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Title =>
Classification of Involuntary Movements in Dogs: Myoclonus and Myotonia
Abstract =>
Authors =>
M. Lowrie | L. Garosi
published =>
First published: 30 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14771
|
Title =>
Genetics of Hereditary Ataxia in Scottish Terriers
Abstract =>
Background:
Scottish Terriers have a high incidence of juvenile onset hereditary ataxia primarily affecting the Purkinje neuron of the cerebellar cortex and causing slowly progressive cerebellar dysfunction.
Objective:
To identify chromosomal regions associated with hereditary ataxia in Scottish Terriers.
Animals:
One hundred and fifty-three Scottish Terriers were recruited through the Scottish Terrier Club of America.
Materials and Methods:
Prospective study. Dogs were classified as affected if they had slowly progressive cerebellar signs. When possible, magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological evaluation of the brain were completed as diagnostic aids. To identify genomic regions connected with the disease, genome-wide mapping was performed using both linkage- and association-based approaches. Pedigree evaluation and homozygosity mapping were also performed to examine mode of inheritance and to investigate the region of interest, respectively.
Results:
Linkage and genome-wide association studies in a cohort of Scottish Terriers both identified a region on CFA X strongly associated with the disease trait. Homozygosity mapping revealed a 4 Mb region of interest. Pedigree evaluation failed to identify the possible mode of inheritance due to the lack of complete litter information.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
This finding suggests that further genetic investigation of the potential region of interest on CFA X should be considered in order to identify the causal mutation as well as develop a genetic test to eliminate the disease from this breed.
Authors =>
G. Urkasemsin | D.M. Nielsen | A. Singleton | S. Arepalli | D. Hernandez | C. Agler | N.J. Olby
published =>
First published: 29 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14738
|
Title =>
Mineral Composition of Uroliths Obtained from Sheep and Goats with Obstructive Urolithiasis
Abstract =>
Background:
Knowledge of the mineral composition of the causative urolith is important to develop preventative strategies. Advances in analytic techniques have led to detection of urolith components not previously recognized.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to characterize uroliths in sheep and goats structurally and clinically. We hypothesized that amorphous magnesium calcium phosphate (AMCP) would be a naturally occurring urolith type in sheep and goats.
Animals:
Forty-nine sheep and goats presenting for obstructive urolithiasis from June 15, 2014 through June 14, 2016 were reviewed along with the demographic data of all small ruminants admitted during that same period.
Methods:
Medical records were reviewed for demographic and historical data, and 36 uroliths obtained from these cases during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy to determine chemical composition.
Results:
AMCP is a naturally occurring urolith type in obstructed male sheep and goats and was the most common urolith type in this study, where it occurred as a majority component with struvite (39% of uroliths) or as a pure component (11%). Pure struvite was found in 1 urolith (2%). Calcium carbonate was the second most frequent urolith with 31% of uroliths being pure calcium carbonate.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study demonstrates that uroliths, which appear consistent with struvite, could actually be calcium-containing AMCP. Urolith analysis is critical in determining mineral content of uroliths to guide dietary recommendations for prevention.
Authors =>
M.L. Jones | P.M. Gibbons | A.J. Roussel | B.J. Dominguez
published =>
First published: 29 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14743
|
Title =>
Putative Cerebral Microbleeds in Dogs Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head: A Retrospective Study of Demographics, Clinical Associations, and Relationship to Case Outcome
Abstract =>
Background:
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are focal intraparenchymal signal voids on gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), corresponding to regions of chronic hemorrhage. In humans, they are associated with systemic disease and shorter survival times. Although similar findings have been identified in dogs, their epidemiology and clinical correlations have not been investigated.
Objective:
To determine epidemiological features, clinical associations, and associations with outcome for putative CMB-like foci (putative microbleeds [pMBs]) identified by T2*-weighted MRI in dogs.
Animals:
Five hundred and eighty-two dogs undergoing 3T brain MRI between 2011 and 2016.
Methods:
Retrospective case–control study. Demographic, diagnostic, and clinicopathological data were obtained from medical records and phone follow-up. Demographic variables were compared between dogs with and without evidence of pMBs. For dogs with such evidence, and a subset of matched controls, associations with clinical presentation, concurrent disease, and survival times were evaluated.
Results:
Dogs with pMBs were older (P < .001) and smaller (P = .004) than unaffected dogs. Compared to matched controls, they presented more frequently for vestibular signs (P = .030). Cortical atrophy occurred concurrently with pMBs in 26% (14/54) of dogs. Diagnosed renal disease was not significantly associated with pMBs, but proteinuria was more common in dogs with pMBs than in matched controls (odds ratio = 3.01, P = .005). Dogs with pMBs had a shorter median survival time than did matched controls (P = .011).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Putative microbleeds occurred in 54 of 582 (9.3%) of dogs undergoing brain MRI, but may not be a normal consequence of aging. They were associated with shorter survival time and proteinuria in the study population.
Authors =>
S.C. Kerwin | J.M. Levine | C.M. Budke | J.F. Griffin | C.E. Boudreau
published =>
First published: 27 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14730
|
Title =>
Repeatability of Oral Sugar Test Results, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Measurements, and Serum High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin Concentrations in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Repeatability of the oral sugar test (OST) has not been evaluated.
Objectives:
We hypothesized that OST glucose, insulin, active (aGLP-1) and total (tGLP-1) glucagon-like peptide 1, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin results would be repeatable.
Animals:
Fifty-three horses from a Tennessee research facility (n = 23) and private practice in Missouri (n = 30), including animals with medical histories of equine metabolic syndrome.
Methods:
Two OSTs were performed 7–14 days apart and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured at 0, 60, and 75 minutes; a positive result was defined as detection of an insulin concentration >45 μU/mL at 60 or 75 minutes. Plasma aGLP-1 and serum tGLP-1 concentrations at 75 minutes and serum HMW adiponectin concentrations at 0 minute were measured in the Missouri group. Bland-Altman analyses were performed.
Results:
No adverse events were reported. Bland-Altman analysis indicated mean ± SD bias of 1.5 ± 14.8 μU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], −27.6 to 30.5 μU/mL) and 1.2 ± 16.1 μU/mL (95% CI, −30.4 to 32.8 μU/mL) for insulin concentrations at 60 and 75 minutes, respectively. There was 91 and 83% agreement in test interpretation between test days for OST insulin results for all horses in the Tennessee and Missouri groups, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Repeatability of the OST was acceptable when values obtained from Bland-Altman analyses were evaluated, and there was good agreement in binary (negative/positive) test interpretation for insulin concentrations. However, wide 95% CIs were detected for insulin concentrations.
Authors =>
N. Frank | D.M. Walsh
published =>
First published: 24 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14725
|
Title =>
Intranasal Midazolam versus Rectal Diazepam for the Management of Canine Status Epilepticus: A Multicenter Randomized Parallel-Group Clinical Trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Intranasal administration of benzodiazepines has shown superiority over rectal administration for terminating emergency epileptic seizures in human trials. No such clinical trials have been performed in dogs.
Objective:
To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intranasal midazolam (IN-MDZ), via a mucosal atomization device, as a first-line management option for canine status epilepticus and compare it to rectal administration of diazepam (R-DZP) for controlling status epilepticus before intravenous access is available.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs with idiopathic or structural epilepsy manifesting status epilepticus within a hospital environment were used. Dogs were randomly allocated to treatment with IN-MDZ (n = 20) or R-DZP (n = 15).
Methods:
Randomized parallel-group clinical trial. Seizure cessation time and adverse effects were recorded. For each dog, treatment was considered successful if the seizure ceased within 5 minutes and did not recur within 10 minutes after administration. The 95% confidence interval was used to detect the true population of dogs that were successfully treated. The Fisher's 2-tailed exact test was used to compare the 2 groups, and the results were considered statistically significant if P < .05.
Results:
IN-MDZ and R-DZP terminated status epilepticus in 70% (14/20) and 20% (3/15) of cases, respectively (P = .0059). All dogs showed sedation and ataxia.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
IN-MDZ is a quick, safe and effective first-line medication for controlling status epilepticus in dogs and appears superior to R-DZP. IN-MDZ might be a valuable treatment option when intravenous access is not available and for treatment of status epilepticus in dogs at home.
Authors =>
M. Charalambous | S.F.M. Bhatti | L. Van Ham | S. Platt | N.D. Jeffery | A. Tipold | J. Siedenburg | H.A. Volk | D. Hasegawa | A. Gallucci | G. Gandini | M. Musteata | E. Ives | A.E. Vanhaesebrouck
published =>
First published: 24 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14734
|
Title =>
Interventional Closure of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus Using an Amplatz Canine Duct Occluder in an Alpaca Cria
Abstract =>
Authors =>
E.C. Chapel | J. Lozier | J. Lakritz | K.E. Schober
published =>
First published: 24 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14736
|
Title =>
What's in a Name? The Incorrect Use of Case Series as a Study Design Label in Studies Involving Dogs and Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Study design labels are used to identify relevant literature to address specific clinical and research questions and to aid in evaluating the evidentiary value of research. Evidence from the human healthcare literature indicates that the label “case series” may be used inconsistently and inappropriately.
Objective:
Our primary objective was to determine the proportion of studies in the canine and feline veterinary literature labeled as case series that actually corresponded to descriptive cohort studies, population-based cohort studies, or other study designs. Our secondary objective was to identify the proportion of case series in which potentially inappropriate inferential statements were made.
Design:
Descriptive evaluation of published literature.
Participants:
One-hundred published studies (from 19 journals) labeled as case series.
Methods:
Studies were identified by a structured literature search, with random selection of 100 studies from the relevant citations. Two reviewers independently characterized each study, with disagreements resolved by consensus.
Results:
Of the 100 studies, 16 were case series. The remaining studies were descriptive cohort studies (35), population-based cohort studies (36), or other observational or experimental study designs (13). Almost half (48.8%) of the case series or descriptive cohort studies, with no control group and no formal statistical analysis, included inferential statements about the efficacy of treatment or statistical significance of potential risk factors.
Conclusions:
Authors, peer-reviewers, and editors should carefully consider the design elements of a study to accurately identify and label the study design. Doing so will facilitate an understanding of the evidentiary value of the results.
Authors =>
J.M. Sargeant | A.M. O'Connor | J.N. Cullen | K.M. Makielski | A. Jones-Bitton
published =>
First published: 24 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14741
|
Title =>
Sensitivity and Specificity of Plasma ALT, ALP, and Bile Acids for Hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers
Abstract =>
Background:
Biochemical indicators for diagnosing liver disease are plasma alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and bile acid concentration (BA).
Objectives:
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of ALT, ALP, and BA for detecting primary hepatitis (PH) in clinically healthy Labrador retrievers and investigate whether ALT and ALP can discriminate between dogs with PH and nonspecific reactive hepatitis (RH).
Animals:
191 clinically healthy and 51 clinically ill Labrador retrievers with hepatic histopathology.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed for ALT, ALP, preprandial BA, liver histopathology, and hepatic copper concentrations.
Results:
In 64% (122/191) of the clinically healthy Labrador retrievers, hepatic histology revealed inflammatory infiltrates. This frequency might be biased because part of them was included as first-line relatives of dogs with copper-associated hepatitis. Sensitivity of ALT, ALP, and BA in this population for detecting acute hepatitis was 45, 15, and 15%, respectively. For chronic hepatitis, sensitivity was 71, 35, and 13%, respectively. Specificity of ALT, ALP, and BA was >90% for AH, CH, and RH. When increased liver enzymes were present, median ALT was significantly higher in PH cases (312 U/L, range 38–1,369) compared to RH cases (91 U/L, range 39–139) (P < .001). There was no difference in ALP between dogs with a PH and a RH (P = .361).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Histopathologic abnormalities in the liver were present in the majority of apparent clinically healthy Labrador retrievers. The sensitivity of ALT, ALP, and BA for detecting acute and chronic hepatitis in this population was low. More sensitive biomarkers are needed for early detection of liver disease in apparent clinically healthy dogs.
Authors =>
K. Dirksen | I.A. Burgener | J. Rothuizen | T.S.G.A.M van den Ingh | L.C. Penning | B. Spee | H. Fieten
published =>
First published: 23 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14716
|
Title =>
Neurologic Clinical Signs in Cattle With Astrovirus-Associated Encephalitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Evidence of neurotropic astroviruses has been established using novel genetic methods in cattle suffering from viral encephalitis of previously unknown origin.
Objectives:
To describe the clinical signs observed in cattle with astrovirus-associated encephalitis.
Animals:
Eight cattle (4 cows, 3 heifers, and 1 bull of 4 different breeds) admitted to the Clinic for Ruminants for neurologic disease and 1 cow investigated in the field.
Methods:
Cases were selected based on neuropathologic diagnosis of nonsuppurative encephalitis, positive in situ hybridization result for astrovirus, and availability of the results of physical and neurologic evaluations. Laboratory results were evaluated if available.
Results:
The most frequently observed clinical signs were decreased awareness of surroundings (7), cranial nerve dysfunction (5), and recumbency (5). The cow seen in the field was the only animal that had severe behavioral changes. Cell counts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were increased in 4 animals, and protein concentration was increased in 3 of 5 specimens. In 1 case, the presence of astrovirus could be identified in a CSF sample by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Other laboratory abnormalities were nonspecific.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Astrovirus infection may be an important differential diagnosis in cattle with clinical signs of brain disease and should be considered after exclusion of other causes. The clinical and epidemiological relevance of encephalitis associated with astrovirus infection should be further investigated.
Authors =>
R. Deiss | S. Selimovic-Hamza | T. Seuberlich | M. Meylan
published =>
First published: 22 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14728
|
Title =>
Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Robenacoxib for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Soft Tissue Surgery in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used routinely to control pain and inflammation after surgery in dogs. Robenacoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAID.
Hypothesis/Objective:
Assess the clinical efficacy and safety of an injectable formulation of robenacoxib in dogs undergoing surgery.
Animals:
Three hundred and seventeen client-owned dogs (N = 159 robenacoxib or N = 158 placebo).
Methods:
In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, dogs received a SC injection of either robenacoxib, at a target dose of 2.0 mg/kg, or placebo once prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively. Pain assessments were performed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). The primary efficacy variable was treatment success/failure, with failure defined as the need for rescue therapy to control pain or withdrawal of the dog from the study due to an adverse event.
Results:
Significantly (P = .006) more dogs administered robenacoxib were considered treatment successes (108 of 151, 73.7%) compared to dogs given placebo (85 of 152, 58.1%). Total pain scores (P < .01), pain at the surgery sites (response to touch, P < .01), and posture/activity (P < .05) were significantly improved at 3, 5, and 8 hours postextubation in dogs receiving robenacoxib versus placebo.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Robenacoxib administered by SC injection prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively was effective and well tolerated in the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs.
Authors =>
G. Friton | C. Thompson | D. Karadzovska | S. King | J.N. King
published =>
First published: 17 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14698
|
Title =>
Canine Cutaneous Plasmacytosis: 21 Cases (2005–2015)
Abstract =>
Background:
Cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) is a syndrome of multiple cutaneous plasma cell tumors, in the absence of multiple myeloma. Although rare in both humans and dogs, treatment recommendations are usually extrapolated from multiple myeloma protocols. To date, no case series of CP have been described in the veterinary literature.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To describe clinical presentation, determine treatment response rates and duration, and report overall survival of dogs with CP.
Animals:
Twenty-one client-owned dogs with CP.
Methods:
Medical records of 21 dogs with CP were reviewed. Diagnosis was based on histopathologic evaluation of at least 1 representative cutaneous or subcutaneous lesion in dogs with ≥3 lesions. Dogs with suspicion of multiple myeloma were excluded.
Results:
The most commonly affected breeds were the golden (5/21) and Labrador retriever (3/21). Fourteen of 21 dogs had >10 lesions, with some having >100. Lesions commonly were described as round, raised, pink-to-red, and variably alopecic or ulcerated. The most commonly used drug protocol was combined melphalan and prednisone, with an overall response rate (ORR) of 73.7% (14/19 dogs). Single-agent lomustine was associated with a similar ORR of 71.4% (5/7 dogs). For all treatments combined, the median progression-free interval after the first treatment was 153 days. The median survival time from the first treatment was 542 days.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Alkylating agents were effective in inducing remission of CP; corticosteroids, melphalan, and lomustine were the most commonly used drugs. Survival times were similar to those reported in dogs with multiple myeloma treated with alkylating agents.
Authors =>
B.O. Boostrom | A.S. Moore | C.J. DeRegis | C. Robat | K. Freeman | D.H. Thamm
published =>
First published: 17 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14729
|
Title =>
Antimicrobial Prescribing in Dogs and Cats in Australia: Results of the Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel Survey
Abstract =>
Background:
Investigations of antimicrobial use in companion animals are limited. With the growing recognition of the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship, there is urgent need for more detailed understanding of the patterns of antimicrobial use in this sector.
Objectives:
To investigate antimicrobial use for medical and surgical conditions in dogs and cats by Australian veterinarians.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was performed over 4 months in 2011. Respondents were asked about their choices of antimicrobials for empirical therapy of diseases in dogs and cats, duration of therapy, and selection based on culture and susceptibility testing, for common conditions framed as case scenarios: 11 medical, 2 surgical, and 8 dermatological.
Results:
A total of 892 of the 1,029 members of the Australian veterinary profession that completed the survey satisfied the selection criteria. Empirical antimicrobial therapy was more common for acute conditions (76%) than chronic conditions (24%). Overall, the most common antimicrobial classes were potentiated aminopenicillins (36%), fluoroquinolones (15%), first- and second-generation cephalosporins (14%), and tetracyclines (11%). Third-generation cephalosporins were more frequently used in cats (16%) compared to dogs (2%). Agreement with Australasian Infectious Disease Advisory Panel (AIDAP) guidelines (generated subsequently) was variable ranging from 0 to 69% between conditions.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Choice of antimicrobials by Australian veterinary practitioners was generally appropriate, with relatively low use of drugs of high importance, except for the empirical use of fluoroquinolones in dogs, particularly for otitis externa and 3rd-generation cephalosporins in cats. Future surveys will determine whether introduction of the 2013 AIDAP therapeutic guidelines has influenced prescribing habits.
