alexignite/chemset1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Neuron Cells Part II .txt	So our electrical potential for a potassium is negative.
Neuron Cells Part II .txt	0.12 volts.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So we already spoke about a process called effusion which is the movement of gas molecules from a high pressure to a low pressure via a very small hole.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And we said that we can find the rates at which gas molecules effuse via something called Grams law which is given right down here.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And Grams law states that rate rate of gas molecule one over rate of gas molecule two is equal to the square root of mass of two divided by the square root of mass of one.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And what this says is that the lighter the molecule, the faster its rate or the higher its rate.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now we're going to talk about something called diffusion.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Diffusion is the movement or the flux of one type of gas molecule into another gas or an empty space.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And now we can use grammar's law to approximate the rates of diffusion.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, the reason that we approximate is because of something called mean free path.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, the average or the mean free path of a gas molecule is the distance it travels between any two collisions.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So let's look at this system here.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	In this system we have a square and we have a bunch of red molecules.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	We have one green molecule.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Suppose this green molecule wants to go from this corner to this corner.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, the best way would be to go directly across from this point to this point.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	But notice that we have a bunch of red molecules in the way.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So this guy will have to push its way to the other side.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And by pushing, I mean colliding.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So it's going to travel some distance A, then distance B, then CDEF, and finally G. So each time it collides and it bounces off.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, to find the mean free path or the average distance between a two collisions, I simply add up all the distances up and divide by the number of collisions.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And that's my mean free path.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, because of this, we can use Grams law to approximate diffusion and we'll see why in a second.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So let's look at an illustration of diffusion.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Suppose I have a cylindrical tube and I have two claps.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Suppose I take this clap, I soak it into ammonia NH three and plug it up.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Suppose I take this cloth, I soak it up in hydrochloric acid and then plug it up as well.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So it's plugged up on both sides and I have air molecules in the middle.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So orange guys are air molecules, green guys armonia molecules and red guys are hydrochloric molecules.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So what will happen?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Well, some of these guys will evaporate and some of these guys will evaporate and they will begin moving.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	But they won't move directly from this point to this point.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	They will move via a crooked path because of something called the mean free path because there are air molecules present.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And these air molecules will create collisions.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And this green molecule, for example, will first collide with this guy, then move here, close the wall, then collide with this guy, and so on until it gets to some point here.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Now, when the green guy reaches the red guy, something will happen.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Well, the reaction is as follows.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	The green guy reacts with the red guy, or ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	In a gas station to form a precipitate, it forms a solid.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So when these guys meet, at whatever point they will meet, they will form a wall or a solid wall.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	The precipitate.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And my question is, at which point will the wall lie?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Will it be in the middle?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Will it be on this side?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Or closer to hydrochloric acid?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So, we can use Grounds law to approximate the position of this wall of solid.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	And the way we do it is the following.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So rate one over rate two equals square root of mass of two divided by the square root of mass of one equal.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So what's the molecular weight or mass of my ammonia?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Well, it's 14 plus three gives us 17 on the bottom.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	What about this guy?
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Well, one plus 35.5 gives us 36.5.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So 36.5 on top.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	We plug this into our calculator, and we get 1.5.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So rate of molecule one is 1.5 times larger or faster than rate of two, because two is heavier.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So it's not going to travel with the same velocity.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Velocity will be smaller.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	Remember, we're assuming constant temperature.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So kinetic energies or average kinetic energies are equal.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So if they're equal and masses are different, then velocities are also different.
Diffusion of Gas and Graham’s Law .txt	So this guy will travel 1.5 times this way than this guy.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So naming alkines is very similar to naming alkanes, but a few differences do exist.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's look at a few important rules that we have to use whenever we're naming alkanes.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Rule number one, find the longest possible carbon chain containing all the double bonds.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Rule number two, the lowest possible number value is given to the double bonds.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Rule number three, if molecules contain more than one double bond, we give it a specific name.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	For example two double bonds, we name it a dying three double bonds, we name it a triangle.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	And rule number four, ring compounds containing double bonds are called cycloalkings.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So here we have six examples.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's look at example A, in which we're going to name our alkane.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So our first and second step tells us that we have to find the longest possible carbon backbone and we have to assign our double bond the lowest possible number value.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So that means we have to begin on this end.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So carbon number one, carbon number two, carbon number three, carbon number four.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Notice in this case we have a four carbon backbone and our double bond has a one.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	It gets assigned a number one because our double bond begins on carbon one.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	If we begin number eight, our backbone, from this end, our carbon double bond will get a three.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	And since we want the lowest possible number value according to step two or rule two, this is how we label it.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So we name our alkene simply one.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Butane so the in part simply means our double bond is found on the first position and we have a four carbon backbone.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So butte means we have a four carbon backbone.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's go to example B.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	In example B, we have a symmetrical molecule, a symmetrical compound.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	And that simply means that it doesn't matter if we begin on this end or this end, we get the same alkyne, the same alkyne name.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's begin counting our carbons.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Carbon one, carbon two, carbon three, and carbon four.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Now now we have two double bonds.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So according to rule number three, we have to name this compound a dyene.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So our name becomes one three.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Butene so the dying part means we have two double bonds, one on the first carbon and the second one on the third carbon.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Buta simply means we have a four carbon backbone.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's go to example C. So in example C, we have the following compound.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So let's begin numbering.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So remember, we want to find the longest possible carbon backbone that contains all the double bonds.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So that means we either begin on this end and end on this end, or we begin on this end and go to this end.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Since we want to find the lowest possible number values, we begin on this end.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So 123456 and seven.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	So we have a seven carbon backbone.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	Our first double bond begins on the first carbon.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	The second double bond begins on the third carbon.
Naming of Alkenes.txt	And also on the third carbon, we have this Ethyl group.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

So our electrical potential for a potassium is negative.

Neuron Cells Part II .txt

0.12 volts.