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Title =>
Use of computed tomography and radiation therapy planning software to develop a novel formula for body surface area calculation in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Body surface area (BSA) can reflect metabolic rate that might normalize dosing of chemotherapeutics across widely variable weights within a species. The current BSA formula for dogs lacks height, length, and body condition.
Hypothesis:
Computed tomography (CT) imaging will allow inclusion of morphometric variables in allometric modeling of BSA in dogs resulting in an improved formula for BSA estimation.
Animals:
Forty-eight dogs from 4 institutions with whole-body CT images.
Methods:
Retrospective and prospective case series. Body surface area was contoured using whole-body CT scans and radiation therapy planning software. Body length and height were determined from CT images and also in 9 dogs by physical measurement. Nonlinear regression was used to model the BSA data sets using allometric equations. Goodness-of-fit criteria included average relative deviation, mean standard error, Akaike information criterion, and r2 (derived from the r-value generated by regression models).
Results:
Contoured BSA differed from the current formula by −9% to +19%. Nonlinear regression on untransformed data yielded BSA = 0.0134 × body weight [kg]∧0.4746 × length (cm)∧0.6393 as the best-fit model. Heteroscedasticity (increasing morphometric variability with increasing BSA) was an important finding.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Computed tomography-derived BSA was used to incorporate body length into a novel BSA formula. This formula can be applied prospectively to determine whether it correlates with adverse events attributed to chemotherapy.
Authors =>
Renee Girens | Alex Bukoski | Charles A. Maitz | Sarah E. Boston | Antonella Borgatti | Megan Sprinkle | Daniel Orrego | Shannon Kesl | Kim Selting
published =>
First published: 05 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15440
|
Title =>
Response to letter to editor regarding Seizure-precipitating factors in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Johanna Forsgård | Liisa Metsähonkala | Anna-Mariam Kiviranta | Sigitas Cizinauskas | Jouni J. T. Junnila | Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori | Tarja S. Jokinen
published =>
First published: 05 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15465
|
Title =>
Seizure-precipitating factors in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Erik den Hertog
published =>
First published: 05 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15466
|
Title =>
Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing are metrics frequently used to diagnose chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats. However, normal values for these metrics have been based mainly on samples from cats that were relatively young, specific pathogen-free, or both.
Objectives:
To describe results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing of endoscopically-derived biopsy specimens of the upper small intestinal tract from a cohort of clinically healthy client-owned cats.
Animals:
Twenty clinically healthy client-owned cats ≥3 years of age.
Methods:
Tissue specimens were collected from the stomach and duodenum and evaluated single blinded by a board-certified pathologist. In addition, samples were evaluated by routine immunohistochemistry and clonality testing. Cats were followed after the procedure for signs of CE.
Results:
Integrated results from histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing were interpreted as consistent with small cell lymphoma (SCL; n = 12), emerging SCL (n = 1), lymphocytic enteritis (n = 6), and pseudoclonality (n = 1). On follow-up, 3 cats eventually developed clinical signs of CE, of which 2 were euthanized 295 and 654 days post-endoscopy. The remaining 17 cats did not show clinical signs of CE after a median of 709 days (range, 219-869 days).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats commonly had abnormal findings on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, clonality testing, or some combination of these without apparent clinical relevance. Current diagnostic metrics for diagnosing CE in cats may need modification to be applicable to the general population of cats.
Authors =>
Sina Marsilio | Mark R. Ackermann | Jonathan A. Lidbury | Jan S. Suchodolski | Jörg M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 28 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15455
|
Title =>
ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Oliver A. Garden | Linda Kidd | Angela M. Mexas | Yu-Mei Chang | Unity Jeffery | Shauna L. Blois | Jonathan E. Fogle | Amy L. MacNeill | George Lubas | Adam Birkenheuer | Simona Buoncompagni | Julien R. S. Dandrieux | Antonio Di Loria | Claire L. Fellman | Barbara Glanemann | Robert Goggs | Jennifer L. Granick | Dana N. LeVine | Claire R. Sharp | Saralyn Smith-Carr | James W. Swann | Balazs Szladovits
published =>
First published: 26 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15441
|
Title =>
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Marisa K. Ames | Clarke E. Atkins | Bertram Pitt
published =>
First published: 26 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15454
|
Title =>
Prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of hemangiosarcoma-associated skeletal muscle metastases in 61 dogs: A whole body computed tomographic study
Abstract =>
Background:
Skeletal muscle metastases (SMMs) have been described sporadically in canine oncology.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine the prevalence, localization, and clinical signs of SMMs associated with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) in a population of dogs presented for whole body computed tomography (CT).
Animals:
Dogs with a histologically confirmed HSA and a tissue core specimen or fine needle aspirate of suspected metastatic lesions were included in the study.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Dogs with a final diagnosis of visceral or muscular HSA that underwent whole body CT scan were enrolled in the study. Final diagnosis of primary tumor and SMMs was reached by histology, cytology, or both. Signalment, clinical signs, localization of the primary lesion, and metastases characteristics were reviewed.
Results:
Sixty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria. Skeletal muscle metastases were detected in 15 dogs (24.6%) and all of these dogs had also metastases in ≥1 sites. Presence of SMMs was significantly higher in males but was not significantly related to age, neuter status, breed, localization, and dimensions of the primary tumor. Nine of 15 (60.0%) dogs with SMMs showed lameness or reluctance to move whereas these signs were not recorded in any of the 42 dogs without SMMs (P < .001).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Prevalence of SMMs in our population of dogs with HSA was higher in comparison to previous studies in the human and veterinary medical literature. Whole body CT is recommended for staging of dogs with HSA, because SMMs could be missed by clinical examination and traditional diagnostic imaging modalities.
Authors =>
Andrea Carloni | Rossella Terragni | Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate | Michaela Paninarova | John Graham | Paola Valenti | Monica Alberti | Giulia Albarello | Francesca Millanta | Massimo Vignoli
published =>
First published: 22 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15456
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic indices and severity of mitral regurgitation in dogs with preclinical degenerative mitral valve disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Describing severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) is challenging.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Mitral regurgitant fraction (RF), effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), and the ratio of mitral regurgitant to aortic flow (QMR:QAo) can be calculated from routine echocardiographic measurements and provide additional information regarding MR severity.
Animals:
Fifty-seven dogs with preclinical DMVD including 36 without and 21 with cardiomegaly.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. The expected relationships among RF, EROA, and QMR:QAo and 1-dimensional measurements including left atrium to aortic root diameter ratio (LA:Ao) and normalized left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDdN) were mathematically derived and calculated using echocardiographic data from the study population. Nonlinear goodness of fit was determined by calculation of the root mean standard error. The correlations between 1-dimensional and multidimensional indices were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves.
Results:
The relationships among RF, EROA, QMR:QAo, and both LA:Ao and LVIDdN were curvilinear, and the multidimensional indices differentiated MR of variable severity. By contrast, 1-dimensional measurements were insensitive to MR severity until RF equaled or exceeded 50%. Regurgitant fraction ≥50%, EROA to body surface area ≥0.347 and QMR:QAo ≥0.79 were strongly associated with LA:Ao ≥1.6 and LVIDdN ≥1.7.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Regurgitant fraction, EROA, and QMR:QAo quantify MR severity in dogs with preclinical DMVD in a manner that 1-dimensional measurements do not.
Authors =>
Éva Larouche-Lebel | Kerry A. Loughran | Mark A. Oyama
published =>
First published: 22 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15461
|
Title =>
Readability of consent forms in veterinary clinical research
Abstract =>
Background:
“Readability” of consent forms is vital to the informed consent process. The average human hospital consent form is written at a 10th grade reading level, whereas the average American adult reads at an 8th grade level. Limited information currently exists regarding the readability of veterinary general medical or clinical research consent forms.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The goal of this study was to assess the readability of veterinary clinical trial consent forms from a group of veterinary referral centers recently involved in a working group focused on veterinary clinical trial review and consent. We hypothesized that consent forms would not be optimized for client comprehension and would be written above the National Institutes of Health-recommended 6th grade reading level.
Animals:
None.
Methods:
This was a prospective study assessing a convenience sample of veterinary clinical trial consent forms. Readability was assessed using 3 methods: the Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), and the Readability Test Tool (RTT). Results were reported as mean (±SD) and compared across specialties.
Results:
Fifty-three consent forms were evaluated. Mean FRES was 37.5 ± 6.0 (target 60 or higher). Mean F-K Grade Level was 13.0 ± 1.2 and mean RTT grade level was 12.75 ± 1.1 (target 6.0 or lower). There was substantial agreement between F-K and RTT grade level scores (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.8).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
No form evaluated met current health literacy recommendations for readability. A simple and readily available F-K Microsoft-based approach for evaluating grade level was in substantial agreement with other methods, suggesting that this approach might be sufficient for use by clinicians and administrators drafting forms for future studies.
Authors =>
Josey Sobolewski | Jeffrey N. Bryan | Dawn Duval | Allison O'Kell | Deborah J. Tate | Tracy Webb | Sarah Moore
published =>
First published: 22 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15462
|
Title =>
Comparison of the diagnostic value of symmetric dimethylarginine, cystatin C, and creatinine for detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Early detection of decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in dogs is challenging. Current methods are insensitive and new biomarkers are required.
Objective:
To compare overall diagnostic performance of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and serum cystatin C to serum creatinine, for detection of decreased GFR in clinically stable dogs, with or without chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Animals:
Ninety-seven client-owned dogs: 67 dogs with a diagnosis or suspicion of CKD and 30 healthy dogs were prospectively included.
Methods:
Prospective diagnostic accuracy study. All dogs underwent physical examination, systemic arterial blood pressure measurement, urinalysis, hematology and blood biochemistry analysis, cardiac and urinary ultrasound examinations, and scintigraphy for estimation of glomerular filtration rate (mGFR). Frozen serum was used for batch analysis of SDMA and cystatin C.