Authors =>
L.Y. Hardefeldt | S. Holloway | D.J. Trott | M. Shipstone | V.R. Barrs | R. Malik | M. Burrows | S. Armstrong | G.F. Browning | M. Stevenson
published =>
First published: 17 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14733
|
Title =>
Blood Glucose and Insulin Concentrations after Octreotide Administration in Horses With Insulin Dysregulation
Abstract =>
Background:
Octreotide is a somatostatin analog that suppresses insulin secretion.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that octreotide would suppress insulin concentrations in horses and that normal (N) horses and those with insulin dysregulation (ID) would differ significantly in their plasma glucose and insulin responses to administration of octreotide.
Animals:
Twelve horses, N = 5, ID = 7.
Methods:
Prospective study. An oral sugar test was performed to assign horses to N and ID groups. Octreotide (1.0 μg/kg IV) was then administered, and blood was collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minute, and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hour for measurement of glucose and insulin concentrations. Area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated.
Results:
Mean AUC values for glucose and insulin did not differ between normal (n = 5) and ID (n = 7) groups after octreotide injection. Significant time (P < .001) effects were detected for glucose and insulin concentrations. A group × time interaction (P = .091) was detected for insulin concentrations after administration of octreotide, but the group (P = .33) effect was not significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Octreotide suppresses insulin secretion, resulting in hyperglycemia, and then concentrations increase above baseline as glycemic control is restored. Our hypothesis that octreotide causes insulin concentrations to decrease in horses was supported, but differences between N and ID groups did not reach statistical significance when blood glucose and insulin responses were compared. The utility of an octreotide response test remains to be determined.
Authors =>
N. Frank | P. Hermida | A. Sanchez-Londoño | R. Singh | C.M. Gradil | C.K. Uricchio
published =>
First published: 15 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14718
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Weight Change During Carboplatin Therapy in Dogs With Appendicular Osteosarcoma
Abstract =>
Background:
The prevalence of cancer cachexia in veterinary medicine has not been studied widely, and as of yet, no definitive diagnostic criteria effectively assess this syndrome in veterinary patients.
Objectives:
(1) To determine the patterns of weight change in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated with amputation and single-agent carboplatin during the course of adjuvant chemotherapy; and (2) to determine whether postoperative weight change is a negative prognostic indicator for survival time in dogs with osteosarcoma.
Animals:
Eighty-eight dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma. Animals were accrued from 3 veterinary teaching hospitals.
Methods:
Retrospective, multi-institutional study. Dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma and treated with limb amputation followed by a minimum of 4 doses of single-agent carboplatin were included. Data analyzed in each patient included signalment, tumor site, preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and body weight (kg) at each carboplatin treatment.
Results:
A slight increase in weight occurred over the course of chemotherapy, but this change was not statistically significant. Weight change did not have a significant effect on survival. Institution, patient sex, and serum ALP activity did not have a significant effect on survival.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Weight change was not a prognostic factor in these dogs, and weight loss alone may not be a suitable method of determining cancer cachexia in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
Authors =>
A.L. Story | S.E. Boston | J.J. Kilkenny | A. Singh | J.P. Woods | W.T.N. Culp | K.A. Skorupski | X. Lu
published =>
First published: 15 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14724
|
Title =>
Metrics and the Scientific Literature: Deciding What to Read
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
S.P. DiBartola | K.W. Hinchcliff
published =>
First published: 11 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14732
|
Title =>
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, and renal function. Blood pressure, serum sodium concentrations, and urinary albumin excretion are higher in Greyhounds than other purebred and mixed-breed dogs.
Hypothesis:
Alterations in the RAAS in Greyhounds are associated with hemodynamic and clinicopathologic differences observed in the breed.
Animals:
Clinically healthy Greyhound and non-Greyhound dogs consecutively enrolled as blood donors (n = 20/group).
Methods:
Prospective study. Standard chemical analysis was performed on serum and urine. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was determined by fluorometric assay. All other RAAS hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was measured by immunoassay. Measurements were compared to blood pressure and urine albumin concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median, range.
Results:
Serum creatinine (1.5 ± 0.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL, P < .001), sodium (149, 147–152 vs 148, 146–150 mEq/L, P = .017), and SDMA (16.1 ± 2.9 vs 12.2 ± 1.8 μg/dL, P < .001) were significantly higher in Greyhounds versus non-Greyhounds, respectively. Plasma renin activity (0.69, 0.10–1.93 vs 0.65, 0.27–2.93 ng/mL/h, P = .60) and ACE activity (4.5, 2.1–8.5 vs 4.6, 2.1–11.4 activity/mL; P = .77) were similar between groups and did not correlate with higher systolic pressures and albuminuria in Greyhounds. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly lower in Greyhounds versus non-Greyhounds (11, 11–52 vs 15, 11–56 pg/mL, respectively, P = .002).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Basal RAAS activation did not differ between healthy Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds. Lower aldosterone concentration in Greyhounds is an appropriate physiologic response to higher serum sodium concentration and blood pressure, suggesting that angiotensin II effects in the renal tubule predominate over those of aldosterone.
Authors =>
J. Martinez | C. Kellogg | M.C. Iazbik | C.G. Couto | B.M. Pressler | T.M. Hoepf | M.J. Radin
published =>
First published: 09 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14720
|
Title =>
Hyperfibrinolysis and Hypofibrinogenemia Diagnosed With Rotational Thromboelastometry in Dogs Naturally Infected With Angiostrongylus vasorum
Abstract =>
Background:
The pathomechanism of Angiostrongylus vasorum infection-associated bleeding diathesis in dogs is not fully understood.
Objective:
To describe rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters in dogs naturally infected with A. vasorum and to compare ROTEM parameters between infected dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding.
Animals:
A total of 21 dogs presented between 2013 and 2016.
Methods:
Dogs with A. vasorum infection and ROTEM evaluation were retrospectively identified. Thrombocyte counts, ROTEM parameters, clinical signs of bleeding, therapy, and survival to discharge were retrospectively retrieved from patient records and compared between dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding.
Results:
Evaluation by ROTEM showed hyperfibrinolysis in 8 of 12 (67%; 95% CI, 40–86%) dogs with and 1 of 9 (11%; 95% CI, 2–44%) dogs without clinical signs of bleeding (P = .016). Hyperfibrinolysis was associated with severe hypofibrinogenemia in 6 of 10 (60%; 95% CI, 31–83%) of the cases. Hyperfibrinolysis decreased or resolved after treatment with 10–80 mg/kg tranexamic acid. Fresh frozen plasma (range, 14–60 mL/kg) normalized follow-up fibrinogen function ROTEM (FIBTEM) maximal clot firmness in 6 of 8 dogs (75%; 95% CI, 41–93%). Survival to discharge was 67% (14/21 dogs; 95% CI, 46–83%) and was not different between dogs with and without clinical signs of bleeding (P = .379).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia were identified as an important pathomechanism in angiostrongylosis-associated bleeding in dogs. Hyperfibrinolysis and hypofibrinogenemia were normalized by treatment with tranexamic acid and plasma transfusions, respectively.
Authors =>
N.E. Sigrist | N. Hofer-Inteeworn | R. Jud Schefer | C. Kuemmerle-Fraune | M. Schnyder | A.P.N. Kutter
published =>
First published: 07 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14723
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic Features of Giant Right Atrial Diverticulum in a Dog
Abstract =>
Authors =>
S. Park | M.D. Kittleson | D. Yu | J. Choi
published =>
First published: 01 May 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14712
|
Title =>
Assessment of Left Atrial Deformation and Function by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Healthy Dogs and Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The assessment of left atrial (LA) function by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) holds important clinical implications in human medicine. Few similar data are available in dogs.
Objectives:
To assess LA function by STE in dogs with and without myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), analyzing LA areas, systolic function, and strain.
Animals:
One hundred and fifty dogs were divided according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine classification of heart failure: 23 dogs in class A, 52 in class B1, 36 in class B2, and 39 in class C + D.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Conventional morphologic and Doppler variables, LA areas, and STE-based LA strain analysis were performed in all dogs and results were compared among groups. Correlation analysis was carried out between LA STE variables and other echocardiographic variables.
Results:
Variability study showed good reproducibility for all the tested variables (coefficient of variation <16%). Left atrial areas, fractional area change, peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS), peak atrial contraction strain, and contraction strain index (CSI) differed significantly between groups B2 and C + D and all the other groups (overall P < .001), whereas only PALS differed between groups B1 and A (P = .01). Left atrial areas increased with progression of the disease, whereas LA functional parameters decreased. Only CSI increased nonsignificantly from group A to group B1 and then progressively decreased. Thirty-one significant correlations (P < .001, r > .3) were found between conventional left heart echocardiographic variables and LA areas and strain variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Left atrial STE analysis provides useful information on atrial function in the dog, highlighting a progressive decline in atrial function with worsening of MMVD.
Authors =>
M. Baron Toaldo | G. Romito | C. Guglielmini | A. Diana | N.G. Pelle | B. Contiero | M. Cipone
published =>
First published: 28 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14722
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Title =>
Comparison of Preoperative Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Assessment of Deep Pain Perception as Prognostic Tools for Early Recovery of Motor Function in Paraplegic Dogs with Intervertebral Disk Herniations
Abstract =>
Background:
Prognostic tools to predict early postoperative motor function recovery (MFR) after thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (IVDH) in paraplegic dogs represent an opportunity to timely implement novel therapies that could shorten recovery times and diminish permanent neurological dysfunctions.
Hypothesis:
Fractional anisotropy (FA) values obtained using diffusion tensor imaging have a higher prognostic value than a lesion extension ratio in T2-weighted images (T2W-LER) and clinical assessment of deep pain perception (DPP) for MFR.
Animals:
Thirty-five paraplegic dogs with diagnosis of acute or subacute thoracolumbar IVDH.
Methods:
Prospective, descriptive observational study. At admission, absence or presence of DPP, T2W-LER, and FA values was evaluated. MFR was assessed within 4 weeks after decompressive surgery. Values of T2W-LER and FA of dogs with and without MFR were compared using t-tests. All 3 methods were evaluated for their sensitivity and specificity as a prognostic factor.
Results:
No differences were found between groups regarding T2W-LER. FA values differed statistically when measured caudally of lesion epicenter being higher in dogs without MFR compared to dogs with MFR (P = .023). Logistic regression analysis revealed significance in FA values measured caudally of the lesion epicenter (P = .033, area under the curve = 0.72). Using a cutoff value of FA = 0.660, the technique had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 55%. Evaluation of DPP had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 75% (P = .007).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Evaluation of DPP showed a similar sensitivity and a better specificity predicting early MFR than quantitative magnetic resonance imaging.
Authors =>
A. Wang-Leandro | J.S. Siedenburg | M.K. Hobert | P. Dziallas | K. Rohn | V.M. Stein | A. Tipold
published =>
First published: 25 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14715
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Title =>
Effects of Levothyroxine Administration and Withdrawal on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Euthyroid Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Chronic supplementation can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPTA) and make it difficult to assess thyroid function after withdrawal of levothyroxine.
Objectives:
To determine whether the HPTA is suppressed after levothyroxine administration in euthyroid dogs and the time required for resolution of any suppression.
Animals:
Twenty-eight healthy euthyroid dogs.
Methods:
A prospective, randomized study administering levothyroxine to euthyroid dogs for 8 weeks (group 1) or 16 weeks (group 2). Serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4) by equilibrium dialysis, thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin (TSH), and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) were measured every 4 weeks during supplementation and for 16 weeks after levothyroxine was discontinued.
Results:
Mean serum concentrations of T4 and fT4 were significantly higher (P < .0001) and TSH was lower (P < .0001) in all dogs during levothyroxine administration compared to baseline. Mean serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and TSH in both groups, beginning 1 week after levothyroxine was discontinued, were significantly different (P < .01) compared to values during levothyroxine administration but not compared to baseline values (P > .3).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Assessing thyroid function tests 1 week after cessation of levothyroxine at 26 μg/kg once a day for up to 16 weeks will provide an accurate assessment of thyroid function in healthy euthyroid dogs.
Authors =>
V. Ziglioli | D.L. Panciera | G.C. Troy | W.E. Monroe | K.M. Boes | K.R. Refsal
published =>
First published: 22 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14711
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Title =>
Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula: Outcome in 96 Medically or Surgically Treated Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Little is reported about the role of medical management in the treatment of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in dogs.
Objectives:
To describe the outcome of 96 dogs treated medically or surgically for SAD.
Animals:
Ninety-six dogs with SAD.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for spinal arachnoid diverticula and all dogs with information on treatment were included. Outcome was assessed with a standardized questionnaire.
Results:
Fifty dogs were managed medically and 46 dogs were treated surgically. Dogs that underwent surgery were significantly younger than dogs that received medical management. No other variables, related to clinical presentation, were significantly different between both groups of dogs. The median follow-up time was 16 months (1–90 months) in the medically treated and 23 months (1–94 months) in the surgically treated group. Of the 38 dogs treated surgically with available long-term follow-up, 82% (n = 31) improved, 3% (n = 1) remained stable and 16% (n = 6) deteriorated after surgery. Of the 37 dogs treated medically with available long-term follow-up, 30% (n = 11) improved, 30% (n = 11) remained stable, and 40% (n = 15) deteriorated. Surgical treatment was more often associated with clinical improvement compared to medical management (P = .0002).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The results of this study suggest that surgical treatment might be superior to medical treatment in the management of SAD in dogs. Further studies with standardized patient care are warranted.
Authors =>
D.A. Mauler | S. De Decker | L. De Risio | H.A. Volk | R. Dennis | I. Gielen | E. Van der Vekens | K. Goethals | L. Van Ham
published =>
First published: 20 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14714
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Title =>
A Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Versus Nonendoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens from Preweaned Calves With Respiratory Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Nonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a practical alternative for a deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) to sample the airways of a large number of calves in a short period of time. The extent of commensal overgrowth and agreement of BAL with DNS culture results in preweaned calves are unknown.
Objectives:
To compare commensal overgrowth and bacterial culture results between DNS and BAL samples.
Animals:
A total of 183 preweaned calves (144 with bovine respiratory disease and 39 healthy animals).
Methods:
Cross-sectional study. Deep nasopharyngeal swab and BAL samples were taken from each calf and cultured to detect Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma bovis. Agreement and associations between culture results of DNS and BAL samples were determined by kappa statistics and logistic regression.
Results:
Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were less often polymicrobial, more frequently negative and yielded more pure cultures compared to DNS, leading to a clinically interpretable culture result in 79.2% of the cases compared to only in 31.2% of the DNS samples. Isolation rates were lower in healthy animals, but not different between DNS and BAL samples. Only Histophilus somni was more likely to be isolated from BAL samples. In clinical cases, a polymicrobial DNS culture result did not increase the probability of a polymicrobial BAL result by ≥30%, nor did it influence the probability of a negative culture. A significant herd effect was noted for all observed relationships.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Nonendoscopic BAL samples are far less overgrown by bacteria compared to DNS samples under the conditions of this study, facilitating clinical interpretation and resulting in a higher return on investment in bacteriologic culturing.
Authors =>
L. Van Driessche | B.R. Valgaeren | L. Gille | F. Boyen | R. Ducatelle | F. Haesebrouck | P. Deprez | B. Pardon
published =>
First published: 19 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14668
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Title =>
Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Cats During Anesthesia and Effect of Omeprazole on Gastric pH
Abstract =>
Background:
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is poorly characterized in anesthetized cats, but can cause aspiration pneumonia, esophagitis, and esophageal stricture formation.
Objective:
To determine whether pre-anesthetic orally administered omeprazole increases gastric and esophageal pH and increases serum gastrin concentrations in anesthetized cats, and to determine the prevalence of GER using combined multichannel impedance and pH monitoring.
Animals:
Twenty-seven healthy cats undergoing elective dental procedures.
Methods:
Prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Cats were randomized to receive 2 PO doses of omeprazole (1.45–2.20 mg/kg) or an empty gelatin capsule placebo 18–24 hours and 4 hours before anesthetic induction. Blood for measurement of serum gastrin concentration was collected during anesthetic induction. An esophageal pH/impedance catheter was utilized to continuously measure esophageal pH and detect GER throughout anesthesia.
Results:
Mean gastric pH in the cats that received omeprazole was 7.2 ± 0.4 (range, 6.6–7.8) and was significantly higher than the pH in cats that received the placebo 2.8 ± 1.0 (range, 1.3–4.1; P < .001). Omeprazole administration was not associated with a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration (P = .616). Nine of 27 cats (33.3%) had ≥1 episode of GER during anesthesia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Pre-anesthetic administration of 2 PO doses of omeprazole at a dosage of 1.45–2.20 mg/kg in cats was associated with a significant increase in gastric and esophageal pH within 24 hours, but was not associated with a significant increase in serum gastrin concentration. Prevalence of reflux events in cats during anesthesia was similar to that of dogs during anesthesia.
Authors =>
R.S. Garcia | P.C. Belafsky | A. Della Maggiore | J.M. Osborn | B.H. Pypendop | T. Pierce | V.J. Walker | A. Fulton | S.L. Marks
published =>
First published: 19 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14704
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Title =>
Efficacy of Tulathromycin for the Treatment of Foals with Mild to Moderate Bronchopneumonia
Abstract =>
Background:
There is conflicting data regarding the efficacy of tulathromycin for the treatment of foals with bronchopneumonia.
Hypotheses:
Tulathromycin is effective for the treatment of bronchopneumonia in foals and noninferior to the combination of azithromycin and rifampin.
Animals:
A total of 240 foals on a farm endemic for infections caused by Rhodococcus equi.
Methods:
In a controlled, randomized, and double-blinded clinical trial, foals with ultrasonographic pulmonary lesions (abscess score 10–15 cm) were allocated to 3 groups: 1—tulathromycin IM q 7 days (n = 80); 2—azithromycin-rifampin, orally q24h (n = 80); or 3—untreated controls (n = 80). Physical examination and thoracic ultrasonography were performed by individuals unaware of treatment group assignment. Foals that worsened were considered treatment failures and removed from the study.
