjee. It is considered to be one of the most memorable songs associated with Babita.\n\n\nPopularity\nThe song became very popular upon its release. It was written by a lesser known lyricist, Noor Devasi (active during 1959-1992). It is considered to be one of the top five songs sung by Asha Bhosle\n\n. \nIt was one of the songs selected for Shaan-e-Pakistan function celebrating Indian and Pakistani cultures in Delhi during 10 and 12 September 2015.\n\n\nRe-release\nA mixed version of this song titled as Punjab in the album Global Spirit was released in 2000 by Karunesh The album won American record chart New Age Reporter's Best Dance/Dub/Club Album award in 2007.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abatetia | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"21866020":{"pageid":21866020,"ns":0,"title":"Abatetia","extract":"Abatetia is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It contains a single species, Abatetia robusta, and is found in New Zealand. The genus was originally known as Nelsonia, named by Octave Parent in 1933. The genus was then transferred to Cymatopus by Parent in 1937. Separately, David Miller found the name Nelsonia to be preoccupied by Nelsonia (Merriam, 1897), and renamed it to Abatetia in 1945. However, the genus remained a synonym of Cymatopus until 1984, when it was restored as a separate genus by Henk J. G. Meuffels and Patrick Grootaert. Due to Nelsonia being preoccupied, Abatetia became the name of the genus.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acrobasis_tumidana | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrobasis_tumidana","to":"Acrobasis tumidana"}],"pages":{"18661108":{"pageid":18661108,"ns":0,"title":"Acrobasis tumidana","extract":"Acrobasis tumidana is a moth of the family Pyralidae. It was described in 1775 by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schifferm\u00fcller and is found in Europe.\nThe wingspan is 19\u201324 mm. The moth flies in one generation from July to August.[1].\nThe larvae feed on oak.\n\n\nNotes\n^ The flight season refers to Belgium and the Netherlands. This may vary in other parts of the range.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\n Media related to Acrobasis tumidana at Wikimedia Commons\nLepidoptera of Belgium\nUK Moths\nwaarneming.nl (in Dutch)"}}}} |
part_xaa/abu_sa'id_al-jannabi | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abu_Sa'id_al-Jannabi","to":"Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi"}],"pages":{"21768723":{"pageid":21768723,"ns":0,"title":"Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi","extract":"Abu Sa'id Hasan ibn Bahram al-Jannabi (Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a, romanized: Ab\u016b Sa\u02bf\u012bd \u1e24asan ibn Bahr\u0101m al-Jann\u0101b\u012b; 845/855\u2013913/914) was the founder of the Qarmatian state in Bahrayn (an area comprising the eastern parts of modern Saudi Arabia as well as the Gulf emirates). By 899, his followers controlled large parts of the region, and in 900, he scored a major victory over an Abbasid army sent to subdue him. He captured the local capital, Hajar, in 903, and extended his rule south and east into Oman. He was assassinated in 913, and succeeded by his eldest son Sa'id.\nHis religious teachings and political activities are somewhat unclear, as they are reported by later and usually hostile sources, but he seems to have shared the millennialist Isma'ili belief about the imminent return of the mahd\u012b, hostility to conventional Islamic rites and rituals, and to have based the Qarmatian society on the principles of communal ownership and egalitarianism, with a system of production and distribution overseen by appointed agents. The Qarmatian \"republic\" he founded would last until the late 11th century.