Results:
The area under the curve of creatinine, SDMA, and cystatin C for detection of an mGFR <30.8 mL/min/L was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-1.0), 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91-0.99), and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.93), respectively. The sensitivity of both creatinine and SDMA at their prespecified cutoffs (115 μmol/L [1.3 mg/dL] and 14 μg/dL) for detection of an abnormal mGFR was 90%. The specificity was 90% for creatinine and 87% for SDMA. When adjusting the cutoff for cystatin C to correspond to a diagnostic sensitivity of 90% (0.49 mg/L), specificity was lower (72%) than that of creatinine and SDMA.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Overall diagnostic performance of creatinine and SDMA for detection of decreased mGFR was similar. Overall diagnostic performance of cystatin C was inferior to both creatinine and SDMA.
Authors =>
Lena Pelander | Jens Häggström | Anders Larsson | Harriet Syme | Jonathan Elliott | Reidun Heiene | Ingrid Ljungvall
published =>
First published: 21 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15445
|
Title =>
Evaluation of equine coronavirus fecal shedding among hospitalized horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Currently, diagnosis of equine coronavirus (ECoV) relies on the exclusion of other infectious causes of enteric disease along with molecular detection of ECoV in feces or tissue. Although this approach is complete, it is costly and may not always be achievable.
Objective:
We hypothesized that the overall fecal shedding of ECoV in hospitalized horses is low. Our objective was to determine whether systemically healthy horses and horses with gastrointestinal disorders shed ECoV in their feces at the time of admission to a referral hospital and after 48 hours of stress associated with hospitalization.
Animals:
One-hundred thirty adult horses admitted to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for gastrointestinal disease (n = 65) or for imaging under anesthesia (n = 65) that were hospitalized for 48 hours. Owner consent was obtained before sampling.
Methods:
Fecal samples were collected at admission and 48 hours later. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ECoV and electron microscopy (EM) were performed on all samples.
Results:
Only 1 of 258 fecal samples was PCR-positive for ECoV. Electron microscopy identified ECoV-like particles in 9 of 258 samples, parvovirus-like particles in 4 of 258 samples, and rotavirus-like particles in 1 of 258 samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The presence of ECoV in feces of hospitalized adult horses was low. Thus, fecal samples that are PCR-positive for ECoV in adult horses that have clinical signs consistent with this viral infection are likely to be of diagnostic relevance. The clinical relevance of the viruses observed using EM remains to be investigated.
Authors =>
Macarena G. Sanz | SoYoung Kwon | Nicola Pusterla | Jenifer R. Gold | Fairfield Bain | Jim Evermann
published =>
First published: 20 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15449
|
Title =>
Plasma citrulline, arginine, nitric oxide, and blood ammonia levels in neonatal calves with acute diarrhea
Abstract =>
Background:
Plasma citrulline (CIT) concentration is considered to be a reliable marker of functional enterocyte mass, primarily in humans. However, information about CIT levels along with related metabolites, arginine (ARG), nitric oxide (NO), and ammonia in neonatal calves are lacking.
Objectives:
To compare plasma CIT, ARG, NO, and whole blood ammonia concentrations in neonatal calves with acute diarrhea with those in healthy calves and to assess their possible relationships with diarrhea-related criteria.
Animals:
Seventy neonatal calves (60 with acute diarrhea and 10 healthy).
Methods:
Observational case-control study. Diarrheic calves were classified into subgroups on the basis of etiology, severity of diarrhea, degree of dehydration, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) status. Plasma CIT and ARG concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
Results:
Plasma CIT (median [range]: 67.5 [61.9-75.4] vs 30.1 [15.0-56.1] μmol/L) and ARG (170.7 [148.5-219.5] vs 106.1 [54.4-190.7] μmol/L) were lower and plasma NO (4.42 [3.29-5.58] vs 6.78 [5.29-8.92] μM) and blood ammonia concentrations (28.7 [26.1-36.9] vs 59.8 [34.6-99.5] μmol/L) were higher in the neonatal calves with diarrhea (P < .001). Plasma CIT (β = −0.29, P = .02), ARG (β = −0.33, P = .01), NO (β = 0.55, P < .001), and blood ammonia (β = 0.63, P <.001) were affected by SIRS status. Except for ammonia (0.52), the effects sizes for severity of diarrhea and degree of dehydration were small (ηp2 ≤ 0.45) for CIT, ARG, and NO.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The changes in these variables might have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in diarrheic neonatal calves.
Authors =>
Mehmet Gultekin | Huseyin Voyvoda | Kerem Ural | Hasan Erdogan | Canberk Balikci | Gamze Gultekin
published =>
First published: 20 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15459
|
Title =>
Association of serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9) concentrations and idiopathic hyperlipidemia in Miniature Schnauzers
Abstract =>
Background:
Idiopathic hyperlipidemia (IH) is a common condition in Miniature Schnauzers (MS). Studies in people have linked IH to low-grade inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IH complications. The role of inflammation in MS with IH is unknown.
Objective:
Evaluation of the inflammatory markers serum calprotectin and S100A12 in MS with IH and in response to dietary intervention for IH management.
Animals:
One-hundred fifty clinically healthy MS.
Methods:
Serum triglyceride, cholesterol, calprotectin, and S100A12 concentrations were measured before and after placing the dogs on an ultra-low fat diet.
Results:
Hypertriglyceridemia (HTGL, P < .001) and hypercholesterolemia (HCHOL, P = .01) were independently associated with increased serum calprotectin but not S100A12 concentrations. Compared to normolipidemic MS, serum calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in MS with HTGL (P < .001) or combined hyperlipidemia (P = .02), but not those with isolated HCHOL (P = 1.0000). Presence (P = .005) and severity (P = .003) of HTGL and serum cholesterol concentrations (P = .04) decreased in MS with IH within 14-26 weeks after being placed on the ultra-low fat diet, but neither serum calprotectin nor S100A12 concentrations changed significantly with this dietary intervention.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Subclinical (low-grade) inflammation appears to be present in some MS with IH, and an ultra-low fat diet does not decrease serum concentrations of inflammatory proteins in those dogs. Whether this presumed inflammatory phenotype in MS with IH is associated with the development of IH complications (eg, insulin resistance) requires further research.
Authors =>
Romy M. Heilmann | Panagiotis G. Xenoulis | Katrin Müller | Eva M. Stavroulaki | Jan S. Suchodolski | Jörg M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 20 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15460
|
Title =>
Evaluation of duodenal perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and intestinal lymphoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion in healthy dogs. It is helpful for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory bowel disease in humans and could be useful for dogs with chronic intestinal diseases.
Objectives:
To examine duodenal perfusion in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and intestinal lymphoma.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs with CIE (n = 26) or intestinal lymphoma (n = 7) and dogs with gastrointestinal signs but histopathologically normal duodenum (controls, n = 14).
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, dogs with CIE were classified into remission (n = 16) and symptomatic (n = 10) groups based on clinical scores determined at the time of CEUS. The duodenum was scanned after IV injection of Sonazoid® (0.01 mL/kg). CEUS-derived perfusion parameters, including time-to-peak, peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), and wash-in and wash-out rates were evaluated.
Results:
The PI was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (median (range); 105.4 (89.3-128.8) MPV) than in the control group (89.9 (68.5-112.2) MPV). The AUC was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (4847.9 (3824.3-8462.8) MPV.sec) than in the control (3448.9 (1559.5-4736.9) MPV.sec) and remission CIE (3862.3 (2094.5-6899.0) MPV.sec) groups. The PI and clinical score were positively correlated in the CIE group. No significant differences in perfusion parameters were detected between the lymphoma and CIE groups or the lymphoma and control groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The PI and AUC can detect duodenal inflammation and hence are potentially useful for excluding a diagnosis of CIE.
Authors =>
Khoirun Nisa | Sue Yee Lim | Masayoshi Shinohara | Tatsuyuki Osuga | Nozomu Yokoyama | Masahiro Tamura | Noriyuki Nagata | Kazuyoshi Sasaoka | Angkhana Dermlim | Rommaneeya Leela-Arporn | Tomoya Morita | Noboru Sasaki | Keitaro Morishita | Kensuke Nakamura | Hiroshi Ohta | Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 19 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15432
|
Title =>
Amino acid status in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Proteinuria in dogs with kidney disease can contribute to protein-energy wasting and malnutrition. Little is known about amino acid (AA) status in dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN).
Objectives:
The purpose of our study was to further elucidate AA status in PLN dogs, with the hypothesis that PLN dogs would have altered AA status as compared to healthy dogs.
Animals:
Thirty client-owned PLN dogs were compared to 10 healthy control dogs.
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Dogs with PLN that were presented to the teaching hospital were enrolled. Plasma AA profiles were measured using an automated high-performance liquid chromatography AA analyzer.
Results:
Compared to control dogs, PLN dogs had significantly lower concentrations of leucine, threonine, histidine, glycine, proline, asparagine, tyrosine, o-hydroxyproline, and serine, as well as sums of both essential and nonessential AA (P < .05). Dogs with PLN had significantly lower ratios of tyrosine-to-phenylalanine and glycine-to-serine (P < .05), and a significantly greater ratio of valine-to-glycine (P < .05).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with PLN have altered AA status compared to healthy dogs. These findings could have therapeutic implications in determining optimal management of PLN dogs, such as providing AA supplementation along with other standard treatment.
Authors =>
Valerie J. Parker | Andrea J. Fascetti | Brett G. Klamer
published =>
First published: 19 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15436
|
Title =>
Association of chronic enteropathy activity index, blood urea concentration, and risk of death in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Malnutrition is associated with increased risk of premature death in humans with inflammatory bowel disease.
Hypothesis/Objective:
To determine if historical, clinical, and laboratory markers of malnutrition in dogs at the time of histologic diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) caused by chronic enteropathy (CE) or lymphangiectasia are associated with increased risk of death.
Animals:
Seventy-one client-owned dogs diagnosed with PLE.
Methods:
The medical records were retrospectively searched for cases of PLE, diagnosed with CE or lymphangiectasia on the basis of histopathology of intestinal biopsies at a referral hospital. For each case, various variables at the time of diagnostic investigation were recorded and follow-up obtained by telephone contact with the referring veterinarian.