Results:
The proportion of foals that recovered was significantly higher for foals treated with tulathromycin (70 of 79) or azithromycin-rifampin (76 of 80) compared to that of control foals (22 of 80). The difference in the percentage of efficacy of azithromycin-rifampin versus tulathromycin was 6.4% (90% CI = −0.72–13.5%). Given that the confidence interval crossed the predetermined noninferiority limit of 10%, the null hypothesis that the response rate in the azithromycin-rifampin group is superior to that of the tulathromycin group could not be rejected. Resolution of ultrasonographic lesions occurred faster in foals treated with azithromycin-rifampin than in foals treated with tulathromycin.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
Tulathromycin was effective for the treatment of bronchopneumonia in foals at this farm but not as effective as the combination of azithromycin-rifampin.
Authors =>
D. Rutenberg | M. Venner | S. Giguère
published =>
First published: 19 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14717
|
Title =>
Factors Affecting Platelet Concentration in Platelet Concentrates from Canine Blood Donors
Abstract =>
Background:
Physiologic factors in dogs that might contribute to enhanced platelet yield in platelet concentrates (PCs) are largely unknown.
Objective:
To determine whether individual differences in weight, age, preprocessing blood chemistry, and CBC variables predict the final platelet concentrations in PCs. Our hypotheses were (1) increased lipemic indices would be positively associated with increased platelet concentrations in PCs and (2) increased preprocessing platelet concentrations would be associated with higher platelet concentrations in the PCs.
Animals:
All blood donation records of dogs from February 2, 2009 through April 1, 2015 at the University of California—Davis Veterinary Blood Bank were examined with 104 cases included in this study.
Methods:
In this retrospective study, data were collected from medical records of canine blood donors. Records were reviewed for internal consistency and accuracy and subjects were included in the study if donor screening and donation occurred on the same day and a viable PC was obtained. Univariate and multivariable regressions were used to test the impact that each variable had on the final platelet concentration in PCs.
Results:
Final platelet concentration in PCs was positively associated with the predonation CBC platelet values (P < .001), lipemic index (P = .01), and phosphorous levels (P = .001). Collectively these 3 variables explained 29% of the variance in platelet concentrations in PCs.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Future prospective studies are required to determine if canine blood donations from dogs with lipemia yield PCs with higher platelet concentrations without negatively affecting other blood components.
Authors =>
J.S. Raleigh | K.E. Jandrey | J. Burges | M.S. Kent
published =>
First published: 19 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14719
|
Title =>
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Concentration in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hyperphosphatemia, decreased vitamin D metabolite concentrations, and hyperparathyroidism. This syndrome is known as CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Recently, it has been shown that an increase in fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) concentration is an early biomarker of CKD in people. It is an independent risk factor for both progression of renal disease and survival time in humans and cats with CKD. Information about FGF-23 in healthy dogs and those with CKD is lacking.
Objectives:
To measure FGF-23 concentration in dogs with different stages of CKD and determine its association with factors involved in CKD-MBD, including serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. A secondary aim was to validate an ELISA for measurement of plasma FGF-23 concentration in dogs.
Animals:
Thirty-two client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD and 10 healthy control dogs.
Methods:
Prospective cross-sectional study. An FGF-23 ELISA was used to measure plasma FGF-23 concentration in dogs and their association with serum creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, and PTH concentrations.
Results:
Plasma FGF-23 concentrations increased with severity of CKD and were significantly different between IRIS stages 1 and 2 versus stages 3 and 4 (P < .0001). Increases in FGF-23 concentrations were more frequent than hyperparathyroidism or hyperphosphatemia in this cohort. Serum creatinine and phosphorus concentrations were the strongest independent predictors of FGF-23 concentration.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Plasma FGF-23 concentrations increase in dogs with CKD as disease progresses. Plasma FGF-23 concentrations appear to be useful for further study of the pathophysiology of CKD-MBD in dogs.
Authors =>
L.M. Harjes | V.J. Parker | K. Dembek | G.S. Young | L.H. Giovaninni | M.M. Kogika | D.J. Chew | R.E. Toribio
published =>
First published: 17 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14707
|
Title =>
Effect of Intravenous or Perivascular Injection of Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone on Stimulation Test Results in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Standard protocols for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing (ACTHst) often involve intravenous (IV) injection of corticotropin. ACTH might be unintentionally injected into the perivascular (PV) space.
Objective:
To compare stimulation test results after IV and PV injections of ACTH.
Animals:
Twenty privately owned dogs were studied: 10 healthy and 10 with trilostane-treated naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism (HAC).
Methods:
Prospective study. Each of 20 dogs underwent 2 ACTHst not <4 nor more than 14 days apart. Five healthy and 5 HAC dogs had an IV ACTHst first and PV second; 5 healthy and 5 HAC dogs had a PV ACTHst first and IV second. Blood samples for measurement of serum cortisol concentration were collected before and 1 hour after ACTH administration.
Results:
No significant difference in results was demonstrated when comparing serum cortisol concentrations after IV and PV ACTH administration in all 20 dogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 8.2; 1.4–17.4 versus 7.8; 0.9–16.9; P = .23). No significant difference in results was demonstrated when comparing serum cortisol concentrations after IV and PV ACTH administration in the 10 healthy dogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 10.9; 7.3–17.4 versus 10.6; 7.1–16.9; P = .54) or in the 10 HAC dogs (median μg/dL; interval μg/dL: 6.3; 1.4–8.6 versus 5.2; 0.9–8.7; P = .061).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Perivascular administration of ACTH does not significantly alter stimulation test results in healthy dogs or in dogs with HAC undergoing therapy with trilostane.
Authors =>
C.M. Johnson | P.H. Kass | T.A. Cohen | E.C. Feldman
published =>
First published: 13 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14708
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Title =>
Effect of Intravenous Small-Volume Hypertonic Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Chloride, and Glucose Solutions in Decreasing Plasma Potassium Concentration in Hyperkalemic Neonatal Calves with Diarrhea
Abstract =>
Background:
Hyperkalemia is a frequently observed electrolyte imbalance in dehydrated neonatal diarrheic calves that can result in skeletal muscle weakness and life-threatening cardiac conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias.
Hypothesis:
Intravenous administration of a small-volume hypertonic NaHCO3 solution is clinically more effective in decreasing the plasma potassium concentration (cK) in hyperkalemic diarrheic calves than hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.
Animals:
Twenty-two neonatal diarrheic calves with cK >5.8 mmol/L.
Methods:
Prospective randomized clinical trial. Calves randomly received either 8.4% NaHCO3 (6.4 mL/kg BW; n = 7), 7.5% NaCl (5 mL/kg BW; n = 8), or 46.2% glucose (5 mL/kg BW; n = 7) IV over 5 minutes and were subsequently allowed to suckle 2 L of an electrolyte solution. Infusions with NaHCO3 and NaCl provided an identical sodium load of 6.4 mmol/kg BW.
Results:
Hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions produced an immediate and sustained decrease in plasma cK. Hypertonic glucose infusions resulted in marked hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, but cK remained unchanged for 20 minutes. Between 30 and 120 minutes after initiation of treatment, the most marked decrements in cK from baseline occurred in group NaHCO3, which were significantly (P < .05) larger during this period of time than in calves in group NaCl, but not group glucose. After 120 minutes, the mean decrease in cK from baseline was −26 ± 10%, −9 ± 8%, and −22 ± 6% in groups NaHCO3, NaCl, and glucose, respectively.
Conclusions/Clinical Importance:
Small-volume hypertonic NaHCO3 infusions appear to have clinical advantages for the rapid resuscitation of hyperkalemic diarrheic calves, compared to hypertonic NaCl or glucose solutions.
Authors =>
F.M. Trefz | P.D. Constable | I. Lorenz
published =>
First published: 13 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14709
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Title =>
Biological Variability in Serum Cortisol Concentration Post-adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation in Healthy Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The ACTH stimulation has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of hypercortisolism possibly as a result of biological and analytical variability.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To report the components of biological and analytical variability in serum cortisol concentration post-ACTH stimulation ([cortisol]) in healthy dogs.
Animals:
Fourteen healthy harrier hound dogs.
Methods:
The data were extracted from a separate, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled discovery study in which dogs treated with vehicle control and 4 different doses of cortisone acetate (CA) for 7 days had an ACTH stimulation test performed to confirm the dose-dependent effect of CA. The index of individuality (IoI), the critical difference between sequential measurements (CD), and the number of measurements required to assess the homeostatic set point (HSP) of [cortisol] with confidence intervals (CI) of 90 and 95% were estimated.
Results:
The IoI was equal to 1.1 and the CD was 3.3 μg/dL (92 nmol/L). The number of measurements required to assess the HSP of [cortisol] with CI of 90 and 95% were 3 and 15, respectively. Additionally, mean [cortisol] was higher in males than in females (13.3 ± 4 μg/dL [366 ± 114 nmol/L] vs. 11.5 ± 2.5 μg/dL [318 ± 65 nmol/L], respectively; P = .046). As expected, treatment with CA resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of [cortisol].
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
False-negative test results in hypercortisolism could occur when [cortisol] is outside of the individual's HSP and within the reference interval. The large CD emphasizes the importance of assessing clinically relevant parameters in the diagnosis and monitoring of HC.
Authors =>
A. Gal | K. Weidgraaf | J.P. Bowden | N. Lopez-Villalobos | N.J. Cave | J.P. Chambers | F. Castillo-Alcala
published =>
First published: 13 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14710
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Title =>
Pharmacokinetics and Acid Suppressant Efficacy of Esomeprazole after Intravenous, Oral, and Subcutaneous Administration to Healthy Beagle Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Esomeprazole is an S-enantiomer of omeprazole that has favorable pharmacokinetics and efficacious acid suppressant properties in humans. However, the pharmacokinetics and effects on intragastric pH of esomeprazole in dogs have not been reported.
Objective:
To determine the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole administered via various routes (PK study) and to investigate the effect of esomeprazole on intragastric pH with a Bravo pH monitoring system (PD study).
Animals:
Seven adult male Beagle dogs and 5 adult male Beagle dogs were used for PK and PD study, respectively.
Methods:
Both studies used an open, randomized, and crossover design. In the PK study, 7 dogs received intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), and oral doses (PO) of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg). Each treatment period was separated by a washout period of at least 10 days. Esomeprazole plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC/MS/MS. In the efficacy study, intragastric pH was recorded without medication (baseline pH) and following IV, SC, and PO esomeprazole dosing regimens (1 mg/kg) in 5 dogs.
Results:
The bioavailability of esomeprazole administered as PO enteric-coated granules and as SC injections was 71.4 and 106%, respectively. The half-life was approximately 1 hour. Mean ± SD percent time intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 was 58.9 ± 21.1% and 40.9 ± 17.3% for IV group, 75.8 ± 16.4% and 62.7 ± 17.7% for SC group, 88.2 ± 8.9% and 82.5 ± 7.7% for PO group, and 12.5 ± 3.6% and 3.7 ± 1.8% for baseline. The mean percent time with intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 was significantly increased regardless of the dosing route (P < .05).
Conclusion:
The PK parameters for PO and SC esomeprazole administration were favorable, and esomeprazole significantly increased intragastric pH after IV, PO, and SC administration. IV and SC administration of esomeprazole might be useful when PO administration is not possible. No significant adverse effects were observed.
Authors =>
J.-H. Hwang | J.-W. Jeong | G.-H. Song | T.-S. Koo | K.-W. Seo
published =>
First published: 13 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14713
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Title =>
Prevalence and Mode of Inheritance of the Dal Blood Group in Dogs in North America
Abstract =>
Background:
The Dal blood group system was identified a decade ago by the accidental sensitization of a Dal− Dalmatian with a Dal+ blood transfusion. Similar Dal-related blood incompatibilities have been suspected in other Dalmatians, Doberman Pinschers, and other breeds.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence and mode of inheritance of the Dal antigen expression in dogs.
Animals:
A total of 1130 dogs including 128 Dalmatians, 432 Doberman Pinschers, 21 Shih Tzus, and 549 dogs of other breeds including 228 blood donors were recruited from North America between 2008 and 2015.
Methods:
Prospectively, dogs were blood typed for Dal applying a gel column technique using polyclonal canine anti-Dal sera. Pedigrees from 8 typed families were analyzed.
Results:
The prevalence of the Dal+ blood type varied between 85.6 and 100% in Dalmatians and 43.3–78.6% in Doberman Pinschers depending on geographical area. Dal− dogs were identified mostly in Dalmatians (15/128; 11.7%), Doberman Pinschers (183/432; 42.4%), and Shih Tzus (12/21; 57.1%), and sporadically in mixed-breed dogs (3/122; 2.5%), Lhasa Apsos (1/6) and Bichon Frises (1/3). Only 6/245 (2.4%) blood donors were found to be Dal−, including 5 Doberman Pinschers. The mode of inheritance of the Dal+ phenotype was determined to be autosomal dominant.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The high percentage of Dal− Doberman Pinchers, Dalmatians and Shih Tzus increases their risk of being sensitized by a blood transfusion from the common Dal+ donor. Extended Dal typing is recommended in those breeds and in dogs when blood incompatibility problems arise after initial transfusions.
Authors =>
S. Goulet | U. Giger | J. Arsenault | A. Abrams-Ogg | C.C. Euler | M.-C. Blais
published =>
First published: 09 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14693
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Title =>
Plasma N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Cardiac Troponin I as Novel Biomarkers of Hypertensive Disease and Target Organ Damage in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
In the absence of ocular target organ damage (ocular-TOD), diagnosis of hypertension is challenging in cats. Biomarkers would provide additional support for the diagnosis of hypertension.
Hypothesis:
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) are predictors of systemic hypertension, will be increased in cats with hypertension with or without ocular-TOD, and will decrease with antihypertensive treatment.
Methods:
Plasma VEGF, NT-proBNP, and cTnI concentrations and UPC were determined in healthy geriatric cats, normotensive cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertensive cats with evidence of hypertensive retinopathy (HT-ocular-TOD), and hypertensive cats without hypertensive ocular-TOD (HT-noTOD). Comparisons among groups were performed. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were built to identify independent biomarkers of hypertension and ocular-TOD. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to assess clinical use.
Results:
Cats with HT-ocular-TOD had significantly higher VEGF than all other groups (P < .05) and significantly higher NT-proBNP than healthy cats (P < .001). Healthy cats had significantly lower cTnI than all other groups (P < .05). No differences were found among groups for UPC (P = .08). Cardiac troponin I and VEGF were independent predictors of hypertension (P < .05), but none of the biomarkers were independent predictors of ocular-TOD. N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide concentrations decreased with antihypertensive treatment (P < .001). The ROC curves indicated that none of the biomarkers met the criteria to function as diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of hypertension or associated ocular-TOD.
Conclusions and Clinical Significance:
Despite statistical significance and changes with ocular-TOD, antihypertensive treatment, or both, VEGF, NT-proBNP, and cTnI did not function as useful diagnostic tests for hypertension. Persistently increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in combination with fundoscopy remains the preferred method for diagnosis of feline hypertension.
Authors =>
E.S. Bijsmans | R.E. Jepson | C. Wheeler | H.M. Syme | J. Elliott
published =>
First published: 07 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14655
|
Title =>
Characterization of the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Neonatal diarrhea accounts for more than 50% of total deaths in dairy calves. Few population-based studies of cattle have investigated how the microbiota is impacted during diarrhea.
Objectives:
To characterize the fecal microbiota and predict the functional potential of the microbial communities in healthy and diarrheic calves.
Methods:
Fifteen diarrheic calves between the ages of 1 and 30 days and 15 age-matched healthy control calves were enrolled from 2 dairy farms. The Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (Illumina, San Diego, CA).
Results:
Significant differences in community membership and structure were identified among healthy calves from different farms. Differences in community membership and structure also were identified between healthy and diarrheic calves within each farm. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), the genera Bifidobacterium, Megamonas, and a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae were associated with health at farm 1, whereas Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Dietzia and an unclassified genus of the family Veillonellaceae were significantly associated with health at farm 2. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that diarrheic calves had decreased abundances of genes responsible for metabolism of various vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrate.
Clinical Relevance:
The fecal microbiota of healthy dairy calves appeared to be farm specific as were the changes observed during diarrhea. The differences in microbiota structure and membership between healthy and diarrheic calves suggest that dysbiosis can occur in diarrheic calves and it is associated with changes in predictive metagenomic function.
Authors =>
D.E. Gomez | L.G. Arroyo | M.C. Costa | L. Viel | J.S. Weese
published =>
First published: 07 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14695
|
Title =>
Feline Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Review of the Experimental Literature
Abstract =>
Authors =>
S. Kitz | J.G. Thalhammer | U. Glantschnigg | M. Wrzosek | A. Klang | P. Halasz | M.N. Shouse | A. Pakozdy
published =>
First published: 06 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14699
|
Title =>
Therapy of Canine Hyperlipidemia with Bezafibrate
Abstract =>
Background:
Bezafibrate (BZF) is effective in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in human patients, but there are no data on its use in dogs.
Objective:
To assess the safety of BZF in hyperlipidemic dogs and its efficacy in decreasing serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) concentrations.
Animals:
Forty-six dogs, 26 females and 20 males, mean (±SD) age of 9 (±3) years, with TG ≥150 mg/dL (33 dogs also were hypercholesterolemic [>300 mg/dL]).
Methods:
Prospective, uncontrolled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with bezafibrate once daily, using 200 mg tablets at a dosage of 4–10 mg/kg (depending on body weight). Serum TG and CHO concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) activity before and after 30 days of treatment were compared.
