alexignite/chemset1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

title stringlengths 8 78	text stringlengths 3 643
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Remember, the two constants going this way and this way are different times the concentration of z to the c coefficient or exponent times the concentration of w to the d power.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now this guy is equal to this guy because we're a dynamic equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And the only reason we are able to write the rate laws like this using the coefficients is because this is an elementary reaction.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	So now let's bring all the constant to one side and everything else the concentrations to this side.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	So we get the following.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	K one divided by k minus one equals this guy divided by this guy.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now notice that these two guys are constants.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	They're the same or they don't change at the same temperature.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that means we can represent this guy as another constant, namely K. Now this K is known as the equilibrium constant.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And the relationship between our K, the equilibrium constant.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And the chemical equation above is known as the law of mass action.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	So what's the meaning of K?
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Well, K is simply the ratio of the concentration of products and the concentration of reactants at equilibrium when the Navy equilibrium has been established.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And what K does is it tells us how far the reaction proceeded at equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	In other words, we can have three situations.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	K can either be greater than one and if K is greater than one, that means at equilibrium we have more products than reactants.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that means our reaction is a product favored, it's spontaneous going this way.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now, if K equals one, that means at equilibrium our concentration of products is the same as the concentration of reactants.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now, if K is less than one, that means this denominator is larger than our enumerator.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that means we have more concentration of reactants of these guys at equilibrium than of our products than these guys.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that means our reaction is not product favorite, it's not spontaneous, in fact it's reactant favorite.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	This reaction is spontaneous, but this reaction isn't if our K is less than one.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's the meaning of K. Now, a few more important things that I want to mention about equilibrium constants.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now an equilibrium constant is unitless.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's because we're dividing concentration by concentration.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	So our units at the end will cancel out.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now, our equilibrium constant depends strictly on temperature.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's because our constant is actually a rate constant divided by a rate constant.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	So it's the ratio of the rate constant going this way to the rate constant going in the reverse direction.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And because these guys are dependent only on temperature, these guys also depend upon temperature.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	It does not depend on the concentration.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now note there is a big difference between equilibrium constant and chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Although the two things are related, they're two different separate ideas.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Once again, equilibrium constant is a ratio of products to reactants, and it depends on temperature.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	While chemical equilibrium refers to a condition, a system.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And if we add, for example, more reactants to our system now our chemical equilibrium is shifted to the right, more reactants will be produced.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's because of Washacliere's principle.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	We'll discuss that in a bit.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	But remember to have this distinction between equilibrium constant and chemical equilibrium.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	There are different things.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Last thing I want to mention is about this expression, this chemical equilibrium expression.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now, notice we included every single reactant product.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's because we assume that X-Y-Z and W were either in the aqueous state or the gas state.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Now only aqueous or gas molecules are included or expressed in our final expression.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	Solid molecules and liquid molecules are not included in our expression.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And that's because their density stays the same throughout our experiment.
Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt	And so they really have no effect on our equilibrium constant or chemical equilibrium.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, any given time during the rest of the potential, our concentration on the outside is lasted on the inside.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So let's say our outside is 0.003 molar, and on the inside is 0.135 molar.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So how would we find the cell voltage due to the potassium ions?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Will we use the Nurse equation?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	What this equation says is our cell voltage at any given concentration is equal to our standard cell voltage.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	But this guy is zero.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	We just said that the cell voltage of this reaction and this reaction are equal but opposite.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So when you add them, this guy goes to zero.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	That means our cell voltage is just simply this whole guy.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Where gas constant T is our temperature, n is the Mozzo electrons, epic Faradays constant.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And Q is our expression.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, let's look at Q first.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	What is Q?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Well, Q is the concentration of products divided by the concentration of reactants, right?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And our products is this guy, it's 0.3 molar, our 0.3 molar.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Sorry.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And this guy is zero point 13 five molar.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So our Q is 0.3 over zero point 13 five.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	The M cancel out.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, our T is our temperature of our body.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	It's not 25 degrees Celsius, it's 37 degrees Celsius.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So we have 37 to 273, and we get 310.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So it's 310 right here.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	This is our gas constant.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	It's just a constant 8.3, 114.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Our fahrenheit is constant.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So what is N is the moles of electrons produced per potassium or a mole of potassium.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So notice that our mole here is one.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	It's a ratio of one to one.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	That means we have 1 mol of electron.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So number one goes for N. We plug these guys into the calculator.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Notice that natural log of a number smaller than one gives you a negative number.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So the negative is becoming positive.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And this is our final cell voltage, zero point 102 volts.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So then we do the same exact thing for calcium, for sodium, and for chloride.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Add all the guys up and we should get our final resting electrical potential to sell.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, I want to talk more about the meaning of this number.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	What is meant by this number?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Remember, we have the electrochemical gradient of our cell.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And this is the gradient due to the concentration of ions and due to charge.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So it's the chemical gradient and electrical gradient or voltage gradient.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And these guys are opposite of each other.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	In other words, notice that our potassium ion, there is a larger concentration on the inside than outside.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	And that means these guys will tend to move down their chemical gradients, right?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Because there are more of these guys on the outside.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So equilibrium will want to establish and these guys will want to move to the outside down their chemical gradient.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, electrical gradient is the opposite of that.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Because electrons travel this way, electrons will want to travel to the place where there is more positive charge.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	That means it's opposite.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	Now, what this number means is that when our electrical gradient and our chemical gradient equal to this number, when they're both this number, that means equilibrium will be established between the potassium ions and the same number of potassium ions will be going in as they will be coming out, right?
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So the rates will equal, and that's what this number means.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So actually, our electrical potential should be negative of this because they're opposite of each other.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	They have the same magnitude but different signs.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Remember, the two constants going this way and this way are different times the concentration of z to the c coefficient or exponent times the concentration of w to the d power.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now this guy is equal to this guy because we're a dynamic equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And the only reason we are able to write the rate laws like this using the coefficients is because this is an elementary reaction.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

So now let's bring all the constant to one side and everything else the concentrations to this side.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

So we get the following.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

K one divided by k minus one equals this guy divided by this guy.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now notice that these two guys are constants.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

They're the same or they don't change at the same temperature.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that means we can represent this guy as another constant, namely K. Now this K is known as the equilibrium constant.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And the relationship between our K, the equilibrium constant.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And the chemical equation above is known as the law of mass action.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

So what's the meaning of K?

