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Title =>
Left Ventricular Function After Prolonged Exercise in Equine Endurance Athletes
Abstract =>
Background:
Prolonged exercise in human athletes is associated with transient impairment of left ventricular (LV) function, known as cardiac fatigue. Cardiac effects of prolonged exercise in horses remain unknown.
Objectives:
To investigate the effects of prolonged exercise on LV systolic and diastolic function in horses.
Animals:
Twenty-six horses competing in 120–160 km endurance rides.
Methods:
Cross-sectional field study. Echocardiography was performed before and after rides, and the following morning, and included two-dimensional echocardiography, anatomical M-mode, pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging, and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Correlation between echocardiographic variables and cardiac troponin I was evaluated.
Results:
Early diastolic myocardial velocities decreased significantly in longitudinal (baseline: −17.4 ± 2.4cm/s; end of ride: −15.8 ± 3.2cm/s (P = .013); morning after: −15.4 ± 3.0cm/s (P = .0033)) and radial directions (−32.8 ± 3.4cm/s; −28.1 ± 5.8cm/s (P < .001); −26.4 ± 5.5cm/s (P < .001)). Early diastolic strain rates decreased significantly in longitudinal (1.58 ± 0.27s−1; 1.45 ± 0.26s−1 (P = .036); 1.41 ± 0.25s−1 (P = .013)) and circumferential directions (2.43 ± 0.29s−1; 1.96 ± 0.46s−1 (P < .001); 2.11 ± 0.32s−1 (P < .001)). Systolic variables showed ambiguous results. No correlations with serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were evident.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Prolonged exercise in horses is associated with impaired LV diastolic function. Reduced ventricular filling persisted for 7–21 hours despite normalization of biochemical indicators of hydration status, indicating that the observed changes were not entirely related to altered preload conditions. The clinical relevance of cardiac fatigue in horses remains uncertain.
Authors =>
M. Flethøj | C.C. Schwarzwald | M.M. Haugaard | H. Carstensen | J.K. Kanters | L.H. Olsen | R. Buhl
published =>
First published: 15 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13982
|
Title =>
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Fully Felinized Therapeutic Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Pain in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Limited options are available for the treatment of pain in cats. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralize nerve growth factor (NGF) have demonstrated analgesic capacity in rodent models, people with osteoarthritis, and dogs with degenerative joint disease.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
This study describes the design and characterization of a fully felinized anti-NGF monoclonal antibody. In vitro potency, pharmacokinetics, and the ability of the antibody to treat pain in a self-resolving, acute inflammation model were investigated in cats.
Animals:
Thirty-eight cats at a research colony at Charles River Laboratories, Ireland.
Methods:
Felinized anti-NGF mAb, NV-02, was produced using a complementary DNA (cDNA)-based method (PETization). Purified NV-02 was tested for affinity, potency, and immunoreactivity in vitro, then for safety and plasma pharmacokinetic distribution in vivo, and analgesic efficacy in a model of kaolin-induced inflammatory pain.
Results:
Anti-NGF mAb, NV-02 neutralized NGF with high affinity and potency and did not bind complement. NV-02-administered SC had a plasma half-life of 7–15 days and was well tolerated at dosages up to 28 mg/kg. A dosage of 2 mg/kg NV-02 SC significantly decreased signs of lameness on day 2 (P = .0027), day 3 (P = .016), day 4, (P = .0063), day 5 (P = .0085), day 6 (P = .0014), and day 7 (P = .0034) after induction of inflammation.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The high affinity, long plasma half-life, safety, and analgesic efficacy of felinized anti-NGF mAb (NV-02) support further investigation of the analgesic potential of this antibody in the cat.
Authors =>
D.P. Gearing | M. Huebner | E.R. Virtue | K. Knight | P. Hansen | B.D.X. Lascelles | R.P. Gearing | A.C. Drew
published =>
First published: 15 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13985
|
Title =>
Incremental Value (Bayesian Framework) of Thoracic Ultrasonography over Thoracic Auscultation for Diagnosis of Bronchopneumonia in Preweaned Dairy Calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) is a specific and relatively sensitive method to diagnose bronchopneumonia (BP) in dairy calves. Unfortunately, as it requires specific training and equipment, veterinarians typically base their diagnosis on thoracic auscultation (AUSC), which is rapid and easy to perform.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
We hypothesized that the use of TUS, in addition to AUSC, can significantly increase accuracy of BP diagnosis. Therefore, the objectives were to (i) determine the incremental value of TUS over AUSC for diagnosis of BP in preweaned dairy calves and (ii) assess diagnostic accuracy of AUSC.
Animals:
Two hundred and nine dairy calves (<1 month of age) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study.
Methods:
Prospective cross-sectional study. All calves from a veal calves unit were examined (independent operators) using the Wisconsin Calf Respiratory Scoring Criteria (CRSC), AUSC, and TUS. A Bayesian latent class approach was used to estimate the incremental value of AUSC over TUS (integrated discrimination improvement [IDI]) and the diagnostic accuracy of AUSC.
Results:
Abnormal CRSC, AUSC, and TUS were recorded in 3.3, 53.1, and 23.9% of calves, respectively. AUSC was sensitive (72.9%; 95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI]: 50.1–96.4%), but not specific (53.3%; 95% BCI: 43.3–64.0%) to diagnose BP. Compared to AUSC, TUS was more specific (92.9%; 95% BCI: 86.5–97.1%), but had similar sensitivity (76.5%; 95% BCI: 60.2–88.8%). The incremental value of TUS over AUSC was high (IDI = 43.7%; 5% BCI: 22.0–63.0%) significantly improving proportions of sick and healthy calves appropriately classified.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The use of TUS over AUSC significantly improved accuracy of BP diagnosis in dairy calves.
Authors =>
S. Buczinski | J. Ménard | E. Timsit
published =>
First published: 15 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14361
|
Title =>
Concurrent Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy and Equine Motor Neuron Disease in Three Young Horses
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
C.J. Finno | A.D. Miller | S. Sisó | T. Divers | G. Gianino | M.V. Barro | S.J. Valberg
published =>
First published: 14 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13977
|
Title =>
Clinical Assessment of a Point-of-Care Serum Amyloid A Assay in Foals with Bronchopneumonia
Abstract =>
Background:
Despite the paucity of data available, stall-side serum amyloid (SAA) assays are commonly used to make diagnostic and treatment decisions in foals with bronchopneumonia.
Hypothesis:
Measurement of SAA concentrations can accurately differentiate pneumonic from healthy foals.
Animals:
Fifty-four pneumonic foals between 3 weeks and 5 months of age were compared to 44 healthy controls. In addition, 47 foals on a farm endemic for R. equi infections were studied.
Methods:
Serum samples were collected from pneumonic foals at hospital admission. Foals were categorized as having pneumonia caused by R. equi or by other microorganisms based on culture of a tracheobronchial aspirate. In addition, serum samples were obtained at 2-week intervals from foals born at a farm endemic for R. equi. SAA concentrations were measured by a point-of-care assay. Diagnostic performance of SAA was assessed by use of receiver operating characteristic curves.
Results:
Concentrations of SAA in foals with bronchopneumonia were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of healthy foals, but 15 of 54 pneumonic foals (28%) had SAA concentrations <5 μg/mL. There was no correlation between SAA concentrations and radiographic score in foals with R. equi pneumonia. The ability of SAA to predict development of R. equi pneumonia at the endemic farm was limited with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 77%.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
Overall, SAA concentrations are significantly higher in pneumonic than in healthy foals. However, performance of SAA in detecting pneumonic foals is limited by the high proportion of false-positive and false-negative results.
Authors =>
S. Giguère | L.J. Berghaus | C.D. Miller
published =>
First published: 14 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13978
|
Title =>
Zoledronate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in a Dog with Appendicular Osteosarcoma
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
A.P. Lundberg | P.J. Roady | A.J. Somrak | M.E. Howes | T.M. Fan
published =>
First published: 14 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13980
|
Title =>
Scoring System for Multiple Organ Dysfunction in Adult Horses with Acute Surgical Gastrointestinal Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The prevalence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in horses with acute surgical gastrointestinal (GI) disease is unknown. Currently, there are no validated criteria to confirm MODS in adult horses.
Objectives:
To develop criteria for a MODS score for horses with acute surgical colic (MODS SGI) and evaluate the association with 6-month survival. To compare the MODS SGI score with a MODS score extrapolated from criteria used in people (MODS EQ).
Animals:
Adult horses that required exploratory laparotomy (n = 62) for colic. Healthy adult horses undergoing elective surgical procedures (n = 12) established the reference range of some variables.
Methods:
Prospectively, a MODS SGI score was developed based on organ-specific criteria established from a literature review, data collection, and clinical judgment. Data for scoring each horse were collected on Days 1 and 2 postoperatively. Horses were scored retrospectively using both scoring criteria. The prognostic performance of the MODS SGI score and its overall performance compared with the MODS EQ score were assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
Results:
The MODS SGI score had excellent performance for predicting 6-month survival with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.87–0.99). The AUC for the MODS SGI score was significantly higher than the MODS EQ (AUC: 0.76; 0.63–0.86).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The MODS SGI score predicts 6-month survival from discharge in horses with acute surgical colic. The MODS SGI score performed better than a score extrapolated from human scoring systems.
Authors =>
E. McConachie | S. Giguère | M.H. Barton
published =>
First published: 14 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14321
|
Title =>
Prevalence and Clinicopathological Features of Triaditis in a Prospective Case Series of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
The term triaditis designates the concurrent presence of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cholangitis, and pancreatitis in cats.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The histopathology of concurrent, but often subclinical, inflammatory processes in the small intestine, liver, and pancreas of cats is poorly described. We aimed to investigate the frequency of enteritis, cholangitis, pancreatitis, or some combination of these in symptomatic and asymptomatic cats, compare clinicopathological features, and correlate histopathological with laboratory findings.
Animals:
Domestic cats (27 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic, and 8 normal).
Methods:
Prospective study. Physical examination, laboratory variables (CBC, serum biochemistry profile, serum thyroxine concentration, serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity [fTLI], feline lipase immunoreactivity [fPLI, as measured by Spec fPL®], urinalysis, and fecal analysis), imaging, and histopathological examinations were conducted. Feline liver, pancreas, and small intestine were biopsied during laparotomy.
Results:
Inflammatory lesions were detected in 47 cats (27 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic). In total, 20 cats had histopathologic lesions of IBD (13/47, 27.7%), cholangitis (6/47, 12.8%), or pancreatitis (1/47, 2.1%) alone, or inflammation involving >1 organ (27/47, 57.4%). More specifically, 16/47 cats (34.0%) had concurrent lesions of IBD and cholangitis, 3/47 (6.4%) of IBD and pancreatitis, and 8/47 cats (17%) of triaditis. Triaditis was identified only in symptomatic cats (8/27, 29.6%). A mild, positive correlation was detected between the severity (score) of IBD lesions and the number of comorbidities (rho = +0.367, P = .022).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Histopathological evidence of IBD or IBD with comorbidities was detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cats. The possibility of triaditis should be considered in symptomatic cats with severe IBD.
Authors =>
F.C. Fragkou | K.K. Adamama-Moraitou | T. Poutahidis | N.N. Prassinos | M. Kritsepi-Konstantinou | P.G. Xenoulis | J.M. Steiner | J.A. Lidbury | J.S. Suchodolski | T.S. Rallis
published =>
First published: 14 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14356
|
Title =>
Efficacy of Inhaled Levalbuterol Compared to Albuterol in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction
Abstract =>
Background:
The (R)-enantiomer of racemic albuterol (levalbuterol) has bronchodilatory properties whereas the (S)-enantiomer causes adverse effects in human airways, animal models, and isolated equine bronchi. Levalbuterol is commercially available and improves pulmonary function of asthmatic patients with a longer duration of effect than albuterol.
Objective:
To determine the dose at which inhaled levalbuterol produces maximal bronchodilatory effect (EDmax) and determine its duration of action in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)-affected horses in comparison to racemic albuterol.
Animals:
Nine horses with inducible and reversible RAO.
Methods:
Randomized, crossover trial. Horses were challenged with moldy hay to induce airway obstruction. Horses were treated with nebulized albuterol or levalbuterol chosen randomly. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) was measured before and for up to 3 hours after bronchodilatation challenge. Maximum change in transpulmonary pressure (DPmax) was measured to assess the dose effect and duration of action of each drug. After a 24 hours washout period, the bronchodilatation challenge was repeated with the second bronchodilator.
Results:
The duration of effect was 60 minutes for albuterol and 120 minutes for levalbuterol. The dose of bronchodilator EDmax was not significantly different between albuterol and levalbuterol (EDmax = 125.0 [125–125 μg] and EDmax = 188 [125–188 μg] respectively; P = .068). The magnitude of bronchodilatation was not significantly different between the 2 treatments (61.1 and 59.9% decrease in DPmax for albuterol and levalbuterol respectively; P = .86).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Levalbuterol is as effective a bronchodilator as albuterol; although levalbuterol lasts twice as long as albuterol, its duration of action is still too short to make it practical for RAO treatment.
Authors =>
M.G. Arroyo | L.L. Couëtil | N. Nogradi | M.M. Kamarudin | K.M. Ivester
published =>
First published: 09 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14320
|
Title =>
A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effects of Oligosaccharides on Transfer of Passive Immunity in Neonatal Dairy Calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Bacterial contamination of colostrum is common and can decrease IgG absorption in neonatal calves. Strategies that mitigate this situation without complicating colostrum management will benefit dairy calf health and survival.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effects of supplementing colostrum with oligosaccharides (OS) on serum IgG concentration and apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG (AEA%) in calves fed unpasteurized colostrum and characterize these outcomes with respect to colostrum bacterial exposures.
Animals:
One hundred twenty-three neonatal dairy calves.
Methods:
Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial conducted at a commercial dairy operation. Calves were enrolled at birth in 1 of 4 treatment groups. Data were complete for 123 calves, which were distributed across the treatment groups as follows: mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), n = 33; Saccharomyces galacto-oligosaccharides (SGOS), n = 31; Bifidobacterium galacto-oligosaccharides (BGOS), n = 28; and lactose control (CON), n = 31. A commercial radial immunodiffusion kit was used to determine colostrum and serum IgG concentrations. Conventional microbiology methods were used to enumerate colostrum bacterial counts.
Results:
Bacterial counts were not significantly different among treatment groups. Total bacterial plate counts (TPC) were relatively low for the majority of colostrum samples, but TPC had a significant negative effect on serum IgG concentration and AEA% in the lactose-supplemented control group but not the OS treatment groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These results suggest that a complement of OS structures may mitigate adverse effects of bacteria on transfer of passive immunity (TPI).
Authors =>
D.M. Short | D.A. Moore | W.M. Sischo
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13949
|
Title =>
Tracheobronchoscopic Assessment of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Airway Inflammation in Barrel Racing Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Poor performance is often suspected to be associated with EIPH in barrel racing horses; however, there are no published reports of EIPH for this discipline. The prevalence of EIPH in barrel racing horses is also unknown.
Objectives:
This study was performed to determine the prevalence of EIPH and signs of airway inflammation in barrel racing horses under normal racing conditions in Alberta.
Animals:
About 170 barrel racing horses.
Methods:
Observational cross-sectional study. Tracheobronchoscopic examinations were performed at least 30 minutes postrace. Video recordings were scored off-site independently by two observers for EIPH and tracheal mucus accumulation (TMA). Horses with an EIPH score ≥2 were not assessed for TMA. Interobserver agreement was calculated by weighted κ statistics. Run times, environmental variables, and clinical information were also recorded for analysis.
Results:
77/170 (45.3%) of horses examined showed evidence of EIPH (grade ≥ 1). Interobserver agreement was 0.94. 140/141 (99.3%) of horses assessed for TMA showed evidence of tracheal mucus accumulation (grade ≥ 1) with 104/141 (73.8%) having a TMA score ≥ 2. Interobserver agreement was 0.73. A weak positive association was found between EIPH scores and average run speed, the presence of cough at rest reported by the riders, increased recovery time, exercise intolerance, and outdoor pattern.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
The high prevalence of EIPH observed in the sampled population indicates that barrel racing induces substantial stress on the lungs. The presence of EIPH did not impact negatively on performance. Factors such as environmental dust and frequent traveling might have contributed to the high prevalence of TMA observed.
Authors =>
R. Léguillette | M. Steinmann | S.L. Bond | B. Stanton
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13959
|
Title =>
Association between Body Condition Score and Cancer Prognosis in Dogs with Lymphoma and Osteosarcoma
Abstract =>
Background:
In humans and rodents obesity appears to promote some cancers by increasing incidence, tumor aggressiveness, recurrence, and fatality. However, the relationship between obesity and cancer in dogs has not been thoroughly evaluated.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Whether body condition score (BCS) at the time of lymphoma (LSA) or osteosarcoma (OSA) diagnosis in dogs is predictive of survival time (ST) or progression-free interval (PFI). We hypothesized that an overweight body state at the time of cancer diagnosis would be associated with negative outcomes.