Results:
Sixteen dogs (34.8%) had primary hyperlipidemia, and 30 dogs (65.2%) had secondary hyperlipidemia (including spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism [41.3%, n = 19/46], chronic treatment with glucocorticoids [10.8%, n = 5/46], and hypothyroidism [15.2%, n = 7/46]). After 30 days, serum TG concentration normalized (<150 mg/dL) in 42 dogs (91.3%) and CHO concentration normalized (<270 mg/dL) in 22 of 33 dogs (66.7%). There was no difference in baseline TG concentration between the primary and secondary hyperlipidemia subgroups, but the decrease in TG concentration after treatment was greater in the primary hyperlipidemia subgroup. No adverse effects were observed, but ALT activity decreased significantly after 30 days of treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Over 30 days, BZF was safe and effective in treatment of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
Authors =>
V. De Marco | K.S.M. Noronha | T.C. Casado | E.R. Nakandakare | J.C. Florio | E.Z. Santos | C. Gilor
published =>
First published: 06 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14701
|
Title =>
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Recumbent Adult Dairy Cows With or Without Spinal Cord Lesions
Abstract =>
Background:
Diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lesions in recumbent dairy cattle (RDC) is challenging because neurologic examination is limited and medical imaging often is challenging or unrewarding. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is useful in the diagnosis of CNS disorders in cattle. However, its utility in identifying spinal cord lesions in RDC remains to be evaluated.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
We hypothesized that CSF analysis would discriminate between RDC with and without spinal cord lesions.
Animals:
Twenty-one RDC with spinal cord lesions (RDC+) and 19 without (RDC−) were evaluated.
Methods:
Spinal cord lesions were confirmed at necropsy. Signalment, clinical findings, and CSF results were compared retrospectively. Total nucleated cell count and differential, protein concentration, and red blood cell count in RDC+ and RDC− were compared.
Results:
Neoplasia, trauma, and infectious processes were the most frequent spinal cord lesions identified. Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations and TNCC were significantly higher in RDC+ compared to RDC− (P = .0092 and P = .0103, respectively). Additionally, CSF protein concentrations and TNCC in RDC− were lower than previously published reference ranges. Using an interpretation rule based on CSF protein concentration and TNCC, it was possible to accurately identify 13 RDC with spinal cord lesions and 6 RDC without lesions. It was not possible to determine spinal cord status in the remaining 18 RDC.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is valuable in the evaluation of spinal cord status in RDC. The prognosis associated with these findings remains to be determined.
Authors =>
D. Achard | D. Francoz | C. Grimes | A. Desrochers | S. Nichols | M. Babkine | G. Fecteau
published =>
First published: 06 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14705
|
Title =>
Thyroid Cysts in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 40 Cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Thyroid cysts are rare in cats and poorly documented.
Objectives:
To report distinguishing clinical features and treatment responses of cats with thyroid cysts.
Animals:
Forty client-owned cats.
Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records for cats with thyroid cysts confirmed by scintigraphy, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or necropsy at 4 referral centers between 2005 and 2016. Signalment, clinical findings, diagnostic testing, treatment, and outcome were recorded.
Results:
Cats ranged in age from 8 to 20 years with no apparent breed or sex predilection. 37 of 40 (93%) cats were hyperthyroid (duration, 1–96 months). Clinical findings included palpable neck mass (40/40, 100%), weight loss (15/40, 38%), dysphagia (8/40, 20%), decreased appetite (5/40, 13%), and dyspnea (4/40, 10%). Cysts were classified as small (≤8 cm3) in 16 (40%) and large (>8 cm3) in 24 (60%) cats. Of 25 cats treated with radioiodine, hyperthyroidism resolved in 23 (92%), whereas thyroid cysts resolved in 12 (50%). Radioiodine treatment resolved small cysts in 8 of 13 (62%) cats and large cysts in 4 of 11 (36%) cats. Eight cats, including 2 euthyroid cats, underwent thyroid-cystectomy; 3 with bilateral thyroid involvement were euthanized postoperatively for hypocalcemia. Excised cystic thyroid masses were identified as cystadenoma (4) and carcinoma (4).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Thyroid cysts are encountered in hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats with benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Radioiodine treatment alone inconsistently resolved thyroid cysts. Thyroid-cystectomy could be considered in cats with unilateral thyroid disease or when symptomatic cysts persist despite successful radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Authors =>
M.L. Miller | M.E. Peterson | J.F. Randolph | M.R. Broome | G.D. Norsworthy | M. Rishniw
published =>
First published: 06 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14706
|
Title =>
Washout Ratio in the Hepatic Vein Measured by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography to Distinguish Between Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Hepatic Disorders in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Perflubutane microbubbles, a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent, are phagocytized by Kupffer cells. This characteristic may be useful to differentiate diffuse hepatic diseases in dogs.
Hypothesis/objectives:
To determine whether the washout ratio in the hepatic vein (HV) measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory hepatic disorders in dogs.
Animals:
Forty-one client-owned dogs with hepatic disorders including 14 with hepatitis, 7 with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV), 9 with congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS), and 11 with other hepatopathy were enrolled. Six dogs without hepatic disease also were evaluated as healthy controls.
Methods:
Dogs with hepatic disorders were prospectively included. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the HV was performed for 2 minutes. Washout ratio was defined as the attenuation rate from peak intensity to the intensity at the end of the CEUS study.
Results:
Washout ratio in the hepatitis group (median, 18.0%; range, 2.0–37.0%) was significantly lower than that of the PHPV (median, 52.2%; range, 11.5–86.3%), cPSS (median, 60.0%; range, 28.6–77.4%), other hepatopathy (median, 70.5%; range, 26.6–88.4%), and normal (median, 78.0%; range, 60.7–91.7%) groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatitis was 0.960, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.853–0.990. Washout ratio ≤37.1% resulted in a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 78.5–100%) and specificity of 85.2% (95% CI, 67.5–94.1%) for the prediction of hepatitis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Washout ratio can distinguish hepatitis from the other noninflammatory disorders with high accuracy. This result might reflect impaired Kupffer cell phagocytosis in dogs with hepatitis.
Authors =>
K. Morishita | A. Hiramoto | A. Michishita | S. Takagi | T. Osuga | S.Y. Lim | K. Nakamura | N. Sasaki | H. Ohta | M. Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 05 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14685
|
Title =>
Comparative Assessment of the Accuracy of Cytological and Histologic Biopsies in the Diagnosis of Canine Bone Lesions
Abstract =>
Background:
Osteosarcoma (OSA) should be differentiated from other less frequent primary bone neoplasms, metastatic disease, and tumor-like lesions, as treatment and prognosis can vary accordingly. Hence, a preoperative histologic diagnosis is generally preferred. This requires collection of multiple biopsies under general anesthesia, with possible complications, including pathological fractures. Fine-needle aspiration cytology would allow an earlier diagnosis with a significant reduction of discomfort and morbidity.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of cytological and histologic biopsies in the diagnosis of canine osteodestructive lesions.
Animals:
Sixty-eight dogs with bone lesions.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the former diagnosis with the final histologic diagnosis on surgical or post-mortem samples or, in the case of non-neoplastic lesions, with follow-up information.
Results:
The study included 50 primary malignant bone tumors (40 OSAs, 5 chondrosarcomas, 2 fibrosarcomas, and 3 poorly differentiated sarcomas), 6 carcinoma metastases, and 12 non-neoplastic lesions. Accuracy was 83% for cytology (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 80%) and 82.1% for histology (sensitivity, 72.2%; specificity, 100%). Tumor type was correctly identified cytologically and histologically in 50 and 55.5% of cases, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The accuracy of cytology was similar to histology, even in the determination of tumor type. In no case was a benign lesion diagnosed as malignant on cytology. This is the most important error to prevent, as treatment for malignant bone tumors includes aggressive surgery. Being a reliable diagnostic method, cytology should be further considered to aid decisions in the preoperative setting of canine bone lesions.
Authors =>
S. Sabattini | A. Renzi | P. Buracco | S. Defourny | M. Garnier-Moiroux | O. Capitani | G. Bettini
published =>
First published: 04 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14696
|
Title =>
Clinical Characteristics of Adult Dogs More Than 5 Years of Age at Presentation for Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Abstract =>
Background:
The median age at presentation for dogs with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is <6 months of age, and closure is associated with a decrease in heart size and increased survival time, which are not well described in older dogs.
Objectives:
To describe the clinical characteristics of dogs with PDA ≥5 years of age at the time of presentation to a veterinary referral hospital.
Animals:
35 client-owned dogs.
Methods:
Retrospective case series.
Results:
PDA was diagnosed at a median age of 7.4 years (range, 5.1–12.3 years). Females represented 23/35 (65.7%) of the patients. Concurrent heart disease included degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD; 13), arrhythmias (11), pulmonary hypertension (7), and other congenital defects (2). Cardiomegaly was documented in the majority of dogs consisting of left ventricular enlargement (91%) and left atrial enlargement (86%). Median vertebral heart size in 24 dogs was 12.9 (range, 10.7–18.2). The PDA shunt direction was left-to-right in 33 and bidirectional in 2 dogs. Closure was performed in 26 dogs, including 4 with pulmonary hypertension. In 10 dogs receiving furosemide pre-operatively for management of heart failure, furosemide was discontinued (8) or the dosage decreased (2) at the time of discharge.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Adult dogs can present with a left-to-right shunting PDA that results in cardiomegaly and clinical signs that can improve or resolve with PDA closure. This improvement is also apparent in dogs with PDA complicated by DMVD. Pulmonary hypertension that does not result in complete right-to-left shunting should not be considered a contraindication to closure.
Authors =>
B.G. Boutet | A.B. Saunders | S.G. Gordon
published =>
First published: 03 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14689
|
Title =>
Alternating Rabacfosadine/Doxorubicin: Efficacy and Tolerability in Naïve Canine Multicentric Lymphoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Standard of care treatment for multicentric lymphoma in dogs remains doxorubicin (DOX)-based combination chemotherapy, but owners may hesitate to commit the time and financial resources to complete such a protocol, typically requiring 12–16 visits. Rabacfosadine (RAB), a double prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine, has substantial single-agent activity in dogs with lymphoma, and a different mechanism of action than DOX.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effect (AE) profile of alternating doses of RAB and DOX in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma.
Animals:
Fifty-four dogs with previously untreated lymphoma.
Methods:
Open-label, multicenter prospective clinical trial. Dogs received alternating RAB (1.0 mg/kg IV weeks 0, 6, 12) and DOX (30 mg/m2 IV weeks 3, 9, 15). Dogs that achieved complete response (CR) were followed by monthly evaluations. Complete clinicopathological evaluation and assessment of remission and AEs were performed every 21 days.
Results:
The overall response rate was 84% (68%; CR; 16%; partial response [PR)]. The overall median progression-free interval (PFI) was 194 days (216 for CR and 63 for PR). Most AEs were mild and self-limiting: gastrointestinal and hematologic AEs were most common. Thirteen dogs experienced dermatologic AEs, and 2 dogs developed grade 5 pulmonary fibrosis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Alternating RAB/DOX generally was well tolerated and resulted in PFIs comparable to standard DOX-based multi-agent protocols, with fewer treatment visits. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and self-limiting. Further studies are warranted to explore long-term outcome and other RAB chemotherapy combinations.
Authors =>
D.H. Thamm | D.M. Vail | G.S. Post | T.M. Fan | B.S. Phillips | S. Axiak-Bechtel | R.S. Elmslie | M.K. Klein | D.A. Ruslander
published =>
First published: 03 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14700
|
Title =>
Prognostic Factors Associated with Recovery of Ambulation and Urinary Continence in Dogs with Acute Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract =>
Background:
Limited information is available about prognostic factors for recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) to the L4-S3 segments. Previous research suggests that L4-S3 SCI does not have a worse prognosis than T3-L3 SCI.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To elucidate prognostic factors for regaining urinary continence and ambulation in dogs with L4-S3 SCI and compare prognosis to T3-L3 SCI.
Animals/Methods:
A retrospective study on 61 nonambulatory dogs with L4-S3 SCI, matched to dogs with T3-L3 SCI, compared 3 weeks after onset. Prognostic factors explored using logistic regression and used for matching: nonchondrodystrophic dogs >15 kg versus dogs that were chondrodystrophic or <15 kg; compressive versus noncompressive lesions; presence versus absence of conscious pain perception (CPP); and lower vs upper motor neuron (LMN/UMN) incontinence.
Results:
Fewer L4-S3 dogs regained continence compared to T3-L3 dogs (64 vs 85%, P = .0033), but no difference existed for regaining ambulation (66 vs 75%, P = .1306). In L4-S3 SCI dogs, fewer dogs regained continence with loss of CPP (P < .001), LMN incontinence (P = .004), and noncompressive lesions (P = .006). Negative prognostic factors for regaining ambulation included absent CPP (P < .001) and large nonchondrodystrophic breed (P = .022).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with L4-S3 SCI have a poorer short-term prognosis than do dogs with T3-L3 SCI. Dogs with L4-S3 SCI had a poor prognosis with loss of CPP, or noncompressive lesions combined with LMN incontinence. Small-breed or chondrodystrophic dogs with retained CPP, compressive lesions, and UMN incontinence had an excellent prognosis. These findings may help guide decision-making in L4-S3 SCI.
Authors =>
T.A. Shaw | L. De Risio | E.J. Laws | J.H. Rose | T.R. Harcourt-Brown | N. Granger
published =>
First published: 03 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14702
|
Title =>
Cardiac Troponin I and Amino-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Dogs With Stable Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Increased concentrations of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in dogs with azotemia have been documented. Knowledge of mechanisms behind increased concentrations of cardiac biomarkers in dogs with azotemia is warranted for correct interpretation of test results.
Objectives:
The aim of the article was to investigate possible associations between plasma concentrations of cTnI and NT-proBNP, respectively, and patient characteristics, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a plasma volume factor (PVF) derived from scintigraphic examination (PVf), systolic blood pressure (SBP), selected hematologic and biochemical variables, and echocardiographic measurements in dogs with stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in healthy dogs.
Animals:
Fifty student-, staff-, and client-owned dogs were included. Twenty-three of the dogs were healthy and 27 were diagnosed with CKD.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional observational study, dogs with a previous diagnosis of CKD and healthy control dogs were included. At inclusion, all dogs were characterized by physical examination, repeated blood pressure measurements, complete urinalysis, hematology and biochemistry panel, echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound examination of the entire urinary tract, and scintigraphic examination for measurement of GFR.
Results:
Plasma volume factor and PCV were independently associated with NT-proBNP ( = 0.42; P < .0001). Age, body weight (BW), and SBP were independently associated with cTnI ( = 0.50; P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Neither NT-proBNP nor cTnI concentrations were independently associated with measured GFR. Thus, findings were not suggestive of passive accumulation of either marker, suggesting that increased circulating concentrations of cTnI and NT-proBNP can be interpreted similarly in dogs with stable CKD as in dogs without CKD.
Authors =>
L. Pelander | J. Häggström | C.J. Ley | I. Ljungvall
published =>
First published: 03 April 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14703
|
Title =>
Association between Survival Time and Changes in NT-proBNP in Cats Treated for Congestive Heart Failure
Abstract =>
Background:
Reductions in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations after treatment have been associated with improved survival in people with congestive heart failure (CHF), but have not been reported in cats with CHF.
Objectives:
To evaluate changes in NT-proBNP concentrations in cats with CHF after treatment and determine whether serial NT-proBNP measurements provide prognostic information.
Animals:
Thirty-one client-owned cats.
Methods:
Prospective, observational study in cats with new onset CHF secondary to cardiomyopathy. Concentrations of NT-proBNP were measured within 4 hours of admission to the hospital, on the day of discharge, and at re-evaluation 7–10 days later.
Results:
Median NT-proBNP concentrations decreased significantly from admission (1,713 pmol/L [range, 160–3,784 pmol/L]) to discharge (902 pmol/L [range, 147–3,223 pmol/L]); P = .005) and from admission to re-evaluation (1,124 pmol/L [range, 111–2,727 pmol/L]; P = .024). Median survival time was 109 days (range, 1–709 days), with 5 cats still alive at the time of analysis. Cats with a larger percent decrease in NT-proBNP from admission to discharge had a longer survival time (P = .048). Cats with evidence of active CHF at the time of re-evaluation (P = .010) and cats whose owners had difficulty administering medications (P = .045) had shorter survival times.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Cats with a larger percent decrease in NT-proBNP during hospitalization and no evidence of CHF at the time of re-evaluation had longer survival times. Additional studies are needed to determine whether NT-proBNP can help guide treatment in cats with CHF.
Authors =>
K.V. Pierce | J.E. Rush | L.M. Freeman | S.M. Cunningham | V.K. Yang
published =>
First published: 31 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14690
|
Title =>
Plasma Symmetric Dimethylarginine Concentration in Dogs with Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is considered a biomarker for early detection of renal dysfunction in human patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). At present, no studies exist analyzing the relevance of SDMA in dogs with AKI.
Hypothesis/objectives:
SDMA would correctly identify dogs with renal disease but would not be able to differentiate between AKI and CKD.
Animals:
Eighteen healthy control dogs, 48 dogs with AKI, and 29 dogs with CKD.
Methods:
Prospective study. Dogs with kidney disease were categorized as having AKI or CKD according to the history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, and results of diagnostic imaging. Plasma SDMA concentration was measured by IDEXX Laboratories. SDMA/creatinine ratio was calculated in dogs with AKI or CKD.
Results:
Median SDMA concentrations were 8.5 μg/dL (6–12 μg/dL), 39.5 μg/dL (8–>100 μg/dL), and 35 μg/dL (12–>100 μg/dL), in healthy, AKI, and CKD, respectively. SDMA concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with AKI (P < .0001) or CKD (P < .0001) in comparison with healthy dogs. Median SDMA/creatinine ratio in dogs with AKI and CKD was 6.5 (1.7–20.9) and 10 (2.4–33.9) (P = .0004), respectively. Although there was overlap of the SDMA/creatinine ratio in dogs with AKI or CKD, it was significantly higher in dogs with CKD compared to dogs with AKI (P = .0004).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In this population, SDMA was suitable for identifying dogs affected by AKI or CKD, but could not differentiate between them.
Authors =>
D.P. Dahlem | R. Neiger | A. Schweighauser | T. Francey | M. Yerramilli | E. Obare | S.M.L. Steinbach
published =>
First published: 30 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14694
|
Title =>
Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in Cats with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction is associated with increased risk of death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Mitral and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE and TAPSE, respectively) are measures of longitudinal systolic function and are reduced in human patients with HCM.
Hypotheses:
Cats with HCM have lower MAPSE and TAPSE compared to control cats; lower MAPSE and TAPSE are associated with the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) and reduced survival time.