Results:
A multivariable cox model indicated that canine chronic enteropathy activity index (CCEAI) and blood urea concentration were significantly associated with death (P values <.01). For each unit increase in CCEAI, the hazard of death increased by 22.9% (confidence interval [CI]: 6.9%-41.2%). Dogs with a CCEAI of ≤8 and dogs with urea ≤7 mmol/L survived 256 days longer (P = .001, CI: 106.7-405.4 days) and 279 days longer (P = .009, CI: 70.0-488.7 days) than those with a CCEAI of >8 and urea >7 mmol/L on average, respectively, when followed up for 647 days.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Increased CCEAI and blood urea concentration at the time of diagnosis might be predictive of death in dogs with PLE caused by CE or lymphangiectasia.
Authors =>
Aarti Kathrani | Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno | Edward J. Hall
published =>
First published: 19 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15448
|
Title =>
Why measuring outcomes is important in health care
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Lucas Pantaleon
published =>
First published: 19 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15458
|
Title =>
The association of indoxyl sulfate with fibroblast growth factor-23 in cats with chronic kidney disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Indoxyl sulfate (IS) has been reported not only to increase with the severity of impaired renal function, but also possibly to be a factor associated with bone abnormalities linked to fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is not yet known whether this correlation between IS and FGF-23 holds true for cats with CKD.
Hypothesis:
Accumulation of IS is related to FGF-23 secretion in cats with CKD.
Animals:
Twenty clinically healthy cats and 73 cats with CKD cases were evaluated retrospectively.
Methods:
The concentrations of IS and FGF-23 in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and ELISA, respectively. Progression was defined as an increment of 0.5 mg/dL of serum creatinine concentration within 3 months.
Results:
Plasma IS and FGF-23 concentrations were significantly increased concurrently with decreasing renal function. Higher concentration of FGF-23 was significantly associated with higher concentration of IS after adjusting for various confounding factors including creatinine and phosphate. Furthermore, the correlation between IS and phosphate was higher than that between FGF-23 and phosphate. When the renal progression group was compared with the non-progression group, both IS and FGF-23 were found to be significantly increased (P < .05). In addition, the area under receiver operator curve of the combination of IS and FGF-23 predicted renal progression at a level >0.9.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Both FGF-23 and IS are associated with phosphate metabolism and CKD progression.
Authors =>
Yu-Lun Liao | Chi-Chung Chou | Ya-Jane Lee
published =>
First published: 18 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15457
|
Title =>
Use of 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess left ventricular systolic function in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Abstract =>
Background:
Early identification of systolic dysfunction in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) potentially could improve the outcome and decrease mortality.
Objective:
To compare 2-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-STE) with 2-dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiography in the evaluation of systolic function in SIRS dogs.
Animals:
Seventeen SIRS and 17 healthy dogs.
Methods:
Prospective observational case-control study. Each dog underwent physical examination, conventional echocardiography, 2D-STE, and C-reactive protein measurement.
Results:
Dogs with SIRS had lower 2D-STE ejection fraction (X4D-EF; 44 ± 8 versus 53 ± 8; P = .003), endocardial global longitudinal strain (ENDO-G-Long-St; −14.6 ± 3.2 versus −18.5 ± 4.1; P = .003), and normalized left ventricular diameter in diastole (1.38 ± 0.25 versus 1.54 ± 0.17; P = .04) and systole (0.85 ± 0.18 versus 0.97 ± 0.11; P = .03) as compared to healthy dogs. Simpson method of disks (SMOD) right parasternal EF (55 ± 9 versus 60 ± 6; P = .07) and end systolic volume index (ESVI; 23 ± 10 versus 21 ± 6; P = .61), SMOD left apical EF (59 ± 9 versus 59 ± 6; P = .87) and ESVI (20 ± 8 versus 22 ± 6; P = .25), fractional shortening (FS; 34 ± 5 versus 33 ± 4; P = .39), M-mode EF (64 ± 7 versus 62 ± 5; P = .35), and ESVI (23 ± 11 versus 30 ± 9; P = .06) were not significantly different between SIRS and control group, respectively.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Speckle tracking X4D-EF and ENDO-G-Long-St are more sensitive than 2D and M-Mode FS, EF, and ESVI in detecting systolic impairment in dogs with SIRS.
Authors =>
Andrea Corda | Maria Luisa Pinna Parpaglia | Giovanni Sotgiu | Rosanna Zobba | Pablo Gomez Ochoa | Jorge Prieto Ramos | Anne French
published =>
First published: 17 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15438
|
Title =>
Luteinizing hormone concentrations in healthy horses and horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking over an 8-hour period
Abstract =>
Background:
Trigeminal-mediated headshaking results from a low threshold for firing of the trigeminal nerve. A seasonal component has been implicated in onset of clinical signs, which occur during the spring and summer months. Geldings are overrepresented in the affected population and hormonal differences as compared to a healthy control population of geldings might contribute to headshaking.
Objective/Hypothesis:
To assess concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) over an 8-hour period in gelded healthy controls and horses affected with headshaking. Our hypothesis was that geldings with seasonal headshaking would have higher concentrations of LH over an 8-hour period compared to control horses during the summer when affected horses manifested headshaking.
Animals:
Twelve geldings (6 controls and 6 affected).
Methods:
Prospective controlled trial. Blood samples were drawn every 15 minutes over an 8-hour time period during summer from all horses to measure circulating LH concentrations by using a radioimmunoassay for equine LH. All affected horses were actively affected by headshaking at the time of sample collection.
Results:
No statistically significant differences in LH concentrations were found throughout the study period in headshakers as compared to control horses. Time had no significant effect, but a slight decrease in LH concentrations was observed for all horses. The main limitation of the study was the low number of horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Horses affected with headshaking did not have significant differences in circulating LH during the late summer as compared to control horses.
Authors =>
Shara A. Sheldon | Monica Aleman | Lais Rosa R. Costa | Ana C. Santoyo | Kalie M. Weich | Quinn Howey | John E. Madigan
published =>
First published: 17 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15451
|
Title =>
Development and validation of a novel clinical scoring system for short-term prediction of death in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with a high death rate in dogs, but accurate predictors of early death are still lacking.
Objectives:
To develop a scoring system for prediction of short-term case fatality in dogs with AP.
Animals:
One hundred sixty-nine dogs with AP including 138 dogs in the training cohort and 31 dogs in the validation cohort.
Methods:
Multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Survival analysis was used to assess the associations with short-term death (within 30 days after admission). Independent predictors of death were identified by a stepwise selection method and used for the score calculation.
Results:
Death rate within 30 days after admission was 33% in the training cohort. Four independent risk factors for short-term death were identified in the training cohort: presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, coagulation disorders, increased creatinine and ionized hypocalcemia. Canine Acute Pancreatitis Severity (CAPS) score was developed to predict short-term death, integrating these 4 factors in a weighted way. A simplified version of CAPS score (sCAPS) including respiratory rate instead of SIRS was also assessed. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) of CAPS and sCAPS scores was 0.92 in the training cohort with an optimal cutoff of 11 (sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 90%) and 6 (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 77%), respectively. CAPS and sCAPS score were validated in the validation cohort with respective AUC of 0.91 and 0.96.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We propose 2 scoring systems that allow early and accurate prediction of short-term death in dogs with AP.
Authors =>
Virginie Fabrès | Olivier Dossin | Clémence Reif | Miguel Campos | Valerie Freiche | Christelle Maurey | Fanny Pilot-Storck | Loïc Desquilbet | Ghita Benchekroun
published =>
First published: 15 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15421
|
Title =>
Activation of upper respiratory tract mucosal innate immune responses in cats by liposomal toll-like receptor ligand complexes delivered topically
Abstract =>
Background:
Nonspecific induction of local innate immune responses by mucosally administered immunotherapy is a new approach to protection from upper respiratory tract infections. Therefore, a new liposome-toll-like receptor complex (LTC) immune stimulant was developed and investigated for its ability to activate innate immune responses in cats, both in vitro and in vivo, as part of an initial evaluation of LTC for use as an immunotherapeutic agent in cats.
Objectives:
We hypothesized that LTC could activate innate immune responses in cats after topical application to nasal and oropharyngeal mucosal surfaces.
Animals:
Mucosal immune responses to topical administration of LTC were assessed in 7 healthy, purpose-bred cats, and in vitro responses were assessed using blood samples from healthy cats.
Methods:
Cytokine and cellular immune responses to LTC were evaluated in blood samples, nasal lavage specimens, and pharyngeal swabs from cats, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, ELISA assays, and flow cytometry.
Results:
Liposome-TLR complexes rapidly activated leukocytes in vitro, including upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression and cytokine production. Topical administration of LTC in healthy cats triggered rapid recruitment of monocytes to the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Liposome-TLR complexes were found to effectively activate innate immune responses in cats after mucosal administration. These findings suggest that LTC have potential for use as a new mucosally administered immunotherapy for nonspecific protection from viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections.
Authors =>
William Wheat | Lyndah Chow | Jonathan Coy | Elena Contreras | Michael Lappin | Steven Dow
published =>
First published: 15 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15426
|
Title =>
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam after oral administration of a granule formulation to healthy horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are administered in horses for several systemic diseases. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are preferred because of lower risk of adverse effects. Several meloxicam formulations have been tested in horses, but a recently marketed granule oral formulation has not been studied.
Objective:
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of a novel granule meloxicam formulation in fasted and fed horses, and to compare pharmacokinetic features with oral suspension and tablets.
Animals:
Seven healthy adult horses.
Methods:
Meloxicam was administered at 0.6 mg/kg in fasted or fed horses. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis, and vital signs, hematology, and biochemistry variables were monitored for 72 hours.
Results:
No adverse effects were detected. Volume of distribution and clearance after intravenous administration of meloxicam were 0.36 L/kg and 29.12 mL/h/kg, respectively, with a 12.39 hours of terminal half-life. Protein binding was of 97%. Bioavailability was high for every oral formulation, ranging 70%-110%, without feed effect. Because of a slower absorption, meloxicam after administration of granules had a longer half-life (24 and 34 hours, fasted and fed, respectively) and mean residence time (31 and 47 hours), than suspension and tablets (ranging 10-13 and 13-15 hours, respectively). In addition, the time above therapeutic concentration was higher for the granule formulation than other formulations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Granule formulation has different PK parameters compared to other oral formulations, which could enable this formulation to be used for different dosage regimens in order to reach a desired clinical effect or decrease the risk of adverse effects.
