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JKCS 041 | ietbwtelqkn29n6ricstpe8w9n68pzx | 0 | Introduction |
[thumb\|JKCS 041 (Chandra X\-ray)\|200px](/wiki/File:JKCS_041.jpg "JKCS 041.jpg")
**JKCS 041** is a [cluster](/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters "Galaxy groups and clusters") of [galaxies](/wiki/Galaxy "Galaxy") with the distinction, as of 2009, of being the farthest [galaxy cluster](/wiki/Galaxy_cluster "Galaxy cluster") observed from Earth. It is estimated to be 10\.2 billion [light\-years](/wiki/Light-year "Light-year") away, seen at [redshift](/wiki/Redshift "Redshift") 1\.9\. The cluster is located in the constellation [Cetus](/wiki/Cetus_%28constellation%29 "Cetus (constellation)") at a photometrically determined redshift of z\=1\.9 at right ascension declination ([J2000\.0](/wiki/J2000.0 "J2000.0")). There are at least 19 members in the cluster.
[thumb\|Tour of JKCS041](/wiki/File:Tour_of_JKCS041.OGG "Tour of JKCS041.OGG")
| How does the distance to JKCS 041 affect our understanding of the universe? | true | [
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Socialist feminism | h7obssm9k8hwxav5bsbqj97beb562gm | 19 | Big Flame | ### Big Flame
[Big Flame](/wiki/Big_Flame_%28political_group%29 "Big Flame (political group)") was "a revolutionary socialist feminist organisation with a working\-class orientation"Archive Archie [Big Flame 1970\-1984: Who We Were](http://bigflameuk.wordpress.com/about/) at wordpress.com in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom"). Founded in [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") in 1970, the group initially grew rapidly, with branches appearing in some other cities. Its publications emphasised that "a revolutionary party is necessary but Big Flame is not that party, nor is it the embryo of that party". The group was influenced by the Italian [Lotta Continua](/wiki/Lotta_Continua "Lotta Continua") group.[David Widgery](/wiki/David_Widgery "David Widgery") *The Left In Britain, 1956\-1968* Penguin,1976 (p. 479\)
The group published a magazine, *Big Flame*; and a journal, *Revolutionary Socialism*.John Moorhouse, *A Historical Glossary of British Marxism* (Pauper's Press, 1987\) Members were active at the Ford plants at [Halewood](/wiki/Halewood "Halewood") and [Dagenham](/wiki/Dagenham "Dagenham") and devoted a great deal of time to self\-analysis and considering their relationship with the larger [Trotskyist](/wiki/Trotskyism "Trotskyism") groups. In time, they came to describe their politics as [libertarian Marxist](/wiki/Libertarian_Marxist "Libertarian Marxist"). In 1978, they joined the [Socialist Unity](/wiki/Socialist_Unity_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Socialist Unity (United Kingdom)") [electoral coalition](/wiki/Electoral_coalition "Electoral coalition"), led by the Trotskyist [International Marxist Group](/wiki/International_Marxist_Group "International Marxist Group"). In 1980, the [anarchists](/wiki/Anarchist "Anarchist") of the [Libertarian Communist Group](/wiki/Libertarian_Communist_Group "Libertarian Communist Group") joined Big Flame. The Revolutionary Marxist Current also joined at about this time. However, as more members of the group defected to the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 "Labour Party (UK)"), the journal ceased to appear in 1982, and the group was wound up in about 1984\. Ex\-members of the group were involved in the launch of the mass\-market tabloid newspaper the *[News on Sunday](/wiki/News_on_Sunday "News on Sunday")* in 1987, which folded the same year.Peter Chippindale, Chris Horrie. Disaster: The Rise And Fall of News On Sunday \- Anatomy of a Business Failure. 1988 The name of the group was taken from a television play, *[The Big Flame](/wiki/The_Big_Flame "The Big Flame")* (1969\), written by [Jim Allen](/wiki/Jim_Allen_%28playwright%29 "Jim Allen (playwright)") and directed by [Ken Loach](/wiki/Ken_Loach "Ken Loach") for the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")'s *[Wednesday Play](/wiki/Wednesday_Play "Wednesday Play")* season. It dealt with a fictional strike and [work\-in](/wiki/Work-in "Work-in") at the [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") Docks.[Big Flame, The (1969\)](http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/557251/) at Screenonline
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2020 Dallas Cowboys season | dm7bok6rybrxxhupji55611z12sdqp1 | 17 | Week 3: at Seattle Seahawks | #### Week 3: at Seattle Seahawks
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + -
Despite initially battling back to take a 31–30 lead late in the 4th quarter, the defense allowed the Seattle offense to score a go\-ahead touchdown with 1:47 left to play. The Cowboys would drive into Seattle territory, but the Seahawks would intercept Prescott in the end zone with just six seconds left. With this loss, the Cowboys dropped to 1–2 on the season.
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SawStop | sk0mv013uebd4m2mqurehdt1ba30z1j | 15 | Patent expiration (2021) | ### Patent expiration (2021\)
The SawStop patents began to expire in September 2021\. SawStop holds around 100 patents, though many of them are continuations of the early SawStop patents. The continuation patents may expire later than the "parent" patent due to patent office delays. Some SawStop continuation patents expire as late as May 2026\.
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Southcott | i3ny0931o33kio4s52xgec6xcti56j0 | 1 | Places | Places
------
### Canada
* [Southcott Pines, Ontario](/wiki/Southcott_Pines%2C_Ontario "Southcott Pines, Ontario"), a town in Canada
### England
* [Southcote, Bedfordshire](/wiki/Southcote%2C_Bedfordshire "Southcote, Bedfordshire"), a hamlet near Linslade, also known as Southcott
* [Southcott, Cornwall](/wiki/Southcott%2C_Cornwall "Southcott, Cornwall"), a hamlet near Jacobstow
* [Southcott, North Devon](/wiki/Southcott%2C_North_Devon "Southcott, North Devon"), a hamlet near Bideford
* [Southcott, Frithelstock](/wiki/Southcott%2C_Frithelstock "Southcott, Frithelstock"), a hamlet near Langtree, in Torridge, Devon
* [Southcott, Winkleigh](/wiki/Southcott%2C_Winkleigh "Southcott, Winkleigh"), a hamlet near Winkleigh, in Torridge, Devon
* [Southcott, West Devon](/wiki/Southcott%2C_West_Devon "Southcott, West Devon"), a hamlet near Okehampton
+ [Southcott Cross](/wiki/Southcott_Cross "Southcott Cross"), a Dartmoor cross
* [Southcott, Wiltshire](/wiki/Southcott%2C_Wiltshire "Southcott, Wiltshire"), a hamlet near Pewsey
| What is the significance of a Dartmoor cross? | true | [
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University of Washington Press | il4bcjpencbe1cnvgs4fpoydi7v7t0w | 1 | Background | Background
----------
The University of Washington Press was established in 1915, as a division of the [University of Washington](/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"). The publishing house is a nonprofit corporation whose primary function focuses on advancing cultural understanding through the research, development, and publication of academic work, considered to be of historical value. The first book published was *Governors of Washington, Territorial and State*, written by [Edmond Meany](/wiki/Edmond_Meany "Edmond Meany"). The first book published under the University of Washington Press imprint was a 1920 edition of *The Poems of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey* edited by Frederick M. Padelford.
The organization is the largest Pacific Northwest\-based scholarly publisher. Their initial focus and geographical scope encompassed [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California "Northern California") to the northernmost point of the state of Alaska and from the [Continental Divide](/wiki/Continental_Divide "Continental Divide") to the Pacific Ocean. In the 1960s, they began publishing works on Asian culture and history. In 1969, they established the Asian Law Series, which served to assist the Asian Law Center at the university. In the early 2000s, they increased their expansion efforts beyond the Pacific Northwest to include the [Pacific Rim](/wiki/Pacific_Rim "Pacific Rim") and Asia and embarked on publishing historical and cultural series through formal affiliations with facilities and departments of the University of Washington, as well as editors from prominent educational institutions from around the world. , over 20 volumes have been published, including the 2005 translation of *Da Ming lü* (translated: *The Great Ming Code*); 2007's *Writing and Law in Late Imperial China: Crime, Conflict, and Judgment*; and *Law in Japan: A Turning Point*, published in 2008\.
The *Korean Studies of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies* series was established in 1988\. , eight [monographs](/wiki/Monograph "Monograph") have been published, including *Marginality and Subversion in Korea: The Hong Kyangmae Rebellion of 1812*, written by Sun Joo Kim. In 1994, they published the *Studies on Ethnic Groups in China* series, which focused on the examination of individual ethnicities, as well as relationships between various peoples in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. , over ten volumes have been published in this series, including [Thomas Heberer](/wiki/Thomas_Heberer "Thomas Heberer")'s *Doing Business in China: Liangshan's New Ethnic Entrepreneurs*, published in 2007\.
In 1999, the University of Washington Press published *Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments*, written by Richard Salomon, who teaches Asian languages and literature at the university. , he continues to oversee the *Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project*, which encompasses research and analysis of ancient [birch bark scrolls](/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript "Birch bark manuscript"), which were discovered in the [Gandhāra region](/wiki/Gandhara "Gandhara") of western [Pakistan](/wiki/Pakistan "Pakistan"). Preserved in clay jars and buried in ancient monasteries, analysis is being done to determine if the scrolls are the oldest surviving [Buddhist](/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") texts ever discovered. Known as [Wiigwaasabak](/wiki/Wiigwaasabak "Wiigwaasabak"), the scrolls have been attributed to the [Dharmaguptaka](/wiki/Dharmaguptaka "Dharmaguptaka") sect. Since the initial publication, the press has released five volumes in the *[Gandhāran Buddhist texts](/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts "Gandhāran Buddhist texts")* series.
The *Critical Dialogues in Southeast Asian Studies* series was established in 2004\. The series is edited by members of the university's history and anthropology faculty. Works are published which focus on [historiography](/wiki/Historiography "Historiography"); [critical ethnography](/wiki/Critical_ethnography "Critical ethnography"); colonialism, nationalism, and ethnicity; gender equality and sexuality; science and technology; political science and sociology; and the arts encompassing literature, drama, and film. , the press has publishes six volumes, including *Love, Passion, and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement*, written in 2008, by Raquel A.G. Reyes.
| How does publishing historical and cultural series through affiliations with facilities and departments contribute to the university's mission? | true | [
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Naubat Khan | q9ypiks7qahzfaau3335rkuvo6wdktj | 4 | Beenkar dynasty | Beenkar dynasty
---------------
Naubat Khan was the founder of the *beenkar* or *binkar* dynasty of India. His direct descendants commanded respect in musical circles for several centuries. Notable members of this family are
* Lal Khan [Gunsamundra](/wiki/Gunsamundra "Gunsamundra") (chief musician of [Shahjahan](/wiki/Shahjahan "Shahjahan"), son\-in\-law of Tansen's son [Bilas Khan](/wiki/Bilas_Khan "Bilas Khan"))
* [Khushal Khan Gunsamundra](/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Gunsamundra "Khushal Khan Gunsamundra") (title of Gunsamundra conferred by Shahjahan, chief musician at the court of Mughal Emperor [Shahjahan](/wiki/Shahjahan "Shahjahan") and Mughal Emperor [Aurangzeb](/wiki/Aurangzeb "Aurangzeb")).
* [Bisram Khan](/wiki/Bisram_Khan "Bisram Khan") (son of Lal Khan [Gunsamundra](/wiki/Gunsamundra "Gunsamundra"), One of the Chief musicians at the court of Mughal Emperor [Shahjahan](/wiki/Shahjahan "Shahjahan") and Mughal Emperor [Aurangzeb](/wiki/Aurangzeb "Aurangzeb")).
* Bhupat Khan
* [Sadarang](/wiki/Sadarang "Sadarang") (chief musician of Mughal Emperor [Muhammad Shah](/wiki/Muhammad_Shah "Muhammad Shah"))
* [Adarang](/wiki/Adarang "Adarang")
* Sidhar Khan
* [Omrao Khan](/wiki/Omrao_Khan "Omrao Khan") Beenkar
* [Ameer Khan](/wiki/Ameer_Khan_Khandara "Ameer Khan Khandara")
* [Wazir Khan](/wiki/Wazir_Khan_%28Rampur%29 "Wazir Khan (Rampur)") (Master of Nawab [Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur](/wiki/Hamid_Ali_Khan_of_Rampur "Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur"), [Allauddin Khan](/wiki/Allauddin_Khan "Allauddin Khan"), [Hafiz Ali Khan](/wiki/Hafiz_Ali_Khan "Hafiz Ali Khan"), [Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande](/wiki/Vishnu_Narayan_Bhatkhande "Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande"))
* [Dabir Khan](/wiki/Dabir_Khan "Dabir Khan")
| Can one be a musician and not part of the beenkar family? | true | [
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XYZ v. State of Maharashtra | kevhahewvhq00ytw53vntxdntsyo261 | 2 | Proceedings | Proceedings
-----------
On 5 July 2023, the petitioners requested directives from the Bench to ensure adequate protection for one of them, aiming to safeguard her life, liberty, and dignity, while also making a plea to avoid any coercive actions against the petitioner.In response, the Maharashtra Police assured to provide protection by assigning a plainclothes constable to the same\-sex couple, who had expressed concerns about potential threats from one partner's family.
On 28 July 2023, the petitioners' counsel urged the court to establish guidelines for the police in handling cases involving queer individuals. This includes situations where missing person complaints are filed or when allegations of kidnapping or false imprisonment are raised by family members or relatives of queer individuals. Furthermore, the petitioners' counsel also sought the issuance of guidelines to prison authorities for cases involving jail inmates from the queer community.
On 11 August 2023, the bench made verbal reference to the guidelines set forth in the case of *[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police](/wiki/S_Sushma_v._Commissioner_of_Police "S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police")*, which are designed to safeguard same\-sex couples from police harassment, along with the directives within the same case that urged the State Government of Tamil Nadu to introduce sensitization programs across various departments within the state. The bench proposed that the State Government of Maharashtra contemplate amending the rules for the police conduct in a manner similar to those in Tamil Nadu.
| What are some challenges in implementing guidelines for handling cases involving queer individuals? | true | [
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History of North Korea | 05ombs7qn1u3w7sggaim9yir6guzsbh | 4 | Korean War (1950–1953) | Korean War (1950–1953\)
-----------------------
[thumb\|left\|US planes bombing [Wonsan](/wiki/Wonsan "Wonsan"), North Korea, 1951](/wiki/File:Korean_War_bombing_Wonsan.jpg "Korean War bombing Wonsan.jpg")
[thumb\|2012 rehearsal in Pyongyang for [Victory Day](/wiki/Day_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War "Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War"), marking the end of the war](/wiki/File:Victory_Day_Rehearsal%2C_Pyongyang%2C_2012.jpg "Victory Day Rehearsal, Pyongyang, 2012.jpg")
The consolidation of [Syngman Rhee](/wiki/Syngman_Rhee "Syngman Rhee")'s government in the South with American military support and the suppression of the October 1948 [insurrection](/wiki/Jeju_Uprising "Jeju Uprising") ended North Korean hopes that a revolution in the South could reunify Korea, and from early 1949 Kim Il Sung sought Soviet and [Chinese](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") support for a military campaign to reunify the country by force. The withdrawal of most U.S. forces from South Korea in June 1949 left the southern government defended only by a weak and inexperienced South Korean army. The southern régime also had to deal with a citizenry of uncertain loyalty. The North Korean army, by contrast, had benefited from the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union")'s WWII\-era equipment, and had a core of hardened veterans who had fought either as anti\-Japanese guerrillas or alongside the Chinese Communists.Bruce Cumings, *The Origins of the Korean War, Vol. 1: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947*, Princeton University Press In 1949 and 1950, Kim traveled to Moscow with the South Korean Communist leader [Pak Hon\-yong](/wiki/Pak_Hon-yong "Pak Hon-yong") to raise support for a war of reunification.
Initially [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") rejected Kim Il Sung's requests for permission to invade the South, but in late 1949 the [Communist](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China "Communist Party of China") victory in China and the development of Soviet nuclear weapons made him re\-consider Kim's proposal. In January 1950, after China's [Mao Zedong](/wiki/Mao_Zedong "Mao Zedong") indicated that the [People's Republic of China](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China "People's Republic of China") would send troops and other support to Kim, Stalin approved an invasion.Compare: The Soviets provided limited support in the form of advisers who helped the North Koreans as they planned the operation, and Soviet military instructors to train some of the Korean units. However, from the very beginning Stalin made it clear that the Soviet Union would avoid a direct confrontation with the U.S. over Korea and would not commit ground forces even in case of major military crisis. The stage was set for a civil war between the two rival governments on the Korean peninsula. For over a year before the outbreak of war, the two sides had engaged in a series of bloody clashes along the 38th parallel, especially in the [Ongjin](/wiki/Ongjin%2C_South_Hwanghae "Ongjin, South Hwanghae") area on the west coast. On 25 June 1950, claiming to be responding to a South Korean assault on Ongjin, the Northern forces launched an amphibious offensive all along the parallel. Due to a combination of surprise and military superiority, the Northern forces quickly captured the capital [Seoul](/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"), forcing Syngman Rhee and his government to flee. By mid\-July North Korean troops had overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units and forced them back to a defensive line in south\-east South Korea known as the Pusan Perimeter. During its brief occupation of southern Korea, the DPRK regime initiated radical social change, which included the nationalisation of industry, land reform, and the restoration of the People's Committees. According to the captured US General [William F. Dean](/wiki/William_F._Dean "William F. Dean"), "the civilian attitude seemed to vary between enthusiasm and passive acceptance".
The United Nations condemned North Korea's actions and approved an American\-led intervention force to defend South Korea. In September, UN forces landed at [Inchon](/wiki/Inchon "Inchon") and retook Seoul. Under the leadership of US General [Douglas MacArthur](/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur "Douglas MacArthur"), UN forces pushed north, reaching the Chinese border. According to [Bruce Cumings](/wiki/Bruce_Cumings "Bruce Cumings"), the North Korean forces were not routed, but managed a strategic retreat into the mountainous interior and into neighboring Manchuria. Kim Il Sung's government re\-established itself in a stronghold in [Chagang Province](/wiki/Chagang_Province "Chagang Province"). In late November, Chinese forces entered the war and pushed the UN forces back, retaking [Pyongyang](/wiki/Pyongyang "Pyongyang") in December 1950 and Seoul in January 1951\. According to American historian Bruce Cumings, the Korean People's Army played an equal part in this counterattack. UN forces managed to retake Seoul for South Korea. The war essentially became a bloody stalemate for the next two years. American bombing included the use of [napalm](/wiki/Napalm "Napalm") against populated areas and the destruction of dams and dykes, which caused devastating floods. China and North Korea also [alleged the US was deploying biological weapons](/wiki/Allegations_of_biological_warfare_in_the_Korean_War "Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War"). As a result of the bombing, almost every substantial building and much of the infrastructure in North Korea was destroyed. The North Koreans responded by building homes, schools, hospitals, and factories underground. Economic output in 1953 had fallen by 75\-90% compared with 1949\.
While the bombing continued, armistice negotiations, which had commenced in July 1951, wore on. North Korea's lead negotiator was General [Nam Il](/wiki/Nam_Il "Nam Il"). The [Korean Armistice Agreement](/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement "Korean Armistice Agreement") was signed on 27 July 1953\. A ceasefire followed, but there was no peace treaty, and hostilities continued at a lower intensity.
| What were some specific consequences for civilians during the war? | true | [
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Traffic classification | czbzf9x0v1gwogrds23gy2ajaj8x5d1 | 5 | Statistical classification | ### Statistical classification
* Relies on statistical analysis of attributes such as byte frequencies, packet sizes and packet inter\-arrival times.[E. Hjelmvik and W. John, “Statistical Protocol IDentification with SPID: Preliminary Results”](http://spid.sourceforge.net/sncnw09-hjelmvik_john-CR.pdf), in Proceedings of SNCNW, 2009
* Very often uses Machine Learning Algorithms, as K\-Means, Naive Bayes Filter, C4\.5, C5\.0, J48, or Random Forest
* Fast technique (compared to [deep packet inspection](/wiki/Deep_packet_inspection "Deep packet inspection") classification)
* It can detect the class of yet unknown applications
| Are there any known applications where statistical classification is particularly effective? | true | [
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BeBox | flqjwg56e7g8whydn7a5j6kd8ejoubx | 6 | Market | Market
------
Be called the BeBox: "the first true real\-time, portable, object\-oriented system that features multiple PowerPC processors, true preemptive multitasking, an integrated database, fast I/O, and a wide range of expansion options — all at an extremely aggressive price that is well below that of any competitive offering."
BeBox creator [Jean\-Louis Gassée](/wiki/Jean-Louis_Gass%C3%A9e "Jean-Louis Gassée") did not see the BeBox as a general consumer device, warning that "Before we let you use the BeBox, we believe you must have some aptitude toward programming the standard language is [C\+\+](/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++")."
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Unorganized Kenora District | 941odbsmw05uao4xvkilk5ywis48pck | 0 | Introduction |
**Unorganized Kenora District** is an [unorganized area](/wiki/Unorganized_area_%28Canada%29 "Unorganized area (Canada)") in northwestern [Ontario](/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"), in [Kenora District](/wiki/Kenora_District "Kenora District"). Constituting 98\.39 percent of the district's land area, yet only 10\.93 percent of its population, it is essentially the remainder of the district's territory after all incorporated cities, municipalities, townships, [Indian reserves](/wiki/Indian_reserve "Indian reserve"), and [Indian settlements](/wiki/Indian_settlement "Indian settlement") have been excluded. It is by far the largest municipal\-equivalent level census division in Ontario, covering over 35 percent of the entire provincial land area, yet only about 0\.05 percent of the population of Ontario.
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High-yield debt | bdo7jnyjww6co9tnbwjz0ccdd20j6qa | 1 | Default risk | Default risk
------------
As indicated by their lower [credit ratings](/wiki/Credit_rating "Credit rating"), high\-yield debt entails more risk to the investor compared to [investment grade](/wiki/Investment_grade "Investment grade") bonds. Investors require a greater [yield](/wiki/Yield_%28finance%29 "Yield (finance)") to compensate them for investing in the riskier securities.
In the case of high\-yield bonds, the risk is largely that of default: the possibility that the issuer will be unable to make scheduled interest and principal payments in a timely manner. The default rate in the high\-yield sector of the U.S. bond market has averaged about 5% over the long term. During the liquidity crisis of 1989–90, the default rate was in the 5\.6% to 7% range. During the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), default rates rose to just under 9%. A [recession](/wiki/Recession "Recession") and accompanying weakening of business conditions tends to increase the possibility of default in the high\-yield bond sector.
| Are there any government regulations to protect investors from default risk? | true | [
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Zurab Avalishvili | knk1bvdq2f8q03hm4e00rxrf5qq4ako | 0 | Introduction | [thumb](/wiki/File:ZurabAvalishvili.jpg "ZurabAvalishvili.jpg")
**Zurab Avalishvili** (; 1876 – May 21, 1944\) was a [Georgian](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)") historian, jurist and diplomat in the service of the [Democratic Republic of Georgia](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia "Democratic Republic of Georgia") (1918–1921\). He was also known as **Zurab Davidovich Avalov** in a [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language") manner.
Born in [Tbilisi](/wiki/Tbilisi "Tbilisi"), Georgia (then part of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire")), into the family of Prince David [Avalishvili](/wiki/Avalishvili "Avalishvili"), he graduated from [St. Petersburg University](/wiki/St._Petersburg_University "St. Petersburg University") in 1900 and took post\-graduate courses at the Department of Law, [University of Paris](/wiki/University_of_Paris "University of Paris") from 1900 to 1903\. He became a [Docent](/wiki/Docent "Docent") at the St. Petersburg University in 1904 and a [Professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") of [Public Law](/wiki/Public_law "Public law") at the [St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Polytechnical_University "Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University") in 1907\. He was an official adviser to the Russian Ministry of Trade and Commerce for many years.
After the [February Revolution](/wiki/February_Revolution "February Revolution") in Russia, Avalishvili was named a [Senator](/wiki/Governing_Senate "Governing Senate") by the [Provisional Government](/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government "Russian Provisional Government") in May 1917\. When Georgia declared independence on May 26, 1918, Avalishvili entered Georgian diplomatic service and was appointed a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He rendered important services to his homeland as a member of her delegation to the 1919 [Paris Peace Conference](/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference%2C_1919 "Paris Peace Conference, 1919").
The [Red Army invasion of Georgia](/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia "Red Army invasion of Georgia") forced him into exile in March 1921\. He lived thereafter in [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") where he worked as a Professor at the [University of Munich](/wiki/University_of_Munich "University of Munich"). He was one of the founding members of the Georgian Association in Germany and worked for the editorial boards of historical journals *Georgica* ([London](/wiki/London "London")) and *Byzantion* ([Brussels](/wiki/Brussels "Brussels")). He died in 1944, in Germany, and was reburied to [Didube Pantheon](/wiki/Didube_Pantheon "Didube Pantheon"), Tbilisi, in 1994\.
Avalishvili’s main works focuses on the history of [Georgia](/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 "Georgia (country)") and the [Caucasus](/wiki/Caucasus "Caucasus"), Georgian literature (e.g., the critical studies of [Shota Rustaveli](/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli "Shota Rustaveli")), international law and Georgia’s foreign relations. His *The Independence of Georgia in International Politics, 1918\-1921* is a detailed and well\-documented first\-hand account of Georgia’s relations with its neighbors, the nation’s struggle for recognition and its international ramifications in the period of 1918 to 1921\. Much of the works is in diary form, the author being judiciously critical of ineptitude of the Caucasian governments.Smele, Jonathan D. (2006\), *The Russian Revolution and Civil War, 1917\-1921: An Annotated Bibliography*, pp. 467\-8\. Continuum International Publishing Group, .
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Compagnie des mines de Béthune | kgu7j6nzjs4bsor7kcnsrvxp42lpv51 | 10 | Vermelles | ### Vermelles
Excavation of Mine 3 in Vermelles began in January 1857, reaching a rugged, steeply inclined deposit of coal at .
Extraction started in July 1860\.
Air compressors were installed in Mine 3 1877\.
This proved the most productive mine, with a total of 1,525,000 tons.
Excavation of Mine 4 at Vermelles started in October 1865 and reached coal at . Extraction started in 1867\.
Mine 4 was abandoned in 1876 because the very irregular deposit at seemed unusable.
There was a lot of [firedamp](/wiki/Firedamp "Firedamp") compared to other mines.
Mine 4 was reopened and extraction resumed at in 1911\. The main shaft reached .
Shaft 4bis was opened to the north in 1925 for ventilation, deep.
| How did the coal deposits at Vermelles compare to other mines? | true | [
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Austria-Este | c1en44cqsurpk6rzj8rzfupcngoah84 | 5 | Coat of arms | Coat of arms
------------
File:Armoiries Autriche\-Este 1803\.svg\|\[\[Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria\-Este\|Ferdinand Karl of Austria\-Este]] (1754–1806\)
File:Armoiries Autriche\-Este 1814\.svg\|\[\[Francis IV, Duke of Modena\|Franz IV of Austria\-Este]] (1779–1846\)
File:Armoiries Autriche\-Este 1846\.svg\|\[\[Francis V, Duke of Modena\|Franz V of Austria\-Este]] (1819–1875\)
File:Armoiries Autriche\-Este 1875\.svg\|\[\[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria\|Franz Ferdinand of Austria\-Este]] (1863–1914\)
File:Arms of the House of Habsburg Este.svg\|\[\[Robert, Archduke of Austria\-Este\|Robert of Austria\-Este]] (1915–1996\)
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July 2011 in sports | j9s31n7spbisq18l21n39rg2uqcootr | 187 | [[Bicycle racing|Cycling]] | #### [Cycling](/wiki/Bicycle_racing "Bicycle racing")
* [Grand Tours](/wiki/Grand_Tour_%28cycling%29 "Grand Tour (cycling)"):
+ [Tour de France](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France "2011 Tour de France"), [Stage 13](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France%2C_Stage_12_to_Stage_21%23Stage_13 "2011 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21#Stage 13"): [Thor Hushovd](/wiki/Thor_Hushovd "Thor Hushovd") () 3h 47' 36" [David Moncoutié](/wiki/David_Moncouti%C3%A9 "David Moncoutié") () \+ 10" [Jérémy Roy](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my_Roy_%28cyclist%29 "Jérémy Roy (cyclist)") () \+ 26"
- General classification (after stage 13\): (1\) [Thomas Voeckler](/wiki/Thomas_Voeckler "Thomas Voeckler") () [25px](/wiki/Image:Jersey_yellow.svg "Jersey yellow.svg") 55h 49' 57" (2\) [Fränk Schleck](/wiki/Fr%C3%A4nk_Schleck "Fränk Schleck") () \+ 1' 49" (3\) [Cadel Evans](/wiki/Cadel_Evans "Cadel Evans") () \+ 2' 06"
| How does the cycling community perceive Thomas Voeckler's performance? | true | [
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Taeyeon singles discography | t15ej9x1ei7kmvvq7g8x7eoqv2b4g9l | 9 | Composition credits | Composition credits
-------------------
All song credits are adapted from the [Korea Music Copyright Association](/wiki/Korea_Music_Copyright_Association "Korea Music Copyright Association")'s database unless stated otherwise.
| \+ List of songs, showing year released, artist name, and name of the album | Title | Year | Artist | Album | [Lyricist](/wiki/Lyricist "Lyricist") | [Composer](/wiki/Composer "Composer") | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| "I" | 2015 | Taeyeon | *I* | | | rowspan\="4" |
| "Pray" | 2016 | | | |
| "To the Moon" | 2020 | *What Do I Call You* | | |
| "Can't Control Myself" | 2022 | *INVU* | | |
| "All For Nothing" | 2023 | *To. X* | | | |
| Can someone access the Korea Music Copyright Association's database directly? | true | [
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Fran Matera | 8opc1vn53ppx9wvmkrm483vbdt5o74r | 4 | Comic strips | ### Comic strips
Upon his military discharge in 1947, Matera found work assisting Andriola on the dramatic strip *[Kerry Drake](/wiki/Kerry_Drake "Kerry Drake")* (1943–83\). Matera went on to draw the strip *Dickie Dare* (1932–57\) from 1947 to 1949, succeeding strip creator [Milton Caniff](/wiki/Milton_Caniff "Milton Caniff") and consecutive artists [Coulton Waugh](/wiki/Coulton_Waugh "Coulton Waugh") and Odin Burvick.
In 1950, Matera and comic book writer Chad Kelly teamed to do the short\-lived *Mr. Holiday* (1950–51\), about do\-gooder Mr. Holiday and his young assistant Rod O'Keef, who is concerned about the state of holidays: "Last New Year's showed a steep increase in hangovers... Lovers' quarrels on Valentine's Day... Tree chopping on Arbor Day... Hunger at Thanksgiving... Even the ground hog refused to live up to his tradition." The strip was "not successfully distributed" by the syndicate, the [George Matthew Adams Service](/wiki/George_Matthew_Adams_Service "George Matthew Adams Service"), according to Matera's website.
Matera [ghosted](/wiki/Ghostwriter "Ghostwriter") for credited artist [Darrell McClure](/wiki/Darrell_McClure "Darrell McClure") on *[Little Annie Rooney](/wiki/Little_Annie_Rooney "Little Annie Rooney")* (1927–66\) in 1951; drew the portly [private detective](/wiki/Private_detective "Private detective") series *[Nero Wolfe](/wiki/Nero_Wolfe "Nero Wolfe")* (1956–65\) in 1957, between artists Mike Roy and Jim Christiansen; ghosted for credited artist Marvin Bradley on *[Rex Morgan, M.D.](/wiki/Rex_Morgan%2C_M.D. "Rex Morgan, M.D.")* (1948\- ) from 1976 to 1978; drew the movie tie\-in *[Indiana Jones](/wiki/Indiana_Jones "Indiana Jones")* (1981\), and, assisted by [Dick Kulpa](/wiki/Dick_Kulpa "Dick Kulpa"), the [martial\-arts](/wiki/Martial-arts "Martial-arts") strip *[The Legend of Bruce Lee](/wiki/Bruce_Lee_%28comics%29 "Bruce Lee (comics)")* (1982\), written by Sharman DiVono. He additionally had brief stints ghosting *[Judge Parker](/wiki/Judge_Parker "Judge Parker")* and *[Apartment 3\-G](/wiki/Apartment_3-G "Apartment 3-G")*. From 1974 to 1975, he worked on the strip *Galexo* for the international market.[Fran Matera](http://lambiek.net/artists/m/matera_fran.htm) at the [Lambiek Comiclopedia](/wiki/Lambiek_Comiclopedia "Lambiek Comiclopedia"). Note: Gives birth date of December 12, without attribution and at odds with that in the [Social Security Death Index](/wiki/Social_Security_Death_Index "Social Security Death Index").
Beginning with the strip for April 8, 1985, Matera began his two\-decade run drawing *Steve Roper and Mike Nomad*, which had been titled simply *Steve Roper* from 1947 to 1969\. The series originated as the comedy strip *Big Chief Wahoo* in 1936, but supporting character Steve Roper edged into the title in 1944, with the dramatic adventure renamed *Chief Wahoo and Steve Roper*. Wahoo was written out in 1947, and Nomad was added in 1956\. Matera additionally wrote the final year of *Steve Roper and Mike Nomad*, following writer John Saunders' death in November 2003\. The final strip ran December 26, 2004\.[Mike Nomad](http://www.toonopedia.com/nomad.htm) at [Don Markstein's Toonopedia](/wiki/Don_Markstein%27s_Toonopedia "Don Markstein's Toonopedia"). [Archived](https://archive.today/20240525134443/https://www.webcitation.org/62hbv0kL1?url=http://www.toonopedia.com/nomad.htm) October 25, 2011\.
| What are some examples of hangovers on New Year's Day, lovers' quarrels on Valentine's Day, etc. that Rod O'Keef is concerned about? | true | [
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Hillsong Conference | ernoovva8w0i2tdx4s5g5t7arc7xrxp | 4 | 2001–2017: Move to Sydney Olympic Park | ### 2001–2017: Move to Sydney Olympic Park
Hillsong Conference was first held in the [Qudos Bank Arena](/wiki/Qudos_Bank_Arena "Qudos Bank Arena") (formerly [Sydney SuperDome](/wiki/Sydney_SuperDome "Sydney SuperDome") and named Acer Arena at the time) and various venues throughout Sydney Olympic Park from 2001\.
In 2011 Hillsong Conference was not held in Sydney Olympic Park but instead in the Sydney Entertainment Centre for logistical reasons relating to the availability of Sydney Olympic Park.
The 2015 conference was marred with controversy when American pastor [Mark Driscoll](/wiki/Mark_Driscoll "Mark Driscoll") was invited to speak. A Melbourne based activist Benjamin Ady and his Wife Megan initiated a number of peaceful protests at Hillsong's Sydney and Melbourne campuses and from conversations with their church leaders was confident Mark would be disinvited. Prominent journalist [Julia Baird](/wiki/Julia_Baird_%28journalist%29 "Julia Baird (journalist)") covered the story that also noted a number of Christian leaders alarmed that Mark Driscoll's invitation was still offered.
Though Mark Driscoll was not physically in attendance at the conference, a pre\-recorded video was aired instead.
At the same 2015 conference [Tanya Levin](/wiki/Tanya_Levin "Tanya Levin") was arrested by Police Officers contracted to patrol the conference site for trespass. She was later charged however the case was dismissed in court.
Also in 2015, UK gender church abuse activist [Natalie Collins](/wiki/Natalie_Collins "Natalie Collins") stage a peaceful protest at the London Hillsong conference in response to [Mark Driscoll's](/wiki/Mark_Driscoll "Mark Driscoll") invitation to speak.
| Can you think of other examples of Christian leaders being invited to speak at conferences despite controversy surrounding them? | true | [
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Staveley railway station | sggr9lrwv93eahr8ndcvrk69t8zzcn0 | 2 | Facilities | Facilities
----------
The station has a single platform. There is a single waiting shelter provided, along with digital CIS display, customer help point and a telephone to offer train running details. No step\-free access is available, as the only entrance is via a staircase from Station Road.[Staveley (Cumbria) station facilities](http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/SVL.aspx) *National Rail Enquiries*
| How does the lack of waiting facilities impact passenger experience? | true | [
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Angela Goodwin | h0o97fnwg56z89jo28lzsbkdfg3gf3z | 1 | Life and career | Life and career
---------------
Born in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome"), Italy, Goodwin was the daughter of an Italian\-American father, and spent her youth in the US where she enrolled at several drama courses and started her professional career with a stage company in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") In the second half of the 1960s she came back to Italy, where she continued to work on stage with some of the major companies of the time, including the ones directed by [Orazio Costa](/wiki/Orazio_Costa "Orazio Costa"), [Vittorio Gassman](/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman "Vittorio Gassman"), [Giancarlo Sbragia](/wiki/Giancarlo_Sbragia "Giancarlo Sbragia") and [Garinei \& Giovannini](/wiki/Pietro_Garinei "Pietro Garinei").
In 1970, Goodwin had her film [breakout](/wiki/Breakthrough_role "Breakthrough role") as Fortunata, one of the Tettamanzi sisters in the [Alberto Lattuada](/wiki/Alberto_Lattuada "Alberto Lattuada")'s *[commedia all'italiana](/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana "Commedia all'italiana")* *[Come Have Coffee with Us](/wiki/Come_Have_Coffee_with_Us "Come Have Coffee with Us")*. Another major success in her career was the role of Laura Perozzi, [Philippe Noiret](/wiki/Philippe_Noiret "Philippe Noiret")'s wife in [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli "Mario Monicelli")'s box office hit *[My Friends](/wiki/My_Friends_%28film%29 "My Friends (film)")*, a role she reprised in the 1982 sequel *[All My Friends Part 2](/wiki/All_My_Friends_Part_2 "All My Friends Part 2")*. She was also very active on television. Her last work was the short film *Carlo e Clara*.