Animals:
64 cats with HCM and 27 healthy cats. Forty-five cats with HCM were not showing clinical signs, and 19 had CHF.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Anatomic M-mode from the left apical 4-chamber view was used to record MAPSE from the free wall (MAPSE FW) and septum (MAPSE IVS) and TAPSE.
Results:
Compared to controls, cats with HCM had lower MAPSE IVS (controls 5.2 [4.6–5.6] mm, asymptomatic HCM 4.7 [4.1–5.2] mm, HCM with CHF 2.6 [2.5–3.2] mm, P < .001), MAPSE FW (controls 5.9 [5.3–6.2] mm, asymptomatic HCM 4.7 [4.1–5.1] mm, HCM with CHF 2.8 [2.4–3.2] mm) and TAPSE (controls 8.6 [7.4–10.2] mm, asymptomatic HCM 7.2 [6.3–8.2] mm, HCM with CHF 4.6 [4.1–5.4] mm), with the lowest in the CHF group. Univariate survival analysis showed a shorter survival in cats displaying lower MAPSE IVS, MAPSE FW, and TAPSE.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
MAPSE and TAPSE were lower in cats with HCM than in control cats and were lowest in CHF, suggesting that systolic longitudinal dysfunction is present in cats with HCM. MAPSE and TAPSE have potential prognostic significance.
Authors =>
I. Spalla | J.R. Payne | K. Borgeat | A. Pope | V. Luis Fuentes | D.J. Connolly
published =>
First published: 30 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14697
|
Title =>
Validation of a Multiplexed Gene Signature Assay for Diagnosis of Canine Cancers from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues
Abstract =>
Background:
Use of molecular-based diagnostics for companion animals is impeded by availability of technology platforms, tissue acquisition requirements, and species-specific reagents.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To validate a quantitative nuclease protection assay (qNPA) to simultaneously measure RNA expression of multiple genes in archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors from dogs.
Animals:
All tumor biopsy samples were collected retrospectively from surgical biopsies and in the care of veterinarians.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. A qNPA 96-well ArrayPlate was built using 30 canine-specific genes, 5 housekeeping genes, positive and negative controls with qualified gene-specific oligonucleotides. Pearson's correlation, coefficient of variation (CV), and multivariate analysis were used to determine analytical performance using 40 FFPE dog tumors. Once validated, 70 FFPE dog tumors were analyzed for differences in gene expression using hierarchical clustering and analysis of variance of log transformed data. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to correlate gene expression and protein expression in a subset of tumors.
Results:
The assay was linear with decreasing sample input (R2 = 0.978), reproducible within and between 96-well plates (r = 0.988 and 0.95, respectively) and between different laboratories (CV = 0.96). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed grouping of tumors by histogenesis and oncogenes. Significant differences were found between BCl2, E2F transcription factor 1, MDM2, COX-2, MET proto-oncogene receptor kinase, and other biologically relevant gene expression in tumor subtypes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed protein expression.
Conclusions and Clinical Implications:
Because this technology works reliably on FFPE specimens, it can help expedite the broad introduction of multiplexed genomic information for improved diagnostics and discovery of new targets for therapies in veterinary oncology.
Authors =>
B. Davis | M. Schwartz | D. Duchemin | J. Carl Barrett | G. Post
published =>
First published: 29 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14686
|
Title =>
Assessment of Lung Ultrasound B-Lines in Dogs with Different Stages of Chronic Valvular Heart Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
In dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), early recognition of pulmonary edema (PE) is of paramount importance. Recent studies in dogs showed that lung ultrasound examination (LUS) is a useful technique to diagnose cardiogenic PE.
Objectives:
To describe LUS features in dogs with different stages of CVHD, and to determine its diagnostic accuracy in detecting PE using thoracic radiography as the reference standard.
Animals:
Sixty-three dogs with CVHD.
Methods:
Prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Each dog underwent physical examination, echocardiography, thoracic radiography, and LUS. The LUS findings were classified as absent, rare, numerous, or confluent B-lines. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of LUS B-lines to identify PE were calculated using thoracic radiography as the reference standard.
Results:
Dogs in stage B1 had absent or rare B-lines in 14 of 15 cases (93.3%). Dogs in stage B2 had absent or rare B-lines in 16 of 18 cases (88.9%). All dogs in stage C, without radiographic signs of PE, had absent or rare B-lines. Dogs in stage C, with radiographic signs of PE, had numerous or confluent B-lines in 18 of 20 cases (90%). Lung ultrasound examination detected PE with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 93%, and with positive and negative predictive values of 85.7 and 95.2%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Lung ultrasound examination showed good diagnostic accuracy to identify cardiogenic PE and might be helpful in staging dogs with CVHD. Lung ultrasound examination should be considered as a new, noninvasive diagnostic tool for clinicians managing CVHD in dogs.
Authors =>
T. Vezzosi | T. Mannucci | A. Pistoresi | F. Toma | R. Tognetti | E. Zini | O. Domenech | E. Auriemma | S. Citi
published =>
First published: 29 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14692
|
Title =>
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in a Horse with Cervical Scoliosis and Meningomyelitis
Abstract =>
Authors =>
N.S. Mittelman | T.J. Divers | J.B. Engiles | R. Gerhold | S. Ness | P.V. Scrivani | T. Southard | A.L. Johnson
published =>
First published: 20 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14691
|
Title =>
N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Phonocardiography in Differentiating Innocent Cardiac Murmurs from Congenital Cardiac Anomalies in Asymptomatic Puppies
Abstract =>
Background:
Differentiating innocent cardiac murmurs from murmurs caused by congenital cardiac anomalies can be challenging with auscultation alone in asymptomatic puppies.
Hypothesis:
Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations and phonocardiograms recorded by an electronic stethoscope can differentiate innocent from pathologic cardiac murmurs.
Animals:
A total of 186 client-owned asymptomatic dogs: 135 Cairn Terriers (age: 45–124 days), 20 adult Cairn Terriers (age: 7.5 months to 13.5 years), and 31 puppies of various breeds (age: 29–396 days).
Methods:
Study design is a cross-sectional survey. Each dog was auscultated, and when a cardiac murmur was heard, a phonocardiogram was recorded and an echocardiogram was performed. Plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were measured by a single laboratory by an ELISA.
Results:
No significant (P = .41) difference in plasma NT-proBNP levels was found between puppies without a murmur and puppies with an innocent murmur (median 300 versus 326 pmol/L), and between clinically healthy adult Cairn Terriers and Cairn Terrier puppies. Plasma NT-proBNP levels in puppies with a congenital heart disease were significantly (P < .001) higher than those in puppies with innocent murmurs (median 1,102 versus 326 pmol/L). However, some puppies with severe pulmonic stenosis did not have increased plasma NT-proBNP levels. On phonocardiograms, innocent murmurs had a significantly (P < .001) shorter “murmur-to-systole duration ratio” than the abnormal ones (median 66 versus 100%). The “murmur-to-S1 (first cardiac sound) amplitude ratio” was significantly (P < .001) lower of the innocent murmurs compared with that of the abnormal ones (median 16 versus 58 %).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Plasma NT-proBNP concentrations within the reference range do not rule out a congenital cardiac anomaly. Murmurs longer than 80% of the systole are most likely abnormal, whereas murmurs shorter than that could be either innocent or pathologic.
Authors =>
S.M. Marinus | H. van Engelen | V. Szatmári
published =>
First published: 18 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14667
|
Title =>
Cholangiohepatitis in Dairy Cattle: 13 Cases
Abstract =>
Background:
The signalment, clinicopathologic, bacteriological, histopathological, ultrasonographic characteristics, and the treatment and outcomes of adult cattle with cholangiohepatitis are poorly defined.
Animals:
Thirteen Holstein cows with cholangiohepatitis.
Methods:
Retrospective study of medical records of cattle admitted to the CHUV and the AVC between 1992 and 2012 and 2000 and 2012, respectively, for cattle older than 3 months of age with a histopathological diagnosis of cholangiohepatitis. Cholangiohepatitis was defined as the presence of portal inflammation surrounding or infiltrating bile ducts, with or without epithelial damage, and extending into the adjacent lobules.
Results:
At the time of diagnosis of cholangiohepatitis, cows had decreased appetite (n = 7) or were anorectic (n = 6), had fever (n = 5), and had tachycardia (n = 8). Icterus was detected in 5 cows. Yellow discoloration was identified on the skin of the udder (n = 3), conjunctiva (n = 2), and vulva (n = 1). There was leukocytosis (n = 6), neutrophilia (n = 9), and hyperfibrinogenemia (n = 8). Alteration in the serum biochemistry profile included hyperglobulinemia (n = 8), hypoalbuminemia (n = 10), increased activity of GGT (n = 12), AST (n = 8), and ALP (n = 10), and hyperbilirubinemia (n = 10). Histopathological diagnosis included mild, subacute, nonsuppurative cholangiohepatitis (n = 4), mild suppurative cholangiohepatitis (n = 4), mild mixed (neutrophilic and lymphocytic) cholangiohepatitis (n = 3), and moderate, chronic, nonsuppurative cholangiohepatitis (n = 1). Six cows were discharged from the hospital, and 7 were euthanized.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cholangiohepatitis is a rare condition in adult cattle. Antemortem diagnosis can be challenging because clinical signs are unspecific.
Authors =>
D.E. Gomez | E. Doré | D. Francoz | A. Desrochers | H. Pierre | G. Fecteau
published =>
First published: 16 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14675
|
Title =>
Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Collapse Associated with Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Horse
Abstract =>
Authors =>
D. Luethy | J. Slack | M.S. Kraus | A.R. Gelzer | P. Habecker | A.L. Johnson
published =>
First published: 14 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14682
|
Title =>
Agreement Among 4 Sampling Methods to Identify Respiratory Pathogens in Dairy Calves with Acute Bovine Respiratory Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Four sampling techniques commonly are used for antemortem identification of pathogens from cattle with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): the nasal swab (NS), guarded nasopharyngeal swab (NPS), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and transtracheal wash (TTW). Agreement among these methods has not been well characterized.
Objective:
To evaluate agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL for identification of viral and bacterial pathogens in dairy calves with BRD.
Animals:
One hundred dairy calves with naturally acquired BRD.
Methods:
Calves were sampled by all 4 methods. Viral agents were identified by real-time RT-PCR, bacteria were identified by aerobic culture, and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) isolates were speciated by PCR. Agreement among TTW and NS, NPS, or BAL was evaluated by calculating the kappa statistic and percent positive agreement. McNemar's exact test was used to compare the proportions of positive results.
Results:
Agreement among TTW and NS, TTW and NPS, and TTW and BAL, was very good for identification of P. multocida, M. haemolytica, and M. bovis. For bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS, good for NPS, and very good for BAL. For bovine coronavirus (BCV), agreement with TTW was moderate for NS and NPS, and good for BAL. McNemar's test was significant only for BCV, indicating that for this pathogen the proportion of positive results from NS and NPS could not be considered comparable to TTW.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study provides guidance for veterinarians selecting diagnostic tests for antemortem identification of pathogens associated with BRD.
Authors =>
D. Doyle | B. Credille | T.W. Lehenbauer | R. Berghaus | S.S. Aly | J. Champagne | P. Blanchard | B. Crossley | L. Berghaus | S. Cochran | A. Woolums
published =>
First published: 14 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14683
|
Title =>
Interobserver Agreement Using Histological Scoring of the Canine Liver
Abstract =>
Background:
Grading schemes for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in humans previously have been applied to dogs with chronic hepatitis. Interobserver agreement is a desirable characteristic for any histological scoring scheme.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To assess interobserver agreement associated with pathologists using a previously published histological scoring scheme to assess hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity in dogs and to compare fibrosis scores assigned to serial sections stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and picrosirius red.
Animals:
Histological sections of liver from 50 dogs with variable degrees of hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity were selected from institutional tissue archives.
Methods:
Six board-certified veterinary anatomic pathologists assigned fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity scores to the histological sections. The multiuser kappa statistic was calculated to assess interobserver agreement. Fibrosis stage assigned to serial sections stained with picrosirius red and H&E was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Results:
Multiuser kappa statistics for assessment of fibrosis and necroinflammatory activity from H&E-stained sections were 0.35 and 0.16, respectively. There was no difference in median fibrosis scores assigned to serial section stained with H&E and picrosirius red (P = .248).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
There was fair interobserver agreement when pathologists assessed fibrosis and poor agreement when they assessed necroinflammatory activity. This suboptimal agreement must be taken into account by clinicians making decisions based on histology reports of the liver and in the design of studies evaluating these findings. To decrease this variability, ideally >1 pathologist should evaluate each section.
Authors =>
J.A. Lidbury | A. Rodrigues Hoffmann | R. Ivanek | J.M. Cullen | B.F. Porter | F. Oliveira | T.J. Van Winkle | G.C. Grinwis | J.S. Sucholdolski | J.M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 14 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14684
|
Title =>
Hepatic and Plasma Endothelin-1 in Dogs with Chronic Hepatitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino-acid peptide with potent vasoactive properties, which increases intrahepatic resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) or cirrhosis. ET-1 concentrations have not been investigated in dogs with CH.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
This study compared hepatic and plasma ET-1 levels in healthy dogs and in dogs with CH, and examined the relationship between the plasma ET-1 level and portal vein pressure in dogs with CH.
Animals:
Fourteen healthy dogs and twenty dogs with CH were used in this study.
Methods:
Prospective case-control study. Hepatic ET-1 mRNA expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and hepatic and plasma ET-1 levels were assessed using ELISA. Splenic pulp pressure (SPP), as an indicator of portal vein pressure, was measured laparoscopically.
Results:
Hepatic ET-1 mRNA levels were 3.7 times higher in dogs with CH than in healthy dogs (P = .008). The median hepatic and plasma ET-1 protein levels were significantly higher in dogs with CH than in healthy dogs (13.20 pg/mg wet liver vs. 3.42 pg/mg wet liver, P = .004, and 0.99 pg/mL vs. 0.71 pg/mL, P = .013, respectively). Moreover, there was a weak but significant correlation between plasma ET-1 level and SPP in dogs with CH (P = .036; rs = 0.53).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
The results indicate that ET-1 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension caused by CH.
Authors =>
Y. Sakamoto | M. Sakai | T. Watari
published =>
First published: 14 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14687
|
Title =>
Associations Between Anesthetic Variables and Functional Outcome in Dogs With Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion Undergoing Decompressive Hemilaminectomy
Abstract =>
Background:
Outcome of acute experimental spinal cord injury is strongly associated with tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Cardiopulmonary depression could affect outcome in dogs undergoing general anesthesia for surgical treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (IVDE).
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the effects of general anesthesia on functional outcome in dogs undergoing surgery to treat thoracolumbar IVDE.
Animals:
Eighty-four client-owned dogs with acute thoracolumbar IVDE treated by decompressive hemilaminectomy.
Methods:
Exploratory, retrospective observational study. Medical records were reviewed for clinical presentation and anesthetic monitoring variables, including duration of anesthesia and surgery, hypotension, bradycardia, temperature, and respiratory parameters. Multivariable regression tree analysis was performed to explore associations between anesthetic variables and functional outcome scores after 6 weeks, as well as return to ambulatory status.
Results:
Episodes of bradycardia (69%) and hypotension (57%) were frequent. Across all outcome measures, regression tree analysis highlighted functional grade at presentation as the primary determining factor, and among pain perception negative dogs, there was a possible association between increased duration of surgery and poorer outcome. In dogs with intact pain perception, duration of bradycardia, mean body temperature, and mean end-tidal carbon dioxide were highlighted.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Exploratory statistical methods can facilitate hypothesis-generating studies to inform prospective investigations in veterinary medicine. Although the mechanism is uncertain, increased duration of surgery might be associated with poorer outcome in pain perception negative dogs with thoracolumbar IVDE.
Authors =>
J. Fenn | E. Laber | K. Williams | C.A. Rousse | P.J. Early | C.L. Mariani | K.R. Muñana | S. De Decker | H.A. Volk | N.J. Olby
published =>
First published: 13 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14677
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic Assessment of Right Ventricular Size and Function in Cats With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Studies evaluating right ventricular (RV) structural and functional abnormalities in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are limited.
Hypothesis:
Right ventricular structural and functional abnormalities are present in cats with HCM and are associated with clinical severity.
Animals:
Eighty-one client-owned cats.
Methods:
Retrospective 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic study. Right atrial diameter (RAD), RV free wall thickness (RVFWd), RV internal dimension (RVIDd), RV fractional area change (FAC), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were measured in control cats (n = 26), cats with subclinical HCM (subclinical HCM; n = 31), and cats with HCM and congestive heart failure (HCM + CHF; n = 24).
Results:
Right heart size (RAD, RVFWd, and RVIDd) and RV function (FAC and TAPSE) significantly (all P < .05) increased and decreased, respectively, in the HCM + CHF group compared with controls. In the subclinical HCM group, only RVFWd was significantly (P < .05) higher than in controls. Compared with reference intervals derived from controls, 29% of cats with HCM had increased RVFWd. Increased left ventricular free wall thickness, increased RVIDd and decreased TAPSE independently correlated with increased left atrial size. Cats with HCM and pleural effusion were significantly more likely to have increased RVFWd and had increased RAD and decreased TAPSE compared with cats without pleural effusion.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Right ventricular remodeling and dysfunction occur in some cats with HCM and may be associated with clinical severity. Our results support involvement of RV in the pathophysiology of HCM in some cats and support echocardiographic assessment of the RV in cats with HCM.
Authors =>
L.C. Visser | C.Q. Sloan | J.A. Stern
published =>
First published: 13 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14688
|
Title =>
Factors Associated with Survival in 97 Horses with Septic Pleuropneumonia
Abstract =>
Background:
Septic pleuropneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, but there is limited data available regarding factors associated with survival.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To identify factors predictive of survival in horses with septic pleuropneumonia.
Animals:
A total of 97 horses with septic pleuropneumonia at 2 referral institutions.
Methods:
A retrospective study was performed. A diagnosis of septic pleuropneumonia was based on the presence of sepsis, pleural effusion, and positive bacterial culture from tracheal aspiration (TA) or pleural fluid (PF).