Animals:
Dogs with LSA (n = 270) and OSA (n = 54) diagnosed and treated between 2000 and 2010.
Methods:
Retrospective case review. Signalment, body weight, BCS, cancer diagnosis and treatment, relevant clinicopathologic values, and survival data were collected. Dogs were grouped by BCS (underweight, ideal, and overweight) and ST and PFI were compared.
Results:
Overall, 5.5% of dogs were underweight, 54.0% were ideal weight, and 40.4% were overweight at diagnosis. Underweight dogs with LSA had shorter ST (P = .017) than ideal or overweight dogs. BCS was not associated with ST for OSA (P = .474). Progression-free interval did not differ among BCS categories for either cancer.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Obesity was not associated with adverse outcomes among dogs with LSA or OSA in this retrospective study; however, being underweight at the time of diagnosis of LSA was associated with shorter survival. More research is needed to elucidate the relationship between excessive body weight and cancer development and progression in dogs.
Authors =>
F.R. Romano | C.R. Heinze | L.G. Barber | J.B. Mason | L.M. Freeman
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13965
|
Title =>
Treatment of MRI-Diagnosed Trigeminal Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors by Stereotactic Radiotherapy in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) is an emerging technique for treating tumors in animals.
Objectives:
To assess the outcome of dogs with suspected intracranial trigeminal nerve peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) treated with SRT.
Animals:
Eight dogs with presumptive PNST.
Methods:
This was a retrospective study of dogs identified by searching UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital medical records for dogs treated with SRT for a presumed PNST. Presumptive diagnosis was based on magnetic resonance imaging. SRT was delivered in 3 dose fractions of 8 Gray (Gy) on consecutive days or every other day to a total dose of 24 Gy.
Results:
Median disease-specific survival was 745 days (range: 99–1375 days, n = 6). No signs of acute adverse effects of radiation treatment were recorded. Late radiation effects versus tumor progression could not be confirmed histopathologically because of few animals undergoing necropsy.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study provides preliminary evidence that dogs with PNST benefit from SRT in terms of long-term survival. The treatment appears to be well tolerated and requires fewer anesthetic events for animals compared to full-course radiation.
Authors =>
K.S. Hansen | A.L. Zwingenberger | A.P. Théon | I. Pfeiffer | M.S. Kent
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13970
|
Title =>
Clinicopathological Phenotype of Autosomal Recessive Cholesterol Deficiency in Holstein Cattle
Abstract =>
Background:
Cholesterol deficiency (CD), a newly identified autosomal recessive genetic defect in Holstein cattle, is associated with clinical signs of diarrhea, failure to thrive, and hypocholesterolemia.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The objective is to describe the clinicopathological phenotype of affected Holstein cattle homozygous for the causative apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) mutation.
Animals:
Six Holstein cattle, 5 calves with a clinical history of chronic diarrhea, and 1 heifer with erosions in the buccal cavity and neurologic symptoms were admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants.
Methods:
This case review included a full clinical examination, a complete blood count, blood chemistry, and measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides. The animals were euthanized and necropsied. A PCR-based direct gene test was applied to determine the APOB genotype.
Results:
All 6 animals were inbred, could be traced back to the sire Maughlin Storm, and were confirmed homozygous for the APOB mutation. The clinical phenotype included poor development, underweight, and intermittent diarrhea in the calves, and neurologic signs in the heifer included hypermetria and pacing. Hypocholesterolemia and low triglycerides concentrations were present in all animals. The pathological phenotype of all animals was steatorrhea with enterocytes of the small intestine containing intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles. The peripheral nervous system of the heifer displayed degenerative changes.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Suspicion of CD in Holstein cattle is based on the presence of chronic diarrhea with no evidence of primary infections. Confirmation of the associated APOB gene mutation is needed. Additionally, the heifer demonstrated primarily signs of neurologic disease providing an unexpected phenotype of CD.
Authors =>
T. Mock | K. Mehinagic | F. Menzi | E. Studer | A. Oevermann | M.H. Stoffel | C. Drögemüller | M. Meylan | N. Regenscheit
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13976
|
Title =>
Influence of Breed Size, Age, Fecal Quality, and Enteropathogen Shedding on Fecal Calprotectin and Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Puppies During the Weaning Period
Abstract =>
Background:
Fecal calprotectin and immunoglobulin A (IgA) are markers of intestinal inflammation and immunity in adult dogs.
Hypothesis:
Fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations in puppies are not influenced by fecal moisture in puppies but by enteropathogen shedding.
Animals:
Three hundred and twenty-four puppies.
Methods:
Fecal consistency was assessed by gross examination. Fecal moisture was evaluated before and after lyophilization. Canine parvovirus and coronavirus were detected in feces by qPCR and qRT-PCR respectively. Giardia intestinalis antigen was quantified by ELISA. The standard McMaster flotation technique was used to detect eggs and oocysts in feces. Fecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were quantified by in-house radioimmunoassays.
Results:
For each marker (IgA and calprotectin), a strong positive correlation was observed between concentration in fresh feces and concentration in fecal dry matter. 75.6% of the puppies were found to be infected by at ≥1 of the enteropathogens evaluated. Fecal calprotectin concentration was significantly influenced by age (P = .001), with higher concentrations in younger puppies, but not by viral (P = .863) or parasitic infection (P = .791). Fecal IgA concentration was significantly influenced by enteropathogen shedding (P = .01), with a lower fecal IgA concentration in puppies shedding at ≥1 enteropathogen compared to puppies without any enteropathogen shedding, but not by age.
Conclusions:
Fecal calprotectin and IgA are of no diagnostic value to detect presence of enteropathogens in clinically healthy puppies or puppies with abnormal feces, but could help to better understand the maturation of digestive tract.
Authors =>
A. Grellet | R.M. Heilmann | B. Polack | A. Feugier | C. Boucraut-Baralon | D. Grandjean | N. Grützner | J. S. Suchodolski | J.M. Steiner | S. Chastant-Maillard
published =>
First published: 08 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14255
|
Title =>
2016 ACVIM Forum Research Report Program
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 04 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13963
|
Title =>
Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Haptoglobin, Serum Amyloid A, and Fibrinogen versus Clinical Reference Standards for the Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a worldwide animal health concern especially in feedlot, dairy, and veal calves. One of the greatest challenges is the absence of a gold standard for achieving an accurate antemortem diagnosis. Various blood markers, including the acute-phase proteins (AAP), have been proposed as potential valuable tools for BRD diagnosis.
Objectives:
To perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the accuracy of selected APP (haptoglobin [Hp], serum amyloid A [SAA], and fibrinogen [Fb]) as diagnostic tools for cattle with naturally occurring BRD when compared with clinical reference standards of diagnosis.
Methods:
This review was performed with eligible studies selected from CAB Abstract and MEDLINE from 1946 to 2015, as well as the “gray literature.” Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool developed for diagnostic accuracy studies. The accuracy parameters sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were obtained from the articles or through contact with the authors when not directly reported.
Results:
A total of 314 studies were identified, from them, 23 met inclusion criteria as diagnostic studies for naturally occurring BRD. Quality of studies showed high risk of bias for case selection (70% of articles) and unclear risk of bias for index test (65%), reference standard (74%), and flow and timing (61%). There were high concerns regarding applicability for case selection (61% of studies) and reference standards used for defining BRD (48%). The concerns regarding index test application were low (83% of the studies). Only 4–8 studies could be included in the meta-analysis for each APP. No pooled estimates or pooled accuracy measurements were performed due to the low number of studies and multiple differences between studies, including reference standard definitions.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
On the basis of these findings, it is not possible to make conclusions regarding the accuracy of APP for BRD diagnosis. The reporting of accuracy of APP for BRD detection is inconsistent among studies. Recommendations to improve capability for future meta-analyses in this area include reporting studies on diagnostic tests following the Standard for the Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (STARD), as well as trying to standardize BRD definition across future studies.
Authors =>
A. Abdallah | J. Hewson | D. Francoz | H. Selim | S. Buczinski
published =>
First published: 03 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13975
|
Title =>
Evaluating Quality and Adequacy of Gastrointestinal Samples Collected using Reusable or Disposable Forceps
Abstract =>
Background:
Sample quality of gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies is of paramount importance for accurate histological diagnosis. Many veterinary practices use reusable forceps as a result of perceived decreased cost. With reusable forceps, it remains unknown whether sample quality declines with repeated use and becomes inferior to single-use forceps and is therefore more or less cost effective than single-use forceps.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The study hypothesis was that reusable forceps sample quality would deteriorate after repeated use as compared to single-use forceps.
Animals:
Sixty-five dogs undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy for diagnostic investigations at the Hospital for Small Animals, Edinburgh University.
Method:
A prospective, pathologist-blinded study comparing single-use and reusable alligator standard cup biopsy forceps (Olympus 2.0 mm 1550 mm) with 5 randomized reusable forceps. Sample quality (stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon) was assessed by a single pathologist using the WSAVA guidelines.
Results:
There was no difference in the adequacy, depth, villi number, or crush artifact in the 4 intestinal areas between forceps type with at least 10, and up to 15, repeated uses of the reusable forceps.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
This study demonstrates that reusable cup biopsy forceps provide equivalent biopsy quality after repeated uses to single-use forceps and are cost effective at 10-case use.
Authors =>
J.A. Cartwright | T.L. Hill | S. Smith | D. Shaw
published =>
First published: 03 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14354
|
Title =>
Hypersomatotropism in 3 Cats without Concurrent Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
J.M. Fletcher | C.J. Scudder | M. Kiupel | H.N. Pipe-Martin | P.J. Kenny | P. Mantis | J. Fenn | K. Smith | R.V. Blair | L.A. Granger | S.J.M. Niessen
published =>
First published: 03 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14360
|
Title =>
Downregulation of CXCR4 Expression and Functionality After Zoledronate Exposure in Canine Osteosarcoma
Abstract =>
Background:
The establishment and progression of metastases remains the life-limiting factor for dogs diagnosed with osteosarcoma (OS). The pattern of metastases is likely regulated through interactions between chemokine receptors and chemokines, and perturbations in these signaling cascades responsible for cytoskeletal organization and directional migration have the potential to alter metastatic cell trafficking behaviors.
Hypothesis:
Zoledronate will impair directional migration of OS cells through downregulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression and functionality.
Samples:
Nineteen archived tumor specimens and plasma from 20 dogs with OS.
Methods:
Prospectively, the expressions of CXCR4 were studied in OS cell lines and spontaneous tumor samples. The effect of zoledronate on CXCR4 expression and functionality was investigated by characterizing responses in 3 OS cell lines. In 19 OS specimens and 20 dogs with OS, changes in CXCR4 expression and circulating CXCR4 concentrations were characterized in response to zoledronate therapy respectively.
Results:
All canine OS cells express CXCR4, and zoledronate reduces CXCR4 expression and functionality by 27.7% (P < .0001), through augmented proteasome degradation and reduced prenylation of heterotrimeric G-proteins in 33% of tumor cell lines evaluated. In OS-bearing dogs, zoledronate reduces CXCR4 expressions by 40% within the primary tumor compared to untreated controls (P = .03) and also decreases the circulating concentrations of CXCR4 in 18 of 20 dogs with OS.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Zoledronate can alter CXCR4 expression and functionality in OS cells, and consequent perturbations in CXCR4 intracellular signaling cascades might influence patterns of metastases.
Authors =>
M.L. Byrum | H.C. Pondenis | R.L. Fredrickson | K.L. Wycislo | T.M. Fan
published =>
First published: 02 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14257
|
Title =>
Left Displacement of the Abomasum in 4 Beef Calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Little is known about the occurrence rate, underlying etiology or treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in beef calves.
Objective:
Describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in 4 beef calves.
Animals:
Four client-owned beef breed calves with left displaced abomasum (LDA).
Methods:
Retrospective case series. Hospital medical records were reviewed to identify all beef breed cattle under the age of 6 months diagnosed with LDA.
Results:
Four beef calves were treated for left displacement of the abomasum. All four had a history of decreased appetite and left-sided abdominal distention. Two had recently been treated for necrotic laryngitis and one was being treated for clostridial abomasitis. Ultrasonography confirmed the abomasum to be displaced between the rumen and the left body wall in all calves. The calves were initially treated by rolling to correct the abomasal displacement. The abomasum redisplaced in 3 of 4 calves within 1 hour to 6 days; 1 calf developed a mesenteric volvulus. A right paramedian abomasopexy was performed in all cases. Three of 4 calves grew well and remained in the herd 6–18 months later; 1 calf was euthanized because of complications associated with necrotic laryngitis.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Left displacement of the abomasum should be considered as a differential diagnosis for beef calves with abdominal distention. Concurrent necrotic laryngitis can increase the risk of abomasal displacement in beef calves. Treatment should include surgical correction as rolling is not curative and might be associated with mesenteric volvulus.
Authors =>
R.E. Oman | R.N. Streeter | E.J. Reppert | C.Z. Chako
published =>
First published: 01 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14353
|
Title =>
2016 ACVIM Forum Research Abstract Program
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 31 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13952
|
Title =>
Transendoscopic Electrosurgery for Partial Removal of a Gastric Adenomatous Polyp in a Horse
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
L.K. Marley | P. Repenning | C.B. Frank | E.S. Hackett | Y.S. Nout-Lomas
published =>
First published: 30 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13979
|
Title =>
Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Disc-Associated Cervical Spondylomyelopathy in Doberman Pinschers
Abstract =>
Background:
The dynamic component of disc-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (DA-CSM) currently is evaluated using traction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which does not assess changes in flexion and extension of the cervical vertebral column. In humans with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, kinematic MRI is used to identify dynamic compressions.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the feasibility and utility of kMRI in Doberman Pinschers with DA-CSM using a novel positioning device. We hypothesized that kMRI would identify compressive lesions not observed with neutral positioning and change the dimensions of the spinal cord and cervical vertebral canal.
Animals:
Nine client-owned Doberman Pinschers with DA-CSM.
Methods:
Prospective study. After standard MR imaging of the cervical spine confirmed DA-CSM, dogs were placed on a positioning device to allow imaging in flexion and extension. Morphologic and morphometric assessments were compared between neutral, flexion, and extension images.
Results:
Flexion was associated with improvement or resolution of spinal cord compression in 4/9 patients, whereas extension caused worsening of compressions in 6/9 patients. Extension identified 6 new compressive lesions and was significantly associated with dorsal and ventral compression at C5-C6 (P = .021) and C6-C7 (P = .031). A significant decrease in spinal cord height occurred at C6-C7 from neutral to extension (P = .003) and in vertebral canal height at C5-C6 and C6-C7 from neutral to extension (P = .011 and .017, respectively).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Our results suggest that kMRI is feasible and provides additional information beyond what is observed with neutral imaging, primarily when using extension views, in dogs with DA-CSM.
Authors =>
M. Provencher | A. Habing | S.A. Moore | L. Cook | G. Phillips | R.C. da Costa
published =>
First published: 30 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13981
|
Title =>
Comparison of Transpulmonary Thermodilution and Calibrated Pulse Contour Analysis with Pulmonary Artery Thermodilution Cardiac Output Measurements in Anesthetized Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTDCO) and calibrated pulse contour analysis (PCACO) are alternatives to pulmonary artery thermodilution cardiac output (PATDCO) measurement.
Hypothesis:
Ten mL of ice-cold thermal indicator (TI10) would improve the agreement and trending ability between TPTDCO and PATDCO compared to 5 mL of indicator (TI5) (Phase-1). The agreement and TA between PCACO and PATDCO would be poor during changes in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (Phase-2).
Animals:
Eight clinically normal dogs (20.8–31.5 kg).
Methods:
Prospective, experimental study. Simultaneous TPTDCO and PATDCO (averaged from 3 repetitions) using TI5 and TI10 were obtained during isoflurane anesthesia combined or not with remifentanil or dobutamine (Phase-1). Triplicate PCACO and PATDCO measurements were recorded during phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction and nitroprusside-induced vasodilation (Phase-2).
Results:
Mean bias (limits of agreement: LOA) (L/min), percentage bias (PB), and percentage error (PE) were 0.62 (−0.11 to 1.35), 16%, and 19% for TI5; and 0.33 (−0.25 to 0.91), 9%, and 16% for TI10. Mean bias (LOA), PB, and PE were 0.22 (−0.63 to 1.07), 6%, and 23% during phenylephrine; and 2.12 (0.70–3.55), 43%, and 29% during nitroprusside. Mean angular bias (radial LOA) values were 2° (−10° to 14°) and −1° (−9° to 6°) for TI5 and TI10, respectively (Phase-1), and 38° (5°–71°) (Phase-2).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Although TI10 slightly improves the agreement and trending ability between TPTDCO and PATDCO in comparison to TI5, both volumes can be used for TPTDCO in replacement of PATDCO. Vasodilation worsens the agreement between PCACO and PATDCO. Because of PCACO's poor agreement and trending ability with PATDCO during SVR changes, this method has limited clinical application.