Goodwin was married to actor [Franco Giacobini](/wiki/Franco_Giacobini "Franco Giacobini"), with whom she often collaborated on stage.
| Is there a reason why Goodwin chose to reprised the role of Laura Perozzi? | true | [
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Bemis Manufacturing Company | n9z6f9jcvumuxi4yxj0bd71lac781um | 4 | Awards | Awards
------
* 2012 \- Bemis was among three finalists in the 16th Plastics News' Processor of the Year Award.[Milacron’s big move: As customers rebound, relationships pay off](http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/print-edition/2012/03/02/milacrons-big-move-as-customers.html)
* 2011 \- The Target shopping cart, molded by Bemis, was a finalist in the Industrial Design Excellence Awards (IDEA)
* 2009 \- Bemis Manufacturing won the 2009 International Plastics Design Competition Retail Award for the Target shopping cart.[2009 International Plastics Design Competition Retail Award](http://www.plasticsdesign.org/Winners/WinnerDetail.cfm?RowNum=8&Yr=2009&itemnumber=2783)
* 2007 \- Bemis Manufacturing took top honors at the SPI 2007 Alliance of Plastics Processors Awards for a high\-end clothes dryer door window.[SPI 2007 Alliance of Plastics Processors Awards](http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutSPI/NewsItem.cfm?ItemNumber=954)
* 2006 \- Bemis Manufacturing's Advance Technology Group won a Judges's award for the Sub Compact Utility Tractor and 9th Annual Industrial Designers Society of America/Plastics News Award for the John Deere Series 8000 Engine Enclosure.[SPI 2006 Alliance of Plastics Processors Awards](http://www.plasticsindustry.org/AboutSPI/NewsItem.cfm?ItemNumber=918)
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BPST instanton | 6yfgj9188itc28l4imbrtgkrcvg3yvz | 5 | Instanton gas and liquid | Instanton gas and liquid
------------------------
### In QCD
It is expected that BPST\-like instantons play an important role in the [vacuum structure of QCD](/wiki/QCD_vacuum "QCD vacuum"). Instantons are indeed found in [lattice](/wiki/Lattice_QCD "Lattice QCD") calculations. The first computations performed with instantons used the dilute gas approximation. The results obtained did not solve the infrared problem of QCD, making many physicists turn away from instanton physics. Later, though, an [instanton liquid model](/wiki/Instanton_fluid "Instanton fluid") was proposed, turning out to be a more promising approach.
The **dilute instanton gas model** departs from the supposition that the QCD vacuum consists of a gas of BPST instantons. Although only the solutions with one or few instantons (or anti\-instantons) are known exactly, a dilute gas of instantons and anti\-instantons can be approximated by considering a superposition of one\-instanton solutions at great distances from one another. ['t Hooft](/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft "Gerard 't Hooft") calculated the effective action for such an ensemble, and he found an [infrared divergence](/wiki/Infrared_divergence "Infrared divergence") for big instantons, meaning that an infinite amount of infinitely big instantons would populate the vacuum.
Later, an **[instanton liquid model](/wiki/Instanton_fluid "Instanton fluid")** was studied. This model starts from the assumption that an ensemble of instantons cannot be described by a mere sum of separate instantons. Various models have been proposed, introducing interactions between instantons or using variational methods (like the "valley approximation") endeavouring to approximate the exact multi\-instanton solution as closely as possible. Many phenomenological successes have been reached. Confinement seems to be the biggest issue in Yang–Mills theory for which instantons have no answer whatsoever.
### In electroweak theory
The [weak interaction](/wiki/Weak_interaction "Weak interaction") is described by SU(2\), so that instantons can be expected to play a role there as well. If so, they would induce [baryon number](/wiki/Baryon_number "Baryon number") violation. Due to the [Higgs mechanism](/wiki/Higgs_mechanism "Higgs mechanism"), instantons are not exact solutions anymore, but approximations can be used instead. One of the conclusions is that the presence of a gauge boson mass suppresses large instantons, so that the instanton gas approximation is consistent.
Due to the non\-perturbative nature of instantons, all their effects are suppressed by a factor of e−16π2/*g*2, which, in electroweak theory, is of the order 10−179.
| Are there any specific scenarios where large instantons do not cause infrared divergence? | true | [
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1960 United States presidential election in North Dakota | tmesox2foisnslz7ns6nqc1k7gr617k | 3 | Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic | #### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
* [Billings](/wiki/Billings_County%2C_North_Dakota "Billings County, North Dakota")
* [Emmons](/wiki/Emmons_County%2C_North_Dakota "Emmons County, North Dakota")
* [Griggs](/wiki/Griggs_County%2C_North_Dakota "Griggs County, North Dakota")
* [Morton](/wiki/Morton_County%2C_North_Dakota "Morton County, North Dakota")
* [Pierce](/wiki/Pierce_County%2C_North_Dakota "Pierce County, North Dakota")
* [Renville](/wiki/Renville_County%2C_North_Dakota "Renville County, North Dakota")
* [Sargent](/wiki/Sargent_County%2C_North_Dakota "Sargent County, North Dakota")
* [Stark](/wiki/Stark_County%2C_North_Dakota "Stark County, North Dakota")
* [Sioux](/wiki/Sioux_County%2C_North_Dakota "Sioux County, North Dakota")
* [Williams](/wiki/Williams_County%2C_North_Dakota "Williams County, North Dakota")
| What are some potential explanations for why a county might shift from Republican to Democratic? | true | [
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Battle of Yultong | kpmtsmwx8c6y4lb3jfzaeidy5xj3m9n | 1 | Background | Background
----------
The Philippine 10th BCT was attached to the [U.S.](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") [3rd Infantry Division](/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_%28United_States%29 "3rd Infantry Division (United States)") at the time of the offensive. Initially composed of 9 troops, the battalion was reduced to 9 men due to previous casualties and other losses. To prepare for the incoming PVA offensive, the [U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment](/wiki/65th_Infantry_Regiment "65th Infantry Regiment") deployed its 3rd and 2nd Battalions, facing west and northwest, respectively, along the [Imjin River](/wiki/Imjin_River "Imjin River"), while the attached Philippine 10th BCT held the regiment's right flank near Route 33\. The [Turkish Brigade](/wiki/Turkish_Brigade "Turkish Brigade"), was just east of the Filipino [unit](/wiki/Military_unit "Military unit").
Opposite the United Nations Command forces in the area were the PVA's III Army Group, composed of the 12th, [15th](/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force_Airborne_Corps "People's Liberation Army Air Force Airborne Corps"), and [60th](/wiki/60th_Corps_%28People%27s_Republic_of_China%29 "60th Corps (People's Republic of China)") Armies. The overall commander of the PVA forces, [Peng Dehuai](/wiki/Peng_Dehuai "Peng Dehuai"), planned to have the 12th and 15th Army attack and encircle the Turkish Brigade and the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, respectively. Near the Imjin River, the 15th Army had a narrow zone between the river and Route 33 projecting through the area held by the 65th Regiment. Along Route 33 and east of it, the 12th Army and 60th Army were to attack through ground held by the Philippine 10th BCT on the right flank of the 3rd Division and through the Pogae\-san ridges occupied by the Turkish Brigade and 24th Infantry Division.
| What were the potential consequences if the PVA forces succeeded in encircling their targets? | true | [
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National Library of Wales | 01utycdw6h05fe5iylnoeboiq7ncstr | 30 | Digital content | Digital content
---------------
Many of the most important manuscripts and books at the Library have been digitised and made freely available to view on the library's website in its "Digital Mirror".
In April 2012, the Library made a policy decision not to claim ownership of copyright in digital reproductions. This meant that the rights information attached to digital representations of works would reflect the copyright status of the original (i.e., that originals in the public domain would remain in the public domain in their digital form). The Library has applied this policy to projects delivered since then (the Welsh Journals Online and Cymru1914\) and is still in the process of updating rights information for its pre\-2012 projects. Metadata are released into the public domain using the CC0 licence.
The Library has experience of sharing content from its collections under open content licences on platforms such as Wikipedia (e.g., the [John Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_%28photographer%29 "John Thomas (photographer)") photographic collection) and Flickr. In February 2013, the Library contributed 50 images relating to Monmouthshire to Wikipedia, a successful pilot project with [Wikimedia UK](/wiki/Wikimedia_UK "Wikimedia UK"). The following month, they became one of the cultural heritage organisations that partnered with [Wikimedia Nederland](/wiki/Wikimedia_Nederland "Wikimedia Nederland"), Wikimedia UK and [Wikimedia France](/wiki/Wikimedia_France "Wikimedia France"), together with [Europeana](/wiki/Europeana "Europeana"), to be part of their collaboration to provide a set of tools to mass upload material from GLAM institutions to Wikimedia Commons. Also in 2013, the Library was awarded the Wikimedia UK 'GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums) of the Year Award', for being "a reliable supporter of the Wikimedia movement aims". By January 2016 almost 8,000 images had been made available for free download.
In January 2015, the Library, in partnership with [Wikimedia UK](/wiki/Wikimedia_UK "Wikimedia UK"), appointed a full\-time [Wikipedian in Residence](/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence "Wikipedian in residence") with the aim of developing further its resources on an [open licence](/wiki/Free_license "Free license") for a worldwide audience.
The "Cynefin: Mapping Wales' Sense of Place" project has created a unified tithe map of Wales by digitising over a thousand tithe maps. Cynefin is a partnership between Archives Wales, the National Library of Wales and People's Collection Wales that was launched in November 2014\. A valuable online tool for historical research is being produced by crowdsourcing the contributions of volunteers through the Cynefin website to transcribe the apportionment documents and link them to the digitised tithe maps.
The Kyffin Williams Bequest Project was set up to catalogue and digitise the material that Kyffin Williams bequeathed to the National Library of Wales on his death in 2006\. In addition to the collection of artwork, the bequest also included funds to cover this project. The cataloguing work began in 2008 and the digitisation started in 2009\.
Aberdyfi regatta NLW3362782\.jpg\|A group of men and boys standing on the quayside, Aberdyfi. Aberdyfi Regatta. John Thomas
Chwarel Sets, Trefor NLW3363410\.jpg\|Chwarel Sets, at \[\[Trefor, Gwynedd\|Trefor]]; John Thomas
An old Gateway at Monmouth (3375361\).jpg\|Thomas Christopher Hofland's 'An old gateway at Monmouth' lithograph; 1825
Beatrice Street Church, Oswestry, Sunday School trip to Rhyl (7837615146\).jpg\|An image from the \[\[Geoff Charles]] (1909–2002\) Collection: a Sunday school trip to Rhyl; Geoff Charles 20 July 1955
Dick Pugh NLW3362662\.jpg\|Dick Puw; John Thomas
Festiniog and Blaenau Railway viaduct.jpg\|Viaduct on the Festiniog and Blaenau Railway, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales; John Thomas
### Welsh Journals Online
The National Library of Wales has digitised the back\-numbers of 50 journals relating to Wales, in Welsh and English, in the Welsh Journals Online project funded by [Jisc](/wiki/Jisc "Jisc"). It forms the largest body of Welsh text on the Web, and as well as allowing free access for all to scholarly articles on history, literature and science, and poems and book reviews. [OCR](/wiki/Optical_character_recognition "Optical character recognition") of the page scans was undertaken to create [TEI](/wiki/Text_Encoding_Initiative "Text Encoding Initiative") searchable text versions. The website contains a total of 400,000 pages. It is intended to add new issues of the titles as they emerge from the embargo period agreed with the publisher.[Welsh Journals Online](http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/) at NLW official website
The fifty titles include:[Publications available](http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/) at NLW official website[List of the journals that have been identified for digitisation](http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=5668) at NLW official website
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + -
### Welsh Newspapers Online
[thumb\|upright\|*The Cardigan Bay Visitor*, 24 June 1887](/wiki/File:The_Cardigan_Bay_Visitor_Jun_24_1887.jpg "The Cardigan Bay Visitor Jun 24 1887.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|*The Visitor's List and Guide*, 22 June 1887](/wiki/File:The_Visitor%27s_List_and_Guide_June_22_1887.jpg "The Visitor's List and Guide June 22 1887.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|*The Illustrated Usk Observer*, 7 July 1855](/wiki/File:The_Illustrated_Usk_Observer_Jul_7_1855.jpg "The Illustrated Usk Observer Jul 7 1855.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|*Y Dydd*, 5 June 1868](/wiki/File:Y_Dydd_Jun_5_1868.jpg "Y Dydd Jun 5 1868.jpg")
[Welsh Newspapers Online](/wiki/Welsh_Newspapers_Online "Welsh Newspapers Online") is an open access database of Welsh regional newspapers that has been created from the National Library of Wales' collection of historical newspapers. The database includes nearly 120 newspapers titles and provides access to over 1,100,000 pages from the years before 1919\. Content relating to the First World War that has been digitised is also included in the database. The following publications are included:
* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + -
| Are there plans to expand the scope of Welsh Newspapers Online beyond just Welsh language newspapers? | true | [
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My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party | 6aj88toslzy15xqw9i3bd4wrdmd55yc | 0 | Introduction |
***My Little Pony Live: The World's Biggest Tea Party*** is a 2006 musical based on the *[My Little Pony](/wiki/My_Little_Pony "My Little Pony")* franchise by [Hasbro](/wiki/Hasbro "Hasbro"). The musical is produced by [VEE Corporation](/wiki/VEE_Corporation "VEE Corporation") under the direction of Richard Thompson and Vincent Egan. The musical first began in October 2006 and later concluded its performance in 2008\.
The musical was released on [DVD](/wiki/DVD "DVD") by [Paramount Home Entertainment](/wiki/Paramount_Home_Media_Distribution "Paramount Home Media Distribution") on September 16, 2008 and was filmed at the [Kodak Theatre](/wiki/Kodak_Theatre "Kodak Theatre"). All shows were performed to a pre\-recorded soundtrack.
The stage show received negative reviews from critics, audiences and fans alike, especially with the unappealing costumes of the ponies.
| What were some criticisms of the stage show that were not mentioned in the text? | true | [
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July 2011 in sports | j9s31n7spbisq18l21n39rg2uqcootr | 55 | [[Cricket]] | #### [Cricket](/wiki/Cricket "Cricket")
* [ICC Intercontinental Cup](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup "2011–13 ICC Intercontinental Cup"), [round 1](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9313_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup%23Round_1 "2011–13 ICC Intercontinental Cup#Round 1"):
+ In [Nairobi](/wiki/Nairobi_Gymkhana_Club "Nairobi Gymkhana Club"), day 1: 213 (67\.3 overs); 91/3 (22\.5 overs). *Kenya trail by 122 runs with 7 wickets remaining in the 1st innings.*
| How do teams typically approach the first innings in a match? | true | [
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Legend (TV series) | khtprvn667acy8ngupaid8x39ot1hbl | 6 | Production | Production
----------
### Development
*Legend* was originally conceived as a TV movie before it was picked up as a series.
### Filming
It was shot on location in [Mescal](/wiki/Mescal%2C_Arizona "Mescal, Arizona") and [Tucson, Arizona](/wiki/Tucson%2C_Arizona "Tucson, Arizona"), from January to June 1995\.
### Crew
* Created by: [Michael Piller](/wiki/Michael_Piller "Michael Piller") and [Bill Dial](/wiki/Bill_Dial "Bill Dial")
* Executive Producers: Bill Dial, Michael Piller
* Executive Producers: Richard Dean Anderson, Michael Greenburg
* Music by: [Ken Harrison](/wiki/Ken_Harrison_%28TV_composer%29 "Ken Harrison (TV composer)")
| Can you give me more information on the filming locations used for Legend? | true | [
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Kastrup Boldklub | 00aa2aq4np3hxjssfygslsritttay6k | 1 | Head coach history | Head coach history
------------------
The person responsible for direction of the first senior team has traditionally been given the title of [head coach/trainer](/wiki/Coach_%28sport%29 "Coach (sport)").
| Name | Nationality | From | To | Refs |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Svend Gunnarson | | 195? | 1956 | |
| [Kaj Frandsen](/wiki/Kaj_Frandsen "Kaj Frandsen") | | 1 July 1956 | 195? | |
| [Niels\-Christian Holmstrøm](/wiki/Niels-Christian_Holmstr%C3%B8m "Niels-Christian Holmstrøm") | | 1978 | 1979 | |
| [Torben Nielsen](/wiki/Torben_Nielsen "Torben Nielsen") | | 1 January 1981 | 198? | |
| Knud Petersen | | 1980s | | |
| Ove Petersen | | | | |
| Finn Hartmann | | | | |
| Michael Lagermann | | 2003? | 30 June 2009 | |
| Kjeld Uhre Møller | | 1 July 2009 | 2009 | |
| [Jesper Heyde](/wiki/Jesper_Heyde "Jesper Heyde") | | 1 January 2010 | 31 December 2011 | |
| Michael Lagermann | | 1 January 2012 | 30 June 2012 | |
| [Michael Bo Nielsen](/wiki/Michael_Bo_Nielsen "Michael Bo Nielsen") | | 1 July 2012 | May 2013 | |
| Kenneth Matz | | May 2013 | 31 December 2014 | |
| Per Mouritsen | | 1 January 2015 | 30 June 2015 | |
| [Francois Pignot](/wiki/Francois_Pignot "Francois Pignot") | | 1 July 2015 | 30 June 2018 | |
| Dirch Lund | | 1 July 2018 | *present* | |
| In what ways do large teams of coaches function? | true | [
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Cork City Junior A Hurling Championship | 8lh44ruwlvvv0i9c6anzq0g9yyzrq8y | 1 | Format | Format
------
### Championship
**First round:** Ten teams contest the five first round matches with one team receiving a bye to the second round. The winners advance to the quarter\-finals and the losers advance to the second round.
**Second round:** The five first round losers join the team given a bye to contest the three second round matches. The winners advance to the quarter\-finals and the losers are eliminated from the championship.
**Quarter\-finals:** The three second round winners join the five first round winners to contest the four quarter\-final matches. The winners advance to the semi\-finals.
**Semi\-finals:** The four quarter\-final winners compete in the two semi\-final matches, with the winners advancing to the final.
**Final:** The two semi\-final winners contest the final. The winning team is declared the champion.
### Promotion and relegation
At the end of the championship, the winning team enters the [Cork Junior A Hurling Championship](/wiki/Cork_Junior_A_Hurling_Championship "Cork Junior A Hurling Championship") and by winning this, they will be promoted to the [Cork Premier Junior Hurling Championship](/wiki/Cork_Premier_Junior_Hurling_Championship "Cork Premier Junior Hurling Championship") for the following season. There is no direct relegation to the Cork City Junior B Hurling Championship.
| How do teams that lose in the quarter-finals proceed? | true | [
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Coriolanus | t9io0nopag03fkz4ge0ym7lr0vdlbua | 4 | Date and text | Date and text
-------------
[left\|thumb\|The first page of *The Tragedy of Coriolanus* from the [First Folio](/wiki/First_Folio "First Folio") of Shakespeare's plays, published in 1623](/wiki/File:First_Folio%2C_Shakespeare_-_0616.jpg "First Folio, Shakespeare - 0616.jpg")
Most scholars date *Coriolanus* to the period 1605–10, with 1608–09 being considered the most likely, although the available evidence does not permit great certainty.
The earliest date for the play rests on the fact that Menenius's fable of the belly is derived from [William Camden](/wiki/William_Camden "William Camden")'s *Remaines*, published in 1605\. The later date derives from the fact that several other texts from 1610 or thereabouts seem to allude to *Coriolanus*, including [Ben Jonson](/wiki/Ben_Jonson "Ben Jonson")'s *[Epicoene](/wiki/Epicoene "Epicoene")*, [Robert Armin](/wiki/Robert_Armin "Robert Armin")'s *Phantasma* and [John Fletcher](/wiki/John_Fletcher_%28playwright%29 "John Fletcher (playwright)")'s *[The Woman's Prize, or the Tamer Tamed](/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Prize "The Woman's Prize")*.Lee Bliss, ed. *Coriolanus* (Cambridge University Press, 2000\), pp. 1–2; R.B. Parker, *Coriolanus* (Oxford University Press, 1994\), 2–3\.
Some scholars note evidence that may narrow down the dating to the period 1607–09\. One line may be inspired by [George Chapman](/wiki/George_Chapman "George Chapman")'s translation of the *[Iliad](/wiki/Iliad "Iliad")* (late 1608\).Parker, 4–5; Bliss, 6–7\. References to "the coal of fire upon the ice" (I.i) and to squabbles over ownership of channels of water (III.i) could be inspired by [Thomas Dekker](/wiki/Thomas_Dekker_%28writer%29 "Thomas Dekker (writer)")'s description of the freezing of the [Thames](/wiki/Thames "Thames") in 1607–08 and [Hugh Myddleton](/wiki/Hugh_Myddleton "Hugh Myddleton")'s project to bring water to London by channels in 1608–09 respectively.Parker, 5–6; Bliss, 3–4\. Another possible connection with 1608 is that the surviving text of the play is divided into acts; this suggests that it could have been written for the indoor [Blackfriars Theatre](/wiki/Blackfriars_Theatre "Blackfriars Theatre"), at which Shakespeare's company began to perform in 1608, although the act\-breaks could instead have been introduced later.Bliss, 4–7\.
The play's themes of popular discontent with government have been connected by scholars with the [Midland Revolt](/wiki/Midland_Revolt "Midland Revolt"), a series of peasant riots in 1607 that would have affected Shakespeare as an owner of land in [Stratford\-upon\-Avon](/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon "Stratford-upon-Avon"); and the debates over the charter for the [City of London](/wiki/City_of_London "City of London"), which Shakespeare would have been aware of, as it affected the legal status of the area surrounding the Blackfriars Theatre.Parker, 6–7\. The riots in the Midlands were caused by hunger because of the enclosure of common land.
For these reasons, R.B. Parker suggests "late 1608 ... to early 1609" as the likeliest date of composition, while Lee Bliss suggests composition by late 1608, and the first public performances in "late December 1609 or February 1610". Parker acknowledges that the evidence is "scanty ... and mostly inferential".Parker, 7, 2; Bliss, 7
The play was first published in the [First Folio](/wiki/First_Folio "First Folio") of 1623\. Elements of the text, such as the uncommonly detailed stage directions, lead some Shakespeare scholars to believe the text was prepared from a theatrical [prompt book](/wiki/Prompt_book "Prompt book").
| Can we identify any parallels between the play's themes and modern-day concerns? | true | [
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Bonnechere Valley | 9a35sy28glq4hunelx6y11auni0w86m | 2 | History | History
-------
The power of the Bonnechere River has been harnessed since 1848 but it was [John Egan](/wiki/John_Egan_%28Canadian_politician%29 "John Egan (Canadian politician)")'s grist mill that gets credit for stimulating the area's economic growth.
In 1911, the [Great Fire](/wiki/Great_Fire_%28Bonnechere%29 "Great Fire (Bonnechere)") destroyed many of the buildings in Eganville. 75 homes were lost in all along with schools, churches and industries along both sides on the Bonnechere River. This fire was started by two teenagers smoking cigarettes in a shed. A year later, the Municipal Building was erected, and served as the village post office for almost a century. This building has since become the home of the Bonnechere Museum and one of the most well known symbols of Eganville.
| Can you provide examples of other areas where natural resources have been harnessed for economic growth? | true | [
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2024 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix | cb5iswr56e8kvnq7rqs7h61a4z6p1hm | 13 | Qualifying | Qualifying
----------
### MotoGP
| Fastest session lap |
| --- |
| | | Biker | Constructor | | | | Row |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Q1 | Q2 |
| 1 | 41 | [Aleix Espargaró](/wiki/Aleix_Espargar%C3%B3 "Aleix Espargaró") | [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") | **Qualified in Q2**
**1:38\.190**
1 |
**1** |
| 2 | 1 | [Francesco Bagnaia](/wiki/Francesco_Bagnaia "Francesco Bagnaia") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.221 |
2 |
| 3 | 25 | [Raúl Fernández](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Raúl Fernández (motorcyclist)") | [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") | 1:38\.453 | 1:38\.261 | 3 |
| 4 | 33 | [Brad Binder](/wiki/Brad_Binder "Brad Binder") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.261 |
4 |
**2** |
| 5 | 31 | [Pedro Acosta](/wiki/Pedro_Acosta_%28motorcyclist%29 "Pedro Acosta (motorcyclist)") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.369 |
5 |
| 6 | 49 | [Fabio Di Giannantonio](/wiki/Fabio_Di_Giannantonio "Fabio Di Giannantonio") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **1:38\.208**
1:38\.400 |
6 |
| 7 | 89 | [Jorge Martín](/wiki/Jorge_Mart%C3%ADn "Jorge Martín") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.401 |
7 |
**3** |
| 8 | 42 | [Álex Rins](/wiki/%C3%81lex_Rins "Álex Rins") | [Yamaha](/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company "Yamaha Motor Company") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.692 |
8 |
| 9 | 43 | [Jack Miller](/wiki/Jack_Miller_%28motorcyclist%29 "Jack Miller (motorcyclist)") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.763 |
9 |
| 10 | 21 | [Franco Morbidelli](/wiki/Franco_Morbidelli "Franco Morbidelli") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.778 |
10 |
**4** |
| 11 | 23 | [Enea Bastianini](/wiki/Enea_Bastianini "Enea Bastianini") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.860 |
11 |
| 12 | 12 | [Maverick Viñales](/wiki/Maverick_Vi%C3%B1ales "Maverick Viñales") | [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:38\.972 |
12 |
| 13 | 73 | [Álex Márquez](/wiki/%C3%81lex_M%C3%A1rquez "Álex Márquez") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | 1:38\.530 |N/A
13 |
**5** |
| 14 | 93 | [Marc Márquez](/wiki/Marc_M%C3%A1rquez "Marc Márquez") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | 1:38\.536 |N/A
14 |
| 15 | 88 | [Miguel Oliveira](/wiki/Miguel_Oliveira "Miguel Oliveira") | [Aprilia](/wiki/Aprilia "Aprilia") | 1:38\.551 |N/A
15 |
| 16 | 72 | [Marco Bezzecchi](/wiki/Marco_Bezzecchi "Marco Bezzecchi") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | 1:38\.662 |N/A
16 |
**6** |
| 17 | 20 | [Fabio Quartararo](/wiki/Fabio_Quartararo "Fabio Quartararo") | [Yamaha](/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company "Yamaha Motor Company") | 1:38\.705 |N/A
17 |
| 18 | 5 | [Johann Zarco](/wiki/Johann_Zarco "Johann Zarco") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:38\.978 |N/A
18 |
| 19 | 37 | [Augusto Fernández](/wiki/Augusto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Augusto Fernández (motorcyclist)") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | 1:39\.120 |N/A
19 |
**7** |
| 20 | 30 | [Takaaki Nakagami](/wiki/Takaaki_Nakagami "Takaaki Nakagami") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:39\.156 |N/A
20 |
| 21 | 36 | [Joan Mir](/wiki/Joan_Mir "Joan Mir") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:39\.524 |N/A
21 |
| 22 | 10 | [Luca Marini](/wiki/Luca_Marini "Luca Marini") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:39\.621 |N/A
22 |
**8** |
| 23 | 6 | [Stefan Bradl](/wiki/Stefan_Bradl "Stefan Bradl") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:40\.276 |N/A
23 |
| [OFFICIAL MOTOGP QUALIFYING RESULTS](https://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2024/CAT/MotoGP/Q2/QualifyingResults.pdf) | | | | | | | |
### Moto2
| Fastest session lap |
| --- |
| | | Biker | Constructor | | | | Row |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Q1 | Q2 |
| 1 | 3 | [Sergio García](/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa_%28motorcyclist%29 "Sergio García (motorcyclist)") | [Boscoscuro](/wiki/Speed_Up "Speed Up") | **Qualified in Q2**
**1:41\.894**
1 |
**1** |
| 2 | 54 | [Fermín Aldeguer](/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Aldeguer "Fermín Aldeguer") | [Boscoscuro](/wiki/Speed_Up "Speed Up") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.134 |
2 |
| 3 | 13 | [Celestino Vietti](/wiki/Celestino_Vietti "Celestino Vietti") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:42\.903 | 1:42\.182 | 3 |
| 4 | 44 | [Arón Canet](/wiki/Ar%C3%B3n_Canet "Arón Canet") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:42\.882 | 1:42\.193 | 4 | **2** |
| 5 | 75 | [Albert Arenas](/wiki/Albert_Arenas "Albert Arenas") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
2:17\.989 |
5 |
| 6 | 18 | [Manuel González](/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Manuel González (motorcyclist)") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.325 |
6 |
| 7 | 17 | [Daniel Muñoz](/wiki/Daniel_Mu%C3%B1oz_%28motorcyclist%29 "Daniel Muñoz (motorcyclist)") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.328 |
7 |
**3** |
| 8 | 21 | [Alonso López](/wiki/Alonso_L%C3%B3pez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Alonso López (motorcyclist)") | [Boscoscuro](/wiki/Speed_Up "Speed Up") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.328 |
8 |
| 9 | 16 | [Joe Roberts](/wiki/Joe_Roberts_%28motorcycles%29 "Joe Roberts (motorcycles)") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.364 |
9 |
| 10 | 79 | [Ai Ogura](/wiki/Ai_Ogura "Ai Ogura") | [Boscoscuro](/wiki/Speed_Up "Speed Up") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.439 |
10 |
**4** |
| 11 | 96 | [Jake Dixon](/wiki/Jake_Dixon "Jake Dixon") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.458 |
11 |
| 12 | 12 | [Senna Agius](/wiki/Senna_Agius "Senna Agius") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") |**1:42\.608**
1:42\.623 |
12 |
| 13 | 28 | [Izan Guevara](/wiki/Izan_Guevara "Izan Guevara") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.697 |
13 |
**5** |
| 14 | 14 | [Tony Arbolino](/wiki/Tony_Arbolino "Tony Arbolino") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.707 |
14 |
| 15 | 84 | [Zonta van den Goorbergh](/wiki/Zonta_van_den_Goorbergh "Zonta van den Goorbergh") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.781 |
15 |
| 16 | 35 | [Somkiat Chantra](/wiki/Somkiat_Chantra "Somkiat Chantra") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.795 |
16 |
**6** |
| 17 | 12 | [Filip Salač](/wiki/Filip_Sala%C4%8D "Filip Salač") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:42\.845 |
17 |
| 18 | 15 | [Darryn Binder](/wiki/Darryn_Binder "Darryn Binder") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.060 | 1:43\.348 | 18 |
| 19 | 24 | [Marcos Ramírez](/wiki/Marcos_Ram%C3%ADrez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Marcos Ramírez (motorcyclist)") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.086 |N/A
19 |
**7** |
| 20 | 19 | [Mattia Pasini](/wiki/Mattia_Pasini "Mattia Pasini") | [Boscoscuro](/wiki/Speed_Up "Speed Up") | 1:43\.089 |N/A
20 |
| 21 | 9 | [Jorge Navarro](/wiki/Jorge_Navarro "Jorge Navarro") | [Forward](/wiki/Forward_Racing "Forward Racing") | 1:43\.108 |N/A
21 |
| 22 | 52 | [Jeremy Alcoba](/wiki/Jeremy_Alcoba "Jeremy Alcoba") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.135 |N/A
22 |
**8** |
| 23 | 71 | [Dennis Foggia](/wiki/Dennis_Foggia "Dennis Foggia") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.153 |N/A
23 |
| 24 | 10 | [Diogo Moreira](/wiki/Diogo_Moreira "Diogo Moreira") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.392 |N/A
24 |
| 25 | 22 | [Ayumu Sasaki](/wiki/Ayumu_Sasaki "Ayumu Sasaki") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.400 |N/A
25 |
**9** |
| 26 | 53 | [Deniz Öncü](/wiki/Deniz_%C3%96nc%C3%BC "Deniz Öncü") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.481 |N/A
26 |
| 27 | 34 | [Mario Aji](/wiki/Mario_Aji "Mario Aji") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.508 |N/A
27 |
| 28 | 5 | [Jaume Masià](/wiki/Jaume_Masi%C3%A0 "Jaume Masià") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:43\.900 |N/A
28 |
**10** |
| 29 | 20 | [Xavi Cardelús](/wiki/Xavi_Cardel%C3%BAs "Xavi Cardelús") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:44\.019 |N/A
29 |
| 30 | 7 | [Barry Baltus](/wiki/Barry_Baltus "Barry Baltus") | [Kalex](/wiki/Kalex "Kalex") | 1:44\.066 |N/A
30 |
| 31 | 71 | [Álex Escrig](/wiki/%C3%81lex_Escrig "Álex Escrig") | [Forward](/wiki/Forward_Racing "Forward Racing") | 1:44\.199 |N/A
31 |
**11** |
| 32 | 43 | [Xavier Artigas](/wiki/Xavier_Artigas "Xavier Artigas") | [Forward](/wiki/Forward_Racing "Forward Racing") | 1:44\.225 |N/A
32 |
| [OFFICIAL MOTO2 QUALIFYING RESULTS](https://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2024/CAT/Moto2/Q2/QualifyingResults.pdf) | | | | | | | |
|
### Moto3
| Fastest session lap |
| --- |
| | | Biker | Constructor | | | | Row |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Q1 | Q2 |
| 1 | 48 | [Iván Ortolá](/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Ortol%C3%A1 "Iván Ortolá") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
**1:46\.749**
1 |
**1** |
| 2 | 95 | [Collin Viejer](/wiki/Collin_Viejer "Collin Viejer") | [Husqvarna](/wiki/Husqvarna_Motorcycles "Husqvarna Motorcycles") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:46\.768 |
2 |
| 3 | 99 | [José Antonio Rueda](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rueda "José Antonio Rueda") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.011 |
3 |
| 4 | 72 | [Taiyo Furusato](/wiki/Taiyo_Furusato "Taiyo Furusato") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.137 |
4 |
**2** |
| 5 | 6 | [Ryusei Yamanaka](/wiki/Ryusei_Yamanaka "Ryusei Yamanaka") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.178 |
5 |
| 6 | 80 | [David Alonso](/wiki/David_Alonso "David Alonso") | [CFMoto](/wiki/CFMoto "CFMoto") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.299 |
6 |
| 7 | 48 | [David Muñoz](/wiki/David_Mu%C3%B1oz_%28motorcyclist%29 "David Muñoz (motorcyclist)") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | 1:47\.873 | 1:47\.395 | 7 | **3** |
| 8 | 24 | [Adrián Fernández](/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Fern%C3%A1ndez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Adrián Fernández (motorcyclist)") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.468 |
8 |
| 9 | 96 | [Daniel Holgado](/wiki/Daniel_Holgado "Daniel Holgado") | [Gas Gas](/wiki/Gas_Gas "Gas Gas") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.549 |
9 |
| 10 | 58 | [Luca Lunetta](/wiki/Luca_Lunetta "Luca Lunetta") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | 1:48\.192 | 1:47\.563 | 10 | **4** |
| 11 | 82 | [Stefano Nepa](/wiki/Stefano_Nepa "Stefano Nepa") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.564 |
11 |
| 12 | 18 | [Matteo Bertelle](/wiki/Matteo_Bertelle "Matteo Bertelle") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | **1:47\.766**
1:47\.621
12 |
| 13 | 36 | [Ángel Piqueras](/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Piqueras "Ángel Piqueras") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:47\.645 |
13 |
**5** |
| 14 | 66 | [Joel Kelso](/wiki/Joel_Kelso "Joel Kelso") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
21:47\.989 |
14 |
| 15 | 78 | [Joel Esteban](/wiki/Joel_Esteban "Joel Esteban") | [CFMoto](/wiki/CFMoto "CFMoto") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.039 |
15 |
| 16 | 12 | [Jacob Roulstone](/wiki/Jacob_Roulstone "Jacob Roulstone") | [Gas Gas](/wiki/Gas_Gas "Gas Gas") | 1:48\.296
1:48\.054 |
16 |
**6** |
| 17 | 22 | [David Almansa](/wiki/David_Almansa "David Almansa") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.249 |
17 |
| 18 | 54 | [Riccardo Rossi](/wiki/Riccardo_Rossi_%28motorcyclist%29 "Riccardo Rossi (motorcyclist)") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") | **Qualified in Q2**
NC
18 |
| 19 | 19 | [Scott Ogden](/wiki/Scott_Ogden "Scott Ogden") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") |1:48\.557
N/A
19 |
**7** |
| 20 | 7 | [Filippo Farioli](/wiki/Filippo_Farioli "Filippo Farioli") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") |1:48\.683
N/A
20 |
| 21 | 24 | [Tatsuki Suzuki](/wiki/Tatsuki_Suzuki "Tatsuki Suzuki") | [Husqvarna](/wiki/Husqvarna_Motorcycles "Husqvarna Motorcycles") |1:48\.752
N/A
21 |
| 22 | 5 | [Tatchakorn Buasri](/wiki/Tatchakorn_Buasri "Tatchakorn Buasri") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") |1:48\.799
N/A
22 |
**8** |
| 23 | 85 | [Xabi Zurutuza](/wiki/Xabi_Zurutuza "Xabi Zurutuza") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") |1:48\.876
N/A
23 |
| 24 | 55 | [Noah Dettwiler](/wiki/Noah_Dettwiler "Noah Dettwiler") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") |1:49\.204
N/A
24 |
| 25 | 10 | [Nicola Carraro](/wiki/Nicola_Carraro "Nicola Carraro") | [KTM](/wiki/KTM "KTM") |1:49\.220
N/A
25 |
**9** |
| 26 | 70 | [Joshua Whatley](/wiki/Joshua_Whatley "Joshua Whatley") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") |1:49\.406
N/A
26 |
| 27 | 93 | [Arbi Aditama](/wiki/Arbi_Aditama "Arbi Aditama") | [Honda](/wiki/Honda "Honda") |1:50\.528
N/A
27 |
| [OFFICIAL MOTO3 QUALIFYING RESULTS](https://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2024/CAT/Moto3/Q2/QualifyingResults.pdf) | | | | | | | |
|
### MotoE
| Fastest session lap |
| --- |
| | | Biker | Constructor | | | | Row |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Q1 | Q2 |
| 1 | 51 | [Eric Granado](/wiki/Eric_Granado "Eric Granado") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
**1:48\.215**
1 |
**1** |
| 2 | 40 | [Mattia Casadei](/wiki/Mattia_Casadei "Mattia Casadei") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.247 |
2 |
| 3 | 61 | [Alessandro Zaccone](/wiki/Alessandro_Zaccone "Alessandro Zaccone") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.247 |
3 |
| 4 | 29 | [Nicholas Spinelli](/wiki/Nicholas_Spinelli "Nicholas Spinelli") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.413 |
4 |
**2** |
| 5 | 99 | [Oscar Gutiérrez](/wiki/Oscar_Guti%C3%A9rrez_%28motorcyclist%29 "Oscar Gutiérrez (motorcyclist)") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.525 |
5 |
| 6 | 4 | [Héctor Garzó](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garz%C3%B3 "Héctor Garzó") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.644 |
6 |
| 7 | 81 | [Jordi Torres](/wiki/Jordi_Torres "Jordi Torres") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:48\.747 |
7 |
**3** |
| 8 | 21 | [Kevin Zannoni](/wiki/Kevin_Zannoni "Kevin Zannoni") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | **1:48\.365**
1:48\.797 |
8 |
| 9 | 11 | [Matteo Ferrari](/wiki/Matteo_Ferrari_%28motorcyclist%29 "Matteo Ferrari (motorcyclist)") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | **Qualified in Q2**
1:53\.718 |
9 |
| 10 | 3 | [Lukas Tulovic](/wiki/Lukas_Tulovic "Lukas Tulovic") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:48\.569 |N/A
10 |
**4** |
| 11 | 34 | [Kevin Manfredi](/wiki/Kevin_Manfredi "Kevin Manfredi") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati "Ducati") | 1:48\.761 |N/A
11 |
| 12 | 77 | [Miquel Pons](/wiki/Miquel_Pons "Miquel Pons") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:48\.838 |N/A
12 |
| 13 | 9 | [Andrea Mantovani](/wiki/Andrea_Mantovani_%28motorcyclist%29 "Andrea Mantovani (motorcyclist)") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:48\.988 |N/A
13 |
**5** |
| 14 | 72 | [Alessio Finello](/wiki/Alessio_Finello "Alessio Finello") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:49\.159 |N/A
14 |
| 15 | 55 | [Massimo Roccoli](/wiki/Massimo_Roccoli "Massimo Roccoli") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:49\.956 |N/A
15 |
| 16 | 6 | [María Herrera](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Herrera "María Herrera") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:50\.592 |N/A
16 |
**6** |
| 17 | 7 | [Chaz Davies](/wiki/Chaz_Davies "Chaz Davies") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:50\.655 |N/A
17 |
| 18 | 80 | [Armando Pontone](/wiki/Armando_Pontone "Armando Pontone") | [Ducati](/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding "Ducati Motor Holding") | 1:51\.535 |N/A
18 |
| [OFFICIAL MOTOE QUALIFYING RESULTS](https://resources.motogp.com/files/results/2024/CAT/MotoE/Q2/QualifyingResults.pdf) | | | | | | | |
|
| What would happen if teams were to use different bike models? | true | [
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2010 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game | ro9g158w7ha3bkw05kpbfgk0tz4xoyw | 2 | Skills Competition Winners | ### Skills Competition Winners
* The Fastest Skater – [Denis Parshin](/wiki/Denis_Parshin "Denis Parshin")
* Shootout Skill – Shootout Winner [Marcel Hossa](/wiki/Marcel_Hossa "Marcel Hossa"); Best Shootout – [Jozef Stümpel](/wiki/Jozef_St%C3%BCmpel "Jozef Stümpel")
* Long Range Shot – [Dmitri Kalinin](/wiki/Dmitri_Kalinin "Dmitri Kalinin")
* Zigzag Team Relay – Team Yashin
* Accurate Shooting – [Aleksey Morozov](/wiki/Aleksey_Morozov "Aleksey Morozov")
* Speed Relay – Team Yashin
* Hardest shot – [Karel Rachůnek](/wiki/Karel_Rach%C5%AFnek "Karel Rachůnek")
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Arthur Haddleton | bua9wiwqr600fuypg8ytosjy3zcok1g | 5 | After football | After football
--------------
On abandoning his career as a professional footballer, Haddleton returned to [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire "Hampshire") to live in [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh "Eastleigh") where he was employed at the [Pirelli General](/wiki/Pirelli "Pirelli") cable works, turning out for the works team. He died at Eastleigh in 1971, aged 60\.
