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Title =>
Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function in Healthy Horses and in Horses with Heart Disease Using Pulsed-Wave Tissue Doppler Imaging
Abstract =>
Background:
Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is not well established in horses with heart disease.
Objectives:
To describe the use of pulsed-wave (PW) TDI for the assessment of LV function, establish reference intervals, investigate effects of mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic regurgitation (AR), and primary myocardial disease (MD), and provide proof of concept for the use of PW TDI in Warmblood horses with heart disease.
Animals:
Thirty healthy horses, 38 horses with MR, 25 with AR, 8 with MD.
Methods:
Echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed. Reference intervals were calculated. PW TDI indices of healthy horses and horses with MR, AR, and MD were compared by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test.
Results:
A complete set of PW TDI variables could be obtained in 94 of 101 horses. Variables corresponding to isovolumic intervals were most difficult to measure. Valvular regurgitation influenced variables describing isovolumic contraction and ejection. Horses with MD had significantly shortened ETm (−118.5 [−154.1 to −82.9] ms; mean difference [95% CI of difference of means]), increased PEPm/ETm (0.11 [0.05 to 0.17]), prolonged IMPm (0.28 [0.18 to 0.37]), increased S1 (8.9 [5.2 to 12.6] cm/s), and decreased E1 (−2.6 [−4.7 to −0.5] cm/s), Em (−14.2 [−19.9 to −8.5] cm/s), and Em/Am ratio (−1.6 [−2.6 to −0.6]).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Pulsed-wave TDI might be useful for detection of LV dysfunction in horses with primary MD. The clinical value of TDI in horses with MR and AR remains uncertain.
Authors =>
T.R. Koenig | K.J. Mitchell | C.C. Schwarzwald
published =>
First published: 21 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14641
|
Title =>
Real-Time 3-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Effective Regurgitant Orifice Area in Dogs With Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA), calculated from the vena contracta width (VCW) as the narrowest portion of the proximal regurgitant jet, might be used to estimate severity of mitral regurgitation. However, this simplified assumption only holds when the EROA is circular, which might not be true in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).
Hypothesis:
Effective regurgitant orifice area in dogs with MMVD is noncircular, and using color Doppler real-time 3-dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography, measured EROA in the en face view will be significantly different from calculated EROA.
Animals:
Hundred and fifty-eight privately owned dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.
Materials and Methods:
Prospective observational study comparing en face view of EROA with calculated EROA using VCW in 4-chamber (4Ch) and 2-chamber (2Ch) view only or combined 4Ch and 2Ch views using RT3D echocardiography.
Results:
The calculated EROA using the 2Ch view showed a systematic underestimation of 17% compared with the measured en face EROA corrected for body surface area. The calculated EROA using 4Ch and 4Ch + 2Ch views showed less agreement with the en face EROA, and the difference between methods increased with increasing EROA. The difference between calculated and measured EROA showed a systematic underestimation of the calculated EROA by 36% (4Ch) and 33% (4Ch + 2Ch), respectively, compared to measured en face EROA.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
When replacing measured EROA with calculated EROA using VCW measurements, the 2Ch view is preferred in dogs with MMVD.
Authors =>
A. Tidholm | A. Bodegård-Westling | K. Höglund | J. Häggström | I. Ljungvall
published =>
First published: 21 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14642
|
Title =>
Changes in Serum Creatinine Concentration and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Grade in Dogs Treated with Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 From 2013 to 2015
Abstract =>
Background:
Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans.
Objective:
To compare AKI grades in 94 dogs exposed and 90 dogs that were unexposed to 6% HES-130/0.4.
Animals:
Dogs receiving 6% HES-130/0.4 (HES cohort) or crystalloids (unexposed cohort) between 2013 and 2015.
Methods:
Historical cohort study. Diagnosis, total cumulative dose and total mL/kg of HES administered, time frame of HES administration and serum creatinine concentrations up to 90 days after initiation of HES treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The AKI grades were retrospectively determined by IRIS guidelines.
Results:
Exposed dogs received a median cumulative dose of 69.4 mL/kg (range, 2–429 mL/kg) HES over a median of 4 (range, 1–16) days, resulting in a median dose of 20.7 (range, 2–87) mL/kg/d. Although the cohorts differed in terms of age and diagnosis, AKI grades were not significantly different at the evaluated short- and long-term time points. Results of ordinal logistic regression identified the number of days of HES administration as significantly associated with an increase in AKI grade within 10 days (P = .038), whereas there was no significant association among HES exposure, HES mL/kg/d, and an increase in AKI grade.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
HES-130/0.4-treated dogs were not more prone to develop AKI than HES-untreated, but the number of HES days was significantly associated with an increase in AKI grade within 10 days post-HES administration. The time frame of HES treatment should be kept short. Prospective, randomized clinical trials are required to assess the effect of HES on renal function in dogs.
Authors =>
N.E. Sigrist | N. Kälin | A. Dreyfus
published =>
First published: 21 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14645
|
Title =>
Thromboelastography in Dogs with Chronic Hepatopathies
Abstract =>
Background:
The coagulation status of dogs with liver disease is difficult to predict using conventional coagulation testing.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) results and associations with conventional coagulation results and indicators of disease severity and prognosis in dogs with chronic hepatopathies (CH).
Animals:
Twenty-one client-owned dogs.
Methods:
Dogs with CH were prospectively (10 dogs) and retrospectively (11 dogs) enrolled from 2008 to 2014. Kaolin-activated TEG was performed and compared with reference intervals by t-tests or Mann-Whitney tests. Correlation coefficients for TEG results and conventional coagulation and clinicopathologic results were determined. Significance was set at P < .05.
Results:
Dogs with CH had significant increases in R (5.30 min vs 4.33 min), K (3.77 min vs 2.11 min), and LY30 (4.77% vs 0.68%) and decreased angles (55.3° vs 62.4°). G value defined 9 of 21, 7 of 21, and 5 of 21 dogs as normocoagulable, hypercoagulable, and hypocoagulable, respectively. G and MA were correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.68, 0.83), prothrombin time (PT; r = −0.51, −0.53), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; r = −0.50, −0.50). K was correlated with PT (r = 0.75) and protein C activity (r = −0.92). Angle was correlated with aPTT (r = −0.63). Clinical score was correlated with PT (r = 0.60), MA (r = −0.53), and R (r = −0.47). Dogs with hyperfibrinolysis (LY30 > 3.04%; 5 of 21) had significantly higher serum transaminase activities. Dogs with portal hypertension had significantly lower G, MA, and angle and prolonged, K, R, and PT.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Dogs with CH have variable TEG results. Negative prognostic indicators in CH correlate with hypocoagulable parameters on TEG. Hyperfibrinolysis in dogs with CH is associated with high disease activity.
Authors =>
W. Fry | C. Lester | N.M. Etedali | S. Shaw | A. DeLaforcade | C.R.L. Webster
published =>
First published: 18 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14639
|
Title =>
Pituitary Macrotumor Causing Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in a Dachshund
Abstract =>
Authors =>
S. Schmid | A. Hodshon | S. Olin | I. Pfeiffer | S. Hecht
published =>
First published: 15 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14640
|
Title =>
European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress 2016 Abstracts
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 12 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14649
|
Title =>
Clinical Relationship between Cholestatic Disease and Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs: A Retrospective Case Series
Abstract =>
Background:
A high prevalence of cholestatic disease, including gallbladder mucocele (GBM), has been reported in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Differences exist in the clinical features of dogs with PDH and concurrent cholestatic disease, and also is the management of these dogs with trilostane.
Animals:
Sixty-five client-owned dogs with naturally occurring PDH.
Methods:
This was a retrospective, observational case series. Each dog was treated with trilostane for at least 3 months before the study, and had a good clinical response, as determined by owners. Statistical comparisons of clinical signs, results of routine blood tests, basal and post-ACTH cortisol concentration, and optimal trilostane dosage were made after dogs were separated into the following 3 groups by ultrasonographic imaging: normal on ultrasound (NOU) group, cholestasis group, and GBM group.
Results:
The GBM group had more severe clinical signs and significantly different total serum cholesterol concentration and post-ACTH stimulation cortisol concentration at the time of diagnosis. Dogs that weighed <6 kg had a significantly higher prevalence of cholestatic disease than did the other dogs (P = .003). The optimal trilostane dosages for the GBM and cholestasis groups were 2.5 and 1.5 times the dosage of the NOU group, respectively (P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Gallbladder disease associated with cholestatic disease is correlated with PDH in dogs, in both its clinical features and drug management. These findings may be associated with hypercholesterolemia, unidentified genetic factors, and the hydrophobic nature of trilostane.
Authors =>
K.-h. Kim | S.-m. Han | K.-o. Jeon | H.-t. Kim | Q. Li | M.-o. Ryu | W.-j. Song | S.-c. Park | H.-y. Youn
published =>
First published: 08 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14608
|
Title =>
Degenerative Valvular Disease in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Results of the UK Breed Scheme 1991–2010
Abstract =>
Background:
Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCSs) are predisposed to degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) and studies have indicated a genetic cause.
Animals:
A total of 8,860 CKCSs were examined at shows or private clinics from 1991 to 2010.
Objectives:
To analyze the effects of a breed scheme for CKCS on the age at which a murmur consistent with DMVD was first detected.
Methods:
The presence or absence of a murmur consistent with mitral regurgitation was noted and age a murmur was first detected recorded.
Results:
A total of 16,887 examinations were performed on 8,860 dogs. The median age dogs developed a murmur were slightly younger in male than female dogs (7.8 versus 8.3 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.4–8.1 versus 8.0–8.4, P < .001) and cardiologists detected murmurs in younger dogs than did general practitioner (GP) veterinary surgeons (7.2 versus 8.6 years, 95% CI 7.0–7.4 versus 8.3–8.7 P < .001). In bitches examined by GP vets during the study, there was a significantly increased age of detection of murmurs over time (8.6–9.2 years, 95% CI 8.3–9.1 and 8.5–10.9, P = .001) but not for male dogs examined by GP vets or dogs of either sex examined by cardiologists.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study suggests that the age incidence of murmurs associated with DMVD might be increased by application of breeding guidelines based on auscultation alone. This benefit was only seen in a subgroup and compliance of breeders with this voluntary scheme was poor.
Authors =>
S. Swift | A. Baldin | P. Cripps
published =>
First published: 05 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14619
|
Title =>
Research Communications of the 26th ECVIM-CA Congress
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 02 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14600
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
M. Chigerwe BVSc, MPH, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM) | M. Aleman MVZ Cert., PhD, DACVIM (LAIM & Neurology)
published =>
First published: 02 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14621
|
Title =>
Clinical Implications and Hospital Outcome of Immune-Mediated Myositis in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Immune-mediated myositis (IMM) is a cause of rhabdomyolysis, stiffness, and muscle atrophy predominantly affecting Quarter horses. Limited information is available with regard to outcome, prognostic indicators, and associations with concurrent diseases.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To report outcomes and associations between outcome and clinical and laboratory parameters, and presence of concurrent illness.
Animals:
Sixty-eight horses; 52 Quarter horses and related breeds and 16 other breeds.
Methods:
Retrospective cohort study (1991–2014). Medical records of horses with histological diagnosis of IMM were reviewed. Data recovery included signalment, laboratory variables, therapy, and outcome. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between potential prognostic factors and survival to discharge.
Results:
Quarter horses were younger (mean < 4 years, range 3 months–21 years) than other breeds (mean < 10 years, range 1–23 years). Pathogens causing concurrent or recent infection included S. equi equi, S. equi zooepidemicus, C. pseudotuberculosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, herpes virus-1, and influenza. The most common clinical signs consisted of rapidly progressive diffuse symmetrical muscle atrophy (80%), stiff gait (74%), and fever (44%). All horses that received medical therapy immediately upon admission survived to discharge (survival proportion = 87%). Leucocytosis was a common finding (60%). Horses with concurrent fever and other illness had a poor prognosis for hospital discharge.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Horses with IMM can have a favorable outcome. Horses with concurrent fever and another illness had decreased probability of survival to discharge.
Authors =>
L. Hunyadi | E.A. Sundman | P.H. Kass | D.C. Williams | M. Aleman
published =>
First published: 02 January 2017
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14637
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
G.M. Strain MS, PhD
published =>
First published: 31 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14622
|
Title =>
Increased Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Dogs With Gallbladder Mucocele
Abstract =>
Background:
Leptin and its receptor play a role in several disease processes such as pancreatitis and heart disease. However, their association with gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs has not been reported.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate differences in the expression of leptin and leptin receptor between dogs with and without GBM.
Animals:
Twenty-five healthy dogs, including 9 laboratory beagle dogs, and 22 client-owned dogs with GBM.
Methods:
Serum leptin concentration was determined in blood samples of all dogs by ELISA. Canine gallbladder samples were collected from 9 dogs with GBM that underwent surgery for therapeutic purposes and from 9 healthy laboratory beagle dogs as a normal control group. Samples were analyzed for leptin and leptin receptor mRNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
Serum leptin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with GBM than in healthy dogs (medians of 7.03 and 2.18 ng/mL, respectively; P < .001). Patients with GBM that had undergone surgery had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than those that had not (medians of 12.2 and 4.09 ng/mL, respectively; P = .001). However, no difference in serum leptin concentration was found between dogs with GBM with or without endocrinopathies. The mRNA expression levels of leptin and its receptor were significantly increased in the gallbladder tissues of dogs with GBM.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dysregulation of leptin might be involved in the pathophysiology of GBM, and leptin concentrations might be associated with GBM severity.
Authors =>
S. Lee | O.-K. Kweon | W.H. Kim
published =>
First published: 29 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14612
|
Title =>
The Utility of Acute-Phase Proteins in the Assessment of Treatment Response in Dogs With Bacterial Pneumonia
Abstract =>
Background:
Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are sensitive markers of inflammation, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) recently has been shown to be a useful diagnostic marker in dogs with bacterial pneumonia (BP). In humans with community-acquired pneumonia, APPs also have great utility as follow-up markers aiding in the assessment of treatment response.
Objectives:
The aim of our study was to investigate the applicability of APPs as markers of treatment response in dogs with BP.
Animals:
Nineteen dogs diagnosed with BP and 64 healthy dogs.
Methods:
The study was conducted as a prospective longitudinal observational study. Serum CRP, serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin concentrations were followed during a natural course of BP. Normalization of serum CRP was used to guide the duration of antibiotic treatment (treatment was stopped 5–7 days after CRP normalized) in 8 of 17 dogs surviving to discharge; 9 of 17 dogs were treated according to conventional recommendations.
Results:
All measured APPs initially were significantly increased, but the magnitude of increase was not correlated to disease severity. C-reactive protein and SAA concentrations decreased rapidly after initiation of antimicrobial treatment. When normalization of serum CRP was used to guide the duration of antibiotic treatment, treatment duration was significantly (P = .015) decreased without increasing the number of relapses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Serum CRP and SAA reflected the recovery process well and therefore may be used as markers of treatment response. According to the results, the normalization of serum CRP may be used to guide the duration of antibiotic treatment in dogs with BP.
Authors =>
S.J. Viitanen | A.K. Lappalainen | M.B. Christensen | S. Sankari | M.M. Rajamäki
published =>
First published: 29 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14631
|
Title =>
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Cats with Naturally Occurring Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker for the early prediction of renal damage and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans and dogs.
Hypothesis:
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin also may play a role in the progression of CKD in cats.
Animals:
Eighty CKD and 18 control cats.
Methods:
Cats were categorized into different stages according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staging system. Urine and plasma samples were collected and tested for NGAL concentrations using an in-house sandwich ELISA system and urinary NGAL (uNGAL)-to-creatinine ratio (UNCR) was determined. Cats in which serum creatinine concentration increased by >0.5 mg/dL from baseline within 30 days were defined as exhibiting progression.
Results:
The urinary NGAL and UNCR of CKD cats were significantly higher than those of healthy cats (P < .05) and were highly correlated with serum creatinine concentration. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for uNGAL, when predicting the progression of CKD, was 0.71 and the best cutoff value was 2.06 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 75%. The AUROC for UNCR when predicting the progression of CKD was 0.79 and the best cutoff value was 4.08 × 10−6 with a sensitivity of 76.9% and specificity of 79.2%. Cats with UNCR values higher than their cutoffs experienced significantly faster deterioration with a median of 19 days.
Conclusions:
Both urinary NGAL and UNCR are useful markers for the prediction of CKD progression in cats.
Authors =>
I.-C. Wang | W.-L. Hsu | P.-H. Wu | H.-Y. Yin | H.-J. Tsai | Y.-J. Lee
published =>
First published: 25 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14628
|
Title =>
Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease Questionnaire for Canine Idiopathic Rhinitis Control: Instrument Development and Initial Validity Evidence
Abstract =>
Background:
Effective treatments are needed for idiopathic chronic rhinitis in dogs, but assessment of efficacy requires a practical, quantifiable method for assessing severity of disease.