Authors =>
N.A. Garofalo | F.J. Teixeira-Neto | J.C. Rodrigues | S.A. Cerejo | A.J.A. Aguiar | D.R. Becerra-Velásquez
published =>
First published: 30 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13984
|
Title =>
Erratum
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 30 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14351
|
Title =>
Erratum
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 30 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14352
|
Title =>
Insulinoma in a 5-Year-Old Dexter Cow
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
C. Binici | S. Plog | O. Kershaw | M. Schmicke | J.H. van der Kolk | K.E. Müller
published =>
First published: 28 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13953
|
Title =>
Thymidine Kinase Type 1 and C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Dogs with Spontaneously Occurring Cancer
Abstract =>
Background:
Serum thymidine kinase type 1 (TK1) and canine C-Reactive Protein (cCRP) might be useful in detecting dogs with cancer. Algorithms combining biomarkers are sometimes more accurate than results of individual tests.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare serum TK1 and cCRP and Neoplasia Index (NI) in healthy and tumor-bearing dogs.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs with (n = 253) and without (n = 156) cancer.
Methods:
Retrospective case–control study. Dogs with cancer were identified after submission of samples for commercial assay and case details were retrospectively collected. Healthy dogs (control) were identified through breed groups and health status was confirmed by health questionnaire for a minimum of 6 months. Serum TK1 activity was measured using a quantitative chemiluminescent assay and serum cCRP was measured using a quantitative ELISA assay.
Results:
TK1 activity in the cancer (n = 253) and control group (n = 156) were 7.0 μ/L (median, range <0.5 to >100) and 1.8 μ/L (median, range 0.4 to 55.3), respectively (P < .001). cCRP concentrations in the cancer and control group were 6.0 mg/L (median, range <0.5 to >50) and 1.6 mg/L (median, range 0.09 to >50), respectively (P < .001). The NI in the cancer and control group were 6.4 (median, range 0–9.9) and 0.9 (median, range 0–7.6), respectively (P < .001). ROC AUCs of the NI and TK1 for all cancers were greater than 0.8, highest for lymphoma and histiocytic sarcoma.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Increased concentrations of TK1 and cCRP, when present in dogs with cancer, might be useful in confirming a diagnosis and monitoring response to treatment.
Authors =>
K.A. Selting | R. Ringold | B. Husbands | P.O. Pithua
published =>
First published: 23 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13954
|
Title =>
Association of Presence of Band Cells and Toxic Neutrophils with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Outcome in Horses with Acute Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Band cells and toxic neutrophils are thought to indicate acute and severe systemic illness but no studies have investigated their importance in adult equine emergency admissions.
Objectives:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of band cells and toxic neutrophils with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and outcome in horses.
Animals:
One hundred and five adult horses admitted on emergency basis to a private primary referral practice.
Methods:
Prospective observational study with sample collection. All horses admitted on emergency basis over the study period were included in the study if they had a CBC and a blood smear collected on admission.
Results:
The detection of band neutrophils on admission was associated with the SIRS status of the horse (RR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.57–4.99; P < .001) and with poor outcome (RR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05–3.37; P = .038). Similarly, the presence of a neutrophil toxic grade higher than 3 was associated with SIRS (RR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03–2.82; P = .034) and death (RR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.22–4.50, P = .007). The information gained from the blood smear review could not be captured by looking at only the WBC or neutrophil count.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The microscopic review of blood smears from critically ill horses to detect band cells or neutrophil toxic change is valuable and could help in assessing disease severity and prognosis in adult equine emergency admissions.
Authors =>
J.L. Lambert | N.J. Fernandez | M.-F. Roy
published =>
First published: 23 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13968
|
Title =>
Complications of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Dogs and Cats Receiving Corticosteroid Treatment
Abstract =>
Background:
Corticosteroid treatment is commonly required in veterinary patients for treatment of inflammatory, immune-mediated, neurologic, and neoplastic diseases, which also may require assisted enteral nutrition via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG).
Objective:
To evaluate complications associated with PEG use in dogs and cats receiving corticosteroid treatment.
Animals:
Forty-two animals were included in the study: 12 dogs and 2 cats in the steroid group and 26 dogs and 2 cats in the control group.
Methods:
Medical records, between January 2006 and March 2015, were reviewed. Patients were included if the PEG tube was in use for at least 24 hours and if complete medical records were available. Patients were assigned to the control group if they were not treated with corticosteroids during PEG use or to the steroid group if they had received corticosteroids during PEG tube use. Complications were classified as minor, moderate, and major in severity. Maximum severity complication rate was compared between groups.
Results:
The general prevalence of complications was found to be similar between groups (P = .306), but in the steroid group, 43% of the cases developed a major severity complication compared with 18% of the control group (P = .054).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Owners of dogs and cats receiving corticosteroids, in which PEG is planned, should be counseled about possible complications beyond those associated with PEG tube usage alone.
Authors =>
J. Aguiar | Y.M. Chang | O.A. Garden
published =>
First published: 23 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13969
|
Title =>
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later
Abstract =>
Background:
Lyme disease can affect people, dogs, and horses, but it remains poorly understood, especially in the horse. Determining the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in horses in different geographic areas will enable better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, thus improving diagnosis and treatment of affected animals.
Hypothesis:
To determine the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi in horses in southwest Virginia.
Animals:
Horses presented for routine Coggins testing from January 2013 to January 2014 had additional blood drawn for Lyme Multiplex Assay testing.
Methods:
Of 492 samples collected, 250 samples were analyzed using the Lyme Multiplex Assay. Of the 83 horses that had positive test results to at least 1 outer surface protein (Osp), 63 were available for follow-up testing 5–17 months later (June 2014).
Results:
Thirty-three percent of horses had positive results for antibodies to at least 1 Osp. Horses with a positive outer surface protein F (OspF) result were older (14.5 ± 0.79) than horses with a negative OspF result (11.6 ± 0.53). Of the horses available for follow-up testing, 63% had the same result as that of the initial test. There was no difference in test result between initial and follow-up testing.
Conclusions:
Horses seropositive to B. burgdorferi are common in Virginia, and older horses are more likely to have a positive test result for OspF than younger horses. Follow-up testing indicated that the majority of horses that were positive on initial testing did not have a different test result 5–17 months later.
Authors =>
R.A. Funk | R.S. Pleasant | S.G. Witonsky | D.S. Reeder | S.R. Werre | D.R. Hodgson
published =>
First published: 23 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13973
|
Title =>
Atrial Premature Depolarization-Induced Changes in QRS and T Wave Morphology on Resting Electrocardiograms in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
The electrocardiographic differentiation between atrial (APDs) and ventricular (VPDs) premature depolarizations is important. P wave prematurity and normal QRS and T wave morphology generally are used as discriminating criteria for APDs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The aim of this study was to determine whether P, Q, R, S, and T wave amplitude, PQ interval, QRS and P wave duration and P and T wave morphology differ between APDs and sinus beats. To determine the relationship between the RR coupling interval and the change in S wave amplitude between sinus beats and APDs.
Methods:
Case–control study. From a modified base-apex configuration of 30 horses with APDs at rest, sinus beat and APD associated preceding RR interval, P, PQ and QRS duration and P, R, S, and T wave amplitudes were measured. Linear mixed models and logistic regression were used to determine the effect of APDs on the ECG variables studied.
Results:
In comparison to sinus beats, APDs were associated with a significant (P < .001) change in P amplitude (−0.03 ± 0.01 mV) and increase in S (0.20 ± 0.02 mV) and T (0.08 ± 0.03 mV) amplitude. PQ (−20.3 ± 5.2 ms) and RR (−519 ± 14 ms) interval and P duration (−21.1 ± 3.0 ms) decreased (P < .001). APDs were significantly associated with a singular positive P wave (OR: 11.0, P < .001) and were more likely to have a monophasic positive T wave (OR: 9.2, P < .001). A smaller RR coupling interval was associated with an increased relative difference in S amplitude (P < .01).
Conclusions:
Atrial premature depolarizations may lead to changes in QRS and T wave morphology. Knowledge of these changes is important to avoid interpreting certain APDs as VPDs.
Authors =>
B. Broux | D. De Clercq | A. Decloedt | N. Van Der Vekens | T. Verheyen | S. Ven | B. Pardon | G. van Loon
published =>
First published: 21 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13957
|
Title =>
Australian Cattle Dogs with Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis are Homozygous for a CLN5 Nonsense Mutation Previously Identified in Border Collies
Abstract =>
Background:
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative disease, has been diagnosed in young adult Australian Cattle Dogs.
Objective:
Characterize the Australian Cattle Dog form of NCL and determine its molecular genetic cause.
Animals:
Tissues from 4 Australian Cattle Dogs with NCL-like signs and buccal swabs from both parents of a fifth affected breed member. Archived DNA samples from 712 individual dogs were genotyped.
Methods:
Tissues were examined by fluorescence, electron, and immunohistochemical microscopy. A whole-genome sequence was generated for 1 affected dog. A TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was used for genotyping.
Results:
The accumulation of autofluorescent cytoplasmic storage material with characteristic ultrastructure in tissues from the 4 affected dogs supported a diagnosis of NCL. The whole-genome sequence contained a homozygous nonsense mutation: CLN5:c.619C>T. All 4 DNA samples from clinically affected dogs tested homozygous for the variant allele. Both parents of the fifth affected dog were heterozygotes. Archived DNA samples from 346 Australian Cattle Dogs, 188 Border Collies, and 177 dogs of other breeds were homozygous for the reference allele. One archived Australian Cattle Dog sample was from a heterozygote.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The homozygous CLN5 nonsense is almost certainly causal because the same mutation previously had been reported to cause a similar form of NCL in Border Collies. Identification of the molecular genetic cause of Australian Cattle Dog NCL will allow the use of DNA tests to confirm the diagnosis of NCL in this breed.
Authors =>
A. Kolicheski | G.S. Johnson | D.P. O'Brien | T. Mhlanga-Mutangadura | D. Gilliam | J. Guo | T.D. Anderson-Sieg | R.D. Schnabel | J.F. Taylor | A. Lebowitz | B. Swanson | D. Hicks | Z.E. Niman | F.A. Wininger | M.C. Carpentier | M.L. Katz
published =>
First published: 20 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13971
|
Title =>
Bacterial Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, or both in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis are rarely reported, poorly characterized diseases in the dog.
Objectives:
To characterize the clinical features of these conditions.
Animals:
Twenty-seven client-owned dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both.
Methods:
Multicenter, retrospective cases series of dogs with bacterial cholangitis, cholecystitis, or both, presenting January 2000 to June 2011 to 4 Veterinary Schools in Ireland/United Kingdom. Interrogation of hospital databases identified all cases with the inclusion criteria; histopathologically confirmed cholangitis or cholecystitis and bile culture/cytology results supporting a bacterial etiology.
Results:
Twenty-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria with approximately 460 hepatitis cases documented over the same study period. Typical clinical pathology findings were increases in liver enzyme activities (25/26), hyperbilirubinemia (20/26), and an inflammatory leukogram (21/24). Ultrasound findings, although nonspecific, aided decision-making in 25/26 cases. The most frequent hepatobiliary bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli (n = 17; 16 cases), Enterococcus spp. (n = 8; 6 cases), and Clostridium spp. (n = 5; 5 cases). Antimicrobial resistance was an important feature of aerobic isolates; 10/16 E. coli isolates resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Biliary tract rupture complicated nearly one third of cases, associated with significant mortality (4/8). Discharged dogs had a guarded to fair prognosis; 17/18 alive at 2 months, although 5/10 re-evaluated had persistent liver enzyme elevation 2–12 months later.
Conclusion and Clinical Significance:
Bacterial cholangitis and cholecystitis occur more frequently than suggested by current literature and should be considered in dogs presenting with jaundice and fever, abdominal pain, or an inflammatory leukogram or with ultrasonographic evidence of gallbladder abnormalities.
Authors =>
A. Tamborini | H. Jahns | H. McAllister | A. Kent | B. Harris | F. Procoli | K. Allenspach | E.J. Hall | M.J. Day | P.J. Watson | E.J. O'Neill
published =>
First published: 20 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13974
|
Title =>
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics
Abstract =>
Background:
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is 1 of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs and percutaneous closure is effective in achieving ductal closure; PDA closure is associated with abrupt hemodynamic changes.
Hypothesis:
A marked decrease in standard parameters of systolic function as assessed by M- or B-mode echocardiography after PDA closure was identified in previous studies. Speckle tracking echocardiography can provide further insight into the effect of PDA closure on cardiac mechanics in dogs affected by PDA.
Animals:
Twenty-five client-owned dogs with PDA.
Methods:
Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2-year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed before and 24 hours after PDA closure, including standard (end-diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [EDVIB/M], end-systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [ESVIB/M], allometric scaling in diastole [AlloD] and systole [AlloS], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qs/Qp], ejection fraction [EF], and fractional shortening [FS]), and advanced speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE): global longitudinal, radial, circumferential and transverse strain (S), and strain rate (SR).
Results:
Patent ductus arteriosus closure was associated with statistically significant decreases in EDVIM/B and ESVIM/B, AlloD and AlloS, SI, EF, and FS. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute values of radial, transverse, and circumferential S and SR was observed, whereas longitudinal S and SR did not change significantly.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Patent ductus arteriosus closure by percutaneous approach is associated with marked decreases of conventional echocardiographic parameters as a result of the changes in loading conditions, but no evidence of systolic dysfunction was identified by means of STE, as none of the S and SR values were below reference ranges. In the short term, contractility is enhanced in the long axis (long S/SR values were not statistically different before and after closure) and decreases to normal values in short axis (circumferential, radial, and transversal S/SR decreased to normal reference range).
Authors =>
I. Spalla | C. Locatelli | A.M. Zanaboni | P. Brambilla | C. Bussadori
published =>
First published: 14 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13919
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Abstract =>
Background:
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs. Advanced echocardiographic techniques such as speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) have not been extensively used to evaluate cardiac function in affected dogs.
Hypothesis:
Advanced echocardiographic techniques are more sensitive than standard echocardiographic techniques in analyzing systolic function in dogs with PDA.
Animals:
Forty-four client-owned dogs: 34 dogs with PDA (preoperative evaluation) and 10 healthy sex- and weight-matched controls.
Methods:
Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2-year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed, including conventional (end-diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M-mode [EDVIB/M], end-systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B and M-mode [ESVIB/M], allometric scaling in diastole and systole [AlloD/S], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qp/Qs], ejection fraction [EF] and fractional shortening [FS]) and speckle-tracking echocardiography ([STE]: global longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain [S] and strain rate [SR]).
Results:
Dogs with PDA had significantly different EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs and all STE-derived parameters (global longitudinal S and SR, global circumferential S and SR, global radial S and SR)compared to healthy dogs. No correlation was found between standard techniques (EDVIB/M, ESVIB/M, AlloD/S, Qp/Qs) and STE-derived parameters (global longitudinal, circumferential and radial S and SR).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Conventional parameters routinely used to assess systolic function (EF and FS) were not different between the groups; STE-derived parameters identified subtle changes in cardiac systolic function and contractility between the 2 groups of dogs. Based on these findings, STE may be a more appropriate tool to assess cardiac contractility in dogs with PDA.
Authors =>
I. Spalla | C. Locatelli | A.M. Zanaboni | P. Brambilla | C. Bussadori
published =>
First published: 14 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13938
|
Title =>
Utility of Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left and Right Ventricular Function in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease with or without Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract =>
Background:
In human medicine, right ventricular (RV) functional parameters represent a tool for risk stratification in patients with congestive heart failure caused by left heart disease. Little is known about RV alterations in dogs with left-sided cardiac disorders.
Objectives:
To assess RV and left ventricular (LV) function in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH).
Animals:
One-hundred and fourteen dogs: 28 healthy controls and 86 dogs with MMVD at different stages.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Animals were classified as healthy or having MMVD at different stages of severity and according to presence or absence of PH. Twenty-eight morphological, echo-Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) variables were measured and comparison among groups and correlations between LV and RV parameters were studied.
Results:
No differences were found among groups regarding RV echo-Doppler and TDI variables. Sixteen significant correlations were found between RV TDI and left heart echocardiographic variables. Dogs with PH had significantly higher transmitral E wave peak velocity and higher E/eʹ ratio of septal (sMV) and lateral (pMV) mitral annulus. These 2 variables were found to predict presence of PH with a sensitivity of 84 and 72%, and a specificity of 71 and 80% at cut-off values of 10 and 9.33 for sMV E/eʹ and pMV E/eʹ, respectively.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
No association between variables of RV function and different MMVD stage and severity of PH could be detected. Some relationships were found between echocardiographic variables of right and left ventricular function.
Authors =>
M. Baron Toaldo | H. Poser | G. Menciotti | S. Battaia | B. Contiero | M. Cipone | A. Diana | E. Mazzotta | C. Guglielmini
published =>
First published: 14 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13940
|
Title =>
Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death in Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) are at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Risk factors for SCD are poorly defined.
Aim:
To assess cardiac biomarkers, Holter-ECG, echocardiographic variables and canine characteristics in a group of Doberman Pinschers with DCM dying of SCD and in a DCM control group to identify factors predicting SCD.