Results:
Thirty-one percent of horses had a recent history of travel. Clinical signs included lethargy (78%), tachycardia (75%), tachypnea (60%), fever (43%), prolonged capillary refill time (22%), and ventral edema (14%). The most common clinicopathologic abnormality was hyperfibrinogenemia (79%). Increased serum creatinine concentration at presentation was negatively associated with survival (OR, 5.13; CI, 1.88–14.01; P = .001) and return to work (OR, 6.46; CI, 1.10–37.92; P = .034). Eighty-four TA and 67 PF samples were submitted for culture, 98 and 84% of which were positive, respectively. The most common isolate was Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus. Tracheal aspirates were more sensitive than PF for bacterial growth, but some organisms isolated from PF were not isolated from TA. Thoracotomy was positively associated with survival (OR, 0.13; CI, 0.01–0.83; P = .028).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Increased serum creatinine concentration is a negative prognostic indicator and is likely a reflection of dehydration. Submission of TA and PF is recommended. Thoracotomy should be considered as a treatment for pleuropneumonia.
Authors =>
M.G. Arroyo | N.M. Slovis | G.E. Moore | S.D. Taylor
published =>
First published: 08 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14679
|
Title =>
Histopathologic Characteristics of Intestinal Biopsy Samples from Dogs With Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy With and Without Hypoalbuminemia
Abstract =>
Background:
Previous studies have identified hypoalbuminemia as a risk factor for negative outcome in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE), but it has not been determined whether histopathology differs between CE dogs with and without hypoalbuminemia.
Objective:
To compare histopathologic findings in dogs with biopsy-diagnosed inflammatory CE with and without hypoalbuminemia.
Animals:
83 dogs that had intestinal biopsy performed between January 2010–July 2015. Dogs had signs compatible with CE of at least 3-weeks' duration and no evidence of clinically relevant extra-gastrointestinal (GI) disease or potential non-GI causes of hypoalbuminemia. Dogs had primary diagnosis of inflammatory enteritis based on histopathology.
Methods:
Dogs were grouped into CE with normoalbuminemia (CEN; serum albumin concentration ≥3.0 g/dL, N = 46) or chronic enteropathy with hypoalbuminemia (CEH; serum albumin concentration <3.0 g/dL, N = 37). A pathologist (SLP) blinded to the groups reviewed biopsy samples and applied the World Small Animal Veterinary Association scoring system to all samples.
Results:
Intestinal biopsy samples from dogs in the CEH group were significantly more likely to display villous stunting, epithelial injury, crypt distension, and lacteal dilatation, and were more likely to have intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria neutrophils than biopsy samples from dogs in the CEN group. Additionally, higher scores for each of the above listed histopathologic criteria were associated with a lower serum albumin concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Histopathologic features of chronic inflammatory enteropathy differ between dogs that are hypo- versus normoalbuminemic. Additional work is needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of these differences.
Authors =>
Sara A. Jablonski Wennogle | S.L. Priestnall | C.B. Webb
published =>
First published: 03 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14669
|
Title =>
Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence in 163 Neutered Female Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Relationship of Weight and Age at Neuter to Development of Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in neutered bitches and is most common in dogs weighing >20 kg.
Objectives:
To describe a population of neutered bitches with USMI and investigate their initial presentation, the relationship between weight and age at neuter, and treatment.
Animals:
One hundred and sixty-three female dogs with USMI (UI) diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2012, and 193 continent neutered control (C) bitches.
Methods:
Retrospective data were collected from neutered female dogs with USMI and healthy, continent neutered females presented between January 2009 and December 2012.
Results:
Urinary incontinent dogs weighed more than C dogs (P = .003), and there was no difference in age at neuter. The relationship between weight at diagnosis and age at neuter was found to impact the hazard of USMI. A decrease in the hazard of USMI was found in dogs weighing >25 kg for every month delay of neuter in the first year. The hazard did not change for dogs <15 kg. Median time from neuter to development of incontinence was 3.73 years. Phenylpropanolamine was prescribed in 75.5%, diethylstilbestrol in 21.5%, and both in 3.1% of dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Neutering bitches expected to be >25 kg adult weight later in their first year may decrease the hazard of developing USMI, whereas age at neutering of bitches <25 kg may not impact continence. Heavier dogs have increased risk of USMI, and onset occurs within a few years of neuter.
Authors =>
J.K. Byron | K.H. Taylor | G.S. Phillips | M.S. Stahl
published =>
First published: 03 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14678
|
Title =>
Quantification of Urine Elimination Behaviors in Cats with a Video Recording System
Abstract =>
Background:
Urinary disorders in cats often require subjective caregiver quantification of clinical signs to establish a diagnosis and monitor therapeutic outcomes.
Objective:
To investigate use of a video recording system (VRS) to better assess and quantify urination behaviors in cats.
Animals:
Eleven healthy cats and 8 cats with disorders potentially associated with abnormal urination patterns.
Methods:
Prospective study design. Litter box urination behaviors were quantified with a VRS for 14 days and compared to daily caregiver observations. Video recordings were analyzed by a behavior analysis software program.
Results:
The mean number of urinations per day detected by VRS (2.5 ± 0.7) was significantly higher compared with caregiver observations (0.6 ± 0.6; P < .0001). Five cats were never observed in the litter box by their caregivers. The mean number of urinations per day detected by VRS was significantly higher for abnormal cats (2.9 ± 0.7) compared with healthy cats (2.1 ± 0.7; P = .02); there were no apparent differences in frequency between these groups reported by caregivers (0.7 ± 1.0 and 0.5 ± 1.0, respectively). There were no differences in mean urination time between healthy and abnormal cats as determined by VRS or caregivers. Mean cover-up time determined by VRS was significantly longer in healthy cats (22.7 ± 12.9 seconds/urination) compared with abnormal cats (8.7 ± 12.9 seconds/urination; P = .03); differences in cover-up time were not detected by caregivers.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Caregivers commonly underestimate urination frequency in cats when compared to video-based observations. Video recording appears to facilitate objective assessment of urination behaviors and could be of value in future clinical studies of urinary disorders in cats.
Authors =>
D. R. Dulaney | M. Hopfensperger | R. Malinowski | J. Hauptman | J.M. Kruger
published =>
First published: 03 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14680
|
Title =>
The Use of Darbepoetin to Stimulate Erythropoiesis in the Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Darbepoetin alfa (darbepoetin) is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent used for the treatment of anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs, but reports describing response are lacking.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the effectiveness of darbepoetin in dogs with anemia secondary to CKD, dosing protocols, and adverse events.
Animals:
Thirty-three client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD, including 26 with comorbidities.
Methods:
Multi-institutional retrospective study.
Results:
The median starting dosage and highest dosage of darbepoetin administered were 0.5 and 0.8 μg/kg SC once weekly, respectively. Response to treatment was defined as achieving a packed cell volume (PCV) ≥30% or an increase in PCV ≥10%. Twenty-eight of 33 dogs (85%) achieved a PCV ≥30% and 22 of 33 (67%) dogs achieved an increase in PCV ≥10%. Median time to achieve a PCV ≥30% was 29 days. A higher starting dosage was associated with achieving an increase in PCV ≥10% (P = .01). No dog sustained a response at a dosing interval >q21d. Potential adverse events included increased blood pressure requiring treatment (n = 12), seizures (n = 5), vomiting (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 3), and possible pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) (n = 2).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Darbepoetin, when combined with treatment of comorbidities, is an effective treatment for anemia secondary to CKD in dogs. A dosing interval >q21d was ineffective at maintaining a response to treatment. PRCA was a possible adverse event in 2 of 33 dogs (6%).
Authors =>
E.H. Fiocchi | L.D. Cowgill | D.C. Brown | J.E. Markovich | S. Tucker | M.A. Labato | M.B. Callan
published =>
First published: 03 March 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14681
|
Title =>
Clinical Features, Imaging Characteristics, and Long-term Outcome of Dogs with Cranial Meningocele or Meningoencephalocele
Abstract =>
Background:
The term meningoencephalocele (MEC) describes a herniation of cerebral tissue and meninges through a defect in the cranium, whereas a meningocele (MC) is a herniation of the meninges alone.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To describe the clinical features, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics, and outcomes of dogs with cranial MC and MEC.
Animals:
Twenty-two client-owned dogs diagnosed with cranial MC or MEC.
Methods:
Multicentric retrospective descriptive study. Clinical records of 13 institutions were reviewed. Signalment, clinical history, neurologic findings and MRI characteristics as well as treatment and outcome were recorded and evaluated.
Results:
Most affected dogs were presented at a young age (median, 6.5 months; range, 1 month – 8 years). The most common presenting complaints were seizures and behavioral abnormalities. Intranasal MEC was more common than parietal MC. Magnetic resonance imaging identified meningeal enhancement of the protruded tissue in 77% of the cases. Porencephaly was seen in all cases with parietal MC. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis identified mild abnormalities in 4 of 11 cases. Surgery was not performed in any affected dog. Seventeen patients were treated medically, and seizures were adequately controlled with anti-epileptic drugs in 10 dogs. Dogs with intranasal MEC and mild neurologic signs had a fair prognosis with medical treatment.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
Although uncommon, MC and MEC should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young dogs presenting with seizures or alterations in behavior. Medical treatment is a valid option with a fair prognosis when the neurologic signs are mild.
Authors =>
K. Lazzerini | R. Gutierrez-Quintana | R. José-López | F. McConnell | R. Gonçalves | J. McMurrough | S. De Decker | C. Muir | S.L. Priestnall | L. Mari | F. Stabile | L. De Risio | C. Loeffler | A. Tauro | C. Rusbridge | S. Rodenas | S. Añor | C. de la Fuente | A. Fischer | A. Bruehschwein | J. Penderis | J. Guevar
published =>
First published: 28 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14638
|
Title =>
Standardization of a Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Protocol to Investigate Dysphagia in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) is the gold standard for diagnosis of dysphagia in veterinary medicine but lacks standardized protocols that emulate physiologic feeding practices. Age impacts swallow function in humans but has not been evaluated by VFSS in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To develop a protocol with custom kennels designed to allow free-feeding of 3 optimized formulations of contrast media and diets that address limitations of current VFSS protocols. We hypothesized that dogs evaluated by a free-feeding VFSS protocol would show differences in objective swallow metrics based on age.
Animals:
Healthy juvenile, adult, and geriatric dogs (n = 24).
Methods:
Prospective, experimental study. Custom kennels were developed to maintain natural feeding behaviors during VFSS. Three food consistencies (thin liquid, pureed food, and dry kibble) were formulated with either iohexol or barium to maximize palatability and voluntary prehension. Dogs were evaluated by 16 swallow metrics and compared across age groups.
Results:
Development of a standardized VFSS protocol resulted in successful collection of swallow data in healthy dogs. No significant differences in swallow metrics were observed among age groups. Substantial variability was observed in healthy dogs when evaluated under these physiologic conditions. Features typically attributed to pathologic states, such as gastric reflux, were seen in healthy dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Development of a VFSS protocol that reflects natural feeding practices may allow emulation of physiology resulting in clinical signs of dysphagia. Age did not result in significant changes in swallow metrics, but additional studies are needed, particularly in light of substantial normal variation.
Authors =>
R.A. Harris | M.E. Grobman | M.J. Allen | J. Schachtel | N.E. Rawson | B. Bennett | J. Ledyayev | B. Hopewell | J.R. Coates | C.R. Reinero | T.E. Lever
published =>
First published: 27 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14676
|
Title =>
Acquisition of Involuntary Spinal Locomotion (Spinal Walking) in Dogs with Irreversible Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Lesion: 81 Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Spinal walking (SW) is described as the acquisition of an involuntary motor function in paraplegic dogs and cats without pain perception affected by a thoracolumbar lesion. Whereas spinal locomotion is well described in cats that underwent training trials after experimental spinal cord resection, less consistent information is available for dogs.
Hypothesis:
Paraplegic dogs affected by a thoracolumbar complete spinal cord lesion undergoing intensive physical rehabilitation could acquire an autonomous SW gait under field conditions.
Animals:
Eighty-one acute paraplegic thoracolumbar dogs without pelvic limb pain perception.
Methods:
Retrospective study of medical records of dogs selected for intensive rehabilitation treatment in paraplegic dogs with absence of pain perception on admission and during the whole treatment. Binary regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze potential associations with the development of SW.
Results:
Autonomous SW was achieved in 48 dogs (59%). Median time to achieve SW was of 75.5 days (range: 16–350 days). On univariate analysis, SW gait was associated with younger age (P = .002) and early start of physiotherapy (P = .024). Multivariate logistic regression showed that younger age (≤60 months) and lightweight (≤7.8 kg) were positively associated with development of SW (P = .012 and P < .001, respectively). BCS, full-time hospitalization, and type and site of the lesion were not significantly associated with development of SW.
Conclusions:
Dogs with irreversible thoracolumbar lesion undergoing intensive physiotherapic treatment can acquire SW. Younger age and lightweight are positively associated with the development of SW gait.
Authors =>
A. Gallucci | L. Dragone | M. Menchetti | T. Gagliardo | M. Pietra | M. Cardinali | G. Gandini
published =>
First published: 26 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14651
|
Title =>
Precision Medicine in Cats: Novel Niemann-Pick Type C1 Diagnosed by Whole-Genome Sequencing
Abstract =>
Authors =>
D.A. Mauler | B. Gandolfi | C.R. Reinero | D.P. O'Brien | J.L. Spooner | L.A. Lyons | and 99 Lives Consortium
published =>
First published: 24 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14599
|
Title =>
Recurrent Obstructive Fibrinous Tracheal Pseudomembranes in a Young English Bulldog
Abstract =>
Authors =>
E. Robin | L.V. Guieu | K. Le Boedec
published =>
First published: 22 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14650
|
Title =>
Balloon Valvuloplasty of Tricuspid Stenosis: A Retrospective Study of 5 Labrador Retriever Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
There are limited reports of severe tricuspid valve stenosis in dogs and limited data regarding treatment and outcome.
Objective:
To evaluate clinical signs, echocardiographic features, and outcome of balloon valvuloplasty (BV) in dogs with severe tricuspid valve stenosis (TVS) in which BV was attempted.
Animals:
Five client-owned dogs with severe TVS.
Methods:
Records were retrospectively reviewed and data collected regarding signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, procedures, and outcome.
Results:
All dogs were Labrador Retrievers. Presenting complaints included episodic weakness/syncope (4/5), abdominal distension (4/5), lethargy (2/5), and exercise intolerance (2/5). The median and range of measurements before BV were as follows: TV mean velocity 1.5 m/s (range 1.4–1.7 m/s); velocity-time integral (VTI) 79.8 cm (42.4–99.1 cm); and TV maximum velocity 2.9 m/s (2.3–3.2 m/s). Measurements (available for 3 of 5 dogs) after BV were as follows: TV mean velocity 1.15 m/s (0.9–1.4 m/s); VTI 44.95 cm (41.4–54.8 cm); and TV maximum velocity 1.15 m/s (1.9–2.3 m/s). The procedure was attempted in all dogs and completed in 4/5 dogs. The largest balloon diameter ranged from 15 mm to 25 mm, and length ranged from 4 cm to 5 cm. Right atrial pressure decreased in 4/5 dogs. All but 1 dog had clinical improvement after BV, but recurrence of clinical signs occurred (2/5). Tricuspid regurgitation worsened in 1 dog culminating in right heart failure and euthanasia.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
BV can be an effective treatment; however, clinical signs can recur. Right heart failure due to worsened TR is a potential complication in dogs with pre-existing moderate-to-severe TR.
Authors =>
G.A. Lake-Bakaar | L.G. Griffiths | M.D. Kittleson
published =>
First published: 21 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14671
|
Title =>
Applicability of 99mTc-Labeled Human Serum Albumin Scintigraphy in Dogs With Protein-Losing Enteropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Diagnosis of protein loss into the gastrointestinal tract using noninvasive techniques is challenging. In people, scintigraphy not only is a sensitive tool to confirm protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), but it also allows for localization of protein loss.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To investigate the feasibility of 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) scintigraphy in dogs with PLE in comparison with control dogs.
Animals:
A total of 8 clinically healthy control research dogs and 7 client-owned dogs with gastrointestinal clinical signs and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin concentration <2.0 g/dL).
Methods:
Prospective case–control study. After IV injection of 400 MBq freshly prepared 99mTc HSA (30 mg/dog), images of the abdomen were obtained 10, 60, 120, and 240 minutes postinjection. Additional images of the salivary and thyroid glands were obtained to rule out free 99mTc. A scan was considered positive for PLE when radiopharmaceutical exudation was detectable in the intestinal tract.
Results:
Only 1 control dog showed exudation of the radiopharmaceutical into the intestinal tract. No free 99mTc was detected in any dog. In dogs with PLE, focal small intestinal and diffuse small intestinal radiopharmaceutical exudation into the bowel was detected in 2 and 3 dogs, respectively, whereas in 2 dogs, there was disagreement about whether radiopharmaceutical exudation was focal or diffuse.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
99mTc-labeled HSA scintigraphy was feasible to diagnose PLE in dogs.
Authors =>
N. Engelmann | N. Ondreka | K. von Pückler | S. Mohrs | J. Sicken | R. Neiger
published =>
First published: 21 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14673
|
Title =>
Validation of Ultrasonography for Assessment of Gastric Emptying Time in Healthy Cats by Radionuclide Scintigraphy
Abstract =>
Background:
The prevalence of gastric emptying (GE) disorders in cats is unknown due to lack of clinically applicable diagnostic tests.
Objectives:
The principal aim of this study was to assess correlation between scintigraphic and ultrasonographic measurements of GE time (GET) in healthy cats. Additionally, variability of ultrasonographic GET, and correlation between scintigraphy and ultrasonographic parameters of gastric motility were evaluated.
Animals:
Eight healthy domestic shorthair cats.
Methods:
Prospective study. Scintigraphic GET was determined using a solid test meal containing 4 mCi 99mTc-mebrofenin. Each cat had 3 separate ultrasonographic assessments of GE, performed independent of scintigraphic assessment, after solid test meal consumption. The motility index (MI) of antral contractions was plotted against time and time for each fraction of the area under the MI curve determined. Ultrasonographic GET and MI were correlated to scintigraphic GET.