Authors =>
Francisco Javier Mendoza | Juan Manuel Serrano-Rodriguez | Alejandro Perez-Ecija
published =>
First published: 15 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15433
|
Title =>
Urinalysis and determination of the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio reference interval in healthy cows
Abstract =>
Background:
There are no reference intervals for urinalysis in cattle.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Characterize the urine of healthy cows, establish urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) reference intervals, and test possible differences among dairy and beef cattle, age groups, or stage of lactation.
Animals:
Seventy-seven dairy and 74 beef 2.5 to 17 year-old cows of different breeds housed mainly in free stall.
Methods:
In this prospective study, urine specimens were collected by catheterization. Complete urinalysis was performed within 1 hour including specific gravity, dipstick evaluation, visual urine pH evaluation with 0.3 pH unit graded strips, and microscopic evaluation of the sediment. Urinary protein and creatinine concentrations and protein electrophoresis were determined on frozen aliquots.
Results:
Overall reference intervals were 1.020 to 1.045 for USG, 7.0 to 8.7 for pH, and 0.04 to 0.25 for UPC; because of differences in creatinine concentration, UPC was lower in beef (0.04-0.14) than in dairy (0.05-0.25) cows and in the latter in dry than lactating cows. With dipstick evaluation, most analytes were absent except for blood, ketone, and protein in 24.7, 16.0, and 64.7% of cases, respectively. Microscopic evaluation revealed less than 3 red blood cells, leukocytes, and epithelial cells in 84, 99.3, and 100% cows, respectively. No band was observed at electrophoresis, except in 1 case at MW ~66 000.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Creatininuria is higher in beef than dairy cows and proteinuria is likely more efficiently characterized by protein concentration than by UPC.
Authors =>
Nicolas Herman | Nathalie Bourgès-Abella | Jean-Pierre Braun | Camille Ancel | François Schelcher | Catherine Trumel
published =>
First published: 15 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15452
|
Title =>
Prognostic value of fluorine18 flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Factors indicative of a negative prognosis for appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) in dogs are visible metastatic disease, location, and size of lesion. In human medicine maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax), as measured on a fluorine18 flourodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT), is prognostic for survival for several tumor types.
Objective:
Determine if SUVmax is associated with progression-free interval (PFI) and determination of survival in dogs with appendicular OSA.
Animals:
Sixty-two dogs with untreated appendicular OSA that had been staged with 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Methods:
Retrospective analysis of the 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed. Dogs were excluded from the study if they did not receive definitive intent treatment for their primary OSA and adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin, or had visible metastatic disease on initial imaging. A region of interest (ROI) was created around the primary tumor to measure SUVmax. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to evaluate for associations between variables including SUVmax and outcome of PFI and overall survival (OS).
Results:
Maximum standard uptake value of the primary tumor was significantly associated with the OS (P = .04) with adjustment for treatment type and monocyte count. The overall median survival time (OST) was 284 days (range, 39-1293 days) with the OST of dogs having an SUVmax of ≥7.4 of 254 days (range, 98-428 days) and dogs with an SUVmax of <7.4 of 680 days (range, 108-811 days, P = .01).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Maximum standard uptake value as measured via 18F-FDG PET/CT is significantly associated with survival in dogs with appendicular OSA with a high SUVmax being an indicator of a negative prognosis.
Authors =>
Lynn R. Griffin | Douglas H. Thamm | Ariel Brody | Laura E. Selmic
published =>
First published: 15 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15453
|
Title =>
Comparative pathophysiology and management of protein-losing enteropathy
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Melanie D. Craven | Robert J. Washabau
published =>
First published: 14 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15406
|
Title =>
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in dogs with stable or progressive kidney disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Active kidney injury may play a role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in dogs. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a novel tubular kidney injury biomarker, may help differentiate progressive CKD from stable CKD in dogs.
Objectives:
To determine if urinary NGAL : creatinine ratio (UNCR) differentiates stable and progressive CKD in dogs. We hypothesized that UNCR would be higher in dogs with progressive CKD versus stable CKD.
Animals:
Twenty-one healthy control dogs, 22 with prerenal azotemia, 19 with stable CKD, 30 with progressive CKD, and 27 with acute kidney injury (AKI).
Methods:
Prospective study. Azotemic (serum creatinine concentration >1.6 mg/dL) dogs or nonazotemic AKI dogs were enrolled and classified into 4 groups: (1) prerenal azotemia, (2) stable CKD, (3) progressive CKD, and (4) AKI. Urinary NGAL was measured by ELISA and UNCR compared among groups. Urine protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) in dogs with stable and progressive CKD was compared to UNCR for differentiating CKD groups.
Results:
UNCR was significantly higher in dogs with progressive CKD than stable CKD. UNCR of the prerenal azotemia group was significantly lower than that of the progressive CKD and AKI groups. No significant difference was found in UNCR between stable CKD and prerenal azotemia groups. ROC curve analysis of UNCR for differentiating progressive CKD from stable CKD resulted in an AUC of 0.816 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.673-0.959), greater than that of UPC (0.696; 95% CI, 0.529-0.863).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Urinary NGAL could be helpful to predict the risk of progression in dogs with CKD.
Authors =>
Yoojin M. Kim | David J. Polzin | Aaron Rendahl | Jennifer L. Granick
published =>
First published: 14 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15428
|
Title =>
Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Studies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs.
Objectives:
To document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC.
Animals:
Two hundred one client-owned dogs with CKD.
Methods:
Retrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated.
Results:
Sixty-five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67-6.37; P < .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24-5.03; P = .01) than in dogs with urine-specific gravity 1.013-1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (both P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation.
Authors =>
Anaïs Lamoureux | Fiona Da Riz | Julien Cappelle | Henri-Jean Boulouis | Ghita Benchekroun | Jean-Luc Cadoré | Emilie Krafft | Christelle Maurey
published =>
First published: 14 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15434
|
Title =>
Genetic cause for congenital methemoglobinemia in an Australian Pomeranian dog
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Shijia Zhou | Rick Tearle | Raziallah Jafari Jozani | Bethany Winra | Olaf Schaaf | Anthony Nicholson | Anne Peaston
published =>
First published: 14 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15435
|
Title =>
Hereditary xanthinuria in a goat
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Krystal J. Vail | Nicole M. Tate | Tasha Likavec | Katie M. Minor | Philippa M. Gibbons | Raquel R. Rech | Eva Furrow
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15431
|
Title =>
Morphometric analysis of spinal cord termination in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Abstract =>
Background:
There is an association between Chiari malformations, syringomyelia (CMSM) and tethered cord syndrome (TCS) in people, suggesting Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with CMSM could also have TCS. Currently there are no data on the position of the caudal spinal cord structures in CKCS.
Objective:
To describe and compare location of spinal cord termination in CKCS with weight-matched controls and to examine the relationship between SM and spinal cord termination.
Animals:
Thirty-nine CKCS and 33 controls with thoracolumbar MRIs; 34 of 39 CKCS also had cervical MRIs.
Methods:
Blinded retrospective study. Spinal cord and dural sac termination were determined from T2-weighted sagittal and transverse images and half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo sequences. Intra-observer reliability was determined using kappa analysis. Presence of SM was compared with location of spinal cord and dural sac termination.
Results:
Intra-observer reliability was moderate for identifying spinal cord termination (Kappa = 0.6) and good for dural sac termination (Kappa = 0.8). The spinal cord terminated at lumbar vertebra 6 (L6) in 1, 7 (L7) in 22, and sacrum in 16 CKCS versus 9 at L6, 23 at L7, 1 at sacrum in controls. Spinal cord (P < .001) and dural sac (P = .002) termination were significantly more caudal in CKCS compared to controls. The presence of thoracolumbar SM was associated with more caudal dural sac termination in CKCS (P = .03).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The relationship between TL SM and possible spinal cord tethering because of a more caudal dural sac termination should be investigated.
Authors =>
Courtney R. Sparks | Ian Robertson | Natasha J. Olby
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15437
|
Title =>
Time course and prognostic value of serum GFAP, pNFH, and S100β concentrations in dogs with complete spinal cord injury because of intervertebral disc extrusion
Abstract =>
Background:
A noninvasive biomarker is needed to predict recovery from severe spinal cord injury (SCI) because of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL-IVDE). Proteins released from neural and glial cells can be detected in the blood and show promise as prognostic tools, but their concentration is influenced by time after injury.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Serum concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNFH), and S100β will follow different time courses; measurement of combinations of these proteins will predict outcome.
Animals:
Thirty-one dogs with TL-IVDE causing paralysis with no pain perception.
Methods:
Prospective study. Serum samples were taken at presentation and intervals over 56 days and banked at −80°C. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, pNFH, and S100β concentrations were measured using ELISA tests and plotted against time from onset of nonambulatory status. Outcome was established at 6 months. The association between biomarker concentration and outcome was examined using logistic regression, receiver operator characteristics curve analysis, and model development.
Results:
Thirty-one dogs participated, 3/31 (10%) developed progressive myelomalacia and 19/31 (62%) recovered ambulation. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100β concentrations rose for the first 1 to 3 days, and were undetectable by 14 and 28 days, respectively. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain concentrations peaked at 14 days and were detectable at 56 days. Glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations in the first 72 hours after onset of nonambulatory status predicted recovery with an accuracy of 76.7%-89% depending on sample timing.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Serum GFAP concentrations can be used to predict outcome in clinically complete SCI. A rapid inexpensive bedside test is needed.
Authors =>
Natasha J. Olby | Ji-Hey Lim | Nikki Wagner | Natalia Zidan | Peter J. Early | Christopher L. Mariani | Karen R. Muñana | Eric Laber
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15439
|
Title =>
Biomarkers of oxidative stress as an assessment of the redox status of the liver in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Oxidative stress is associated with a diverse group of liver disorders across species.
Objectives:
Determine whether glutathione (GSH) concentration in plasma and red blood cells correlates with liver GSH concentration in dogs and evaluate whether other markers of systemic oxidative stress, plasma vitamin E and urine 8-isoprostanes/creatinine (F2-IsoPs/Cr) concentrations, correlate with liver GSH.
Animals:
Thirty-four client-owned dogs undergoing clinically indicated liver biopsy and 15 healthy control dogs.