Objectives:
To develop and perform initial validity and reliability testing of an owner-completed questionnaire for assessing clinical signs and dog and owner quality of life (QOL) in canine chronic rhinitis.
Animals:
Twenty-two dogs with histopathologically confirmed chronic rhinitis and 72 healthy dogs.
Methods:
In this prospective study, an online questionnaire was created based on literature review and feedback from veterinarians, veterinary internists with respiratory expertise, and owners of dogs with rhinitis. Owners of affected dogs completed the questionnaire twice, 1 week apart, to test reliability. Healthy dogs were assessed once. Data were analyzed using the Rasch Rating Scale Model, and results were interpreted using Messick's framework for evaluating construct validity evidence.
Results:
Initial item generation resulted in 5 domains: nasal signs, paranasal signs, global rhinitis severity, and dog's and owner's QOL. A 25-item questionnaire was developed using 5-point Likert-type scales. No respondent found the questionnaire difficult to complete. Strong psychometric evidence was available to support the substantive, generalizability, content, and structural aspects of construct validity. Statistical differences were found between responses for affected and control dogs for all but 2 items. These items were eliminated, resulting in the 23-item Severity of Nasal Inflammatory Disease (SNIFLD) questionnaire.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The SNIFLD questionnaire provides a mechanism for repeated assessments of disease severity in dogs with chronic rhinitis.
Authors =>
L.M. Greene | K.D. Royal | J.M. Bradley | B.D.X. Lascelles | L.R. Johnson | E.C. Hawkins
published =>
First published: 25 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14629
|
Title =>
Effect of Dexamethasone on Resting Blood Lactate Concentrations in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Blood lactate concentration is a marker of tissue perfusion and helps guide therapeutic interventions in critically ill horses. In both humans and dogs, administration of corticosteroids can increase blood lactate concentration, leading to type B hyperlactatemia. This effect could be a consequence of the impact of corticosteroids on glucose metabolism.
Objectives:
To investigate the effects of daily IM dexamethasone administration on blood lactate and glucose concentrations in horses.
Animals:
Nine healthy adult horses.
Methods:
A randomized, blinded, controlled, cross-over study design was used. Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups, either receiving 0.05 mg/kg of dexamethasone IM or an equivalent volume of saline, daily for 7 days. Blood was collected to determine lactate and glucose concentrations at baseline, 2 hours after the daily injections and 24 hours after the last injection.
Results:
Dexamethasone treatment had a statistically significant effect on lactate (P = .006) and glucose (P = .033) concentrations. The least squares mean lactate concentration was 0.93 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.87–0.99) in the dexamethasone group compared to 0.71 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.70–0.73) for the saline group. A positive relationship between blood lactate and glucose concentrations was identified, with a 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05–0.09) increase in lactate concentration per unit increase in glucose (P < .0001) concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dexamethasone induces statistically significant increases in blood lactate and glucose concentrations in healthy horses. Awareness of the potential for corticosteroids to induce type B hyperlactatemia might be important in the management of critically ill horses receiving dexamethasone.
Authors =>
K. Mizen | J. Woodman | S.R. Boysen | C. Wagg | P. Greco-Otto | R. Léguillette | M.-F. Roy
published =>
First published: 25 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14630
|
Title =>
Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine
Abstract =>
Background:
Up to 25% of elderly humans have proteinuria, often associated with underlying lesions. Data concerning the presence of proteinuria in elderly dogs is scarce.
Objectives:
To describe the presence and persistence of proteinuria and to compare urinary protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) between free catch and cystocentesis urine samples in apparently healthy elderly dogs.
Animals:
Hundred apparently healthy elderly dogs.
Methods:
Prospective study. Owners of 100 elderly dogs were asked to collect 2 free catch urine samples. Dogs were considered healthy based on owner's perception and an age chart, based on ideal bodyweight, was used to define dogs as senior or geriatric. UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis were compared. Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were defined as UPC >0.5 and between 0.2 and 0.5, respectively, if examination of sediment did not explain proteinuria. Proteinuria was considered persistent if present at both sampling times.
Results:
At baseline, 71 owners succeeded in collecting urine. Eleven percent of dogs had overt proteinuria, 14% were borderline proteinuric, and 75% nonproteinuric. Thirty-seven repeated urine samples, with a median time interval of 31 days (range 10–90), were available. Nineteen percent of dogs had a persistently increased UPC (>0.2), with persistent overt proteinuria present in 8%. A strong correlation (ρ = 0.88) was found between UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
As 19% of study dogs had persistent proteinuria, our findings emphasize that measurement of proteinuria should be part of geriatric health screening. For UPC in dogs, free catch urine provides a good alternative to cystocentesis.
Authors =>
S.J.J. Marynissen | A.L. Willems | D. Paepe | P.M.Y. Smets | P. Picavet | L. Duchateau | S. Daminet
published =>
First published: 25 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14635
|
Title =>
Homozygous PPT1 Splice Donor Mutation in a Cane Corso Dog With Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Abstract =>
Authors =>
A. Kolicheski | H.L. Barnes Heller | S. Arnold | R.D. Schnabel | J.F. Taylor | C.A. Knox | T. Mhlanga-Mutangadura | D.P. O'Brien | G.S. Johnson | J. Dreyfus | M.L. Katz
published =>
First published: 23 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14632
|
Title =>
The Effect of Inadequate Presample Blood Volume Withdrawal from Intravenous Catheter and Extension Sets on Measured Circulating L-Blood Lactate Concentration in Horses Receiving Lactated Ringer's Solution
Abstract =>
Background:
Circulating l-lactate concentration is commonly measured in hospitalized horses by sampling from indwelling intravenous (IV) catheters. However, there are no published evidence-based recommendations to prevent contamination by lactated Ringer's solution (LRS).
Hypothesis:
Withdrawing 10 mL of blood from the LRS-containing extension set connected to the IV catheter before obtaining the sample for analysis should be adequate to obtain accurate measurement of blood lactate concentration (BLC).
Animals:
Thirty-three adult hospitalized horses receiving constant rate infusion of LRS.
Methods:
Immediately after disconnecting the LRS, 5 sequential 5 mL blood samples were obtained by aspiration from an extension set connected to an indwelling IV catheter, followed by 3 samples collected by direct venipuncture of the contralateral jugular vein. Samples were analyzed with 1 portable blood lactate analyzer. A linear mixed model was used to examine differences in lactate concentrations among samples collected from the catheter and by direct venipuncture.
Results:
After considering differences in age, breed, sex, and reason for hospitalization, BLCs were higher (P < .001) in the first and second 5 mL samples collected through the extension set/catheter than in all other extension set/catheter samples or the direct venipuncture samples. The largest difference observed between the third and subsequent catheter or venipuncture samples was 0.34 mmol/L with an upper 95% CI of 1.12 mmol/L.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Withdrawing 15 mL of blood from a LRS-containing extension set connected to an IV catheter (5.9 mL total volume capacity) before obtaining the sample for blood lactate analysis is suggested to optimize accuracy of BLC measurements.
Authors =>
F.J. Marqués | S. Higgins | R. Chapuis | C. Waldner
published =>
First published: 20 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14623
|
Title =>
Effect of Cranberry Extract on the Frequency of Bacteriuria in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Dogs with spinal cord injury are at increased risk of developing bacteriuria due to increased residual urine volume. Cranberry extract inhibits binding of E. coli to uroepithelial cells, potentially reducing risk of bacteriuria.
Hypothesis:
Cranberry extract reduces risk of bacteriuria in dogs after acute TL-IVDH.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs with acute onset TL-IVDH causing nonambulatory status.
Methods:
Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, prospective clinical trial. Dogs with acute TL-IVDH were recruited 48 hours postoperatively and randomized to receive cranberry extract or placebo in a masked fashion. Urine cultures and neurological examinations were performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively. The number of dogs with bacteriuria (all bacterial species) and bacteriuria (E. coli) were primary and secondary outcome measures and were evaluated using chi-squared test. Urine antiadhesion activity (AAA) was measured in a subset (N = 47) and examined in a secondary analysis evaluating additional risk factors for bacteriuria.
Results:
Bacteriuria was detected 17 times in 94 dogs (6 placebo, 11 cranberry, P = .12). There were 7 E. coli. positive cultures (1 placebo, 6 cranberry, P = .09). Dogs in both groups had positive urine AAA (14/21: placebo, 16/26: cranberry), and dogs with urine AAA had significantly fewer E. coli positive cultures (n = 1) than dogs without it (n = 4) (P = .047).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This clinical trial did not show a benefit of oral cranberry extract but had low power. Cranberry extract supplementation did not impact urine AAA, but a possible association between urine AAA and lower risk of E. coli bacteriuria was identified. Other doses could be investigated.
Authors =>
N.J. Olby | S.L. Vaden | K. Williams | E.H. Griffith | T. Harris | C.L. Mariani | K.R. Muñana | P.J. Early | S.R. Platt | L. Boozer | C. Giovanella | R. Longshore
published =>
First published: 03 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14613
|
Title =>
Hemorrhagic, Hemostatic, and Thromboelastometric Disorders in 35 Dogs with a Clinical Diagnosis of Leptospirosis: A Prospective Study
Abstract =>
Background:
Leptospirosis in dogs is occasionally associated with a hemorrhagic syndrome, the pathophysiology of which is not fully understood.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To characterize hematologic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis and to study their association with hemorrhagic diatheses and outcomes.
Animals:
Thirty-five client-owned dogs.
Methods:
A prospective observational single cohort study was conducted. Results from the CBC, coagulation tests (prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and D-dimer concentrations), rotational thromboelastometry (TEM), signalment, hemorrhagic diatheses, occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at admission, and survival to discharge were recorded.
Results:
The most common hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities were anemia (30/35), thrombocytopenia (21/35), and hyperfibrinogenemia (15/35). Eight dogs were diagnosed with DIC. A normal TEM profile was found in 14 dogs, a hypercoagulable profile in 14 dogs, and a hypocoagulable profile in 7 dogs. The 8 dogs with hemorrhagic diatheses at admission had significantly decreased platelet counts (P = .037) and increased D-dimer concentrations (P = .015) compared with other dogs. Dogs with a hypocoagulable profile exhibited more hemorrhagic diatheses compared with the dogs that had normal and hypercoagulable profiles (P = .049). The mortality rate was lower in dogs with a hypercoagulable profile than in those with a hypocoagulable profile (21% vs 57%; P = .043). Disseminated intravascular coagulation was not a significant prognostic factor.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Thromboelastometric parameters were altered in dogs with both hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable profiles. A hypocoagulable profile was significantly correlated with hemorrhagic diathesis and higher mortality rate.
Authors =>
A. Barthélemy | M. Magnin | C. Pouzot-Nevoret | J.-M. Bonnet-Garin | M. Hugonnard | I. Goy-Thollot
published =>
First published: 02 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14626
|
Title =>
Repeated Famotidine Administration Results in a Diminished Effect on Intragastric pH in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Famotidine is an acid suppressant commonly administered to dogs. Prolonged famotidine use in people results in decreased efficacy, but the effect in dogs is unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare the effect of repeated oral administration of famotidine or placebo on intragastric pH and serum gastrin in dogs. We hypothesized that famotidine would have a diminished effect on intragastric pH on day 13 compared to day 1.
Animals:
Six healthy adult colony Beagles.
Methods:
Randomized, 2-factor repeated-measures crossover design. All dogs received oral placebo or 1.0 mg/kg famotidine q12h for 14 consecutive days. Intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH on treatment days 1–2 and 12–13. Mean pH as well as mean percentage time (MPT) that intragastric pH was ≥3 or ≥4 were compared between and within groups by analysis of variance. Serum gastrin was measured on days 0, 3, and 12 for each treatment.
Results:
Continued administration of famotidine resulted in a significant decrease in mean pH, MPT ≥3, and MPT ≥4 (P < .0001) on day 12 and 13. This resulted in a mean decrease in pH by 1.63 on days 12 and 13 compared to days 1 and 2. Furthermore, a mean decrease of MPT ≥3 and MPT ≥4 by 33 and 45% was observed for the same time period, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Continued administration of famotidine results in a diminished effect on intragastric pH in dogs. Caution is advised when recommending long-term, daily oral administration of famotidine to dogs.
Authors =>
M.K. Tolbert | A. Graham | A. Odunayo | J. Price | J.M. Steiner | K. Newkirk | S. Hecht
published =>
First published: 01 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14615
|
Title =>
Comparison of Survival Times for Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism in a Primary-Care Hospital: Treated with Trilostane versus Untreated
Abstract =>
Background:
Although pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) is one of the most common endocrinopathies in dogs, the effects of withholding treatment on survival time in dogs with PDH remain unclear.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of treatment in dogs with PDH by comparing survival times between dogs treated with trilostane and untreated dogs.
Animals:
Forty-three dogs diagnosed with PDH at a primary-care hospital in Japan between June 2009 and January 2014.
Methods:
Retrospective cohort study. The medical records of dogs with PDH treated with trilostane (n = 17) or left untreated (n = 26) were reviewed retrospectively. Survival analysis at 2 years after diagnosis of PDH was performed.
Results:
Median survival time for the trilostane group was not reached (95% confidence interval [CI], 443 days–not applicable) and was significantly longer than the 506 days (95% CI, 292–564 days; P = .016) for the untreated group. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis (including age at diagnosis, basal cortisol concentration at diagnosis, and treatment group) only identified assignment to the untreated group (hazard ratio, 5.01; 95% CI, 1.63–15.44) as associated with increased mortality.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The results of this retrospective cohort study suggest that withholding treatment for dogs with PDH might be associated with a higher risk of death. This represents the largest study to date to report survival times of untreated dogs with PDH.
Authors =>
N. Nagata | K. Kojima | M. Yuki
published =>
First published: 01 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14617
|
Title =>
Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Diabetes in cats resembles type 2 diabetes in people. The etiology is not fully understood, but both genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute.
Objectives:
To assess the associations of environmental risk factors with diabetes in cats.
Animals:
Cats with a diagnosis of diabetes (n = 396) insured by a Swedish insurance company during years 2009–2013, and a control group (n = 1,670) matched on birth year.
Methods:
A web-based questionnaire was used in a case–control study. An invitation to participate was sent to owners of 1,369 diabetic cats and 5,363 control cats. The survey contained questions related to the cat's breed, age, sex, neutering status, body condition, housing, access to the outdoors, activity level, diet, eating behavior, feeding routine, general health, stressful events, other pets in the household, medications, and vaccination status. Data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results:
Response rate was 35% for the diabetic group and 32% for the control group. Indoor confinement, being a greedy eater, and being overweight were associated with an increased risk of diabetes. In cats assessed by owners as being normal weight, there was an association between eating predominantly dry food and an increased risk of diabetes (Odds ratio 3.8; 95% confidence intervals 1.3–11.2).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dry food is commonly fed to cats worldwide. The association found between dry food and an increased risk of diabetes in cats assessed as normal weight by owners warrants further attention.
Authors =>
M. Öhlund | A. Egenvall | T. Fall | H. Hansson-Hamlin | H. Röcklinsberg | B.S. Holst
published =>
First published: 01 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14618
|
Title =>
Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis in Horses After Experimental Administration of Clostridium difficile Toxins
Abstract =>
Background:
Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) is an acute sporadic gastrointestinal disorder of horses of unknown cause.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
We hypothesize that Clostridium difficile toxins are involved in the pathogenesis of DPJ in horses. The objective of this study was to determine whether experimentally delivered C. difficile toxins cause clinical signs and histologic lesions similar to those of naturally occurring DPJ.
Animals:
Six healthy mature mixed breed horses.
Methods:
Experimental study: animal model of animal disease. Fasted horses were administered crude C. difficile toxins via gastroscopy and monitored for up to 48 hour. Blood was collected for complete blood cell count, biochemistry profile, and plasma fibrinogen assay, and abdominal fluid was collected for cytologic analysis and total solids before and after toxin administration. Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were performed throughout the study period. Tissues were collected from the gastrointestinal tract and processed for routine histologic analysis, and lesions were scored.
Results:
Clinical signs were observed in 2 of 6 horses that are typical although not specific for horses with naturally occurring DPJ. Histopathologic lesions were observed in 6 of 6 horses and were similar to those reported in horses with naturally occurring DPJ. Two horses were severely affected.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Duodenitis-proximal jejunitis is likely a syndrome with multiple causes that result in the same clinical and pathologic findings, and our data suggest that the toxins of C. difficile represent one cause of this syndrome. Toxin dose and variation in individual animal susceptibility might affect the clinical signs and lesions after administration of C. difficile toxins.