Methods/Animals:
A longitudinal prospective study was performed in 95 Doberman Pinschers with DCM. Forty-one dogs died within 3 months after the last cardiac examination (SCD-group) and were compared to 54 Doberman Pinschers with DCM surviving 1 year after inclusion. Holter-ECG, echocardiography, measurement of N-terminal prohormone of brain-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) concentrations were recorded for all dogs.
Results:
Volume overload of the left ventricle (left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV/BSA) > 91.3 mL/m²) was the single best variable to predict SCD. The probability of SCD increases 8.5-fold (CI0.95 = 0.8–35.3) for every 50 mL/m²-unit increment in LVEDV/BSA. Ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV/BSA) and NT-proBNP were highly correlated with LVEDV/BSA (r = −0.63, 0.96, 0.86, respectively). Generated conditional inference trees (CTREEs) revealed that the presence of ventricular tachycardia (VT), increased concentration of cTnI, and the fastest rate (FR) of ventricular premature complexes (VPC) ≥260 beats per minute (bpm) are additional important variables to predict SCD.
Conclusion:
Conditional inference trees provided in this study might be useful for risk assessment of SCD in Doberman Pinschers with DCM.
Authors =>
L. Klüser | P.J. Holler | J. Simak | G. Tater | P. Smets | D. Rügamer | H. Küchenhoff | G. Wess
published =>
First published: 14 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13941
|
Title =>
Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus Associated with Dorsal Midbrain Lesions in Three Dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
A.H. Crawford | E. Beltran | R. Lam | P.J. Kenny
published =>
First published: 12 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13966
|
Title =>
Risk Factors Associated with Development of Histiocytic Sarcoma in Bernese Mountain Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare but aggressive malignancy in humans that is poorly responsive to existing treatments. Although rare in most breeds of dogs, HS is common in Bernese mountain dogs (BMDs).
Objective:
Determine risk factors associated with development of HS in BMD.
Animals:
A total of 216 BMD were registered with the Berner-Garde Foundation.
Methods:
An internet-based cross-sectional survey was used to collect information from owners of BMD diagnosed with HS and owners of disease-free littermates of dogs with HS. Mixed-effects logistic regression (MELR) and conditional logistic regression (CLR) were used in parallel to examine associations between potential risk factors and the occurrence of HS.
Results:
When controlling for litter as a marker of relatedness, dogs diagnosed with orthopedic conditions were found to be more likely to develop HS (MELR, OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.2; CLR, OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.3), whereas dogs receiving prescription anti-inflammatory medications were found to be at considerably lower risk of developing HS (MELR, OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8; CLR, OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.8).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These results suggest inflammation may be a modifiable risk factor for the development of HS in BMD.
Authors =>
A. Ruple | P.S. Morley
published =>
First published: 10 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13964
|
Title =>
Diagnostic Features of Acute Chagas Myocarditis with Sudden Death in a Family of Boxer Dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
J.P. Vitt | A.B. Saunders | M.T. O'Brien | J. Mansell | D.K. Ajithdoss | S.A. Hamer
published =>
First published: 10 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13967
|
Title =>
Whole-Body Barometric Plethysmography Characterizes Upper Airway Obstruction in 3 Brachycephalic Breeds of Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
A novel test using whole-body barometric plethysmography (WBBP) was developed recently to diagnose brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) in unsedated French bulldogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The hypotheses of this study were: (1) respiratory characteristics are different between healthy nonbrachycephalic dogs and brachycephalic dogs; and among pugs, French bulldogs, and bulldogs; and (2) obesity and stenotic nares are risk factors for BOAS. The main objective was to establish a diagnostic test for BOAS in these 3 breeds.
Animals:
A total of 266 brachycephalic dogs (100 pugs, 100 French bulldogs, and 66 bulldogs) and 28 nonbrachycephalic dogs.
Methods:
Prospective study. Exercise tolerance tests with respiratory functional grading, and WBBP were performed on all dogs. Data from WBBP were associated with functional grades to train quadratic discriminant analysis tools to assign dogs to BOAS+ and BOAS- groups. A BOAS index (0–100%) was calculated for each dog. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate classification ability.
Results:
Minute volume was decreased significantly in asymptomatic pugs (P = .009), French bulldogs (P = .026), and bulldogs (P < .0001) when compared to nonbrachycephalic controls. Respiratory characteristics were different among breeds and affected dogs had a significant increase in trace variation. The BOAS index predicted BOAS status for each breed with 94–97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88.9–100%) accuracy (area under the ROC curve). Both obesity (P = .04) and stenotic nares (P = .004) were significantly associated with BOAS.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The WBBP can be used as a clinical tool to diagnose BOAS noninvasively and objectively.
Authors =>
N-C. Liu | V.J. Adams | L. Kalmar | J.F. Ladlow | D.R. Sargan
published =>
First published: 09 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13933
|
Title =>
Antigen Concentrations as an Indicator of Clinical Remission and Disease Relapse in Cats with Histoplasmosis
Abstract =>
Background:
Treatment monitoring is subjective and disease relapse is common in cats with histoplasmosis. The Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is a noninvasive test used for determining disease remission and detecting disease relapse in humans with histoplasmosis. The utility of the antigen EIA for these purposes in cats remains unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Those Histoplasma antigen concentrations in urine and serum would decline with antifungal treatment and that antigen elimination would be an indicator of clinical remission in cats with histoplasmosis treated with antifungal treatment.
Animals:
Fifteen client-owned cats with histoplasmosis.
Methods:
Masked observational study. Cats were monitored monthly during antifungal treatment. Time of clinical remission and serum and urine antigen elimination were determined for each cat.
Results:
Twelve of 15 cats achieved clinical remission. At the time of diagnosis, antigen was detectable in urine in 14/15 (93%) cats and in serum in 11/15 (73%) cats. Both serum (P < .0005) and urine (P < .0001) antigen concentrations significantly decreased over time with effective treatment. Antigen elimination was sensitive [urine, 90.0% (95% CI 72.3–97.4%); serum, 90.4% (68.2–98.3%)] but less specific [urine, 64.6% (51.7–75.8%); serum, 52.1% (37.4–66.5%)] for disease remission. Urine antigen was positive in both cats and serum antigen was positive in 1 cat at the time of disease relapse.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Measurement of Histoplasma antigen in urine and serum might be useful tests for determining disease remission and relapse in cats with histoplasmosis. Further research is needed to investigate the importance of low-level antigenemia and antigenuria.
Authors =>
A.S. Hanzlicek | J.H. Meinkoth | J.S. Renschler | C. Goad | L.J. Wheat
published =>
First published: 09 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13962
|
Title =>
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity in Serum of Dogs with Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Abstract =>
Background:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs and is routinely associated with concurrent pancreatic injury.
Objectives:
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of pancreatic injury in dogs with DKA based on measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum (PLI); compare demographic, clinicopathologic, and ultrasonographic findings in dogs with and without evidence of concurrent pancreatic injury; determine the impact of pancreatic injury on duration of hospitalization and short-term outcome.
Animals:
One hundred and nineteen dogs with DKA with or without concurrent pancreatic injury.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Dogs with DKA were divided into three groups on the basis of PLI results: positive for pancreatic injury (PLIpos), negative for pancreatic injury (PLIneg), and not tested (PLIna). Demographics, clinicopathologic test results, findings on abdominal ultrasonography (AUS), duration of hospitalization, and short-term outcome were compared between the three groups.
Results:
Based on serum PLI activity, 45 dogs (73%) with DKA had evidence of concurrent pancreatic injury. Median total carbon dioxide was significantly lower in the PLIpos dogs compared to the PLIneg dogs. There was fair agreement (κ = 0.26) between serum PLI activity and AUS. Evidence of pancreatic injury was not associated with significantly longer periods of hospitalization (PLIpos median 6 days, range 4–7 days, PLIneg median 4 days, range 3–6 days) and did not influence short-term outcome (PLIpos failure to survive to discharge 11/45, 24%, PLIneg failure to survive to discharge 2/17, 12%).
Clinical Importance:
Concurrent pancreatic injury is common in dogs with DKA, but did not affect prognosis in this population of dogs.
Authors =>
T.A. Bolton | A. Cook | J.M. Steiner | G.T. Fosgate
published =>
First published: 07 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13955
|
Title =>
Serum Cystatin C Concentrations in Cats with Hyperthyroidism and Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Currently, no test can accurately predict the development of azotemia after treatment of hyperthyroidism. Serum cystatin C concentrations (sCysC) might be less influenced by changes in body muscle mass and so better indicate the presence of concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) in hyperthyroidism.
Hypotheses:
sCysC will be higher in hyperthyroid cats that develop azotemia compared with hyperthyroid cats that remain nonazotemic after treatment; sCysC will be higher in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD than healthy older cats and, sCysC will decrease after treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Animals:
Ninety-one cats treated in first opinion practice.
Methods:
Case–control study. sCysC were compared between hyperthyroid cats which developed azotemia within 4 months of successful treatment of hyperthyroidism (pre-azotemic group) and hyperthyroid cats which remained nonazotemic after treatment (nonazotemic group), and between nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats. sCysC were also compared between hyperthyroid cats before treatment and at time of establishment of euthyroidism. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile].
Results:
Baseline sCysC were not different between the pre-azotemic and nonazotemic groups (1.9 [1.4, 2.3] mg/L versus 1.5 [1.1, 2.2] mg/L, respectively; P = .22). sCysC in nonhyperthyroid cats with azotemic CKD and healthy older cats were not significantly different (1.5 [1.0, 1.9] mg/L versus 1.2 [0.8, 1.4] mg/L, respectively; P = .16). sCysC did not change significantly after treatment of hyperthyroidism (pretreatment 1.8 [1.2, 2.3] mg/L, after treatment 1.6 [1.1, 2.4] mg/L; P = .82).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
sCysC do not appear to be a reliable marker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats.
Authors =>
T.L. Williams | H. Dillon | J. Elliott | H.M. Syme | J. Archer
published =>
First published: 07 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13956
|
Title =>
Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in 20 Camelids
Abstract =>
Background:
Information about the clinical and clinicopathologic aspects of cerebrospinal nematodiasis (CN) in camelids is limited.
Hypothesis:
Clinical and therapeutic variables will be identified as factors predictive of survival.
Animals:
Client-owned camelids suspected of having CN admitted to Purdue University between 1995 and 2015.
Methods:
A retrospective study was performed. A diagnosis of CN was based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilic pleocytosis or postmortem findings.
Results:
Eleven alpacas and 9 llamas met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-five percent of the camelids were male (27% castrated and 73% intact). Common clinical abnormalities included proprioceptive deficits (100% of animals), recumbency (55%), tachypnea (55%), and ataxia (40%). Among the 85% of treated animals, 100% received PO fenbendazole, and 88% received a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The survival rate to discharge was 45%. Plasma fibrinogen concentration, creatine kinase activity, and serum creatinine concentration were significantly higher in nonsurvivors. Blood eosinophil count, platelet count, and total CO2 were significantly lower in nonsurvivors. Factors associated with survival were species, sex, absence of treatment with corticosteroids, and clinical improvement. There was no association between recumbency at admission and survival. A plasma fibrinogen concentration above >266 mg/dL was an excellent diagnostic test to predict survival in the presence of neurological signs or CSF eosinophilia.
Conclusions:
Although prognosis for CN in camelids is guarded, presence of recumbency at admission is not predictive of nonsurvival. Male camelids and llamas appear more likely to die from CN. Corticosteroid treatment is contraindicated in animals diagnosed with CN.
Authors =>
F.R. Bertin | S.D. Taylor
published =>
First published: 07 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13958
|
Title =>
The Effects of Cyclosporine and Aspirin on Platelet Function in Normal Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Cyclosporine increases thromboxane synthesis in dogs, potentially increasing the thrombogenic properties of platelets.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Our hypothesis was that the concurrent administration of low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine would inhibit cyclosporine-associated thromboxane synthesis without altering the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. The objective was to determine the effects of cyclosporine and aspirin on primary hemostasis.
Animals:
Seven healthy dogs.
Methods:
A randomized, crossover study utilized turbidimetric aggregometry and a platelet function analyzer to evaluate platelet function during the administration of low-dose aspirin (1 mg/kg PO q24h), high-dose aspirin (10 mg/kg PO q12h), cyclosporine (10 mg/kg PO q12h), and combined low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine. The urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane-B2 (11-dTXB2)-to-creatinine ratio also was determined.
Results:
On days 3 and 7 of administration, there was no difference in the aggregometry amplitude or the platelet function analyzer closure time between the low-dose aspirin group and the combined low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. On day 7, there was a significant difference in amplitude and closure time between the cyclosporine group and the combined low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. High-dose aspirin consistently inhibited platelet function. On both days, there was a significant difference in the urinary 11-dTXB2-to-creatinine ratio between the cyclosporine group and the combined low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine group. There was no difference in the urinary 11-dTXB2-to-creatinine ratio among the low-dose aspirin, high-dose aspirin, and combined low-dose aspirin and cyclosporine groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Low-dose aspirin inhibits cyclosporine-induced thromboxane synthesis, and concurrent use of these medications does not alter the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.
Authors =>
J. Thomason | T. Archer | R. Wills | S. Press | A. Mackin
published =>
First published: 07 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13960
|
Title =>
Effects of Toceranib Phosphate on Systolic Blood Pressure and Proteinuria in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Systemic hypertension and proteinuria are established adverse effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in people.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to investigate changes in systolic blood pressure and the incidence of proteinuria secondary to treatment with toceranib phosphate in dogs with cancer.
Animals:
Twenty-six control dogs and 30 dogs with cancer were evaluated for the first part of the study (baseline characteristics). For the second part (effect of toceranib phosphate treatment), 48 client-owned dogs were evaluated, including 20 control dogs and 28 dogs with various types of neoplasia.
Methods:
Prospective cohort study. Client-owned healthy control dogs and dogs with cancer were enrolled. Blood pressure and urine protein:creatinine ratios were measured before treatment and 2 weeks after initiation of toceranib phosphate treatment.
Results:
Systolic blood pressure was significantly (P = 0.0013) higher in previously normotensive treatment dogs after initiation of treatment with toceranib phosphate (152 mmHg ± 19) compared to baseline (136 mmHg ± 14). 37% of treated dogs developed SBP ≥ 160 mmHg. The prevalence of systemic hypertension (37%) and proteinuria (21%) at baseline in treatment dogs did not differ from that of age-matched healthy controls (15% [P = 0.13] and 0% [P = 0.069], respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Toceranib phosphate treatment might result in increased systolic blood pressures in dogs. Systemic hypertension should be considered a potential adverse effect of this drug in dogs. Systemic hypertension and proteinuria were detected at clinically relevant frequencies in the dogs with cancer before antineoplastic therapies suggesting that monitoring of these variables might be warranted in this population.
Authors =>
S.S. Tjostheim | R.L. Stepien | L.E. Markovic | T.J. Stein
published =>
First published: 06 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13951
|
Title =>
Perfusion and Volume Response of Canine Brain Tumors to Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy
Abstract =>
Background:
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) are highly conformal, high-dose radiation treatment techniques used to treat people and dogs with brain tumors.
Objectives:
To evaluate the response to SRS- and SRT-treated tumors using volume and perfusion variables and to measure the survival times of affected dogs.
Animals:
Prospective study of 34 dogs with evidence of brain tumors undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT).
Methods:
Computed tomography and MRI imaging were used to calculate tumor volume and perfusion at baseline, and at 3 months and 6 months after treatment. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate treatment efficacy.
Results:
Mean tumor volume significantly declined from baseline to the first recheck by −0.826 cm3 (95% CI: −1.165, −0.487) (P < .001); this reduction was maintained at the second recheck. Blood flow and blood volume declined significantly in the tumor after treatment. Median survival was 324 days (95% CI: 292.8, 419.4), and 4 dogs survived longer than 650 days. Neither actual tumor volume (hazard ratio = 1.21, P = .19) nor the change in tumor volume from the baseline (hazard ratio = 1.38, P = .12) significantly affected the hazard of death because of the tumor.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Stereotactic radiosurgery and SRT are effective treatments for reducing tumor volume, blood flow, and blood volume. Treated dogs surviving for more than 1 year are more likely to die from other causes than of their primary brain tumor. SRS and SRT should be considered for noninvasive treatment of intracranial brain tumors.
Authors =>
A.L. Zwingenberger | R.E. Pollard | S.L. Taylor | R.X. Chen | J. Nunley | M.S. Kent
published =>
First published: 05 May 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13945
|
Title =>
Erratum
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 30 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13961
|
Title =>
New Insights in the Functional Zonation of the Canine Adrenal Cortex
Abstract =>
Background:
Current understanding of adrenal steroidogenesis is that the production of aldosterone or cortisol depends on the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11β-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (CYP11B1), respectively. However, this has never been studied in dogs, and in some species, a single CYP11B catalyzes both cortisol and aldosterone formation. Analysis of the canine genome provides data of a single CYP11B gene which is called CYP11B2, and a large sequence gap exists near the so-called CYP11B2 gene.