Methods:
Prospective, observational cross-sectional study. Urine and blood were collected before liver biopsy. Plasma, erythrocyte, and liver GSH were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); vitamin E was measured by HPLC, and F2-IsoPs/Cr was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Results:
All dogs were treated at the discretion of the attending clinician (24/34 received antioxidants; 4/34 fed therapeutic liver diet), which included dogs with primary or secondary liver disease (inflammatory (n = 21), metabolic (n = 9), vascular (n = 2), and neoplastic (n = 2)). Median GSH concentrations in plasma, erythrocyte, and liver were 0.18 mg/dL (range 0.14 to 0.56 mg/dL), 56.7 mg/dL (18.3 to 79.2 mg/dL), and 181 mg/dL (39.9 to 527 mg/dL), respectively. No significant correlations were found between liver GSH and erythrocyte GSH, plasma GSH, vitamin E, or F2-IsoPs/Cr. Dogs undergoing clinically indicated liver biopsy had significantly higher urine F2-IsoPs/Cr than did healthy controls (5.89 vs 2.98 ng/mg; P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Erythrocyte and plasma GSH are not indicative of liver GSH concentration in dogs. In addition, dogs undergoing clinically indicated liver biopsy have evidence of increased systemic oxidative stress compared to healthy controls.
Authors =>
Caitlin Barry-Heffernan | Joanne Ekena | Sarah Dowling | Marie E. Pinkerton | Katrina Viviano
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15443
|
Title =>
Risk factors for Candida urinary tract infections in dogs and cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Candida urinary tract infections occur in both dogs in cats but there is limited data about risk factors.
Objective:
To identify risk factors for candiduria in dogs in cats.
Animals:
Eighteen dogs and 8 cats with candiduria.
Methods:
A retrospective case-control study, using univariate exact logistic regression. Medical records were searched for a diagnosis of Candida and animals with culture-confirmed candiduria were enrolled. Controls had bacterial cystitis (dogs and cats) or cutaneous Malassezia infection (dogs only).
Results:
Administration of antibacterial drugs in the 30 days before diagnosis was associated with candiduria in dogs compared to controls with bacterial cystitis (OR 14.5; 95% CI 3.1-66.9) or with Malassezia infection (OR 26.4; 95% CI 3.4-206.7). Antecedent antibacterial drug administration was associated with candiduria in cats (OR 15.7; 95% CI 1.9-132.3). Immunosuppression was associated with candiduria in dogs when compared to controls with Malassezia infection (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.4-12.8), but not significantly when compared to dogs with bacterial cystitis (OR 2.7, 95% CI 0.9-8.0). Lower urinary tract diseases other than infection were associated with candiduria in cats (OR 6.7, 95% CI 1.6-27.9), but not significantly in dogs (OR 2.5, 95% CI 0.7-8.7). Neither diabetes mellitus nor history of hospitalization was significantly associated with candiduria in either species.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
The recent administration of antibacterial drug therapy is a potential risk factor for development of candiduria in dogs and cats. Judicious use of antibacterial drugs might help to prevent candiduria.
Authors =>
Krystle L. Reagan | Jonathan D. Dear | Philip H. Kass | Jane E. Sykes
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15444
|
Title =>
Changes in thyroid and renal function after bilateral thyroidectomy in cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Iatrogenic hypothyroidism might worsen the prognosis of cats with azotemic CKD after thyroidectomy. Varying thyroxine concentrations influence utility of creatinine in assessing renal function. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) has limited studies in cats with changing thyroid status.
Objectives:
Thyroid status is stable 6 months post-thyroidectomy. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine are linearly associated without influence from total thyroxine concentration (tT4).
Animals:
Electronic records of 2 first opinion practices were searched using the term “thyroidectomy” to include 81 client-owned cats that had undergone bilateral thyroidectomy.
Methods:
Retrospective cross-sectional study assessing thyroid hormone concentrations of 68 cats within 6 months of surgery. A longitudinal study of thyroid status in 23 cats with >18 months follow-up post-thyroidectomy. A generalized estimating equation assessed the associations of bodyweight, tT4 and creatinine concentrations on SDMA concentration.
Results:
Sixty-eight cats had follow-up within 6 months. Fifteen cats (22%) had persistent, or recurrent, hyperthyroidism and 33 cats (49%) were hypothyroid. Twenty-three of the euthyroid/hypothyroid cats had long-term follow-up (595-1955 days); 4 cats (17%) remained hypothyroid, 19 cats (83%) were euthyroid (often transiently), and 9 of 23 cats (44%) developed recurrent hyperthyroidism. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine were linearly associated, but hyperthyroid cats had higher SDMA concentrations, relative to creatinine (P = .003).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cats have changes in thyroid function for years after bilateral thyroidectomy, with a high incidence of recurrent hyperthyroidism. Both SDMA and creatinine are affected by thyroxine concentrations, and the effect is greater in hyperthyroid cats.
Authors =>
Heather L. Covey | Yu-mei Chang | Jonathan Elliott | Harriet M. Syme
published =>
First published: 13 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15450
|
Title =>
Complications associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus: A systematic review
Abstract =>
Background:
Several case series and case reports have been published about idiopathic hydrocephalus treatment in dogs and cats using ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS).
Objectives:
To determine the risk and type of complications in dogs and cats after VPS placement.
Animals:
Sixteen papers were included. Sixty dogs and 13 cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus treated by VPS placement were identified.
Methods:
The databases CAB, Scopus, and Medline were used. Idiopathic/congenital hydrocephalus, feline/canine patients, ventriculoperitoneal shunting, complications, and outcomes were inclusion criteria. The focus was on complication type and time frame within which they arose.
Results:
Complications in dogs (n = 60) were shunt obstruction (6/60; 10%), pain (4/60; 5.5%), shunt infection (3/60; 4.1%), disconnection (3/60; 4.1%), excessive shunting (2/60; 2.7%), and kinking (1/60; 1.6%). Complications in cats (n = 13) were coiling of the shunt in the SC tissue (2/13; 15.4%); kinking (1/13; 7.7%); and shunt obstruction (1/13; 7.7%). Complications were most likely during the first 6 months after shunt placement.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Ventriculoperitoneal shunting is considered a viable treatment option for patients with hydrocephalus. Potential complications should be discussed with the owner. Early diagnosis of complications is essential.
Authors =>
Gabriele Gradner | Rose Kaefinger | Gilles Dupré
published =>
First published: 12 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15422
|
Title =>
The frequency of oral famotidine administration influences its effect on gastric pH in cats over time
Abstract =>
Background:
Famotidine is commonly administered to cats. Prolonged famotidine administration results in decreased efficacy in humans, dogs, and cows, but the long-term effects in cats are unknown.
Objectives:
To compare the effect of 2 oral administration frequencies of famotidine, twice daily (Group 1) and twice daily every second day (Group 2), on intragastric pH and serum gastrin concentrations in cats. We hypothesized a diminished effect on intragastric pH would be observed over time in Group 1 but not Group 2.
Animals:
Sixteen healthy cats.
Methods:
Randomized, 2-factor repeated measures crossover design. Cats received 0.5-1.24 mg/kg (median, 0.87 mg/kg) famotidine twice daily or twice daily every second day for 14 consecutive days. Intragastric pH monitoring was used to record intragastric pH on treatment days 1-3 and 11-13. Mean pH and mean percentage time (MPT) intragastric pH was ≥3 and 4 were compared between and within treatment groups by analysis of variance.
Results:
Significant treatment group by time interactions were observed for mean intragastric pH, MPT intragastric pH ≥3 and 4 (P = .009, P = .02, P = .005, respectively). Interaction post hoc tests identified significant decreases in mean intragastric pH (P = .001), MPT ≥3 (P = .001), and MPT ≥4 (P = .001) on day 13 compared to day 1 in Group 1 but not in Group 2.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Oral famotidine administration results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in healthy cats when given twice daily every day.
Authors =>
Elizabeth Golly | Adesola Odunayo | Maggie Daves | Julie Vose | Josh Price | Silke Hecht | Joerg M. Steiner | Shanna Hillsman | M. Katherine Tolbert
published =>
First published: 12 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15430
|
Title =>
Endoscopic laser-ablation for the treatment of orthotopic and ectopic ureteroceles in dogs: 13 cases (2008-2017)
Abstract =>
Background:
Ureteroceles are a rare condition in dogs in which conventional treatments can result in substantial morbidity. Cystoscopic and fluoroscopic-guided laser ablation (CLA) of ureteroceles can successfully relieve obstruction.
Objectives:
To describe the technique and outcomes of attempting CLA for treatment of ureteroceles in dogs.
Animals:
Thirteen client-owned dogs that underwent CLA for treatment of ureteroceles.
Methods:
Retrospective multicentered study. Medical records were reviewed in all dogs that underwent CLA for ureterocele(s). A laser was used to extend the opening of the ureteral orifice (UO) unless surgical conversion was necessary. Data collected included signalment, clinicopathologic data, imaging, procedural findings, complications, and short- and long-term outcome.
Results:
Thirteen dogs with 13 ureteroceles associated with 14 UOs resulting in ureteral obstruction were included. One ureterocele extended bilaterally. Treatment was initiated via retrograde cystoscopy (7 females), percutaneous perineal urethrocystoscopy (4 males), or percutaneous antegrade cystoscopy (2 males). Surgical conversion was necessary in 2 males. Ten of 14 (71%) UOs associated with the ureteroceles were ectopic. Thirteen of 14 had stenotic or imperforate UOs. No postoperative complications were noted. Preoperative incontinence or pollakiuria was present in 9 of 13 and 3 of 13 dogs and resolved in 8 of 9 and 3 of 3 dogs, respectively. Follow-up imaging showed resolution of all ureteroceles and improved ureteral/renal pelvic dilatation. Median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 3-96 months).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cystoscopic-guided laser ablation was effective for the treatment of ureteroceles(s) in 11 of 13 dogs.