Authors =>
L.G. Arroyo | M.C. Costa | B.B. Guest | B.L. Plattner | B.N. Lillie | J.S. Weese
published =>
First published: 01 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14624
|
Title =>
Blood Pressure Measurements in 780 Apparently Healthy Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Mean systolic blood pressure in apparently healthy cats has been reported as approximately 125 mmHg using direct assessment, but there is greater variability in reported values using indirect assessment. Increasing age and the white-coat effect are associated with increased systolic blood pressure.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To report Doppler-derived blood pressure measurements from a large population of apparently healthy cats and to assess epidemiologic factors associated with recorded blood pressures.
Animals:
A total of 780 cats in rehoming centers enrolled in a screening program for heart murmurs and cardiac disease.
Methods:
Cats were considered healthy based on history and physical examination. Cats with known hypertension, hyperthyroidism, or clinical signs of systemic disease and pregnant or nursing queens were excluded. After an acclimatization period, systolic blood pressure was measured using the Doppler sphygmomanometry method following the recommendations of the ACVIM Consensus Statement. General linear model analysis was performed to identify factors associated with variation in systolic blood pressure.
Results:
Median (interquartile range, IQR) systolic blood pressure for the group was 120.6 (110.4–132.4) mmHg. Factors significantly associated with higher systolic blood pressure in a general linear model were increased age, increased nervousness, male sex, neutering, or history of being a stray. The model explained 29.2% of the variation in systolic blood pressure.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The age, demeanor, sex, neuter status and history of being a stray should be taken into account when assessing systolic blood pressure in apparently healthy cats.
Authors =>
J.R. Payne | D.C. Brodbelt | V. Luis Fuentes
published =>
First published: 01 December 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14625
|
Title =>
Pyogranulomatous Pancarditis with Intramyocardial Bartonella henselae San Antonio 2 (BhSA2) in a Dog
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
T.A. Donovan | P.R. Fox | N. Balakrishnan | M. Ericson | V. Hooker | E.B. Breitschwerdt
published =>
First published: 24 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14609
|
Title =>
Assessment of the Fecal Microbiota in Beef Calves
Abstract =>
Background:
There is increasing interest in the fecal microbiota, but study in calves has been limited.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the fecal microbiota of beef calves and cows on different farms, and to preliminarily explore the impact of antimicrobial exposure.
Animals:
A total of 172 animals, 156 (91%) calves and 16 (9.3%) cows, were enrolled from 5 cow-calf farms.
Methods:
The fecal bacterial microbiota was assessed through sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) amplicons.
Results:
There were significant differences in the relative abundances of numerous phyla between calves on different farms. Farms could be separated into 2 groups: 1 (farms B and C) dominated by Firmicutes and 1 (farms A, D, and E) with predominance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Richness (median 2,974 versus 1,477, P = .008), diversity (51.4 versus 29.1, P = .0029), and evenness (0.73 versus 0.68, P = .006) were higher in cows. Over-represented operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in cows tended to be from the classes Bacilli and Bacteroidia, whereas Clostridia and Actinobacteria were most prominently over-represented in calves. There were differences in community membership (P = .028) and structure (P = .029) in calves that had a history of antimicrobial exposure compared those that did not. Eight (89%) over-represented OTUs in the untreated group were Firmicutes (7 from the order Clostridiales), compared to only 3 (38%) (2 Clostridiales) in the untreated group.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Interfarm variation should be investigated to determine the causes and potential implications for health and production. Antimicrobial exposure may have an impact on the fecal microbiota at individual and farm levels.
Authors =>
J.S. Weese | M. Jelinski
published =>
First published: 22 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14611
|
Title =>
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables
Abstract =>
Background:
Folate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy.
Objectives:
To evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds.
Animals:
Data and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds.
Methods:
Nested case-control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea.
Results:
Hypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo- than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo- than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = −0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.
Authors =>
R.M. Heilmann | N. Grützner | M. C. Iazbik | R. Lopes | C.S. Bridges | J.S. Suchodolski | C. G. Couto | J.M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 19 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14597
|
Title =>
Subclinical Bacteriuria in Older Cats and its Association with Survival
Abstract =>
Background:
Bacterial urinary tract infections are uncommon in cats in general but the prevalence increases to 29% in older cats with comorbidities (Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2008, 37, 317; Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery 2007, 9, 124; Veterinary Microbiology 2009, 136, 130). Frequently, the infections are subclinical. The clinical relevance of subclinical bacteriuria (SB) is uncertain, and the optimal treatment requires clarification.
Objective:
Prospective, observational study to: (i) identify the prevalence and incidence count of SB in older (≥7 years), nonazotemic cats, (ii) evaluate specific risk factors for SB, and (iii) investigate the potential relationship between untreated SB and survival.
Animals:
Sixty-seven, nonazotemic cats were tested on 5 occasions over 3 years.
Methods:
Urine samples were obtained by cystocentesis for quantitative urine culture and blood samples for measurement of serum creatinine concentration. Episodes of SB were not treated. Serum creatinine concentration, body weight, urine specific gravity, sex, and age were evaluated as potential risk factors for a positive urine culture. The association between urine culture results and survival was evaluated with Cox's proportional hazard model.
Results:
A total of 256 urine samples was obtained. The prevalence of SB varied between 10 and 13%, and incident infections were uncommon. Female cats were 21 times more likely to have a positive urine culture than were male cats (odds ratio [OR], 21.2; confidence interval [CI], 4.1–110; P = .00028). Subclinical bacteriuria was not significantly associated with survival.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
Subclinical bacteriuria is common in nonazotemic, older cats. Although antimicrobial treatment was withheld, the presence of SB was not adversely associated with survival.
Authors =>
J.D. White | N.J. Cave | A. Grinberg | D.G. Thomas | C. Heuer
published =>
First published: 18 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14598
|
Title =>
A Prospective, Randomized, Masked, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study of Capromorelin in Dogs with Reduced Appetite
Abstract =>
Background:
Reduced appetite is a common clinical sign in dogs. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of capromorelin oral solution, (ENTYCE®, Aratana Therapeutics, Leawood, KS) a new drug that is a ghrelin receptor agonist, for stimulation of appetite in dogs with reduced appetite.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Capromorelin will increase appetite, as measured by the owner's evaluation, over 4 days. An additional objective was to evaluate the safety of capromorelin at the labeled dose.
Animals:
A total of 244 client-owned dogs reported by owners to be inappetent for at least 2 days were enrolled, with 177 cases in the effectiveness analysis.
Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, masked, placebo-controlled study, dogs were treated daily with capromorelin (3 mg/kg) oral solution (n = 121) or placebo oral solution (n = 56). Owners completed an evaluation of appetite at days 0 and 3 ± 1. Success was defined as improvement in appetite at day 3. Safety was evaluated by physical examination, clinical pathology, and monitoring adverse events and owner observations.
Results:
Capromorelin treatment improved appetite compared to placebo (68.6% and 44.6% treatment successes with 95% CI 59.7, 76.3 and 32.2, 57.8, respectively, P = .008). Mean body weight in capromorelin-treated dogs increased compared to placebo-treated dogs (1.8% with 95% CI 1.3, 2.3, and 0.1% with 95% CI 0.9, 1.1, respectively, P < .001). Adverse reactions occurring in >5% of either group were diarrhea and vomiting.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Capromorelin oral solution is an effective treatment for stimulation of appetite in dogs and represents the first ghrelin receptor agonist shown to be effective for this indication.
Authors =>
B. Zollers | J.A. Wofford | E. Heinen | M. Huebner | L. Rhodes
published =>
First published: 18 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14607
|
Title =>
Hemostatic Findings in Ascitic Fluid: A Cross-Sectional Study in 70 Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Ascitic fluids of horses and humans have fibrinolytic activity, independent of the underlying mechanism of fluid formation.
Objective:
To determine whether coagulation and fibrinogenolytic/fibrinolytic activity (ie, low fibrinogen and increased fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products [FDPs], D-dimer, or both) occur in all types of ascitic fluid in dogs.
Animals:
A total of 70 client-owned dogs with ascites.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, dogs were categorized based on the pathophysiology of fluid formation into 4 groups: transudates due to decreased osmotic pressure, transudates due to increased hydrostatic pressure, exudates, and hemorrhagic ascites. Fibrinogen, FDPs, and D-dimer concentrations were measured and then compared in both ascitic fluid and plasma.
Results:
Ten dogs had transudates due to decreased colloid osmotic pressure, 18 had transudates due to increased hydrostatic pressure, 13 had exudates, and 29 had hemorrhagic ascites. Ascitic fibrinogen concentrations (n = 70) were significantly lower (median = 59 mg/dL; range: 59–122 mg/dL) than those in the plasma (median = 168 mg/dL, range: 59–879 mg/dL; P < .0001). Ascitic FDPs concentrations (n = 70) were significantly higher (<5 μg/mL: 3/70 dogs, ≥5 to <20 μg/mL: 11/70 dogs, ≥20 μg/mL: 56/70 dogs) than those in the plasma (<5 μg/mL: 17/70 dogs, ≥5 to <20 μg/mL: 28/70 dogs, ≥20 μg/mL: 25/70 dogs; P < .0001). Ascitic D-dimer concentrations (n = 70) were significantly higher (median = 3.98 μg/mL, range: 0.02–9.19) than those in the plasma (median = 0.11 μg/mL, range: 0.01–4.08; P < .0001). Analysis of the data for each of the 4 different types of ascites showed similar results to those of all the data analyzed together.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Ascitic fluid of dogs has evidence of coagulation activation and fibrinogenolytic/fibrinolytic activity and that this phenomenon occurs independent of the underlying mechanism that leads to the formation of ascites.
Authors =>
A. Zoia | M. Drigo | C.J. Piek | P. Simioni | M. Caldin
published =>
First published: 16 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14610
|
Title =>
Commercially Available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Polymerase Chain Reaction Tests for Detection of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Abstract =>
Background:
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection is an important cause of disease of cats worldwide. Initial screening is commonly performed by commercially available point-of-care (POC) ELISA tests. Confirmatory testing for positive POC test results is recommended. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for FIV are commonly used additional testing methods; however, reported measures of diagnostic accuracy vary widely between PCR tests, making interpretation of results difficult.
Hypothesis/Objective:
There is very good agreement between results of a commercially available PCR test and a POC ELISA test for FIV for specimens collected from owned and shelter-housed cats.
Animals:
Blood samples from 168 cats from 2 adoption guarantee shelters, an FIV Sanctuary, and 64 private homes were used.
Methods:
This was a prospective study. Whole blood samples were collected in K2-EDTA, divided, and submitted for PCR and ELISA testing. Follow-up whole blood samples were collected in lithium heparin from cats with discordant results and submitted for virus isolation (VI).
Results:
There was very good agreement between ELISA and PCR (kappa 0.87; P < .001; 95% CI 0.79, 0.95). Of 168 cats, eleven had discordant ELISA/PCR results: 7 ELISA+/PCR- and 4 ELISA-/PCR+. Using VI as a reference standard, there were 4 false-positive PCR results, 5 false-positive ELISA results, and 1 false-negative PCR result (1 cat lost to follow-up).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
While there was good agreement between the POC ELISA and PCR tests, the discordant results highlight the importance of cautious interpretation of test results and the necessity of confirmatory testing.
Authors =>
J. Nichols | H.Y. Weng | A. Litster | C. Leutenegger | L. Guptill
published =>
First published: 15 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14579
|
Title =>
Proceedings 29th Symposium ESVN-ECVN Edinburgh, United Kingdom 16th–17th September 2016
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 14 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14594
|
Title =>
Use of Serum MicroRNAs as Biomarker for Hepatobiliary Diseases in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Current biochemical indicators cannot discriminate between parenchymal, biliary, vascular, and neoplastic hepatobiliary diseases. MicroRNAs are promising new biomarkers for hepatobiliary disease in humans and dogs.
Objective:
To measure serum concentrations of an established group of microRNAs in dogs and to investigate their concentrations in various types of hepatobiliary diseases.
Animals:
Forty-six client-owned dogs with an established diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease and stored serum samples and eleven client-owned healthy control Labrador Retrievers.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Medical records of dogs with parenchymal, biliary, vascular, or neoplastic hepatobiliary diseases and control dogs were reviewed. Concentrations of miR-21, miR-122, miR-126, miR-148a, miR-200c, and miR-222 were quantified in serum by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results:
No different microRNA concentrations were found in the adenoma and congenital portosystemic shunt groups. In all other diseases, miR-122 concentrations were elevated with the highest concentration in the mucocele group (267-fold, CI: 40–1,768, P < .001). In dogs with biliary diseases, miR-21 and miR-222 were only increased in dogs with mucoceles (26-fold, CI: 5–141, P = .005 and 13-fold, CI: 2–70, P = .025, respectively). Uniquely increased microRNAs were found in the hepatocellular carcinoma group (miR-200c, 35-fold increase, CI: 3–382, P = .035) and the chronic hepatitis group (miR-126, 22-fold increase, CI: 5–91, P = .002).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
A microRNA panel consisting of miR-21, miR-122, miR-126, miR-200c, and miR-222 can distinguish between parenchymal, biliary, and neoplastic hepatobiliary diseases. Serum microRNA profiling is a promising new tool that might be a valuable addition to conventional diagnostics to help diagnose various hepatobiliary diseases in dogs.
Authors =>
K. Dirksen | T. Verzijl | G.C. Grinwis | R.P. Favier | L.C. Penning | I.A. Burgener | L.J. van der Laan | H. Fieten | B. Spee
published =>
First published: 11 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14602
|
Title =>
Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Dogs Attending 3 Regional Dog Parks in Northern California
Abstract =>
Background:
The prevalence and risk factors for infection with enteropathogens in dogs frequenting dog parks have been poorly documented, and infected dogs can pose a potential zoonotic risk for owners.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine the prevalence and risk factors of infection with enteropathogens and zoonotic Giardia strains in dogs attending dog parks in Northern California and to compare results of fecal flotation procedures performed at a commercial and university parasitology laboratory.
Animals:
Three-hundred dogs attending 3 regional dog parks in Northern California.
Methods:
Prospective study. Fresh fecal specimens were collected from all dogs, scored for consistency, and owners completed a questionnaire. Specimens were analyzed by fecal centrifugation flotation, DFA, and PCR for detection of 11 enteropathogens. Giardia genotyping was performed for assemblage determination.
Results:
Enteropathogens were detected in 114/300 dogs (38%), of which 62 (54%) did not have diarrhea. Frequency of dog park attendance correlated significantly with fecal consistency (P = .0039), but did not correlate with enteropathogen detection. Twenty-seven dogs (9%) were infected with Giardia, and genotyping revealed nonzoonotic assemblages C and D. The frequency of Giardia detection on fecal flotation was significantly lower at the commercial laboratory versus the university laboratory (P = .013), and PCR for Giardia was negative in 11/27 dogs (41%) that were positive on fecal flotation or DFA.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Enteropathogens were commonly detected in dogs frequenting dog parks, and infection with Giardia correlated with fecal consistency. PCR detection of Giardia had limited diagnostic utility, and detection of Giardia cysts by microscopic technique can vary among laboratories.
Authors =>
K.L. Hascall | P.H. Kass | J. Saksen | A. Ahlmann | A.V. Scorza | M.R. Lappin | S.L. Marks
published =>
First published: 11 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14603
|
Title =>
Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement
Abstract =>
Background:
Reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents challenges that often are not addressed in published reporting guidelines.
Objective:
To develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety.
Design:
Consensus meeting of experts.
Setting:
Mississauga, Canada.
Participants:
Seventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia.
Methods:
Experts completed a pre-meeting survey about whether items in the STROBE statement should be modified or added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not rewording was recommended and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine consensus.
Results:
Six items required no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding).
Conclusion:
The methods and processes used were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this STROBE statement extension should improve reporting of observational studies in veterinary research by recognizing unique features of observational studies involving food-producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife.
Authors =>
J.M. Sargeant | A.M. O'Connor | I.R. Dohoo | H.N. Erb | M. Cevallos | M. Egger | A.K. Ersbøll | S.W. Martin | L.R. Nielsen | D.L. Pearl | D.U. Pfeiffer | J. Sanchez | M.E. Torrence | H. Vigre | C. Waldner | M.P. Ward
published =>
First published: 07 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14574
|
Title =>
Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology—Veterinary Extension
Abstract =>
Authors =>
A.M. O'Connor | J.M. Sargeant | I.R. Dohoo | H.N. Erb | M. Cevallos | M. Egger | A.K. Ersbøll | S.W. Martin | L.R. Nielsen | D.L. Pearl | D.U. Pfeiffer | J. Sanchez | M.E. Torrence | H. Vigre | C. Waldner | M.P. Ward
published =>
First published: 07 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14592
|
Title =>
Catecholamine Metabolism in a Shetland Pony with Suspected Pheochromocytoma and Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
N. Fouché | V. Gerber | D. Gorgas | V. Marolf | E. Grouzmann | J.H. van der Kolk | C. Navas de Solis
published =>
First published: 07 November 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14606
|
Title =>
Utility of Computed Tomography versus Abdominal Ultrasound Examination to Identify Iliosacral Lymphadenomegaly in Dogs with Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac
Abstract =>
Background:
Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac (AGAAS) is associated with high rates of iliosacral lymph node metastasis, which may influence treatment and prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) recently has been shown to be more sensitive than abdominal ultrasound examination (AUS) in affected patients.