| Did Haddleton have any notable achievements in his career before working at Pirelli General? | true | [
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Dumarsais Simeus | fd96zo5vxktchaofsb8zjd2xy0xq7hm | 1 | Early life | Early life
----------
Siméus was born in [Pont\-Sondé](/wiki/Pont-Sond%C3%A9 "Pont-Sondé") in [Haiti](/wiki/Haiti "Haiti")'s [Artibonite Valley](/wiki/Artibonite_Valley "Artibonite Valley"), the son of peasant [rice](/wiki/Rice "Rice") farmers who never had a chance to get a school education. He grew up helping his parents work the land in Haiti to feed himself and his 11 siblings. In 1961, his family sold some land so he could fly to the United States to pursue a college education at [Florida A\&M University](/wiki/Florida_A%26M_University "Florida A&M University"). Siméus transferred to [Howard University](/wiki/Howard_University "Howard University") in Washington, DC, where he earned a degree in [electrical engineering](/wiki/Electrical_engineering "Electrical engineering").
In 1970, he became a US citizen.["Would\-be candidate fights for chance to change Haiti"](http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2005/10/19/would_be_candidate_fights_for_chance_to_change_haiti/), *Boston Globe*, October 19, 2005
In 1972, he earned an [MBA](/wiki/MBA "MBA") from the [University of Chicago](/wiki/University_of_Chicago "University of Chicago") Graduate School of Business.[University of Chicago Business School](http://www.chicagogsb.edu/about/gsbnews.aspx)
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Anne Ferran | mmrydy13z0w2syjh7zq5u2l4otxe7f5 | 4 | Notable works | Notable works
-------------
### Scenes on the Death of Nature (1986\)
Scenes on the Death of Nature was first exhibited at The Australian Centre for Contemporary Art in South Bank, from 19 March 1987 until 19 April 1987\. The series was included in an exhibition at the Art Gallery of New South Wales in 1993 entitled ‘Points of view: Australian Photography 1985\-95’.Australian Photography: The 1980s, Anne Ferran, Australian National Gallery, 1988
The exhibition consisted of five large (148\.5 cm x 109\.5 cm) black and grey prints of young women draped across one another. The women were dressed in long flowing plain white garments with stony facial expressions in order to recreate the appearance of a neoclassical sculpture. Her work, *Scenes on the Death of Nature I*, 1986 was featured in Part I of the [Know My Name](https://nga.gov.au/knowmyname/) exhibition of Australian women artists in 2020\-21 at the [National Gallery of Australia](/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia "National Gallery of Australia").
### Carnal Knowledge 1984
Ferran used her own daughter and friends as subjects in this project in an attempt to add a maternal component to the photographs.Art Gallery NSW nd, [Carnal Knowledge](http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/186.1986.6/), Art Gallery NSW, viewed 20 April 2015
While the series of 13 images are sexualised, the images do not contain any nudity. The images are close ups of emotionless faces, which have been given the effect of stone to create the appearance of the passing of time. The exhibition was on show at the Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney alongside other photographic series for the Australian Perspecta exhibition in 1985\. It returned again to the Art Gallery of New South Wales in July 1999 for the exhibition ‘What is this thing called photography?’
### Lost to worlds 2008
Lost to worlds includes over a decade's worth of photographic work. The project was undertaken in Tasmanian at the remnants of two female convict prisons sites, known as female factories. The work conjures with Australia's shameful colonial past and is part of an international trend in art practice that is described as the "archival turn." One female factory was located in Hobart, the other was situated in the centre of Tasmanian on the border of the small town of Ross; all that remains of the latter prison today are one building, piles of dirt and a mess of stones. The images themselves are dominated by the landscape, barely giving the viewer any other perspectives, only occasionally offering a sight of the horizon or sky. The thirty images in the series are digitally printed (120 cm x 120 cm)Sutton gallery 2015,exhibitioninfo, Anne ferran, [lost to worlds](http://www.suttongallery.com.au/exhibitions/exhibitioninfo.php?id=66), Fitzroy VIC AUSTRALIA onto sheets of aluminium and set up so that when viewers move around the gallery observing the photographs, the reflections from the aluminium give the images an element of blurred motion. Ferran uses the large empty field to find elegance through the stillness in this series of visually confronting images, the series is symbolic of a fragmented past.
### Tamworth Textile Triennial:Tension(s) 2020
Anne Ferran will exhibit at the Tamworth Regional Gallery from 1 August 2020\.
### Other exhibitions
* Box Of Birds
* Female House Of Correction
* Birds Of Darlinghurst
* Rydalmere Vertical
* Songbirds Are Everywhere
* Soft Caps
* Lost To Worlds 2008
* Scenes On The Death Of Nature
* Backwater
* Untitled Photograms
* Twice Removed
* Insula
* 1\-38
| Does the use of aluminium sheets in Lost to Worlds create a sense of nostalgia or melancholy? | true | [
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Upper Canada | sbyirjuca6do79qgjpov91v7hayh9kp | 21 | List of cities and towns of Upper Canada | ### List of cities and towns of Upper Canada
[thumb\|upright\=1\.7\|Map of Upper Canada](/wiki/File:1855_Colton_Map_of_Upper_Canada_or_Ontario_-_Geographicus_-_Ontario2-colton-1855.jpg "1855 Colton Map of Upper Canada or Ontario - Geographicus - Ontario2-colton-1855.jpg")
Incorporated in Upper Canada era (to 1841\)
* [York](/wiki/York%2C_Upper_Canada "York, Upper Canada") (now [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto")), capital of Upper Canada
* [Kingston](/wiki/Kingston%2C_Ontario "Kingston, Ontario")
* [Brockville](/wiki/Brockville "Brockville")
* [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario "Hamilton, Ontario")
* [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall%2C_Ontario "Cornwall, Ontario")
* [Prescott](/wiki/Prescott%2C_Ontario "Prescott, Ontario")
* [Port Hope](/wiki/Port_Hope%2C_Ontario "Port Hope, Ontario")
* [Picton](/wiki/Picton%2C_Ontario "Picton, Ontario")
* [Cobourg](/wiki/Cobourg%2C_Ontario "Cobourg, Ontario")
* [London](/wiki/London%2C_Ontario "London, Ontario")
Incorporated in Canada West (1841\-1867\)
* Newark, now [Niagara\-on\-the\-Lake](/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake "Niagara-on-the-Lake")
* [Brantford](/wiki/Brantford "Brantford")
* [Bytown](/wiki/Bytown "Bytown") (now [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa"))
* [Goderich](/wiki/Goderich%2C_Ontario "Goderich, Ontario")
* [Belleville](/wiki/Belleville%2C_Ontario "Belleville, Ontario")
* [Peterborough](/wiki/Peterborough%2C_Ontario "Peterborough, Ontario")
* [Perth](/wiki/Perth%2C_Ontario "Perth, Ontario")
* [Napanee](/wiki/Greater_Napanee "Greater Napanee")
* [Guelph](/wiki/Guelph "Guelph")
* [Whitby](/wiki/Whitby%2C_Ontario "Whitby, Ontario")
* [Paris, Ontario](/wiki/Paris%2C_Ontario "Paris, Ontario")
* [Lindsay](/wiki/Lindsay%2C_Ontario "Lindsay, Ontario"), now part of [Kawartha Lakes](/wiki/Kawartha_Lakes "Kawartha Lakes")
* [Galt](/wiki/Galt%2C_Ontario "Galt, Ontario"), now part of [Cambridge, Ontario](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Ontario "Cambridge, Ontario")
* [Welland](/wiki/Welland "Welland")
* Sandwich (now [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario"))
* [Stratford, Ontario](/wiki/Stratford%2C_Ontario "Stratford, Ontario")
| What were the main industries that drove economic growth in Upper Canada? | true | [
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List of Italian American sportspeople | ab6ln1b0gg57wxy87scx7ueunz3cwml | 15 | Ice hockey players | Ice hockey players
------------------
* [Noel Acciari](/wiki/Noel_Acciari "Noel Acciari") (born 1991\)
* [Kenny Agostino](/wiki/Kenny_Agostino "Kenny Agostino") (born 1992\)
* [Mark Arcobello](/wiki/Mark_Arcobello "Mark Arcobello") (born 1988\)
* [Tony Amonte](/wiki/Tony_Amonte "Tony Amonte") (born 1970\)
* [Pete Babando](/wiki/Pete_Babando "Pete Babando") (1925–2020\)
* [Tom Barrasso](/wiki/Tom_Barrasso "Tom Barrasso") (born 1965\)
* [Marco Baron](/wiki/Marco_Baron "Marco Baron") (born 1959\)
* [Bates Battaglia](/wiki/Bates_Battaglia "Bates Battaglia") (born 1975\)
* [Louis Belpedio](/wiki/Louis_Belpedio "Louis Belpedio") (born 1996\)
* [Amo Bessone](/wiki/Amo_Bessone "Amo Bessone") (1916–2010\)
* [Peter Bessone](/wiki/Peter_Bessone "Peter Bessone") (1913–1989\)
* [Anthony Bitetto](/wiki/Anthony_Bitetto "Anthony Bitetto") (born 1990\)
* [Nick Bonino](/wiki/Nick_Bonino "Nick Bonino") (born 1988\)
* [Ryan Callahan](/wiki/Ryan_Callahan "Ryan Callahan") (born 1985\)
* [Jack Capuano](/wiki/Jack_Capuano "Jack Capuano") (born 1966\)
* [Brandon Carlo](/wiki/Brandon_Carlo "Brandon Carlo") (born 1996\)
* [John Carlson](/wiki/John_Carlson_%28ice_hockey%29 "John Carlson (ice hockey)") (born 1990\)
* [Peter Ciavaglia](/wiki/Peter_Ciavaglia "Peter Ciavaglia") (born 1969\)
* [Carl Corazzini](/wiki/Carl_Corazzini "Carl Corazzini") (born 1979\)
* [Joe Corvo](/wiki/Joe_Corvo "Joe Corvo") (born 1977\)
* [Rich Costello](/wiki/Rich_Costello "Rich Costello") (born 1963\)
* [Kyle Criscuolo](/wiki/Kyle_Criscuolo "Kyle Criscuolo") (born 1992\)
* [Jerry D'Amigo](/wiki/Jerry_D%27Amigo "Jerry D'Amigo") (born 1991\)
* [Tony DeAngelo](/wiki/Tony_DeAngelo "Tony DeAngelo") (born 1995\)
* [Ron DeGregorio](/wiki/Ron_DeGregorio "Ron DeGregorio") (born 1946\)
* [Clark Donatelli](/wiki/Clark_Donatelli "Clark Donatelli") (born 1965\)
* [Ryan Donato](/wiki/Ryan_Donato "Ryan Donato") (born 1996\)
* [Ted Donato](/wiki/Ted_Donato "Ted Donato") (born 1969\)
* [Rick DiPietro](/wiki/Rick_DiPietro "Rick DiPietro") (born 1981\)
* [Mike Eruzione](/wiki/Mike_Eruzione "Mike Eruzione") (born 1954\)
* [Phil Esposito](/wiki/Phil_Esposito "Phil Esposito") (born 1942\)
* [Tony Esposito](/wiki/Tony_Esposito "Tony Esposito") (1943–2021\)
* [Chris Ferraro](/wiki/Chris_Ferraro "Chris Ferraro") (born 1973\)
* [Peter Ferraro](/wiki/Peter_Ferraro "Peter Ferraro") (born 1973\)
* [Marcus Foligno](/wiki/Marcus_Foligno "Marcus Foligno") (born 1991\)
* [Nick Foligno](/wiki/Nick_Foligno "Nick Foligno") (born 1987\)
* [Joe Gambardella](/wiki/Joe_Gambardella "Joe Gambardella") (born 1993\)
* [Andre Gambucci](/wiki/Andre_Gambucci "Andre Gambucci") (1928–2016\)
* [Brian Gionta](/wiki/Brian_Gionta "Brian Gionta") (born 1979\)
* [Stephen Gionta](/wiki/Stephen_Gionta "Stephen Gionta") (born 1983\)
* [Cammi Granato](/wiki/Cammi_Granato "Cammi Granato") (born 1971\)
* [Don Granato](/wiki/Don_Granato "Don Granato") (born 1967\)
* [Tony Granato](/wiki/Tony_Granato "Tony Granato") (born 1964\)
* [Anthony Greco](/wiki/Anthony_Greco "Anthony Greco") (born 1993\)
* [Rocco Grimaldi](/wiki/Rocco_Grimaldi "Rocco Grimaldi") (born 1993\)
* [Alex Iafallo](/wiki/Alex_Iafallo "Alex Iafallo") (born 1993\)
* [Al Iafrate](/wiki/Al_Iafrate "Al Iafrate") (born 1966\)
* [Jeff Lazaro](/wiki/Jeff_Lazaro "Jeff Lazaro") (born 1968\)
* [David Leggio](/wiki/David_Leggio "David Leggio") (born 1984\)
* [Vinni Lettieri](/wiki/Vinni_Lettieri "Vinni Lettieri") (born 1995\)
* [Chris Luongo](/wiki/Chris_Luongo "Chris Luongo") (born 1967\)
* [Dean Lombardi](/wiki/Dean_Lombardi "Dean Lombardi") (born 1958\)
* [John Mariucci](/wiki/John_Mariucci "John Mariucci") (1916–1987\)
* [Jaycob Megna](/wiki/Jaycob_Megna "Jaycob Megna") (born 1992\)
* [Jayson Megna](/wiki/Jayson_Megna "Jayson Megna") (born 1990\)
* [Sal Messina](/wiki/Sal_Messina "Sal Messina") (born 1939\)
* [Andy Miele](/wiki/Andy_Miele "Andy Miele") (born 1988\)
* [Sonny Milano](/wiki/Sonny_Milano "Sonny Milano") (born 1996\)
* [Mike Modano](/wiki/Mike_Modano "Mike Modano") (born 1970\)
* [Max Pacioretty](/wiki/Max_Pacioretty "Max Pacioretty") (born 1988\)
* [Aldo Palazzari](/wiki/Aldo_Palazzari "Aldo Palazzari") (1918–2007\)
* [Doug Palazzari](/wiki/Doug_Palazzari "Doug Palazzari") (born 1952\)
* [Michael Paliotta](/wiki/Michael_Paliotta "Michael Paliotta") (born 1993\)
* [Kyle Palmieri](/wiki/Kyle_Palmieri "Kyle Palmieri") (born 1991\)
* [Jay Pandolfo](/wiki/Jay_Pandolfo "Jay Pandolfo") (born 1974\)
* [Jim Pavese](/wiki/Jim_Pavese "Jim Pavese") (born 1962\)
* [Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1965\)](/wiki/Mike_Peluso_%28ice_hockey%2C_born_1965%29 "Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1965)") (born 1965\)
* [Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1974\)](/wiki/Mike_Peluso_%28ice_hockey%2C_born_1974%29 "Mike Peluso (ice hockey, born 1974)") (born 1974\)
* [Brett Pesce](/wiki/Brett_Pesce "Brett Pesce") (born 1994\)
* [Alex Pietrangelo](/wiki/Alex_Pietrangelo "Alex Pietrangelo") (born 1990\)
* [Tom Poti](/wiki/Tom_Poti "Tom Poti") (born 1977\)
* [Don Rigazio](/wiki/Don_Rigazio "Don Rigazio") (born 1934\)
* [Angela Ruggiero](/wiki/Angela_Ruggiero "Angela Ruggiero") (born 1980\)
* [David Sacco](/wiki/David_Sacco "David Sacco") (born 1971\)
* [Joe Sacco](/wiki/Joe_Sacco_%28ice_hockey%29 "Joe Sacco (ice hockey)") (born 1969\)
* [Bobby Sanguinetti](/wiki/Bobby_Sanguinetti "Bobby Sanguinetti") (born 1988\)
* [Steven Santini](/wiki/Steven_Santini "Steven Santini") (born 1995\)
* [Rob Scuderi](/wiki/Rob_Scuderi "Rob Scuderi") (born 1978\)
* [Tim Sestito](/wiki/Tim_Sestito "Tim Sestito") (born 1984\)
* [Tom Sestito](/wiki/Tom_Sestito "Tom Sestito") (born 1987\)
* [Frank Simonetti](/wiki/Frank_Simonetti "Frank Simonetti") (born 1962\)
* [Eric Tangradi](/wiki/Eric_Tangradi "Eric Tangradi") (born 1989\)
* [Chris Terreri](/wiki/Chris_Terreri "Chris Terreri") (born 1964\)
* [Dominic Toninato](/wiki/Dominic_Toninato "Dominic Toninato") (born 1994\)
* [Matt Taormina](/wiki/Matt_Taormina "Matt Taormina") (born 1986\)
* [John Torchetti](/wiki/John_Torchetti "John Torchetti") (born 1964\)
* [John Tortorella](/wiki/John_Tortorella "John Tortorella") (born 1958\)
* [Tony Tuzzolino](/wiki/Tony_Tuzzolino "Tony Tuzzolino") (born 1975\)
* [John Vanbiesbrouck](/wiki/John_Vanbiesbrouck "John Vanbiesbrouck") (born 1963\)
* [Frank Vatrano](/wiki/Frank_Vatrano "Frank Vatrano") (born 1994\)
* [Rick Zombo](/wiki/Rick_Zombo "Rick Zombo") (born 1963\)
| Can you tell me more about David Sacco's background? | true | [
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WFGX | tt6ihx8z1eftv78p4zw4fg7wzb9k72s | 4 | Cable and satellite coverage | Cable and satellite coverage
----------------------------
For most of its history, WFGX was unavailable to cable customers on the Alabama side of the market, largely because its analog signal could not be seen at all in that area. [Comcast](/wiki/Xfinity "Xfinity")'s Mobile system did not carry WFGX until October 2010\. Eventually, with the transmitter move to the WEAR tower, Sinclair was able to claim [must\-carry](/wiki/Must-carry "Must-carry") with [retransmission consent](/wiki/Retransmission_consent "Retransmission consent"), requiring cable providers to carry WFGX as a condition of carrying WEAR, and it was added to most market providers.
| What are some potential consequences of not carrying a station with must-carry rights? | true | [
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Turnera subulata | kd5liyzj1dau54v02bl82cxd386ka5f | 1 | Growth | Growth
------
This plant is a perennial herb growing from a thick [taproot](/wiki/Taproot "Taproot") and woody stem base. It reaches a maximum height around . The leaves are roughly oval in shape with toothed edges. The undersides are glandular and coated in white hairs. The upper surfaces may be somewhat hairy, as well. The leaves are up to long.
### Flower
[220x124px\|thumb\|right\|alt\=Parts of the flower and leaf of Turnera subulata\|Parts of the flower and leaf of *Turnera subulata*](/wiki/File:Turnera_subulata_parts.jpg "Turnera subulata parts.jpg")
Flowers occur in the leaf axils, borne in calyces of hairy, glandular [sepals](/wiki/Sepal "Sepal"). The flowers are a disc\- to funnel\-shape, and the petals are rounded to oval, the longest exceeding . They are white or yellowish with darker bases. The dark patches at the bases are [nectar guides](/wiki/Nectar_guide "Nectar guide"). The center of the flower is rough, feeling like a cat's tongue. The flowers grow year round, and they tend to open in the early morning and close at about 11 a.m.
The plant is [pollinated](/wiki/Pollination "Pollination") by a variety of insects. A common pollinator is the [bee](/wiki/Bee "Bee") species *[Protomeliturga turnerae](/wiki/Protomeliturga_turnerae "Protomeliturga turnerae")* which [prefers only](/wiki/Oligolecty "Oligolecty") its nectar and depend completely on it for reproduction. The male bee builds his territory around the plant, for example. Other insects observed at the plant include many other bee species, such as *[Trigona spinipes](/wiki/Trigona_spinipes "Trigona spinipes")*, *[Frieseomelitta doederleinii](/wiki/Frieseomelitta_doederleinii "Frieseomelitta doederleinii")*, and *[Plebeia flavocinta](/wiki/Plebeia_flavocinta "Plebeia flavocinta")*, [butterflies](/wiki/Butterfly "Butterfly") such as *[Nisoniades macarius](/wiki/Nisoniades_macarius "Nisoniades macarius")* and *[Urbanus dorantes](/wiki/Urbanus_dorantes "Urbanus dorantes")*, and the [beetle](/wiki/Beetle "Beetle") *[Pristimerus calcaratus](/wiki/Pristimerus_calcaratus "Pristimerus calcaratus")*.
### Fruit and seeds
The fruit is a hairy capsule containing seeds with white [arils](/wiki/Aril "Aril"). The seeds are [dispersed](/wiki/Biological_dispersal "Biological dispersal") by [ants](/wiki/Ant "Ant"), who are likely attracted to their high [lipid](/wiki/Lipid "Lipid") content.
| What role do insects play in pollination? | true | [
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William Taylor Davidson | 60depzpg8zo9419czeg9vj6m6sjny79 | 0 | Introduction |
**William Taylor Davidson** (February 8, 1837 – January 3, 1915\) was the owner and editor of the *[Fulton Democrat](/wiki/Fulton_Democrat "Fulton Democrat")* newspaper from 1858 to 1915\. He was a staunch supporter of [Stephen A. Douglas](/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas "Stephen A. Douglas") and a strong advocate for the views of the Peace Democrats or [Copperheads](/wiki/Copperhead_%28politics%29 "Copperhead (politics)") during the [American Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War").
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Algo Centre Mall | b7mmvaincsuczodnzbh28553erogs5a | 13 | Professional Impact | ### Professional Impact
Both [Professional Engineers Ontario](/wiki/Professional_Engineers_Ontario "Professional Engineers Ontario") (PEO) and [Ontario Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists](/wiki/Ontario_Association_of_Certified_Engineering_Technicians_and_Technologists "Ontario Association of Certified Engineering Technicians and Technologists") (OACETT) have implemented mandatory [Continuing Professional Development](/wiki/Professional_development%23Continuing "Professional development#Continuing") programs[PEO to move forward with mandatory continuing professional development program](https://peo.on.ca/latest-news/mandatory-continuing-professional-development-program)[OACETT Continuing Professional Development](https://www.oacett.org/CPD) in response to the Algo collapse.[PEO Continuing Professional Development, Competence and Quality Assurance Task Force](https://www.peo.on.ca/continuing-professional-development-competence-and-quality-assurance-task-force)
| Is it necessary for professionals to participate in mandatory CPD programs? | true | [
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National Library of Wales | 01utycdw6h05fe5iylnoeboiq7ncstr | 5 | Library collections | Library collections
-------------------
The collections of the National Library of Wales include over 6\.5 million printed volumes, including the first book printed in Welsh, *[Yny lhyvyr hwnn](/wiki/Yny_lhyvyr_hwnn "Yny lhyvyr hwnn")* (1546\). In addition to the printed book collections, there are about 25,000 manuscripts in the holdings. The archival collections at the Library include the Welsh Political Archive and National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales. The Library also keeps maps, photographs, paintings, topographical and landscape prints, periodicals and newspapers. In 2010, the Peniarth Manuscript collection and *[The Life Story of David Lloyd George](/wiki/The_Life_Story_of_David_Lloyd_George "The Life Story of David Lloyd George")* were amongst the first ten inscriptions on the [UK Memory of the World Register](/wiki/UK_Memory_of_the_World_Register "UK Memory of the World Register"), a [UNESCO](/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") record of documentary heritage of cultural significance.
Collection development is focused on materials relating to the people of Wales, those in the Welsh language and resources for [Celtic studies](/wiki/Celtic_studies "Celtic studies"), but other materials are collected for the purposes of education and literary and scientific research. As a [legal deposit library](/wiki/Copyright_library "Copyright library"), the National Library is entitled to request a copy of every work published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This has allowed the Library to collect modern Welsh, Irish and Gaelic language books for its Celtic collection. The acquisition of material through legal deposit has been supplemented by purchases, international exchanges, donations and bequests.
The Celtic collection includes works in all six Celtic languages. A representative collection of [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic") books has been assembled, primarily through purchase of earlier publications, guided by the standard bibliographies, and, for books published after 1911, by legal deposit. Irish literature, which is far more extensive, has been collected through a similar combination of purchase and deposit. However, many collections purchased by or donated to the Library have contained rare Irish books. The Library of Dr [E. C. Quiggin](/wiki/E._C._Quiggin "E. C. Quiggin"), which was received in 1921, contained a large Irish collection and many early [Breton](/wiki/Breton_language "Breton language") books. Further Breton books have been purchased or were acquired in the libraries of [Sir Edward Anwyl](/wiki/Edward_Anwyl "Edward Anwyl"), Thomas Powel, [Dr Thomas Gwynn Jones](/wiki/Thomas_Gwynn_Jones "Thomas Gwynn Jones"), Dr Paul Diverres and [Llywarch Reynolds](/wiki/Llywarch_Reynolds "Llywarch Reynolds"). The holdings of [Cornish](/wiki/Cornish_language "Cornish language") and [Manx](/wiki/Manx_language "Manx language") printed books include practically everything that has been published in those languages, with a few facsimiles.
The Library's holdings can also be found in the [European Library](/wiki/European_Library "European Library") and [Copac](/wiki/Copac "Copac") union catalogues.
### Manuscripts
The National Library of Wales keeps many rare and important manuscripts, including the [Black Book of Carmarthen](/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen "Black Book of Carmarthen") (the earliest surviving manuscript entirely in Welsh), the [Book of Taliesin](/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin "Book of Taliesin"), the [Hendregadredd Manuscript](/wiki/Hendregadredd_Manuscript "Hendregadredd Manuscript"), and an early manuscript of [Geoffrey Chaucer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer "Geoffrey Chaucer"). Around three hundred medieval manuscripts are deposited in the Library: about 100 are in Welsh. The manuscript collection amalgamated a number of entire collections that were acquired in the early years of the Library's existence, including the Hengwrt\-Peniarth, Mostyn, Llanstephan, Panton, Cwrtmawr, Wrexham and Aberdare manuscripts. The Welsh manuscripts in these foundation collections were catalogued by Dr [J. Gwenogvryn Evans](/wiki/J._Gwenogvryn_Evans "J. Gwenogvryn Evans") in the *Reports on manuscripts in the Welsh language* that he compiled for the Historic Manuscripts Commission.
#### Peniarth Manuscripts
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|[Laws of Hywel Dda](/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel "Cyfraith Hywel") (fol. 1[v](/wiki/Recto_and_verso "Recto and verso")), King Hywel](/wiki/File:Laws_of_Hywel_Dda_%28f.1.v%29_King_Hywel.jpg "Laws of Hywel Dda (f.1.v) King Hywel.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|[Hengwrt Chaucer](/wiki/Hengwrt_Chaucer "Hengwrt Chaucer")](/wiki/File:HengwrtChaucerOpening.jpg "HengwrtChaucerOpening.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\=1\.1\|Vaux Passional (fol. 9r). In the first miniature the sovereign (King Henry VII) is presented with this book while the infant Henry VIII (upper left) mourns the death of his mother.](/wiki/File:Vaux_Passional._Henry_VIII_%28f.9%29.jpg "Vaux Passional. Henry VIII (f.9).jpg")
The [Peniarth Manuscripts collection](/wiki/Peniarth_Manuscripts "Peniarth Manuscripts") is considered to be of global significance and the most important collection of manuscripts in the National Library of Wales. In 2010, it was included in the UK Memory of the World Register of documentary heritage. Of the 561 volumes of manuscripts in the Peniarth collection, some four\-fifths were collected by [Robert Vaughan](/wiki/Robert_Vaughan_%28antiquary%29 "Robert Vaughan (antiquary)") (c. 1592–1667\) for his library in Hengwrt, Meirioneth. Three of the [Four Ancient Books of Wales](/wiki/Four_Ancient_Books_of_Wales "Four Ancient Books of Wales") are part of the Peniarth collection, and this is indicative of the overall quality of the manuscripts and their importance as part of Welsh heritage. There are, however, also manuscripts in Cornish, Latin and English that are themselves noteworthy. The collection includes:
* The [Black Book of Carmarthen](/wiki/Black_Book_of_Carmarthen "Black Book of Carmarthen") (), the earliest manuscript in Welsh (Peniarth MS 1\).
* The [Book of Taliesin](/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin "Book of Taliesin") (c. 1350–1400\) contains the oldest Welsh verse by the sixth\-century poet Taliesin (Peniarth MS 2\).
* The [White Book of Rhydderch](/wiki/White_Book_of_Rhydderch "White Book of Rhydderch") (), a composite volume that contains the earliest version of the *[Mabinogion](/wiki/Mabinogion "Mabinogion")* (Peniarth MS 4\).
* The earliest fragments of *Branwen and Manawydan* and two fragments of *Geraint ap Erbin* comprise the four parts of [Peniarth MS 6](/wiki/Peniarth_6 "Peniarth 6").
* *Ystoryaeu Seint Greal* (Tales of the Holy Grail), transcribed by Hywel Fychan around the year 1300, is the finest in a series of Romance manuscripts. A letter addressed to [Lady Charlotte Guest](/wiki/Lady_Charlotte_Guest "Lady Charlotte Guest") concerning access to this text to have it copied is loose inside the volume (Peniarth MS 11\).
* The [*Chronicle of the Princes*](/wiki/Peniarth_20 "Peniarth 20") in Peniarth MS 20 () is one of the two main versions of *[Brut y Tywysogion](/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion "Brut y Tywysogion")*, the other being the *[Red Book of Hergest](/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest "Red Book of Hergest")*, which is in the [Bodleian Library](/wiki/Bodleian_Library "Bodleian Library"), Oxford.
* [*History of the Kings*](/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_%28Peniarth_23C%29 "History of the Kings (Peniarth 23C)") (Peniarth MS 23C), is a copy of *[Brut y Brenhinedd](/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd "Brut y Brenhinedd")*, the Welsh translation of the *[Historia Regum Britanniae](/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae "Historia Regum Britanniae")* by [Geoffrey of Monmouth](/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth "Geoffrey of Monmouth"). It is a rare instance of an illustrated medieval Welsh manuscript.
* The [Laws of Hywel Dda](/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel%23Manuscripts "Cyfraith Hywel#Manuscripts") (c. 1300–1350\), the earliest extant text (in Latin) of native Welsh law ([Peniarth MS 28](/wiki/Peniarth_28 "Peniarth 28")). More than 50% of the manuscripts known to contain the laws of [Hywel Dda](/wiki/Hywel_Dda "Hywel Dda") are in the collections of the National Library, with the majority being in the Peniarth Collection (see the list of [Welsh Law manuscripts](/wiki/A_list_of_Welsh_Law_manuscripts "A list of Welsh Law manuscripts")).
* *Llyfr Du'r Waun* (mid\-13th century), also known as the [Black Book of Chirk](/wiki/Black_Book_of_Chirk "Black Book of Chirk"), the earliest Welsh text of the laws of Hywel Dda (Peniarth MS 29\).
* [Peniarth 32](/wiki/Peniarth_32 "Peniarth 32") is a 15th\-century volume of the laws of Hywel Dda.
* The [Peniarth 51](/wiki/Peniarth_51 "Peniarth 51") manuscript contains poetry, Welsh grammar, vocabularies, and historical triads that was written, mostly in the hand of [Gwilym Tew](/wiki/Gwilym_Tew "Gwilym Tew"), during the second half of the 15th century.
* *Barddoniaeth Hywel Dafi* (c. 1483–1500\), a volume of poetry most by and possibly in the hand of Howel Davi. Other poets included in this volume are Bedo Brwynllys, Dafydd Llwyd, Llywelyn ap Morgan, Dafydd ap Gwilym and Ieuan ap Howel. The assumption that this manuscript was written by Howel Davi is challenged by evidence, such as slips of the pen that occur in poems of Davi's composition, that suggest the scribe was copying these poems. With the exception of two sections (42 and 43\), which are an attempt at transcription by an unskilled hand, the entire manuscript appears to be the work of one scribe (Peniarth MS 67\).
* *[Beunans Meriasek](/wiki/Beunans_Meriasek "Beunans Meriasek")* (The Life of St [Meriasek](/wiki/Meriasek "Meriasek")) (1504\), the earliest surviving manuscript in the [Cornish language](/wiki/Cornish_language "Cornish language") (Peniarth MS 105B). It is believed to have been completed in 1504 by Radolphus Ton, who was a canon during the final efflorescence of [Cornish literature](/wiki/Cornish_literature "Cornish literature") at [Glasney College](/wiki/Glasney_College "Glasney College"), Penryn. This play, which is set in [Camborne](/wiki/Camborne "Camborne"), is a celebration of the life and work of [St Meriasek](/wiki/St_Meriasek "St Meriasek") that depicts the cultural links between [Cornwall](/wiki/Cornwall "Cornwall") and [Brittany](/wiki/Brittany "Brittany"). *Beunans Meriasek* was rediscovered by W. W. E. Wynne in the 1860s among the volumes from the Hengwrt Library that had been bequeathed to him in 1859\. It is the most important extant Cornish manuscript.