Results:
Scintigraphic GET (mean ± SD) for 25, 50, and 75% GE was 103 ± 32 minutes, 196 ± 45 minutes, and 288 ± 62 minutes, whereas sonographic GET for 25, 50, and 75% GE was 106 ± 13 minutes, 203 ± 19 minutes, and 305 ± 27 minutes. There was good correlation between scintigraphic and sonographic GET (r = 0.72–0.82) at 45–90% fractional GE and between scintigraphic GET and time of corresponding MI curve fraction (r = 0.78–0.86) at 40–90% fraction of the MI curve. There was moderate intraindividual variability for sonographic GET and MI curve fraction times as well as significant variation among individuals.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Ultrasonography is a valid alternative to scintigraphy for assessment of solid-phase GE and allows assessment of postprandial gastric motility in healthy cats.
Authors =>
R. Husnik | J.M. Fletcher | L. Gaschen | F.P. Gaschen
published =>
First published: 21 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14674
|
Title =>
Association of Hypercalcemia Before Treatment With Hypocalcemia After Treatment in Dogs With Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Abstract =>
Background:
Development of hypocalcemia after treatment of hyperparathyroidism results in increased costs and risk of poorer outcomes. Previous studies have shown conflicting data about predictors of hypocalcemia after these procedures.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The objective of this study was to investigate whether ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations before treatment are predictive of hypocalcemia or its clinical signs after surgical removal or heat ablation in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Animals:
Fifty-four dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism (29 female, 25 male; 49 retrospective, 5 prospective).
Methods:
Dogs were enrolled if they met the inclusion criteria: persistent hypercalcemia (iCa >1.41 mmol/L) due to primary hyperparathyroidism and absence of preemptive calcitriol treatment. All dogs were treated with parathyroidectomy (n = 37) or percutaneous ultrasound-guided heat ablation (n = 17). After treatment, iCa was monitored twice daily until plateau or intervention.
Results:
There was a moderate correlation between before-treatment hypercalcemia and after-treatment hypocalcemia. The prospective study was terminated due to ethical concerns given findings in the retrospective section. All dogs were placed into groups according to their pretreatment iCa: 1.46–1.61 mmol/L, 1.62–1.71 mmol/L, iCa 1.72–1.81 mmol/L, or >1.81 mmol/L. After treatment, the mean lowest iCa for each group, respectively, was 1.19, 1.18, 1.13, and 1.01 mmol/L. There was a significant association between higher group and proportion of dogs with iCa <1.00 mmol/L (P = .014).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study demonstrates a moderate correlation between iCa concentration before treatment and hypocalcemia after treatment. Dogs with higher initial iCa concentrations should be treated to prevent rapid decline and development of clinical hypocalcemia.
Authors =>
J.D. Dear | P.H. Kass | A.M. Della Maggiore | E.C. Feldman
published =>
First published: 18 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14644
|
Title =>
Prognostic Value and Development of a Scoring System in Horses With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Abstract =>
Background:
Despite its widespread use in equine medicine, the clinical value of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) concept in horses remains unknown.
Objectives:
To study the prognostic value of measures of SIRS in horses and identify the best model of severe SIRS to predict outcome.
Animals:
A total of 479 consecutive adult horse emergency admissions to a private primary referral practice.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. All adult horses admitted for emergency treatment over the study period were included. Multivariate logistic regression and stepwise model selection were used.
Results:
Each of the 4 SIRS criteria was associated with outcome in this population. Thirty-one percent of emergency cases had 2 or more abnormal SIRS criteria on admission and were defined as SIRS cases. SIRS was associated with increased odds of death (odds ratio [OR] = 8.22; 95% CI, 4.61–15.18; P < .001), an effect mainly found for acute gastrointestinal cases. SIRS cases were assigned a SIRS score of 2, 3, or 4, according to the number of abnormal SIRS criteria fulfilled on admission, and SIRS3 and SIRS4 cases had increased odds of death compared to SIRS2 cases (OR = 4.45; 95% CI, 1.78–11.15; P = .002). A model of severe SIRS including the SIRS score, blood lactate concentration, and color of the mucous membranes best predicted outcome in this population of horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with an increased risk of death in adult horses presenting with acute gastrointestinal illnesses. The model of severe SIRS proposed in this study could be used to assess the status and prognosis of adult equine emergency admissions.
Authors =>
M.-F. Roy | G.P.S. Kwong | J. Lambert | S. Massie | S. Lockhart
published =>
First published: 16 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14670
|
Title =>
Blood Transfusions in Dogs and Cats Receiving Hemodialysis: 230 Cases (June 1997–September 2012)
Abstract =>
Background:
Multiple factors exist that contribute to anemia in dogs and cats receiving hemodialysis, can necessitate transfusion.
Objectives:
To describe blood product usage in dogs and cats with acute and chronic kidney disease that were treated with intermittent hemodialysis to determine risk factors associated with the requirement for blood product transfusion.
Animals:
83 cats and 147 dogs undergoing renal replacement therapy at the Animal Medical Center for acute or chronic kidney disease.
Methods:
Retrospective medical record review of all dogs and cats receiving renal replacement therapy for kidney disease, from June 1997 through September 2012.
Results:
Blood products (whole blood, packed RBCs, or stromal-free hemoglobin) were administered to 87% of cats and 32% of dogs. The number of dialysis treatments was associated with the requirement for transfusion in cats (adjusted OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.13, 4.32), but not in dogs (adjusted OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95, 1.03). Administration of a blood product was associated with a higher likelihood of death in dogs (OR 3.198, 95% CI 1.352, 7.565; P = .0098), but not in cats (OR 1.527, 95% CI 0.5404, 4.317, P = .2).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Veterinary hospitals with a hemodialysis unit should have reliable and rapid access to safe blood products in order to meet the needs of dogs and cats receiving dialysis.
Authors =>
C. Langston | A. Cook | A. Eatroff | E. Mitelberg | S. Chalhoub
published =>
First published: 15 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14658
|
Title =>
Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats and the Risk of Total Hypercalcemia
Abstract =>
Background:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity in cats with hypercalcemia, but whether CKD is a risk factor for hypercalcemia is unclear. Hypercalcemia often is diagnosed based on total calcium concentration (tCa), which tends to underestimate the ionized calcium concentration (iCa) in cats.
Objectives:
Assessment of the performance of tCa for the diagnosis of ionized hypercalcemia, and exploration of factors influencing the relationship between iCa and tCa. Determination of risk factors for incident total hypercalcemia (ie, the development of hypercalcemia based on tCa during follow-up).
Animals:
Records of a cross-section (n = 477) and observational cohort (n = 367) of client-owned cats with and without azotemic CKD from first opinion practice.
Methods:
Retrospective cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study. The diagnostic accuracy of tCa as an index test for ionized hypercalcemia was evaluated, and risk factors for underestimation were explored by binary logistic and linear regression in a cross-section of cats with and without azotemic CKD. Chronic kidney disease and clinicopathological variables were assessed as predictors of incident total hypercalcemia by both time-invariant and time-dependent Cox regression in a cohort of cats.
Results:
Specificity of tCa for identification of ionized hypercalcemia was high (100%), but sensitivity was low. Underestimation was associated with lower venous bicarbonate concentrations. Cats with CKD had increased risk for incident total hypercalcemia (hazard ratio, 4.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.96–9.37; P < .001). Higher tCa predicted incident total hypercalcemia in both azotemic and nonazotemic cats (P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for incident total hypercalcemia, and most cats with increased tCa had concurrent ionized hypercalcemia. Higher baseline tCa predicts incident total hypercalcemia. Prospective studies assessing changes in iCa are warranted.
Authors =>
D.H.N. van den Broek | Y.-M. Chang | J. Elliott | R.E. Jepson
published =>
First published: 12 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14643
|
Title =>
Use of Renal Replacement Therapy in a Neonatal Foal with Postresuscitation Acute Renal Failure
Abstract =>
Authors =>
D.M. Wong | R.E. Ruby | A. Eatroff | M.J. Yaeger
published =>
First published: 12 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14665
|
Title =>
JVIM Manuscript Reviewers Who Critiqued in the 2016 Calendar Year
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 12 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14672
|
Title =>
Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases
Abstract =>
Authors =>
M.R. Lappin | J. Blondeau | D. Boothe | E.B. Breitschwerdt | L. Guardabassi | D.H. Lloyd | M.G. Papich | S.C. Rankin | J.E. Sykes | J. Turnidge | J.S. Weese
published =>
First published: 10 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14627
|
Title =>
Association of Vitamin D Metabolites with Parathyroid Hormone, Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, Calcium, and Phosphorus in Dogs with Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypovitaminosis D is associated with progression of renal disease, development of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (RHPT), chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), and increased mortality in people with CKD. Despite what is known regarding vitamin D dysregulation in humans with CKD, little is known about vitamin D metabolism in dogs with CKD.
Objectives:
The purpose of our study was to further elucidate vitamin D status in dogs with different stages of CKD and to relate it to factors that affect the development of CKD-MBD, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), calcium, and phosphorus concentrations.
Methods:
Thirty-seven dogs with naturally occurring CKD were compared to 10 healthy dogs. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], and PTH and FGF-23 concentrations were measured. Their association with serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations and IRIS stage was determined.
Results:
Compared to healthy dogs, all vitamin D metabolite concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stages 3 and 4 CKD (r [creatinine]: −0.49 to −0.60; P < .05) but not different in dogs with stages 1 and 2 CKD. All vitamin D metabolites were negatively correlated with PTH, FGF-23, and phosphorus concentrations (r: −0.39 to −0.64; P < .01).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
CKD in dogs is associated with decreases in all vitamin D metabolites evaluated suggesting that multiple mechanisms, in addition to decreased renal mass, affect their metabolism. This information could have prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Authors =>
V.J. Parker | L.M. Harjes | K. Dembek | G.S. Young | D.J. Chew | R.E. Toribio
published =>
First published: 10 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14653
|
Title =>
Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Phosphorylated Neurofilament Heavy as a Diagnostic Marker of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
No definitive, antemortem diagnostic test for canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is available. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy (pNF-H) is a promising biomarker for nervous system diseases.
Hypothesis/Objective:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum pNF-H is a detectable biological marker for diagnosis of canine DM.
Animals:
Fifty-three DM-affected, 27 neurologically normal, 7 asymptomatic at-risk, and 12 DM mimic dogs.
Methods:
Archived CSF and serum pNF-H concentrations were determined by a commercially available ELISA. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated with CSF values.
Results:
Compared with old control dogs, median CSF pNF-H concentration was increased in all stages of DM; old dogs 5.1 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 1.4–9.3) versus DM stage 1 23.9 ng/mL (IQR 20.8–29.6; P < .05) versus DM stage 2 36.8 ng/mL (IQR 22.9–51.2; P < .0001) versus DM stage 3 25.2 ng/mL (IQR 20.2–61.8; P < .001) versus DM stage 4 38.0 ng/mL (IQR 11.6–59.9; P < .01). Degenerative myelopathy stage 1 dogs had increased median CSF pNF-H concentrations compared with asymptomatic, at-risk dogs (3.4 ng/mL [IQR 1.5–10.9; P < .01]) and DM mimics (6.6 ng/mL [IQR 3.0–12.3; P < .01]). CSF pNF-H concentration >20.25 ng/mL was 80.4% sensitive (confidence interval [CI] 66.09–90.64%) and 93.6% specific (CI 78.58–99.21%) for DM. Area under the ROC curve was 0.9467 (CI 0.92–0.9974). No differences in serum pNF-H concentration were found between control and DM-affected dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
pNF-H concentration in CSF is a sensitive biomarker for diagnosis of DM. Although there was high specificity for DM in this cohort, further study should focus on a larger cohort of DM mimics, particularly other central and peripheral axonopathies.
Authors =>
C.M. Toedebusch | M.D. Bachrach | V.B. Garcia | G.C. Johnson | M.L. Katz | G. Shaw | J.R. Coates | M.L. Garcia
published =>
First published: 10 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14659
|
Title =>
Efficacy of a Probiotic-Prebiotic Supplement on Incidence of Diarrhea in a Dog Shelter: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Diarrhea is the most frequent morbidity affecting kenneled dogs in animal shelters. Diarrhea impacts animal welfare and the finances of the shelter as they must treat, clean, and house affected animals until recovered.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Supplementing dogs entering an animal shelter with a probiotic-prebiotic, known as a synbiotic, will decrease the incidence of diarrhea.
Animals:
Seven hundred and seventy-three dogs entering an animal shelter in the United Kingdom.
Methods:
A prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Results:
Statistical difference was found between the groups across 3 measures of diarrhea incidence. First, the mean percentage of scored days per dog that were scored as diarrhea throughout their stay was 2.0% in the synbiotic group and 3.2% in the placebo group (P = .0022). Second, the occurrence of diarrhea within the first 14 days' stay was 18.8% in the synbiotic product group and 27.2% in the placebo group (P = .0008). Third, the occurrence of ≥2 consecutive days of diarrhea within the first 14 days' stay was 4.6% in the synbiotic product group and 8.0% in the placebo group (P = .0300).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Supplementing healthy dogs entering an animal shelter with a synbiotic supplement significantly decreased the incidence of diarrhea in this trial. Animal shelters can use synbiotic supplements to improve animal welfare and decrease costs involved in cleaning and housing animals as well as potentially decreasing veterinary intervention.
Authors =>
L. Rose | J. Rose | S. Gosling | M. Holmes
published =>
First published: 10 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14666
|
Title =>
The Canine POMC Gene, Obesity in Labrador Retrievers and Susceptibility to Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract =>
Background:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs is a common endocrinopathy with a complex genetic architecture. Disease susceptibility in several breeds is associated with polymorphisms in immune response genes, but in the Labrador retriever breed, no genetic associations with DM have been identified. A deletion in the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in Labrador retrievers is associated with increased appetite and risk of obesity.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To characterize the POMC deletion in Labrador retrievers, to develop a simple genetic test for this mutation, and to test the hypothesis that the POMC gene deletion is associated with an increased risk of DM in this breed.
Animals:
Sixty-one non-diabetic Labrador retrievers aged >6 years and 57 Labrador retrievers with DM.
Methods:
Case–control genotyping study to compare the frequency of the POMC deletion in dogs with and without DM. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing to characterize the mutation, a PCR-based test was developed and validated using 2 different restriction fragment length polymorphism assays.
Results:
A 14-base-pair deletion was confirmed and localized to exon 3 of the canine POMC gene. A PCR-based test for the deletion was successfully developed. There was no association between the presence of the POMC deletion mutation and DM in this population of Labrador retriever dogs (P = .31).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study adds to the existing scientific literature indicating that there is little evidence for a direct link between obesity and DM in dogs.
Authors =>
L.J. Davison | A. Holder | B. Catchpole | C.A. O'Callaghan
published =>
First published: 08 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14636
|
Title =>
Urinary F2-Isoprostanes in Cats with International Renal Interest Society Stage 1–4 Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
F2-isoprostanes, a biomarker of oxidant injury, increase with advancing chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. In cats, the relationship between CKD and oxidative stress is poorly understood.
Objectives:
To determine whether cats with advancing CKD have increasing urinary F2-isoprostanes.
Animals:
Control cats without evidence of CKD (≥6 years old; n = 11), and cats with IRIS stage 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 38), 3 (n = 21), and 4 (n = 10) CKD.
Methods:
This was a prospective observational study. Urinary F2-isoprostanes (specifically free 15-F2t-isoprostanes) normalized to urine creatinine (IsoPs) were compared among groups and tested for correlations with blood pressure, proteinuria, serum creatinine concentration, and urine specific gravity. The IsoPs also were compared between cats with and without hypertension or proteinuria, and in cats fed predominantly standard versus renal diets.
Results:
Urinary IsoPs were increased, but not significantly, in cats with stage 1 CKD (median 263 pg/mg creatinine; range, 211–380) compared to controls (182 pg/mg; range, 80–348) and decreased significantly from stage 1 through advancing CKD (stage 2, 144 pg/mg; range, 49–608; stage 3, 102 pg/mg; range, 25–158; stage 4, 67 pg/mg; range, 26–117; P < .01). Urinary IsoPs were inversely correlated with serum creatinine (r = −0.66, P < .0001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Urinary IsoPs are significantly higher in early CKD (stage 1) compared to cats with more advanced CKD. Additional studies are warranted to characterize oxidative stress in cats with stage 1 CKD and determine whether early antioxidant treatments have a protective effect on CKD progression.
Authors =>
W. Whitehouse | J. Quimby | S. Wan | K. Monaghan | R. Robbins | L.A. Trepanier
published =>
First published: 04 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14634
|
Title =>
Efficacy of Low-dose (2 millicurie) versus Standard-dose (4 millicurie) Radioiodine Treatment for Cats with Mild-to-Moderate Hyperthyroidism
Abstract =>
Background:
Radioiodine (131I) is effective treatment for hyperthyroidism in cats, but optimal dose to restore euthyroidism without inducing hypothyroidism is unclear. Treatment-induced hypothyroidism can lead to azotemia and reduced duration of survival.
Objective:
To compare efficacy and short-term outcomes of low-dose 131I versus higher, standard-dose 131I as treatment for hyperthyroidism.
Animals:
A total of 189 client-owned cats undergoing 131I treatment for mild-to-moderate hyperthyroidism (serum T4 ≥ 4.0 μg/dL and <13.0 μg/dL).
Methods:
Prospective, nonrandomized, cohort study comparing treatment with either low-dose (2 mCi, n = 150) or standard-dose (4 mCi, n = 39) 131I. Serum T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and creatinine concentrations were measured after 1, 3, and 6 months to determine persistent hyperthyroidism, overt hypothyroidism (low T4, high TSH), subclinical hypothyroidism (normal T4, high TSH), and azotemia.