Objective:
To compare the rate of detection of iliosacral lymphadenomegaly between AUS and computed tomography (CT) in dogs with AGAAS.
Animals:
Cohort A: A total of 30 presumed normal dogs. Cohort B: A total of 20 dogs with AGAAS that underwent AUS and CT.
Methods:
Using cohort A, mean normalized lymph node : aorta (LN : AO) ratios were established for medial iliac, internal iliac, and sacral lymph nodes. The CT images in cohort B then were reviewed retrospectively and considered enlarged if their LN : AO ratio measured 2 standard deviations above the mean normalized ratio for that particular node in cohort A. Classification and visibility of lymph nodes identified on AUS were compared to corresponding measurements obtained on CT.
Results:
Computed tomography identified lymphadenomegaly in 13 of 20 AGAAS dogs. Of these 13 dogs, AUS correctly identified and detected all enlarged nodes in only 30.8%, and either misidentified or failed to detect additional enlarged nodes in the remaining dogs. Despite limitations in identifying enlargement in all affected lymph nodes, AUS identified at least 1 enlarged node in 100% of affected dogs.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Abdominal ultrasound examination is an effective screening test for lymphadenomegaly in dogs with AGAAS, but CT should be considered in any patient in which an additional metastatic site would impact therapeutic planning.
Authors =>
S. Palladino | M.A. Keyerleber | R.G. King | K.E. Burgess
published =>
First published: 24 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14601
|
Title =>
Comparison of Tube, Gel, and Immunochromatographic Strip Methods for Evaluation of Blood Transfusion Compatibility in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Assessment of blood compatibility, typically by tube agglutination (TUBE) and hemolysis crossmatch or, less commonly, by blood typing and alloantibody screening, often is performed before blood transfusion in horses. In contrast, gel column (GEL) and immunochromatographic strip (STRIP) techniques are preferred for compatibility testing in dogs and cats.
Objective:
To determine the accuracy of novel and standard crossmatch and typing methods.
Animals:
Thirty-eight healthy horses, previously blood typed and alloantibody screened.
Methods:
TUBE and GEL crossmatches were performed on 146 different recipient-donor pairs with 56 incompatible TUBE crossmatches. Crossmatches were compared by nonparametric area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) analyses. Horses also were blood typed by the novel immunochromatographic Ca typing STRIP.
Results:
Compared to TUBE crossmatch, GEL had excellent accuracy for agglutination (AUC-ROC = 0.903), but marginal accuracy for hemolysis (AUC-ROC = 0.639). Compared to macroscopic TUBE, microscopic TUBE had excellent accuracy for agglutination (AUC-ROC = 0.912). The predicted crossmatch compatibility based on blood type and alloantibody assay showed excellent accuracy compared to TUBE and GEL (AUC-ROC = 0.843 and 0.897, respectively). However, there were more recipient-donor pairs identified as incompatible by both TUBE and GEL than predicted by blood type and antibody screen, suggesting the presence of unidentified alloantibodies. A Ca typing STRIP exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity for the 35 Ca+ and 3 Ca- horses tested.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Gel column crossmatch and Ca typing immunochromatographic strip are simple and accurate methods to evaluate clinical blood compatibility.
Authors =>
D. Luethy | S.D. Owens | D. Stefanovski | R. Nolen-Walston | U. Giger
published =>
First published: 22 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14604
|
Title =>
Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
There is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited.
Objectives:
To describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy.
Animals:
Hundred client-owned dogs.
Methods:
Dogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated.
Results:
Forty-one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty-nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty-two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Physical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.
Authors =>
A. Willems | D. Paepe | S. Marynissen | P. Smets | I. Van de Maele | P. Picavet | L. Duchateau | S. Daminet
published =>
First published: 17 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14587
|
Title =>
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width, Hematology, and Serum Biochemistry in Dogs with Echocardiographically Estimated Precapillary and Postcapillary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Abstract =>
Background:
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative measurement of anisocytosis. RDW has prognostic value in humans with different cardiovascular and systemic disorders, but few studies have investigated this biomarker in dogs.
Objectives:
To compare the RDW in dogs with precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and a control population of dogs and to correlate RDW with demographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables.
Animals:
One hundred and twenty-seven client-owned dogs including 19 healthy dogs, 82 dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (50 dogs without PH and 32 dogs with postcapillary PH), and 26 dogs with precapillary PH.
Methods:
Prospective study. Dogs were allocated to groups according to clinical and echocardiographic evaluation. RDW and selected laboratory and echocardiographic variables were compared among dog groups. Associations between RDW and demographic, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression analysis.
Results:
Median RDW in dogs with precapillary PH (13.8%, interquartile range 13.2–14.9%) and postcapillary PH (13.7, 13.2–14.7%) was significantly increased compared to healthy dogs (13.3, 12.3–13.7%; P < .05 for both comparisons), but only dogs with severe PH had significantly increased RDW compared to dogs without PH (P < .05). Peak tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient was significantly associated with increased RDW (rho = 0.263, P = .007). Serum urea concentration, hematocrit, age, and white blood cell number were significantly associated with RDW in the multivariate analysis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Underlying pathophysiologic processes associated with PH instead of severity of PH are likely responsible for increased RDW in dogs with PH.
Authors =>
E. Mazzotta | C. Guglielmini | G. Menciotti | B. Contiero | M. BaronToaldo | M. Berlanda | H. Poser
published =>
First published: 17 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14596
|
Title =>
Leukoencephalomalacia Outbreak in Horses due to Consumption of Contaminated Hay
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
C.P. Vendruscolo | N.C. Frias | C.B. de Carvalho | L.R.M. de Sá | C.B. Belli | R.Y.A. Baccarin
published =>
First published: 15 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14588
|
Title =>
Stored Canine Whole Blood Units: What is the Real Risk of Bacterial Contamination?
Abstract =>
Background:
Bacterial contamination of whole blood (WB) units can result in transfusion-transmitted infection, but the extent of the risk has not been established and may be underestimated in veterinary medicine.
Objectives:
To detect, quantify, and identify bacterial microorganisms in 49 canine WB units during their shelf life.
Animals:
Forty-nine healthy adult dogs.
Methods:
Forty-nine WB units were included in the study. Immediately after collection, 8 sterile samples from the tube segment line of each unit were aseptically collected and tested for bacterial contamination on days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of storage. A qPCR assay was performed on days 0, 21, and 35 to identify and quantify any bacterial DNA.
Results:
On bacterial culture, 47/49 blood units were negative at all time points tested, 1 unit was positive for Enterococcus spp. on days 0 and 1, and 1 was positive for Escherichia coli on day 35. On qPCR assay, 26 of 49 blood units were positive on at least 1 time point and the bacterial loads of the sequences detected (Propionobacterium spp., Corynebacterium spp., Caulobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Serratia spp., and Leucobacter spp.) were <80 genome equivalents (GE)/μL.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Most of the organisms detected were common bacteria, not usually implicated in septic transfusion reactions. The very low number of GE detected constitutes an acceptable risk of bacterial contamination, indicating that WB units have a good sanitary shelf life during commercial storage.
Authors =>
A. Miglio | V. Stefanetti | M.T. Antognoni | K. Cappelli | S. Capomaccio | M. Coletti | F. Passamonti
published =>
First published: 13 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14593
|
Title =>
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Disinfectant Footmats for the Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Footwear in a Large Animal Veterinary Hospital
Abstract =>
Background:
Infection control is critical to providing high-quality patient care. Many veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) utilize footbaths or footmats at entrances and key control points throughout the facility to decrease trafficking of pathogenic microorganism on contaminated footwear.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare efficacy of 4 disinfectants used in footmats for decreasing bacterial contamination of footwear in a large animal hospital.
Animals:
A single adult dairy cow was housed in a stall for 4 days to facilitate stall contamination with fecal material.
Methods:
Overboots were experimentally contaminated with organic material in a standardized manner. Each boot was randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (no treatment, or exposure to 1 of 4 disinfectants: an accelerated peroxygen [AHP], a peroxygen [VIRKON], a quaternary ammonium [QUAT], and a phenolic disinfectant [PHENOLIC]) by stepping on a soaked footmat and collecting samples from boot soles. Generalized linear modeling was used to analyze differences in bacterial counts.
Results:
Reductions in colony-forming units (CFUs) on treated boots ranged from no detectable reduction to 0.45 log10 and varied by disinfectant. Percentage reductions in total bacterial counts generally were larger (albeit still modest) for AHP and QUAT disinfectants (range 37–45%) and smallest for the PHENOLIC (no detectable reduction).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In general, use of disinfectant footmats was associated with significant reductions in viable bacteria on overboots—albeit with variable efficacy. Footmats may be useful adjuncts to cleaning and disinfection programs for decreasing trafficking of microorganisms throughout VTHs but should not be considered as a sole prevention method.
Authors =>
K.J. Hornig | B.A. Burgess | N.T. Saklou | V. Johnson | A. Malmlov | D.C. Van Metre | P.S. Morley | S.R. Byers
published =>
First published: 12 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14576
|
Title =>
Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Exon 2 Deletion of COMMD1 in Bedlington Terriers in Korea
Abstract =>
Background:
Deletion of exon 2 of copper metabolism domain containing 1 (COMMD1) results in copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers (CT-BT).
Objectives:
This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and clinical relevance of the COMMD1 mutation in Bedlington terriers in Korea.
Animals:
A total of 105 purebred Bedlington terriers (50 males, 55 females) from the kennels and pet dog clubs in Korea were examined during the period 2008–2013.
Methods:
A multiplex PCR was carried out to detect exon 2 deletion of COMMD1. Clinical analysis was performed on each genetic group, and clinical status of the dogs was followed up to estimate survival probability.
Results:
Of the 105 samples, 52 (49%) were wild-type homozygote, 47 (45%) were heterozygote, and 6 (6%) were mutant-type homozygote. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was increased in the mutant-type homozygous group >2 years of age (P < .0001). The survival probability of 6 mutant-type homozygotes surviving 2.5 years was 0.67, and 4 years was 0.5.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Results show the prevalence and clinical relevance of exon 2 deletion of COMMD1 and could help establish a structured selective breeding program to prevent CT-BT in Korea.
Authors =>
Y.G. Kim | S.Y. Kim | J.H. Kim | K.K. Lee | Y.M. Yun
published =>
First published: 11 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14590
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Basal Serum or Plasma Cortisol Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Hypoadrenocorticism in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Previous studies that included limited numbers of affected dogs have suggested basal cortisol concentrations ≤55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) are sensitive, but nonspecific, for a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. A detailed assessment of the diagnostic utility of basal cortisol concentrations is warranted.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the utility of basal cortisol concentrations for the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in a large number of dogs, including those with and without serum electrolyte abnormalities.
Animals:
Five hundred and twenty-two dogs, including 163 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, 351 dogs with nonadrenal gland illness, and 8 dogs with equivocal results.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Basal and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations and sodium and potassium concentrations were collected from medical records. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for basal cortisol concentrations by standard methodologies. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were determined for various cut-points.
Results:
The area under the ROC curve was 0.988 and was similarly excellent regardless of serum electrolyte concentrations. At the most discriminatory cut-point of 22 nmol/L (0.8 μg/dL), sensitivity and specificity were 96.9 and 95.7%, respectively. A basal cortisol concentration of ≤55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) resulted in a sensitivity of 99.4%. Conversely, a basal cortisol concentration of ≤5.5 nmol/L (0.19 μg/dL) resulted in a specificity of 99.1%.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Similar to findings in previous studies, basal cortisol concentrations >55 nmol/L (2 μg/dL) are useful in excluding a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. Interestingly, excellent specificities and positive predictive values were observed at lower cut-point cortisol concentrations.
Authors =>
A.J. Gold | D.K. Langlois | K.R. Refsal
published =>
First published: 07 October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14589
|
Title =>
Effect of Pimobendan in Dogs with Preclinical Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease and Cardiomegaly: The EPIC Study—A Randomized Clinical Trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Pimobendan is effective in treatment of dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Its effect on dogs before the onset of CHF is unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Administration of pimobendan (0.4–0.6 mg/kg/d in divided doses) to dogs with increased heart size secondary to preclinical MMVD, not receiving other cardiovascular medications, will delay the onset of signs of CHF, cardiac-related death, or euthanasia.
Animals:
360 client-owned dogs with MMVD with left atrial-to-aortic ratio ≥1.6, normalized left ventricular internal diameter in diastole ≥1.7, and vertebral heart sum >10.5.
Methods:
Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, multicenter clinical trial. Primary outcome variable was time to a composite of the onset of CHF, cardiac-related death, or euthanasia.
Results:
Median time to primary endpoint was 1228 days (95% CI: 856–NA) in the pimobendan group and 766 days (95% CI: 667–875) in the placebo group (P = .0038). Hazard ratio for the pimobendan group was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47–0.87) compared with the placebo group. The benefit persisted after adjustment for other variables. Adverse events were not different between treatment groups. Dogs in the pimobendan group lived longer (median survival time was 1059 days (95% CI: 952–NA) in the pimobendan group and 902 days (95% CI: 747–1061) in the placebo group) (P = .012).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Administration of pimobendan to dogs with MMVD and echocardiographic and radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly results in prolongation of preclinical period and is safe and well tolerated. Prolongation of preclinical period by approximately 15 months represents substantial clinical benefit.
Authors =>
A. Boswood | J. Häggström | S.G. Gordon | G. Wess | R.L. Stepien | M.A. Oyama | B.W. Keene | J. Bonagura | K.A. MacDonald | M. Patteson | S. Smith | P.R. Fox | K. Sanderson | R. Woolley | V. Szatmári | P. Menaut | W.M. Church | M. L. O'Sullivan | J.-P. Jaudon | J.-G. Kresken | J. Rush | K.A. Barrett | S.L. Rosenthal | A.B. Saunders | I. Ljungvall | M. Deinert | E. Bomassi | A.H. Estrada | M.J. Fernandez Del Palacio | N.S. Moise | J.A. Abbott | Y. Fujii | A. Spier | M.W. Luethy | R.A. Santilli | M. Uechi | A. Tidholm | P. Watson
published =>
First published: 28 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14586
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Body Weight, Body Condition, and Muscle Condition in Cats with Hyperthyroidism
Abstract =>
Background:
The contribution of fat loss versus muscle wasting to the loss of body weight seen in hyperthyroid cats is unknown.
Objectives:
To investigate body weight, body condition score (BCS), and muscle condition score (MCS) in hyperthyroid cats.
Animals:
Four hundred sixty-two cats with untreated hyperthyroidism, 117 of which were reevaluated after treatment.
Methods:
Prospective cross-sectional and before–after studies. Untreated hyperthyroid cats had body composition evaluated (body weight, BCS, and MCS). A subset of these cats were reevaluated 3–12 months after treatment when euthyroid.
Results:
Pretreatment body weight (median, 4.36 kg; IQR, 3.5 to 5.2 kg) was lower than premorbid weight (5.45 kg; IQR, 4.6 to 6.4 kg, P < .0001) recorded 1–2 years before diagnosis. 154 (35.3%) cats were thin or emaciated; 357 (77.3%) had loss of muscle mass. Cats showed increases in body weight (median, 4.1 kg to 5.0 kg), BCS (median, 3/5 to 3.5/5), and MCS (2/3 to 3/3) after treatment (P < .001), but mild-to-moderate muscle wasting persisted in 45% of treated cats.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Most hyperthyroid cats lose body weight but maintain an ideal or overweight BCS, with only a third being underweight. As in human hyperthyroid patients, this weight loss is associated with muscle wasting, which affects >75% of hyperthyroid cats. Successful treatment leads to weight gain and increase of BCS in most cats, but almost half fail to regain normal muscle mass.
Authors =>
M.E. Peterson | C.A. Castellano | M. Rishniw
published =>
First published: 26 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14591
|
Title =>
Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular–Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Veterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular–renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal-anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs.
Hypothesis:
A direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs.
Animals:
One hundred and fifty-eight client-owned dogs with CMVD.
Methods:
Signalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival.
Results:
The prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:
Chronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular–renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.
Authors =>
E. Martinelli | C. Locatelli | S. Bassis | S. Crosara | S. Paltrinieri | P. Scarpa | I. Spalla | AM. Zanaboni | C. Quintavalla | P. Brambilla
published =>
First published: 22 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14524
|
Title =>
Factors Influencing the Relationship Between the Dose of Amlodipine Required for Blood Pressure Control and Change in Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypertension is a common problem in elderly cats. In most cats, systolic blood pressure (SBP) of <160 mmHg is achieved in response to amlodipine besylate at either 0.625 or 1.25 mg q24h. The individual cat factors determining dose requirement dose have not been explored.