* *Cywyddau* and other poems, written in the hand of [Lewys Glyn Cothi](/wiki/Lewys_Glyn_Cothi "Lewys Glyn Cothi"), comprise the manuscript [Peniarth 109](/wiki/Peniarth_109 "Peniarth 109").
* *[Esboniadau ar Gyfraith Hywel Dda](/wiki/Peniarth_164 "Peniarth 164")* (Peniarth MS 164\), is a volume of commentaries on the Laws of Hywel Dda from the early 15th century.
* [Peniarth Manuscript 259B](/wiki/Peniarth_259B "Peniarth 259B") is a version of the Laws of Hywel Dda from the mid\-16th century.
* The [Hengwrt Chaucer](/wiki/Hengwrt_Chaucer "Hengwrt Chaucer") (c. 1400–1410\), a folio volume of *[The Canterbury Tales](/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales "The Canterbury Tales")*, sometimes attributed to the scribe [Adam Pinkhurst](/wiki/Adam_Pinkhurst "Adam Pinkhurst"). One of the treasures of the National Library of Wales and by far the most important of the Peniarth Manuscripts in English (Peniarth MS 392D).
* The 15th\-century volume comprising *Disticha Catonis*, the Battles of Alexander the Great, and History of the Three Kings ([Peniarth 481D](/wiki/Peniarth_481 "Peniarth 481")), and the late 15th\-century *[Vaux Passional](/wiki/Vaux_Passional "Vaux Passional")* (Peniarth 482\), which was prepared for [Henry VII](/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England "Henry VII of England"), were acquired and deposited in the National Library by [Gwendoline](/wiki/Gwendoline_Davies "Gwendoline Davies") and [Margaret Davies](/wiki/Margaret_Davies "Margaret Davies") in 1921\. These two fine illuminated manuscripts were retained by W. R. M. Wynne when he sold the Peniarth Manuscripts to Sir John Williams.
* A bound volume containing books by Giovanni Battista Palatino and [Ugo da Carpi](/wiki/Ugo_da_Carpi "Ugo da Carpi"), both notable Italian masters of the 16th century, which is assumed to have been owned by [John Jones of Gellilyfdy](/wiki/John_Jones_of_Gellilyfdy "John Jones of Gellilyfdy") (Peniarth MS 522\).
* [Bede](/wiki/Bede "Bede")'s [*De natura rerum*](/wiki/De_natura_rerum_%28Bede%29 "De natura rerum (Bede)") (12th century), a copy of the scientific treatise in Latin that is believed to have been written in Wales. Contains decorative initials, including three that have a zoomorphic design similar to those found in Irish manuscripts from this time (Peniarth MS 540B).
* Over forty manuscripts in the hand of John Jones of Gellilyfdy, embellished with initial capital letters and head\- and tailpieces that demonstrate his calligraphic talent.
#### Llanstephan Manuscripts
The [Llanstephan](/wiki/Llanstephan "Llanstephan") Collection of manuscripts was donated to the National Library of Wales by Sir John Williams in 1909\. It had been his personal collection, which he kept in the library of his home, Llanstephan mansion, Carmarthenshire. The collection is composed of the 154 manuscripts which had belonged to [Moses Williams](/wiki/Moses_Williams_%28antiquarian%29 "Moses Williams (antiquarian)") (1685–1742\), that were purchased from [Shirburn Castle](/wiki/Shirburn_Castle "Shirburn Castle"), Oxfordshire and other manuscripts of diverse origins collected by Sir John. Medieval Welsh prose is well represented in the Shirburn Castle collection, with chronicles, legends, fables, theological tracts and collections of works by eminent poets of the period. These manuscripts include a Welsh translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's *Historia* from the 13th century, the [Gutun Owain](/wiki/Gutun_Owain "Gutun Owain") Manuscript and the Red Book of Talgarth.
#### Cwrtmawr Manuscripts
The Cwrtmawr Manuscripts are one of the significant manuscript collections that were transferred to the National Library of Wales in the early years of its existence. They are from the personal collection of [John Humphreys Davies](/wiki/John_Humphreys_Davies "John Humphreys Davies"), who was the Principal of University College, Aberystwyth. Davies was a barrister and a keen book collector who acquired the manuscripts gradually from a number of sources. The largest group of manuscripts are those acquired from [John Jones ('Myrddin Fardd')](/wiki/Myrddin_Fardd "Myrddin Fardd"), but there are several other substantial groups including those from a Welsh clerical family, the Richards of Darowen, [Peter Bailey Williams](/wiki/Peter_Bailey_Williams "Peter Bailey Williams") and his brother Rev. St George Armstrong Williams, William John Roberts ('Gwilym Cowlyd'), and [Daniel Silvan Evans](/wiki/Daniel_Silvan_Evans "Daniel Silvan Evans").
#### General Manuscript Collection
[thumb\|upright\|Llanbeblig Hours (fol. 2r): the "Lily Crucifixion" [Annunciation](/wiki/Annunciation "Annunciation") scene with the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus") enthroned under a green canopy](/wiki/File:Llanbeblig_Hours_%28f._2r.%29_The_Annunciation%2C_The_Virgin_Mary_enthroned_under_a_green_canopy..jpg "Llanbeblig Hours (f. 2r.) The Annunciation, The Virgin Mary enthroned under a green canopy..jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|Medieval Astronomy (fol. 4v)](/wiki/File:Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg "Medieval Astronomy (f.4v).jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|NLW MS 17110E *Liber Lanavensis* fol. 5r](/wiki/File:Liber_Lanavensis_f.5.png "Liber Lanavensis f.5.png")
In addition to the Peniarth and Llanstephan manuscripts, the collection that Sir John Williams donated to the National Library included 500 manuscripts in the general collection (NLW MS 1–500\). These manuscripts are an amalgamation of the various purchases that Sir John made between 1894 and 1899, including groups of manuscripts from the Welsh philologist Egerton Phillimore, [Sir Thomas Phillipps](/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Phillipps "Sir Thomas Phillipps") of Middle Hill, the Ashburn library and [Sir Edmund Buckley](/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Buckley%2C_1st_Baronet "Sir Edmund Buckley, 1st Baronet") of Plas Dinas Mawddwy. Descriptions of 446 of these manuscripts are provided by J. H. Davies in *Additional Manuscripts in the Collections of Sir John Williams*, which the Library published in 1921\. The manuscripts in the National Library which are not part of the foundation collections are the focus of the *Handlist of manuscripts*, which was first published in 1941\. All manuscripts acquired by donation or purchase are added to this open\-ended series, either singly or in groups, if they are: a) in a format compatible with the collection, i.e. manuscript books or rolls, or unbound material that can be filed; and b) not integral to an archive or individual collection. There is, however, much archival material, most notably correspondence, held in the General Manuscript Collection. Individual manuscripts of particular interest include:
* A volume of medieval astronomy texts is the oldest scientific manuscript in the National Library ([NLW MS 735C](/wiki/NLW_MS_735C_Astronomy "NLW MS 735C Astronomy")). The first section of the volume was written around 1000 and the second dates from . Both sections were copied in the [Limousin](/wiki/Limousin "Limousin") region of France. The Latin text describes the constellations with the aid of diagrams and colour illustrations of Zodiac images.
* The [Black Book of Basingwerk](/wiki/Black_Book_of_Basingwerk "Black Book of Basingwerk") (NLW MS 7006D) is a 15th\-century manuscript containing a version of *Brut y Brenhinedd*, a Welsh translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's *[Historia Regum Britanniae](/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae "Historia Regum Britanniae")*. Particular features of interest include the medieval wooden board binding and the decorated initials embellished with gold.
* The [Llywarch Reynolds](/wiki/Llywarch_Reynolds "Llywarch Reynolds") Manuscripts (NLW MS 970 to 997\) are the 28 volumes that Llywarch Owain Reynolds bequeathed to the Library in 1916\. The most notable among them is the 17th century collection of Welsh poetry, *Llyuyr Hir Llywarch Reynolds*.
* The [Book of Llandaff](/wiki/Book_of_Llandaff "Book of Llandaff") (NLW MS 17110E), also known as *Liber Landavensis*, is an ecclesiastical manuscript written between 1120 and 1140\.
* The [Llanbeblig Book of Hours](/wiki/Llanbeblig_Book_of_Hours "Llanbeblig Book of Hours") (NLW MS 17520A) is a small manuscript book compiled around 1390\. The manuscript has a number of entries in the calendar that connect it to Wales, including a celebration of the dedication of the church of Saint Peblig, Caernarfon. Isabella Godynogh (d. 1413\) was possibly its original owner. The full\-page miniatures, illuminated with gold, and the fine lettering indicate the value of the book. The Llanbeblig Hours is the only known illuminated manuscript that contains the iconographical Lily Crucifixion motif, and may be the earliest example of its use in any media.
* [NLW MS 20143A](/wiki/NLW_MS_20143A "NLW MS 20143A") is a manuscript of the laws of Hywel Dda written in Welsh around 1350\. It is unusual in that it retains a medieval binding.
* The [Tintern Abbey](/wiki/Tintern_Abbey "Tintern Abbey") Bible (NLW MS 22631C) is a 13th\-century Bible that has a known association with the medieval library of the Cistercian monastery at Tintern, Monmouthshire. It was purchased by the National Library for £30,000 in a [Christie's](/wiki/Christie%27s "Christie's") sale in December 1988 and is the second book known to have survived from the Tintern library. Under ultraviolet light the erased 15th\-century inscription *Ista biblia olim Abbathie de Tinternie* (This Bible used to \[belong to] Tintern Abbey) is visible to confirm the provenance of the manuscript.
* [Beunans Ke](/wiki/Beunans_Ke "Beunans Ke") (NLW MS 23849D) is a 16th\-century Cornish manuscript discovered among the papers of Professor J. E. Caerwyn Williams after they were deposited in the National Library in 2000\.
Groups of manuscripts in the general collection include:
* + - * +
### Rare books
There are many rare books in the National Library of Wales including the three earliest books printed in Welsh, *[Yny lhyvyr hwnn](/wiki/Yny_lhyvyr_hwnn "Yny lhyvyr hwnn")* (1546\), [Oll synnwyr pen Kembero ygyd](/wiki/Oll_synnwyr_pen_Kembero_ygyd "Oll synnwyr pen Kembero ygyd") (1547\) and *A Dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe* (1547\) by [William Salesbury](/wiki/William_Salesbury "William Salesbury"). The Library also holds the first [Welsh translation of the complete Bible](/wiki/Welsh_Bible "Welsh Bible") (1588\). The National Library's rare books include collections of incunabula, sixteenth\-century European imprints, private press publications, bindings and scientific works.
Thanks to the collections of printed books that were donated by Sir John Williams, J. H. Davies and Edward Humphrey Owen, the Library has particularly strong holdings of publications in the Welsh language from before 1912\. Of the 286 Welsh books published between 1546 and 1710, the National Library possesses copies of 210, and has facsimiles of others that exist as a unique copy in another institution.
Many of the named collections of printed books include early or otherwise rare books:
* + - * + - * + - *
#### Sir John Williams Collection
[thumb\|upright\|*[Yny lhyvyr hwnn](/wiki/Yny_lhyvyr_hwnn "Yny lhyvyr hwnn")*, 1546: attributed to Sir John Prise](/wiki/File:Yny_Lhyvyr_hwnn_title_page.jpg "Yny Lhyvyr hwnn title page.jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|First Welsh Bible, 1588](/wiki/File:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg "1588 First Welsh Bible.jpg")
The Sir John Williams Collection forms the nucleus of the Library's printed books collection. The collection of approximately 23,360 volumes contains many items of importance to the history of Welsh printing, which were donated to the Library when it was established in 1907\. Nineteen of the first twenty\-two books published in Welsh are present, of which fourteen were acquired from the [Shirburn Castle](/wiki/Shirburn_Castle "Shirburn Castle") library with the Llanstephan Manuscripts. The collection from Shirburn Castle comprises 193 printed books and pamphlets that were all printed before 1750; a superb miscellany of books from the first century of Welsh printing. Some of the particularly significant items that belonged to Sir John are:
* \[In this book ...] (1546\) by [Sir John Prise](/wiki/John_Prise "John Prise"), the only known copy of the first book printed in Welsh.
* by [Gruffudd Hiraethog](/wiki/Gruffudd_Hiraethog "Gruffudd Hiraethog") (1547\).
* William Salesbury's *A Dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe* (1547\).
* A translation of the New Testament by Salesbury (1567\). The difficulty of reading Salesbury's pedantic translation prompted [William Morgan](/wiki/William_Morgan_%28Bible_translator%29 "William Morgan (Bible translator)"), vicar of Llanrhaeadr\-ym\-Mochnant, to begin his translation of the Bible in 1578\.
* [Y Drych Cristianogawl](/wiki/Y_Drych_Cristianogawl "Y Drych Cristianogawl") \[The Christian Mirror] (1586–7\), probably the earliest book printed in Wales.
* The first Welsh translation of the complete Bible by William Morgan (1588\). Morgan's Bible not only strengthened the hold of the Protestant faith in Wales, it also created a new and accessible prose.
* [John Penry's](/wiki/John_Penry "John Penry") pamphlet of 1588, *An exhortation unto the governours.*
* The Welsh translation of the first part of Canisius's *Opus catechisticum* by Rosier Smyth, published in Paris, 1609\.
* *Cân o senn iw hên Feistr Tobacco* \[A Diatribe against Tobacco] (1718\), the only extant copy.
* Early editions of [Morgan Llwyd](/wiki/Morgan_Llwyd "Morgan Llwyd"), [Robert Recorde](/wiki/Robert_Recorde "Robert Recorde"), Henry and Thomas Vaughan, and the epigrammist John Owen.
* A comprehensive collection of publications from the [Kelmscott Press](/wiki/Kelmscott_Press "Kelmscott Press").
* A 1488 edition of *[Lancelot du lac](/wiki/Lancelot_du_Lac "Lancelot du Lac"),* part of a large Arthurian collection.
* A Fourth Folio of Shakespeare (1685\).
#### Ty Coch Collection
Purchased in 1910, the library of Edward Humphrey Owen (1850–1904\), from Ty Coch, Caernarfon, is the third of the National Library of Wales' foundation collections. The 3,680 volumes are mainly of Welsh interest, with the 1567 New Testament and 1588 Bible to be found among some twenty books from the sixteenth century. Other items of interest are a first edition of Milton's *Paradise lost* (1668\), numerous first editions of [John Ruskin](/wiki/John_Ruskin "John Ruskin") and [George Borrow](/wiki/George_Borrow "George Borrow"), and books from the Baskerville and [Strawberry Hill](/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Press "Strawberry Hill Press") presses.
#### John Humphreys Davies Bequest
When John Humphreys Davies died on 10 August 1926 he bequeathed his collection of over 10,000 printed volumes to the National Library of Wales. Davies was a keen bibliographer who acquired multiple copies of some works for variants in the typography and accumulated an important collection of Welsh literature, discovering some previously unrecorded works in the process. Some of the early Welsh books that Davies collected contain leaves or signatures that were not in the copies that the National Library already possessed. The rare books include:
* *Annerch ir Cymru* (1721\) by Ellis Pugh was the first Welsh book to be printed in America.
* A complete first edition of part one of *Aleluja, neu, Casgliad o hymnau, ar amryw ystyriaethau* (1744\) by [William Williams](/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn "William Williams Pantycelyn") of Pantycelyn.
* *Testament Newydd* (1567\).
* *Y Bibl* (1630\).
* (1661\), Ellis Lewis' Welsh translation, from the English translation by Winterton, of Jeremias Drexel's *De aeternitate considerationes.*
* A previously unrecorded large paper issue of *Y Bibl* (1690\).
* A copy of the 1688 edition of \[Pilgrim's Progress] is one of the seventy\-three works by John Bunyan.
* Eighty\-three volumes of the works of [William Williams](/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn "William Williams Pantycelyn") of Pantycelyn.
There are also substantial collections of pamphlets, elegies, almanacs, ballads, satires and tracts that Davies had collected.
#### Bourdillon Collection
In 1922 the National Library of Wales purchased the collection of French medieval literary texts and early illustrated books that had been assembled by [Francis William Bourdillon](/wiki/Francis_William_Bourdillon "Francis William Bourdillon") (1852–1921\). Bourdillon's library included twenty\-three editions of the *Roman de la Rose* and an important group of works on the Arthurian legend. The 6,178 printed volumes include sixty\-six incunabula, 180 *[English short title catalogue](/wiki/English_Short_Title_Catalogue "English Short Title Catalogue")* books (1475–1800\), including twenty\-five [*STC*](/wiki/Short-title_catalogue "Short-title catalogue") and fifty [*Wing*](/wiki/Donald_Wing%23The_Short-Title_Catalogue_.28STC.29 "Donald Wing#The Short-Title Catalogue .28STC.29") books. Further, there are 320 volumes that were printed in continental Europe during the sixteenth century, and another 260 items which date from the 17th and 18th centuries.
#### Incunabula
The National Library has a collection of about 250 [incunabula](/wiki/Incunabula "Incunabula"), which are predominantly German, Italian and French imprints. Sixty\-six of the incunabula, including seven different editions of the *Roman de la Rose,* with the accepted first edition among them, are part of Francis William Bourdillon's collection that was purchased by the Library in 1922\. At least three of the incunabula acquired from Bourdillon's library are not known in any other copy: a *Quatre fils Aymon*, a *Destruction de Jerusalem*, and a *Vie de Ste. Catherine*. [Sir Charles Thomas\-Stanford](/wiki/Sir_Charles_Thomas-Stanford "Sir Charles Thomas-Stanford") presented or bequeathed eighteen incunabula in total, half of which were printed in Germany.
Three examples of early English printing were donated to the Library by Gwendoline and Margaret Davies of Gregynog in 1921\. Two of these books were printed by [William Caxton](/wiki/William_Caxton "William Caxton"): *Speculum Vitae Christi* of 1488, and the copy of [Ranulf Higden's *Polychronicon*](/wiki/Ranulf_Higden "Ranulf Higden") (1482\) that had previously been the property of Higden's Monastery, St. Werburgh's Abbey at Chester. The third is another copy of the Polychronicon, printed by Caxton's successor [Wynkyn de Worde](/wiki/Wynkyn_de_Worde "Wynkyn de Worde") in 1495\. Nine specimens of early printed books (three German, five Italian and one printed in Ghent) were deposited by Lord Harlech between 1938 and 1941\. Other notable incunabula in the Library are the *Astronomica* by [Marcus Manilius](/wiki/Marcus_Manilius "Marcus Manilius") (1474\) with illuminated initials and borders, and [Hartmann Schedel](/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel "Hartmann Schedel")'s *Liber Chronicarum* (1493\).
During the time that the incunabula expert, Dr. Victor Scholderer, Deputy\-Keeper in the Department of Printed Books at the British Museum, spent in Aberystwyth during the Second World War, he took an interest in the National Library's small collection of fifteenth\-century printed books and produced a *Hand\-list of incunabula* that was published as a supplement to the *National Library of Wales Journal.* The hand\-list and its addenda and corrigenda describes 129 books, mostly printed in Germany, Italy and France, although examples from the Netherlands and England were also listed. Scholderer noted that some of the forty\-five books printed in France, particularly those in the vernacular, were very rare.
#### Sixteenth\-century imprints
There are approximately 2,500 sixteenth\-century European imprints in the Library. Works from the leading scholar\-printers of the early sixteenth\-century are represented in the collection, which covers a broad array of subjects. These include [Johann Froben](/wiki/Johann_Froben "Johann Froben") (Basle), [Jodocus Badius](/wiki/Jodocus_Badius "Jodocus Badius") (Lyons and Paris), [Robert Estienne](/wiki/Robert_Estienne "Robert Estienne") (Paris) and [Aldus Manutius](/wiki/Aldus_Manutius "Aldus Manutius") (Venice). Aldus Manutius of Venice, who is known for his dolphin and anchor [printer's device](/wiki/Printer%27s_device "Printer's device"), was the finest of the Italian printers of this period and about a hundred examples of his works, known as Aldines, are in the National Library. The Library's also owns works from the sixteenth\-century Antwerp press of [Christophe Plantin](/wiki/Christophe_Plantin "Christophe Plantin") and his son\-in\-law, [Balthasar Moretus](/wiki/Balthasar_Moretus "Balthasar Moretus"), who published De Symbolis Heroicis (1634\) with its title\-page designed by [Peter Paul Rubens](/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens "Peter Paul Rubens"). The collection of French medieval romances and editions of the *Roman de la rose* from the library of F. W. Bourdillon and the Aldines, which are from the collection of J. Burleigh James, are important features.
The National Library of Wales has one of the two copies of the 1539 edition of Miles Coverdale's [Great Bible](/wiki/Great_Bible "Great Bible"), that were printed on vellum and illuminated throughout. The other copy is in the library of [St. John's College, Cambridge](/wiki/St_John%27s_College%2C_Cambridge "St John's College, Cambridge").
#### Private presses
The Library has a substantial private press collection, some 1,800 volumes in total, with representative examples from all of the important British presses. The holdings of ordinary and special bindings of the [Gregynog Press](/wiki/Gregynog_Press "Gregynog Press") books are comprehensive and along with the reference collection from Gregynog, form the core of the National Library's collection of private press editions. However, the Library also has a complete set of the [Kelmscott Press](/wiki/Kelmscott_Press "Kelmscott Press") publications that Sir John Williams collected, including *The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer* (1896\). The private press collection has been developed through further acquisitions by donation, purchase and legal deposit, and contains examples of the productions by the [Doves Press](/wiki/Doves_Press "Doves Press"), [Ashendene Press](/wiki/Ashendene_Press "Ashendene Press") and the [Roxburghe Club](/wiki/Roxburghe_Club "Roxburghe Club"). Works from foreign presses have been collected and include many publications of the [Grolier Club](/wiki/Grolier_Club "Grolier Club"), the Bremer Presse edition of Luther's Bible (1926–1928\) and *Eclogues* of Virgil (1927\) from the Cranach Press
#### Fine bindings
The National Library has many examples of books with fine bindings in its holdings. These include under\-painted vellum, Victorian carved wood and papier\-mâché bindings, French art nouveau bookbinding and bindings by Bernard C. Middleton and the Gregynog Press binder, George Fisher. In the late 1970s, the library acquired an archive recording the work of the Birdsall bindery, Northampton.
Bourdillon's library includes books printed before 1600 in their original pigskin or stamped calf bindings and some examples of modern fine binding.
Examples of fore\-edge paintings that depict topographical scenes in Wales have been collected by the National Library, including a view of Conway Castle and Bridge on a 1795 copy of *The Poetical Works of John Cunningham*, a rural view, stated to be Wales, painted on a 1795 edition of Milton's *Paradise Lost* bound by Edwards of Halifax, and an 1823 English\-Welsh bilingual edition of *The Book of Common Prayer* with a double fore\-edge painting of (1\) Bangor and (2\) Bangor Cathedral. Other locations in Wales include Barmouth and Neath Abbey, both painted on books published during the nineteenth century. The earliest volume with a fore\-edge painting owned by the Library is the 1669 Book of Common Prayer with a depiction of the Crucifixion.
#### The Euclid Collection
The National Library's collection of works ascribed to Euclid contains more than 300 volumes, representing 270 editions, and is considered to be an important reference point for Euclidean bibliographical studies.
The collection has been developed through additions to the initial thirty\-nine volumes of early editions of the *Elements* that [Sir Charles Thomas\-Stanford](/wiki/Sir_Charles_Thomas-Stanford "Sir Charles Thomas-Stanford") donated in 1927, including further eleven volumes from Sir Charles in 1928\. With the subsequent additions the collection covers all of Euclid's works, including *Data, Phaenomena, Optica* and *Catoptrica* along with numerous editions of the *Elements,* in many languages. There are two incunabula (Erhard Ratdolt, Venice, 1482 and Leonardus de Basilea \& Gulielmus de Papia, Vicenza, 1491\) in the collection, as well as seventy\-three volumes from the sixteenth century, including the first English (Reynold Wolfe, London, 1551\) and Arabic (Typographia Medicea, Rome, 1594\) editions.
### Archives
The National Library of Wales is home to the largest collection of archival material in Wales. Around 2,500 archives of various sizes have been collected since the library was founded. These archives contain many different types of document, such as charters, estate records, correspondence, literary drafts and digital materials, which range from the medieval to contemporary periods. Many of the earlier archives are those of the landed gentry and their estates, which developed over many centuries, but these are supplemented by corporate archives including the Church of Wales archive and the archive of the Court of Great Sessions that the Library has received. The Library collects corporate archives, which are the records of institutions, societies and public bodies, and the personal archives of individuals who have played a significant role in the life of the nation. Personal archives contain a variety of material that is related to the life and work of notable individuals and families. For example, the papers of Celtic scholar [Sir Idris Foster](/wiki/Sir_Idris_Foster "Sir Idris Foster") include correspondence, personal papers, scholarly and academic notes, and papers relating to organisations and societies, such as the [Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion](/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion "Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion"), the University of Wales and the Church in Wales.
#### The Welsh Political Archive
All materials concerning politics in Wales are kept in the Welsh Political Archive that the National Library established in 1983\. This archive coordinates the collection of manuscript, printed and audiovisual records relating to the major political parties active in Wales, with the largest party archive being Plaid Cymru, and notable politicians including Lloyd George. The records of organisations including the Welsh National Council of the United Nations Association and the Association of Welsh Local Authorities also to be found in this archive, as are papers generated by the Parliament for Wales Campaign 1953–6, and several nationalist pressure groups.
Some of the political archives cannot be accessed due to their embargo status.
#### Modern Literary Archives
The Modern Literary Archives are home to the work of some of the most important Welsh poets and authors. An insight into the creation of prose and poetry is provided by the letters, manuscript and typescript drafts, notebooks, proofs and other personal papers of 20th and 21st century writers. Archives belonging to Welsh\-language authors, Welsh authors writing in English and literary organisations are deposited in the National Library.
Papers and manuscripts belonging to Welsh authors who achieved their fame during the 20th century have been collected by the Library. The Archives of Welsh Authors include the work of authors, poets, playwrights, scholars, journalists and [archdruids](/wiki/Archdruid "Archdruid") of the Gorsedd. Significant holding from these archives include draft copies of novels: *Cysgod y Cryman* \[The Shadow of the Sickle] by [Islwyn Ffowc Elis](/wiki/Islwyn_Ffowc_Elis "Islwyn Ffowc Elis"), *Y Stafell Ddirgel* \[The Secret Room] by [Marion Eames](/wiki/Marion_Eames "Marion Eames") and *Cyfres Rwdlan* by [Angharad Tomos](/wiki/Angharad_Tomos "Angharad Tomos"); [Saunders Lewis](/wiki/Saunders_Lewis "Saunders Lewis")'s letters, and the correspondence between [Rhydwen Williams](/wiki/Rhydwen_Williams "Rhydwen Williams") and [Alwyn D. Rees](/wiki/Alwyn_D._Rees "Alwyn D. Rees"); the diaries of [Caradog Prichard](/wiki/Caradog_Prichard "Caradog Prichard") and [Euros Bowen](/wiki/Euros_Bowen "Euros Bowen"); and, manuscript copies of poetry, such as *Y Mynach* by [Gwenallt](/wiki/Gwenallt "Gwenallt"), *Y Mynydd* by [T. H. Parry\-Williams](/wiki/T._H._Parry-Williams "T. H. Parry-Williams") and *Cerddi'r Gaeaf* by [R. Williams Parry](/wiki/R._Williams_Parry "R. Williams Parry"). Parry\-Williams and Williams Parry were both first cousins of [Thomas Parry](/wiki/Thomas_Parry_%28author%29 "Thomas Parry (author)"), the National Librarian.
Dylan Thomas is the most prominent name amongst the Anglo\-Welsh authors and the Library has a large collection of his papers. Other important items in the Archives of Welsh Writers in English are Raymond Williams' drafts of the novels *Border Country* and *People of the Black Mountains* and the papers of David Jones, which include draft copies of *In Parenthesis* and *The Anathemata.*
Prominent holdings in the Archives of Literary Organisations, Journals and Publishers are the [National Eisteddfod of Wales](/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales "National Eisteddfod of Wales"), [BBC Wales](/wiki/BBC_Wales "BBC Wales"), the [Welsh Arts Council](/wiki/Welsh_Arts_Council "Welsh Arts Council") and the [Welsh Academy](/wiki/Welsh_Academy "Welsh Academy"). The archive of the National Eisteddfod of Wales contains the central office records, compositions, adjudications and criticisms from 1886 onwards. The Eisteddfod is a unique institution and an important part of the literary tradition of Wales that celebrates poetry, song and the Welsh language. The substantial archive of BBC Wales includes radio drama scripts and talks by well\-known authors. A further collection of Welsh authors archives is available in the papers of the Welsh Arts Council.
#### Screen and Sound Archive
[The Screen and Sound Archive](/wiki/National_Screen_and_Sound_Archive_of_Wales "National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales") contains *[The Life Story of David Lloyd George](/wiki/The_Life_Story_of_David_Lloyd_George "The Life Story of David Lloyd George")*, a 1918 biographical film, which is thought to be the first feature\-length biopic of a living politician. It was included on the UK Memory of the World Register in 2010\.
A 2001 documentary film, *[Against the Dying of the Light](/wiki/Against_the_Dying_of_the_Light "Against the Dying of the Light")*, was produced about the work of the Archive.
#### Penrice and Margam Estate Records
[thumb\|upright\|left\|NLW Penrice and Margam Deeds 1](/wiki/File:NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_1_front_%288865492665%29.jpg "NLW Penrice and Margam Deeds 1 front (8865492665).jpg")
This extensive collection of estate and family records that was preserved at [Penrice Castle](/wiki/Penrice_Castle "Penrice Castle") in the possession of Miss Talbot of Margam contains manuscript material from the twelfth to nineteenth centuries. This includes the [Margam Abbey](/wiki/Margam_Abbey "Margam Abbey") archive which is one of the fullest surviving British monastic archives with charters from the period of the initial foundation of the Abbey at Pendar, its relocation to Margam, and the dissolution of the monastery.
Along with the manuscripts are numerous seal impressions which are themselves of historic importance. A collection of more than 30,000 seal impressions dating from the twelfth century onwards is preserved in the National Library of Wales, with examples including the seals of Welsh princes, ecclesiastic and papal seals, and in a variety of designs.
### Pictures
[thumb\|upright\|right\|[J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner "J. M. W. Turner") – *Dolbadarn Castle*](/wiki/File:J.M.W._Turner_-_Dolbadarn_Castle_-_Study_for_Diploma_Picture.jpg "J.M.W. Turner - Dolbadarn Castle - Study for Diploma Picture.jpg")
The charter of the National Library of Wales states that pictures should be collected which portray places in Wales or people of Welsh background. Images in a number of different media are collected including paintings, drawings, prints and digital formats. The collection contains over 4000 framed paintings and drawings including paintings of [Dolbadarn Castle](/wiki/Dolbadarn_Castle "Dolbadarn Castle") and Aberdulais Mill by [J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner "J. M. W. Turner") and examples of the work of the landscape artist [Richard Wilson](/wiki/Richard_Wilson_%28painter%29 "Richard Wilson (painter)"), who influenced Turner, and Wilson's pupil, [Thomas Jones of Pencerrig](/wiki/Thomas_Jones_%28artist%29 "Thomas Jones (artist)").
A set of original drawings of Welsh scenes that [Thomas Rowlandson](/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson "Thomas Rowlandson") made during his 1797 tour of Wales with Henry Wigstead, and a set of original drawings of castles, abbeys and cities by [Samuel and Nathaniel Buck](/wiki/Samuel_and_Nathaniel_Buck "Samuel and Nathaniel Buck") were donated by Sir John Williams. The Library also has some two hundred original watercolour drawings of Welsh landscapes by [John Warwick Smith](/wiki/John_Warwick_Smith "John Warwick Smith"), and collections of original drawings of Welsh interest by [Philip J. de Loutherbourg](/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg "Philip James de Loutherbourg") and [S. H. Grimm](/wiki/Samuel_Hieronymus_Grimm "Samuel Hieronymus Grimm"). The collection of engraved prints illustrate a wide variety of Welsh topography and aspects of Welsh culture, and also show the development of the art of engraving. Every method of engraving is represented in the collection, which also contains examples of the work of famous engravers.
There are around 15,000 Welsh portraits in various media and a further 50,000 photographs and negatives in the Library's collection. Portraits include the National Library's main benefactors, Sir John Williams, Sir John Herbert Lewis, Lord Rendel, and Lord Davies of Llandinam; prominent Welsh individuals including David Lloyd George and [Hwfa Môn](/wiki/Hwfa_M%C3%B4n "Hwfa Môn"); and, those by artists with a connection to Wales, such as [Hugh Hughes](/wiki/Hugh_Hughes_%28painter%29 "Hugh Hughes (painter)"), [William Roos](/wiki/William_Roos_%28artist%29 "William Roos (artist)") and [Christopher Williams](/wiki/Christopher_Williams_%28Welsh_artist%29 "Christopher Williams (Welsh artist)"). Self\-portraits by modern Welsh artists are also collected and include Keith Andrew, [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_%28artist-poet%29 "David Jones (artist-poet)"), [Charles Tunnicliffe](/wiki/Charles_Tunnicliffe "Charles Tunnicliffe") and [Kyffin Williams](/wiki/Kyffin_Williams "Kyffin Williams"). There are also many photographic portraits of Welsh individuals in the 1880s and 1890s that were taken by [John Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_%28photographer%29 "John Thomas (photographer)").
There is a large collection of the work of [Kyffin Williams](/wiki/Kyffin_Williams "Kyffin Williams") in the Library, which includes his paintings of north Wales, sketches and watercolours of the Welsh colony in Patagonia and caricature portraits. Kyffin Williams bequeathed a significant part of his estate, including his own works and archives, to the National Library when he died in 2006\.
### Photographs
[thumb\|left\|CND rally, Aberystwyth](/wiki/File:CND_rally%2C_Aberystwyth_%285184388447%29.jpg "CND rally, Aberystwyth (5184388447).jpg")
[thumb\|upright\|John Talbot Dillwyn Llewelyn carrying a gun](/wiki/File:John_Talbot_Dillwyn_Llewelyn_carrying_a_gun_%284031401449%29.jpg "John Talbot Dillwyn Llewelyn carrying a gun (4031401449).jpg")
The Library holds a collection of more than 800,000 photographs, including the earliest\-known photograph in Wales. The [daguerreotype](/wiki/Daguerreotype "Daguerreotype") of [Margam Castle](/wiki/Margam_Castle "Margam Castle"), made by Reverend Calvert Richard Jones, dates from 1841\. Many other examples of photography from the 1840s and 1850s, such as the early Swansea photography of the Dillwyn Llewelyn family, are kept in the National Collection of Welsh Photographs. This collection also contains mounted portraits by high\-street photographers, topographic views and portraits by [John Thomas](/wiki/John_Thomas_%28photographer%29 "John Thomas (photographer)") and scenic postcard photography by [Francis Frith](/wiki/Francis_Frith "Francis Frith") that are connected to Wales.
During his career as a photojournalist, [Geoff Charles](/wiki/Geoff_Charles "Geoff Charles") produced a photographic archive that records life in Wales from the 1930s until the 1970s. The Geoff Charles Photographic Collection is the largest individual collection in the Library with 120,000 negatives. This unique contribution to Welsh photography is being preserved and digitised with sponsorship from the Big Lottery Fund.
### Maps
[thumb\|left\|The first printed map of Wales from 1574 – *Cambriae Typus* by [Humphrey Llwyd](/wiki/Humphrey_Llwyd "Humphrey Llwyd")](/wiki/File:Cambriae_Typus_NLW.jpg "Cambriae Typus NLW.jpg")
There are over a million maps in the Library's collections. There are maps on paper, parchment, cloth, wood, metal and digital media. These formats include a range of material such as globles, manuscript items, a 15th\-century woodcut print, copper printing plates, carpet\-sized map of Britain and [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey "Ordnance Survey") digital data.
The Ordnance Survey Maps Collection includes near\-to\-complete coverage for Wales, beginning with photocopies of the Ordnance Surveyor's drawings that formed the basis of the first edition of the one\-inch\-to\-the\-mile map which was published in 1818\.
The collection of antiquarian printed mapping is substantial and includes examples of Humphrey Llwyd's *[Cambriae typus](/wiki/Cambriae_Typus "Cambriae Typus")* (1574\), the first printed map specifically of Wales, and the first county maps of Wales. In 2000, Peter Bellwood stole at least fifty antique maps from the Library, which were sold to private collectors for £70,000\. Arrested in 2004, he was jailed for four and a half years.
A complete set of [tithe maps](/wiki/Tithe_map "Tithe map"), covering almost the whole of Wales, is housed in the National Library. The Welsh Church Commission Collection, which, in 1944, was deposited in the Library, includes the diocesan copies of the tithe maps that were transferred to the Commission in 1920 following the [disestablishment of the Church of Wales](/wiki/Church_in_Wales%23Disestablishment "Church in Wales#Disestablishment"). They are an important source for the study of mid\-nineteenth century Wales and, therefore, are the most frequently used collection of maps and one of the most consulted categories of documents in the Library. The Cynefin Project is digitising over 1100 tithe maps and transcribing the appointment documents to link them together. The project is planned for completion in September 2016\.