Results:
There was no significant difference in prevalence of cats with persistent hyperthyroidism between standard- and low-dose treatment groups at 3 (0% versus 5.3%; P = .34) and 6 (0% versus 3.3%; P = .51) months. Overt (18% versus 1%; P = .0005) or subclinical (46% versus 21%; P = .004) hypothyroidism was more common in cats at 6 months after standard-dose 131I. No difference in incidence of azotemia existed between groups, but cats treated with standard-dose 131I had higher creatinine concentrations (P < .05) and higher percent rises in creatinine (P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Low-dose 131I is safe and effective for cats with mild-to-moderate hyperthyroidism, as evidenced by a cure rate of >95% with reduced frequency of iatrogenic hypothyroidism and azotemia.
Authors =>
J.M. Lucy | M.E. Peterson | J.F. Randolph | P.V. Scrivani | M. Rishniw | D.L. Davignon | M.S. Thompson | J.M. Scarlett
published =>
First published: 03 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14646
|
Title =>
Performance of 4 Point-of-Care Screening Tests for Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Abstract =>
Background:
More than 3 million cats in the United States are infected with FeLV or FIV. The cornerstone of control is identification and segregation of infected cats.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare test performance with well-characterized clinical samples of currently available FeLV antigen/FIV antibody combination test kits.
Animals:
Surplus serum and plasma from diagnostic samples submitted by animal shelters, diagnostic laboratories, veterinary clinics, and cat research colonies. None of the cats had been vaccinated against FIV. The final sample set included 146 FeLV+, 154 FeLV−, 94 FIV+, and 97 FIV− samples.
Methods:
Prospective, blind comparison to a gold standard: Samples were evaluated in 4 different point-of-care tests by ELISA antigen plate tests (FeLV) and virus isolation (FIV) as the reference standards. All test results were visually read by 2 blinded observers.
Results:
Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for FeLV were SNAP® (100%/100%), WITNESS® (89.0%/95.5%), Anigen® (91.8%/95.5%), and VetScan® (85.6%/85.7%). Sensitivity and specificity for FIV were SNAP® (97.9%/99.0%), WITNESS® (94.7%/100%), Anigen® (96.8%/99.0%), and VetScan® (91.5%/99.0%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The SNAP® test had the best performance for FeLV, but there were no significant differences for FIV. In typical cat populations with seroprevalence of 1–5%, a majority of positive results reported by most point-of-care test devices would be false-positives. This could result in unnecessary segregation or even euthanasia.
Authors =>
J.K. Levy | P. Cynda Crawford | S.J. Tucker
published =>
First published: 03 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14648
|
Title =>
Clinical Phenotype of Musladin-Lueke Syndrome in 2 Beagles
Abstract =>
Authors =>
R.A. Packer | M.A. Logan | L.T. Guo | S.S. Apte | H. Bader | D.P. O'Brien | G. Johnson | G.D. Shelton
published =>
First published: 03 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14654
|
Title =>
Naturally Occurring Biventricular Noncompaction in an Adult Domestic Cat
Abstract =>
Authors =>
M.D. Kittleson | P.R. Fox | C. Basso | G. Thiene
published =>
First published: 03 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14663
|
Title =>
Effect of Delayed Digital Hypothermia on Lamellar Inflammatory Signaling in the Oligofructose Laminitis Model
Abstract =>
Background:
In the oligofructose (OF) model of sepsis-related laminitis (SRL), digital hypothermia (“cryotherapy”) initiated before the onset of clinical signs is reported not only to limit lamellar injury, but also to cause marked inhibition of lamellar inflammatory signaling.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Because hypothermia also has been reported to be protective when not initiated until the onset of lameness in the OF model of SRL, we hypothesized that the lamellar protection conferred by hypothermia is caused by local lamellar inhibition of inflammatory signaling as described when hypothermia was initiated earlier in the disease process.
Animals:
Eight Standardbred geldings aged 3–11 years with no lameness and no abnormalities of the feet detectable by gross or radiographic examination.
Methods:
Using the OF model of SRL, lamellar mRNA concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and endothelial adhesion proteins were compared between samples from treated limbs (CRYO, submerged in ice water for 36 hour starting at the onset of lameness), untreated limbs (NON-CRYO, opposite limb from CRYO limbs maintained at ambient temperature), and untreated limbs from normal horses in which laminitis was not induced (CON).
Results:
Although OF administration resulted in increases in lamellar mRNA concentrations of several inflammatory mediators in NON-CRYO limbs (vs CON), digital hypothermia had no significant effect on these increases.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The lack of inflammatory inhibition in lamellar tissue samples in our study indicates that the protective effects of digital hypothermia instituted at the onset of clinical signs of laminitis do not arise from inhibition of inflammatory pathways.
Authors =>
K. Dern | M. Watts | B. Werle | A. van Eps | C. Pollitt | J. Belknap
published =>
First published: 01 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14633
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Title =>
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Presumptive Ascending/Descending Myelomalacia in Dogs after Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation
Abstract =>
Background:
Ascending/descending myelomalacia (ADMM) is a severe complication of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL-IVDH) in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for ADMM in nonambulatory dogs with surgically treated TL-IVDH.
Animals:
Six-hundred and fifty-two client-owned dogs evaluated for TL-IVDH that underwent decompressive spinal surgery.
Methods:
Retrospective medical record review from February 2007 through December 2015.
Results:
Thirteen dogs developed ADMM, with an overall prevalence of 2.0%. The prevalence of ADMM was 0% in dogs with neurological signs graded 1 or 2 at admission or before magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or surgical procedures, 0.6% in dogs with neurological signs graded 3, 2.7% in dogs with neurological signs graded 4, and 14.5% in dogs with neurological signs graded 5. Age (<5.8 years), neurological status (grade 5), site of disk herniation (L5-L6), duration of clinical signs before becoming nonambulatory (<24 hours), detection of intramedullary T2-weighted (T2W) hyperintensity, and a T2 length ratio >4.57 were significant risk factors in the univariate analysis for development of ADMM.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The factors identified in this study may be useful for the prediction of ADMM. Multicenter studies with a higher number of dogs with ADMM are required to confirm these data.
Authors =>
F. Balducci | S. Canal | B. Contiero | M. Bernardini
published =>
First published: 01 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14656
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Title =>
Left Atrial Strain at Different Stages of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Decreased function of the left atrium (LA) is a useful prognostic indicator in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). In humans, LA strain is a novel severity indicator of mitral regurgitation, but its clinical utility in dogs has not been confirmed.
Objectives:
To examine whether LA strain as evaluated with speckle-tracking echocardiography is associated with MMVD stage in dogs.
Animals:
Fifty-two client-owned dogs with MMVD.
Methods:
Cross-sectional study. Dogs were classified as stage B1, B2, C, or D, according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus. Physical examination findings and echocardiographic variables were compared among the groups. To assess the comparative accuracy of echocardiographic variables in identifying dogs with the presence or history congestive heart failure (CHF), receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate logistic analysis were used.
Results:
There were no significant differences in parameters of LA strain between B1 and B2 groups. However, LA longitudinal strain during atrial contraction (εA) (median, 19.1%; interquartile range, 15.3–24.3% in B1, 19.6%; 14.1–21.4% in B2, 6.2%; 3.18–11.2% in C/D) and during ventricular systole (εS) (32.7%; 28.9–39.2% in B1, 35.6%; 31.7–41.9% in B2, 23.6%; 16.9–26.1% in C/D) were significantly lower in stages C/D than in stages B1 and B2. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, εA and peak early diastolic mitral inflow velocity were identified as independent indicators of stage C/D.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
εA was the best predictor of the presence or history of CHF. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical implications of these findings for treatment decisions and prognosis determination.
Authors =>
K. Nakamura | S. Kawamoto | T. Osuga | T. Morita | N. Sasaki | K. Morishita | H. Ohta | M. Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 01 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14660
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Title =>
Pasireotide Long-Acting Release Treatment for Diabetic Cats with Underlying Hypersomatotropism
Abstract =>
Background:
Long-term medical management of hypersomatotropism (HS) in cats has proved unrewarding. Pasireotide, a novel somatostatin analogue, decreases serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and improves insulin sensitivity in cats with HS when administered as a short-acting preparation.
Objectives:
Assess once-monthly administration of long-acting pasireotide (pasireotide LAR) for treatment of cats with HS.
Animals:
Fourteen cats with HS, diagnosed based on diabetes mellitus, pituitary enlargement, and serum IGF-1 > 1000 ng/mL.
Methods:
Uncontrolled, prospective cohort study. Cats received pasireotide LAR (6–8 mg/kg SC) once monthly for 6 months. Fructosamine and IGF-1 concentrations, and 12-hour blood glucose curves (BGCs) were assessed at baseline and then monthly. Product of fructosamine concentration and insulin dose was calculated as an indicator of insulin resistance (Insulin Resistance Index). Linear mixed-effects modeling assessed for significant change in fructosamine, IGF-1, mean blood glucose (MBG) of BGCs, insulin dose (U/kg) and Insulin Resistance Index.
Results:
Eight cats completed the trial. Three cats entered diabetic remission. Median IGF-1 (baseline: 1962 ng/mL [range 1051–2000 ng/mL]; month 6: 1253 ng/mL [524–1987 ng/mL]; P < .001) and median Insulin Resistance Index (baseline: 812 μmolU/L kg [173–3565 μmolU/L kg]; month 6: 135 μmolU/L kg [0–443 μmolU/L kg]; P = .001) decreased significantly. No significant change was found in mean fructosamine (baseline: 494 ± 127 μmol/L; month 6: 319 ± 113.3 μmol/L; P = .07) or MBG (baseline: 347.7 ± 111.0 mg/dL; month 6: 319.5 ± 113.3 mg/dL; P = .11), despite a significant decrease in median insulin dose (baseline: 1.5 [0.4–5.2] U/kg; 6 months: 0.3 [0.0–1.4] U/kg; P < .001). Adverse events included diarrhea (n = 11), hypoglycemia (n = 5), and worsening polyphagia (n = 2).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Pasireotide LAR is the first drug to show potential as a long-term management option for cats with HS.
Authors =>
R. Gostelow | C. Scudder | S. Keyte | Y. Forcada | R.C. Fowkes | H.A. Schmid | D.B. Church | S.J.M. Niessen
published =>
First published: 01 February 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14662
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Title =>
Acute-Phase Proteins and Iron Status in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The role of inflammation in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats is not well characterized. Hepcidin is a recently discovered acute-phase protein (APP) that plays an important role in iron metabolism and contributes to the development of anemia in humans with CKD.
Objectives:
To compare serum APP concentrations, iron status, and erythropoietin (EPO) concentrations in healthy cats and cats with naturally occurring CKD.
Animals:
A total of 18 healthy control cats and 38 cats with CKD.
Methods:
Prospective study. After complete physical examination and routine blood analysis, the following tests were performed: serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HAP), EPO, serum iron and ferritin concentration as well as total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Serum hepcidin-25 concentration was measured by ELISA kit designed for use in humans.
Results:
Mean SAA and hepcidin concentrations were significantly higher and mean total iron and TIBC were significantly lower in the CKD group (P < .05). There was a significant positive correlation between serum creatinine concentration (CRT) and 2 of the APPs (SAA and hepcidin; P < .05). Increases in SAA and hepcidin were associated with decreases in TIBC and hematocrit in the CKD group. Fourteen (37%) of the cats with CKD were anemic, and these cats had significantly lower TIBC (P < .05), suggesting a functional iron deficiency. There was no association between survival time and APP, iron status, or EPO concentrations.
Conclusions:
Our data suggest that CKD in cats is associated with systemic inflammation and altered iron metabolism. With further validation in cats, hepcidin assays may help better characterize these relationships.
Authors =>
R. Javard | C. Grimes | L. Bau-Gaudreault | M. Dunn
published =>
First published: 31 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14661
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Title =>
Effects of Leukoreduction and Storage on Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression and Eicosanoid Concentrations in Units of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells
Abstract =>
Background:
Storage of canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) can increase erythrocyte phosphatidylserine (PS) expression and eicosanoid concentrations.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine the effects of leukoreduction on erythrocyte PS expression and eicosanoid concentrations in stored units of canine pRBCs. Our hypothesis was that leukoreduction would decrease PS expression and eicosanoid concentrations.
Animals:
Eight healthy dogs.
Methods:
In a cross-over study, units of whole blood were leukoreduced (LR) or non-LR and stored (10 and 21 days) as pRBCs. Samples were collected at donation, and before and after a simulated transfusion. PS expression was measured by flow cytometry, and concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Results:
There was no change in PS expression during leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion for non-LR and LR units. Immediately after leukoreduction, there was a significant increase in TXB2 and PGF2α concentrations, but during storage, these eicosanoids decreased to non-LR concentrations. In both LR and non-LR units, 6-keto-PGF1α concentrations increased during storage and simulated transfusion, but there was no difference between unit type. There was no difference in AA, LTB4, PGE2, and PGD2 concentrations between unit types.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion do not alter erythrocyte PS expression. Leukoreduction causes an immediate increase in concentrations of TXB2 and PGF2α, but concentrations decrease to non-LR concentrations with storage. Leukoreduction does not decrease the accumulation of 6-keto-PGF1α during storage.
Authors =>
S.M. Muro | J.H. Lee | J.V. Stokes | M.K. Ross | T.M. Archer | R.W. Wills | A.J. Mackin | J.M. Thomason
published =>
First published: 31 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14664
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Title =>
Markers of Oxidative Stress in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease are Influenced by Sex, Neuter Status, and Serum Cholesterol Concentration
Abstract =>
Background:
Cardiovascular disease has been associated with oxidative stress, which has been suggested to contribute to myocardial remodeling in human patients. Little is known about the relationship between myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and oxidative stress in dogs.
Objective:
To determine whether clinical stage of MMVD is associated with changes in the plasma concentrations of certain markers of oxidative stress in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD.
Animals:
Seventy five privately owned dogs: 59 cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with different severities of MMVD and 16 dogs of different breeds with clinical signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by MMVD.
Methods:
Markers of oxidative stress including malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and vitamin E (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) were measured in plasma and their association with clinical stage of MMVD was assessed by regression analyses.
Results:
Plasma oxLDL concentration was significantly lower in female dogs compared with males (P = .01). Significantly higher plasma γ-tocopherol concentrations were found in neutered (P = .003) dogs. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol [P = .0004] and γ-tocopherol [P = .003]) was associated with body condition score (BCS), but the association disappeared when cholesterol was included in the analyses. All markers of oxidative stress (MDA, oxLDL, and vitamin E) were positively associated with serum cholesterol concentration (P ≤ .04), but none were associated with clinical stage of MMVD.
Conclusions:
In conclusion, markers of oxidative stress are associated with sex, BCS, neuter status, and cholesterol. The results cannot confirm a relationship between oxidative stress and clinical stage of the disease in dogs with MMVD.
Authors =>
M.J. Reimann | J. Häggström | J.E. Møller | J. Lykkesfeldt | T. Falk | L.H. Olsen
published =>
First published: 29 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14647
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Title =>
Urethral Stenting for Obstructive Uropathy Utilizing Digital Radiography for Guidance: Feasibility and Clinical Outcome in 26 Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Urethral stent placement is an interventional treatment option to alleviate urethral outflow obstruction. It has been described utilizing fluoroscopy, but fluoroscopy is not as readily available in private practice as digital radiography.
Objectives:
To describe the use of digital radiography for urethral stent placement in dogs with obstructive uropathy.
Animals:
Twenty-six client-owned dogs presented for dysuria associated with benign and malignant causes of obstructive uropathy that underwent urethral stent placement.
Methods:
Retrospective study.
Results:
Causes of obstructive uropathy included transitional cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, obstructive proliferative urethritis, compressive vaginal leiomyosarcoma, and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Survival time range was 1–48 months (median, 5 months). All dogs were discharged from the hospital with urine outflow restored. Intraprocedural complications included guide wire penetration of the urethral wall in 1 dog and improper stent placement in a second dog. Both complications were successfully managed at the time of the procedure with no follow-up problems noted in either patient.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Urethral stent placement can be successfully performed utilizing digital radiography. The complications experienced can be avoided by more cautious progression with each step through the procedure and serial radiography. The application of digital radiography may allow treatment of urethral obstruction to become more readily available.
Authors =>
A. Radhakrishnan
published =>
First published: 29 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14652
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Title =>
Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Immunoassay for Measurement of Equine Insulin
Abstract =>
Background:
Many diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation use reference intervals established with an insulin radioimmunoassay (RIA) that is no longer available. A chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is commonly used for the measurement of serum insulin concentration in clinical practice but requires further validation, especially at clinically relevant reference intervals.
Objectives:
To evaluate the CLIA for measurement of equine insulin and compare it to the previously validated, but now unavailable RIA.
Samples:
Equine serum samples (n = 78) from clinical and experimental studies.
Methods:
In this experimental study, performance of the CLIA was evaluated using standard variables, including comparison with the RIA. Continuous and binary outcomes were analyzed.
Results:
The CLIA showed good intra-assay (coefficient of variation [CV], 1.8–2.4%) and interassay (CV, 3–7.1%) precision. Acceptable recovery on dilution (100 ± 10%) was achieved only at dilutions <1:1. Recovery on addition was acceptable. Comparison of the CLIA and RIA showed strong positive correlation (r = 0.91–0.98), with fixed and proportional bias. At 3 diagnostic cutoffs, sensitivity of CLIA compared with RIA ranged from 67 to 100% and specificity from 96 to 100%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The CLIA is a highly repeatable assay which is suitable for within- and between-horse comparisons. Dilution of high concentration samples should be performed with charcoal-stripped serum (CSS) and at the lowest dilution factor possible. At concentrations commonly used for diagnosis of insulin dysregulation (≤100 μIU/mL), results from the CLIA tend to be lower than from the RIA and should be interpreted accordingly. Further standardization of equine insulin assays is required.
Authors =>
H.B. Carslake | G.L. Pinchbeck | C.M. McGowan
published =>
First published: 26 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14657
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Title =>
Erratum
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 24 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14614
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Title =>
Erratum
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 24 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14616
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Title =>
Aminoaciduria Caused by Fanconi Syndrome in a Heifer
Abstract =>
Authors =>
N. Cesbron | L. Dorso | A.-L. Royer | G. Dervilly-Pinel | J. Hervé
published =>
First published: 21 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14605
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