Aims:
To determine whether individual cat factors influence the dose of amlodipine required to achieve adequate blood pressure control and to determine whether factors other than the prescribed dose of drug alter the achieved plasma amlodipine concentrations.
Methods:
Fifty-nine hypertensive cats that required 0.625 mg (A) and 41 cats that required 1.25 mg (B) amlodipine to reach a target SBP of <160 mmHg were identified, and plasma amlodipine concentrations were determined. Comparisons were made between groups, and multivariable linear regression models were performed to investigate predictors of antihypertensive response.
Results:
Cats that required a greater dose of amlodipine had significantly higher SBP at diagnosis of hypertension (A: (median [25th, 75th percentile]) 182 [175,192] mmHg; B: 207 [194,217] mmHg, P < .001), but comparable blood pressure was achieved after treatment. Plasma amlodipine concentrations were directly related to the dose of amlodipine administered. At diagnosis, cats in group B had significantly lower plasma potassium concentration (A: 4.1 [3.8,4.5]; B: 3.8 [3.6,4.2] mEq/L, P < .01). Weight did not differ between groups. The decrease in SBP was directly and independently associated with the SBP at diagnosis and the plasma amlodipine concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cats with higher blood pressure at diagnosis might require a greater dose of amlodipine to control their blood pressure adequately. Differences in amlodipine pharmacokinetics between cats do not seem to play a role in the antihypertensive response.
Authors =>
E.S. Bijsmans | M. Doig | R.E. Jepson | H.M. Syme | J. Elliott | L. Pelligand
published =>
First published: 22 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14562
|
Title =>
Clinicopathologic and Histopathologic Renal Abnormalities in Dogs with Coccidioidomycosis
Abstract =>
Background:
We observed evidence of protein-losing nephropathy in some dogs with coccidioidomycosis, suggestive of immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN). The goal of this study was to understand the prevalence of renal histopathologic lesions and proteinuria in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.
Hypothesis:
Biochemical and histopathological evidence of glomerular lesions is present in dogs with coccidioidomycosis.
Animals:
Hundred and fifty-six dogs with naturally occurring coccidioidomycosis.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. Clinical information and results of clinicopathologic testing were retrieved from the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH). Microscopic sections of renal tissue procured from necropsy of dogs with coccidioidomycosis were examined to evaluate the nature and distribution of lesions.
Results:
A total of 156 dogs with coccidioidomycosis were identified; 87 dogs had serum biochemistry and a urinalysis performed, 17 had urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPCs), and 24 had renal tissue available for histopathology. Eleven (13%) of the 87 dogs were azotemic, 55 (63%) were proteinuric (of which 14 [25%] had clinically relevant proteinuria defined as ≥3+ or ≥500 mg/dL), and 14 dogs had UPC ≥0.5 (range, 0.5–21.5, median 4.2). Thirteen (54%) of 24 dogs had renal histopathologic lesions suggestive of ICGN. Seven of these dogs had urinalyses performed; 5 (71%) had clinically relevant proteinuria as described above. Two dogs (33%) with normal glomeruli had granulomatous nephritis, 1 of which had intralesional Coccidioides spherules.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Coccidioidomycosis should be considered as a possible contributor to glomerular disease in dogs. Whether similar lesions occur in other mammalian hosts, including humans, warrants further investigation.
Authors =>
L.R. Mehrkens | F.C. Mohr | J.E. Sykes
published =>
First published: 22 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14573
|
Title =>
Degenerative Encephalopathy in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers Presenting with a Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Abstract =>
Background:
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by loss of neurons and are commonly associated with a genetic mutation.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To characterize the clinical and histopathological features of a novel degenerative neurological disease affecting the brain of young adult Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTRs).
Animals:
Nine, young adult, related NSDTRs were evaluated for neurological dysfunction and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.
Methods:
Case series review.
Results:
Clinical signs of neurological dysfunction began between 2 months and 5 years of age and were progressive in nature. They were characterized by episodes of marked movements during sleep, increased anxiety, noise phobia, and gait abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging documented symmetrical, progressively increasing, T2-weighted image intensity, predominantly within the caudate nuclei, consistent with necrosis secondary to gray matter degeneration. Abnormalities were not detected on clinicopathological analysis of blood and cerebrospinal fluid, infectious disease screening or urine metabolite screening in most cases. Postmortem examination of brain tissue identified symmetrical malacia of the caudate nuclei and axonal dystrophy within the brainstem and spinal cord. Genealogical analysis supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
A degenerative encephalopathy was identified in young adult NSDTRs consistent with a hereditary disease. The prognosis is guarded due to the progressive nature of the disease, which is minimally responsive to empirical treatment.
Authors =>
E.N. Barker | L.J. Dawson | J.H. Rose | S. Van Meervenne | O. Frykman | C. Rohdin | A. Leijon | K.E. Soerensen | J. Järnegren | G.C. Johnson | D.P. O'Brien | N. Granger
published =>
First published: 22 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14575
|
Title =>
Feline Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency: A Retrospective Study of 150 Cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Little information is available about the clinical presentation and response to treatment of cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).
Objectives:
To describe the signalment, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, and response to treatment of cats with EPI.
Animals:
One hundred and fifty cats with EPI.
Methods:
Retrospective case series.
Results:
Questionnaires were sent to 261 veterinarians, and 150 (57%) were returned with data suitable for statistical analysis. The median age of the cats with EPI was 7.7 years. The median body condition score was 3 of 9. Ninety-two of 119 cats (77%) had hypocobalaminemia, and 56 of 119 cats (47%) had increased and 6 of 119 cats (5%) had decreased serum folate concentrations. Clinical signs included weight loss (91%), unformed feces (62%), poor hair coat (50%), anorexia (45%), increased appetite (42%), lethargy (40%), watery diarrhea (28%), and vomiting (19%). Eighty-seven cats (58%) had concurrent diseases. Treatment response was reported to be good in 60%, partial in 27%, and poor in 13% of 121 cats. Trypsin-like immunoreactivity <4 μg/L was associated with a positive response to treatment (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.5–7.0; P = .004). Also, cobalamin supplementation improved the response to treatment (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4–6.6; P = .006).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in cats often has a different clinical presentation than in dogs. The age range for EPI in cats is wide, and many cats can be ≤5 years of age. Most cats respond well to appropriate treatment for EPI, and cobalamin supplementation appears to be necessary for a good response.
Authors =>
P.G. Xenoulis | D.L. Zoran | G.T. Fosgate | J.S. Suchodolski | J.M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 19 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14560
|
Title =>
Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies
Abstract =>
Background:
Obesity in horses is increasing in prevalence and can be associated with insulin insensitivity and laminitis. Current treatment strategies for obesity include dietary restriction and exercise. However, whether exercise alone is effective for decreasing body fat is uncertain.
Hypothesis:
Our hypothesis was that twice daily use of a dynamic feeding system for 3 months would induce sustained, low-intensity exercise thereby decreasing adiposity and improving insulin sensitivity (SI).
Animals:
Eight, university-owned, mixed-breed, adult ponies with body condition scores (BCS) ≥5/9 were used.
Methods:
Two treatments (“feeder on” or “feeder off”) were administered for a 3-month period by a randomized, crossover design (n = 4/treatment). An interim equilibration period of 6 weeks at pasture separated the 2 study phases. Measurements of body mass (body weight, BCS, cresty neck score [CrNS], and morphometry), body fat (determined before and after the “feeder on” treatment only), triglycerides, and insulin sensitivity (SI; combined glucose-insulin test) were undertaken before and after treatments.
Results:
The dynamic feeding system induced a 3.7-fold increase in the daily distance travelled (n = 6), compared to with a stationary feeder, which significantly decreased mean BCS (6.53 ± 0.94 to 5.38 ± 1.71), CrNS (2.56 ± 1.12 to 1.63 ± 1.06) and body fat (by 4.95%). An improvement in SI did not occur in all ponies.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
A dynamic feeding system can be used to induce sustained (daily), low-intensity exercise that promotes weight loss in ponies. However, this exercise may not be sufficient to substantially improve SI.
Authors =>
M.A. de Laat | B.A. Hampson | M.N. Sillence | C.C. Pollitt
published =>
First published: 17 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14577
|
Title =>
Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America
Abstract =>
Background:
Based upon serology, >10 canine blood group systems have been reported.
Objective:
We surveyed dogs for dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 and 2 new blood types (Kai 1 and Kai 2), and some samples also were screened for Dal and DEA 3, 4, and 7.
Methods:
Blood samples provided by owners, breeders, animal blood banks, and clinical laboratories were typed for DEA 1 by an immunochromatographic strip technique with a monoclonal antibody and analysis of band intensity. Both new antigens, the Dal and other DEAs (except DEA 7 by tube method), were assessed by a gel column method with either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. The same gel column method was applied for alloantibody detection.
Results:
Of 503 dogs typed, 59.6% were DEA 1+ with 4% weakly, 10% moderately, and 45.6% strongly DEA 1+. Regarding Kai 1 and Kai 2, 94% were Kai 1+/Kai 2-, 5% were Kai 1-/Kai 2- and 1% were Kai 1-/Kai 2+, but none were Kai 1+/Kai 2+. There was no relationship between Kai 1/Kai 2 and other blood types tested. Plasma from DEA 1-, Kai 1-, Kai 2- dogs, or some combination of these contained no detectable alloantibodies against DEA 1 and Kai 1 or Kai, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The new blood types, called Kai 1 and Kai 2, are unrelated to DEA 1, 3, 4, and 7 and Dal. Kai 1+/Kai 2- dogs were most commonly found in North America. The clinical relevance of Kai 1 and Kai 2 in canine transfusion medicine still needs to be elucidated.
Authors =>
C.C. Euler | J.H. Lee | H.Y. Kim | K. Raj | K. Mizukami | U. Giger
published =>
First published: 14 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14572
|
Title =>
Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Quantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.
Objectives:
Define the normal position of caudal fossa structures on brain MRIs in dogs and cats utilizing morphometry, compare this to dogs and cats with caudal transtentorial herniation (CTH), foramen magnum herniation (FMH) or both identified on MRI, and investigate associations between herniation severity, clinical signs, and 24-hour outcome.
Animals:
Ninety-two controls (66 dogs, 26 cats), 119 cases with herniation (88 dogs, 31 cats).
Methods:
Retrospective case series. The MRI database was searched for controls with normal brain anatomy and cases with brain herniation. Morphometry in controls established TTX (transtentorial to rostroventral cerebellum) to quantify CTH and FMX (caudoventral cerebellum to foramen magnum) to quantify FMH. Measurements were compared between cases and controls. Correlations with specific clinical variables and outcome were investigated.
Results:
Measurements in medium/large control dogs versus small dog and cat controls were significantly different (P < .001, TTX: −0.46, −0.305, −0.3, FMX: 0.695, 0.27, 0.25, respectively). 119/1564 (7.6%) cases that underwent brain imaging had brain herniation. TTX and FMX were significantly different between controls and cases with CTH or FMH (P < .001). 67/89 (75%) cases with supratentorial lesions had no signs directly attributable to herniation. 71/119 (60%) had a normal anesthetic recovery. TTX was significantly associated with 24-hour survival (P < .001).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Brain herniation can be quantified on MRI. Clinical signs directly attributable to brain herniation commonly are absent, and more severe CTH based on TTX is associated with a worse short-term outcome.
Authors =>
M.J. Lewis | N.J. Olby | P.J. Early | C.L. Mariani | K.R. Muñana | G.S. Seiler | E.H. Griffith
published =>
First published: 12 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14526
|
Title =>
Platelet Activation and Clopidogrel Effects on ADP-Induced Platelet Activation in Cats with or without the A31P Mutation in MYBPC3
Abstract =>
Background:
Clopidogrel is commonly prescribed to cats with perceived increased risk of thromboembolic events, but little information exists regarding its antiplatelet effects.
Objective:
To determine effects of clopidogrel on platelet responsiveness in cats with or without the A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. A secondary aim was to characterize variability in feline platelet responses to clopidogrel.
Animals:
Fourteen healthy cats from a Maine Coon/outbred mixed Domestic cat colony: 8 cats homozygous for A31P mutation in the MYPBC3 gene and 6 wild-type cats without the A31P mutation.
Methods:
Ex vivo study. All cats received clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO q24h) for 14 days. Before and after clopidogrel treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced P-selectin expression was evaluated. ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry (OA). Platelet pVASP and ADP receptor response index (ARRI) were measured by Western blot analysis.
Results:
Platelet activation from cats with the A31P mutation was significantly (P = .0095) increased [35.55% (18.58–48.55) to 58.90% (24.85–69.90)], in response to ADP. Clopidogrel treatment attenuated ADP-induced P-selectin expression and platelet aggregation. ADP- and PGE1-treated platelets had a similar level of pVASP as PGE1-treated platelets after clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel administration resulted in significantly lower ARRI [24.13% (12.46–35.50) to 11.30% (−7.383 to 23.27)] (P = .017). Two of 13 cats were nonresponders based on OA and flow cytometry.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Clopidogrel is effective at attenuating platelet activation and aggregation in some cats. Cats with A31P mutation had increased platelet activation relative to the variable response seen in wild-type cats.
Authors =>
R.H.L. Li | J.A. Stern | V. Ho | F. Tablin | S.P. Harris
published =>
First published: 12 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14568
|
Title =>
ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Recommendations on the Treatment and Prevention of Uroliths in Dogs and Cats
Abstract =>
Authors =>
J.P. Lulich | A.C. Berent | L.G. Adams | J.L. Westropp | J.W. Bartges | C.A. Osborne
published =>
First published: 09 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14559
|
Title =>
Presumptive Iatrogenic Microcystin-Associated Liver Failure and Encephalopathy in a Holsteiner Gelding
Abstract =>
Authors =>
N.S. Mittelman | J.B. Engiles | L. Murphy | D. Vudathala | A.L. Johnson
published =>
First published: 09 September 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14571
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Serum Aspergillus-Specific Immunoglobulin A by Indirect ELISA for Diagnosis of Feline Upper Respiratory Tract Aspergillosis
Abstract =>
Background:
Serological tests for diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent humans and animals are based on Aspergillus-specific IgG (As-IgG). In humans with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, As-IgA may be detectable even if IgG titers are negative. Cats with upper respiratory tract aspergillosis (URTA) have detectable As-IgG, but their ability to mount an IgA response and its diagnostic utility are unknown.
Objectives:
To determine whether serum As-IgA can be detected in cats with URTA and evaluate its diagnostic utility alone or combined with As-IgG.
Animals:
Twenty-three cats with URTA (Group 1), 32 cats with other respiratory diseases (Group 2), and 84 nonrespiratory controls (Group 3).
Methods:
Serum As-IgA and As-IgG was measured by indirect ELISA. Optimal cutoff values were determined by receiver-operating curve analysis. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) for URTA diagnosis were determined.
Results:
Serum IgA was detected in 91.3% of Group 1 cats. The Se of IgA detection was 78.3% and Sp was 96.9% for Group 2, 85.7% for Group 3 and 88.8% for Group 2 and 3 combined. Assay Se for IgG was 100% and Sp was 92.2%. Using combined IgA and IgG results at cutoffs optimized for Sp for IgA and Se for IgG and combined controls (Groups 2 and 3), Se for diagnosis was 100% and Sp was 91.4%.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Most cats with URTA have serum As-IgA antibodies that can be detected by ELISA. Paired measurement of serum As-IgA and IgG shows no benefit for diagnosis of feline URTA over IgG alone.
Authors =>
A. Taylor | I. Peters | N.K. Dhand | J. Whitney | L.R. Johnson | J.A. Beatty | V.R. Barrs
published =>
First published: September/October 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14567
|
Title =>
Effect of Body Weight on Echocardiographic Measurements in 19,866 Pure-Bred Cats with or without Heart Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Echocardiography is a cost-efficient method to screen cats for presence of heart disease. Current reference intervals for feline cardiac dimensions do not account for body weight (BW).
Objective:
To study the effect of BW on heart rate (HR), aortic (Ao), left atrial (LA) and ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in cats, and to calculate 95% prediction intervals for these variables in normal adult pure-bred cats.
Animals:
19 866 pure-bred cats.
Methods:
Clinical data from heart screens conducted between 1999 and 2014 were included. Associations between BW, HR, and cardiac dimensions were assessed using univariate linear models and allometric scaling, including all cats, and only those considered normal, respectively. Prediction intervals were created using 95% confidence intervals obtained from regression curves.
Results:
Associations between BW and echocardiographic dimensions were best described by allometric scaling, and all dimensions increased with increasing BW (all P<0.001). Strongest associations were found between BW and Ao, LV end diastolic, LA dimensions, and thickness of LV free wall. Weak linear associations were found between BW and HR and left atrial to aortic ratio (LA:Ao), for which HR decreased with increasing BW (P<0.001), and LA:Ao increased with increasing BW (P<0.001). Marginal differences were found for prediction formulas and prediction intervals when the dataset included all cats versus only those considered normal.