Authors =>
Cleo P. Rogatko | Allyson C. Berent | Larry G. Adams | Chick W. Weisse | Demetrius Bagley
published =>
First published: 11 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15424
|
Title =>
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Andy E. Durham | Nicholas Frank | Cathy M. McGowan | Nicola J. Menzies-Gow | Ellen Roelfsema | Ingrid Vervuert | Karsten Feige | Kerstin Fey
published =>
First published: 06 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15423
|
Title =>
Coding sequences of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase regulatory peptides and expression of calcium regulatory genes in recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis
Abstract =>
Background:
Sarcolipin (SLN), myoregulin (MRLN), and dwarf open reading frame (DWORF) are transmembrane regulators of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transporting ATPase (SERCA) that we hypothesized played a role in recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER).
Objectives:
Compare coding sequences of SLN, MRLN, DWORF across species and between RER and control horses. Compare expression of muscle Ca2+ regulatory genes between RER and control horses.
Animals:
Twenty Thoroughbreds (TB), 5 Standardbreds (STD), 6 Quarter Horses (QH) with RER and 39 breed-matched controls.
Methods:
Sanger sequencing of SERCA regulatory genes with comparison of amino acid (AA) sequences among control, RER horses, human, mouse, and rabbit reference genomes. In RER and control gluteal muscle, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of SERCA regulatory peptides, the calcium release channel (RYR1), and its accessory proteins calsequestrin (CASQ1), and calstabin (FKBP1A).
Results:
The SLN gene was the highest expressed horse SERCA regulatory gene with a uniquely truncated AA sequence (29 versus 31) versus other species. Coding sequences of SLN, MRLN, and DWORF were identical in RER and control horses. A sex-by-phenotype effect occurred with lower CASQ1 expression in RER males versus control males (P < .001) and RER females (P = .05) and higher FKBP1A (P = .01) expression in RER males versus control males.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The SLN gene encodes a uniquely truncated peptide in the horse versus other species. Variants in the coding sequence of SLN, MLRN, or DWORF were not associated with RER. Males with RER have differential gene expression that could reflect adaptations to stabilize RYR1.
Authors =>
Stephanie J. Valberg | Kaitlin Soave | Zoë J. Williams | Sudeep Perumbakkam | Melissa Schott | Carrie J. Finno | Jessica L. Petersen | Clara Fenger | Joseph M. Autry | David D. Thomas
published =>
First published: 05 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15425
|
Title =>
The effect of single pretreatment with salbutamol on recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma
Abstract =>
Background:
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a method for the recovery of respiratory secretion from the lower airways.
Objectives:
To investigate if the administration of a single dose of a bronchodilatator in horses with a suspected or confirmed severe equine asthma could improve recovery of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).
Animals:
Twenty-eight horses with severe equine asthma.
Methods:
Horses were divided into 2 groups: group “treated” was given salbutamol before endoscopic examination and BALF collection, whereas group “not treated” was not given. BAL was performed with BAL-catheter by instilling 350 mL of sterile saline. Amount of recovered fluid was recorded. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-tailed Student's t test.
Results:
The average fluid recovery in the horses treated with salbutamol was 52% ± 15% (mean +/− SD), compared with 38% ± 13% for the group of horses not treated with salbutamol (P = 0.013).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Clinicians should consider administration of salbutamol before performing BAL on horses with asthma.
Authors =>
Mathilde S. Varegg | Kine M. Kløverød | Malin K. Austnes | Natalia Siwinska | Malwina Slowikowska | Agnieszka Zak | Artur Niedzwiedz
published =>
First published: 01 February 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15359
|
Title =>
Cardiorenal and endocrine effects of synthetic canine BNP1-32 in dogs with compensated congestive heart failure caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The effects of synthetic brain natriuretic peptide (BNP1-32) on cardiorenal and renin angiotensin aldosterone system in dogs with naturally occurring congestive heart failure (CHF) are unknown.
Objectives:
To evaluate the cardiorenal and endocrine effects of SC administered synthetic canine BNP1-32, with or without furosemide, in dogs with CHF caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).
Animals:
Seven client-owned male dogs with compensated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C CHF caused by MMVD on chronic treatment with furosemide, benazepril, and pimobendan.
Methods:
A single-dose, crossover, pilot study. Each dog received a dose of BNP1-32 (5 μg/kg), furosemide (2 mg/kg), and both BNP1-32/furosemide (5 μg/kg and 2 mg/kg, respectively) SC with a 2-week washout period among each treatment. Between- and within-treatment effects were evaluated using linear mixed modeling with restricted maximum likelihood estimation and evaluation of least square differences.
Results:
Rapid absorption of BNP1-32 and a corresponding rise in urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate excretion was observed at 1-2 hours after any treatment containing BNP1-32 (P < .05). However, BNP1-32 did not influence measured cardiorenal variables. Plasma aldosterone concentrations were below quantifiable levels in majority of the samples.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
No beneficial cardiorenal effects were detected. It is possible that dogs with chronic CHF have a reduction in natriuretic peptide responsiveness.
Authors =>
Mariko Yata | Hans S. Kooistra | Niek J. Beijerink
published =>
First published: 31 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15416
|
Title =>
Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to treat nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug overdose in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) may be an effective technique for treatment of accidental nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) overdose, but information regarding the use of this technique in veterinary medicine is currently limited.
Objectives:
To evaluate the overall outcome for dogs with NSAID overdose treated with TPE and to determine if any presenting factors can predict or influence overall outcome. Secondary objectives included investigating TPE complications as well as the utility of other adjunctive treatments.
Animals:
Eleven client-owned dogs presented for NSAID overdose that received TPE. All patients also received additional supportive treatment including IV lipid infusion.
Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records.
Results:
Eleven cases were included in the study. Of these, the NSAID ingested was ibuprofen in 6 (54.5%), naproxen in 4 (36.4%), and deracoxib in 1 (9.1%). All dogs survived to discharge with 3 (27.3%) developing acute kidney injury during hospitalization. A larger initial dose of NSAID ingested was associated with a higher maximum serum creatinine concentration during hospitalization (P = .04) and larger change in serum creatinine concentration from baseline (P = .02). Six dogs (54.5%) developed complications associated with TPE. The use of other treatments did not affect the overall outcome.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We identified TPE as an effective treatment for NSAID overdose with good outcomes despite high doses of NSAID ingestion in dogs treated with a single TPE treatment. Complications were common but did not affect the final outcome. Therapeutic plasma exchange should be considered in patients presenting for high-dose NSAID ingestion.
Authors =>
Melisa G. Rosenthal | Mary A. Labato
published =>
First published: 30 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15420
|
Title =>
Can levamisole upregulate the equine cell-mediated macrophage (M1) dendritic cell (DC1) T-helper 1 (CD4 Th1) T-cytotoxic (CD8) immune response in vitro?
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a common and devastating neurologic disease of horses in the United States. Because some EPM-affected horses have decreased immune responses, immunomodulators such as levamisole have been proposed as supplemental treatments. However, little is known about levamisole's effects or its mechanism of action in horses.
Objective:
Levamisole in combination with another mitogen will stimulate a macrophage 1 (M1), dendritic cell 1 (DC1), T-helper 1 (CD4 Th1), and T-cytotoxic (CD8) immune response in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro as compared to mitogen alone.
Animals:
Ten neurologically normal adult horses serologically negative for Sarcocystis neurona.
Methods:
Prospective study. Optimal conditions for levamisole were determined based on cellular proliferation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were then cultured using optimal conditions of mitogen and levamisole to identify the immune phenotype, based on subset-specific activation markers, intracellular cytokine production, and cytokine concentrations in cell supernatants. Subset-specific proliferation was determined using a vital stain.
Results:
Concanavalin A (conA) with levamisole, but not levamisole alone, resulted in a significant decrease (P < .05) in PBMC proliferation compared to conA alone. Levamisole alone did not elicit a specific immune phenotype different than that induced by conA.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Levamisole co-cultured with conA significantly attenuated the PBMC proliferative response as compared with conA. If the mechanisms by which levamisole modulates the immune phenotype can be further defined, levamisole may have potential use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Authors =>
Sharon Witonsky | Virginia Buechner-Maxwell | Amy Santonastasto | Robert Pleasant | Stephen Werre | Bettina Wagner | Siobhan Ellison | David Lindsay
published =>
First published: 29 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15404
|
Title =>
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin
Abstract =>
Background:
Doxorubicin (DOX) can cause cumulative cardiotoxicity in dogs, but the incidence of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving DOX has not been determined.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine if the duration of DOX infusion influences the incidence of cardiotoxicity, to characterize the incidence of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs during or after DOX chemotherapy, and to identify any risk factors associated with cardiotoxicity.
Animals:
Four-hundred ninety-four dogs that received at least 1 dose of DOX for the treatment of cancer.
Methods:
Retrospective study of dogs that received DOX from 2006 to 2015.
Results:
Of 494 dogs, 20 (4.0%) developed clinical cardiotoxicity. The duration of DOX infusion was not significantly associated with clinical cardiotoxicity, whereas a higher cumulative dose of DOX, higher body weight, decreases in fractional shortening after 5 doses of DOX, and development of ventricular premature contractions were significantly associated with clinical cardiotoxicity. High-risk breeds for developing dilated cardiomyopathy had an incidence of 15.4%, whereas low-risk breeds had an incidence of 3.0%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Although the duration of DOX infusion did not influence the incidence of cardiotoxicity, premature contractions and decreases in fractional shortening should raise concern for the development of clinical cardiotoxicity. Overall, the incidence of clinical DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is low, but Boxers and other breeds at high risk for dilated cardiomyopathy may be at an increased risk.
Authors =>
Briana E. Hallman | Marlene L. Hauck | Laurel E. Williams | Paul R. Hess | Steven E. Suter
published =>
First published: 29 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15414
|
Title =>
Phenotypic, hormonal, and clinical characteristics of equine endocrinopathic laminitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine endocrinopathic laminitis is common and can be associated with an underlying endocrinopathy, such as equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), pasture consumption, or any combination of these factors.
Objectives:
The aim of the study was to improve the risk assessment capabilities of clinicians, and to inform management strategies, for acute endocrinopathic laminitis by prospectively examining the phenotypic, hormonal, and clinical characteristics of the disease in a large cohort.
Animals:
Privately owned horses and ponies (n = 301) of any age, sex, or breed diagnosed with laminitis by a veterinarian. A history of laminitis was acceptable.