\n\n\nEarly life\nAbu Sa'id was of Persian origin, from Jannaba in coastal Fars. He was born sometime between 845 and 855, and was reportedly crippled on his left side. He later claimed (or it was claimed by his followers) that he had royal descent from the Sasanian dynasty, but in his early life he was a furrier or flour merchant, initially in his native Jannaba, and later in the vicinity of Kufa, where he moved.There he married into the Banu'l-Qassar family, who were prominent members of the Isma'ili community in the area. He was proselytized and taught by the Isma'ili missionary (d\u0101'\u012b) Abu Muhammad Abdan, the brother-in-law of Hamdan Qarmat, the overall leader of the Isma'ili movement in Iraq. In the period about 874/884, Abu Sa'id was then in turn sent as a d\u0101'\u012b to proselytize in Fars, in the area of Jannaba, Siniz, Tawwaj, and Mahruban. His mission was successful, and he gathered converts and funds: all d\u0101'\u012bs were required to gather funds for the awaited mahd\u012b, who was still in Occultation. Eventually, however, he was denounced to the Sunni authorities. His treasure and stores were confiscated, but Abu Sa'id managed to escape and went into hiding, perhaps in Basra.\n\n\nConquest of Bahrayn\n\nAccording to the report of Ibn Hawqal, at that time he met with Hamdan Qarmat, who recognized Abu Sa'id's abilities and entrusted him with leading the missionary effort in Bahrayn, a region encompassing all of eastern Arabia from the borders of Iraq to Qatar. Bahrayn is generally ignored by the historical sources of the period; the area was under Abbasid rule, but according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, \"the Arabic sources fail to tell much about its extent or effectiveness\".According to the 10th-century historian al-Mas'udi, Abu Sa'id arrived there in 886/7, but other sources place this at different dates, from 894 to 896, or even as late as 899, by which time however he is known to have established himself as a power in the area; as a result the later dates are unlikely to be correct. Abu Sa'id initially assumed the role of a flour merchant in the town of Qatif, where he established crucial bonds with the Banu Sanbar, a Thaqafi family of some prominence: the three sons, Hasan, Ali and Hamdan, became his closest supporters, while Hasan's daughter became his wife. The family would continue to play a leading role in the Qarmatian state over the next decades. According to Ibn Hawqal and Akhu Muhsin, the Isma'ili community he founded initially consisted of the \"small folk, butchers, porters, and the like\". At Bahrayn he encountered another Isma'ili d\u0101'\u012b, Abu Zakariya al-Tamami, who had been sent by the Yemeni d\u0101'\u012b Ibn Hawshab, and who had managed to convert the Banu Kilab tribe. A certain rivalry ensued, but for long the two became reluctant partners, until Abu Sa'id finally had Abu Zakariya imprisoned and killed. Abu Sa'id nevertheless managed to gain the backing not only of the Kilab, but also of the Banu Uqayl, who became the core of his military forces.The Bedouin tribes were, in the words of Heinz Halm, \"an ideal target group\" for the d\u0101'\u012b: The\u2014admittedly rabidly anti-Isma'ili\u2014account of Akhu Muhsin describes the tribes as \"accustomed to war, but at the same time strong and ignorant, carefree and far from the law of Islam, with no knowledge of prophecy, or of what is allowed and forbidden\". Indeed, the first group to join the cause, the Banu al-Adbat, a sub-tribe of the Kilab, had previously been shunned on account of a blood feud. Joining Abu Sa'id's revolutionary doctrine gave them not only the prospect of booty and power, but also of redemption.With the backing of a strong Bedouin army, Abu Sa'id began attacking towns in the area: Qatif, Zara, Safwan, Zahran, al-Hasa, and Juwata. His expeditions reached as far east as Sohar (which he briefly captured after several attempts) in the Oman and west to Bilad al-Falaj and south to Yabrin; the central al-Yamama region was left devastated and depopulated in the process, as the local tribes of Banu Qushayr and Banu Sa'd were either killed or expelled. Yamama was probably not placed under Qarmatian control, although they clashed with the Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir who ruled it at the time, and who later became allies of the Qarmatians. At some unknown point, Abu Sa'id even captured the island of Awal (modern Bahrain), and imposed tariffs on shipping there.In 899, a major rift occurred in the Isma'ili movement, when Hamdan Qarmat and Abu Muhammad Abdan denounced the movement's secret leadership at Salamiya, which had been taken over by Sa'id ibn al-Husayn, the future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate. Shortly after that, Hamdan Qarmat disappeared, while Abu Muhammad was murdered in the same year at the instigation of Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh, apparently on the instructions of Salamiya. After Hamdan's disappearance, the term \"Qarmatians\" was retained by all Isma'ilis who refused to recognize the claims of Sa'id, and subsequently of the Fatimid dynasty. Abu Sa'id likewise rejected Sa'id's claims; apart from ideological reasons and loyalty to his masters, political considerations may also have played a role, as this was \"a favourable opportunity to make himself completely independent\", as Wilferd Madelung put it. It was also at that time, according to Ibn Hawqal, that he had his rival Abu Zakariya al-Tamami imprisoned and executed, as he remained loyal to Sa'id. In later decades the Fatimids launched attempts to get the Qarmatian communities to recognize their leadership, but although they were successful in some areas, throughout their existence, the Qarmatians in Bahrayn refused to do so. Neither, however, did Abu Sa'id try to coordinate his movements with the other Qarmatian groups active in the Abbasid territories, such as the rebellions launched in Syria and Iraq by Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh and his sons in 901\u2013907.By 899, Abu Sa'id's followers controlled most of Bahrayn, except for the regional capital Hajar, which was still under Abbasid control, and in the north had advanced up to the vicinity of Basra. The fall of Qatif in that year alarmed the populace of Basra, as they realized that a Qarmatian attack on the city was now a possibility; hasty work commenced to erect a brick wall around the hitherto unfortified city. Early in 900, Abu Sa'id began his siege of Hajar, but as the city resisted for several months, he established his own residence and base of operations (d\u0101r al-hijra) at al-Ahsa (modern al-Hofuf), some two miles from Hajar. The news of the siege prompted the reaction of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid, who in April 900 named his general al-Abbas ibn Amr al-Ghanawi governor of Bahrayn and Yamama, and sent him with 2,000 soldiers, augmented with volunteers, against Abu Sa'id's forces. On 31 July, in a salt marsh some two days' march from Qatif, the Abbasid army was defeated in battle. Al-Ghanawi was taken prisoner and later released, but the other captives, reportedly 700 in number, were executed. In the aftermath of this success, Hajar was captured, only to be lost again after the arrival of a new Abbasid governor in 901, while Abu Sa'id was leading an expedition in the vicinity of Basra. In late 903, the Abbasid governor Ibn Banu reported to the central government in Baghdad that he had captured Qatif and defeated and killed Abu Sa'id's designated successor there. Nevertheless, around the same time or a little later, Hajar was forced to surrender anew to the Qarmatians after they cut its water supply. Many of its inhabitants chose flight to Awal, Siraf, and other places, while many who remained behind were either killed or converted in the pillaging that followed.Despite the destruction visited upon it, Hajar remained the chief city and capital of Bahrayn. Abu Sa'id, however, established his own palatial residence at al-Ahsa oasis, where he ruled in the traditional manner of an Arab prince. From Bahrayn, the Qarmatians launched a series of raids against the vicinities of Basra, both to capture slaves and in retaliation for the participation of the local Zabba tribe in the 900 campaign against them. The most notable of these raids occurred in July/August 912, but although the local Abbasid governor was reportedly unable to confront it, the sources report that the force involved was very small, barely 30 men.\n\n\nGovernance and doctrine\nAs the founder of the Qarmatian \"republic\" of Bahrayn, he was ascribed by later generations the establishment of its institutions. While certainly far from their fully developed form as reported by Ibn Hawqal, he certainly did initiate some of them. The Qarmatian system was based on communal ownership and egalitarianism, with a system of production and distribution overseen by Abu Sai'id's agents. For example, any livestock and supplies taken during raids were stored and distributed; slaves were employed in communal labour; the herding of cattle, camels, and sheep, the production of arms and clothing, were centrally directed; and all boys taken captive were trained together