Conclusions and Importance:
BW had a clinically relevant effect on echocardiographic dimensions in cats, and BW based 95% prediction intervals may help in screening cats for heart disease.
Authors =>
J. Häggström | Å.O. Andersson | T. Falk | L. Nilsfors | U. OIsson | J.G. Kresken | K. Höglund | M. Rishniw | A. Tidholm | I. Ljungvall
published =>
First published: 30 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14569
|
Title =>
Serum Concentrations of Leptin and Adiponectin in Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
The concentrations of circulating adipokines in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) have not been investigated in detail.
Objectives:
To determine whether serum concentrations of adipokines differ between healthy dogs and dogs with MMVD and whether circulating concentrations depend on the severity of heart failure resulting from MMVD.
Animals:
In the preliminary study, 30 healthy dogs and 17 client-owned dogs with MMVD, and in the subsequent study, 30 healthy dogs and 46 client-owned dogs with MMVD.
Methods:
Prospective case-controlled observational study. In the preliminary study, serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured. In the subsequent study, MMVD dogs were divided into three groups according to the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) classification, and serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin were measured.
Results:
In the preliminary study, serum leptin and adiponectin concentrations differed significantly between dogs with MMVD and healthy dogs. Serum leptin (P = .0013) concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with MMVD than in healthy dogs, whereas adiponectin (P = .0009) concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with MMVD. However, we observed no significant differences in the other variables. In the subsequent study, dogs classified as ISACHC class 3 had higher serum concentrations of leptin (P = .0022) than healthy dogs but ISACHC class 1 or 2 dogs did not. Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly lower in ISACHC class 1 (P < .0001) dogs than in healthy dogs, whereas adiponectin concentrations in ISACHC class 3 dogs were significantly higher than in ISACHC class 1 dogs (P = .0081).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Circulating concentrations of leptin and adiponectin might be altered in dogs with MMVD.
Authors =>
H.-S. Kim | J.-H. Kang | E.-B. Jeung | M.-P. Yang
published =>
First published: 30 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14570
|
Title =>
Development of a Semiquantitative Histological Score for the Diagnosis of Heaves Using Endobronchial Biopsy Specimens in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Remodeling of the peripheral airways persists during the asymptomatic phase of heaves. Assessing the histology of large bronchi could facilitate the diagnosis of heaves during remission of the disease.
Hypothesis:
Airway inflammation and remodeling in endobronchial biopsy (EBB) specimens differentiate horses with heaves from controls, independently of their clinical status (exacerbation or remission).
Animals:
Fourteen healthy horses and 24 horses with heaves.
Methods:
A 14-point scoring system assessing central bronchial wall inflammation and remodeling was developed. The score was validated by 2 pathologists using specimens obtained from 18 horses (6 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission) in which lung function had been assessed with impulse oscillometry. Clinical and research application of the score was evaluated using biopsy specimens obtained from 20 additional horses (8 controls, 6 with heaves exacerbation, and 6 with heaves remission).
Results:
The score was repeatable (interclass correlation coefficient = 69%). It differentiated horses with heaves in exacerbation (mean ± SD: 6.2 ± 2.2) from those in remission (4.0 ± 1.0) and controls (3.6 ± 1.7, P < 0.0001). The histological scores of horses with heaves correlated with the ratio of respiratory resistance (R) at 5 and 10 Hz (R5 : R10 ratio, r = 0.65, P = 0.03), a parameter assessing airway obstruction.
Conclusions and Clinical Significance:
The proposed histological scoring system correlates with the degree of airway obstruction measured by impulse oscillometry. However, it does not discriminate horses with heaves in remission from controls. Evaluation of EBB specimens might be considered in future research and clinical studies of respiratory diseases in horses.
Authors =>
M. Bullone | P. Hélie | P. Joubert | J.-P. Lavoie
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14556
|
Title =>
Pathophysiology, Clinical Importance, and Management of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Caused by Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injury
Abstract =>
Authors =>
H.Z. Hu | N. Granger | N.D. Jeffery
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14557
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Weight Loss Over Time in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Thin body condition and weight loss are common in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the time course and progression of weight loss before and after diagnosis have not been thoroughly evaluated.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To describe weight loss in cats with CKD before and after diagnosis and its relationship to survival.
Animals:
A total of 569 cats (55.5% females and 44.5% males) with CKD from 6 US veterinary practices for which International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage, age, date of CKD diagnosis, and at least two body weight measurements were available.
Methods:
Body weight measurements were analyzed by time windows and polynomial growth curve analysis. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan–Meier curves and log-rank tests.
Results:
Median age at diagnosis was 14.9 years (range, 5.0–22.8 years). Cats were categorized at diagnosis as IRIS stage 1 (n = 34 [6%]), stage 2 (n = 345 [61%]), stage 3 (n = 141 [25%]), and stage 4 (n = 49 [9%]). Median body weight at diagnosis was 4.2 kg (range, 1.6–9.9 kg). Cats lost a median of 8.9% of body weight in the 12 months before diagnosis, but weight loss was already present 3 years before diagnosis and accelerated after diagnosis of CKD. Cats <4.2 kg at the time of diagnosis had significantly shorter survival time compared to cats ≥ 4.2 kg at diagnosis (P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Weight loss can be detected in cats before diagnosis of CKD, accelerates after diagnosis, and is associated with shorter survival. Tracking body weight may help clinicians in earlier diagnosis of CKD.
Authors =>
L.M. Freeman | M.-P. Lachaud | S. Matthews | L. Rhodes | B. Zollers
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14561
|
Title =>
The Effect of Moderate Dietary Protein and Phosphate Restriction on Calcium-Phosphate Homeostasis in Healthy Older Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Dietary phosphate and protein restriction decreases plasma PTH and FGF-23 concentrations and improves survival time in azotemic cats, but has not been examined in cats that are not azotemic.
Hypothesis:
Feeding a moderately protein- and phosphate-restricted diet decreases PTH and FGF-23 in healthy older cats and thereby slows progression to azotemic CKD.
Animals:
A total of 54 healthy, client-owned cats (≥ 9 years).
Methods:
Prospective double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Cats were assigned to test diet (protein 76 g/Mcal and phosphate 1.6 g/Mcal) or control diet (protein 86 g/Mcal and phosphate 2.6 g/Mcal) and monitored for 18 months. Changes in variables over time and effect of diet were assessed by linear mixed models.
Results:
A total of 26 cats ate test diet and 28 cats ate control diet. There was a significant effect of diet on urinary fractional excretion of phosphate (P = 0.045), plasma PTH (P = 0.005), and ionized calcium concentrations (P = 0.018), but not plasma phosphate, FGF-23, or creatinine concentrations. Plasma PTH concentrations did not significantly change in cats fed the test diet (P = 0.62) but increased over time in cats fed the control diet (P = 0.001). There was no significant treatment effect of the test diet on development of azotemic CKD (3 of 26 (12%) test versus 3 of 28 (11%) control, odds ratio 1.09 (95% CI 0.13–8.94), P = 0.92).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Feeding a moderately protein- and phosphate-restricted diet has effects on calcium-phosphate homeostasis in healthy older cats and is well tolerated. This might have an impact on renal function and could be useful in early chronic kidney disease.
Authors =>
R.F. Geddes | V. Biourge | Y. Chang | H.M. Syme | J. Elliott
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14563
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
M.M. Fry DVM, MS, DACVP | D. Schaefer DVM, MS, MT (ASCP), DACVP
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14565
|
Title =>
Seizure Disorders in Goats and Sheep
Abstract =>
Background:
Goats and sheep are more likely to be presented for examination for seizures than are cattle, possibly as a consequence of their relatively smaller body size. Currently, no reports describing seizure disorders in goats and sheep are available.
Objectives:
To describe clinical features and treatment outcomes of sheep and goats presented for seizures.
Animals:
A total of 59 goats and 21 sheep presented for seizures.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Medical records from 1994 to 2014 at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, were reviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Logistic regression was performed to determine whether variables were associated with mortality.
Results:
The majority of seizures in goats and sheep had structural or metabolic causes. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) secondary to ruminal lactic acidosis or PEM of undetermined cause was the most frequently diagnosed cause of seizures in goats and sheep. The proportions of mortality in goats and sheep were 49.2 and 42.9%, respectively. Age increased the odds mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07, 2.14) in goats. Goats with structural or metabolic causes of seizures had higher odds for mortality (OR, 37.48; 95% CI, 1.12, 99.10) than those with unknown causes. Age and etiological diagnosis were not significant (P > .05) predictors of mortality in affected sheep.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Seizure disorders in goats and sheep are associated with high mortality, despite treatment. Current treatment in goats and sheep with seizures warrants further investigation to determine whether treatments are beneficial or detrimental to survival.
Authors =>
M. Chigerwe | M. Aleman
published =>
First published: 16 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14566
|
Title =>
Axial Multicentric Osteosarcoma in an English Cocker Spaniel
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
B. Parzefall | S. De Decker | S. Carvalho | R. Terry | J. Leach | K.C. Smith | A. Lara-Garcia
published =>
First published: 13 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14555
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
G. Segev DVM, DECVIM-CA | C. Palm DVM, DACVIM (SAIM)
published =>
First published: 13 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14564
|
Title =>
Hypothermia in Uremic Dogs and Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
The prevalence of uremic hypothermia (UH) and the effects of improving uremia on body temperature have not been determined in veterinary patients.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of UH and correlations between uremia and body temperature in patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD).
Animals:
Uremic dogs (n = 122) and cats (n = 79) treated by IHD at the Bobst Hospital of the Animal Medical Center from 1997 to 2013.
Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records.
Results:
The prevalence of hypothermia was 38% in azotemic cats and 20.5% in azotemic dogs. Statistically significant temperature differences were observed between uremic and nonuremic dogs (nonuremic: mean, 100.8°F; range, 91.2–109.5°F; uremic: mean, 99.9°F; range, 95.6–103.8°F; P < .0001) and cats (nonuremic: mean, 100.6°F; range, 94.0–103.8°F; uremic: mean, 99.3°F; range, 92.3–103.4°F; P < .0001). In dog dialysis patients, significant models included (1) timing (pre-dialysis versus post-dialysis) with weight class (small [P < .0001], medium [P = .016], and large breed [P = .033] dogs), (2) timing with serum creatinine concentration (P = .021), and (3) timing with BUN concentration (P < .0001). In cat dialysis patients, there was a significant interaction between timing and weight as a categorical variable (<5 kg and ≥5 kg).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Uremic hypothermia appears to be a clinical phenomenon that occurs in cats and dogs. Uremic patients are hypothermic compared to ill nonuremic patients and body temperatures increase when uremia is corrected with IHD in dogs and in cats >5 kg. In cats, UH seems to be a more prevalent phenomenon driven by uremia. Uremic hypothermia does occur in dogs, but body weight is a more important predictor of body temperature.
Authors =>
E. Kabatchnick | C. Langston | B. Olson | K.E. Lamb
published =>
First published: 02 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14525
|
Title =>
Intermittent At-Home Suctioning of Esophageal Content for Prevention of Recurrent Aspiration Pneumonia in 4 Dogs with Megaesophagus
Abstract =>
Background:
Megaesophagus carries a poor to guarded prognosis due to death from aspiration pneumonia. Options for medical management of regurgitation are limited to strategic oral or gastrostomy tube feeding.
Objectives:
To describe the use and efficacy of intermittent esophageal suctioning to prevent regurgitation and associated episodes of aspiration pneumonia in dogs with megaesophagus.
Animals:
Four dogs with acquired idiopathic megaesophagus and recurrent aspiration pneumonia.
Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records of dogs with megaesophagus in which intermittent suctioning of esophageal content was employed for management of recurrent aspiration pneumonia.
Results:
Intermittent suctioning of the esophagus was initiated in 4 dogs after failure of strict gastrostomy tube feeding failed to prevent regurgitation and repeated episodes of aspiration pneumonia. Suctioning was accomplished by esophagostomy tube in 3 dogs and per os in 1 dog. After initiation of esophageal suctioning, dogs survived for a median of 13.5 additional months (range, 10–30 months) during which time 2 dogs had no additional episodes of aspiration pneumonia and 2 dogs had infrequent episodes of pneumonia, but aspiration was suspected to be a contributing factor in their death. Complications included clogging of the esophagostomy tube, esophagostomy site infections, and esophagitis.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Use of intermittent esophageal suctioning in dogs with megaesophagus that continue to regurgitate despite gastrostomy tube feedings can reduce or abolish clinical episodes of aspiration pneumonia.
Authors =>
K. Manning | A.J. Birkenheuer | J. Briley | S.A. Montgomery | J. Harris | S.L. Vanone | J.L. Gookin
published =>
First published: 02 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14527
|
Title =>
The Effect of Fasting Duration on Baseline Blood Glucose Concentration, Blood Insulin Concentration, Glucose/Insulin Ratio, Oral Sugar Test, and Insulin Response Test Results in Horses
Abstract =>
Objectives:
Published descriptions of the oral sugar test (OST) and insulin response test (IRT) have been inconsistent when specifying the protocol for fasting horses before testing. The purpose of our study was to examine the effect of fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, OST, and IRT results in horses.
Animals:
Ten healthy adult horses.
Procedures:
Both OST and IRT were performed on horses without fasting and after fasting for 3, 6, and 12 hours. Thus, 8 tests were performed per horse in a randomized order. Blood collected at the initial time point of the OST was analysed for both blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations so that baseline concentrations and the glucose/insulin ratio could be determined. Unless fasted, horses had free-choice access to grass hay.
Results:
There was no effect of fasting and fasting duration on blood glucose concentration, serum insulin concentration, glucose/insulin ratio, or the OST. Response to insulin in the IRT was decreased in fasted horses. The effect increased with fasting duration, with the least response to insulin administration after a 12-hour fast.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
These data indicate that insulin sensitivity is not a fixed trait in horses. Fasting a horse is not recommended for a glucose/insulin ratio or IRT, and fasting a horse for 3 hours is recommended for the OST.
Authors =>
F.R. Bertin | S.D. Taylor | A.W. Bianco | J.E. Sojka-Kritchevsky
published =>
First published: 02 August 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14529
|
Title =>
Evaluation of Cystatin C for the Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) are potential biomarkers for early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. An in-depth clinical validation is required.
Objectives:
To evaluate CysC as a marker for CKD in cats and to compare assay performance of the turbidimetric assay (PETIA) with the previously validated nephelometric assay (PENIA).
Animals:
Ninety cats were included: 49 CKD and 41 healthy cats.
Methods:
Serum CysC and uCysC concentrations were prospectively evaluated in cats with CKD and healthy cats. Based on plasma exo-iohexol clearance test (PexICT), sCysC was evaluated to distinguish normal, borderline, and low GFR. Sensitivity and specificity to detect PexICT < 1.7 mL/min/kg were calculated. Serum CysC results of PENIA and PETIA were correlated with GFR. Statistical analysis was performed using general linear modeling.
Results:
Cats with CKD had significantly higher mean ± SD sCysC (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/L) (P < .001) and uCysC/urinary creatinine (uCr) (291 ± 411 mg/mol) (P < .001) compared to healthy cats (sCysC 1.0 ± 0.3 and uCysC/uCr 0.32 ± 0.97). UCysC was detected in 35/49 CKD cats. R2 values between GFR and sCysC or sCr were 0.39 and 0.71, respectively (sCysC or sCr = μ + GFR + ε). Sensitivity and specificity were 22 and 100% for sCysC and 83 and 93% for sCr. Serum CysC could not distinguish healthy from CKD cats, nor normal from borderline or low GFR, in contrast with sCr.
Conclusion:
Serum CysC is not a reliable marker of reduced GFR in cats and uCysC could not be detected in all CKD cats.
Authors =>
L.F.E. Ghys | D. Paepe | H.P. Lefebvre | B.S. Reynolds | S. Croubels | E. Meyer | J.R. Delanghe | S. Daminet
published =>
First published: 27 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14256
|
Title =>
What's in a Name? Classification of Diabetes Mellitus in Veterinary Medicine and Why It Matters
Abstract =>
Authors =>
C. Gilor | S.J.M. Niessen | E. Furrow | S.P. DiBartola
published =>
First published: 27 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14357
|
Title =>
Quantitative PCR and Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Dogs with Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection
Abstract =>
Background:
The use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and demonstration of bacteria adhering to ciliated epithelial cells in BALF or bronchial brushing fluid (BBF) has not been assessed in a series of affected dogs. Coinfections can worsen the clinical severity in bordetellosis, but the specific association with Mycoplasma cynos has not been evaluated.