Other holdings in the maps collection include: manuscript estate maps, enclosure maps, estate sale catalogues, railway plans, architectural drawings, mining plans, and nautical and aeronautical charts.
| What are some common themes or subjects found in the photgraphs of the Geoff Charles Collection? | true | [
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Borre Municipality | t3ga7zsqkp2s8zsvy7n2pu8i6rhq34i | 2 | Name | ### Name
The municipality (originally the [parish](/wiki/Prestegjeld "Prestegjeld")) is named *Borre* () since the first [Borre Church](/wiki/Borre_Church "Borre Church") was built there. The name has an uncertain meaning. The first element may derives from which means "side" or "edge" or from the word which means "castle" or "fortified place". The last element may come from which means "rest" or which means "corner".
| Does the name Borre have any cultural significance? | true | [
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General D | 71wqpqish9xmj6ba95l5psahnlmkda1 | 5 | Album Cover Art | Album Cover Art
---------------
The photographs on the covers, back covers and cd booklets of all General D's releases (and even the image for his 2014 cover issue of Ipsilon Magazine) were made by his personal friend, the; recording artist, sculptor and hip hop photographer Ithaka Darin Pappas, a Californian who had lived in Lisbon during the formation period of [Hip hop tuga](/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga "Hip hop tuga"). Before moving to Portugal in 1992, Ithaka had previously been working in Los Angeles with artists such as [Eazy E](/wiki/Eazy_E "Eazy E"), [N.W.A.](/wiki/N.W.A. "N.W.A.") and [Ice Cube](/wiki/Ice_Cube "Ice Cube") for [Priority Records](/wiki/Priority_Records "Priority Records").
| How does Ithaka's experience working with hip hop artists influence his photography style? | true | [
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Siege of Bihać (1592) | rijrtug1ld3pi89d4t8oqze51gyavms | 5 | Prelude | Prelude
-------
[thumb\|right\|A map of the [Kingdom of Croatia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_%28Habsburg%29 "Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)") from 1593, depicting the [Ottoman\-Croatian wars](/wiki/Ottoman-Croatian_wars "Ottoman-Croatian wars") and the Ottoman assault on [Bihać](/wiki/Biha%C4%87 "Bihać") (Wyhitz)](/wiki/File:Croatiae%2C_et_circumiacentium_Regionum_versus_Turcam_nova_delineatio.jpg "Croatiae, et circumiacentium Regionum versus Turcam nova delineatio.jpg")
After an unsuccessful siege of Sisak, the Ottomans were preparing to capture a stronghold near Sisak and make it a base for their further incursions into Croatia. On 14 April Hasan Pasha started building the fort of [Petrinja](/wiki/Petrinja "Petrinja") south of Brest. Material for its construction was prepared in advance and the fort was finished on 2 May. As he expected an attack on Bihać, Captain Krištof Obričan ordered the strengthening of city's defences in spring, but he was soon captured by the Ottomans while he supervised the work outside the city walls. Captain Josip Dornberg was appointed in his place, but as he was absent the command was temporarily given to Captain Joseph von Lamberg. At Lamberg's request, reinforcements numbering a hundred Uskoks arrived from Karlovac with food and ammunition. These were the last reinforcements Bihać received.
| How might the absence of Captain Josip Dornberg have impacted the defence of Bihać? | true | [
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1930 Colorado gubernatorial election | fq2id13uhx7ty89z9qixcesg9k5ehq5 | 8 | General election | General election
----------------
### Candidates
**Major party candidates**
* Billy Adams, Democratic
* Robert F. Rockwell, Republican
**Other candidates**
* Claud A. Bushnell, Socialist
* Lizabeth A. Williams, Farmer–Labor
* William R. Dietrich, Communist
* Walter Moore, Independent
* Perry M. Jones, Independent
### Results
| How do the Farmer–Labor and Communist parties differ from the Democratic and Republican parties? | true | [
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Crystal, Gunnison County, Colorado | t8j9638as096s6sjm244zvqr8h8vyok | 4 | Parent Rock | ### Parent Rock
The rock in the Elk Mountain Range in the area surrounding Crystal is composed primarily of (90%) [sedimentary](/wiki/Sedimentary_rock "Sedimentary rock") material, including mostly coarse clastics, [shale](/wiki/Shale "Shale"), and [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone"). The last 10% is mostly [igneous](/wiki/Igneous_rock "Igneous rock") rock. The [Maroon Mountains](/wiki/Maroon_Bells%E2%80%93Snowmass_Wilderness "Maroon Bells–Snowmass Wilderness") formations (which are the closest notable mountains to the valley town of Crystal) are composed of mostly [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") and [siltstone](/wiki/Siltstone "Siltstone"), which are coarse clastic rocks and are exposed for the most part. Fine clastic rocks cover a fifth of Crystal. Glacial remain and out\-wash created the sandy loam material which fill the valleys in the area, including the bottom of the Crystal River which runs through the valley in Crystal and surrounding towns.
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Dobrakovo | 8xa2miuxct0z8ad922kbs1tng7929i0 | 0 | Introduction |
**Dobrakovo** () is a [village](/wiki/Village "Village") in the [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro "Municipalities of Montenegro") of [Bijelo Polje](/wiki/Bijelo_Polje_Municipality "Bijelo Polje Municipality"), [Montenegro](/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro"). It is located at the Serbian border.
| How does Dobrakovo's border with Serbia impact trade or tourism? | true | [
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Catherine Trudeau | j0nv2wl8g2eima7n6gfyuoeb7qhhii3 | 0 | Introduction |
[thumb\|Catherine Trudeau in 2022](/wiki/File:Catherine_Trudeau_aux_prix_des_libraires_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_2022_--_2.jpg "Catherine Trudeau aux prix des libraires du Québec 2022 -- 2.jpg")
**Catherine Trudeau** (born May 4, 1975\) is a [Canadian](/wiki/French_Canadian "French Canadian") actress. She was born in [L'Assomption, Quebec](/wiki/L%27Assomption%2C_Quebec "L'Assomption, Quebec"), Canada.
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Falco KC Szombathely | d032uu1rfwgombywftbw1qsxgkewn93 | 12 | In European competition | ### In European competition
Source: [basketball.eurobasket.com](https://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Hungary/Falco-Vulcano-Energia-KC-Szombathely/1830?Page=5)
* Participations in [Champions League](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League "Basketball Champions League"): **2x**
* Participations in [FIBA Europe Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup "FIBA Europe Cup"): **3x**
* Participations in *[Korać Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup "FIBA Korać Cup")*: **2x**
| Season | Competition | Round | Club | Home | Away | Aggregate |
|
|[1997–98](/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup "1997–98 FIBA Korać Cup")
*[Korać Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup "FIBA Korać Cup")*
Qual. Round 1 |
[Brotnjo](/wiki/HKK_Brotnjo "HKK Brotnjo") |
([wo.](/wiki/Walkover "Walkover")) | | |
| Regular season*(Group I)* | [Aris Moda Bagno](/wiki/Aris_B.C. "Aris B.C.") |81–97
62–101
3rd |
| [TBB Trier](/wiki/Gladiators_Treves "Gladiators Treves") |81\-95
108\-102
| [Maribor Ovni](/wiki/KK_ZM_Maribor_Lumar "KK ZM Maribor Lumar") |87\-73
72\-67
|
|[1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup "1998–99 FIBA Korać Cup")
*[Korać Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Kora%C4%87_Cup "FIBA Korać Cup")*
Qual. Round 1 |
[Svjetlost Brod](/wiki/KK_Slavonski_Brod "KK Slavonski Brod") |
72\-61
85\-94
157–155 |
| Regular season*(Group E)* | [Beşiktaş](/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K._%28men%27s_basketball%29 "Beşiktaş J.K. (men's basketball)") |94–83
71–74
4th |
| [Ericsson Bobry Bytom](/wiki/HKS_Bobry_Bytom "HKS Bobry Bytom") |71–90
74–84
| [Pepsi Rimini](/wiki/Rinascita_Basket_Rimini "Rinascita Basket Rimini") |85–66
63–83
|
|[2015–16](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FIBA_Europe_Cup "2015–16 FIBA Europe Cup")
[FIBA Europe Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup "FIBA Europe Cup")
Regular season*(Group C)* |
[Telenet Oostende](/wiki/B.C._Oostende "B.C. Oostende") |
64–86
62–91
4th |
| [Openjobmetis Varese](/wiki/Pallacanestro_Varese "Pallacanestro Varese") |75–73
71–94
| [Södertälje Kings](/wiki/S%C3%B6dert%C3%A4lje_Kings "Södertälje Kings") |81–85
62–54
|
|[2017–18](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FIBA_Europe_Cup "2017–18 FIBA Europe Cup")
[FIBA Europe Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup "FIBA Europe Cup")
Qual. Round 2 |
[Balkan](/wiki/BC_Balkan_Botevgrad "BC Balkan Botevgrad") |
96\-95
84\-74
180–169 |
| Regular season*(Group H)* | [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod "BC Nizhny Novgorod") |79–84
92–94
3rd |
| [Szolnoki Olaj](/wiki/Szolnoki_Olajb%C3%A1ny%C3%A1sz "Szolnoki Olajbányász") |84–74
79–89
| [Karpoš Sokoli](/wiki/KK_Karpo%C5%A1_Sokoli "KK Karpoš Sokoli") |108–87
104–43
|
|[2018–19](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_FIBA_Europe_Cup "2018–19 FIBA Europe Cup")
[FIBA Europe Cup](/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup "FIBA Europe Cup")
| Regular season*(Group H)* | [Szolnoki Olaj](/wiki/Szolnoki_Olajb%C3%A1ny%C3%A1sz "Szolnoki Olajbányász") |66–83
76–79
3rd |
| [Dinamo Sassari](/wiki/Dinamo_Sassari "Dinamo Sassari") |60–92
69–104
| [Leicester Riders](/wiki/Leicester_Riders "Leicester Riders") |80–65
95–84
|
|[2019–20](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Basketball_Champions_League "2019–20 Basketball Champions League")
[Champions League](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League "Basketball Champions League")
Qual. Round 1 |
[Oradea](/wiki/CSM_U_Oradea "CSM U Oradea") |
71\-62
90\-96
161–158
| Qual. Round 2 | [Ventspils](/wiki/BK_Ventspils "BK Ventspils") |75\-69
73\-55
148–124
| Regular season*(Group D)* | [Casademont Zaragoza](/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza "Basket Zaragoza") |70–77
69–70
5th |
| [JDA Dijon](/wiki/JDA_Dijon "JDA Dijon") |82–81
68–87
| [Telekom Baskets Bonn](/wiki/Telekom_Baskets_Bonn "Telekom Baskets Bonn") |91–59
77–91
| [Beşiktaş Sompo Sigorta](/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K._%28men%27s_basketball%29 "Beşiktaş J.K. (men's basketball)") |79–83
49–74
| [Neptūnas](/wiki/BC_Nept%C5%ABnas "BC Neptūnas") |97–73
83–87
| [PAOK](/wiki/P.A.O.K._BC "P.A.O.K. BC") |76–66
89–80
| [Happy Casa Brindisi](/wiki/New_Basket_Brindisi "New Basket Brindisi") |93–83
92–98
|
|[2020–21](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Basketball_Champions_League "2020–21 Basketball Champions League")
[Champions League](/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League "Basketball Champions League")
Regular season*(Group D)* |
[Casademont Zaragoza](/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza "Basket Zaragoza") |
94–86
76–85
3rd |
| [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/BC_Nizhny_Novgorod "BC Nizhny Novgorod") |88–93
68–73
| [Start Lublin](/wiki/Start_Lublin "Start Lublin") |84–75
83–59
| What are the most significant factors affecting a team's performance in Basketball Champions League? | true | [
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] | 0 |
Mikawa Kokubun-ji | f93gvjvn3v2tdosgl279lnak2fi42rr | 0 | Introduction |
The is a [Buddhist temple](/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan "Buddhist temples in Japan") located in the Yawata neighborhood of the city of [Toyokawa, Aichi](/wiki/Toyokawa%2C_Aichi "Toyokawa, Aichi"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). It is the modern successor of one of the [provincial temples](/wiki/Provincial_temple "Provincial temple") established by [Emperor Shōmu](/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu "Emperor Shōmu") during the [Nara period](/wiki/Nara_period "Nara period") (710–794\) for the purpose of promoting Buddhism as the [national religion](/wiki/State_religion "State religion") of Japan and standardising control of [imperial](/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan "Imperial House of Japan") rule over the provinces.
The site of the original temple, 400 meters to the northeast of the modern temple, was designated as a [National Historic Site](/wiki/Historic_Sites_of_Japan "Historic Sites of Japan") in 1922\.
| How does Buddhism influence Japanese national identity? | true | [
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Methylguanine | p379au58p6oa81c5ymmsrtloeocgof8 | 0 | Methylguanine | **Methylguanine** may refer to:
* [1\-Methylguanine](/wiki/1-Methylguanine "1-Methylguanine")
* [2\-Methylguanine](/wiki/2-Methylguanine "2-Methylguanine")
* [3\-Methylguanine](/wiki/3-Methylguanine "3-Methylguanine")
* [6\-*O*\-Methylguanine](/wiki/6-O-Methylguanine "6-O-Methylguanine")
* [7\-Methylguanine](/wiki/7-Methylguanine "7-Methylguanine")
| What are some potential risks or hazards associated with working with methylguanines? | true | [
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Impacts of the Israel–Hamas war | 5s7e9mtqeg9tcnblsjiidg1ujdlr3gb | 11 | Famine | #### Famine
The [Israel–Hamas war](/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Israel–Hamas war") has led to imminent [famine](/wiki/Famine "Famine") conditions in the [Gaza Strip](/wiki/Gaza_Strip "Gaza Strip"), resulting from [Israeli airstrikes](/wiki/Bombing_of_Gaza "Bombing of Gaza") and the ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip by Israel, which includes restrictions on [humanitarian aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war "Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war").
Airstrikes have destroyed food infrastructure, such as bakeries, mills, and food stores, and there is a widespread scarcity of essential supplies due to the blockade of [aid](/wiki/Humanitarian_aid "Humanitarian aid"). This has caused starvation for more than half a million Gazans and is part of a broader [humanitarian crisis](/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_%282023%E2%80%93present%29 "Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)") in the Strip. It is the "highest number of people facing catastrophic hunger" ever recorded on the [IPC scale](/wiki/Integrated_Food_Security_Phase_Classification "Integrated Food Security Phase Classification"), and is widely expected to be the most intense man\-made famine since the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War").
The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) has recently classified the current situation in Palestine (Gaza) as the highest level of food insecurity ever recorded. With 53% of the population, equivalent to 1\.17 million individuals, facing emergency levels, the region is experiencing alarming rates of malnutrition and loss of lives; Due to the prevailing security conditions, providing a substantial humanitarian response has become exceedingly challenging. It is crucially important to establish a consistent and unhindered flow of humanitarian aid into Gaza to address the urgent needs of its population.[Is there a food crisis in Gaza?](https://www.redcross.org.uk/stories/disasters-and-emergencies/world/whats-happening-in-gaza-humanitarian-crisis-grows) Retrieved 13 February 2024
| What are some potential solutions for addressing the food crisis in Gaza? | true | [
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Mantua, Virginia | nrr66ta0xsqzghihhblf8k7o8knmhuj | 1 | Geography | Geography
---------
Mantua is located in central Fairfax County at (38\.852012, −77\.257675\). It is bordered to the west by the city of [Fairfax](/wiki/Fairfax%2C_Virginia "Fairfax, Virginia"), to the north by [Merrifield](/wiki/Merrifield%2C_Virginia "Merrifield, Virginia"), to the east by [Woodburn](/wiki/Woodburn%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia "Woodburn, Fairfax County, Virginia"), to the southeast by [Wakefield](/wiki/Wakefield%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia "Wakefield, Fairfax County, Virginia"), and to the south by [Long Branch](/wiki/Long_Branch%2C_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia "Long Branch, Fairfax County, Virginia"). The northern border of the CDP follows [U.S. Route 50](/wiki/U.S._Route_50 "U.S. Route 50") (Arlington Boulevard), the southern border follows [Virginia State Route 236](/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_236 "Virginia State Route 236") (Little River Turnpike), and the eastern border follows Prosperity Avenue. The [Capital Beltway](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28Capital_Beltway%29 "Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)") (Interstate 495\) is to the east, and downtown Washington is to the east.
According to the [United States Census Bureau](/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau "United States Census Bureau"), the Mantua CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0\.91%, is water. [Accotink Creek](/wiki/Accotink_Creek "Accotink Creek"), a tributary of the [Potomac River](/wiki/Potomac_River "Potomac River"), flows through the northern part of the CDP, and Crook Branch, a tributary of Accotink Creek, flows through the southern part.
| Does Mantua have a significant industrial presence? | true | [
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Federalist No. 59 | 7sv4rvvvgjdi1x20i2ogp9m389hqh47 | 1 | Background | Background
----------
Hamilton argued that the Article I, Section 4, specifically the first clause, of the constitution was completely defensible and important for the very core of the federal government because according to him in Federalist 59:
> Every Government ought to contain in itself the means of its own preservation.
The clause states:
> The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for [Senators](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") and [Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives"), shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
| How do state legislatures determine the times, places, and manner of holding elections? | true | [
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Digestion | slpj9yimp42vargm98k8ofgkg3c3eox | 16 | In earthworms | ### In earthworms
An [earthworm](/wiki/Earthworm "Earthworm")'s digestive system consists of a mouth, [pharynx](/wiki/Pharynx "Pharynx"), [esophagus](/wiki/Esophagus "Esophagus"), crop, [gizzard](/wiki/Gizzard "Gizzard"), and [intestine](/wiki/Intestine "Intestine"). The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By [peristalsis](/wiki/Peristalsis "Peristalsis"), the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body.
| Is it possible to create an artificial system like an earthworm's digestive system? | true | [
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Zhana-Aul | lec034yfh3xi50nry31hk8uk1jbs5go | 0 | Introduction |
**Zhana\-Aul** (; , *Ĵañı\-Aul*; , *Jaña auyl*) is a [rural locality](/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia "Types of inhabited localities in Russia") (a [selo](/wiki/Village%23Russia "Village#Russia")) and the administrative centre of Kazakhskoye Rural Settlement of [Kosh\-Agachsky District](/wiki/Kosh-Agachsky_District "Kosh-Agachsky District"), the [Altai Republic](/wiki/Altai_Republic "Altai Republic"), [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia"). The population was 796 as of 2016\.[Оценка численности постоянного населения Республики Алтай по населённым пунктам за 2012\-2016 годы](http://statra.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/statra/resources/f42c57004c34285a8f63efb4bce00d93/%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2011-2015+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B.docx) There are 16 streets.
| Can you find other rural localities with similar characteristics? | true | [
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Karma (Delerium album) | klcq6t9moggdmsvu5h2sncdk5vvmweo | 5 | Disc two (Australian release) | ### Disc two (Australian release)
1. "Silence (Sanctuary Mix)" (feat. Sarah McLachlan) – 11:12
2. "Euphoria (Firefly) (Rabbit in the Moon's Divine Gothic Disco Mix)" (feat. Jacqui Hunt) – 9:16
3. "Flowers Become Screens (Frequency Modulation Mix)" (feat. Kristy Thirsk) – 7:57
4. "Incantation (12" Mix Edit)" (feat. Kristy Thirsk) – 8:55
5. "Duende (Bleak Desolation mix)" (feat. Camille Henderson) – 7:54
6. "Heaven's Earth" (feat. Kristy Thirsk) – 8:09
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Lexus TX | 0ixtx6wwcewgkk9upr5esxqs58xx3vx | 2 | Equipment | Equipment
---------
A 14\.0\-inch multimedia infotainment display is standard on base models, which runs Lexus' newest infotainment interface. Wireless [Apple CarPlay](/wiki/Apple_CarPlay "Apple CarPlay") and [Android Auto](/wiki/Android_Auto "Android Auto") are standard, as well as a navigation system integrated into the dashboard and a wireless smartphone charging system. A 12\.3\-inch digital gauge display can be reconfigured to show information to the driver, as well as an optional [head\-up display](/wiki/Head-up_display "Head-up display"). A 21\-speaker [Mark Levinson](/wiki/Mark_Levinson_Audio_Systems "Mark Levinson Audio Systems") premium stereo is optional.
20\-inch wheels are standard on Premium and Luxury grades. 22\-inch wheels are available for the TX 350 Luxury grade and come standard on the 550h\+. The 500h F Sport Performance features exclusive 22\-inch wheels. The TX has a boot space of with all seats up. With the third row seat down, space increases to . With both second and third row seats down, boot space increases to . The TX is offered in three interior color options depending on grade: Peppercorn, Birch and Black.
The TX features the brand's most technologically advanced safety system. System include Pre\-Collision System with Pedestrian Detection, Dynamic Radar Cruise Control, Lane Tracing Assist, Lane Departure Alert with Steering Assist, Road Sign Assist and Proactive Driving Assist. The Advanced Park package allows for uncomplicated perpendicular and parallel parking/exiting. Additionally, a Traffic Jam Assist is available via a subscription and is designed to monitor surrounding traffic in low\-speed driving situations on limited access roads, and will allow the vehicle to autonomously move forward and brake to keep safe distance between the TX and the preceding car.
| What happens if the driver has a phone with low battery and no power bank nearby? | true | [
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Victor de Broglie, Prince of Broglie | 5qjd45pi2jgkc2wz1ook92wlxu3s8hp | 0 | Introduction |
[thumb\|Memorial of Charles Toussaint Labadye \- Victor de Broglie](/wiki/File:Charles_Toussaint_Labadye_-_Louis-Victor_de_Broglie_%281756-1794%29%2C_en_1790.png "Charles Toussaint Labadye - Louis-Victor de Broglie (1756-1794), en 1790.png")
**Victor de Broglie, [Prince of Broglie](/wiki/Duke_of_Broglie "Duke of Broglie")** (*Charles Louis Victor*; 22 September 1756 – 27 June 1794\) was a French soldier and politician who would be executed by [guillotine](/wiki/Guillotine "Guillotine") during the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution").
| What was the significance of Victor de Broglie being a Prince of Broglie? | true | [
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Mulyadi Tamsir | aezb7a86o0i5jfuofbxuuofzgtfiir4 | 1 | Early life and education | Early life and education
------------------------
Mulyadi was born on 8 April 1981 in [Lampung](/wiki/Lampung "Lampung") as the son of Ponijan and Katimah. At the age of 4, Mulyadi and his parents moved to [Sintang Regency](/wiki/Sintang_Regency "Sintang Regency") in [West Kalimantan](/wiki/West_Kalimantan "West Kalimantan"). Mulyadi graduated from the Serangas State Elementary School in 1993, West Kalimantan Junior High School in 1996, and the Budi Luhur Business Management Vocational School in 1999\.
After he graduated from the vocational school, Mulyadi did not continue his study to university due to the lack of funds. He instead worked for about two years, until he obtained enough money to attend the Social and Political Faculty of the [Kapuas](/wiki/Kapuas_Regency "Kapuas Regency") University. He studied from the university for six years until he graduated in 2007\. Mulyadi then moved to [Malang](/wiki/Malang "Malang"), where he enrolled at the Indonesian Economic Institute and graduated from the institute with a [Bachelor of Economics](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics "Bachelor of Economics") degree in 2009\. Two years later, Mulyadi attended the Faculty of Economics of the [Trisakti University](/wiki/Trisakti_University "Trisakti University") to pursue [postgraduate degree](/wiki/Postgraduate_education "Postgraduate education") in economics.
| How does Mulyadi's educational background impact his career choices? | true | [
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Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018) | kixktmoeq6lgm2l5pwfx8r9y6kveieq | 1 | September 2018 | September 2018
--------------
### September 2
* The French Foreign Minister, [Jean\-Yves Le Drian](/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian "Jean-Yves Le Drian") indicated in radio channel that "Assad won the war, we have to state this. But he hasn't won the peace."
### September 10
* The [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") halts funding of the [Syrian opposition](/wiki/Syrian_opposition "Syrian opposition") and police forces, saying the chances of them winning the war are "extremely limited". Dutch support for the [White Helmets](/wiki/White_Helmets_%28Syrian_Civil_War%29 "White Helmets (Syrian Civil War)") is also expected to end in December 2018\.
### September 17
* Russia and [Turkey](/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") [announced a demilitarized zone](/wiki/2018_Idlib_demilitarization "2018 Idlib demilitarization") in Syria's [Idlib Governorate](/wiki/Idlib_Governorate "Idlib Governorate") and ruled out any military operations.
* Several [missiles are launched](/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_%28September_2018%29 "Syria missile strikes (September 2018)") from the sea by [Israeli Air Force](/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force "Israeli Air Force") at the coastal city of [Latakia](/wiki/Latakia "Latakia"), some of which are destroyed by [air defence](/wiki/Air_defence "Air defence") systems. A [Russian Air Force](/wiki/Russian_Air_Force "Russian Air Force") [Ilyushin Il\-20](/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18 "Ilyushin Il-18") reconnaissance plane with 15 servicemen on board crashes over the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea") during the incident. The plane was shot down by Syrian [air defense systems](/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare "Anti-aircraft warfare") trying to target hostile aircraft.
### September 29
* After being closed for years, the [Nasib Border Crossing](/wiki/Nasib_Border_Crossing "Nasib Border Crossing"), the main crossing for Syrian exports to [Jordan](/wiki/Jordan "Jordan") and the [GCC](/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf "Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf") countries, is officially reopened.
| What are the chances of the Syrian opposition winning the war? | true | [
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Spata Training Centre | gbbmka04q6noh1l9antcn84chahb7x5 | 1 | History | History
-------
The new architecturally designed AEK Training Centre has been built since 2010 and it is located in [Spata](/wiki/Spata "Spata"), Attica. It is the home of the club's team and academy and is recognized as one of the best in the Balkans. The initial cost of its construction was 15 million euros. In 2013, the training center was modernized, with the creation of the most modern rehabilitation center in Greece and the construction of the 3rd plastic turf field for the needs of the Academies, the cost of which reached 5\.5 million euros.
The modern facility \- which includes two natural grass pitches, an artificial pitch, world\-class player preparation areas, pool and hydrotherapy complex, altitude room, large\-scale gymnasium and specialist sports rehabilitation suites \- will support the club's ambitions to attract, develop and retain the highest quality talent.
Since 2014, the official name of the ground is "[OPAP](/wiki/OPAP "OPAP") Sports Centre". Alongside the Sports Centre, [Dimitris Melissanidis](/wiki/Dimitris_Melissanidis "Dimitris Melissanidis") managed to buy another 70 acres of land at this area for a price of €5\.5m, in order to enlarge team's Training Centre by constructing more football fields and buildings for the hospitality of team's footballers.
Since then, AEK has been using the said facilities on an area of 144 acres, within which the training center expands.
| How does the training centre's location contribute to its success? | true | [
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Taras Shevchenko Park | 18iw28x3qie9bzgr66r24102yshxfs9 | 2 | Landmarks and structures | Landmarks and structures
------------------------
[thumb\|The pedestrian bridge in 1980](/wiki/File:Bridge_to_Monastyr-Ostrov_in_Dnepropetrovsk_in_1980_FROM_GOROD.DP.UA.jpg "Bridge to Monastyr-Ostrov in Dnepropetrovsk in 1980 FROM GOROD.DP.UA.jpg")
As Shevchenko Park is elevated, the [observation platform](/wiki/Observation_platform "Observation platform") provides a view of the [embankment](/wiki/Embankment_%28earthworks%29 "Embankment (earthworks)") and the Dnieper. Numerous [eateries](/wiki/Restaurant "Restaurant") and a flowing [fountain](/wiki/Fountain "Fountain") are also present. Accessing the Sicheslav Embankment or walking across the pedestrian bridge to Monastyrsky Island is a straightforward process. There's a [waterfall](/wiki/Waterfall "Waterfall") and a memorial to Taras Shevchenko. After the [Great Patriotic War](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"), a new large\-scale reconstruction of the park begins. Its territory is increased due to part of Shevchenko Square, the palace is being rebuilt (renamed to Palace of Student Culture since 1952\), new alleys are being laid, a cast\-iron fence in the Empire style is installed. A monument to [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") (dismantled in 1961\) is erected on the central alley of the park. Other landmarks and facilities are as follows:
* Potemkin Palace – built by Grigory Potemkin and completed in 1791\.
* Pedestrian bridge – built in 1957 to connect the island to the mainland.
* Monument of Taras Shevchenko – the memorial to Shevchenko was erected in 1959 on the island's central route. It replaced the previous monument, which was constructed in 1949 on the mainland and whose pedestal still stands today.
* [Monastyrskyi Island](/wiki/Monastyrskyi_Island "Monastyrskyi Island") – the Church of St. Nicholas, erected on Monastyry Island in 1999\. In 2006, the park's observation deck underwent reconstruction, complemented by the installation of a fountain. Subsequently, in 2013, the monument to Taras Shevchenko underwent an overhaul, coinciding with the unveiling of the fountain\-waterfall, "Threshold of the Roar." Among the historical features is an observation tower dating back to the 1950s. Presently, the site also boasts a [Ferris wheel](/wiki/Ferris_wheel "Ferris wheel").
| Can visitors access Shevchenko Square from the park? | true | [
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List of birds of Benin | hlncnb97gwh3xl5jgwntyzvb9uk4x1i | 18 | Egyptian plover | Egyptian plover
---------------
Order: [Charadriiformes](/wiki/Charadriiformes "Charadriiformes")Family: [Pluvianidae](/wiki/Pluvianidae "Pluvianidae")
The Egyptian plover is found across equatorial Africa and along the Nile River.
* [Egyptian plover](/wiki/Egyptian_plover "Egyptian plover"), *Pluvianus aegyptius*
| How does the geographic range of the Egyptian plover influence its behavior or ecology? | true | [
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Hattie | rkwomhs8sc8heyj4bdvaqvdv71ca4zp | 2 | Fictional characters | Fictional characters
--------------------
* [Hattie Durham](/wiki/Hattie_Durham "Hattie Durham"), flight attendant in the *Left Behind* series
* [Hattie McDoogal](/wiki/Hattie_McDoogal "Hattie McDoogal"), in the animated television series *Futurama*
* [Hattie Tavernier](/wiki/Hattie_Tavernier "Hattie Tavernier"), in the BBC soap opera *EastEnders* during the 1990s
* Hattie Brooks, protagonist of *[Hattie Big Sky](/wiki/Hattie_Big_Sky "Hattie Big Sky")*, a children's novel by Kirby Larson
* Hattie, protagonist of *[Hattie and the Wild Waves](/wiki/Hattie_and_the_Wild_Waves "Hattie and the Wild Waves")*, a 1990 book by Barbara Cooney
* Hattie, in *[Tom's Midnight Garden](/wiki/Tom%27s_Midnight_Garden "Tom's Midnight Garden")*
* Hattie the Witch, a recurring character in the animated television series *[Wallykazam!](/wiki/Wallykazam%21 "Wallykazam!")*
* Battie Hattie From Cincinnati, a puppet by [Larry Smith (puppeteer)](/wiki/Larry_Smith_%28puppeteer%29 "Larry Smith (puppeteer)"), also called "Hattie the witch"
| Is there a connection between EastEnders and another popular soap opera? | true | [
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Sanjna Suri | reelqkctuzjbk0vzwst5egq8nc308o5 | 12 | Film | ### Film
| Year | Title | Director | Role | Notes | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2019 | *[Sangkar](/wiki/Sangkar_%28film%29 "Sangkar (film)")* | Kabir Bhatia | Priya (supporting role) | [Malaysian](/wiki/Malay_language "Malay language") movie. | |
| *Ennaval* | Saran Z | *Cameo* | [Malaysian Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema") movie. | |
| 2022 | *[Nasi Lemak 1\.0](/wiki/Nasi_Lemak_1.0 "Nasi Lemak 1.0")* | [Namewee](/wiki/Namewee "Namewee") | Hasina | Malaysian comedy film. | |
| *Aval Thediyathu* | Dato Athy Muthoo | | [Malaysian Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_cinema "Tamil cinema") movie. | |
| *Mundey Kampung Dey* | Mansher Singh | | First [Punjabi language](/wiki/Punjabi_language "Punjabi language") movie to be produced in Malaysia. | |
| 2023 | *[Pulau](/wiki/Pulau_%28film%29 "Pulau (film)")* | Euho | Yus | Malaysian supernatural thriller film. | |
| Are there any common themes among the movies listed here? | true | [
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Guam at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships | mekj86dd1lvj7pdzvufhbwh8gupwyvh | 1 | Swimming | Swimming
--------
Guamanian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A\-standard entry time, and 1 at the B\-standard):
Men
|Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time |
Rank |
Time |
Rank |
Time |
Rank |
[Jagger Stephens](/wiki/Jagger_Stephens "Jagger Stephens")
[50 m freestyle](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_freestyle "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre freestyle")
23\.84 |
53 |
did not advance
[100 m freestyle](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_freestyle "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle")
51\.50 |
67 |
did not advance
[Benjamin Schulte](/wiki/Benjamin_Schulte "Benjamin Schulte")
[100 m breaststroke](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_breaststroke "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre breaststroke")
1:04\.84 |
58 |
did not advance
[200 m individual medley](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_individual_medley "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley")
2:09\.50 |
43 |
did not advance
Women
|Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time |
Rank |
Time |
Rank |
Time |
Rank |
[Pilar Shimizu](/wiki/Pilar_Shimizu "Pilar Shimizu")
[100 m breaststroke](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metre_breaststroke "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 100 metre breaststroke")
1:18\.11 |
58 |
did not advance
[200 m breaststroke](/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_200_metre_breaststroke "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 200 metre breaststroke")
2:56\.47 |
47 |
did not advance
| Can you give an example of a country with more successful swimmers than Guam? | true | [
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Gabriel von Wayditch | mi94v7xld5q74qxsbdtjv08c7e2h2rm | 1 | Life and career | Life and career
---------------
In 1910, Gabriel von Wayditch began composing his first opera, , for which he also wrote his own Hungarian libretto. But after his parents separated, he emigrated to the United States with his father before completing it, arriving in New York harbor in 1911\. In New York City, Wayditch worked as a theater conductor while completing *Ópium Álmok*, which lasts 4 hours and requires an orchestra of some 110 players. Upon its completion, there was no performance of it. Wayditch subsequently derived two orchestral suites and his sole piano composition, *Reminscences from Opium Dreams*, from the thematic material in that opera. But none of these works received public performances either.
During the remainder of the decade he composed two additional operas, both somewhat shorter though requiring the same massive orchestration: [*Suh és Sah*](/wiki/The_Caliph%27s_Magician "The Caliph's Magician") (*The Caliph's Magician*) (1917\) and *Jézus Heròdes elött* (*Jesus Before Herod*) (1918\). Although both of these works were performed after his death, he heard neither during his lifetime. During the 1920s and 1930s, he composed six additional operas, most lasting nearly five hours and all featuring his own librettos, in Hungarian, and a very large orchestra, all without any impetus of an impending production, working in almost complete isolation in an apartment in the [Bronx](/wiki/Bronx "Bronx").Walter Ivan von Wayditch, son of Gabriel von Wayditch (1888–1969\) (2001\). "[How to preserve the legacy of important American composers after they die](http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=28hf04)", *NewMusicBox.org*. In addition to requiring a very large orchestra and being written in Hungarian, a language spoken by few Americans (although Wayditch also provided an alternate English text), many of Wayditch's operas contain other impracticalities. Most last nearly five hours, many call for frequent scene changes, and all have plots involving intricate historical myths that take place in exotic lands, in ancient times, or on other planets. Though the early operas were post\-Romantic in style, the later works are much more modern and are heavily dissonant. For each opera, Wayditch notated by hand a full orchestral score and a piano reduction, though he produced no separate parts for individual players.
The only opera staged in his lifetime was the ancient Egyptian\-themed *Horus*, which was presented by the [Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company](/wiki/Philadelphia_La_Scala_Opera_Company "Philadelphia La Scala Opera Company") at the [Academy of Music](/wiki/Academy_of_Music_%28Philadelphia%29 "Academy of Music (Philadelphia)") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") on January 5, 1939 with [Fritz Mahler](/wiki/Fritz_Mahler "Fritz Mahler") conducting. The performance received a negative review in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* from [Henry Pleasants](/wiki/Henry_Pleasants "Henry Pleasants"),[Oteri, Frank J.](/wiki/Frank_J._Oteri "Frank J. Oteri") (2009\). "[Enter the World of Gabriel von Wayditch](http://extremelyhungary.org/images/events/gabrielvonwayditch.pdf) ", *ExtremelyHungary.org*. At [http://extremelyhungary.org/events.php?id\=20](http://extremelyhungary.org/events.php?id=20) ."[Wayditch, Gabriel von](http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314281.001.0001/acref-9780195314281-e-8821?rskey=yxLB7n&result=4)", *OxfordReference.com*. a harsh critic of contemporary music who later wrote a frequently\-referenced anti\-contemporary music polemic, *The Agony of Modern Music*. However, that performance of *Horus* was included by [Nicolas Slonimsky](/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky "Nicolas Slonimsky") in his compendium of significant musical events of the 20th century, *Music Since 1900*.Slonimsky, Nicolas . *Music Since 1900*, . .
