alexignite/chemset1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

title stringlengths 8 78	text stringlengths 3 643
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So, though, now let's define what a broncidlaric acid and a broncillary base is.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	A bronzedidlori acid is a molecule that donates an H ion, while a broncillary base is a molecule that accepts an H ion.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So acid strength of a broncillary acid increases with increasing S character.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So why is that?
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	Well, to examine that, let's recall one simple concept.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So, here we have a protons.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	We have a nucleus and protons inside that nucleus.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	And this is our one S orbital, our two S orbital and the two P orbital.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So recall that as our electron gets closer and closer to our protons in the nucleus, the energy level of the entire atom decreases, so it becomes more stable.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So the closer our electron is to our nucleus, the more stable that atom is.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	And let's look what happens when an acid, a brothed lauric acid, reacts.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So, when a brothed Laric acid, reacts, it creates a conjugate base.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So a brothelary base, and it creates an hion.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	Now, if this has a lot of S character, that means the electron pair here will be found in that S character.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So, the more S character we have, the closer our electrons are to our nucleus and the more stable our conjugate bases.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	And if we have a stable conjugate base, that means our acid will be more likely to form this conjugate base, and therefore, our acid will be more likely to dissociate.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	And that means our asset will be a stronger acid.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	So, therefore, the more character a broccoliy acid has, the stronger the base it produces.
Lewis Acids and Bases .txt	And that means the better that acid.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So in this lecture, we're going to discuss the Con ingle Prelog priority system.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Now, the system is used for either one of two things.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	It's either used in determining the absolute configuration of your enantomers to either R or S absolute configuration, or it's used to help you rank groups attached to double bonds.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So in this lecture, we're going to focus primarily on this usage here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So whenever you're using this system, four important rules must be followed that will help you to get or find the highest priority groups.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's look at rule number one.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So, atom with higher atomic number receives higher priority.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's see what that means via this example.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So here we have a carbon carbon double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's examine this carbon carbon number one.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So carbon number one is attached to two groups.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	It's either attached to the H or it's attached to the carbon here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So which atom has a higher atomic number?
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Well, clearly the carbon has a higher atomic number, and that means this group attached this carbon has a higher priority than this group here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Likewise, let's examine the second carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	The second carbon of the double bond is also attached to a carbon, and it's also attached to an H. Which one of these two groups has a higher atomic number?
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Well, clearly, the carbon has a higher atomic number, and so the carbon wins.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And let's label it with an asterisk.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So notice that in this compound, our groups with the higher priorities are on the same side of the double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And that means this must be a Z isomer.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's look at rule number two for isotopes.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	The isotope with a higher atomic weight wins.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Remember, two compounds or two atoms are isotopes if they have the same number of protons and electrons, but different number of neutrons.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So they differ in atomic weight.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's look at the following example.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Let's suppose we have a carbon carbon double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's examine this carbon here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	This carbon is attached to an H group and also to a D group.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	D is simply deteriorate.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	It's the isotope of H. So since D has a higher atomic weight, d must have a higher priority than H. So this group has a higher priority than this group.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Likewise, for the second carbon in a double bond, we have the following two groups.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Once again, we have the H and we have the D. So our D, the deteriorium, has a higher atomic weight, so it has a higher priority.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And now we have an allochene where our two higher priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And that means this must be an Eisomer.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's look at rule number three.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	If we have the same atom, if we have a tie between our atoms, we move to the next atom.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's see exactly what that means.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Let's look at the following example.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	We have a carbon carbon double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's begin with this carbon, the first carbon in the double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So this carbon is attached to a carbon of this side and a carbon on that side.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So far, we have a tie.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	We can't determine the atomic number, so we move on to the next atom.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So there is no next atom here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	But here we have a following carbon atom.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So that means this side wins.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	It has a higher atomic number and it also has a higher atomic weight.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So this side, this group, has a higher priority than the lower group.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Likewise, for this carbon, we have the same exact situation.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So, once again, as the first example, we have the Z Isomer, because our two higher priority groups are the same size.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Finally, let's look at rule number four.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	A double bond to a carbon is considered as two single bonds.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So let's see exactly what that means.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Let's suppose we have our double bond here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So a carbon and carbon double bond.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	We want to examine the groups attached to our first carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So here we have a carbon in a carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So so far, no one wins.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And a carbon and a carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So no one wins.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	But we have a double bond here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And this double bond, according to rule number four, is actually, or actually looks something like this.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So every double bond is considered as having two single bonds.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So we erase this double bond and we replace one carbon and a second carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So two more single covalent bonds.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So now this side, this group has a higher atomic weight.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And so this group wins, and this group must be the higher priority group.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Now, on this side of the carbon, we have two identical methyl groups.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So we have carbon and carbon.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	So no one wins here.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	And so for this carbon, the in lock pre lock priority system does not work.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	It yields two groups with the same exact priority.
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Priority System .txt	Sorry.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	So let's suppose we have a certain alky, let's say hexine, for example, and let's write out all different types of isomers of hexine.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	Now, if we compare the stability of one isomer of hexine to another isomer of exe, we'll see a difference in stability.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	In other words, some isomers are more stable than other isomers.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	So in general, why is that?
Stability of Alkenes.txt	Why is it that some isomers of alkans are more stable than other isomers of that same alkane?
Stability of Alkenes.txt	So we're going to address that question in this lecture.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	So let's begin by defining change in Enthalpy affirmation.
Stability of Alkenes.txt	So loosely speaking, enthalpy affirmation is the energy difference between the final product and its constituent elements.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So, though, now let's define what a broncidlaric acid and a broncillary base is.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

A bronzedidlori acid is a molecule that donates an H ion, while a broncillary base is a molecule that accepts an H ion.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So acid strength of a broncillary acid increases with increasing S character.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So why is that?

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

Well, to examine that, let's recall one simple concept.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So, here we have a protons.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

We have a nucleus and protons inside that nucleus.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

And this is our one S orbital, our two S orbital and the two P orbital.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So recall that as our electron gets closer and closer to our protons in the nucleus, the energy level of the entire atom decreases, so it becomes more stable.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So the closer our electron is to our nucleus, the more stable that atom is.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

And let's look what happens when an acid, a brothed lauric acid, reacts.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So, when a brothed Laric acid, reacts, it creates a conjugate base.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So a brothelary base, and it creates an hion.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

Now, if this has a lot of S character, that means the electron pair here will be found in that S character.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So, the more S character we have, the closer our electrons are to our nucleus and the more stable our conjugate bases.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

And if we have a stable conjugate base, that means our acid will be more likely to form this conjugate base, and therefore, our acid will be more likely to dissociate.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

And that means our asset will be a stronger acid.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

So, therefore, the more character a broccoliy acid has, the stronger the base it produces.

Lewis Acids and Bases .txt

And that means the better that acid.