Objectives:
To assess the utility of culture, qPCR and cytologic examination of cytospin preparations in the diagnosis of bordetellosis in dogs and the influence of coinfection by M. cynos on disease severity.
Animals:
Twenty-four referred dogs with B. bronchiseptica infection and 10 healthy dogs.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. qPCR (B. bronchiseptica and M. cynos) and culture results from BALF were recorded. Cytospin preparations from BALF and BBF were reviewed. qPCR on BALF from 10 healthy dogs were used as negative control.
Results:
The BALF culture and qPCR detected B. bronchiseptica in 14/24 and 18/18 dogs, respectively. Coccobacilli were found adhering to ciliated epithelial cells in 20 of the 21 BALF cytologic preparations where epithelial cells were found, and 2/3 BBF cytologic preparations. Quantitative PCR detected a low level of B. bronchiseptica in one healthy dog. The frequency of detection of M. cynos was not significantly different in B. bronchiseptica (9/17 dogs) compared with healthy dogs (2/10 dogs) (P = .09).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Quantitative PCR detection of B. bronchiseptica in BALF appears to be a useful diagnostic tool. Cytologic examination of BALF or BBF, when positive, allows a rapid and reliable diagnosis.
Authors =>
A.M. Canonne | F. Billen | C. Tual | E. Ramery | E. Roels | I. Peters | C. Clercx
published =>
First published: 27 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14366
|
Title =>
Risk Factors for Equine Gastric Glandular Disease: A Case-Control Study in a Finnish Referral Hospital Population
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine gastric glandular disease (EGGD) is a term used to classify erosive and ulcerative diseases of the glandular mucosa of the equine stomach. Epidemiologic studies of risk factors for EGGD have not been reported.
Objective:
To determine risk factors for EGGD.
Animals:
Cases (n = 83) had endoscopic evidence of EGGD; controls (n = 34) included healthy horses and horses with equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) without EGGD.
Methods:
Retrospective case-control study. The data were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression modeling. Analysis was performed on the full dataset. An additional analysis compared horses with glandular lesions (n = 43) against healthy horses (n = 22).
Results:
On first analysis, Warmblood breed (OR = 13.9, 95% CI 2.2–90.9, P = .005) and an increasing number of caretakers (OR = 7.3, 95% CI 0.98–55.6, P = .053) were associated with an increased risk of EGGD. On analysis of the subset of data, Warmblood breed (OR = 28.6, 95% CI 2.96–250.0, P = .004) and increasing number of riders (OR = 12.99, 95% CI 0.94–166.7, P = .056) were risk factors. The presence of sand in the colon appeared to have a protective effect against EGGD (OR = 0.195, 95% CI 0.04–1.0, P = .051 for sand versus not having sand).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
This study suggests that Warmbloods are predisposed to EGGD and multiple handlers/riders might increase the risk of EGGD. Identification of risk factors allows speculation on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of EGGD.
Authors =>
J. Mönki | M. Hewetson | A.-M.K. Virtala
published =>
First published: 27 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14370
|
Title =>
Effect of Fenoldopam Continuous Infusion on Glomerular Filtration Rate and Fractional Excretion of Sodium in Healthy Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common problem in small-animal patients and carries a guarded prognosis with substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly in oligoanuric dogs. Fenoldopam, a selective dopamine agonist, has been shown to increase urine output in healthy dogs and cats; however, the mechanism of action is unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of fenoldopam infusion on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) in healthy dogs.
Animals:
Ten healthy, privately owned dogs.
Methods:
Randomized, crossover design with negative control. Ten healthy dogs were given fenoldopam diluted in 5% dextrose (D5W) as a continuous IV infusion of 0.8 μg/kg/min for 5 hours and a control infusion of D5W alone, 7 days apart. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by exogenous iohexol clearance, beginning 1 hour after the start of the fenoldopam infusion. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) was measured before and after the infusion. Glomerular filtration rate and change in FeNa were compared between treatment days.
Results:
Fenoldopam infusion resulted in a significantly increased (P = .0166) GFR (median GFR, 3.33 mL/min/kg) in healthy dogs compared with D5W infusion (median GFR, 2.71 mL/kg/min). Fenoldopam also resulted in a significantly increased (P = .0148) FeNa (mean change, 0.106), whereas infusion of D5W alone did not (mean change, 0.016).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In healthy dogs, fenoldopam significantly increased GFR and FeNa compared with infusion of D5W alone. No adverse effects were seen.
Authors =>
K.L. Kelly | K.J. Drobatz | J.D. Foster
published =>
First published: 25 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14522
|
Title =>
The Influence of Pituitary Size on Outcome After Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in a Large Cohort of Dogs with Pituitary-Dependent Hypercortisolism
Abstract =>
Background:
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is one of the treatment strategies in the comprehensive management of dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH).
Objectives:
To describe the influence of pituitary size at time of pituitary gland surgery on long-term outcome.
Animals:
Three-hundred–and-six dogs with PDH.
Methods:
Survival and disease-free fractions were analyzed and related to pituitary size; dogs with and without recurrence were compared.
Results:
Four weeks after surgery, 91% of dogs were alive and remission was confirmed in 92% of these dogs. The median survival time was 781 days, median disease-free interval was 951 days. Over time, 27% of dogs developed recurrence of hypercortisolism after a median period of 555 days. Dogs with recurrence had significantly higher pituitary height/brain area (P/B) ratio and pre-operative basal urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratio (UCCR) than dogs without recurrence. Survival time and disease-free interval of dogs with enlarged pituitary glands was significantly shorter than that of dogs with a non-enlarged pituitary gland. Pituitary size at the time of surgery significantly increased over the 20-year period. Although larger tumors have a less favorable prognosis, outcome in larger tumors improved over time.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is an effective treatment for PDH in dogs, with an acceptable long-term outcome. Survival time and disease-free fractions are correlated negatively with pituitary gland size, making the P/B ratio an important pre-operative prognosticator. However, with increasing experience, and for large tumors, pituitary gland surgery remains an option to control the pituitary mass and hypercortisolism.
Authors =>
S.J. van Rijn | S. Galac | M.A. Tryfonidou | J.W. Hesselink | L.C. Penning | H.S. Kooistra | B.P. Meij
published =>
First published: 18 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14367
|
Title =>
Serum N-Terminal Type III Procollagen Propeptide: An Indicator of Growth Hormone Excess and Response to Treatment in Feline Hypersomatotropism
Abstract =>
Background:
N-terminal type III procollagen propeptide (PIIINP) is a biomarker of soft tissue proliferation. Hypersomatotropism (HS) is associated with soft tissue proliferation.
Hypothesis:
Serum PIIINP is increased in cats with HS and decreases with effective treatment, and may be an additional tool in the diagnosis and treatment of feline HS.
Animals:
Cats with uncomplicated diabetes mellitus (DM; n = 30) and with HS-induced DM (HSDM; n = 30). Pre- and posttreatment samples were available from 5 cats undergoing radiotherapy (RT) and 16 cats undergoing hypophysectomy (HPX).
Methods:
Retrospective and prospective cross-sectional study. Analytical performance of a serum PIIINP ELISA was assessed and validated for use in cats. PIIINP and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) radioimmunoassays (RIA) were performed pre- and post-treatment in cats with DM and HSDM. PIIINP and IGF-1 were compared between cats treated by RT and HPX.
Results:
Serum PIIINP concentrations were significantly higher (P < .001) in HSDM cats (median, 19.6 ng/mL; range, 1.7–27.9) compared to DM cats (median, 5.0 ng/mL; range, 2.1–10.4). A cut-off of 10.5 ng/mL allowed differentiation between DM and HSDM cats with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1). After RT, PIIINP increased significantly (P = .043) with no significant change in IGF-1 concentrations. After HPX, serum PIIINP (P = .034) and IGF-1 concentrations (P < .001) decreased significantly.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
PIIINP concentrations are increased in cats with untreated HSDM compared to those with DM, demonstrating the effect of excess GH on soft tissue. PIIINP concentrations decreased after HPX in most HSDM cats.
Authors =>
S.V. Keyte | P.J. Kenny | Y. Forcada | D.B. Church | S.J.M. Niessen
published =>
First published: 18 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14373
|
Title =>
Posaconazole Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Cats after Oral and Intravenous Administration
Abstract =>
Background:
Posaconazole is the most active available azole antifungal drug, but absorption and pharmacokinetics are not available to guide dosing regimens in cats.
Objective:
To determine the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in cats given an IV solution and PO suspension.
Animals:
Six healthy, adult research cats.
Methods:
After a 12-hour fast, each cat received 15 mg/kg of posaconazole PO suspension with food. Four cats also received 3 mg/kg IV posaconazole after a 7-day washout period. Plasma was collected at predetermined intervals for analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concentration data were analyzed using a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis for IV administration data and a 1-compartment analysis with first-order input for PO administration data using Phoenix® software.5
Results:
After IV dosing, volume of distribution (VSS) was 1.9 (0.3) L/kg (mean, standard deviation), terminal half-life (T½) was 57.7 (28.4) hours, and clearance was 28.1 (17.3) mL/kg/h. After PO dosing, peak concentration (CMAX) was 1.2 (0.5) μg/mL and T½ was 38.1 (15.0) hours. Bioavailability of PO suspension was 15.9% (8.6). No adverse effects were observed with either route of administration.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Despite low PO absorption, these data allow for simulation of PO dosage regimens that could be explored in clinical studies. Two regimens can be considered to maintain targeted trough concentrations of 0.5–0.7 μg/mL as extrapolated from studies in humans: (1) 30 mg/kg PO loading dose followed by 15 mg/kg q48h, or (2) 15 mg/kg PO loading dose followed by 7.5 mg/kg q24h.
Authors =>
D.I. Mawby | J.C. Whittemore | L.E. Fowler | M.G. Papich
published =>
First published: 18 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14523
|
Title =>
Comparison of 2 Doses for ACTH Stimulation Testing in Dogs Suspected of or Treated for Hyperadrenocorticism
Abstract =>
Background:
Lowering the cosyntropin dose needed for ACTH stimulation would make the test more economical.
Objectives:
To compare the cortisol response to 1 and 5 μg/kg cosyntropin IV in dogs being screened for hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) and in dogs receiving trilostane or mitotane for pituitary-dependent HAC.
Animals:
Healthy dogs (n = 10); client-owned dogs suspected of having HAC (n = 39) or being treated for pituitary-dependent HAC with mitotane (n = 12) or trilostane (n = 15).
Procedures:
In this prospective study, healthy dogs had consecutive ACTH stimulation tests to ensure 2 tests could be performed in sequence. For the first test, cosyntropin (1 μg/kg IV) was administered; the second test was initiated 4 hours after the start of the first (5 μg/kg cosyntropin IV). Dogs suspected of having HAC or being treated with mitotane were tested as the healthy dogs. Dogs receiving trilostane treatment were tested on consecutive days at the same time post pill using the low dose on day 1.
Results:
In dogs being treated with mitotane or trilostane, the 2 doses were pharmacodynamically equivalent (90% confidence interval, 85.1–108.2%; P = 0.014). However, in dogs suspected of having HAC, the doses were not pharmacodynamically equivalent (90% confidence interval, 73.2–92.8%; P = 0.37); furthermore, in 23% of the dogs, clinical interpretation of test results was different between the doses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
For dogs suspected of having HAC, 5 μg/kg cosyntropin IV is still recommended for ACTH stimulation testing. For dogs receiving mitotane or trilostane treatment, a dose of 1 μg/kg cosyntropin IV can be used.
Authors =>
C. Aldridge | E.N. Behrend | R.J. Kemppainen | T.M. Lee-Fowler | L.G. Martin | C.R. Ward | D. Bruyette | J. Pannu | P. Gaillard | H.P. Lee
published =>
First published: 18 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14528
|
Title =>
Comparison of 3 Handling Techniques for Endoscopically Obtained Gastric and Duodenal Biopsy Specimens: A Prospective Study in Dogs and Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Limited evidence exists in the literature regarding whether a specific mount is preferable to use for processing endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare 3 methods of handling endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from collection to laboratory processing and to determine if any technique produced superior results.
Animals:
Twenty-three dogs and cats presented for gastrointestinal signs.
Methods:
Prospective study of dogs and cats presented with gastrointestinal signs to a veterinary teaching referral hospital which underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach and duodenum and submitted to the laboratory using 3 techniques: mounted on a cucumber slice, mounted on a moisturized synthetic foam sponge, and floating free in formalin. The techniques were compared with regard to the specimens' width, orientation, presence of artifacts, and pathologist's confidence in diagnosis.
Results:
Twenty-three patients were included, with a total of 528 biopsies collected. Specimens on cucumber slice and on sponge were significantly wider (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) compared to those floating free in formalin (mean width of 3.81 versus 3.31 and 2.52 mm, respectively). However, specimens on synthetic sponge had significantly fewer artifacts compared to those on cucumber slice (P = .05) and those floating free in formalin (P = .02). Confidence in the diagnosis also was superior with the sponge technique over floating free specimens (P = .002).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The use of mounted gastrointestinal biopsy specimens was superior over the use of specimens floating free in formalin. This technique improved the quality of the specimens and the pathologist's confidence in their histopathologic interpretation.
Authors =>
G.C. Ruiz | E. Reyes-Gomez | E.J. Hall | V. Freiche
published =>
First published: 11 July 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14403
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Atrial Size and Function in Warmblood Horses: Reference Intervals, Allometric Scaling, and Agreement of Different Echocardiographic Variables
Abstract =>
Background:
Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function in horses is not standardized.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for echocardiographic indices of LA size and function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables and for the clinical use of area-based indices.
Animals:
Thirty-one healthy Warmblood horses and 91 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation (MR) or aortic regurgitation (AR).
Methods:
Retrospective study. Echocardiographic indices of LA size and function were measured and scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals were calculated, the influence of BWT, age, and valvular regurgitation on LA size and function was investigated and agreement between different measurements of LA size was assessed.
Results:
Allometric scaling of variables of LA size allowed for correction of differences in BWT. Indices of LA size documented LA enlargement with moderate and severe MR and AR, whereas most indices of LA mechanical function were not significantly altered by valvular regurgitation. Different indices of LA size were in fair to good agreement but still lead to discordant conclusions with regard to assessment of LA enlargement in individual horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Allometric scaling of echocardiographic variables of LA size is advised to correct for differences in BWT among Warmblood horses. Assessment of LA dimensions should be based on an integrative approach combining subjective evaluation and assessment of multiple measurements, including area-based variables. The clinical relevance of indices of LA mechanical function remains unclear when used in horses with mitral or aortic regurgitation.
Authors =>
I.M. Huesler | K.J. Mitchell | C.C. Schwarzwald
published =>
First published: 30 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14368
|
Title =>
Drug Residues after Intravenous Anesthesia and Intrathecal Lidocaine Hydrochloride Euthanasia in Horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Intrathecal lidocaine hydrochloride under general anesthesia has been used as an alternative method of euthanasia in equids. Carnivore, scavenger, and even human consumption of horse meat from carcasses have been anecdotally reported in rural areas after this method of euthanasia. The presence of drug residues in horse meat has not been investigated.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To investigate if drug residues are found in horse tissues and determine their concentrations.
Animals:
Of 11 horses requiring euthanasia for medical reasons.
Methods:
Prospective descriptive study. Horses were anesthetized with total IV dose of xylazine (mean, 2.5 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine hydrochloride (mean, 5.8 mg/kg). An atlanto-occipital cisterna centesis for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and administration of lidocaine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) was performed. Blood samples for both serum and plasma, skeletal muscle (triceps brachii, gluteus medius), and CSF were collected for the determination of drug residues. Frozen skeletal muscle available from 5 additional horses that received standard dosages of drugs for short-term anesthesia (xylazine 1.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and ketamine 2.2 mg/kg) also were analyzed.
Results:
Drug residues were found in the tissues of all horses, but at extremely low concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Euthanasia by administration of lidocaine intrathecally to horses under IV anesthesia poses a low risk of toxicity to carnivores and scavengers that might consume muscle tissue from a carcass in which this protocol has been used.
Authors =>
M. Aleman | E. Davis | H. Knych | A. Guedes | F. Smith | J.E. Madigan
published =>
First published: 30 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14372
|
Title =>
Campylobacter Species and Neutrophilic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of signs of gastrointestinal disease in cats. A subset of cats with IBD has neutrophilic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.
Hypothesis:
Neutrophilic enteritis in cats is associated with mucosal invasion by microorganisms, and specifically Campylobacter spp.
Animals:
Seven cats with neutrophilic IBD and 8 cats with lymphoplasmacytic IBD.
Methods:
Retrospective review of duodenal biopsy specimens that were collected endoscopically for histologic examination. Cases were identified and selected by searching the histopathology archive for cats with a diagnosis of neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic IBD. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) targeting either all eubacteria or individual Campylobacter spp. was performed on archived samples. Neutrophils were detected on the same samples using a FISH probe for neutrophil elastase.