Objectives:
To investigate the zonal expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the canine adrenal cortex and to determine whether dogs have 1 or multiple CYP11B genes.
Animals:
Normal adrenal glands from 10 healthy dogs.
Methods:
Zona fasciculata (zF) and zona glomerulosa (zG) tissue was isolated by laser microdissection. The mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes and their major regulators was studied with RT-qPCR. Southern blot was performed to determine whether the sequence gap contains a CYP11B gene copy. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17).
Results:
Equal expression (P = .62) of the so-called CYP11B2 gene was found in the zG and zF. Southern blot revealed a single gene. CYP17 expression (P = .05) was significantly higher in the zF compared with the zG, which was confirmed with IHC.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We conclude that there is only 1 CYP11B gene in canine adrenals. The zone-specific production of aldosterone and cortisol is probably due to zone-specific CYP17 expression, which makes it an attractive target for selective inhibition of cortisol synthesis without affecting mineralocorticoid production in the zG.
Authors =>
K. Sanders | J.A. Mol | H.S. Kooistra | A. Slob | S. Galac
published =>
First published: 25 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13946
|
Title =>
Accuracy of a Mouse Bioassay for the Diagnosis of Botulism in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
The laboratory diagnosis of botulism in horses traditionally has relied upon the mouse bioassay (MBA). The accuracy of this test for the diagnosis of botulism in horses is unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Our goal was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the MBA on laboratory-processed fecal and gastrointestinal samples for foals and adult horses.
Animals:
Cases included all horses with a final clinical diagnosis of botulism that were admitted between 1986 and 2011 and had MBA testing performed. Controls included horses without botulism that were admitted during the same time period and had MBA testing performed.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Horses suspected of having botulism had fecal or (less commonly) gastrointestinal content samples tested using MBA. For every hospitalized botulism suspect, control samples were obtained from ≥1 additional hospitalized horses not suspected to have botulism.
Results:
One hundred and twenty-nine adult horses and 253 adult controls were identified. Overall sensitivity of the MBA was only 32% but specificity was 97%. Forty-three foal cases and 21 foal controls were evaluated; sensitivity of the MBA was 53% and specificity was 100%. Positive predictive value was substantially higher (100% for foals and 89% for adults) than negative predictive value (51% for foals and 67% for adults).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Mouse bioassay has low sensitivity but high specificity for the diagnosis of botulism in horses. Positive results are highly suggestive of botulism but negative results do not exclude the diagnosis. Unaffected horses and foals rarely shed C. botulinum in their feces.
Authors =>
A.L. Johnson | S.C. McAdams-Gallagher | H. Aceto
published =>
First published: 25 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13950
|
Title =>
Serum Concentrations of Symmetric Dimethylarginine and Creatinine in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Serum concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) detected chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats an average of 17.0 months before serum creatinine (Cr) concentrations increased above the reference interval.
Objectives:
To report on the utility of measuring serum SDMA concentrations in dogs for detection of CKD before diagnosis by measurement of serum Cr.
Animals:
CKD dogs (n = 19) included those persistently azotemic for ≥3 months (n = 5), dogs that were azotemic at the time of death (n = 4), and nonazotemic dogs (n = 10). CKD dogs were compared with healthy control dogs (n = 20).
Methods:
Retrospective study, whereby serum Cr concentrations were determined by enzymatic colorimetry and serum SDMA concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in dogs with necropsy confirmed CKD.
Results:
Serum SDMA increased before serum Cr in 17 of 19 dogs (mean, 9.8 months; range, 2.2–27.0 months). Duration of elevations in serum SDMA concentrations before the dog developed azotemia (N = 1) or before the dog died (N = 1) was not determined. Serum SDMA and Cr concentrations were linearly related (r = 0.84; P < .001). Serum SDMA (r = −0.80) and serum Cr (r = −0.89) concentrations were significantly related to glomerular filtration rate (both P < .001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Using serum SDMA as a biomarker for CKD allows earlier detection of kidney dysfunction in dogs than does measurement of serum Cr. Earlier detection might be desirable for initiating renoprotective interventions that slow progression of kidney disease.
Authors =>
J.A. Hall | M. Yerramilli | E. Obare | M. Yerramilli | K. Almes | D.E. Jewell
published =>
First published: 22 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13942
|
Title =>
Beta-hydroxybutyrate Concentrations in Dogs with Acute Pancreatitis and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract =>
Background:
β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) concentrations have not been quantified in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP).
Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate BOHB concentrations in dogs with AP.
Animals:
A total of 154 client-owned dogs without DM.
Methods:
Prospective clinical study. Dogs were enrolled into 1 of 3 groups: AP, sick without an AP diagnosis, or fasted. Dogs were diagnosed with AP (44) if they had vomiting or anorexia, and either ultrasonographic findings consistent with AP or increased pancreatic lipase. Sick dogs without AP (68) had vomiting or anorexia but a diagnosis of AP was either not suspected or was excluded based on ultrasonographic findings or a normal pancreatic lipase. Dogs without anorexia or vomiting that were fasted for over 10 hours for a procedure were also enrolled (42). BOHB was measured on whole blood with a portable ketone meter. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare BOHB in the 3 groups. Pair-wise comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test and Bonferroni corrected P-values are reported.
Results:
Median BOHB concentration was significantly higher in dogs with AP (0.3 mmol/L, range 0–2.9 mmol/L) compared to sick dogs without AP (0.20 mmol/L, range 0–0.9 mmol/L, P = .007) and fasted dogs (0.1 mmol/L, range 0–0.4 mmol/L, P = .0001). Median BOHB concentration was significantly higher in sick dogs without AP compared to fasted dogs (P = .0002).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
In dogs without DM, BOHB is significantly higher in dogs with AP compared to other dogs. The diagnostic utility of this finding remains to be investigated.
Authors =>
F.E. Hurrell | K.J. Drobatz | R.S. Hess
published =>
First published: 13 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13947
|
Title =>
A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Multisite Clinical Study of Grapiprant, an EP4 Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonist (PRA), in Dogs with Osteoarthritis
Abstract =>
Background:
This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of grapiprant for treatment of pain in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA).
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Grapiprant will relieve pain as measured by the owner's and veterinarian's evaluation of pain in dogs with OA. Another objective was evaluation of the safety of grapiprant.
Animals:
Two hundred and eighty-five client-owned dogs with OA were enrolled and treated with grapiprant or placebo with 262 cases (N = 131 in each group) evaluable for the effectiveness analysis.
Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled study dogs were treated daily with grapiprant (2 mg/kg) per OS or placebo. Owners completed an evaluation using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Success was defined as improvement in the CBPI. Veterinary assessments were made on screening and days 14 and 28. Safety was evaluated by physical examination, evaluation of clinical pathology results, and owner observations.
Results:
Grapiprant treatment improved pain compared to placebo on day 28 (48.1 and 31.3% treatment successes respectively; P = .0315). The pain interference score (PIS) and pain severity score (PSS) improved in the grapiprant group compared to placebo (P = .0029 and 0.0022, respectively). Veterinary assessments were significantly better in the grapiprant-treated dogs (P = .0086). Grapiprant generally was well tolerated, but a higher percentage of treated dogs (17.02%) had occasional vomiting as compared to the placebo group (6.25%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Grapiprant is an effective treatment for alleviation of pain in dogs with OA, and represents a modality of treatment that may be better tolerated than current options.
Authors =>
L. Rausch-Derra | M. Huebner | J. Wofford | L. Rhodes
published =>
First published: 13 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13948
|
Title =>
A Prospective, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Evaluation of the Effect of Omeprazole on Serum Calcium, Magnesium, Cobalamin, Gastrin Concentrations, and Bone in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Chronic proton pump inhibitor administration has been associated with electrolyte and cobalamin deficiency, disrupted bone homeostasis, hypergastrinemia, and rebound acid hypersecretion in humans. It is unknown if this occurs in cats.
Objectives:
Prolonged oral omeprazole results in altered bone mineral density or content, serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, and gastrin concentrations in healthy cats.
Animals:
Six healthy adult DSH cats.
Methods:
In a within subjects, before and after design, cats received placebo followed by omeprazole (0.83–1.6 mg/kg PO q12h) for 60 days each. Analysis of serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, and gastrin concentrations was performed on days 0, 30, and 60. Bone density and content were evaluated on days 0 and 60 of each intervention. Continuous data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (α = 0.006). On day 60 of omeprazole administration, continuous intragastric pH monitoring was performed in 2 cats to evaluate the effects of abrupt withdrawal of omeprazole.
Results:
No significant changes were detected between treatments for any variables, except serum gastrin, which was significantly higher during omeprazole treatment in comparison to placebo (P = 0.002). Evidence of gastric hyperacidity was seen in both cats in which intragastric pH monitoring was performed following cessation of omeprazole.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Although further studies with larger populations of cats will be needed to draw any definitive conclusions, these preliminary results suggest that prolonged PPI treatment results in hypergastrinemia and abrupt PPI withdrawal might result in RAH in cats.
Authors =>
E. Gould | C. Clements | A. Reed | L. Giori | J.M. Steiner | J.A. Lidbury | J.S. Suchodolski | M. Brand | T. Moyers | L. Emery | M.K. Tolbert
published =>
First published: 08 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13932
|
Title =>
Accuracy and Precision of Noninvasive Blood Pressure in Normo-, Hyper-, and Hypotensive Standing and Anesthetized Adult Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Blood pressure is relevant to the diagnosis and management of many medical, cardiovascular and critical diseases. The accuracy of many commonly used noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitors and the accuracy of NIBP measurements in hypo- and hypertensive standing horses has not been determined.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of an oscillometric BP monitor in standing horses before and during pharmacologically induced hyper- and hypotension and to compare results in standing and anesthetized horses.
Animals:
Eight standing mares from a research herd (SG) and eight anesthetized horses from a hospital population (AG).
Methods:
Prospective experimental and observational studies. Invasive blood pressure (IBP) and NIBP, corrected to heart level, were measured simultaneously. In the SG hyper- and hypotension were induced by administration of phenylephrine (3 μg/kg/min IV for 15 minutes) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg IV), respectively. In the AG NIBP and IBP were recorded during regular hospital procedures.
Results:
There was a significant correlation between mean NIBP and IBP in standing (R = 0.88, P < .001) and anesthetized horses (R = 0.81, P < .001). The mean bias (lower, upper limit of agreement) was 16.4(−16.1, 48.9) mmHg for mean BP in the SG and 0.5(−22.3, 23.2) mmHg in the AG. The NIBP device was capable of identifying the increase and decrease in BP in all horses, but in the SG significant correlation between NIBP and IBP was only detected for the normotensive phase.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
While the evaluated oscillometric BP device allowed estimation of BP and adequately differentiated marked trends, the accuracy and precision were low in standing horses.
Authors =>
N. Heliczer | O. Lorello | D. Casoni | C. Navas de Solis
published =>
First published: 05 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13928
|
Title =>
Percutaneous Ultrasound-guided Cholecystocentesis and Bile Analysis for the Detection of Platynosomum spp.-Induced Cholangitis in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Examination of bile could be useful to diagnose Platynosomum spp.-induced cholangitis in cats. Obtaining bile via percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis (PUC) is possible but raises safety concerns in cats with severe cholecystitis.
Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to investigate the use of PUC to collect bile samples from cats with known platynosomosis and to determine if bile analysis could be a diagnostic test.
Animals:
Twenty-seven free-roaming cats positive for Platynosomum spp. eggs via fecal examination.
Methods:
In this prospective study, fecal egg counts were performed by double centrifugation with Sheather's solution. Bile was collected using PUC from anesthetized cats. Egg counts in bile were performed with a stereoscope. Euthanasia and postmortem examination were performed immediately after PUC.
Results:
All cats had ultrasound (US) evidence of cholangitis or cholecystitis. Thirty-nine PUCs were performed with 14 cats having 2 PUCs 12 or 24 days apart. Postmortem examinations showed no overt gallbladder damage or leakage but fresh blood was noted in the gallbladder lumen of 3 cats. Median Platynosomum spp. egg counts were higher in bile (1450 eggs/mL; IQR, 400; 5138 eggs/mL) as compared to feces (46 eggs/mL; IQR, 10; 107 eggs/mL) (P < .001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Bile egg count analysis is an alternative method with higher egg counts as compared to fecal egg count analysis for the diagnosis of platynosomosis. Obtaining bile via US guidance is technically feasible and safe in cats with cholangitis/cholecystitis. Cholecystocentesis and bile analysis are especially relevant for those cats with chronic cholangitis/cholecystitis and negative fecal egg counts for Platynosomum.
Authors =>
L. Köster | L. Shell | O. Illanes | C. Lathroum | K. Neuville | J. Ketzis
published =>
First published: 05 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13943
|
Title =>
ECEIM Congress 2015
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 01 April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13925
|
Title =>
Eosinophilic Enteritis in Horses with Motor Neuron Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine motor neuron disease (EMND) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects adult horses. Although EMND has been linked to vitamin E deficiency, its etiopathogenesis is poorly understood.
Objectives:
To describe clinical features, laboratory results, and postmortem findings in a series of young horses with motor neuron disease (MND).
Animals:
A herd of 15 young Andalusian horses with weakness, weight loss, muscle atrophy, and muscle fasciculations related to restricted intake of green forage.
Methods:
A case series is presented in which horses were subjected to a clinical examination and plasma vitamin E measurement. Five severely affected horses were euthanized for detailed postmortem examination. Muscle specimens were taken from the M. sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis and the M. gluteus medius for histopathologic and morphometric evaluation.
Results:
MND was diagnosed in 5 horses based on clinical signs, low serum levels of vitamin E (0.11 ± 0.05 mg/dL; normal range,: 0.3–1.5 mg/dL), changes in muscle histopathology (neurogenic atrophy), and spinal cord lesions (neuronal chromatolysis in ventral horns). An unexpected postmortem finding was the presence of intestinal inflammation (catarrhal enteritis, edema, and eosinophilic infiltrate) associated with the presence of giant ciliated protozoa in all of the horses.
Conclusions:
Although a mechanistic link could not be established, it is hypothesized that intestinal inflammation may have been involved in the decreased absorption of vitamin E, thus favoring the development of MND.
Authors =>
E. Díez de Castro | R. Zafra | L.M. Acevedo | J. Pérez | I. Acosta | J.L.L. Rivero | E. Aguilera-Tejero
published =>
First published: 26 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13944
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Four Diagnostic Tests for Insulin Dysregulation in Adult Light-Breed Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Several tests have been evaluated in horses for quantifying insulin dysregulation to support a diagnosis of equine metabolic syndrome. Comparing the performance of these tests in the same horses will provide clarification of their accuracy in the diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between basal serum insulin concentrations (BIC), the oral sugar test (OST), the combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT), and the frequently sampled insulin-modified intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT).
Animals:
Twelve healthy, light-breed horses.
Methods:
Randomized, prospective study. Each of the above tests was performed on 12 horses.
Results:
Minimal model analysis of the FSIGTT was considered the reference standard and classified 7 horses as insulin resistant (IR) and 5 as insulin sensitive (IS). In contrast, BIC and OST assessment using conventional cut-off values classified all horses as IS. Kappa coefficients, measuring agreement among BIC, OST, CGIT, and FSIGTT were poor to fair. Sensitivity of the CGIT (positive phase duration of the glucose curve >45 minutes) was 85.7% and specificity was 40%, whereas CGIT ([insulin]45 >100 μIU/mL) sensitivity and specificity were 28.5% and 100%, respectively. Area under the glucose curve (AUCg0-120) was significantly correlated among the OST, CGIT, and FSIGTT, but Bland–Altman method and Lin's concordance coefficient showed a lack of agreement.
Conclusions:
Current criteria for diagnosis of insulin resistance using BIC and the OST are highly specific but lack sensitivity. The CGIT displayed better sensitivity and specificity, but modifications may be necessary to improve agreement with minimal model analysis.
Authors =>
L.K. Dunbar | K.A. Mielnicki | K.A. Dembek | R.E. Toribio | T.A. Burns
published =>
First published: 25 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13934
|
Title =>
Expression of Apoptosis-regulating Proteins Bcl-2 and Bax in Lymph Node Aspirates from Dogs with Lymphoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Dysregulated apoptosis is a hallmark of tumorigenesis, and is also involved in resistance to cytotoxic treatment, and might be relevant in lymphoma in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
That Bcl-2/Bax expression patterns differ between lymphoma immunophenotypes, and that Bcl-2/Bax ratio is correlated with prognosis.
Animals:
Fifty-five client-owned dogs with multicentric lymphoma and 5 healthy dogs.
Methods:
Prospective, case–control study. We compared 3 methods (flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Western blot) for Bcl-2 and Bax quantification in a subset of dogs. The effect of time on Bcl-2/Bax ratios measured by flow cytometry was assessed in lymphoma cell lines. Immunophenotype and Bcl-2/Bax expression by flow cytometry were determined in LN aspirates from all dogs with multicentric lymphoma compared to healthy dogs. Progression-free survival (PFS) was retrospectively evaluated in a group of dogs all receiving similar treatment.