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Well, K is simply the ratio of the concentration of products and the concentration of reactants at equilibrium when the Navy equilibrium has been established.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And what K does is it tells us how far the reaction proceeded at equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

In other words, we can have three situations.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

K can either be greater than one and if K is greater than one, that means at equilibrium we have more products than reactants.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that means our reaction is a product favored, it's spontaneous going this way.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now, if K equals one, that means at equilibrium our concentration of products is the same as the concentration of reactants.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now, if K is less than one, that means this denominator is larger than our enumerator.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that means we have more concentration of reactants of these guys at equilibrium than of our products than these guys.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that means our reaction is not product favorite, it's not spontaneous, in fact it's reactant favorite.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

This reaction is spontaneous, but this reaction isn't if our K is less than one.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's the meaning of K. Now, a few more important things that I want to mention about equilibrium constants.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now an equilibrium constant is unitless.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's because we're dividing concentration by concentration.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

So our units at the end will cancel out.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now, our equilibrium constant depends strictly on temperature.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's because our constant is actually a rate constant divided by a rate constant.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

So it's the ratio of the rate constant going this way to the rate constant going in the reverse direction.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And because these guys are dependent only on temperature, these guys also depend upon temperature.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

It does not depend on the concentration.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now note there is a big difference between equilibrium constant and chemical equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Although the two things are related, they're two different separate ideas.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Once again, equilibrium constant is a ratio of products to reactants, and it depends on temperature.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

While chemical equilibrium refers to a condition, a system.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And if we add, for example, more reactants to our system now our chemical equilibrium is shifted to the right, more reactants will be produced.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's because of Washacliere's principle.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

We'll discuss that in a bit.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

But remember to have this distinction between equilibrium constant and chemical equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

There are different things.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Last thing I want to mention is about this expression, this chemical equilibrium expression.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now, notice we included every single reactant product.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's because we assume that X-Y-Z and W were either in the aqueous state or the gas state.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Now only aqueous or gas molecules are included or expressed in our final expression.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

Solid molecules and liquid molecules are not included in our expression.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And that's because their density stays the same throughout our experiment.

Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibirium Constant .txt

And so they really have no effect on our equilibrium constant or chemical equilibrium.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, any given time during the rest of the potential, our concentration on the outside is lasted on the inside.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So let's say our outside is 0.003 molar, and on the inside is 0.135 molar.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So how would we find the cell voltage due to the potassium ions?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Will we use the Nurse equation?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

What this equation says is our cell voltage at any given concentration is equal to our standard cell voltage.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

But this guy is zero.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

We just said that the cell voltage of this reaction and this reaction are equal but opposite.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So when you add them, this guy goes to zero.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

That means our cell voltage is just simply this whole guy.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Where gas constant T is our temperature, n is the Mozzo electrons, epic Faradays constant.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And Q is our expression.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, let's look at Q first.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

What is Q?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Well, Q is the concentration of products divided by the concentration of reactants, right?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And our products is this guy, it's 0.3 molar, our 0.3 molar.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Sorry.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And this guy is zero point 13 five molar.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So our Q is 0.3 over zero point 13 five.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

The M cancel out.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, our T is our temperature of our body.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

It's not 25 degrees Celsius, it's 37 degrees Celsius.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So we have 37 to 273, and we get 310.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So it's 310 right here.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

This is our gas constant.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

It's just a constant 8.3, 114.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Our fahrenheit is constant.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So what is N is the moles of electrons produced per potassium or a mole of potassium.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So notice that our mole here is one.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

It's a ratio of one to one.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

That means we have 1 mol of electron.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So number one goes for N. We plug these guys into the calculator.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Notice that natural log of a number smaller than one gives you a negative number.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So the negative is becoming positive.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And this is our final cell voltage, zero point 102 volts.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So then we do the same exact thing for calcium, for sodium, and for chloride.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Add all the guys up and we should get our final resting electrical potential to sell.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, I want to talk more about the meaning of this number.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

What is meant by this number?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Remember, we have the electrochemical gradient of our cell.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And this is the gradient due to the concentration of ions and due to charge.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So it's the chemical gradient and electrical gradient or voltage gradient.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And these guys are opposite of each other.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

In other words, notice that our potassium ion, there is a larger concentration on the inside than outside.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

And that means these guys will tend to move down their chemical gradients, right?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Because there are more of these guys on the outside.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So equilibrium will want to establish and these guys will want to move to the outside down their chemical gradient.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, electrical gradient is the opposite of that.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Because electrons travel this way, electrons will want to travel to the place where there is more positive charge.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

That means it's opposite.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

Now, what this number means is that when our electrical gradient and our chemical gradient equal to this number, when they're both this number, that means equilibrium will be established between the potassium ions and the same number of potassium ions will be going in as they will be coming out, right?

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So the rates will equal, and that's what this number means.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So actually, our electrical potential should be negative of this because they're opposite of each other.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

They have the same magnitude but different signs.