Results:
Campylobacter coli was present in (6/7) cats with neutrophilic IBD and in (1/8) cats with lymphoplasmacytic IBD (P = .009). Cats with neutrophilic IBD had significantly higher number of C. coli (median bacteria 0.7/hpf) in the mucosa than cats with lymphoplasmacytic IBD (median bacteria 0/hpf) (P = 0.002). Colocalization of neutrophils and C. coli was demonstrated, with C. coli closer to the neutrophils than any other bacteria (P < .001).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Identification of C. coli associated with neutrophilic inflammation suggests that C. coli is able either to produce compounds which stimulate neutrophils or to induce feline intestinal cells to produce neutrophil chemoattractants. This association should allow a directed therapeutic approach in cats with neutrophilic IBD, potentially improving outcome and reducing any zoonotic risk.
Authors =>
C.L. Maunder | Z.F. Reynolds | L. Peacock | E.J. Hall | M.J. Day | T.A. Cogan
published =>
First published: 30 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14374
|
Title =>
Endothelin-1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The pathophysiology of ascending/descending myelomalacia (ADMM) after canine intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion remains poorly understood. Vasoactive molecules might contribute.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To investigate the immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the uninjured and injured spinal cord of dogs and its potential association with intramedullary hemorrhage and extension of myelomalacia.
Animals:
Eleven normal control and 34 dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusion.
Methods:
Spinal cord tissue of dogs retrospectively selected from our histopathologic database was examined histologically at the level of the extrusion (center) and in segments remote from the center. Endothelin-1 immunoreactivity was examined immunohistochemically and by in situ hybridization. Associations between the immunoreactivity for ET-1 and the severity of intramedullary hemorrhage or the extension of myelomalacia were examined.
Results:
Endothelin-1 was expressed by astrocytes, macrophages, and neurons and only rarely by endothelial cells in all dogs. At the center, ET-1 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in astrocytes (median score 4.02) and lower in neurons (3.21) than in control dogs (3.0 and 4.54) (P < .001; P = .004) irrespective of the grade of hemorrhage or myelomalacia. In both astrocytes and neurons, there was a higher ET-1 immunoreactivity in spinal cord regions remote from the center (4.58 and 4.15) than in the center itself (P = .013; P = .001). ET-1 mRNA was present in nearly all neurons with variable intensity, but not in astrocytes.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Enhanced ET-1 immunoreactivity over multiple spinal cord segments after IVD extrusion might play a role in the pathogenesis of ADMM. More effective quantitative techniques are required.
Authors =>
D. Mayer | A. Oevermann | T. Seuberlich | M. Vandevelde | A. Casanova-Nakayama | S. Selimovic-Hamza | F. Forterre | D. Henke
published =>
First published: 29 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14364
|
Title =>
Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus among 193,435 Cats Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England
Abstract =>
Background:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease of cats. The prevalence of DM in cats in England is not well-defined.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors for DM in a large population of cats attending primary-care practices.
Animals:
A cohort of 193,563 cats in the VetCompass Programme attending 118 primary-care practices in England.
Methods:
Cross-sectional analysis of cohort clinical data. Data were extracted covering September 1st 2009 and August 31st 2014. Period prevalence of DM was calculated. Associations between risk factors and DM were assessed using logistic regression modelling.
Results:
Of 1,128 DM cases were identified among 194,563 cats (period prevalence 0.58%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54–0.61). Multivariable modelling indicated that Tonkinese (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.8–9.6; P = .001), Norwegian Forest (odds ratio [OR] 3.5; 95% CI 1.3–9.6; P = .001) and Burmese (OR 3.0; 95% CI 2.0–4.4; P < .001) cats had increased odds of DM compared with crossbred cats. DM odds increased as bodyweight categories increased above 4 kg (P < .001), as cats aged beyond 6 years old (P < .001) and in insured cats (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.6–2.4; P < .001) but sex was not significantly associated with DM.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Diabetes mellitus is an important component of the primary-care practice caseload with 1-in-200 cats affected. An increased risk of DM in certain cat breeds supports a genetic predisposition. These results can guide future research and preventative healthcare.
Authors =>
D.G. O'Neill | R. Gostelow | C. Orme | D.B. Church | S.J.M. Niessen | K. Verheyen | D.C. Brodbelt
published =>
First published: 29 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14365
|
Title =>
Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
In the United States, Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) in dogs is caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia hermsii, transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks. The hallmark diagnostic feature of this infection is the visualization of numerous spirochetes during standard blood smear examination. Although the course of spirochetemia has not been fully characterized in dogs, in humans infected with TBRF the episodes of spirochetemia and fever are intermittent.
Objectives:
To describe TBRF in dogs by providing additional case reports and reviewing the disease in veterinary and human medicine.
Animals:
Five cases of privately-owned dogs naturally infected with TBRF in Texas are reviewed.
Methods:
Case series and literature review.
Results:
All dogs were examined because of lethargy, inappetence, and pyrexia. Two dogs also had signs of neurologic disease. All dogs had thrombocytopenia and spirochetemia. All cases were administered tetracyclines orally. Platelet numbers improved and spirochetemia and pyrexia resolved in 4 out of 5 dogs, where follow-up information was available.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
TBRF is likely underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. In areas endemic to Ornithodoros spp. ticks, TBRF should be considered in dogs with thrombocytopenia. Examination of standard blood smears can provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of TBRF when spirochetes are observed.
Authors =>
J. Piccione | G.J. Levine | C.A. Duff | G.M. Kuhlman | K.D. Scott | M.D. Esteve-Gassent
published =>
First published: 28 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14363
|
Title =>
Major Histocompatibility Complex I and II Expression and Lymphocytic Subtypes in Muscle of Horses with Immune-Mediated Myositis
Abstract =>
Background:
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II expression is not normally detected on sarcolemma, but is detected with lymphocytic infiltrates in immune-mediated myositis (IMM) of humans and dogs and in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine if sarcolemmal MHC is expressed in active IMM in horses, if MHC expression is associated with lymphocytic subtype, and if dysferlin is expressed in IMM.
Animals:
Twenty-one IMM horses of Quarter Horse-related breeds, 3 healthy and 6 disease controls (3 pasture myopathy, 3 amylase-resistant polysaccharide storage myopathy [PSSM]).
Methods:
Immunohistochemical staining for MHC I, II, and CD4+, CD8+, CD20+ lymphocytes was performed on archived muscle of IMM and control horses. Scores were given for MHC I, II, and lymphocytic subtypes. Immunofluorescent staining for dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan was performed.
Results:
Sarcolemmal MHC I and II expression was detected in 17/21 and 15/21 of IMM horses, respectively, and in specific fibers of PSSM horses, but not healthy or pasture myopathy controls. The CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+ cells were present in 20/21 IMM muscles with CD4+ predominance in 10/21 and CD8+ predominance in 6/21 of IMM horses. Dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan staining were similar in IMM and control muscles.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Deficiencies of dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan are not associated with IMM. Sarcolemmal MHC I and II expression in a proportion of myofibers of IMM horses in conjunction with lymphocytic infiltration supports an immune-mediated etiology for IMM. The MHC expression also occured in specific myofibers in PSSM horses in the absence of lymphocytic infiltrates.
Authors =>
S.A. Durward-Akhurst | C.J. Finno | N. Barnes | J. Shivers | L.T. Guo | G.D. Shelton | S.J. Valberg
published =>
First published: 28 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14371
|
Title =>
Association of Canine Osteosarcoma and Monocyte Phenotype and Chemotactic Function
Abstract =>
Background:
Monocytes/macrophages are likely key cells in immune modulation in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA). Increased peripheral monocyte counts are negatively correlated with shorter disease-free intervals in dogs with OSA. Understanding the monocyte/macrophage's modulatory role in dogs with OSA can direct further studies in immunotherapy development for OSA.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
That OSA evades the immune response by down-regulating monocyte chemokine receptor expression and migratory function, and suppresses host immune responses.
Animals:
Eighteen dogs with OSA that have not received definitive treatment and 14 healthy age-matched controls
Methods:
Clinical study—expression of peripheral blood monocyte cell surface receptors, monocyte mRNA expression and cytokine secretion, monocyte chemotaxis, and survival were compared between clinical dogs with OSA and healthy control dogs.
Results:
Cell surface expression of multiple chemokine receptors is significantly down-regulated in peripheral blood monocytes of dogs with OSA. The percentage expression of CCR2 (median 58%, range 2–94%) and CXCR2 expression (median 54%, range 2–92%) was higher in control dogs compared to dogs with OSA (CCR2 median 29%, range 3–45%, P = 0.0006; CXCR2 median 23%, range 0.2–52%, P = 0.0007). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (OSA, median 347.36 pg/mL, range 103.4–1268.5; control, 136.23 pg/mL, range 69.93–542.6, P = .04) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (P = .02) levels are increased in OSA monocyte culture supernatants compared to controls. Peripheral blood monocytes of dogs with OSA exhibit decreased chemotactic function when compared to control dogs (OSA, median 1.2 directed to random migration, range 0.8–1.25; control, 1.6, range of 0.9–1.8, P = .018).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with OSA have decreased monocyte chemokine receptor expression and monocyte chemotaxis, potential mechanisms by which OSA might evade the immune response. Reversal of monocyte dysfunction using immunotherapy could improve survival in dogs with OSA.
Authors =>
J.L. Tuohy | B.D.X. Lascelles | E.H. Griffith | J.E. Fogle
published =>
First published: 23 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13983
|
Title =>
A Feline-Specific Anti-Nerve Growth Factor Antibody Improves Mobility in Cats with Degenerative Joint Disease–Associated Pain: A Pilot Proof of Concept Study
Abstract =>
Background:
Neutralizing antibodies against nerve growth factor (NGF) are analgesic in rodent models, naturally occurring degenerative joint disease (DJD) pain in dogs, and chronic pain in humans.
Objectives:
To evaluate the efficacy of a fully felinized anti-NGF antibody (NV-02) for the treatment of DJD pain and mobility impairment in cats.
Animals:
Thirty-four client-owned cats with DJD-associated pain and mobility impairment.
Methods:
In a placebo-controlled, pilot, masked clinical study, cats were randomized to a single treatment with NV-02 (0.4 mg/kg SC [n = 11] or 0.8 mg/kg SC [n = 12]) or placebo (saline, SC [n = 11]). Activity was measured objectively. Additionally, owners completed clinical metrology instruments (client-specific outcome measures [CSOM] and feline musculoskeletal pain index [FMPI]) on days 0 (screening), 14 (baseline), 35, 56, and 77. A repeated-measures model was used to evaluate the objective activity data.
Results:
NV-02 significantly increased objectively measured activity overall (P = .017) and at 2 (P = .035), 3 (P = .007), 4 (P = .006), 5 (P = .007), and 6 (P = .017) weeks after treatment. CSOM scores (P = .035) and pain (P = .024) showed a significant effect of treatment 3 weeks after administration. In the treatment group, 83% of the owners correctly identified the treatment administered compared with 45% of owners in the placebo group (P = .013). No treatment-related adverse effects were identified.
Conclusions:
These pilot data demonstrate a 6-week duration positive analgesic effect of this fully felinized anti-NGF antibody in cats suffering from DJD-associated pain.
Authors =>
M.E. Gruen | A.E. Thomson | E.H. Griffith | H. Paradise | D.P. Gearing | B.D.X. Lascelles
published =>
First published: 22 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.13972
|
Title =>
Retrospective Evaluation of Horses Diagnosed with Neuroborreliosis on Postmortem Examination: 16 Cases (2004–2015)
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine neuroborreliosis (NB), Lyme disease, is difficult to diagnose and has limited description in the literature.
Objective:
Provide a detailed description of clinical signs, diagnostic, and pathologic findings of horses with NB.
Animals:
Sixteen horses with histologically confirmed NB.
Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records at the University of Pennsylvania and via an ACVIM listserv query with inclusion criteria requiring possible exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi and histologic findings consistent with previous reports of NB without evidence of other disease.
Results:
Sixteen horses were identified, 12 of which had additional evidence of NB. Clinical signs were variable including muscle atrophy or weight loss (12), cranial nerve deficits (11), ataxia (10), changes in behavior (9), dysphagia (7), fasciculations (6), neck stiffness (6), episodic respiratory distress (5), uveitis (5), fever (2), joint effusion (2), and cardiac arrhythmias (1). Serologic analysis was positive for B. burgdorferi infection in 6/13 cases tested. CSF abnormalities were present in 8/13 cases tested, including xanthochromia (4/13), increased total protein (5/13; median: 91 mg/dL, range: 25–219 mg/dL), and a neutrophilic (6/13) or lymphocytic (2/13) pleocytosis (median: 25 nucleated cells/μL, range: 0–922 nucleated cells/μL). PCR on CSF for B. burgdorferi was negative in the 7 cases that were tested.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Diagnosis of equine NB is challenging due to variable clinical presentation and lack of sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. Negative serology and normal CSF analysis do not exclude the diagnosis of NB.
Authors =>
L.K. Johnstone | J.B. Engiles | H. Aceto | V. Buechner-Maxwell | T. Divers | R. Gardner | R. Levine | N. Scherrer | D. Tewari | J. Tomlinson | A.L. Johnson
published =>
First published: 21 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14369
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
L.C. Visser DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology) | M.K. Im DVM | L.R. Johnson DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (SAIM) | J.A. Stern DVM, PhD, DACVIM (Cardiology)
published =>
First published: 20 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14358
|
Title =>
Accuracy of a Flash Glucose Monitoring System in Diabetic Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
A novel flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS) (FreeStyle Libre, Abbott, UK) was recently developed for humans. It continuously measures the interstitial glucose (IG) concentrations for 14 days.
Objectives:
To assess the clinical and analytical accuracy of the FGMS in diabetic dogs.
Animals:
Ten client-owned diabetic dogs on insulin treatment.
Methods:
Prospective and observational study. The FGMS was placed on the neck for up to 14 days. During the 1st–2nd, 6–7th, and 13–14th days from application, the IG measurements were compared with the plasma (EDTA) glucose (PG) concentrations analyzed by a reference hexokinase based method.
Results:
The application and the use of the FGMS were apparently painless, easy, and well tolerated by all dogs. Mild erythema at the site of the application was found in 5/10 dogs at the end of the wearing period. A good correlation between IG and PG concentrations (rho = 0.94; P < .001) was found. The FGMS was 93, 99, and 99% accurate at low, normal, and high blood glucose concentrations. Mean ± standard deviation difference from the reference method was 2.3 ± 46.8 mg/dL.
Conclusion and clinical importance:
The FGMS is easy to use and is accurate for IG glucose measurement in diabetic dogs.
Authors =>
S. Corradini | B. Pilosio | F. Dondi | G. Linari | S. Testa | F. Brugnoli | P. Gianella | M. Pietra | F. Fracassi
published =>
First published: 18 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14355
|
Title =>
Letter to the Editor
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
H.B. Kellihan DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology) | N.C. Chesler MS, PhD
published =>
First published: 17 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14359
|
Title =>
Longitudinal Study of the Relationship among Craniocervical Morphology, Clinical Progression, and Syringomyelia in a Cohort of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Abstract =>
Background:
Craniocervical junction (CCJ) anomalies and secondary syringomyelia are commonly diagnosed in Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). Familiarity with the natural history of these abnormalities is vital to understanding the disease syndrome.
Objective:
To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) predictors of worsening clinical signs, syringomyelia, and morphology in CKCS longitudinally.
Animals:
Fifty-four client-owned CKCS, 5–13 years old; 50% currently symptomatic.
Methods:
Longitudinal observational study. We enrolled CKCS with an MRI of the CCJ performed ≥3 years earlier. We used questionnaires and neurologic examinations to grade initial and current clinical status. Dogs that could be anesthetized were reimaged. Morphologic assessments included the presence and severity of: Chiari-like malformations, medullary position, atlantooccipital overlapping (AOO), dorsal atlantoaxial bands, and syringomyelia. Cranial cavity volumes and foramen magnum height were measured.
Results:
Clinical status was evaluated in 54 dogs; 36/54 were reimaged. Mean follow-up was 71 months. Of initially asymptomatic dogs, 32% were symptomatic at re-evaluation. Of initially symptomatic dogs, 56% had worsened; 13% had improved with medical management. The morphology of the CCJ at initial imaging did not predict development of either new or worsened signs or syringomyelia by the time of re-evaluation.
Conclusion:
Craniocervical junction anomalies assessed in this study did not appear predictive of future clinical status or syringomyelia in our cohort. The impacts of syringomyelia, AOO, and atlantoaxial bands on future clinical status merit further study in larger groups of CKCS. Clinical progression in our cohort of medically managed CKCS did not differ substantially from published reports of those treated surgically.
Authors =>
S. Cerda-Gonzalez | N.J. Olby | E.H. Griffith
published =>
First published: 17 June 2016
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.14362
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