Results:
Bcl-2/Bax ratios remain consistent for at least 5 days after sample collection. Bcl-2/Bax ratio was higher in dogs with T-cell lymphoma (TCL; median 0.97, range 0.37–1.36) compared to B-cell lymphoma (BCL; median 0.36, range 0.07–1.45) (P < .0001) and normal dogs (median 0.36, range 0.21–0.48) (P = .0006), respectively. Dogs with Bcl-2/Bax ratios higher than the median of the group experienced a median PFS of 101 days and dogs with ratios equal and lower than the median had PFS of 130 days (P = .19).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Higher intrinsic resistance to apoptosis following cytotoxic treatment might contribute to the less favorable prognosis associated with multicentric TCL in dogs. Whether Bcl-2/Bax will be helpful to identify canine BCL and TCL with more aggressive and more indolent behavior, respectively, should be evaluated in larger prospective clinical studies.
Authors =>
K. Meichner | J.E. Fogle | L. English | S.E. Suter
published =>
First published: 25 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13937
|
Title =>
Noninvasive Assessment of Neuromuscular Disease in Dogs: Use of the 6-minute Walk Test to Assess Submaximal Exercise Tolerance in Dogs with Centronuclear Myopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Noninvasive methods of quantitating exercise tolerance in dogs with neuromuscular disease are needed both for clinical and research use. The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has been validated as a reliable test of exercise tolerance in dogs with pulmonary and cardiac disease, but not in dogs with neuromuscular disease.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Distance walked and number of steps taken during 6MWT will differ between Labrador retriever dogs with centronuclear myopathy (CNM) and control (ie, healthy) littermates.
Animals:
Eight purebred Labrador retrievers were drawn from a purpose-bred research colony (status: 3 clear, 2 carrier, and 3 homozygous mutants for the protein tyrosine phosphatase-like A (PTPLA) gene mutation associated with CNM).
Methods:
Pilot, prospective, Case–controlled study. Researchers were blinded to disease status. Each dog was leash-trained and acclimatized to the testing area (length, 12.8 m). At the start of testing, each animal was fitted with a pedometer, a timer was started, and dogs were allowed to walk at their own pace for 6 minutes. Distance walked and pedometer readings were recorded.
Results:
Degree of paresis varied among affected dogs, and was reflected by significant differences in distance walked between CNM-affected dogs and those with clear and carrier genotypes (P = .048). Pedometer readings did not vary according to genotype (P = .86).
Conclusions:
The 6MWT appears to differentiate between the ambulatory capacity of normal and CNM-affected dogs. Additional studies are needed to confirm this relationship in a larger number of dogs, and to evaluate the ability of the 6MWT to differentiate between dogs with variable severity of neuromuscular disease-associated exercise intolerance.
Authors =>
S. Cerda-Gonzalez | L. Talarico | R. Todhunter
published =>
First published: 25 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13939
|
Title =>
Hypoglycin A Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Atypical myopathy (AM) in horses is caused by the plant toxin hypoglycin A, which in Europe typically is found in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus). Owners are concerned about whether their horses are in danger if they graze near maple trees.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To measure hypoglycin A in the most common maple tree species in the Netherlands, and to determine whether concentration of toxin is a predictor of AM in horses.
Methods:
A total of 278 samples of maple tree leaves, sprouts, and seeds were classified by species. Mean concentrations of hypoglycin A were compared for the type of sample, the season and the occurrence of AM in the pasture (non-AM versus AM). Statistical analysis was performed using generalized a linear model (SPPS22).
Results:
Almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A, with concentrations differing significantly among sources (P < .001). Concentrations were significantly higher in seeds from the AM group than in seeds from the non-AM group (856 ± 677 and 456 ± 358 mg/kg, respectively; P = .039). In sprouts and leaves this was not the case. Acer platanoides and Acer campestre samples did not contain detectable concentrations of hypoglycin A.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Acer platanoides and campestre seem to be safe around paddocks and pastures, whereas almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A. In all AM cases, Acer pseudoplatanus was found. Despite significantly higher concentration of hypoglycin A in seeds of pastures where AM has occurred, individual prediction of AM cannot be made by measuring these concentrations because of the high standard deviation.
Authors =>
C.M. Westermann | R. van Leeuwen | L.W.D. van Raamsdonk | H.G.J. Mol
published =>
First published: 20 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13927
|
Title =>
Validation of a Clinical Scoring System for Outcome Prediction in Dogs with Acute Kidney Injury Managed by Hemodialysis
Abstract =>
Background:
A scoring system for outcome prediction in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) recently has been developed but has not been validated.
Hypothesis:
The scoring system previously developed for outcome prediction will accurately predict outcome in a validation cohort of dogs with AKI managed with hemodialysis.
Animals:
One hundred fifteen client-owned dogs with AKI.
Methods:
Medical records of dogs with AKI treated by hemodialysis between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed. Dogs were included only if all variables required to calculate the final predictive score were available, and the 30-day outcome was known. A predictive score for 3 models was calculated for each dog. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of the final predictive score with each model's outcome. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses were performed to determine sensitivity and specificity for each model based on previously established cut-off values.
Results:
Higher scores for each model were associated with decreased survival probability (P < .001). Based on previously established cut-off values, 3 models (models A, B, C) were associated with sensitivities/specificities of 73/75%, 71/80%, and 75/86%, respectively, and correctly classified 74–80% of the dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
All models were simple to apply and allowed outcome prediction that closely corresponded with actual outcome in an independent cohort. As expected, accuracies were slightly lower compared with those from the previously reported cohort used initially to develop the models.
Authors =>
G. Segev | C. Langston | K. Takada | P.H. Kass | L.D. Cowgill
published =>
First published: 20 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13930
|
Title =>
Investigation of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonism as a Novel Treatment for Chronic Bronchitis in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Canine chronic bronchitis (CCB) results in cough lasting ≥2 months and airway inflammation. Adverse effects include risk of secondary infection associated with lifelong corticosteroid administration and prompt investigation into alternative therapies. Neurogenic pathways mediated by tachykinins that bind neurokinin (NK) 1 receptors may induce cough and airway inflammation. Maropitant,1 a NK-1 receptor antagonist, has been advocated for treatment of CCB based on anecdotal improvement, but without scientific evidence.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Maropitant1 will blunt clinical signs and airway inflammation associated with CCB.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs (n = 8) with cough >2 months, thoracic radiographic evidence of airway disease and sterile airway inflammation (>7% non-degenerate neutrophils, >7% eosinophils or both) on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) enrolled.
Methods:
Maropitant1 (2 mg/kg) administered q48h for 14 days. Study endpoints included client perception of clinical signs (surveys at baseline and 14 days, and visual analogue scale [VAS] at baseline, 7, and 14 days), and BAL % neutrophils and eosinophils (baseline and 14 days). One-way repeated measures ANOVA (VAS) and Wilcoxon-signed rank-sum tests (BAL cells, cough frequency) used with P < .05 considered significant.
Results:
Maropitant1 significantly decreased cough frequency (P < .001) and VAS scores (P = .005). No differences in BAL % neutrophils or % eosinophils noted with treatment (P = .279 and P = .382, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Preliminary results suggest that although maropitant1 may have antitussive properties leading to perceived clinical improvement, its failure to diminish airway inflammation makes it unsuitable for treatment of CCB. Future studies could evaluate maropitant1 as a cough suppressant for other respiratory disorders in dogs.
Authors =>
M. Grobman | C. Reinero
published =>
First published: 20 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13935
|
Title =>
Spontaneous Course of Biliary Sludge Over 12 Months in Dogs with Ultrasonographically Identified Biliary Sludge
Abstract =>
Background:
Biliary sludge is associated with gallbladder (GB) dysmotility and mucus hypersecretion suggesting a link between biliary sludge and the formation of GB mucoceles (GBM). If biliary sludge progresses to GBM, treatment to reduce the production and progression of sludge is warranted.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The objective of this study was to determine the course of biliary sludge in dogs.
Animals:
Seventy-seven healthy, client-owned dogs ≥4 years of age screened for biliary sludge; 45 affected dogs identified.
Methods:
Prospective, observational design. Serial ultrasound examinations were evaluated at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months to monitor degree of sludge based on proportion of GB filled with sludge (mild [0.01–24.4%], moderate [24.5–49.4%], moderate to severe [49.5–74.4%], severe [74.5–100%]), gravity dependency of sludge, and GB dimensions.
Results:
After 1 year of follow-up, the degree of sludge was mild (34%), moderate (47%), moderate to severe (13%), severe (3%), or absent (3%). There was no significant difference in median degree of sludge over 1 year (P = .36). There were no significant changes in the gravity dependency of sludge over 1 year. A subset of dogs, 24%, with initial gravity-dependent sludge developed a combination of nondependent and dependent sludge. Dogs had resolved (2%), decreased (19%), static (40%), increased (29%), or recurrent (10%) sludge at the conclusion of the study.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Biliary sludge was prevalent, affected dogs remained asymptomatic, and it rarely resolves in healthy dogs over a period of 1 year. Some dogs developed nongravity-dependent sludge within 1 year, which might indicate changes in consistency of sludge.
Authors =>
S.M. DeMonaco | D.C. Grant | M.M. Larson | D.L. Panciera | M.S. Leib
published =>
First published: 16 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13929
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Clinical Metrology Instrument in Dogs with Osteoarthritis
Abstract =>
Background:
In veterinary clinical pain studies, there is a paucity of data on test-retest variability in Clinical Metrology Instruments (CMIs), and it is unknown whether CMIs should be administered using independent (respondents not permitted to see previous answers) or dependent (respondents shown previous answers) interviewing.
Objectives:
To compare baseline variability in CMIs designed to assess pain in dogs with osteoarthritis, and compare CMI scores using independent (InD) and dependent interviewing (DI) for the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and the Client-Specific Outcome Measures (CSOM).
Animals:
Fifty-one client-owned dogs with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and associated pain.
Methods:
Clinical Metrology Instruments data were collected during 2 randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, proof of principle pilot studies with parallel treatment groups. Enrolled dogs received either placebo or antinerve growth factor antibody (NV-01).
Results:
Agreement between baseline CMI scores was good (CBPI Pain P = .29, CBPI Interference P = .32, CSOM P = .036, LOAD P = .67, HCPI P = .27), being best for the LOAD (ICC = 0.89). CMI responses collected during independent and dependent interviewing were not statistically different (CBPI Pain P = .33, CBPI Interference P = .28, CSOM P = .42) and showed good agreement. Additionally, dependent interviewing resulted in increased treatment effect sizes.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
There is little difference between independent and dependent interviewing, however, dependent interviewing resulted in increased treatment effect sizes. By using dependent interviewing, investigators could increase clinical trial power through minimal change to study design. Further research is warranted to investigate the use of dependent interviewing.
Authors =>
C. Muller | B. Gaines | M. Gruen | B. Case | K. Arrufat | J. Innes | B.D.X. Lascelles
published =>
First published: 13 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13923
|
Title =>
Effect of Parenteral Antioxidant Supplementation During the Dry Period on Postpartum Glucose Tolerance in Dairy Cows
Abstract =>
Background:
Exacerbated postparturient insulin resistance (IR) has been associated with several pathologic conditions in dairy cattle. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a causative role in IR in humans, and an association, but not direct relationship, between OS and IR recently has been reported in transition dairy cattle.
Hypothesis:
Supplementation with antioxidants shortly before calving improves glucose tolerance after parturition in dairy cattle.
Animals:
Ten late-pregnant Holstein cows entering their 2nd to 5th lactation.
Methods:
Randomized placebo-controlled trial: 15 ± 2 days before expected calving, the treatment group received an injection of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate at a dosage of 6 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.06 mg/kg BW of sodium selenite, and the control group was injected with isotonic saline. During the first week after calving, both groups underwent glucose tolerance testing (0.25 g glucose/kg BW). Commercial assays were used to quantify the concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate, and markers of redox status in blood. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U-test (α = 0.05).
Results:
Supplemented cows showed a lower risk for OS, as reflected by a lower OS index (P = .036), different areas under the curve for the concentrations of glucose (P < .01), insulin (P = .043), and NEFA (P = .041), more rapid elimination rates (P = .080, <.01 and .047 respectively), and shorter half-lives (P = .040, <.01 and .032) of these metabolites.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Supplementation with antioxidants before calving resulted in greater insulin sensitivity after calving, thereby suggesting the role of OS in the development of IR in cattle and the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation in minimizing the consequences of negative energy balance.
Authors =>
A. Abuelo | V. Alves-Nores | J. Hernandez | R. Muiño | J.L. Benedito | C. Castillo
published =>
First published: 12 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13922
|
Title =>
A Homozygous RAB3GAP1:c.743delC Mutation in Rottweilers with Neuronal Vacuolation and Spinocerebellar Degeneration
Abstract =>
Background:
A variety of presumed hereditary, neurologic diseases have been reported in young Rottweilers. Overlapping ages of onset and clinical signs have made antemortem diagnosis difficult. One of these diseases, neuronal vacuolation and spinocerebellar degeneration (NVSD) shares clinical and histological features with polyneuropathy with ocular abnormalities and neuronal vacuolation (POANV), a recently described hereditary disease in Black Russian Terriers (BRTs). Dogs with POANV harbor mutations in RAB3GAP1 which codes for a protein involved in membrane trafficking.
Hypothesis:
Rottweilers with NVSD will be homozygous for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele associated with POANV in BRTs.
Animals:
Eight Rottweilers with NVSD confirmed at necropsy, 128 Rottweilers without early onset neurologic signs, and 468 randomly selected dogs from 169 other breeds.
Methods:
Retrospective case–control study. Dogs were genotyped for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele with an allelic discrimination assay.
Results:
All 8 NVSD-affected dogs were homozygous for the RAB3GAP1:c.743delC allele while the 128 NVSD-free Rottweilers were either homozygous for the reference allele (n = 105) or heterozygous (n = 23) and the 468 genotyped dogs from other breeds were all homozygous for the reference allele.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The RAB3GAP1:c.743delC mutation is associated with a similar phenotype in Rottweilers and BRTs. Identification of the mutation permits a DNA test that can aid in the diagnosis of NVSD and identify carriers of the trait so that breeders can avoid producing affected dogs. Disruption of membrane trafficking could explain the neuronal vacuolation seen in NVSD and other spongiform encephalopathies.
Authors =>
T. Mhlanga-Mutangadura | G.S. Johnson | A. Ashwini | G.D. Shelton | Sara A. Jablonski Wennogle | G.C. Johnson | K. Kuroki | D.P. O'Brien
published =>
First published: 10 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13921
|
Title =>
Comparison of Serum Spec fPL™ and 1,2-o-Dilauryl-Rac-Glycero-3-Glutaric Acid-(6′-Methylresorufin) Ester Assay in 60 Cats Using Standardized Assessment of Pancreatic Histology
Abstract =>
Background:
Feline pancreas-specific lipase (Spec fPL) is considered a useful test for the antemortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats. A recent study found good agreement between the results of the Spec fPL and catalytic 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6′-methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay. Prospective studies evaluating their sensitivity and specificity are lacking.
Objectives:
To compare the results of the Spec fPL and the DGGR assays with a standardized histologic assessment of the pancreas.
Animals:
Sixty client-owned cats presented for necropsy.
Methods:
Prospective study: Spec fPL concentrations and serum DGGR lipase activity were measured from the same blood sample. The pancreas was removed within 3 hours after euthanasia; serial transverse sections were made every 0.5 cm throughout the entire pancreas and reviewed using a histologic grading scheme. Sensitivity and specificity for the Spec fPL and DGGR assay results were determined.
Results:
The sensitivity and specificity for the Spec fPL assay (cutoff value ≥5.4 μg/L) was 42.1 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 29.4–55.9%] and 100% (95% CI, 31.0–100.0%). The sensitivity and specificity for the DGGR assay (cutoff value >26 U/L) was 36.8 (95% CI, 24.7–50.7%) and 100% (95% CI, 31.0–100.0%). When lymphocytic inflammation up to 10% of a section was considered normal, the sensitivity and specificity for Spec fPL assay (cutoff value ≥5.4 μg/L) was 61.1 (95% CI, 36.1–81.7%) and 69.0% (95% CI, 52.8–81.9%) and the sensitivity and specificity for the DGGR assay (cutoff value >26 U/L) was 66.7 (95% CI, 41.2–85.6%) and 78.6% (95% CI, 62.8–89.2%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Both lipase assays performed similarly well, but their agreement with histologic pancreatic inflammation was limited.
Authors =>
S. Oppliger | M. Hilbe | S. Hartnack | E. Zini | C.E. Reusch | P.H. Kook
published =>
First published: 10 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13924
|
Title =>
Effects of 0.5% Timolol Maleate Ophthalmic Solution on Heart Rate and Selected Echocardiographic Indices in Apparently Healthy Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function is challenging in cats, partially because of transmitral flow pattern fusion associated with high heart rates. With heart rate (HR) reduction, transmitral flow waveforms separate, allowing identification of diastolic dysfunction. Timolol, an ophthalmic, nonselective beta-blocker used in glaucoma is safe and transiently decreases HR in clinical trials.