from the age of four, both in arms and riding and in the Qarmatian doctrine. Workers and artisans were organized into primitive guilds, and a council, the al-\u02bfIqd\u0101niyya, comprising representatives of leading families and senior officials, was also established in an advisory capacity. Some modern commentators have described this system as a \"kind of socialism\", the Qarmatians as the \"Bolsheviks of Islam\", and their state as the \"only communist society to control a large territory, and to endure for more than a generation, before the twentieth century\".His religious teachings are less clear, as the Qarmatians of Bahrayn left no testimonies of their own; what is known about them is reported by few, foreign, and usually heavily hostile sources. Initially, he obviously adhered to the millennialist Isma'ili teachings about the imminent return of the mahd\u012b, Muhammad ibn Isma'il. After the rift of 899, he no longer recognized the authority of Sa'id; according to the q\u0101\u1e0d\u012b Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad, Abu Sa'id now claimed that the mahd\u012b was no longer Ibn Isma'il but Muhammad, the son of Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, whose appearance was expected in 912, the year 300 of the Hijri calendar, but this information is of dubious reliability. When the date passed without incident\u2014in the meantime Sa'id had declared himself as the mahd\u012b and founded the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya\u2014the failure of the prophecy is said to have caused considerable embarrassment to the Qarmatian regime.Following Isma'ili expectations that the mahd\u012b would reveal the \"hidden\" or \"inner\" (b\u0101\u1e6din) truths of the religion to his followers, thus ushering an \"age of pure spiritual knowledge\" and making religious laws and customs obsolete, Abu Sa'id abolished numerous Islamic rites, such as prayer and fasting.\n\n\nDeath and succession\nAl-Mas'udi reports that Abu Sa'id was murdered in June/July 913 while taking his bath in his palace by two \u1e63aqlab\u012b eunuch slaves. Several of his higher-ranking officers and followers were killed at the same time, including Ali and Hamdan ibn Sanbar. However, the death was not reported in Baghdad until the summer of 914, perhaps indicating that it was kept secret until then. The reason for his murder is unknown, but Heinz Halm suggests it may be linked to the failed prophecy on the appearance of the mahd\u012b the previous year.He left seven or six sons, who due to their youth were at first under the tutelage of their uncle Hasan, the last of the three Banu Sanbar brothers. Power was likely nominally invested among all of Abu Sa'id's sons, as a response composed soon after Abu Sa'id's death to a letter from the Abbasid vizier was written on behalf of all sons. Among his sons, the oldest, Abu'l-Qasim Sa'id al-Jannabi, was at first the pre-eminent, but his reign was brief; he was replaced by the youngest son, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, at the latest by 923. The reason and manner of the transition is unclear. Most Arabic sources agree that Abu Sa'id had appointed him as his heir, but that he was deposed in 923 by Abu Tahir. Another tradition, by the Kufan anti-Isma'ili polemicist Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Rizam al-Ta'i, reports that Abu Sa'id had always intended for Abu Tahir to succeed him, and had named Sa'id only as regent, and that Sa'id voluntarily relinquished power to his brother in 917/918.Following his death, Abu Sa'id became the object of veneration by his followers. It was believed that he would return to lead them, to the point that a saddled horse was kept at the entrance of his tomb. The state he founded survived until its overthrow by the Uyunids in the 1070s, and as late as the mid-11th century the Bahrayni Qarmatians called themselves Ab\u016b Sa\u02bf\u012bd\u012bs after him.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nSources\nCarra de Vaux, B. & Hodgson, M. G. S. (1965). \"al-D\u0332j\u0332ann\u0101b\u012b, Ab\u016b Sa\u02bf\u012bd \u1e24asan b. Bahr\u0101m\". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C\u2013G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 452. OCLC 495469475.