In the 1940s, Wayditch composed another four large scale operas, still with no promise of eventual performance. In the 1950s, he served as the pianist for the Morningside Trio, which concertized throughout New York City, and also taught music lessons at a studio near his apartment. Despite his abilities as a pianist, Wayditch never composed any additional compositions for the piano and apart from two songs for voice and piano and a quintet arrangement, *Lullaby*, derived from his 1925 opera *Mária Testvér*, he composed no chamber music. For the next 20 years, the only other composition he worked on for the remainder of his life was a massive eight\-hour\-long opera, *Eretnekek* (*The Heretics*), for which he completed a piano\-vocal score. Wayditch died while writing out the 2,850th page of the orchestral score for that work. Still, *The Heretics* is cited in the *Guinness Book of World Records* as the longest opera ever written."[Longest Opera](http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/11000/longest-opera)", *GuinnessWorldRecords.com*. Accessed: May 31, 2014\.[Oteri, Frank J.](/wiki/Frank_J._Oteri "Frank J. Oteri") "[Finding a Home for the Longest Opera Ever Written](http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Finding-a-Home-for-the-Longest-Opera-Ever-Written/)", *NewMusicBox.org*.
Though Wayditch's prodigious output was practically unknown during his lifetime, there has been some interest in his music over the past decades. Two of his early operas – *The Caliph's Magician* (1917\) and *Jesus Before Herod* (1918\) – were released on LP recordings by Musical Heritage Society in the 1970s. The former featured the orchestra, chorus and soloists of the Budapest Opera conducted by András Kórodi, and was sung using Wayditch's original Hungarian text. The latter was sung in an English translation in a production featuring the San Diego Symphony Orchestra and Chorus conducted by Peter Eros. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir sang Wayditch's Prayer from *Maria Testver* on a nationally televised broadcast. In 1984, on the fifteenth anniversary of his death, all of the commercially released recordings of Wayditch's music along with private recordings of excerpts and extracts from other works were featured in the Gabriel von Wayditch Memorial Broadcast aired on WKCR\-FM, the radio station of Columbia University. In the 1990s, the three MHS LPs were re\-issued in a 2 CD package by VAI."[CDs: The Caliph's Magician \& Jesus Before Herod (von Wayditch)](http://www.vaimusic.com/CD/1095.htm)", *VaiMusic.com*. In October 2009, the Hungarian Culture Center mounted a presentation about Wayditch at the Brooklyn Museum featuring a performance of *Reminscences from Opium Dreams* by pianist [Lloyd Arriola](/wiki/Lloyd_Arriola "Lloyd Arriola"), a short ballet featuring excerpts from the two recorded operas, and a talk by Frank J. Oteri, who wrote the entry on Gabriel von Wayditch for the *Revised New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*.
| What might be some reasons why 'The Heretics' remains largely unknown to the public? | true | [
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1901 China expedition commemorative medal | eszpugvm2t3vhn34e5gvsyya0ew1pmz | 1 | Award statute | Award statute
-------------
The 1901 China expedition commemorative medal was awarded by the [President of the French Republic](/wiki/President_of_the_French_Republic "President of the French Republic"), based on the recommendation of the minister under which the potential recipient served, to all officers, sailors and soldiers having participated in the French expedition to China during the following time periods:
* for the personnel under the War Department, to all those who served in China between 30 June 1900 and 8 August 1901;
* for the personnel under the Navy Department,
+ concerning members of crews, to those who were in service in theater between 30 May 1900 and 31 December 1901 who received an indemnity for service in China;
+ concerning officers, military functionaries or agents that did not figure on crew rosters, to those who received an indemnity for service in China covered in the decree of 4 August 1900 or an indemnity for expenses granted prior to 1 September 1900, in accordance with the order of the admiral commander in chief of the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East") naval division.
It was also awarded, on the recommendation of the Minister for External Affairs, to the French civilians who took part in the defence of the [legations](/wiki/Legations "Legations") in Peking.
The law of 15 April 1904 added as potential recipients of the 1901 China expedition commemorative medal, the officers, sailors and soldiers, destined to take part in the expedition, who disembarked in the [Tonkin](/wiki/Tonkin "Tonkin") between 30 June 1900 and 8 August 1901 on the condition they did not already receive the [Colonial Medal](/wiki/Colonial_Medal "Colonial Medal") for the same time period.
| How did the Medal Committee determine which civilians to award the medal to? | true | [
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Kedushah (prayer) | kzgqzb1icbzqylmdsvceengonc5pnuy | 4 | Sources and history | Sources and history
-------------------
*Kedushah* is mentioned in several sources from the Talmudic period. The earliest source is the [Tosefta](/wiki/Tosefta "Tosefta"), which says:
[Judah bar Ilai](/wiki/Judah_bar_Ilai "Judah bar Ilai") would answer with the blesser: 'Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Hosts; the entire world is full of His honor' and 'Blessed is the honor of the Lord from His place'.Tosefta Brachot 1:11
The Talmud states that the [Great Assembly](/wiki/Great_Assembly "Great Assembly") established "blessings, prayers, *kedushot*, and *havdalot*",Brachot 33a but [Rashi](/wiki/Rashi "Rashi") argues that the word "*kedushot*" here refers to [kiddush](/wiki/Kiddush "Kiddush") rather than to *Kedushah*. [Hekhalot Rabbati](/wiki/Hekhalot_literature "Hekhalot literature") describes the angels praising God using the verses Isaiah 6:3, Ezekiel 3:12, Psalms 146:10; and the Jewish people reciting the verses "in *[Shacharit](/wiki/Shacharit "Shacharit")* and *[Mincha](/wiki/Mincha "Mincha")*".Hekhalot Rabbati 10:5 Similarly, the Talmud describes the angels reciting Isaiah 6:3 and Ezekiel 3:12, and Jews reciting at least the first of those verses:
Three groups of ministering angels say song each day; one says 'Holy', one says 'Holy', one says 'Holy is the Lord of hosts'. ... The ministering angels do not say song above until Israel says it below ... But there is \[also the verse] 'Blessed'! \- It is \[a different group of angels, the] *ofanim*, who say \[that verse]...[Chullin 91b](https://www.sefaria.org/Chullin.91b.14?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en)
The accepted custom was to recite *Kedushah* in every *Shacharit* and *Mincha* Amidah repetition. However, Jews of the [Land of Israel](/wiki/Land_of_Israel "Land of Israel") in this period only recited the Kedushah of the Amidah on special days \- either [Shabbat](/wiki/Shabbat "Shabbat"),[Tosafot](/wiki/Tosafot "Tosafot") Sanhedrin 37b (s.v. *mikanaf*) in the name of the [geonim](/wiki/Geonim "Geonim") or on any day Mussaf is recited as well as [Hanukkah](/wiki/Hanukkah "Hanukkah").[Soferim](/wiki/Soferim_%28Talmud%29 "Soferim (Talmud)") 20:5; *Kobetz Hitzei Giborim \- Pleitat Sofrim* 10 ([Nisan](/wiki/Nisan "Nisan") 2017\), p. 263, text: לפי שבארץ ישראל בזמן הקדום לא היו אומרים קדושה בימות החול, אלא בשבת ויום טוב ור"ח וחנוכה בלבד, see also footnote 4 Similarly, they recited the Kedushah of Yotzer Ohr only on such special occasions,[Ezra Fleischer](/wiki/Ezra_Fleischer "Ezra Fleischer"), *HaYotzrot beHithavyutan veHitpatchutan* (Jerusalem, 1984\), p. 7 and some communities may not have recited it at all.Ezra Fleischer, לתפוצתן של קדושת העמידה והיוצר במנהגות התפילה של ארץ ישראל, *Tarbitz* 38:266
| How does Kedushah relate to other aspects of Jewish worship and tradition? | true | [
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Atlantic Community | olu5xzj37vm62c805cyzwozy94mke30 | 4 | Sources | Sources
-------
* [Women on Transatlantic Security](http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_75884.htm%20), *NATO* News June 30, 2011
* [Broadening the Security Debate \- Transatlantic Issues](http://www.worldpolicy.org/events/broadening-security-debate-transatlantic-issues) *World Policy Institute*, February 8, 2011,
* [Game, Reset and Good Match?](http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2010/Lisbon-Summit/Russia-Survey/EN/), *NATO Review*, April 2010
* [The Wiki Way to Create Change in Global Politics](http://www.atlantic-community.org/index/articles/view/The_Wiki_Way_to_Create_Change_in_Global_Politics) Atlantic Community, February 23, 2010
* [Johannes Bohnen](https://archive.today/20130210183522/http://www.bmw-stiftung.de/en/spotlight/item/id/30) *BMW Stiftung*
**German\-language publications**
* [Das sind die besten Denkfabriken der Welt](https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/karriere/junge-profis/article13337866/Das-sind-die-besten-Denkfabriken-der-Welt.html), *Die Welt*, May 4, 2011
* [Die Nutzwerker](http://www.brandeins.de/archiv/magazin/beziehungswirtschaft/artikel/die-nutzwerker.html), *brand eins*, July 2010
* [Was genau ist die Atlantische Initiative?](http://www.bild.de/politik/2010/soldat/was-verbirgt-sich-dahinter-12764956.bild.html), *BILD*, July 22, 2010
* [Denkfabrik 2\.0](https://www.faz.net/s/RubE4DBC2864515412C86EF6C0402B6929F/Doc~E2A9637F97FEB411C8DA15E4DC603AFC3~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html), *Frankfurter Allgemeine hochschulanzeiger*, November 16, 2009
* [Ein "Facebook" fuer Aussenpolitik?](https://www.faz.net/artikel/C31325/open-think-tank-ein-facebook-fuer-aussenpolitik-30150819.html), *Frankfurter Allgemeine*, February 26, 2009
| What are some potential drawbacks or criticisms of using wiki-style projects for change? | true | [
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Tunable metamaterial | du9l3pd9fkdonf22kfp8xfuz026cfc5 | 18 | Frequency selective surface based metamaterials | Frequency selective surface based metamaterials
-----------------------------------------------
**[Frequency selective surfaces](/wiki/Frequency_selective_surfaces "Frequency selective surfaces")** (*FSS*) has become an alternative to the fixed frequency [metamaterial](/wiki/Metamaterial "Metamaterial") where static [geometries](/wiki/Geometry "Geometry") and spacings of [unit cells](/wiki/Split-ring_resonator "Split-ring resonator") determine the [frequency response](/wiki/Frequency_response "Frequency response") of a given metamaterial. Because arrayed unit cells maintain static positions throughout operation, a new set of [geometrical](/wiki/Geometrical "Geometrical") shapes and spacings would have to be embedded in a newly fabricated material for each different radiated [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") and [response](/wiki/Frequency_response "Frequency response"). Instead, FSS based metamaterials allow for optional changes of frequencies in a single [medium](/wiki/Transmission_medium "Transmission medium") (metamaterial) rather than a restriction to a fixed frequency response.
Frequency selective surfaces can be fabricated as [planar](/wiki/Plane_%28geometry%29 "Plane (geometry)") 2\-dimensional [periodic arrays](/wiki/Periodic_function "Periodic function") of [metallic](/wiki/Metal "Metal") elements with specific [geometrical](/wiki/Geometrical "Geometrical") shapes, or can be [periodic apertures](/wiki/Periodic_function "Periodic function") in a metallic screen. The transmission and [reflection coefficients](/wiki/Reflection_coefficient "Reflection coefficient") for these surfaces are dependent on the [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency") of operation and may also depend on the [polarization](/wiki/Polarization_%28waves%29 "Polarization (waves)") and the angle of the transmitted electromagnetic wave striking the material or [angle of incidence](/wiki/Refraction "Refraction"). The versatility of these structures are shown when having frequency bands at which a given FSS is [completely opaque](/wiki/Opacity_%28optics%29 "Opacity (optics)") ([stopbands](/wiki/Stopband "Stopband")) and other bands at which the same surface allows [wave transmission](/wiki/Wave "Wave").
An example of where this alternative is highly advantageous is in [deep space](/wiki/Outer_space "Outer space") or with a [satellite](/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") or [telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope") in [orbit](/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit"). The expense of regular [space missions](/wiki/Space_mission "Space mission") to access a single piece of equipment for tuning and maintenance would be prohibitive. [Remote tuning](/wiki/Remote_sensing "Remote sensing"), in this case, is advantageous.
FSS was first developed to control the [transmission](/wiki/Transmission_coefficient "Transmission coefficient") and [reflection](/wiki/Reflection_coefficient "Reflection coefficient") characteristics of an incident [radiation wave](/wiki/Light "Light"). This has resulted in smaller [cell size](/wiki/Split-ring_resonator "Split-ring resonator") along with increases in [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29 "Bandwidth (signal processing)") and the capability to shift [frequencies](/wiki/Frequencies "Frequencies") in real time for [artificial materials](/wiki/Metamaterial "Metamaterial").
This type of structure can be used to create a metamaterial surface with the intended application of artificial magnetic conductors or applications for [boundary conditions](/wiki/Boundary_%28thermodynamic%29 "Boundary (thermodynamic)"). Another application is as [stopband](/wiki/Stopband "Stopband") device for [surface wave](/wiki/Surface_wave "Surface wave") propagation along the interface. This is because surface waves are a created as a consequence of an interface between two media having dissimilar [refractive indices](/wiki/Refractive_indices "Refractive indices"). Depending on the application of the system that includes the two media, there may be a need to attenuate surface waves or utilize them.
An FSS based metamaterial employs a (miniature) model of equivalent [LC circuitry](/wiki/LC_circuit "LC circuit"). At low [frequencies](/wiki/Frequencies "Frequencies") the physics of the interactions is essentially defined by the LC [model analysis](/wiki/Electromagnetic_modeling "Electromagnetic modeling") and [numerical simulation](/wiki/Numerical_simulation "Numerical simulation"). This is also known as the static LC model. At higher frequencies the static LC concepts become unavailable. This is due to dependence on [phasing](/wiki/Phasing "Phasing"). When the FSS is engineered for [electromagnetic band\-gap](/wiki/Metamaterial "Metamaterial") ([EBG](/wiki/Metamaterial "Metamaterial")) characteristics, the FSS is designed to enlarge its stopband properties in relation to [dispersive](/wiki/Dispersion_relation "Dispersion relation"), surface wave (SW) frequencies (microwave and radio frequencies). Furthermore, as an EBG it is designed to reduce its dependence on the propagating direction of the surface wave traveling across the surface (interface).
### Artificial magnetic conductors and High impedance surfaces
A type of FSS based [metamaterial](/wiki/Metamaterial "Metamaterial") has the interchangeable nomenclature *Artificial Magnetic Conductor* (AMC) or *High Impedance Surface* (HIS). The HIS, or AMC, is an artificial, metallic, [electromagnetic](/wiki/EM_radiation "EM radiation") structure. The structure is designed to be selective in supporting surface wave currents, different from conventional metallic conductors. It has applications for microwave circuits and antennas.
As an [antenna](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 "Antenna (radio)") ground plane it suppresses the [propagation](/wiki/Wave_propagation "Wave propagation") of [surface waves](/wiki/Surface_waves "Surface waves"), and deployed as an improvement over the flat metal sheet as a [ground plane](/wiki/Ground_plane "Ground plane"), or reflector. Hence, this strategy tends to upgrade the performance of the selected antenna.
Strong surface waves of sufficient strength, which propagate on the metal ground plane will reach the edge and propagate into [free space](/wiki/Free_space "Free space"). This creates a [multi\-path interference](/wiki/Interference_%28wave_propagation%29 "Interference (wave propagation)"). In contrast the HIS surface suppresses the propagation of surface waves. Furthermore, control of the [radio frequency](/wiki/Radio_frequency "Radio frequency") or [microwave](/wiki/Microwave "Microwave") radiation pattern is efficiently increased, and [mutual coupling](/wiki/Mutual_coupling "Mutual coupling") between antennas is also reduced.
When employing conventional ground planes as the experimental control, the HIS surface exhibits a smoother radiation pattern, an increase in the [gain](/wiki/Gain_%28electronics%29 "Gain (electronics)") of the [main lobe](/wiki/Main_lobe "Main lobe"), a decrease in undesirable return radiation, and a decrease in mutual coupling. See: "*Application of High Impedance Electromagnetic Surface to Archimedean Planner Spiral Antenna*," *[Microwave and Optical Technology Letters](/wiki/Microwave_and_Optical_Technology_Letters "Microwave and Optical Technology Letters")*, January 2007, p. 129\.
### Description
An HIS, or AMC, can be described as a type of [electromagnetic band gap](/wiki/Metamaterial%23Bandgap "Metamaterial#Bandgap") (EBG) material or a type of synthetic composite that is intentionally structured with a [magnetic](/wiki/Magnetic "Magnetic") conductor surface for an allotted, but defined range of [frequencies](/wiki/Frequencies "Frequencies"). AMC, or HIS structures often emerge from an engineered periodic [dielectric](/wiki/Dielectric "Dielectric") base along with [metallization](/wiki/Metallizing "Metallizing") patterns designed for microwave and [radio frequencies](/wiki/Radio_frequencies "Radio frequencies"). The [metalization](/wiki/Metallizing "Metallizing") pattern is usually determined by the intended application of the AMC or HIS structure. Furthermore, two inherent notable properties, which cannot be found in natural materials, have led to a significant number of microwave circuit applications.
First, AMC or HIS surfaces are designed to have an allotted set of frequencies over which [electromagnetic surface waves](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29 "Antenna (radio)") and currents will not be allowed to [propagate](/wiki/Wave_propagation "Wave propagation"). These materials are then both beneficial and practical as antenna [ground planes](/wiki/Ground_plane "Ground plane"), small flat [signal processing filters](/wiki/Filter_%28signal_processing%29%23Terminology "Filter (signal processing)#Terminology"), or filters as part of [waveguide](/wiki/Waveguide "Waveguide") structures. For example, AMC surfaces as antenna ground planes are able to effectively attenuate undesirable wave fluctuations, or undulations, while producing good radiation patterns. This is because the material can suppress surface [wave propagation](/wiki/Wave_propagation "Wave propagation") within the prescribed range of forbidden frequencies.
Second, AMC surfaces have very high surface impedance within a specific [frequency range](/wiki/Frequency_range "Frequency range"), where the tangential magnetic field is small, even with a large electric field along the surface. Therefore, an AMC surface can have a reflection coefficient of \+1\.
In addition, the reflection phase of incident light is part of the AMC and HIS tool box.When light goes from one medium (n\-1\) to another (n\-2\), the reflected light at that interface undergoes a phase change as follows: if n\-1 \< n\-2 there is a 180 degree phase change. However, if n\-1 \> n\-2: no phase change. The phase of the reflected [electric field](/wiki/Electric_field "Electric field") has [normal incidence](/wiki/Normal_incidence "Normal incidence") the same phase of the electric field impinging at the interface of the reflecting surface. The variation of the reflection phase is continuous between \+180◦ and −180◦ relative to the frequency. Zero is crossed at one [frequency](/wiki/Frequency "Frequency"), where [resonance](/wiki/Resonance "Resonance") occurs. A notable characteristic is that the useful [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28signal_processing%29 "Bandwidth (signal processing)") of an AMC is generally defined as \+90◦ to −90◦ on either side of the central frequency. Thus, due to this unusual boundary condition, in contrast to the case of a conventional metal [ground plane](/wiki/Ground_plane "Ground plane"), an AMC surface can function as a new type of ground plane for low\-profile wire antennas ([wireless communication systems](/wiki/Wireless_communication "Wireless communication")). For example, even though a horizontal wire antenna is extremely close to an AMC surface, the current on the antenna and its [image current](/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29%23Effect_of_ground "Antenna (radio)#Effect of ground") on the ground plane are in\-phase, rather than out\-of phase, thereby strengthening the radiation.
Free PDF download.
Free PDF download.
### AMC as an FSS band gap
[thumb\|200px\|*Top image* \- circuit board. The structure consists of a lattice of metal plates, connected to a solid metal sheet by vertical conducting [vias](/wiki/Via_%28electronics%29 "Via (electronics)").](/wiki/File:Sievenpiper-1999-_High-Impedance-_electromagnetic-surfaces.png "Sievenpiper-1999- High-Impedance- electromagnetic-surfaces.png")
*Bottom image* \- Looking down on top of the high\-impedance surface, showing a triangular lattice of hexagonal metal plates. The configuration creates a capacitive and inductive surface. It can be utilized as band gap material at prescribed frequencies. It is also designed to enhance antenna operation as a novel periodic material.
Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) materials can be utilized as [band gap](/wiki/Band_gap "Band gap") material in the [surface wave](/wiki/Surface_wave "Surface wave") domain, at [microwave](/wiki/Microwave "Microwave") and [radio frequency](/wiki/Radio_frequency "Radio frequency") wavelengths. Support of surface waves is a given property of [metals](/wiki/Metal "Metal"). These are propagating [electromagnetic](/wiki/Electromagnetism "Electromagnetism") waves that are bound to the interface between the metal surface and the air. Surface [plasmons](/wiki/Plasmon "Plasmon") occur at optical frequencies, but at microwave frequencies, they are the normal currents that occur on any [electrical conductor](/wiki/Electrical_conductor "Electrical conductor"). At radio frequencies, the fields associated with surface waves can extend thousands of wavelengths into the surrounding space, and they are often best described as surface currents. They can be modeled from the viewpoint of an effective dielectric constant, or an effective surface impedance.
For example, a flat [metal](/wiki/Metal "Metal") sheet always has low surface [impedance](/wiki/Electrical_impedance "Electrical impedance"). However, by incorporating a special texture on a [conducting](/wiki/Conducting "Conducting") surface, a specially designed [geometry](/wiki/Geometry "Geometry"), it is possible to [engineer](/wiki/Engineer "Engineer") a high surface impedance and alter its [electromagnetic\-radio\-frequency properties](/wiki/Radio_frequency "Radio frequency"). The protrusions are arranged in a two dimensional [lattice](/wiki/Lattice_model_%28physics%29 "Lattice model (physics)") structure, and can be visualized as thumbtacks protruding from the surface.
Because the protrusions are [fractionally](/wiki/Fraction_%28mathematics%29 "Fraction (mathematics)") smaller than the [operating wavelength](/wiki/EM_radiation "EM radiation"), the structure can be described using an [effective medium model](/wiki/Effective_medium_model "Effective medium model"), and the electromagnetic properties can be described using [lumped\-circuit elements](/wiki/Lumped_element_model "Lumped element model") ([capacitors](/wiki/Capacitor "Capacitor") and [inductors](/wiki/Inductor "Inductor")). They behave as a network of [parallel resonant LC circuits](/wiki/LC_circuit "LC circuit"), which act as a two\-dimensional electric filter to block the flow of currents along the sheet.
This structure can then serve as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC), because of its high surface impedance within a certain frequency range. In addition, as an artificial magnetic conductor it has a forbidden frequency band, over which surface waves and currents cannot propagate. Therefore, AMC surfaces have good radiation patterns without unwanted ripples based on suppressing the surface wave propagation within the band gap frequency range.
The surface impedance is derived from the ratio of the electric field at the surface to the magnetic field at the surface, which extends far into the metal beyond the skin depth. When a texture is applied to the metal surface, the surface impedance is altered, and its surface [wave](/wiki/Wave "Wave") properties are changed. At low frequencies, it is [inductive](/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction "Electromagnetic induction"), and supports transverse\-magnetic (TM) waves. At high frequencies, it is capacitive, and supports transverse electric (TE) waves. Near the *LC* [resonance](/wiki/Resonance "Resonance") frequency, the surface impedance is very high. In this region, waves are not bound to the surface. Instead, they radiate into the surrounding [space](/wiki/Free_space "Free space").
A high\-impedance surface was fabricated as a printed circuit board. The structure consists of a triangular lattice of hexagonal metal plates, connected to a solid metal sheet by vertical conducting [vias](/wiki/Via_%28electronics%29 "Via (electronics)").
| Does the arrangement of protrusions on the surface affect its electromagnetic properties? | true | [
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Fergus McNeill | b0z3h8kcc7654b8qztjj89ctw4ezuj7 | 1 | Background | Background
----------
McNeill, born in 1969,[Heroes Centre](http://www.heroescentre.co.uk/hall-of-fame/entertainment/entertainment-fergus-mcneill/) , Award\-winning interactive entertainment developer \& Author. grew up in Scotland, living in [Helensburgh](/wiki/Helensburgh "Helensburgh")[The Lochside Press](https://thelochsidepress.com/2013/02/13/key-figure-in-games-industry-backs-heroes-project/), Key figure in games industry backs Heroes project and later in [Fintry](/wiki/Fintry "Fintry"). When he was 11, his family moved to [Hampshire](/wiki/Hampshire "Hampshire"), England, where he attended [Swanmore Secondary School](/wiki/Swanmore_Secondary_School "Swanmore Secondary School"). Whilst there, he wrote his first games, which attracted coverage in the specialist computer press,*Micro Adventurer* Magazine, issue 17 and this led to him abandoning college plans in order to pursue a full\-time career in the games industry.
| How does Fergus McNeill's upbringing influence his career choices? | true | [
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Dhaka University Film Society | 8nocwg75wb1g2aqkp3u6jigoksu8p0n | 0 | Introduction |
**Dhaka University Film Society** (in short DUFS) is a voluntary organization affiliated with the Dhaka University Central Students Union (DUCSU) at [University of Dhaka](/wiki/University_of_Dhaka "University of Dhaka"). It is registered under the Film Societies Act 2011 and a member of Federation of Film Societies, Bangladesh (FFSB). DUFS is also registered with the Bangladesh Film Censor Board. DUFS started its journey in 1962 during the Film Society Movement. Since then, the organization’s main mission remains the same, which is to create viewers of good movies with adequate taste. The organization had started its journey with the motto, 'Better Film, Better Viewers'. It took three decades of consistent performance and unremitting handwork of hundreds of film enthusiasts to reach DUFS’s present glorious position.
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Goingback Chiltoskey | omodtccld83blwx5s7ztuj2w4qhg8dw | 0 | Introduction |
* + -
**Goingback Chiltoskey** (April 20, 1907 – November 12, 2000\), also written **Goingback Chiltoskie**, was an [Eastern Band Cherokee](/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians "Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians") woodcarver and model maker, "one of the most celebrated Cherokee woodcarvers of the Craft Revival era."Anna R. Craft, Tim Carstens, and Jason Woolf, ["The Craft Revival Project: Library Leadership in Creating Connections between Small Cultural Institutions"](https://books.google.com/books?id=0i6OAgAAQBAJ&q=Goingback&pg=PA514) in Kwong Bor Ng and Jason Kucsma, eds., *Digitization in the Real World: Lessons Learned from Small and Medium\-sized Digitization Projects* (Lulu.com 2010\): 514\-515\.
| How did Goingback Chiltoskey's occupation impact his community? | true | [
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Alois Ickstadt | 5587xlvui29n1p4guzs0n53s68tzcli | 5 | Recordings | ### Recordings
* Bach: [*Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland*, BWV 62](/wiki/Nun_komm%2C_der_Heiden_Heiland%2C_BWV_62 "Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62"), with [Hildegard Heichele](/wiki/Hildegard_Heichele "Hildegard Heichele"), [Ria Bollen](/wiki/Ria_Bollen "Ria Bollen"); tenor, Heiner Hopfner, [Ernst Gerold Schramm](/wiki/Ernst_Gerold_Schramm "Ernst Gerold Schramm"), Kammerorchester [Alfred Sous](/wiki/Alfred_Sous "Alfred Sous"), Figuralchor des Hessischen Rundfunks (radio, c. 1981\), Melisma 726
* Bach: [Mass in B minor](/wiki/Mass_in_B_minor_structure "Mass in B minor structure"), [Ulrike Sonntag](/wiki/Ulrike_Sonntag "Ulrike Sonntag"), [Alison Browner](/wiki/Alison_Browner "Alison Browner"), [Adalbert Kraus](/wiki/Adalbert_Kraus "Adalbert Kraus"), [Ernst Gerold Schramm](/wiki/Ernst_Gerold_Schramm "Ernst Gerold Schramm") (live recording at [St. Gallus, Flörsheim](/wiki/St._Gallus%2C_Fl%C3%B6rsheim "St. Gallus, Flörsheim"), May 1987\), Melisma.
* Haydn: *[Die Jahreszeiten](/wiki/The_Seasons_%28Haydn%29 "The Seasons (Haydn)")*. F 669 500/01\. [Frankfurter Museumsgesellschaft](/wiki/Frankfurter_Museumsgesellschaft "Frankfurter Museumsgesellschaft"). Frankfurt, 1987\.[Recordings by Alois Ickstadt](https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&reset=true&cqlMode=true&query=auRef%3D134630629&selectedCategory=any) [German National Library](/wiki/German_National_Library "German National Library")
* Bach: *[St John Passion](/wiki/St_John_Passion "St John Passion")*, Sonntag, Browner, Kraus, Schramm, Collegium Instrumentale Alois Kottmann (live recording at St. Gallus, Flörsheim), Opus 27042\. Cappella Wiesbaden 1989
* *Gallus\-Konzerte in der Barockkirche zu Flörsheim am Main*, works by Mozart, Mendelssohn, [Joseph Rheinberger](/wiki/Joseph_Rheinberger "Joseph Rheinberger") and others. Opus 27035\. Cappella Wiesbaden 1989
* Zemlinsky: *[Der Traumgörge](/wiki/Der_Traumg%C3%B6rge "Der Traumgörge")*. Capriccio 10 241/42\. Delta Music. Frechen 1989
* *Gallus\-Konzerte Flörsheim am Main*, works by Mozart, [Dieterich Buxtehude](/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude "Dieterich Buxtehude"), Mendelssohn, Bach, Haydn, Rheinberger and others, Sonntag, Browner, Kraus, Schramm (live recording at St. Gallus, Flörsheim, Opus 27042\. Cappella Wiesbaden 1990
* Orff: *[Carmina burana](/wiki/Carmina_Burana_%28Orff%29 "Carmina Burana (Orff)")*, Frankfurter Museumsgesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main 1992\.
* Brahms: *[Zigeunerlieder](/wiki/Zigeunerlieder_%28Brahms%29 "Zigeunerlieder (Brahms)")*, Schwann Musica Mundi 3\-16 16\-2\. Koch International. Munich 1992\.
* Orff: *[Trionfi](/wiki/Trionfi_%28Orff%29 "Trionfi (Orff)")*. Wergo WER 6275\-2\. Schott Wergo Music Media. Mainz 1995[Trionfi / Carl Orff](http://d-nb.info/355424819) [German National Library](/wiki/German_National_Library "German National Library")
* [Andrei Volkonsky](/wiki/Andrei_Volkonsky "Andrei Volkonsky"): *Der 148\. Psalm* and others. Wergo WER 6601\-2\. Schott Wergo Music Media. Mainz 1996\.
* *Gedenk\-Konzert*, works by Brahms, Mendelssohn, [Franz Schubert](/wiki/Franz_Schubert "Franz Schubert"). Melisma 7139/40\-2\. Cappella Wiesbaden 1998
* Brahms: *[Ein deutsches Requiem](/wiki/Ein_deutsches_Requiem "Ein deutsches Requiem")*. Melisma 7177\-2\. Cappella Wiesbaden 2001
* Mendelssohn: *[Elias](/wiki/Elijah_%28oratorio%29 "Elijah (oratorio)")*. Frankfurter Museumsgesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main 2001\.