Hypothesis:
Administration of timolol ophthalmic solution decreases HR and facilitates echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function in cats without inducing clinically relevant adverse effects.
Animals:
Twenty-five apparently healthy cats.
Methods:
Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms including transmitral flow patterns were evaluated before and 20 minutes after ocular administration of 1 drop of timolol 0.5% solution. Twenty cats underwent treatment with timolol, and 5 different cats served as untreated controls to evaluate the effects of acclimation to the hospital environment on HR.
Results:
Acclimation to the hospital had no effect on HR in control cats. After timolol administration, a significant median HR reduction of 25 bpm was observed (P < .0001). Timolol had no effect on E/A ratio in cats without E/A fusion (7/20, P = .44). Of the 13 cats with E and A waves that were fused before timolol application, separation of these waves was identified in 8 cats (62%) after timolol treatment. No bradyarrhythmias were noted after timolol administration, but 2 cats had first-degree atrioventricular block. Timolol resulted in resolution of dynamic outflow tract obstruction in 6 of 6 cats.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Ocular administration of timolol safely decreases HR in cats and could facilitate assessment of diastolic function.
Authors =>
C.T. Gunther-Harrington | E.S. Ontiveros | T.E. Hodge | L.C. Visser | J.A. Stern
published =>
First published: 10 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13931
|
Title =>
Conduct, Oversight, and Ethical Considerations of Clinical Trials in Companion Animals with Cancer: Report of a Workshop on Best Practice Recommendations
Abstract =>
Authors =>
R. Page | P. Baneux | D. Vail | L. Duda | P. Olson | L. Anestidou | N. Dybdal | G. Golab | W. Shelton | M. Salgaller | C. Hardy
published =>
First published: 07 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13916
|
Title =>
Risk Factors for Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Identification of risk factors for development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats may aid in its earlier detection.
Hypothesis/objectives:
Evaluation of clinical and questionnaire data will identify risk factors for development of azotemic CKD in cats.
Animals:
One hundred and forty-eight client-owned geriatric (>9 years) cats.
Methods:
Cats were recruited into the study and followed longitudinally for a variable time. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their pet at enrollment. Additional data regarding dental disease were obtained when available by development of a dental categorization system. Variables were explored in univariable and multivariable Cox regression models.
Results:
In the final multivariable Cox regression model, annual/frequent vaccination (P value, .003; hazard ratio, 5.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.83–17.64), moderate dental disease (P value, .008; hazard ratio, 13.83; 95% confidence interval, 2.01–94.99), and severe dental disease (P value, .001; hazard ratio, 35.35; 95% confidence interval, 4.31–289.73) predicted development of azotemic CKD.
Conclusion:
Our study suggests independent associations between both vaccination frequency and severity of dental disease and development of CKD. Further studies to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of renal injury for these risk factors are warranted.
Authors =>
N.C. Finch | H.M. Syme | J. Elliott
published =>
First published: 06 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13917
|
Title =>
Mechanical and Thermal Sensory Testing in Normal Chondrodystrophoid Dogs and Dogs with Spinal Cord Injury caused by Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniations
Abstract =>
Background:
Intervertebral disc herniation is a common cause of spinal cord injury (SCI) causing paralysis and sensory loss. Little quantitative information is available on the loss and recovery of sensation in dogs with SCI.
Objectives:
To determine whether quantitative sensory testing (QST) can be used to establish thermal and mechanical sensory thresholds in chrondrodystrophoid dogs and compare thresholds among normal dogs and dogs with different grades of SCI.
Animals:
Thirty-three client-owned chondrodystrophoid dogs: 15 normal and 18 SCI dogs.
Methods:
Thermal testing was performed by placing a hot (49°C) and cold (5°C) probe on the dorsal metatarsus and mechanical thresholds were tested using calibrated forceps to apply force to the lateral digit. Stimuli were applied until acknowledged, and response rate, latency, and force applied to response were recorded. Test-retest repeatability was determined by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. Response rates were compared using logistic regression and thresholds were compared using Kaplan–Meier Survival curves.
Results:
Testing was feasible with moderate repeatability. Thresholds and response rates were significantly different between normal and SCI dogs for all modalities (P < .001). When dogs were grouped by their clinical grade, each grade was significantly different from normal dogs, and cold stimuli differentiated among all grades.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
Sensory thresholds can be measured reliably in chondrodystrophoid dogs and are altered by SCI. The differences in sensation among neurologic grades indicate that these techniques can be used to further characterize recovery of SCI dogs.
Authors =>
A.M. Gorney | S.R. Blau | C.S. Dohse | E.H. Griffith | K.D. Williams | J.-H. Lim | D. Knazovicky | B.D.X. Lascelles | N.J. Olby
published =>
First published: 05 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13913
|
Title =>
Mechanisms of Tritrichomonas foetus Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis
Abstract =>
Authors =>
M.K. Tolbert | J.L. Gookin
published =>
First published: 04 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13920
|
Title =>
Long-term Outcome of Irish Wolfhound Dogs with Preclinical Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, or Both Treated with Pimobendan, Benazepril Hydrochloride, or Methyldigoxin Monotherapy
Abstract =>
Background:
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the Irish Wolfhound (IW). However, the benefit of medical treatment in IW dogs with preclinical DCM, atrial fibrillation (AF), or both has not been demonstrated.
Objectives:
Compare the time to develop congestive heart failure (CHF) or sudden death in IW dogs with preclinical DCM, AF, or both receiving monotherapy with pimobendan, methyldigoxin, or benazepril hydrochloride.
Animals:
Seventy-five client-owned IW dogs.
Methods:
Irish Wolfhound dogs were prospectively randomized to receive pimobendan (Vetmedin®)1, benazepril HCl (Fortekor®)2, or methyldigoxin (Lanitop®)3 monotherapy in a 1:1:1 ratio in a blinded clinical trial. The prospectively defined composite primary endpoint was onset of CHF or sudden death. To assure stringent evaluation of treatment effect, data from dogs complying with the study protocol were analyzed.
Results:
Sixty-six IW fulfilling the study protocol included 39 males, 27 females; median (interquartile range) age, 4.0 years (3.0–5.0 years) and weight, 70.0 kg (63.0–75.0 kg). Primary endpoint was reached in 5 of 23 (21.7%) IW receiving pimobendan, 11 of 22 (50.0%) receiving benazepril HCl, and 9 of 21 (42.9%) receiving methyldigoxin. Median time to primary endpoint was significantly longer for pimobendan (1,991 days; 65.4 months) compared to methyldigoxin (1,263 days; 41.5 months; P = .031) or benazepril HCl-(997 days; 32.8 months; P = .008) treated dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In IW dogs with preclinical DCM, AF or both, pimobendan monotherapy significantly prolonged time to onset of CHF or sudden death than did monotherapy with benazepril HCl or methyldigoxin.
Authors =>
A.C. Vollmar | P.R. Fox
published =>
First published: 03 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13914
|
Title =>
Serum Cobalamin and Methylmalonic Acid Concentrations in Hyperthyroid Cats Before and After Radioiodine Treatment
Abstract =>
Background:
Hyperthyroidism, the most common endocrine disorder in cats, has been associated with low serum cobalamin concentrations. Whether this is a functional cobalamin deficiency of clinical importance has not been assessed.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Cats with hyperthyroidism experience a functional cobalamin deficiency which correlates with their clinical catabolic state and is reversible with return of the euthyroid state.
Animals:
Thirty-nine client-owned hyperthyroid cats.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and clinical scores were determined in each hyperthyroid cat at enrollment and when euthyroid (60 days after radioiodine treatment).
Results:
Five of the 39 hyperthyroid cats (13%) had a low serum cobalamin concentration ranging from <150 to 290 ng/L. Serum cobalamin concentrations normalized to >350 ng/L in 2 of the hypocobalaminemic cats once euthyroid. None of the hyperthyroid/hypocobalaminemic cats had increased serum methylmalonic acid concentrations (175–601 nmol/L). In cats with clinical and biochemical hyperthyroidism, there was no correlation between serum cobalamin concentrations with total T4 concentration (P = .12) or clinical scores including body weight (P = .11) and BCS (P = .54).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In this population of hyperthyroid cats, the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia was low. Specifically, hyperthyroid cats, in which concurrent gastrointestinal disease is unlikely. Hypocobalaminemia is not a functional deficiency requiring supplementation in hyperthyroid cats without gastrointestinal disease.
Authors =>
B.M. Geesaman | W.H. Whitehouse | K.R. Viviano
published =>
First published: 03 March 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13918
|
Title =>
Endoscopic Evaluation of Angiogenesis in the Large Airways of Horses with Heaves Using Narrow Band Imaging
Abstract =>
Background:
Heaves is a severe debilitating condition of horses, characterized by lower airway inflammation and permanent structural changes of the bronchial wall. Chronic inflammation promotes the formation of new vessels, a phenomenon known as angiogenesis. Narrow band imaging (NBI) endoscopy is a noninvasive technique that enhances the visualization of submucosal vessels, and commonly is employed for the study of angiogenesis in human patients.
Objectives:
Using NBI, we aimed to determine whether or not the central airways of horses with heaves undergo angiogenesis.
Animals:
Horses with heaves during exacerbation of the disease (n = 5) and healthy controls (n = 6).
Methods:
A library of NBI images was established from previously recorded videoendoscopies. Images were acquired by an operator blinded to horse ID. Images were obtained from 3 sites: 130 from the trachea (14 ± 9.3 [mean ± SD] images per horse with heaves and 10 ± 5.4 from controls; P = .45), 58 from the carina (5.4 ± 3.2 from horses with heaves and 5.2 ± 2.8 fromn controls; P > .99) and 167 from the intermediate bronchi (17.8 ± 6.7 from horses with heaves and 13 ± 5.6 from controls; P = .17). Using dedicated stereology software (NewCAST, Visiopharm; Denmark), the volume density of superficial and deep vessels was calculated blindly by point counting at each site for all horses.
Results:
In the trachea, the volume density of superficial vessels was increased in horses with heaves compared to controls (P = .02). No difference was found between groups for the volume density of both superficial and deep vessels at the carina or intermediate bronchi.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:
NBI imaging of the airways was easily performed in standing sedated horses.
Authors =>
N. Herteman | M. Bullone | J.-P. Lavoie
published =>
First published: March/April 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13890
|
Title =>
2015 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Seizure Management in Dogs
Abstract =>
Authors =>
M. Podell | H.A. Volk | M. Berendt | W. Löscher | K. Muñana | E.E. Patterson | S.R. Platt
published =>
First published: 22 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13841
|
Title =>
Survival of a Foal with Type A Botulism
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
J.S.W. Prutton | K.G. Magdesian | A. Plummer | D.C. Williams | M. Aleman
published =>
First published: 19 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13840
|
Title =>
Diagnostic Value of Right Pulmonary Artery Distensibility Index in Dogs with Pulmonary Hypertension: Comparison with Doppler Echocardiographic Estimates of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Abstract =>
Background:
Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) primarily relies upon Doppler echocardiography of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, TR might be absent or difficult to measure.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine the diagnostic value of right pulmonary artery distensibility (RPAD) index for prediction of Doppler-derived estimates of pulmonary artery (PA) pressure compared to other indices of PH in dogs.
Animals:
Sixty-nine client-owned dogs with TR.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Dogs were allocated to groups according to TR pressure gradient (TRPG): TRPG <36 mmHg (control, n = 22), TRPG 36–50 (n = 16), TRPG 50–75 (n = 14) and TRPG >75 mmHg (n = 17). Right pulmonary artery distensibility index, acceleration time to peak PA flow (AT), AT: ejection time of PA flow (AT:ET) and main PA size: aorta size (MPA:Ao) were calculated in each dog.
Results:
Right pulmonary artery distensibility index demonstrated the strongest correlation (r = −0.90; P < .0001) to TRPG followed by MPA:Ao (r = 0.78; P < .0001), AT (r = −0.69; P < .0001) and AT:ET (r = −0.68; P < .0001). RPAD index possessed the most accurate cutoff (<29.5%; Sensitivity [Sn] 0.84, Specificity [Sp] 0.95) to predict TRPG >50 mmHg compared to AT (<53.9 ms; Sn 0.74, Sp 0.87), AT:ET (<0.30; Sn 0.61, Sp 0.97) and MPA:Ao (>1.04; Sn 0.94, Sp 0.74). All intra- and interobserver measurement variabilities exhibited coefficients of variation ≤13%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Right pulmonary artery distensibility index is an accurate predictor of TRPG and should be particularly useful if TR is absent or difficult to measure.
Authors =>
L.C. Visser | M.K. Im | L.R. Johnson | J.A. Stern
published =>
First published: 19 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13911
|
Title =>
JVIM Manuscript Reviewers Who Critiqued in the 2015 Calendar Year
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 17 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13838
|
Title =>
Concentration of Potassium in Plasma, Erythrocytes, and Muscle Tissue in Cows with Decreased Feed Intake and Gastrointestinal Ileus
Abstract =>
Background:
Healthy cows consume large amounts of potassium and a sudden loss in appetite can lead to hypokalemia. The routine method to evaluate potassium homeostasis is the measurement of the extracellular potassium in plasma or serum, but this does not provide information about the intracellular potassium pool.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate potassium homeostasis by comparing the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentration in cows with reduced feed intake and gastrointestinal ileus.
Animals:
Twenty cows 1–3 days postpartum (group 1) and 20 cows with gastrointestinal ileus (group 2).
Methods:
Observational cross-sectional study. Plasma potassium was measured by using an ion-sensitive electrode. Intracellular potassium was measured in erythrocytes and muscle tissue (muscle biopsy) by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
Results:
Cows of group 1 did not have hypokalemia. Overall cows with gastrointestinal ileus were hypokalemic (mean ± SD, 2.9 mmol/L ± 0.78), but potassium concentration in erythrocytes and muscle tissue was not lower than in postpartum cows. Intracellular potassium in erythrocytes varied very widely; group 1: 3497–10735 mg/kg (5559 ± 2002 mg/kg), group 2: 4139–21678 mg/kg (7473 ± 4034 mg/kg). Potassium in muscle tissue did not differ between group 1 (3356 ± 735 mg/kg wet weight) and group 2 (3407 ± 1069 mg/kg wet weight). No association between extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations was detected.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
That measurement of plasma potassium concentration is not sufficient to evaluate potassium metabolism of cows.
Authors =>
S. Schneider | A. Müller | T. Wittek
published =>
First published: 15 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13842
|
Title =>
Erratum for Comparison of Efficacy of Long-term Oral Treatment with Telmisartan and Benazepril in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease (pages 1479–1487)
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 15 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13912
|
Title =>
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Updated Consensus Statement with a Focus on Parasite Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Abstract =>
Authors =>
S.M. Reed | M. Furr | D.K. Howe | A.L. Johnson | R.J. MacKay | J.K. Morrow | N. Pusterla | S. Witonsky
published =>
First published: 09 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13834
|
Title =>
Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Increased free cortisol fraction is associated with insulin dysregulation (ID) in people with Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing's Disease. Free cortisol has not been investigated in equine endocrine disorders.
Hypotheses:
(1) In healthy horses, sex, age, body condition score (BCS), and season impact free cortisol; (2) free cortisol is increased in horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) or Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS).
Animals:
Fifty-seven healthy horses; 40 horses and ponies with PPID (n = 20) or EMS (n = 20).
Methods:
Prospective study. Serum collected seasonally from healthy animals and archived serum from PPID and EMS animals was analyzed for insulin, total and free cortisol concentrations, and free cortisol fraction (FCF). Linear mixed models were used to determine effects of age, sex, season, and BCS on hormones in controls. Hormone measurements were compared between disease groups and age- and season-matched controls with t-tests. EMS and hyperinsulinemic PPID animals were combined in an ID (hyperinsulinemia) group.
Results:
Free cortisol concentrations were increased in overweight/obese controls (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/dL) compared to lean controls (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = .017). Mean FCF was significantly higher in animals with PPID (8.8 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = .005) or ID (8.8 ± 10.2 μg/dL, P = .039) than controls (5.0 ± 0.9 μg/dL), but total cortisol concentrations were similar (P ≥ .350) (PPID: 4.2 ± 4.3 μg/dL; ID: 5.0 ± 4.5 μg/dL; controls: 4.6 ± 1.7 and 5.1 ± 2.1 μg/dL).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Increased FCF is associated with obesity in healthy horses and with ID (hyperinsulinemia) in horses and ponies with endocrine disease. Decreased plasma cortisol-binding capacity could be a component of these endocrine disorders in horses.
Authors =>
K.A. Hart | D.M. Wochele | N.A. Norton | D. McFarlane | A.A. Wooldridge | N. Frank
published =>
First published: 09 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13839
|
Title =>
Characterization of an Inherited Neurologic Syndrome in Toyger Cats with Forebrain Commissural Malformations, Ventriculomegaly and Interhemispheric Cysts
Abstract =>
Background:
In children, frequent congenital malformations with concomitant agenesis of the corpus callosum are diagnosed by neuroimaging in association with other cerebral malformations, including interhemispheric cysts and ventriculomegaly. Similar studies providing full characterization of brain defects by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and correlations with the pertinent anatomic pathologic examinations are absent in veterinary medicine.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Congenital brain defects underlie the neurologic signs observed in Toyger cats selectively bred for a short ear phenotype.