\nDaftary, Farhad (2007). The Ism\u0101\u02bf\u0131\u0304l\u0131\u0304s: Their History and Doctrines (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2.\nHalm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-35497-7.\nHitti, Philip K. (2002) [1937]. History of the Arabs: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Revised Tenth ed.). Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-63141-2.\nMadelung, Wilferd (1978). \"\u1e32arma\u1e6d\u012b\". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Iran\u2013Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 660\u2013665. OCLC 758278456.\nMadelung, Wilferd (1983). \"AB\u016a SA\u02bf\u012aD JANN\u0100B\u012a\". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica, Volume I/4: Ab\u016b Man\u1e63\u016br Herav\u0131\u0304\u2013Adat. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 380\u2013381. ISBN 978-0-71009-093-5.\nMadelung, Wilferd (1996). \"The Fatimids and the Qarmat\u012bs of Bahrayn\". In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21\u201373. ISBN 978-0-521-00310-0.\n\u00d6z, Mustafa (1993). \"Cenn\u00e2b\u00ee, Eb\u00fb Sa\u00eed\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 7 (Ca'fer es-S\u00e2dik \u2013 Ci\u0307lt\u00e7i\u0307li\u0307k) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 371. ISBN 978-975-389-434-0.\nRentz, G. & Mulligan, W. E. (1960). \"al-Ba\u1e25rayn\". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; L\u00e9vi-Proven\u00e7al, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A\u2013B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 941\u2013944. OCLC 495469456.\nRexroth, Kenneth (1974). Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century. Seabury Press. ISBN 0-81649204-2.\n\n\nFurther reading\nLangaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2015). \"Ab\u016b Sa\u02bf\u012bd al-Jann\u0101b\u012b\". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831."}}}} |
part_xaa/according_to_my_heart | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"According_to_My_Heart","to":"According to My Heart"}],"pages":{"33270547":{"pageid":33270547,"ns":0,"title":"According to My Heart","extract":"According to My Heart is an album by Jim Reeves originally released in 1960 on RCA Camden. It was the first of two number-one albums in the UK for American singer Jim Reeves. It spent four weeks at the top of the chart in 1969, five years after Reeves had died. In Billboard magazine's annual poll of country and western disc jockeys, it was ranked No. 10 among the \"Favorite C&W Albums\" of 1960.\n\n\nTrack listing\n\n\nSide one\n\"According to My Heart\" (Gary Walker)\n\"Don't You Want to Be My Girl (Poor Little Doll)\" (Leona Butrum, Nellie Smith)\n\"Don't Tell Me\" (Ginger Willis, Hal Willis, Vernon Dee, Jim Reeves)\n\"You'll Never Be Mine Again\" (Buddy Killen, Jim Reeves)\n\"I've Lived a Lot in My Time\" (Dick Reynolds, Jack Rhodes, Jim Reeves)\n\n\nSide two\n\"If You Were Mine\" (Cy Coben)\n\"Don't Ask Me Why\" (Joan Hager)\n\"Stand at Your Window\" (Jim Carroll)\n\"What Would You Do\" (Jim Reeves)\n\"I Can't Fly\" (Tommy Hill)\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/aboriginal_passport | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Aboriginal_passport","to":"Aboriginal passport"}],"pages":{"27502460":{"pageid":27502460,"ns":0,"title":"Aboriginal passport","extract":"An Aboriginal passport refers to various travel documents issued by the self-declared Aboriginal Provisional Government (APG), an indigenous Australian group. Such documents are not recognized as valid by the Australian government or its Australian Customs and Border Protection Service, although some people have been permitted to re-enter Australia using such documents.\n\n\nUse by activists\nIn the late 1980s Tasmanian activist Michael Mansell introduced an Aboriginal Passport. The passport was issued to a delegation that visited Libya in 1988. The passports were used to get into Libya and Mansell in an interview said that it was the \"first time I've had any other country recognise the fact that I'm not Australian\". On the delegation's return to Australia they were detained by immigration officials until they produced Australian documentation. The Aboriginal Provisional Government, an organization seeking to create an Aboriginal nation, continued to issue Aboriginal Passports into the 1990s. The group regards the Australian passport issued by the Australian government as \"a foreign and colonial travel document\" and so issues Aboriginal passports as \"an act of Aboriginal sovereignty.