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Relative Pitch Records | 64xgj5lj1td6xyyu9axzzb6x5qo4aqh | 5 | Relative Pitch Records (RPR) | ### Relative Pitch Records (RPR)
| Cat. Number | Artist | Title | Year |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| RPR1001 | [Joey Baron](/wiki/Joey_Baron "Joey Baron") (with [Bill Frisell](/wiki/Bill_Frisell "Bill Frisell")) | *[Just Listen](/wiki/Just_Listen_%28Joey_Baron_album%29 "Just Listen (Joey Baron album)")* | 2013 |
| RPR1002 | [Joëlle Léandre](/wiki/Jo%C3%ABlle_L%C3%A9andre "Joëlle Léandre") \& Phillip Greenlief | *That Overt Desire Of Object* | 2011 |
| RPR1003 | [Vinny Golia](/wiki/Vinny_Golia "Vinny Golia") Quartet (with [Cline](/wiki/Alex_Cline "Alex Cline"), [Bradford](/wiki/Bobby_Bradford "Bobby Bradford"), [Filiano](/wiki/Ken_Filiano "Ken Filiano")) | *Take Your Time* | 2011 |
| RPR1004 | Aych (Jim Hobbs, [Mary Halvorson](/wiki/Mary_Halvorson "Mary Halvorson"), [Taylor Ho Bynum](/wiki/Taylor_Ho_Bynum "Taylor Ho Bynum")) | *As The Crow Flies* | 2012 |
| RPR1005 | [Michael Bisio](/wiki/Michael_Bisio "Michael Bisio") \& [Matthew Shipp](/wiki/Matthew_Shipp "Matthew Shipp") | *[Floating Ice](/wiki/Floating_Ice "Floating Ice")* | 2012 |
| RPR1006 | Way Out Northwest (Dylan Van Der Schyff, [John Butcher](/wiki/John_Butcher_%28musician%29 "John Butcher (musician)"), Torsten Müller) | *The White Spot* | 2012 |
| RPR1007 | [Urs Leimgruber](/wiki/Urs_Leimgruber "Urs Leimgruber") \& [Roger Turner](/wiki/Roger_Turner_%28musician%29 "Roger Turner (musician)") | *The Pancake Tour* | 2012 |
| RPR1008 | [Joe Morris](/wiki/Joe_Morris_%28guitarist%29 "Joe Morris (guitarist)"), , | *From The Discrete To The Particular* | 2012 |
| RPR1009 | [Jemeel Moondoc](/wiki/Jemeel_Moondoc "Jemeel Moondoc") \& [Connie Crothers](/wiki/Connie_Crothers "Connie Crothers") | *[Two](/wiki/Two_%28Jemeel_Moondoc_album%29 "Two (Jemeel Moondoc album)")* | 2012 |
| RPR1010 | [Joëlle Léandre](/wiki/Jo%C3%ABlle_L%C3%A9andre "Joëlle Léandre") \& Jérôme Bourdellon | *Evidence* | 2013 |
| RPR1011 | [Chris Abrahams](/wiki/Chris_Abrahams "Chris Abrahams") \& Magda Mayas | *Gardener* | 2013 |
| RPR1012 | Book Of Three ([Taylor Ho Bynum](/wiki/Taylor_Ho_Bynum "Taylor Ho Bynum"), John Hébert, [Gerald Cleaver](/wiki/Gerald_Cleaver_%28musician%29 "Gerald Cleaver (musician)")) | *Continuum* | 2013 |
| RPR1013 | Estamos Trio ([Carmina Escobar](/wiki/Carmina_Escobar "Carmina Escobar"), Milo Tamez, [Thollem McDonas](/wiki/Thollem_McDonas "Thollem McDonas")) | *People's Historia* | 2013 |
| RPR1014 | Sifter (Mary Halvorson, Kirk Knuffke, [Matt Wilson](/wiki/Matt_Wilson_%28jazz_drummer%29 "Matt Wilson (jazz drummer)")) | *Sifter* | 2013 |
| RPR1015 | FPR (Frank Gratkowski, Phillip Greenlief, Jon Raskin) | *All At Once* | 2013 |
| RPR1016 | Vinny Golia \& Urs Leimgruber | *Empiricism In The West* | 2013 |
| RPR1017 | Jack Wright \& Ben Wright | *As If Anything Could Be The Same* | 2014 |
| RPR1018 | [Ingrid Laubrock](/wiki/Ingrid_Laubrock "Ingrid Laubrock") \& [Tom Rainey](/wiki/Tom_Rainey "Tom Rainey") | *And Other Desert Towns* | 2014 |
| RPR1019 | [Paul Flaherty](/wiki/Paul_Flaherty_%28musician%29 "Paul Flaherty (musician)") \& Randall Colbourne | *Ironic Havoc* | 2014 |
| RPR1020 | [Greg Cohen](/wiki/Greg_Cohen "Greg Cohen") | *Golden State* | 2014 |
| RPR1021 | Bogan Ghost (Anthea Caddy, [Liz Allbee](/wiki/Liz_Allbee "Liz Allbee")) | *Zerfall* | 2014 |
| RPR1022 | Matthew Shipp Trio (with Michael Bisio, [Whit Dickey](/wiki/Whit_Dickey "Whit Dickey")) | *[Root of Things](/wiki/Root_of_Things "Root of Things")* | 2014 |
| RPR1023 | Stephen Gauci / Kirk Knuffke / [Ken Filiano](/wiki/Ken_Filiano "Ken Filiano") | *Chasing Tales* | 2014 |
| RPR1024 | [Evan Parker](/wiki/Evan_Parker "Evan Parker") \& [Sylvie Courvoisier](/wiki/Sylvie_Courvoisier "Sylvie Courvoisier") | *[Either Or And](/wiki/Either_Or_And "Either Or And")* | 2014 |
| RPR1025 | [Mary Halvorson](/wiki/Mary_Halvorson "Mary Halvorson") (with [Opsvik](/wiki/Eivind_Opsvik "Eivind Opsvik"), Fujiwara, [Speed](/wiki/Chris_Speed "Chris Speed")) | *Reverse Blue* | 2014 |
| RPR1026 | Jemeel Moondoc (with Shipp, [Campbell](/wiki/Roy_Campbell_Jr. "Roy Campbell Jr."), [Swell](/wiki/Steve_Swell "Steve Swell"), Greene, [Baker](/wiki/Newman_Taylor_Baker "Newman Taylor Baker")) | *[The Zookeeper's House](/wiki/The_Zookeeper%27s_House "The Zookeeper's House")* | 2014 |
| RPR1027 | Michel Doneda | *Everybody Digs Michel Doneda* | 2014 |
| RPR1028 | Tomas Fujiwara Trio (with Brandon Seabrook, [Ralph Alessi](/wiki/Ralph_Alessi "Ralph Alessi")) | *Variable Bets* | 2014 |
| RPR1029 | Joe Morris | *Solos Bimhuis* | 2015 |
| RPR1030 | Birgit Ulher \& [Leonel Kaplan](/wiki/Leonel_Kaplan "Leonel Kaplan") | *Stereo Trumpet* | 2015 |
| RPR1031 | | *Battle Pieces* | 2015 |
| RPR1032 | [Susan Alcorn](/wiki/Susan_Alcorn "Susan Alcorn") | *Soledad* | 2015 |
| RPR1033 | Dead Neanderthals (Otto Kokke, René Aquarius) | *Worship The Sun* | 2015 |
| RPR1034 | Leila Bordreuil \& Michael Foster | *The Caustic Ballads* | 2016 |
| RPR1035 | Matthew Shipp Chamber Ensemble (with Michael Bisio, [Mat Maneri](/wiki/Mat_Maneri "Mat Maneri")) | *[The Gospel According to Matthew \& Michael](/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_Matthew_%26_Michael "The Gospel According to Matthew & Michael")* | 2015 |
| RPR1036 | [Matana Roberts](/wiki/Matana_Roberts "Matana Roberts") | *[Always](/wiki/Always_%28Matana_Roberts_album%29 "Always (Matana Roberts album)")* | 2015 |
| RPR1037 | Mette Rasmussen \& [Chris Corsano](/wiki/Chris_Corsano "Chris Corsano") | *All The Ghosts At Once* | 2015 |
| RPR1038 | [Jessica Pavone](/wiki/Jessica_Pavone "Jessica Pavone") | *Silent Spills* | 2016 |
| RPR1039 | Pulverize The Sound ([Mike Pride](/wiki/Mike_Pride_%28musician%29 "Mike Pride (musician)"), [Peter Evans](/wiki/Peter_Evans_%28musician%29 "Peter Evans (musician)"), [Tim Dahl](/wiki/Tim_Dahl "Tim Dahl")) | *Pulverize The Sound* | 2015 |
| RPR1040 | Michael Bisio | *Accortet* | 2015 |
| RPR1041 | [Thollem](/wiki/Thollem_McDonas "Thollem McDonas") / Wimberly / [Cline](/wiki/Nels_Cline "Nels Cline") | *Radical Empathy* | 2015 |
| RPR1042 | Fujiwara / [Goldberg](/wiki/Ben_Goldberg "Ben Goldberg") / Halvorson | *The Out Louds* | 2016 |
| RPR1043 | Michael Bisio \& Kirk Knuffke | *Row For William O.* | 2016 |
| RPR1044 | Corsano / Courvoisier / Wooley | *Salt Task* | 2016 |
| RPR1045 | Sylvie Courvoisier \& Mary Halvorson | *Crop Circles* | 2016 |
| RPR1046 | Mazur / Neuringer | *Diachronic Paths* | 2016 |
| RPR1047 | Jemeel Moondoc \& Hilliard Greene | *[Cosmic Nickelodeon](/wiki/Cosmic_Nickelodeon "Cosmic Nickelodeon")* | 2016 |
| RPR1048 | Ingrid Laubrock \& Tom Rainey | *Buoyancy* | 2016 |
| RPR1049 | Catherine Sikora | *Jersey* | 2016 |
| RPR1050 | Joe Morris | *Shock Axis* | 2016 |
| RPR1051 | Perch, Hen, Brock, Rain ([Ab Baars](/wiki/Ab_Baars "Ab Baars"), [Ig Henneman](/wiki/Ig_Henneman "Ig Henneman"), [Ingrid Laubrock](/wiki/Ingrid_Laubrock "Ingrid Laubrock"), [Tom Rainey](/wiki/Tom_Rainey "Tom Rainey")) | *Live @ The Jazz Happening Tampere* | 2016 |
| RPR1052 | Forebrace (Alex Ward, Jem Doulton, Roberto Sassi, Santiago Horro) | *Steeped* | 2016 |
| RPR1053 | [Tristan Honsinger](/wiki/Tristan_Honsinger "Tristan Honsinger") / Nicolas Caloia / Joshua Zubot | *In The Sea* | 2017 |
| RPR1054 | Thollem \& [Mazurek](/wiki/Rob_Mazurek "Rob Mazurek") | *Blind Curves And Box Canyons* | 2017 |
| RPR1055 | JR3 (Jan Roder, Olaf Rupp, [Rudi Mahall](/wiki/Rudi_Mahall "Rudi Mahall")) | *Happy Jazz* | 2017 |
| RPR1056 | [John Butcher](/wiki/John_Butcher_%28musician%29 "John Butcher (musician)"), John Edwards, Mark Sanders | *Last Dream Of The Morning* | 2017 |
| RPR1057 | [Christian Lillinger](/wiki/Christian_Lillinger "Christian Lillinger") \& [Tobias Delius](/wiki/Tobias_Delius "Tobias Delius") | *Dicht* | 2017 |
| RPR1058 | Nate Wooley | *Battle Pieces 2* | 2017 |
| RPR1059 | [Fred Van Hove](/wiki/Fred_Van_Hove "Fred Van Hove") \& Roger Turner | *The Corner* | 2017 |
| RPR1060 | Isabelle Duthoit \& Franz Hautzinger | *Lily* | 2017 |
| RPR1061 | Magda Mayas \& [Jim Denley](/wiki/Jim_Denley "Jim Denley") | *Tempe Jetz* | 2017 |
| RPR1062 | Ben Hall's Racehorse Names (with Levin\-Decanini, Morris, Dierker, Dobday, Khoury, Zawadi) | *The New Favorite Thing Called Breathing* | 2018 |
| RPR1063 | Brandon Lopez, Matthew Nelson, Andria Nicodemou, Gerald Cleaver | *The Industry Of Entropy* | 2018 |
| RPR1064 | Kirk Knuffke \& Ben Goldberg | *Uncompahgre* | 2018 |
| RPR1065 | Mark Nauseef (with [Laswell](/wiki/Bill_Laswell "Bill Laswell"), Quintus, Jarvinen, Tadić, [Oxley](/wiki/Tony_Oxley "Tony Oxley"), Thomas, Courvoisier) | *All In All In All* | 2018 |
| RPR1066 | Stephanie Richards | *Fullmoon* | 2018 |
| RPR1067 | [Rudi Mahall](/wiki/Rudi_Mahall "Rudi Mahall") \& [Alexander von Schlippenbach](/wiki/Alexander_von_Schlippenbach "Alexander von Schlippenbach") | *So Far* | 2018 |
| RPR1068 | [Tomeka Reid](/wiki/Tomeka_Reid "Tomeka Reid"), [Kyoko Kitamura](/wiki/Kyoko_Kitamura "Kyoko Kitamura"), Taylor Ho Bynum, Joe Morris | *[Geometry of Caves](/wiki/Geometry_of_Caves "Geometry of Caves")* | 2018 |
| RPR1069 | Flamingo (Adam Pultz Melbye, Chris Heenan, Christian Windfeld, Roy Carroll) | *LOUD* | 2018 |
| RPR1070 | Tatakai Trio (Anders Lindsjö, Martin Küchen, [Raymond Strid](/wiki/Raymond_Strid "Raymond Strid")) | *Happī* | 2018 |
| RPR1071 | Irene Aranda, Johannes Nästesjö, Núria Andorrà | *Inner Core* | 2018 |
| RPR1072 | [Samara Lubelski](/wiki/Samara_Lubelski "Samara Lubelski") \& [Bill Nace](/wiki/Bill_Nace "Bill Nace") | *Samara Lubelski / Bill Nace* | 2018 |
| RPR1073 | Benjamín Vergara, Keefe Jackson, Jim Baker, Phil Sudderberg | *The Hallowed Plant* | 2018 |
| RPR1074 | Paul Rogers, Olaf Rupp, Frank Paul Schubert | *Three Stories About Rain, Sunlight And The Hidden Soil* | 2018 |
| RPR1075 | Fish\-Scale Sunrise (Ab Baars, Joe Williamson, [Kaja Draksler](/wiki/Kaja_Draksler "Kaja Draksler")) | *No Queen Rises* | 2018 |
| RPR1076 | Ingrid Laubrock \& Tom Rainey | *Utter* | 2018 |
| RPR1077 | Michael Foster, [Michael Zerang](/wiki/Michael_Zerang "Michael Zerang"), Katherine Young | *Bind The Hand(s) That Feed* | 2018 |
| RPR1078 | James Brandon Lewis (with [Stewart](/wiki/Luke_Stewart_%28musician%29 "Luke Stewart (musician)"), Crudup III, Pirog, [Branch](/wiki/Jaimie_Branch "Jaimie Branch")) | *An UnRuly Manifesto* | 2019 |
| RPR1079 | Bruce Ackley, [Fred Frith](/wiki/Fred_Frith "Fred Frith"), [Henry Kaiser](/wiki/Henry_Kaiser_%28musician%29 "Henry Kaiser (musician)"), [Aram Shelton](/wiki/Aram_Shelton "Aram Shelton") | *Unexpected Twins* | 2019 |
| RPR1080 | [Guillermo Gregorio](/wiki/Guillermo_Gregorio "Guillermo Gregorio") \& Brandon Lopez | *12 Episodes* | 2019 |
| RPR1081 | Tomeka Reid / Filippo Monico | *[The Mouser](/wiki/The_Mouser "The Mouser")* | 2019 |
| RPR1082 | Jessica Pavone | *In The Action* | 2019 |
| RPR1083 | [Eugene Chadbourne](/wiki/Eugene_Chadbourne "Eugene Chadbourne") \& Henry Kaiser | *Wind Crystals: Guitar Duets By Wadada Leo Smith* | 2019 |
| RPR1084 | Michel Doneda \& [Lê Quan Ninh](/wiki/L%C3%AA_Quan_Ninh "Lê Quan Ninh") | *Thirty Ways To Avoid Talking* | 2019 |
| RPR1085 | Paul Flaherty | *Focused \& Bewildered* | 2019 |
| RPR1086 | [Zeena Parkins](/wiki/Zeena_Parkins "Zeena Parkins") \& [Wobbly](/wiki/Wobbly_%28musician%29 "Wobbly (musician)") | *Triplicates* | 2019 |
| RPR1087 | Steve Baczkowski, Brandon Lopez, Chris Corsano | *Old Smoke* | 2019 |
| RPR1088 | Christine Abdelnour \& Chris Corsano | *Quand Fond La Neige, Où Va Le Blanc?* | 2019 |
| RPR1089 | Udo Schindler \& [Jaap Blonk](/wiki/Jaap_Blonk "Jaap Blonk") | *Hillside Talks* | 2019 |
| RPR1090 | Hook, Line And Sinker (Borghini, [Dörner](/wiki/Axel_D%C3%B6rner "Axel Dörner"), Delius, Honsinger) | *Fishy Business* | 2019 |
| RPR1090EP | Virginia Genta | *Amplified Sopranino Sax* | 2019 |
| RPR1091 | Tipple ([David Watson](/wiki/David_Watson_%28New_Zealand_musician%29 "David Watson (New Zealand musician)"), Frode Gjerstad, [Kevin Norton](/wiki/Kevin_Norton "Kevin Norton")) | *Cartoon Heart* | 2019 |
| RPR1092 | [Masahiko Satoh](/wiki/Masahiko_Satoh "Masahiko Satoh"), [Otomo Yoshihide](/wiki/Otomo_Yoshihide "Otomo Yoshihide"), Roger Turner | *Sea* | 2019 |
| RPR1093 | Ramon Lopez \& Mark Feldman | *Trappist\-1* | 2019 |
| RPR1094 | [Ig Henneman](/wiki/Ig_Henneman "Ig Henneman"), [Jaimie Branch](/wiki/Jaimie_Branch "Jaimie Branch"), [Anne La Berge](/wiki/Anne_La_Berge "Anne La Berge") | *Dropping Stuff And Other Folk Songs* | 2019 |
| RPR1095 | Joanna Mattrey | *Veiled* | 2020 |
| RPR1096 | Kyoko Kitamura, Joe Morris, Tomeka Reid, Taylor Ho Bynum | *[Geometry of Distance](/wiki/Geometry_of_Distance "Geometry of Distance")* | 2019 |
| RPR1097 | Nate Wooley | *Battle Pieces 4* | 2019 |
| RPR1098 | Susan Alcorn, Leila Bordreuil, Ingrid Laubrock | *Bird Meets Wire* | 2021 |
| RPR1099 | Neuringer, Dulberger, Masri | *Dromedaries II* | 2020 |
| RPR1100 | John Blum \& [Jackson Krall](/wiki/Jackson_Krall "Jackson Krall") | *Duplexity* | 2020 |
| RPR1101 | Estamos Trio (Escobar, Tamez, McDonas) | *Dire Warning* | 2020 |
| RPR1102 | Samara Lubelski | *Partial Infinite Sequence* | 2020 |
| RPR1103 | [Tim Berne](/wiki/Tim_Berne "Tim Berne") \& [Nasheet Waits](/wiki/Nasheet_Waits "Nasheet Waits") | *The Coandă Effect* | 2020 |
| RPR1104 | [Peter Brötzmann](/wiki/Peter_Br%C3%B6tzmann "Peter Brötzmann") \& [Fred Lonberg\-Holm](/wiki/Fred_Lonberg-Holm "Fred Lonberg-Holm") | *[Memories of a Tunicate](/wiki/Memories_of_a_Tunicate "Memories of a Tunicate")* | 2020 |
| RPR1105 | Alex Ward | *Frames* | 2020 |
| RPR1106 | Alex Ward Item 4 (with Lisle, Keeffe, Willberg) | *Where We Were* | 2020 |
| RPR1107 | Birgit Ulher \& Franz Hautzinger | *Kleine Trompetenmusik* | 2020 |
| RPR1108 | Brad Henkel \& Jacob Wick | *Lovely Bag You Have* | 2020 |
| RPR1109 | MoE ([Guro Skumsnes Moe](/wiki/Guro_Skumsnes_Moe "Guro Skumsnes Moe") \& Håvard Skaset) with Mette Rasmussen and [Ikuro Takahashi](/wiki/Ikuro_Takahashi "Ikuro Takahashi") | *Painted* | 2020 |
| RPR1110 | gabby fluke\-mogul | *threshold* | 2020 |
| RPR1111 | Susan Alcorn Quintet (with Feldman, Halvorson, [Formanek](/wiki/Michael_Formanek "Michael Formanek"), Sawyer) | *Pedernal* | 2020 |
| RPR1112 | Leap Of Faith (Glynis Lomon, PEK) | *Principles Of An Open Future* | 2020 |
| RPR1113 | Signe Emmeluth | *Hi Hello I'm Signe* | 2021 |
| RPR1114 | [Frode Gjerstad](/wiki/Frode_Gjerstad "Frode Gjerstad") \& Isach Skeidsvoll | *Twenty Fingers* | 2021 |
| RPR1115 | Two Much: Reut Regev \& Igal Foni | *Never Enough* | 2021 |
| RPR1116 | Hermione Johnson | *Tremble* | 2020 |
| RPR1117 | Schubert / [Schlippenbach](/wiki/Alexander_von_Schlippenbach "Alexander von Schlippenbach") / Blume | *Forge* | 2020 |
| RPR1118 | Zeena Parkins, Mette Rasmussen, Ryan Sawyer | *Glass Triangle* | 2021 |
| RPR1119 | Jooklo Trio (David Vanzan, Virginia Genta, Brandon Lopez) | *It Is What It Is* | 2020 |
| RPR1120 | Magda Mayas' Filamental (with Theriot, [A. Davies](/wiki/Angharad_Davies "Angharad Davies"), Caddy, Abdelnour, [Thieke](/wiki/Michael_Thieke "Michael Thieke"), [R. Davies](/wiki/Rhodri_Davies_%28musician%29 "Rhodri Davies (musician)"), Parkins) | *Confluence* | 2021 |
| RPR1121 | Michel Doneda, Frédéric Blondy, Tetsu Saitoh | *Spring Road 16* | 2021 |
| RPR1122 | [Barre Phillips](/wiki/Barre_Phillips "Barre Phillips"), John Butcher, Ståle Liavik Solberg | *We Met \- And Then* | 2021 |
| RPR1123 | López Trio (Brandon López with Cleaver, Baczkowski, and guest Cecilia López) | *Live At Roulette* | 2021 |
| RPR1124 | Liz Allbee | *Rille* | 2021 |
| RPR1125 | Ava Mendoza | *New Spells* | 2021 |
| RPR1126 | Robbie Avenaim, Chris Abrahams, Jim Denley | *Weft* | 2021 |
| RPR1127 | Cranes: Matthias Müller, [Eve Risser](/wiki/Eve_Risser "Eve Risser"), Christian Marien | *Formation \< Deviation* | 2021 |
| RPR1128 | Jessica Pavone | *When No One Around You is There but Nowhere to be Found* | 2022 |
| RPR1129 | Violeta García \& Chris Pitsiokos | *Uanmortaim* | 2021 |
| RPR1130 | Alex Zethson Ensemble (with Larsson, Lindal, Toorell, Bergman, Arapis, Runsteen, Ingves, Agnas, Svensson, Hellgren, Lindström, Zetterberg) | *Some Of Them Were Never Unprepared* | 2021 |
| RPR1131 | Ingrid Laubrock \& Tom Rainey | *Counterfeit Mars* | 2022 |
| RPR1132 | Steph Richards with Joshua White | *Zephyr* | 2021 |
| RPR1133 | Cecilia Lopez | *Red* | 2021 |
| RPR1134 | Gregg Belisle\-Chi Performing The Music Of Tim Berne | *Koi* | 2021 |
| RPR1135 | Cath Roberts \& Olie Brice | *Conduits* | 2022 |
| RPR1136 | Lisa Ullén, Elsa Bergman, Anna Lund | *Space* | 2022 |
| RPR1137 | Masked Pickle (Clara Weil, Olivia Scemama, Tom Malmendier) | *7* | 2022 |
| RPR1138 | Child Of Illusion (Chris Pitsiokos, Susana Santos Silva, Torbjörn Zetterberg) | *Khimaira* | 2022 |
| RPR1139 | Matthew Bourne \& Emil Karlsen | *The Embalmer* | 2022 |
| RPR1140 | Kaluza \& Roder (Anna Kaluza, Jan Roder) | *Am Frankfurter Tor* | 2022 |
| RPR1141 | gabby fluke\-mogul | *Love Songs* | 2022 |
| RPR1142 | Forbes Graham (with Brandon Lopez, Cecilia Lopez) | *Another Day, Another Vector* | 2022 |
| RPR1143 | Joanna Mattrey \& gabby fluke\-mogul | *Oracle* | 2022 |
| RPR1144 | Reid, Kitamura, Bynum, Morris | *Geometry Of Trees* | 2022 |
| RPR1148 | Tamio Shiraishi | *月 (Moon)* | 2022 |
| RPR1149 | Rasmussen / Flaherty / Rowden / Corsano | *Crying in Space* | 2023 |
| RPR1151 | Tristan Kasten\-Krause \& Jessica Pavone | *Images of One* | 2023 |
| RPR1157 | Pulverize The Sound (Pride, Evans, Dahl) | *Black* | 2022 |
| RPR1158 | Kelsey Mines | *Look Like* | 2022 |
| RPR1159 | [Fred Moten](/wiki/Fred_Moten "Fred Moten"), Brandon López, Gerald Cleaver | *Moten / López / Cleaver* | 2022 |
| RPR1160 | Susan Alcorn, Patrick Holmes, Ryan Sawyer | *From Union Pool* | 2023 |
| RPR1161 | Dimitriadis, [Dörner](/wiki/Axel_D%C3%B6rner "Axel Dörner"), Freedman, Parkins, Williams | *BeingFive* | 2022 |
| RPR1179 | Fie Schouten, [Vincent Courtois](/wiki/Vincent_Courtois "Vincent Courtois"), [Guus Janssen](/wiki/Guus_Janssen "Guus Janssen") | *VOSTOK Remote Islands* | 2023 |
| What genre is the music of Child Of Illusion associated with? | true | [
1,
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Thomas Cook & Son | kkes4p6mqzpctwqwvv1ii48wdzgoz5z | 0 | Introduction |
**Thomas Cook \& Son**, originally simply **Thomas Cook**, was a company founded by [Thomas Cook](/wiki/Thomas_Cook "Thomas Cook"), a cabinet\-maker, in 1841 to carry [temperance](/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom "Temperance movement in the United Kingdom") supporters by railway between the cities of [Leicester](/wiki/Leicester "Leicester"), [Nottingham](/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"), [Derby](/wiki/Derby "Derby") and [Birmingham](/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham"). In 1851, Cook arranged transport to the [Great Exhibition of 1851](/wiki/Great_Exhibition_of_1851 "Great Exhibition of 1851"). He organised his first tours to Europe in 1855 and to the United States in 1866\.
In 1865, the founder's son John Mason Cook began working for the company full\-time. In 1871, he became a partner, and the name of the company was changed to Thomas Cook \& Son. The company was [nationalised](/wiki/Nationalised "Nationalised") in 1948, along with the railways, becoming part of the [British Transport Commission](/wiki/British_Transport_Commission "British Transport Commission"). After de\-nationalisation in 1972, it was acquired by a consortium of [Trust House Forte](/wiki/Trust_House_Forte "Trust House Forte"), [Midland Bank](/wiki/Midland_Bank "Midland Bank") and [the Automobile Association](/wiki/The_Automobile_Association "The Automobile Association"), then subsequently bought by [Westdeutsche Landesbank](/wiki/WestLB "WestLB") in 1992\.
In 2001, it was acquired by the German company C\&N Touristic AG, which changed its name to [Thomas Cook AG](/wiki/Thomas_Cook_AG "Thomas Cook AG"), which then merged with MyTravel Group to become [Thomas Cook Group](/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Group "Thomas Cook Group") in 2007 and collapsed in 2019\. The brand was relaunched as [Thomas Cook Tourism](/wiki/Thomas_Cook_Tourism "Thomas Cook Tourism") in 2020\.
| What are some key factors that contributed to the collapse of Thomas Cook Group? | true | [
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Testolactone | gnp1ch8vhzweiysyhi8cxh0ig0hy1xs | 0 | Introduction |
**Testolactone** (, ) (brand name **Teslac**) is a [non\-selective](/wiki/Binding_selectivity "Binding selectivity"), [irreversible](/wiki/Irreversible_inhibitor "Irreversible inhibitor"), [steroidal](/wiki/Steroid "Steroid") [aromatase inhibitor](/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor "Aromatase inhibitor") which is used as an [antineoplastic drug](/wiki/Antineoplastic_drug "Antineoplastic drug") to treat advanced\-stage [breast cancer](/wiki/Breast_cancer "Breast cancer").[Testolactone](http://www.drugbank.ca/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=DB00894.txt) at DrugBank.ca
The drug was discontinued in 2008 and is no longer available for medical use.
| What are the side effects of Testolactone? | true | [
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1989 NBL season | 31rlw6r7cw4g9wivfkau3lb3ilr5n44 | 32 | NBL awards | NBL awards
----------
* **Most Valuable Player:** [Scott Fisher](/wiki/Scott_Fisher_%28basketball%29 "Scott Fisher (basketball)"), [North Melbourne Giants](/wiki/North_Melbourne_Giants "North Melbourne Giants")
* **Most Valuable Player Grand Final:** Scott Fisher, [North Melbourne Giants](/wiki/North_Melbourne_Giants "North Melbourne Giants")
* **Best Defensive Player:** [Phil Smyth](/wiki/Phil_Smyth "Phil Smyth"), [Canberra Cannons](/wiki/Canberra_Cannons "Canberra Cannons")
* **Most Improved Player:** [Mark Bradtke](/wiki/Mark_Bradtke "Mark Bradtke"), [Adelaide 36ers](/wiki/Adelaide_36ers "Adelaide 36ers")
* **Rookie of the Year:** Justin Withers, [Illawarra Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks "Illawarra Hawks")
* **Coach of the Year:** [Lindsay Gaze](/wiki/Lindsay_Gaze "Lindsay Gaze"), [Melbourne Tigers](/wiki/Melbourne_United "Melbourne United")
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Deaths in June 2017 | 1zaz37tgjduqas721yrpbrxkur1alh9 | 19 | 18 | ### 18
* [Atmasthananda](/wiki/Atmasthananda "Atmasthananda"), 98, Indian Hindu leader, president of [Ramakrishna Math](/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math "Ramakrishna Math") (since 2007\).[Swami Atmasthananda, who encouraged PM Modi to join politics, passes away](http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/monk-who-encouraged-pm-narendra-modi-to-take-politics-passes-away/articleshow/59206799.cms)
* [Octavio Betancourt Arango](/wiki/Octavio_Betancourt_Arango "Octavio Betancourt Arango"), 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of [Garzón](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Garz%C3%B3n "Roman Catholic Diocese of Garzón") (1975–1977\).[Bishop Octavio Betancourt Arango](http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bbetara.html)
* [Hans Breder](/wiki/Hans_Breder "Hans Breder"), 81, German\-born American artist, complications of ischemic colitis.[Hans Breder, Who Broke Artistic Boundaries, Dies at 81](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/arts/design/hans-breder-dead-artist-who-broke-boundaries.html)
* [Pierluigi Chicca](/wiki/Pierluigi_Chicca "Pierluigi Chicca"), 79, Italian fencer, Olympic silver ([1964](/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sabre "Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre"), [1968](/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sabre "Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre")) and bronze medalist ([1960](/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sabre "Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's team sabre")).[E' morto a Roma l'olimpionico di scherma Pierluigi Chicca](http://www.lanazione.it/livorno/sport/e-morto-a-roma-l-olimpionico-di-scherma-pierluigi-chicca-1.3206940)
* [Keith Farnham](/wiki/Keith_Farnham "Keith Farnham"), 69, American politician, member of the [Illinois House of Representatives](/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives "Illinois House of Representatives") (2009–2014\).[Former Elgin state Rep. Keith Farnham dies in prison at age 69](http://www.dailyherald.com/news/20170621/former-elgin-state-rep-keith-farnham-dies-in-prison-at-age-69)
* [Albert Franks](/wiki/Albert_Franks "Albert Franks"), 81, English footballer ([Newcastle United](/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C. "Newcastle United F.C."), [Rangers](/wiki/Rangers_F.C. "Rangers F.C."), [Greenock Morton](/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C. "Greenock Morton F.C.")).[Albert Franks \- 1936 \- 2017](https://www.nufc.co.uk/news/latest-news/albert-franks-1936-2017)
* [Roger Greenspun](/wiki/Roger_Greenspun "Roger Greenspun"), 87, American journalist and film critic.[ROGER GREENSPUN Obituary](http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=185875874)
* [Tim Hague](/wiki/Tim_Hague "Tim Hague"), 34, Canadian mixed martial artist ([UFC](/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship "Ultimate Fighting Championship"), [WSOF](/wiki/World_Series_of_Fighting "World Series of Fighting"), [KOTC](/wiki/King_of_the_Cage "King of the Cage")), brain hemorrhage.[Heavyweight Tim Hague, a 5\-fight UFC vet, dies following boxing knockout loss in Canada](http://mmajunkie.com/2017/06/heavyweight-tim-hague-ufc-vet-dies-knockout-loss-canada)
* [John Wesley Hardt](/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardt "John Wesley Hardt"), 95, American Methodist prelate and author.[Bishop Hardt remembered as having ‘the heart of a pastor’](http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/bishop-john-wesley-hardt-1921-2017)
* [Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe](/wiki/Joel_Joffe%2C_Baron_Joffe "Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe"), 85, South African\-born British human rights lawyer and life peer.[Dignity In Dying Statement on the death of Lord Joffe](https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/news/dignity-dying-statement-death-lord-joffe/)
* [Predhiman Krishan Kaw](/wiki/Predhiman_Krishan_Kaw "Predhiman Krishan Kaw"), 69, Indian plasma physicist, heart disease.[Scientist who led thermonuclear experiments India dies at 69](http://indianexpress.com/article/india/scientist-who-led-thermonuclear-experiments-india-dies-at-69-4712417/)
* [Joyce Lindores](/wiki/Joyce_Lindores "Joyce Lindores"), 73, Scottish bowler, Commonwealth Games gold medalist ([1988](/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games "1998 Commonwealth Games")).[Sad news of Scottish Internationalist \- Joyce Lindores](http://www.bowlsscotland.com/news/sad-news-of-scottish-internationalist-joyce-lindores/)
* [Tony Liscio](/wiki/Tony_Liscio "Tony Liscio"), 76, American football player ([Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys")), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[Tony Liscio, ex\-Cowboy who protected Roger Staubach's blind side, dies at 76 after battling ALS](https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/06/18/tony-liscio-ex-cowboy-protected-roger-staubachs-blind-side-dies-76-battling-als)
* [Antonio Medellín](/wiki/Antonio_Medell%C3%ADn "Antonio Medellín"), 75, Mexican actor (*[Tres veces Ana](/wiki/Tres_veces_Ana "Tres veces Ana")*, *[Porque el amor manda](/wiki/Porque_el_amor_manda "Porque el amor manda")*, *[Cuando me enamoro](/wiki/Cuando_me_enamoro_%28telenovela%29 "Cuando me enamoro (telenovela)")*).[Antonio Medellín Dead At 75: 'Tres Veces Ana' Actor Dies, Actors Guild Confirms](http://www.latintimes.com/antonio-medellin-dead-75-tres-veces-ana-actor-dies-actors-guild-confirms-419102)
* [Chris Murrell](/wiki/Chris_Murrell "Chris Murrell"), 61, American jazz singer.[Singer and Winston\-Salem native Chris Murrell dies at 61](http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/singer-and-winston-salem-chris-murrell-dies-at/article_cad05328-e6f6-515a-92b0-04f3fdf24de7.html)
* [Simon Nelson](/wiki/Simon_Nelson "Simon Nelson"), 85, American mass murderer.[Man convicted of killing six children dies in prison](http://www.wifr.com/content/news/Man-convicted-of-killing-six-children-dies-in-prison-429501283.html)\*[Shih Chun\-jen](/wiki/Shih_Chun-jen "Shih Chun-jen"), 93, Taiwanese neurosurgeon and politician, Minister of the [Department of Health](/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Welfare_%28Taiwan%29 "Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)") (1986–1990\), heart attack.[Shih Chun\-jen, mentor of neurosurgeons, dies at 93](http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201706180013.aspx)
* [Ola Skarholt](/wiki/Ola_Skarholt "Ola Skarholt"), 77, Norwegian orienteering runner, world champion ([1970](/wiki/1970_World_Orienteering_Championships "1970 World Orienteering Championships")).[Nekrolog: Ola Skarholt](https://www.aftenposten.no/personalia/Nekrolog-Ola-Skarholt-624378b.html)
* [Shirley Walters](/wiki/Shirley_Walters "Shirley Walters"), 91, Australian politician, [Senator](/wiki/Australian_Senate "Australian Senate") for Tasmania (1975–1993\).[Walters, Mary Shirley (nee Harrison)](http://obituaries.themercury.com.au/notice/412942022)
| Did Ola Skarholt hold any world records besides the orienteering championships? | true | [
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Estratos de San Pedro | nrgcq2dd2mardu8hxol480yy0tmncxh | 0 | Introduction |
**Estratos de San Pedro** is the name given to the sedimentary strata of [Paleogene age](/wiki/Paleogene "Paleogene") that crop out along [San Pedro River](/wiki/San_Pedro_River_%28Chile%29 "San Pedro River (Chile)"), [southern Chile](/wiki/Zona_Sur "Zona Sur"). The strata were initially described by [Juan Brüggen](/wiki/Juan_Br%C3%BCggen "Juan Brüggen") and later briefly investigated by [Henning Illies](/wiki/Henning_Illies "Henning Illies") who estimated their thickness at .
The strata are made up of [conglomerate](/wiki/Conglomerate_%28geology%29 "Conglomerate (geology)"), [sandstone](/wiki/Sandstone "Sandstone") and [mudstone](/wiki/Mudstone "Mudstone") ([Chilean Spanish](/wiki/Chilean_Spanish "Chilean Spanish"): *fangolita*). The clasts of the conglomerates are made up of [metamorphic rock](/wiki/Metamorphic_rock "Metamorphic rock") and the disposition of the conglomerates varies from clast\-supported to matrix\-supported. The sandstone and mudstone contains layers of [lignite coal](/wiki/Lignite "Lignite") that exceed in thickness.
| What other features or structures are associated with the sedimentary strata of Estratos de San Pedro? | true | [
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Ipswich Town F.C. in European football | c8nir7zsj2c4tgyx539lfsriyvk29l4 | 10 | European attendance records | ### European attendance records
* Highest home attendance: 33,663 against [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona"), 23 October 1977\.
* Lowest home attendance: 13,440 against [Skeid Oslo](/wiki/Skeid_Fotball "Skeid Fotball"), 3 October 1979\.
* Highest away attendance: 100,000 against [Barcelona](/wiki/FC_Barcelona "FC Barcelona"), 21 March 1979\.
* Lowest away attendance: 2,971 against [Avenir Beggen](/wiki/FC_Avenir_Beggen "FC Avenir Beggen"), 15 August 2002\.
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2023–24 FC Dinamo București season | pfvftkesn3xjjbrtra5gktim52qqa39 | 19 | Loans out | ### Loans out
| Date from | Position | Nationality | Name | To | Date until | Ref. |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 21 July 2023 | GK | | [Denis Oncescu](/wiki/Denis_Oncescu "Denis Oncescu") | [Concordia Chiajna](/wiki/CS_Concordia_Chiajna "CS Concordia Chiajna") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 24 July 2023 | GK | | Alexandru Stoian | [Unirea Alba Iulia](/wiki/CSM_Unirea_Alba_Iulia "CSM Unirea Alba Iulia") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 24 July 2023 | ST | | Vlăduț Stanciu | [Unirea Alba Iulia](/wiki/CSM_Unirea_Alba_Iulia "CSM Unirea Alba Iulia") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 13 August 2023 | RW | | Cristian Ionescu | [CS Blejoi](/wiki/CS_Blejoi "CS Blejoi") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 24 August 2023 | LW | | [Andrei Florescu](/wiki/Andrei_Florescu "Andrei Florescu") | [Progresul Spartac București](/wiki/AFC_Progresul_Spartac_Bucure%C8%99ti "AFC Progresul Spartac București") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 10 January 2024 | CB | | [Deniz Giafer](/wiki/Deniz_Giafer "Deniz Giafer") | [CS Tunari](/wiki/CS_Tunari "CS Tunari") | 30 June 2024 | |
| 10 January 2024 | AM | | [Valentin Borcea](/wiki/Valentin_Borcea "Valentin Borcea") | [CS Tunari](/wiki/CS_Tunari "CS Tunari") | 30 June 2024 | |
| Did any players return to FC Universitatea Craiova after being loaned out? | true | [
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The Persistence of Chaos | 3kz5y4nxfggl4nc8ugazfdpszoki03w | 2 | Description | Description
-----------
The technical basis for *The Persistence of Chaos* was a [Samsung NC10](/wiki/Samsung_NC10 "Samsung NC10"), a [netbook](/wiki/Netbook "Netbook") first released in 2008\. The laptop computer equipped with [Windows XP](/wiki/Windows_XP "Windows XP") was deliberately infected with an assortment of [viruses](/wiki/Computer_virus "Computer virus"), [worms](/wiki/Computer_worm "Computer worm"), and [malware](/wiki/Malware "Malware") which have caused $95 billion in financial damages: the [ILOVEYOU](/wiki/ILOVEYOU "ILOVEYOU") virus, [Mydoom](/wiki/Mydoom "Mydoom") worm, [Sobig](/wiki/Sobig "Sobig") worm, [WannaCry](/wiki/WannaCry_ransomware_attack "WannaCry ransomware attack") ransomware, [DarkTequila](/wiki/DarkTequila "DarkTequila") malware, and [BlackEnergy](/wiki/BlackEnergy "BlackEnergy") malware. The device was isolated and [airgapped](/wiki/Air_gap_%28networking%29 "Air gap (networking)") to prevent misuse of the malware it contained.
The artwork measures 10\.3” () × 1\.2” () × 7\.3” (), and weighs . In addition to the malware\-loaded laptop, it includes the [power cord](/wiki/Power_cord "Power cord") for the device and a restart script.
| Can you estimate the weight of the artwork for *The Persistence of Chaos*? | true | [
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Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky | mewog88otu5aknb8hmchjqp5o9hnq9z | 2 | Work with Metallica | Work with Metallica
-------------------
At the time of the trials, the West Memphis Three were fans of heavy metal band [Metallica](/wiki/Metallica "Metallica"). Looking for music to use in the first *Paradise Lost* film, Berlinger and Sinofsky approached Metallica, who at the time rarely allowed their music to be used in films. The band permitted the filmmakers to use their music for free in all three *Paradise Lost* films.[Metallica May Give Music To "Paradise Lost" Sequel](https://web.archive.org/web/20080103192123/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432105/19980528/metallica.jhtml) These meetings created a friendship between the filmmakers and band and would lead to the film *[Metallica: Some Kind of Monster](/wiki/Metallica:Some_Kind_of_Monster "Some Kind of Monster")* which chronicles the making of Metallica's 2003 album *[St. Anger](/wiki/St._Anger "St. Anger")*. *[Entertainment Weekly](/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly "Entertainment Weekly")* reviewer Owen Gleiberman called it "one of the most revelatory rock portraits ever made".
| What insights does the film *Metallica: Some Kind of Monster* offer into the creative process of heavy metal music? | true | [
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Skin effect | lwhfetke6xig8l9u9l4tn3rcywci2vt | 12 | Examples | Examples
--------
[thumb\|350px\|Skin depth vs. frequency for some materials at room temperature, red vertical line denotes 50 Hz frequency:](/wiki/File:Skin_depth_by_Zureks-en.svg "Skin depth by Zureks-en.svg")
We can derive a practical formula for skin depth as follows:
\\begin{align}
\\delta \&\= \\frac{1}{\\alpha} \= \\sqrt \\\\
\&\= \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\pi f \\mu \\sigma \\approx 503\\,\\sqrt{\\frac{\\rho}{\\mu\_r f
\\approx 503\\,\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{\\mu\_r f \\sigma,
\\end{align}
where
Gold is a good conductor with a resistivity of and is essentially nonmagnetic: \\mu\_r \= 1, so its skin depth at a frequency of 50 Hz is given by
\\delta \= 503 \\,\\sqrt{\\frac{2\.44 \\cdot 10^{\-8{1 \\cdot 50\= 11\.1\\,\\mathrm{mm}
Lead, in contrast, is a relatively poor conductor (among metals) with a resistivity of , about 9 times that of gold. Its skin depth at 50 Hz is likewise found to be about 33 mm, or
\\sqrt{9} \= 3 times that of gold.