Methods:
This was a prospective cohort study. Veterinarians provided information on each case via an online questionnaire after informed consent from the animal's owner, and all data were de-identified before analysis. Serum insulin and plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations were measured in each case.
Results:
Most cases were recruited in spring (109/301; 36.2%). Concurrent EMS and PPID resulted in higher basal insulin concentrations (49 [21.5-141]; P < .02) than if an animal had a single underlying cause for their laminitis. The insulin concentration was negatively correlated (r2 = −0.38; P < .001) with the animal's height, being higher in ponies (33[10-14]; P < .001) than horses (9.5 [3-25.7]) and was positively correlated (r2 = 0.12; P = .05) with their grade (severity) of laminitis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Horses and ponies with concurrent endocrinopathies have more marked hyperinsulinemia. Higher basal insulin concentrations were associated with more severe lameness.
Authors =>
Melody A. de Laat | Martin N. Sillence | Dania B. Reiche
published =>
First published: 29 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15419
|
Title =>
Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate and its effect on horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking
Abstract =>
Background:
Trigeminal-mediated headshaking results from low-threshold firing of the trigeminal nerve resulting in apparent facial pain. Magnesium may have neuroprotective effects on nerve firing that potentially dampen signs of neuropathic pain. This hypothesis has not been investigated in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.
Objective:
To investigate head-shaking behavior in affected horses after IV magnesium sulfate infusion.
Animals:
Six geldings with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.
Methods:
Prospective randomized crossover study. Horses were controlled for diet and infused IV with 5% dextrose solution (DS; control solution at 2 mL/kg body weight [BW]) and MgSO4 50% solution (MSS at 40 mg/kg BW). Head-shaking behavior was recorded at times T0 (baseline, before infusion) and T15, T30, T60, and T120 minutes post-infusion. Venous blood variables such as pH, HCO3−, standard base excess (SBE), Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, total magnesium (tMg), glucose, and lactate were measured; strong ion difference (SID) and anion gap (AG) were calculated for each time point.
Results:
Blood variables including pH, Na+, Cl−, K+, SID, AG, lactate, Ca2+, tMg, and Mg2+ had significant changes with MSS as compared to DS treatment. Glucose, SBE, and HCO3− did not have significant changes. A 29% reduction in head-shaking rate occurred after MSS treatment but no change occurred after DS treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Administration of MSS IV increased plasma total and ionized magnesium concentrations and significantly decreased head-shaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking.
Authors =>
Shara A. Sheldon | Monica Aleman | Lais Rosa R. Costa | Ana C. Santoyo | Quinn Howey | John E. Madigan
published =>
First published: 22 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15410
|
Title =>
Evaluation of an HMGA2 variant for pleiotropic effects on height and metabolic traits in ponies
Abstract =>
Background:
Ponies are highly susceptible to metabolic derangements including hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and adiposity.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Genetic loci affecting height in ponies have pleiotropic effects on metabolic pathways and increase the susceptibility to equine metabolic syndrome (EMS).
Animals:
Two hundred ninety-four Welsh ponies and 529 horses.
Methods:
Retrospective study of horses phenotyped for metabolic traits. Correlations between height and metabolic traits were assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Complementary genome-wide analysis methods were used to identify a region of interest (ROI) for height and metabolic traits, determine the fraction of heritability contributed by the ROI, and identify candidate genes.
Results:
There was an inverse relationship between height and baseline insulin (−0.26) in ponies. Genomic signature of selection and association analyses for both height and insulin identified the same ~1.3 megabase region on chromosome 6 that contained a shared ancestral haplotype between these traits. The ROI contributed ~40% of the heritability for height and ~20% of the heritability for insulin. High-mobility group AT-hook 2 was identified as a candidate gene, and Sanger sequencing detected a c.83G>A (p.G28E) variant associated with height in Shetland ponies. In our cohort of ponies, the A allele had a frequency of 0.76, was strongly correlated with height (−0.75), and was low to moderately correlated with metabolic traits including: insulin (0.32), insulin after an oral sugar test (0.25), non-esterified fatty acids (0.19), and triglyceride (0.22) concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These data have important implications for identifying individuals at risk for EMS.
Authors =>
Elaine M. Norton | Felipe Avila | Nichol E. Schultz | James R. Mickelson | Ray J. Geor | Molly E. McCue
published =>
First published: 21 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15403
|
Title =>
Associations of environment, health history, T-zone lymphoma, and T-zone-like cells of undetermined significance: A case-control study of aged Golden Retrievers
Abstract =>
Background:
T-zone lymphoma (TZL), an indolent disease in older dogs, comprises approximately 12% of lymphomas in dogs. TZL cells exhibit an activated phenotype, indicating the disease may be antigen-driven. Prior research found that asymptomatic aged Golden Retrievers (GLDRs) commonly have populations of T-zone-like cells (phenotypically identical to TZL) of undetermined significance (TZUS).
Objective:
To evaluate associations of inflammatory conditions, TZL and TZUS, using a case-control study of GLDRs.
Animals:
TZL cases (n = 140), flow cytometrically diagnosed, were identified through Colorado State University's Clinical Immunology Laboratory. Non-TZL dogs, recruited through either a database of owners interested in research participation or the submitting clinics of TZL cases, were subsequently flow cytometrically classified as TZUS (n = 221) or control (n = 147).
Methods:
Health history, signalment, environmental, and lifestyle factors were obtained from owner-completed questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression, obtaining separate estimates for TZL and TZUS (versus controls).
Results:
Hypothyroidism (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7), omega-3 supplementation (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.6), and mange (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.4-21.1) were significantly associated with TZL. Gastrointestinal disease (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 0.98-5.8) had nonsignificantly increased TZL odds. Two shared associations for TZL and TZUS were identified: bladder infection or calculi (TZL OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 0.96-12.7; TZUS OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.9-13.7) and eye disease (TZL OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.97-5.2; TZUS OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.99-3.8).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These findings may elucidate pathways involved in TZUS risk and progression from TZUS to TZL. Further investigation into the protective association of omega-3 supplements is warranted.
Authors =>
Julia D. Labadie | Sheryl Magzamen | Paul S. Morley | G. Brooke Anderson | Janna Yoshimoto | Anne C. Avery
published =>
First published: 21 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15405
|
Title =>
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after long-term bisphosphonate treatment in a cat
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Melinda J. Larson | Ashley B. Oakes | Ember Epperson | Dennis J. Chew
published =>
First published: 21 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15409
|
Title =>
Serum levetiracetam concentrations after transdermal levetiracetam administration, 3 times daily, to healthy cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Repeated oral administration of antiepileptic drugs can be challenging for cat owners, resulting in reduced compliance, poor seizure control, and reduced quality of life for cats. Levetiracetam (LEV) has several properties that make it an appealing drug for transdermal application.
Objectives:
The aims were to (1) determine if transdermal LEV, in a lipophilic, liposomic cream vehicle, resulted in serum concentrations above 5 μg/mL; (2) identify clinical adverse effects; and (3) evaluate the concentration of LEV in a lipophilic liposomic cream at set intervals.
Animals:
Six healthy, client-owned cats weighing ≤5 kg.
Methods:
Prospective clinical trial. Transdermal LEV was applied to the inner pinna at a dosage of 60 mg/kg (400 mg/mL concentration) at home for 6 days. Day 7, cats were hospitalized for blood sample collection for LEV concentration at times 0 (before dose administration), 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after administration.
Results:
Median (range) timed serum concentrations were 16.6 (8.6-39.6) μg/mL, 16.1 (6.8-34.4) μg/mL, 15.4 (10.1-36.7) μg/mL, 17.4 (9.2-32.7) μg/mL, 15.1 (8.3-25.9) μg/mL, and 14.8 (11.9-28.4) μg/mL, respectively. Adverse events were limited to sedation (1/6 cats) and pinna crusting (1/6 cats). The LEV, in the proposed vehicle, retained concentration above 95% at 400 mg/mL up to 5 weeks.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Thrice daily transdermal LEV resulted in median serum concentrations ≥5 μg/mL throughout the sampling period and clinical adverse events were minimal. Transdermal LEV can provide an alternative for cats resistant to administration of other forms of anticonvulsant medication.
Authors =>
Casey Smith | Heidi L. Barnes Heller | Nicole Reif | Matthew Van Hesteren | Jennifer M. Reinhart
published =>
First published: 21 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15412
|
Title =>
Recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Irish Wolfhounds: Clinical findings and etiological studies
Abstract =>
Background:
Increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia (BP) has been reported in Irish Wolfhounds (IWHs), and recurrence of BP is common. The etiology of recurrent pneumonia in IWHs is largely unknown.
Objectives:
To describe clinical findings in IWHs with recurrent BP and investigate possible etiologies.
Animals:
Eleven affected IWHs, 25 healthy IWHs, 28 healthy dogs of other Sighthound breeds, and 16 healthy dogs of other breeds.
Methods:
Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All affected IWHs underwent thorough clinical examinations including thoracic radiographs, thoracic computed tomography, electron microscopic evaluation of ciliary structure, and bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and culture. Serum and BALF immunoglobulin concentrations were measured using an ELISA method, and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed using flow cytometry. Esophageal function was assessed by fluoroscopy (n = 2).
Results:
Median age of onset was 5.0 years (range, 0.4-6.5 years), and when presented for study, dogs had experienced a median of 5 previous episodes of BP (range, 2-6). The following predisposing factors to BP were detected: focal bronchiectasis (10/11), unilateral (2/9) and bilateral (1/9) laryngeal paralysis, and esophageal hypomotility (2/2). Local or systemic immunoglobulin deficiencies or primary ciliary defects were not detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Recurrent BP affects mostly middle-aged and older IWHs without any evident immune deficit or primary ciliary defects. Focal BE was a frequent finding in affected dogs and likely contributed to the development of recurrent respiratory infections. Laryngeal and esophageal dysfunction identified in a minority of dogs may contribute to recurrent BP.
Authors =>
Sanna J. Viitanen | Anu K. Lappalainen | Ninna M. Koho | Tiina Pessa-Morikawa | Lorenzo Ressel | Minna M. Rajamäki
published =>
First published: 21 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15413
|
Title =>
Spontaneous primary hypothyroidism in 7 adult cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 18 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15417
|
Title =>
Effects of 6% tetrastarch or lactated Ringer's solution on blood coagulation in hemorrhaged dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 18 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15418
|
Title =>
Prevalence, risk factors, and characterization of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy horses in France in 2015
Abstract =>
Background:
Although antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remains scarce.