\"Under Australian's Migration Act of 1958 everyone entering the country must have a legal travel document, which under the act is termed as a passport. Barbara Hocking claims that under Australian law a passport is deemed to be a document which looks like a passport. Hocking asserts that since the APG issues Aboriginal passports that look like passports Hocking claims that customs agents cannot refuse entry while using Aboriginal passports because under the terms of Australian law they have a travel document issued by the APG that looks like a passport.In September 2012, the Indigenous Social Justice Association, an Australian group which wants recognition of Aboriginal sovereignty, showed their support for WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange by giving him an Aboriginal Nations passport.In September 2014, four Indigenous Australian activists were permitted to re-enter Australia from Canada using \"Aboriginal Provisional Government\" passports but were warned not to attempt it again.\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nExternal links\nAboriginal Passport Ceremony"}}}} |
part_xaa/abdelhamid_abou_zeid | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid","to":"Abdelhamid Abou Zeid"}],"pages":{"38260457":{"pageid":38260457,"ns":0,"title":"Abdelhamid Abou Zeid","extract":"Abdelhamid Abou Zeid (born Mohamed Ghadir; 1965 \u2013 25 February 2013), was an Algerian national and Islamist jihadi militant and smuggler who, in about 2010, became one of the top three military commanders of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), a Mali-based militant organization. He competed as the chief rival of Mokhtar Belmokhtar, an Algerian national who had become the major commander in AQIM and later head of his own group. Both gained wealth and power by kidnapping and ransoming European nationals. After taking control of Timbuktu in 2012, Abou Zeid established sharia law and destroyed Sufi shrines.\nAbou Zeid was killed by French and Chadian troops on 25 February 2013 in fighting in Northern Mali. On 23 March, Zeid's death was \"definitively confirmed\" by the French president's office.\n\n\nEarly life\nAbou Zeid was born in Algeria in 1965.\n\n\nMilitant activities\nAbou Zeid was one of the senior members of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, (AQIM), an Islamist militant organization. He had been promoted by the emir of AQIM, Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud (a.k.a. Abdelmalek Droukdel); some commentators speculated that Wadoud wanted to have an alternative to Mokhtar Belmokhtar, an increasingly powerful commander in AQIM also operating in Mali.Abou Zeid is believed to have ordered the executions of hostages, including Edwin Dyer in 2009 and Michel Germaneau in 2010. He is believed to have been behind the kidnapping of more than 20 Westerners between 2008 and 2013. The victims were held to gain ransoms to fund the activities of AQIM.When Abou Zeid controlled Timbuktu, he ordered amputations as punishment, and his forces destroyed historic Sufi shrines.With both Abou Zeid and Belmokhtar exerting power in the Sahel region, in the fall of 2012, Wadoud appointed Djamel Okacha (also known as Yahya Abou el-Hammam) as the overall commander of AQIM in the Sahara, in an effort to keep control. According to a memo from him to Abou Zeid found in Timbuktu, Wadoud was concerned that the rapid push to establish Sharia law would provoke armed intervention. In January 2013, France and West African nations responded to the Malian government's request for help and entered with troops in northern Mali to dislodge AQIM.Leading a contingent of Islamists in central Mali, Abou Zeid attacked the small town of Diabaly in January 2013.At the request of the Malian government, the French launched a quick intervention in January to drive the radical Islamists from northern Mali. They entered the area with 1,200 French troops, 800 Chadian soldiers and some elements of the Malian army, fighting in the Adrar mountain range.