Animals:
Using proper pedigree analysis and genetic evaluations, 20 related Oriental-derived crossbred Toyger cats were evaluated. Seven clinically healthy (carrier) cats and 13 clinically affected cats that had neurologic signs, short ear phenotype and concomitant complex brain anomalies were studied.
Methods:
Complete physical and neurologic examinations and MRI were performed in all clinically healthy and affected cats. Postmortem and histopathologic examinations were performed in 8 affected cats and 5 healthy cats.
Results:
Neurologic and MRI investigations confirmed 13 clinically affected cats with structural brain abnormalities. Ventriculomegaly with frequent concomitant supratentorial interhemispheric, communicating ventricular type-1b cysts and multiple midline and callosal malformations were detected in all cats displaying neurologic signs. Genetic analysis confirmed autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with no chromosomal abnormalities.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Neuroanatomic dissections and histopathology were helpful for evaluation of abnormalities in midline brain structures, and for the full characterization of cysts. However, MRI was more sensitive for detection of small cysts. In this feline model, MRI diagnosis had extremely good correlation with pathologic abnormalities noted in the subset of animals that were examined by both modalities.
Authors =>
M.K. Keating | B.K. Sturges | S. Sisó | E.R. Wisner | E.K. Creighton | L.A. Lyons
published =>
First published: 04 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13836
|
Title =>
Correlation of Urine and Serum Biomarkers with Renal Damage and Survival in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Proteinuric Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Urine protein loss is common in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate new biomarkers of glomerular and tubulointerstitial (TI) damage compared with histology and as survival indicators in dogs with naturally occurring, proteinuric CKD.
Animals:
One hunderd and eighty dogs with naturally occurring kidney disease.
Methods:
Retrospective study using urine, serum, and renal biopsies from dogs with kidney disease, 91% of which had proteinuric CKD. Biomarkers were evaluated and correlated with pathologic renal damage, and significant associations, sensitivities, and specificities of biomarkers for renal disease type were determined.
Results:
Fractional excretions of immunogloblin M (IgM_FE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG_FE) correlated most strongly with glomerular damage based on light microscopy (r = 0.58 and 0.56, respectively; P < .01). Serum creatinine (SCr) correlated most strongly with TI damage (r = 0.70, P < .01). Urine IgM/creatinine and urine NAG/creatinine had the highest sensitivity (75%) and specificity (78%) for detection of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Although individually most biomarkers were significantly associated with decreased survival time (P < .05), in a multivariate analysis, SCr, IgM_FE, and glomerular damage based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were the only biomarkers significantly associated with survival time (SCr: P = .001; IgM_FE: P = .008; TEM: P = .017).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Novel urine biomarkers and FEs are useful for detection of glomerular and TI damage in dogs with proteinuric CKD and might predict specific disease types and survival.
Authors =>
J.A. Hokamp | R.E. Cianciolo | M. Boggess | G.E. Lees | S.L. Benali | M. Kovarsky | M.B. Nabity
published =>
First published: 01 February 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13832
|
Title =>
The Effect of the Canine ABCB1-1Δ Mutation on Sedation after Intravenous Administration of Acepromazine
Abstract =>
Background:
Dog breeds with the ABCB1-1Δ mutation have substantially truncated nonfunctional P-glycoprotein. Dogs homozygous for this mutation (mut/mut) are susceptible to the toxic adverse effects of ivermectin, loperamide, and vincristine. Anecdotal reports suggested ABCB1 mut/mut dogs showed increased depth and duration of acepromazine sedation.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
That ABCB1 mut/mut dogs have increased depth and duration of sedation after acepromazine IV compared to normal dogs (nor/nor).
Animals:
Twenty-nine rough-coated collies were divided into 3 groups of dogs based on their ABCB1 genotype: 10 mut/mut, 10 mut/nor, and 9 nor/nor.
Methods:
Dogs were given 0.04 mg/kg of acepromazine IV. Level of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded for 6 hours after acepromazine administration. Area under the curves (AUCs) of the normalized sedation score results were calculated and compared.
Results:
The median sedation scores for ABCB1 mut/mut dogs were higher than nor/nor dogs at all time points and were higher in mut/nor dogs for the first 2 hours. These differences were not found to be significant for any individual time point (P > .05). The median sedation score AUC for mut/mut dogs was significantly higher than nor/nor dogs (P = .028), but the AUC for mut/nor dogs was not (P = .45). There were no significant differences between groups for heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure (P > .05).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In ABCB1 mut/mut dogs acepromazine dose rates should be reduced and careful monitoring performed during sedation.
Authors =>
D. Deshpande | K.E. Hill | K.L. Mealey | J.P. Chambers | M.A. Gieseg
published =>
First published: 29 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13827
|
Title =>
Metabolic and Hormonal Response to a Feed-challenge Test in Lean and Overweight Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Obese dogs risk poor life quality, creating a need for increased knowledge of metabolism in overweight dogs.
Objectives:
Investigate postprandial metabolic and hormonal responses to a high-fat mixed-meal in dogs and responses of lean versus overweight dogs.
Animals:
Twenty-eight healthy intact male Labrador Retrievers were included.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Twelve dogs were grouped as lean (body condition score (BCS 4–5), 10 as slightly overweight (BCS 6), and 6 as overweight (BCS 6.5–8) on a 9-point scale. After an overnight fast, urine and blood samples were collected. Dogs were then fed a high-fat mixed-meal, and blood was collected hourly for 4 hours and urine after 3 hours.
Results:
Postprandial concentrations of insulin and glucagon were increased at 1 hour (both P < 0.0001), triglycerides at 2 hours (P < 0.0001), and glucose at 3 hours (P = 0.004); and all remained increased throughout the feed-challenge in all dogs. Postprandial urine cortisol/creatinine ratio was higher than fasting values (P = 0.001). Comparing between groups, there was an overall higher triglyceride response in overweight compared to lean (P = 0.001) and slightly overweight (P = 0.015) dogs. Overweight dogs also had higher fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio compared to lean dogs (P = 0.024).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Postprandial responses of dogs to a high-fat mixed-meal were similar to those previously reported in people. The higher postprandial triglyceride response and fasting cortisol/creatinine ratio in the overweight dogs could be early signs of metabolic imbalance. Thus, although overweight dogs often appear healthy, metabolic alterations might be present.
Authors =>
J. Söder | S. Wernersson | R. Hagman | I. Karlsson | K. Malmlöf | K. Höglund
published =>
First published: 29 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13830
|
Title =>
Effect of Breed on Plasma Endothelin-1 Concentration, Plasma Renin Activity, and Serum Cortisol Concentration in Healthy Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
There are breed differences in several blood variables in healthy dogs.
Objective:
Investigate breed variation in plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration, plasma renin activity, and serum cortisol concentration.
Animals:
Five-hundred and thirty-one healthy dogs of 9 breeds examined at 5 centers (2–4 breeds/center).
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Circulating concentrations of ET-1 and cortisol, and renin activity, were measured using commercially available assays. Absence of organ-related or systemic disease was ensured by thorough clinical investigations, including blood pressure measurement, echocardiography, ECG, blood and urine analysis.
Results:
Median ET-1 concentration was 1.29 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.97–1.82) pg/mL, median cortisol concentration 46.0 (IQR, 29.0–80.8) nmol/L, and median renin activity 0.73 (IQR, 0.48–1.10) ng/mL/h in all dogs. Overall, breed differences were found in ET-1 and cortisol concentrations, and renin activity (P < .0001 for all). Pair-wise comparisons between breeds differed in 67% of comparisons for ET-1, 22% for cortisol, and 19% for renin activity, respectively. Within centers, breed differences were found at 5/5 centers for ET-1, 4/5 centers for cortisol, and 2/5 centers for renin activity. Newfoundlands had highest median ET-1 concentration, 3 times higher than Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Doberman Pinschers, and Dachshunds. Median renin activity was highest in Dachshunds, twice the median value in Newfoundlands and Boxers. Median cortisol concentration was highest in Finnish Lapphunds, almost 3 times higher than in Boxers.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Breed variation might be important to take into consideration when interpreting test results in clinical studies.
Authors =>
K. Höglund | A.-S. Lequarré | I. Ljungvall | K. Mc Entee | A.-C. Merveille | M. Wiberg | V. Gouni | J. Lundgren Willesen | S. Hanås | G. Wess | L. Mejer Sørensen | L. Tiret | M. Kierczak | S.K.G. Forsberg | E. Seppälä | K. Lindblad-Toh | H. Lohi | V. Chetboul | M. Fredholm | J. Häggström
published =>
First published: 27 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13829
|
Title =>
Differentiation of Cardiac from Noncardiac Pleural Effusions in Cats using Second-Generation Quantitative and Point-of-Care NT-proBNP Measurements
Abstract =>
Background:
Pleural effusion is a common cause of dyspnea in cats. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurement, using a first-generation quantitative ELISA, in plasma and pleural fluid differentiates cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine whether NT-proBNP measurements using second-generation quantitative ELISA and point-of-care (POC) tests in plasma and pleural fluid distinguish cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusions and how results compare to the first-generation ELISA.
Animals:
Thirty-eight cats (US cohort) and 40 cats (UK cohort) presenting with cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pleural effusion.
Methods:
Prospective cohort study. Twenty-one and 17 cats in the US cohort, and 22 and 18 cats in the UK cohort were classified as having cardiac or noncardiac pleural effusion, respectively. NT-proBNP concentrations in paired plasma and pleural fluid samples were measured using second-generation ELISA and POC assays.
Results:
The second-generation ELISA differentiated cardiac from noncardiac pleural effusion with good diagnostic accuracy (plasma: sensitivity, 95.2%, specificity, 82.4%; pleural fluid: sensitivity, 100%, specificity, 76.5%). NT-proBNP concentrations were greater in pleural fluid (719 pmol/L (134–1500)) than plasma (678 pmol/L (61–1500), P = 0.003), resulting in different cut-off values depending on the sample type. The POC test had good sensitivity (95.2%) and specificity (87.5%) when using plasma samples. In pleural fluid samples, the POC test had good sensitivity (100%) but low specificity (64.7%). Diagnostic accuracy was similar between first- and second-generation ELISA assays.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Measurement of NT-proBNP using a quantitative ELISA in plasma and pleural fluid or POC test in plasma, but not pleural fluid, distinguishes cardiac from noncardiac causes of pleural effusion in cats.
Authors =>
M.J. Hezzell | J.E. Rush | K. Humm | E.A. Rozanski | J. Sargent | D.J. Connolly | A. Boswood | M.A. Oyama
published =>
First published: 27 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13831
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Title =>
Update on Canine and Feline Blood Donor Screening for Blood-Borne Pathogens
Abstract =>
Authors =>
K.J. Wardrop | A. Birkenheuer | M.C. Blais | M.B. Callan | B. Kohn | M.R. Lappin | J. Sykes
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First published: 25 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13823
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Title =>
Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses—Revised Consensus Statement
Abstract =>
Authors =>
L.L. Couëtil | J.M. Cardwell | V. Gerber | J.-P. Lavoie | R. Léguillette | E.A. Richard
published =>
First published: 24 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13824
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Title =>
Use of Serial Quantitative PCR of the vapA Gene of Rhodococcus equi in Feces for Early Detection of R. equi Pneumonia in Foals
Abstract =>
Background:
Current screening tests for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals lack adequate accuracy for clinical use. Real-time, quantitative PCR (qPCR) for virulent R. equi in feces has not been systematically evaluated as a screening test.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of qPCR for vapA in serially collected fecal samples as a screening test for R. equi pneumonia in foals.
Animals:
One hundred and twenty-five foals born in 2011 at a ranch in Texas.
Methods:
Fecal samples were collected concurrently with thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) screening examinations at ages 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Affected (pneumonic) foals (n = 25) were matched by age and date-of-birth to unaffected (n = 25) and subclinical (ie, having thoracic TUS lesions but no clinical signs of pneumonia) foals (n = 75). DNA was extracted from feces using commercial kits and concentration of virulent R. equi in feces was determined by qPCR.
Results:
Subsequently affected foals had significantly greater concentrations of vapA in feces than foals that did not develop pneumonia (unaffected and subclinical foals) at 5 and 7 weeks of age. Accuracy of fecal qPCR, however, was poor as a screening test to differentiate foals that would develop clinical signs of pneumonia from those that would remain free of clinical signs (including foals with subclinical pulmonary lesions attributed to R. equi) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In the population studied, serial qPCR on feces lacked adequate accuracy as a screening test for clinical R. equi foal pneumonia.
Authors =>
R.G. Madrigal | S.D. Shaw | L.A. Witkowski | B.E. Sisson | G.P. Blodgett | M.K. Chaffin | N.D. Cohen
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First published: 24 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13828
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Title =>
Plasma Vasoprotective Eicosanoid Concentrations in Healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypertension and albuminuria often coexist in Greyhounds, suggesting generalized vascular dysfunction that could contribute to the development of a variety of diseases in this breed. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) mediate endothelial function, vascular reactivity, and proteinuria in humans and in rodent models.
Hypothesis:
The eicosanoid profile of Greyhounds is shifted toward metabolites that promote vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria.
Animals:
Healthy Greyhounds (n = 20) and non-Greyhound (n = 20) dogs that were consecutively enrolled in a blood donor program.
Methods:
Prospective study. Plasma eicosanoid metabolites were assayed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) and compared to systolic blood pressure (SP) measurements and urine albumin concentration.
Results:
Isomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) were higher in Greyhounds than non-Greyhounds (median, range in pmol/mL: 5(S)HETE 19.82, 8.55–32.95 versus 13.54, 4.33–26.27, P = .033; 8(S)HETE 9.39, 3.28–19.84 versus 5.80, 2.25–17.66, P = .002; 9(S)HETE 9.46, 2.43–13.79 versus 5.82, 1.50–17.16, P = .026; 12(S)HETE 10.17, 3.81–40.06 versus 7.24, 2.9–16.16, P = .022). Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) isomers also were higher in Greyhounds compared to non-Greyhounds (mean ± SD in pmol/mL: 8,9DHET 5.78 ± 2.13 versus 4.03 ± 1.36, P = .004; 11,12DHET 11.98 ± 2.86 versus 8.90 ± 3.48, P = .004; 14,15DHET 7.23 ± 2.19 versus 5.76 ± 1.87, P = .028). Albuminuria correlated with total DHET (rs = 0.46, P = .003). SP was positively correlated with 11,12EET (rs = 0.42, P = .006) and 20(S)HETE (rs = 0.38, P = .017). SP and 8,9EET were inversely correlated (rs = −0.49, P = .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Plasma eicosanoid profile in Greyhounds was consistent with activation of metabolic pathways known to promote vascular dysfunction and might contribute to higher blood pressures and albuminuria. Inhibition of these eicosanoid pathways should be evaluated as therapeutic targets in Greyhounds.
Authors =>
J.T. Martinez | L.K. Rogers | C. Kellogg | M.C. Iazbik | C.G. Couto | B.M. Pressler | T.M. Hoepf | M.J. Radin
published =>
First published: 24 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13833
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Title =>
Intraparenchymal Spinal Cord Ganglioneuroblastoma Originating from the Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System in a Cat
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
B.C. Rivard | D.W. Hague | S.K. Joslyn | X. Zhang | S. Lezmi
published =>
First published: 22 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13835
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Title =>
Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Tei Index in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valvular Heart Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The right ventricular (RV) Tei index (TX) has a significant correlation with the severity of pulmonary hypertension. However, the role of RV dysfunction in dogs with myxomatous mitral valvular heart disease (MMVD) has not been addressed.
Objectives:
To investigate the correlation between right ventricular Tei-index (RVTX) and the prognosis for dogs with MMVD.
Animals:
Thirty client-owned dogs with MMVD.
Methods:
Clinical cohort study. Dogs were divided into two groups on the basis of the onset of cardiac-related death within 1 year of the first echocardiographic examination. Physical examination and echocardiographic variables were compared between the groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and multivariate logistic analysis were used to assess the comparative accuracy when identifying dogs with cardiac-related death.
Results:
The highest accuracy was obtained for RVTX with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81–0.99) followed by the left atrial to aortic root ratio with an AUC of 0.91 (95% CI 0.74–0.98), peak early diastolic mitral inflow velocity with an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.64–0.94), and Doppler estimates of systolic pulmonary artery pressure with an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI 0.61–0.95). According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, RVTX was the only independent correlate of cardiac-related death within 1 year.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Right ventricular Tei-index has a strong correlation with the prognosis for dogs with MMVD. The most significant independent predictor of death was RVTX in this study.
Authors =>
K. Nakamura | T. Morita | T. Osuga | K. Morishita | N. Sasaki | H. Ohta | M. Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 20 January 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13820
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