Objectives:
We estimated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding of multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, and AmpC β-lactamase-producing, or some combination of these in Escherichia coli in horses in France. We characterized ESBL/AmpC isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence and ESBL/AmpC-associated resistance genes.
Animals:
Fecal samples from healthy adult horses at 41 premises were collected. A questionnaire was completed by each premises manager. A subset of these samples was tested to build 2 bacterial collections.
Methods:
Indicator (without enrichment) and specific (enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Prevalence of isolates nonsusceptible to antimicrobials was estimated at the horse and the premises level. The ESBL/AmpC and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates at premises.
Results:
Approximately 44% of horses shed MDR E. coli. Resistance most commonly was observed to ampicillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Twenty-nine percent of premises housed horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. The ESBL/AmpC gene most commonly identified was blaCTX-M-1. Virulence gene iutA was identified in 1 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolate. Medical treatment, staff numbers, and activity were identified as risk factors for housing horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Prevalence of healthy horses harboring ESBL/AmpC genes and MDR isolates in their intestinal microbiota is substantial. Risk factors could be used to elaborate guidelines to prevent their dissemination.
Authors =>
Maud de Lagarde | Caroline Larrieu | Karine Praud | Catherine Schouler | Benoît Doublet | Guillaume Sallé | John M. Fairbrother | Julie Arsenault
published =>
First published: 15 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15415
|
Title =>
Retrospective evaluation of clinical outcome after chemotherapy for lymphoma in 15 equids (1991-2017)
Abstract =>
Background:
Prognosis associated with lymphoma in horses is poorly characterized, and treatment is often palliative. Long-term outcome after chemotherapy for horses with lymphoma is not well documented.
Objective:
To report long-term outcome of horses with lymphoma treated with chemotherapy.
Animals:
Fifteen equids.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. Medical record search and call for cases on the ACVIM listserv for horses treated with chemotherapy for lymphoma.
Results:
Fifteen cases with adequate data were identified. Complete remission was achieved in 5 horses (33.3%), partial response was achieved in 9 equids (60%), and stable disease was achieved in 1 horse. Overall response rate was 93.3% (14/15). Overall median survival time was 8 months (range, 1-46 months). Nine horses experienced a total of 14 adverse effects attributable to chemotherapy. Adverse effects were graded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group common terminology criteria for adverse events grading system (grade 1 alopecia, n = 2; grade 1 neutropenia, n = 2; grade 1 lymphopenia, n = 3; grade 1 lethargy, n = 1; grade 2 neurotoxicity, n = 1; grade 2 colic, n = 1; grade 1 hypersensitivity, n = 1; grade 2 hypersensitivity, n = 2; grade 5 hypersensitivity, n = 1). Higher grade adverse effects most commonly were associated with doxorubicin administration (n = 4), including 1 horse that died 18 hours post-administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Chemotherapy can be used successfully for treatment of horses with lymphoma. Adverse effects, most commonly mild, occurred in approximately two-thirds of treated horses.
Authors =>
Daniela Luethy | Angela E. Frimberger | Daniela Bedenice | Barbara S. Byrne | Erin S. Groover | Rachel B. Gardner | Trisha Lewis | Valerie S. MacDonald | Lauren Proctor-Brown | Joy E. Tomlinson | Kenneth M. Rassnick | Amy L. Johnson
published =>
First published: 12 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15411
|
Title =>
Assessment of symmetric dimethylarginine as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine
Abstract =>
Background:
Measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and urea nitrogen fail to detect decreased renal function in many hyperthyroid cats because of low muscle mass and glomerular hyperfiltration of affected cats. Serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sSDMA) is an earlier and more sensitive renal biomarker than sCr.
Objective:
Evaluate sSDMA as a biomarker of renal function in hyperthyroid cats before (T0) and 1 month after (T1) radioiodine (131I) treatment.
Animals:
Forty-seven client-owned hyperthyroid nonazotemic cats were evaluated at T0 and T1.
Methods:
A prospective study in which sCr and sSDMA concentrations were determined in 47 hyperthyroid cats at T0 and at T1. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated at T0 and T1 in 10 of these 47 cats using plasma exogenous creatinine clearance test.
Results:
Serum SDMA was elevated (>14 μg/dL) in 6 of 47 cats at T0 and normalized after treatment in 4 of those cats. All cats remained nonazotemic after treatment. In 10 cats in which GFR was measured, correlation between GFR and sSDMA was low and not significant (τb = −0.35, P = .17 at T0 and τb = −.22, P = .41 at T1), whereas correlation between GFR and sCr was moderate and significant (τb = −0.52, P < .05 at T0 and τb = −.53, P = <.05 at T1).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Careful interpretation of mildly increased sSDMA with normal sCr in hyperthyroid cats is warranted as sSDMA values might normalize after resolution of hyperthyroidism in some cats. In this population of hyperthyroid cats, sSDMA was poorly correlated with GFR.
Authors =>
Eva Buresova | Emmelie Stock | Dominique Paepe | Lisa Stammeleer | Eva Vandermeulen | Pascale Smets | Luc Duchateau | Herve P. Lefebvre | Sylvie Daminet
published =>
First published: 11 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15407
|
Title =>
Disease features of equine coronavirus and enteric salmonellosis are similar in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is an emerging pathogen associated with fever and enteric disease in adult horses. Clinical features of ECoV infection have been described, but no study has compared these features to those of Salmonella infections.
Objectives:
Compare the clinical features of ECoV infection with enteric salmonellosis and establish a disease signature to increase clinical suspicion of ECoV infection in adult horses.
Animals:
Forty-three horses >1 year of age with results of CBC, serum biochemistry, and fecal diagnostic testing for ECoV and Salmonella spp.
Methods:
Medical records of horses presented to the North Carolina State University Equine and Farm Animal Veterinary Center (2003-016) were retrospectively reviewed. Horses were divided into 3 groups based on fecal diagnostic test results: ECoV-positive, Salmonella-positive, or unknown diagnosis (UNK). Time of year presented, clinical signs, CBC, and serum biochemistry test results were recorded. Data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, or Fisher's exact test with significance set at P < .05.
Results:
Most common presenting complaints were fever and colic and were similar across groups. Horses with ECoV had significantly decreased neutrophil counts when compared to those with no diagnosis but were not different from horses with Salmonella. Horses with Salmonella had significantly lower mean leukocyte counts compared to those with UNK. No significant differences were found among groups for any other examined variable.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Equine coronavirus and Salmonella infections share clinical features, suggesting both diseases should be differential diagnoses for horses with fever and enteric clinical signs.
Authors =>
Arlie J. Manship | Anthony T. Blikslager | Johanna R. Elfenbein
published =>
First published: 10 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15386
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Title =>
Comparison between real-time 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional biplane echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volumes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Assessment of left atrial (LA) size is important in medical decision making and prognostication in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Real-time 3-dimensional (RT3DE) and 2-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) methods may be used to assess LA size.
Objectives:
To compare measured LA volumes obtained by RT3DE with those calculated by biplane Simpson's modified method of discs (SMOD) and the area-length method (ALM) using the same RT3DE acquisition with the same timing.
Animals:
One hundred twenty-one privately owned dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.
Methods:
Prospective observational study comparing LA volumes indexed to body weight using RT3DE and 2DE-based biplane SMOD and ALM. Agreement between methods was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots and linear regression analyses.
Results:
Estimations of LA volume using SMOD or ALM did not show good agreement with RT3DE-derived measurements. Absolute differences between methods increased with increasing LA volume, but SMOD underestimated whereas ALM overestimated calculated volumes compared to RT3DE-derived measurements. The difference in LA volume between RT3DE and the biplane methods showed a systematic underestimation of 7% for SMOD and a systematic overestimation of 24% for ALM. Comparison of LA volumes obtained by SMOD and ALM did not show good agreement. The ALM yielded 30% larger LA volumes compared to SMOD.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
In comparison with RT3DE, SMOD systematically underestimated whereas ALM systematically overestimated LA volumes in dogs with MMVD. Because the systematic difference between RT3DE and SMOD was only 7%, SMOD might be considered the method of choice.
Authors =>
Anna Tidholm | Anna Bodegård-Westling | Katja Höglund | Jens Häggström | Ingrid Ljungvall
published =>
First published: 09 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15408
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Title =>
Prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant for immune-mediated myositis and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in performance subgroups of American Quarter Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Immune-mediated myositis (IMM) in American Quarter Horses (QHs) causes acute muscle atrophy and lymphocytic infiltration of myofibers. Recently, an E321G mutation in a highly conserved region of the myosin heavy chain 1 (MYH1) gene was associated with susceptibility to IMM and nonexertional rhabdomyolysis.
Objectives:
To estimate prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant in the QH breed and performance subgroups.
Animals:
Three-hundred seven elite performance QHs and 146 random registered QH controls.
Methods:
Prospective genetic survey. Elite QHs from barrel racing, cutting, halter, racing, reining, Western Pleasure, and working cow disciplines and randomly selected registered QHs were genotyped for the E321G MYH1 variant and allele frequencies were calculated.
Results:
The E321G MYH1 variant allele frequency was 0.034 ± 0.011 in the general QH population (6.8% of individuals in the breed) and the highest among the reining (0.135 ± 0.040; 24.3% of reiners), working cow (0.085 ± 0.031), and halter (0.080 ± 0.027) performance subgroups. The E321G MYH1 variant was present in cutting (0.044 ± 0.022) and Western Pleasure (0.021 ± 0.015) QHs at lower frequency and was not observed in barrel racing or racing QHs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Knowing that reining and working cow QHs have the highest prevalence of the E321G MYH1 variant and that the variant is more prevalent than the alleles for hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in the general QH population will guide the use of genetic testing for diagnostic and breeding purposes.
Authors =>
Giuliana M. Gianino | Stephanie J. Valberg | Sudeep Perumbakkam | Marisa L. Henry | Keri Gardner | Cecilia Penedo | Carrie J. Finno
published =>
First published: 08 January 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15393
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