\n\n\nDeath\nAbou Zeid was reported killed along with 40 militants on 25 February 2013, by French and Chadian troops near the mountainous region of Tigargara, Northern Mali. At the time, he and his men were believed to be holding at least four French citizens who had been kidnapped in 2010 in Niger. His death was first reported by Algeria's independent Ennahar TV on 28 February 2013. On 1 March 2013, Idriss Deby, President of Chad, said his forces had killed Abou Zeid during fighting in northern Mali. His death was confirmed by an Al Qaeda member on 5 March. According to a Reuters security source, he was replaced as AQIM's leader by Algerian Djamel Okacha (a.k.a. Yahya Abu al-Humam).On 16 June 2013, AQIM officially confirmed the death of Abou Zeid in a martyrdom statement.\n\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\nSources"}}}} |
part_xaa/abzalu | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"pages":{"37274471":{"pageid":37274471,"ns":0,"title":"Abzalu","extract":"Abzalu (Persian: \u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648, also Romanized as \u0100bz\u0101l\u016b) is a village in Margha Rural District, in the Central District of Izeh County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 55, in 7 families.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acraga_ria | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acraga_ria","to":"Acraga ria"}],"pages":{"45644590":{"pageid":45644590,"ns":0,"title":"Acraga ria","extract":"Acraga ria is a moth of the family Dalceridae. It is found in southern Brazil and Peru. Records from Panama represent a misidentification. The habitat consists of subtropical moist forests.\nThe length of the forewings is 8\u201310 mm. Adults are ochreous yellow, with the hindwings, abdomen and ventral wings pale yellow. Adults are on wing from November to February.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acrolophus_filicornis | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acrolophus_filicornis","to":"Acrolophus filicornis"}],"pages":{"36958120":{"pageid":36958120,"ns":0,"title":"Acrolophus filicornis","extract":"Acrolophus filicornis is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1887. It is found in North America, including Arizona.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/acanthanectes_hystrix | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Acanthanectes_hystrix","to":"Acanthanectes hystrix"}],"pages":{"31607131":{"pageid":31607131,"ns":0,"title":"Acanthanectes hystrix","extract":"Acanthanectes hystrix is a species of triplefin blenny. It was described by Holleman and Buxton in 1993. So far the species has only been recorded in the waters off Tsitsikamma National Park in the Eastern Cape, South Africa but its distribution is probably more extensive, although it is likely to endemic to South Africa. It is a demersal species which is found below the low water mark on rocky reefs with microalgae at depths of 10 to 24 metres (33 to 79 ft). Their eggs hemispherical in shape and are coated with many sticky threads which fix them among the algae at the nesting sites. The larvae are planktonic and have mainly been recorded from shallow, inshore areas. The specific name hystrix means porcupine and refers to the spiny appearance of this fish.\n\n\nReferences"}}}} |
part_xaa/abraham_the_monk | /tmp/hf-datasets-cache/medium/datasets/85588519093439-config-parquet-and-info-bene-ges-wikipedia_en-11aafb40/downloads/20d0218b2bb6c703bf6ce1f70b8371c77346fec58d61ef78188f822f0ad117db | {"batchcomplete":"","query":{"normalized":[{"from":"Abraham_the_Monk","to":"Abraham the Monk"}],"pages":{"13890370":{"pageid":13890370,"ns":0,"title":"Abraham the Monk","extract":"Abraham the Monk was a monk who lived in a monastery on Mount Sinai in the Sinai desert. He was born about the close of the sixth century, and became a convert to Judaism about 615. As a Christian monk, he spent his life in penance and prayer. Doubts as to the Christian dogma grew in his mind, and, after a prolonged struggle, he deserted his cell in the monastery on Mount Sinai and wandered North through the desert into the Land of Israel, finally reaching the city of Tiberias. Here he submitted to circumcision and became a Jew, receiving the name Abraham, by which he was subsequently known.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901\u20131906). \"Abraham the Monk\". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls."}}}} |
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