Highly magnetic materials have a reduced skin depth owing to their large permeability \\mu\_r as was pointed out above for the case of iron, despite its poorer conductivity. A practical consequence is seen by users of [induction cookers](/wiki/Induction_cooker "Induction cooker"), where some types of [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel") cookware are unusable because they are not ferromagnetic.
At very high frequencies skin depth for good conductors becomes tiny. For instance, skin depths of some common metals at a frequency of 10 GHz (microwave region) are less than a [micrometer](/wiki/Micrometre "Micrometre"):
{\| class\="wikitable"
\|\+ Skin depths at microwave frequencies
\|\- style\="vertical\-align:top;"
! Conductor !! Skin depth
([μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm "Μm"))
\|\-
\| Aluminum \|\| style\="text\-align:center;"\| 0\.820
\|\-
\| Copper \|\| style\="text\-align:center;"\| 0\.652
\|\-
\| Gold \|\| style\="text\-align:center;"\| 0\.753
\|\-
\| Silver \|\| style\="text\-align:center;"\| 0\.634
\|}
Thus at microwave frequencies, most of the current flows in an extremely thin region near the surface. Ohmic losses of waveguides at microwave frequencies are therefore only dependent on the surface coating of the material. A layer of silver 3 [μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm "Μm") thick evaporated on a piece of glass is thus an excellent conductor at such frequencies.
In copper, skin depth can be seen to fall according to the square root of frequency:
{\| class\="wikitable" style\="text\-align:right;"
\|\+ Skin depth in copper
\|\- style\="vertical\-align:top;"
! Frequency !! Skin depth
(μm)
\|\-
\| 50 Hz \|\| 9220
\|\-
\| 60 Hz \|\| 8420
\|\-
\| 10 kHz \|\| 652
\|\-
\| 100 kHz \|\| 206
\|\-
\| 1 MHz \|\| 65\.2
\|\-
\| 10 MHz \|\| 20\.6
\|\-
\| 100 MHz \|\| 6\.52
\|\-
\| 1 GHz \|\| 2\.06
\|}
In *Engineering Electromagnetics*, Hayt points out that in a power station a [busbar](/wiki/Busbar "Busbar") for alternating current at 60 Hz with a radius larger than one\-third of an inch (8 mm) is a waste of copper, and in practice bus bars for heavy AC current are rarely more than half an inch (12 mm) thick except for mechanical reasons.
| Can skin depth be increased by using certain materials? | true | [
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Parker v. Ellis | 825cvkp9r9sz1wzkm12yaopgpr6efgf | 0 | Introduction |
***Parker v. Ellis***, 362 U.S. 574 (1960\), was a [United States Supreme Court](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court "United States Supreme Court") decision (per curiam) in which the court granted [certiorari](/wiki/Certiorari "Certiorari") to review dismissal of petitioner's application for a [habeas corpus](/wiki/Habeas_corpus "Habeas corpus") review. The petitioner claimed that his conviction in a state court had violated the [Fourteenth Amendment](/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution")'s [Due Process Clause](/wiki/Due_Process_Clause "Due Process Clause"). However, the petitioner was released from incarceration before his case could be heard..
| Does the Due Process Clause provide protections against wrongful convictions? | true | [
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Chucky Pancamo | 0ikobwmpshd7hr0rfmtdj35h0gxcotg | 7 | Season 4 Part II | ### Season 4 Part II
After Adebisi has been killed by [Kareem Said](/wiki/Kareem_Said "Kareem Said"), Em City is running back to normal. With no leader the Homeboys are out of the drug trade so Pancamo and Morales are both cruising comfortably. Things get complicated when the Homeboys are brought back into the fold by new inmate Burr Redding. Pancamo and Morales offer a partnership that Redding rejects. As a result, Pancamo and Morales tell ex\-communicated Homeboy Supreme Allah, whom Redding despises, that he can be their partner if he kills Redding. Supreme says yes with time so that he can get the approval of other Homeboys. In the meantime, Morales frames Redding for murdering a Chinese refugee and as a result Redding plans his own attack on the Latino and Sicilian inmates. The Sicilians and Latinos are playing basketball in the gym when the Homeboys are ready to ambush them. A deadly fight would have occurred had [Augustus Hill](/wiki/Augustus_Hill "Augustus Hill") not tipped off the COs. Supreme Allah is then killed and Redding is back in full swing.
| What are the consequences of framing an inmate for a crime they didn't commit? | true | [
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Roll center | 27hlnknhgao8kpdsdzcrp5fcnb5fwcy | 0 | Introduction |
[thumb\|upright\=1\.4\|Finding the roll center of a [MacPherson strut](/wiki/MacPherson_strut "MacPherson strut")](/wiki/File:McPherson_roll_center_RUS.jpg "McPherson roll center RUS.jpg")
The **roll center** of a [vehicle](/wiki/Vehicle "Vehicle") is the notional point at which the cornering forces in the suspension are reacted to the vehicle body.
There are two definitions of roll center. The most commonly used is the geometric (or kinematic) roll center, whereas the [Society of Automotive Engineers](/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers "Society of Automotive Engineers") uses a [force](/wiki/Force "Force")\-based definition.An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design edited by Julian Happian\-Smith P293
| Are there any specific vehicle designs that have particularly well-defined roll centers? | true | [
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KKTX-FM | tfh0yi4t0vxr9w5g29zgeftihau73yw | 2 | Format change | Format change
-------------
At 2:00p.m. CST on October 10, 2013 KKTX\-FM dropped its [active rock](/wiki/Active_rock "Active rock") format as *96X*, and began stunting with [snippets](/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29 "Sampling (music)") of different songs from various genres. Three hours later at 5:00p.m., KKTX\-FM switched to a [classic rock](/wiki/Classic_rock "Classic rock") format as *Classic Rock 96\.1*. The last song as *96X* was *[Unity](/wiki/Unity_%28Shinedown_song%29 "Unity (Shinedown song)")* by [Shinedown](/wiki/Shinedown "Shinedown") and the first song as *Classic Rock 96\.1* was *[La Grange](/wiki/La_Grange_%28song%29 "La Grange (song)")* by [ZZ Top](/wiki/ZZ_Top "ZZ Top").
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Sacramento Kings | tas2nk8qs9fsgu2e2xq8y3535my8yzt | 1 | Franchise history | Franchise history
-----------------
### 1923–1944: Rochester Seagrams
The basis of a purely\-professional team in [Rochester, New York](/wiki/Rochester%2C_New_York "Rochester, New York"), which came into existence in 1945, was two decades of a sponsored [semi\-professional](/wiki/Semi-professional_sports "Semi-professional sports") team, the Rochester Seagrams. Canadian distiller [Seagram](/wiki/Seagram "Seagram") was the team's main sponsor and received the bulk of what monies were made. One of the team's early stars was [Lester Harrison](/wiki/Les_Harrison_%28basketball%29 "Les Harrison (basketball)"), a local high school star of some publicity before joining the team. Harrison later became the team's captain, coach, manager, and chief scout over the next two decades. Among visitors to Rochester to play the team were the [Original Celtics](/wiki/Original_Celtics "Original Celtics"), the [New York Rens](/wiki/New_York_Rens "New York Rens"), and the [Harlem Globetrotters](/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters "Harlem Globetrotters").
### 1945–1957: Rochester Royals
[left\|thumb\|150px\|The logo of the Rochester Royals](/wiki/File:Rochester_Royals_logo.svg "Rochester Royals logo.svg")
With news that [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") was approaching its end, the [National Basketball League](/wiki/National_Basketball_League_%28United_States%29 "National Basketball League (United States)") (NBL) announced that it was expanding, and Harrison was approached for interest in a franchise. While the sponsored semi\-professional team balked at additional expenses involved, Harrison and his brother Jack, a lawyer, jumped at the chance. They pooled money to meet the steep entry fee of $25,000 and were granted an NBL franchise. Their team, the Rochester Royals, pushed the Seagrams out of their local facility, smallish [Edgerton Park Arena](/wiki/Edgerton_Park_Arena "Edgerton Park Arena").
The best players were the returning Navy and Army players now being released from the war. There was no draft for the league in the selection of new players. So, Harrison was able to scoop up several name stars for his new team, among them [Bob Davies](/wiki/Bob_Davies "Bob Davies"), [Red Holzman](/wiki/Red_Holzman "Red Holzman") and William "Fuzzy" Levane, as well as NBL free agents like [George Glamack](/wiki/George_Glamack "George Glamack") and [Al Cervi](/wiki/Al_Cervi "Al Cervi"). The result was a strong league champion in their first season of existence as the Royals during the 1945–46 season.
The team had two more seasons of success during their NBL years, which permitted the team to play non\-league opponents. During all three years, 1945–1948, the team played over 300 total games, hosting most of them.
The Royals defected to the NBL's rival, the [Basketball Association of America](/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America "Basketball Association of America") (BAA), in 1948 along with the [Fort Wayne Pistons](/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Pistons "Fort Wayne Pistons"), [Minneapolis Lakers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Lakers "Minneapolis Lakers"), and [Indianapolis (Kautskys) Jets](/wiki/Indianapolis_Jets "Indianapolis Jets"). A year later, the BAA and the NBL merged to become the [National Basketball Association](/wiki/National_Basketball_Association "National Basketball Association") (NBA).
The move to the BAA took away Rochester's profitable exhibition schedule and placed it in the same Western Division as the Minneapolis Lakers. Of the two best teams in professional basketball, only one of them could play in the league finals from 1949 to 1954\. Minneapolis, with [George Mikan](/wiki/George_Mikan "George Mikan"), was almost always better during playoffs than the Royals. With their smallish arena and now\-limited schedule, the Royals became less profitable even as the team finished no lower than second in its division in both the NBL and BAA/NBA from 1945 to 1954\.
[thumb\|180px\|[Red Holzman](/wiki/Red_Holzman "Red Holzman")](/wiki/File:Red_Holzman%2C_Rochester_Royals%2C_1950.jpg "Red Holzman, Rochester Royals, 1950.jpg")
The Royals won the NBA title in [1951](/wiki/1950%E2%80%9351_NBA_season "1950–51 NBA season") by defeating the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks") 4–3\. It is the only NBA championship in the franchise's history. The title, however, did not translate into profit for the Royals. The roster turned over in 1955, except for star guard [Bobby Wanzer](/wiki/Bobby_Wanzer "Bobby Wanzer"), who soon became the team's new coach. The team moved to the larger [Rochester War Memorial](/wiki/Rochester_War_Memorial "Rochester War Memorial") in 1955\. The NBA even agreed to host their [All\-Star Game](/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game "NBA All-Star Game") there in [1956](/wiki/1956_NBA_All-Star_Game "1956 NBA All-Star Game"). But the Royals were now a losing team filled with rookies, and did not turn a profit. Meanwhile, the NBA was putting pressure on Harrison to sell or relocate his team to a larger city. With this in mind, the 1956–57 season was the Royals' last in Rochester.
The Royals' stay in Rochester featured the services of nine future members of the Basketball Hall of Fame: Al Cervi, Bob Davies, [Alex Hannum](/wiki/Alex_Hannum "Alex Hannum"), Lester Harrison, Red Holzman, [Arnie Risen](/wiki/Arnie_Risen "Arnie Risen"), [Maurice Stokes](/wiki/Maurice_Stokes "Maurice Stokes"), [Jack Twyman](/wiki/Jack_Twyman "Jack Twyman"), Bobby Wanzer, while others proved prominent in other fields, such as [Pro Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame "Pro Football Hall of Fame") member [Otto Graham](/wiki/Otto_Graham "Otto Graham"), Hollywood Walk of Famer [Chuck Connors](/wiki/Chuck_Connors "Chuck Connors"), and [Jack McMahon](/wiki/Jack_McMahon "Jack McMahon").
### 1957–1960: Early years of the Cincinnati Royals
In April 1957, the Harrison brothers moved the Royals to [Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), a city that was then trying to obtain an NBA expansion franchise. This move followed a well\-received regular\-season game played at [Cincinnati Gardens](/wiki/Cincinnati_Gardens "Cincinnati Gardens") on February 1, 1957\. The change of venue had been said to have been partly suggested by Jack Twyman and Dave Piontek, who were two of several roster players on the new Royals from that area. Cincinnati, which had a strong college basketball fanbase then, and no [NFL](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") franchise to compete with (until the [Bengals](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals "Cincinnati Bengals") joined in 1970 after two seasons in the [AFL](/wiki/American_Football_League "American Football League")), was deemed the best choice for the Harrisons, who also considered other cities. The Royals name continued to fit in Cincinnati, often known as the "Queen City".
During the team's first NBA draft in Cincinnati, the team acquired [Clyde Lovellette](/wiki/Clyde_Lovellette "Clyde Lovellette") and guard [George King](/wiki/George_King_%28basketball%2C_born_1928%29 "George King (basketball, born 1928)"). They teamed with the 1–2 punch of Maurice Stokes and Twyman to produce a budding contender in the team's first season in the Queen City. But injuries and the loss of star guard [Si Green](/wiki/Si_Green "Si Green"), the \#1 overall pick of the 1956 NBA draft, to military service dropped the team into a tie for second place in the NBA Western Division during the 1957–58 season's second half.
In the season's finale, All\-Pro star [Maurice Stokes](/wiki/Maurice_Stokes "Maurice Stokes") struck his head when he fell after pursuing a rebound. He shook off the effects of the fall, even as he had briefly been unconscious. After Game One in the playoffs three days later, Stokes' head injury was greatly aggravated by airplane cabin pressure during the flight back to Cincinnati for Game Two. He suffered a seizure and was permanently hospitalized, a tragedy that greatly shook the team. Stokes, a tremendous talent who could play center, forward and guard, was 2nd in the NBA in rebounds and 3rd in assists, a double\-feat only [Wilt Chamberlain](/wiki/Wilt_Chamberlain "Wilt Chamberlain") has matched for a full season. The impact of losing Stokes was such that the team nearly folded. Six of the team's shaken players simply retired on the spot.
Fellow All\-Star Twyman rose to All\-Pro level over the next two seasons for Cincinnati, even as the team posted two 19\-win seasons. The 1958–59 Cincinnati team featured five rookies, with Lovellette, King and other key players having left the team in the wake of Stokes' tragic injury. The Harrisons, wanting out at this point, sold to a makeshift local group, headed by Thomas Woods, Cincinnati Gardens management, and a number of local businessmen.
Jack Twyman came to the aid of his teammate, and even legally adopted Stokes. Raising funds for Stokes' medical treatment, Twyman helped him until his death in April 1970\. The 1973 feature film *[Maurie](/wiki/Maurie_%28film%29 "Maurie (film)")*, which co\-starred actors [Bernie Casey](/wiki/Bernie_Casey "Bernie Casey") and [Bo Svenson](/wiki/Bo_Svenson "Bo Svenson"), dramatized their story.
Shooting often for the beleaguered team, Twyman was the second NBA player to ever average 30 points per game for an NBA season. Twyman and Stokes were later named Hall of Famers.
### 1960–1970: The Oscar Robertson era
[thumb\|Robertson averaged over 30 points per game in six seasons and won six NBA assist titles while with the Royals.](/wiki/File:Oscar_Robertson_1966.jpeg "Oscar Robertson 1966.jpeg")
In 1960, the team was able to land local superstar [Oscar Robertson](/wiki/Oscar_Robertson "Oscar Robertson"). Robertson led a team that included Twyman, [Wayne Embry](/wiki/Wayne_Embry "Wayne Embry"), [Bob Boozer](/wiki/Bob_Boozer "Bob Boozer"), [Bucky Bockhorn](/wiki/Bucky_Bockhorn "Bucky Bockhorn"), [Tom Hawkins](/wiki/Tom_Hawkins_%28basketball%29 "Tom Hawkins (basketball)") and [Adrian Smith](/wiki/Adrian_Smith_%28basketball%29 "Adrian Smith (basketball)") over the next three seasons. The Royals reversed their fortunes with Robertson and rose to title contender. An ownership dispute in early 1963 scuttled the team's playoff chances when new owner [Louis Jacobs](/wiki/Louis_Jacobs_%28businessman%29 "Louis Jacobs (businessman)") booked a circus for Cincinnati Gardens for the week of the playoff series versus the champion [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics"). The Royals' home games were at [Xavier University](/wiki/Xavier_University "Xavier University")'s [Schmidt Field House](/wiki/Schmidt_Field_House "Schmidt Field House").
In late 1963, another local superstar, [Jerry Lucas](/wiki/Jerry_Lucas "Jerry Lucas"), joined the team. The Royals rose to the second\-best record in the NBA. From 1963 to 1966, the Royals contended strongly against Boston and the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers"), but won no titles. In the [1964 NBA draft](/wiki/1964_NBA_draft "1964 NBA draft") the Royals drafted rookies [George Wilson](/wiki/George_Wilson_%28basketball%2C_born_1942%29 "George Wilson (basketball, born 1942)"), [Bill Chmielewski](/wiki/Bill_Chmielewski "Bill Chmielewski"), [Steve Courtin](/wiki/Steve_Courtin "Steve Courtin") (later traded to 76ers), and [Happy Hairston](/wiki/Happy_Hairston "Happy Hairston"). The team's star players throughout the 1960s were [Oscar Robertson](/wiki/Oscar_Robertson "Oscar Robertson") and Jerry Lucas. Robertson met with individual success, averaging a triple\-double in [1961–62](/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_NBA_season "1961–62 NBA season") and winning the Most Valuable Player award in [1964](/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_NBA_season "1963–64 NBA season"). Robertson was a league\-leading scorer and passer each season. Lucas was Rookie Of the Year in 1964, led the league in shooting, and later averaged 20 rebounds per game over four seasons. Both were All\-NBA First Team selections multiple times. The team failed to keep some promising players, though, and played in the tough NBA East division, dominated by the Boston Celtics, even as a Baltimore team played in the West Division for three years, denying the team likely visits to the NBA Finals.
During the [1966–67 season](/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_NBA_season "1966–67 NBA season"), the Royals began playing some of their home games in neutral sites such as [Cleveland](/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland") (until the [Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") began play in 1970\), [Dayton](/wiki/Dayton%2C_Ohio "Dayton, Ohio") and [Columbus](/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio "Columbus, Ohio"). This did wound their local fan base in Cincinnati, though, and fortunes for the team continued to steadily decline. That year, they would host the [1966 NBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/1966_NBA_All-Star_Game "1966 NBA All-Star Game"), with Smith scoring 24 points to be named All\-Star MVP. As of 2021, it is the last time that the franchise has hosted an All\-Star Game. In the summer of 1968, Owner Louis Jacobs died and ownership went to his sons [Jeremy](/wiki/Jeremy_Jacobs "Jeremy Jacobs") and Max Jacobs.
New coach [Bob Cousy](/wiki/Bob_Cousy "Bob Cousy") traded Lucas in 1969\. Robertson was traded to [Milwaukee](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks") in 1970, where he immediately won an NBA title. Both transactions were unpopular with the fan base, resulting in a home attendance decline and eventually the franchise's move to [Kansas City](/wiki/Kansas_City%2C_Missouri "Kansas City, Missouri") which was announced on March 14, 1972\.["Kansas City to Get Cincinnati Royals," *The Associated Press* (AP), Tuesday, March 14, 1972\.](https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/15/archives/kansas-city-to-get-cincinnati-royals.html) Retrieved March 12, 2022\. The NBA Board of Governors voted 16–1 to permit the transfer nine days later on March 23\. Before a crowd of 4,022, the Royals defeated the [Baltimore Bullets](/wiki/Washington_Wizards "Washington Wizards") 132–114 in its final home game at [Cincinnati Gardens](/wiki/Cincinnati_Gardens "Cincinnati Gardens") the following night on March 24\. The team represented Cincinnati for one last time in a 135–122 win over the [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") witnessed by 10,289 at the [Cleveland Arena](/wiki/Cleveland_Arena "Cleveland Arena") two nights later on March 26\.[Dyer, Mike. "The interesting intersection of Cleveland Cavaliers, Cincinnati Royals," *The Cincinnati Enquirer*, Monday, October 5, 2015\.](https://www.cincinnati.com/story/sports/2015/10/05/the-interesting-intersection-of-the-cincinnati-royals-and-cleveland-cavaliers/73392842/) Retrieved March 12, 2022\.
### 1972–1985: Kansas City–Omaha/Kansas City Kings
After moving to Kansas City, the Royals renamed themselves the **Kings** to avoid confusion with the [Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals") baseball team. Now dubbed the **Kansas City–Omaha Kings**, the team split its home games between the 7,316\-seat [Municipal Auditorium](/wiki/Municipal_Auditorium_%28Kansas_City%2C_Missouri%29 "Municipal Auditorium (Kansas City, Missouri)") in Kansas City and the 9,300\-seat [Omaha Civic Auditorium](/wiki/Omaha_Civic_Auditorium "Omaha Civic Auditorium").
The Cincinnati Royals had been looking at Omaha as a market as early as 1968, playing twelve "home games" in Nebraska from 1968 to 1971\.Two previous NBA games had been held in Omaha: one between the then\-[Milwaukee Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") and the [Rochester Royals](/wiki/Rochester_Royals "Rochester Royals") (the future Kansas City Kings) in 1954, and one between the [St. Louis Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") and the [San Francisco Warriors](/wiki/San_Francisco_Warriors "San Francisco Warriors") in 1965\. From [1972](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Kansas_City%E2%80%93Omaha_Kings_season "1972–73 Kansas City–Omaha Kings season") to [1975](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Kansas_City%E2%80%93Omaha_Kings_season "1974–75 Kansas City–Omaha Kings season"), the KC–Omaha Kings played a total of 42 regular season contests (but no playoff games) in Omaha. In 1975, the club became simply the [Kansas City Kings](/wiki/Kansas_City_Kings "Kansas City Kings") (moving into the new 16,785\-seat [Kemper Arena](/wiki/Kemper_Arena "Kemper Arena") the [previous season](/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Kansas_City_Kings_season "1974–75 Kansas City Kings season")). The team did not abandon Omaha completely, playing several games there through the [1977–78 season](/wiki/1977%E2%80%9378_Kansas_City_Kings_season "1977–78 Kansas City Kings season"). For the next two seasons, they played several home games in [St. Louis](/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis").
#### 1972–1976
[thumb\|[Nate Archibald](/wiki/Nate_Archibald "Nate Archibald") led the NBA with 34\.0 points and 11\.4 assists per game in the [1972–73 season](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Kansas_City%E2%80%93Omaha_Kings_season "1972–73 Kansas City–Omaha Kings season").](/wiki/File:Nate_Archibald_1974.jpeg "Nate Archibald 1974.jpeg")
The team netted a new superstar in point guard [Nate Archibald](/wiki/Nate_Archibald "Nate Archibald"), who led the league in scoring and assists in the [1972–73 season](/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Kansas_City%E2%80%93Omaha_Kings_season "1972–73 Kansas City–Omaha Kings season").
While still in Cincinnati, the team introduced a most unusual uniform design, which placed the player's surname below his number. The design remained intact through the first several seasons of the team's run in Sacramento, even when the shade of blue on the road uniforms was changed from royal blue to powder blue, and the script '"Kansas City"' which adorned the road jerseys was scrubbed after the move in favor of a repeat of the "Kings" script on the home shirts. The Kings' back jersey template was later adopted by the [WNBA](/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association "Women's National Basketball Association") and the [NBA Development League](/wiki/NBA_Development_League "NBA Development League"), as well as the NBA during the [All\-Star Game](/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game "NBA All-Star Game") since 2006\.
The Kings had some decent players throughout. [Tom Van Arsdale](/wiki/Tom_Van_Arsdale "Tom Van Arsdale"), the shooting forward, "Jumpin" Johnny Green, and [Matt Guokas](/wiki/Matt_Guokas "Matt Guokas") helped Archibald in the first year in Kansas City. [Toby Kimball](/wiki/Toby_Kimball "Toby Kimball") was a fan favorite. [Jimmy Walker](/wiki/Jimmy_Walker_%28basketball%2C_born_1944%29 "Jimmy Walker (basketball, born 1944)") teamed with Archibald as the Kings made the playoffs the second year. Sam Lacey, an effective passing center, became one of the most dependable players in the league. Archibald became the first player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the first season in Kansas City. However, the management traded Archibald, and wasted high draft picks. Bob Cousy gave way to [Phil Johnson](/wiki/Phil_Johnson_%28basketball%2C_born_1941%29 "Phil Johnson (basketball, born 1941)"), who was fired midyear in 1977 and replaced by [Larry Staverman](/wiki/Larry_Staverman "Larry Staverman"), a player on the team on two separate occasions when it was in Cincinnati (Staverman coached for a brief time and then resigned in May 1981 to take up the role of team president's assistant for the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns")).
#### 1976–1984
The Kings finally achieved some success in their new home when they hired [Cotton Fitzsimmons](/wiki/Cotton_Fitzsimmons "Cotton Fitzsimmons") as coach. Fitzsimmons won the Midwest Division in 1978–79 with rookie point guard [Phil Ford](/wiki/Phil_Ford_%28basketball%29 "Phil Ford (basketball)"), who was [NBA Rookie of the Year](/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year "NBA Rookie of the Year") in 1979\. Kansas City was led by shooting guard [Otis Birdsong](/wiki/Otis_Birdsong "Otis Birdsong"), strong on both offense and defense, all\-around shooting forward Scott Wedman, and passing center [Sam Lacey](/wiki/Sam_Lacey "Sam Lacey"), who had a trademark bank shot. They drew an average of 10,789 fans to [Kemper Arena](/wiki/Kemper_Arena "Kemper Arena") that season, the only time during their tenure in KC that average attendance was in five figures (the attendance at the peak was only two\-thirds of Kemper's capacity). The Kings later played several home games in St. Louis during the early 1980s to large crowds. Most Kansas City sports fans preferred to spend their entertainment dollar on the Royals, who won the American League West division championship four times in five seasons between 1976 and 1980, and reached the [1980 World Series](/wiki/1980_World_Series "1980 World Series").
The Kings made the playoffs in [1979–80](/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Kansas_City_Kings_season "1979–80 Kansas City Kings season") and again in [1980–81](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Kansas_City_Kings_season "1980–81 Kansas City Kings season"), despite finishing the 1980–81 regular season at . The Kings made a run in the [1981 NBA playoffs](/wiki/1981_NBA_playoffs "1981 NBA playoffs"), reaching the Western Conference finals; these were the franchise's first playoff victories since 1964, and their only ones ever in Kansas City. [Ernie Grunfeld](/wiki/Ernie_Grunfeld "Ernie Grunfeld") played the point in this run in place of an injured Ford, as KC used a slow half\-court game to win the first two rounds. Power forward Reggie King had a remarkable series, dominating the opposition. After upsetting the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Phoenix_Suns_season "1980–81 Phoenix Suns season") by winning [game 7](/wiki/List_of_NBA_game_sevens "List of NBA game sevens") at Phoenix in the Conference Semifinals and becoming the second NBA road team to do so after leading a series 3–1, they bowed out to the [Houston Rockets](/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Houston_Rockets_season "1980–81 Houston Rockets season") (also 40–42 in the regular season) in five games in the Conference Finals. Lacey, the last remaining Cincinnati Royal to play for the Kings, could not keep up with Rockets superstar center [Moses Malone](/wiki/Moses_Malone "Moses Malone"). (The Kings did not win another playoff series for two decades.)
However, a series of bad luck incidents prevented the team from building on its success. [Cleveland Cavaliers](/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers "Cleveland Cavaliers") owner [Ted Stepien](/wiki/Ted_Stepien "Ted Stepien") lured Wedman and Birdsong away with big contract offers. In 1979, the roof literally fell in at Kemper Arena because of a severe storm, forcing the team to play most of the 1979–80 season at the much smaller Municipal Auditorium. The ownership group sold the team to [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California "Sacramento, California") interests for $11 million. The general manager was fired in a scandal in which he was found to be reusing marked postage stamps. When the Kings rehired [Joe Axelson](/wiki/Joe_Axelson "Joe Axelson") as general manager, they brought back the man who had previously traded Oscar Robertson, Norm Van Lier, Nate Archibald and Jerry Lucas, and used the third pick in the [ABA](/wiki/American_Basketball_Association "American Basketball Association") dispersal draft on [Ron Boone](/wiki/Ron_Boone "Ron Boone"). Axelson stayed on after the Kings left Kansas City where, in their last game ever, fans wore Joe Axelson masks. Axelson later said he hoped his plane would never touch down in Kansas City.
Axelson became the first general manager in the history of sports to fail with the same franchise in four cities: Cincinnati, Kansas City, Omaha and Sacramento. He was not fired for good until he rehired coach Phil Johnson, whom he had fired in mid\-season in Kansas City ten years before. The Kings also entered this period competing with the [Kansas City Comets](/wiki/Kansas_City_Comets_%281979%E2%80%931991%29 "Kansas City Comets (1979–1991)") of the [Major Indoor Soccer League](/wiki/Major_Indoor_Soccer_League_%281978%E2%80%931992%29 "Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992)") (MISL) for the winter sports dollar, when the Comets were led by marketers—the Leiweke brothers. Their final season in [1984–85](/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Kansas_City_Kings_season "1984–85 Kansas City Kings season") resulted in a record, as fans stayed away from Kemper Arena in droves, with average attendance of 6,410\. Long\-time ABA and NBA star, [Don Buse](/wiki/Don_Buse "Don Buse"), played his final professional season for the Kings.
Ownership began looking for a new home for the team. Poor attendance and lack of sponsorship dollars (the team was third in sports market share by a significant margin behind the NFL's Chiefs (even though they went 14 consecutive seasons without a playoff berth, covering the Kings' entire stay in Kansas City) and MLB's Royals were the main reasons. Also, Kansas City had a much stronger following for the [Kansas Jayhawks](/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks "Kansas Jayhawks") and [Missouri Tigers](/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_men%27s_basketball "Missouri Tigers men's basketball") college basketball teams than they did the NBA's Kings.
The franchise was sold for $10\.5 million on June 8, 1983, to a six\-man, [Sacramento, California](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California "Sacramento, California")\-based investment group led by Joseph Benvenuti who had a 50% interest and [real estate developer](/wiki/Real_estate_development "Real estate development") Gregg Lukenbill who was the managing partner. The new ownership group honored the remaining two years of the Kings' [lease](/wiki/Lease "Lease") with [Kemper Arena](/wiki/Hy-Vee_Arena "Hy-Vee Arena") which expired in June 1985 but also had a five\-year option that eventually was never exercised.[Gosselin, Rick. "The Kansas City Kings of the National Basketball Association...," *United Press International* (UPI), Wednesday, June 8, 1983\.](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/06/08/The-Kansas-City-Kings-of-the-National-Basketball-Association/9348423892800/) Retrieved February 27, 2022\. A $12\-million conversion of an 82,000\-square\-foot [warehouse](/wiki/Warehouse "Warehouse") into what would become the [first ARCO Arena](/wiki/ARCO_Arena_%281985%29 "ARCO Arena (1985)") was announced on October 15, 1984\.["The owners of the Kansas City Kings say they...," *United Press International* (UPI), Tuesday, October 16, 1984\.](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/16/The-owners-of-the-Kansas-City-Kings-say-they/1704466747200/) Retrieved February 27, 2022\.["Kansas City May Lose Kings," *The New York Times*, Saturday, January 12, 1985\.](https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/12/sports/kansas-city-may-lose-kings.html) Retrieved February 27, 2022\. The transfer of the Kings to Sacramento was officially approved by NBA team owners on April 16, 1985, with the only contingency being the construction of an [arena seating more than 16,000](/wiki/Sleep_Train_Arena "Sleep Train Arena").[Moulton, Dan. "NBA Approves Kings' Move to Sacramento," *Chicago Tribune*, Wednesday, April 17, 1985\.](https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-04-17-8501220559-story.html) Retrieved February 27, 2022\.
### 1985–present: Sacramento Kings
The Kings moved to their current home of [Sacramento, California](/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California "Sacramento, California") in the [1985–86 NBA season](/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NBA_season "1985–86 NBA season"), with their first Sacramento season ending in the first round of the Western Conference [1986 NBA playoffs](/wiki/1986_NBA_playoffs "1986 NBA playoffs"). The starting lineup was [Reggie Theus](/wiki/Reggie_Theus "Reggie Theus"), [LaSalle Thompson](/wiki/LaSalle_Thompson "LaSalle Thompson"), [Mark Olberding](/wiki/Mark_Olberding "Mark Olberding"), [Terry Tyler](/wiki/Terry_Tyler "Terry Tyler"), and [Mike Woodson](/wiki/Mike_Woodson "Mike Woodson"), with [Larry Drew](/wiki/Larry_Drew "Larry Drew"), [Eddie Johnson](/wiki/Eddie_Johnson_%28basketball%2C_born_1959%29 "Eddie Johnson (basketball, born 1959)"), [Otis Thorpe](/wiki/Otis_Thorpe "Otis Thorpe"), and [Joe Kleine](/wiki/Joe_Kleine "Joe Kleine") coming off the bench. However, despite fan loyalty the Kings saw little success in subsequent seasons, and the team did not make the playoffs again until the [1996 NBA playoffs](/wiki/1996_NBA_playoffs "1996 NBA playoffs") in the [1995–96 NBA season](/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_NBA_season "1995–96 NBA season"). Some of their failure was attributable to misfortunes such as the career\-altering car crash suffered by promising point guard [Bobby Hurley](/wiki/Bobby_Hurley "Bobby Hurley") in 1993, and the suicide of [Ricky Berry](/wiki/Ricky_Berry "Ricky Berry") during the 1989 off\-season; some was attributed to poor management such as the long tenure of head coach [Garry St. Jean](/wiki/Garry_St._Jean "Garry St. Jean") and the selection of "Never Nervous" [Pervis Ellison](/wiki/Pervis_Ellison "Pervis Ellison") with the first overall pick in the [1989 NBA draft](/wiki/1989_NBA_draft "1989 NBA draft"). Former Kings television broadcaster [Jerry Reynolds](/wiki/Jerry_Reynolds_%28basketball_coach%29 "Jerry Reynolds (basketball coach)") (1987, 1988–90\) and NBA legend [Bill Russell](/wiki/Bill_Russell "Bill Russell") ([1987–88](/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NBA_season "1987–88 NBA season")) were the earliest head coaches.
#### 1988–1989: Ricky Berry
[Ricky Berry](/wiki/Ricky_Berry "Ricky Berry") was selected by the Kings in the first round, 18th pick overall in the [1988 NBA draft](/wiki/1988_NBA_draft "1988 NBA draft"). He had a dazzling rookie year in the [1988–89 season](/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NBA_season "1988–89 NBA season") shooting 40\.6 percent from the three\-point range. The Kings also drafted [Vinny Del Negro](/wiki/Vinny_Del_Negro "Vinny Del Negro") (selected by the Kings in the second round, 29th overall pick in the [1988 NBA draft](/wiki/1988_NBA_draft "1988 NBA draft")) and acquired [Rodney McCray](/wiki/Rodney_McCray_%28basketball%29 "Rodney McCray (basketball)") from the [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets"). In his first year with the Kings, [McCray](/wiki/Rodney_McCray_%28basketball%29 "Rodney McCray (basketball)") made [1988 NBA All\-Defensive First Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Defensive_Team "NBA All-Defensive Team"). It was the first season the Kings would play without [Reggie Theus](/wiki/Reggie_Theus "Reggie Theus") and [LaSalle Thompson](/wiki/LaSalle_Thompson "LaSalle Thompson") (both part in the original team from Kansas City) or [Joe Kleine](/wiki/Joe_Kleine "Joe Kleine") (selected by the Kings as first round, sixth pick overall in the [1985 NBA draft](/wiki/1985_NBA_draft "1985 NBA draft")). Thompson was drafted by the Kings in the first round, fifth overall pick in the [1982 NBA draft](/wiki/1982_NBA_draft "1982 NBA draft"). It was also the last year that [Michael Jackson](/wiki/Michael_Jackson_%28basketball%29 "Michael Jackson (basketball)") (selected by the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks") in the second round, 47th pick overall in the [1986 NBA draft](/wiki/1986_NBA_draft "1986 NBA draft") but who played his entire career with the Kings) and [Ed Pinckney](/wiki/Ed_Pinckney "Ed Pinckney") (selected 10th overall by the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns "Phoenix Suns") in the [1985 NBA draft](/wiki/1985_NBA_draft "1985 NBA draft") and played for the Kings from 1987 to 1989\) played for the Kings. On February 23, 1989, [Brad Lohaus](/wiki/Brad_Lohaus "Brad Lohaus") and [Danny Ainge](/wiki/Danny_Ainge "Danny Ainge") were traded to the Kings from the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") for Joe Kleine and Ed Pinckney. In June of the 1989 off\-season, Lohaus was then acquired by the Minnesota Timberwolves in the [1989 NBA Expansion Draft](/wiki/1989_NBA_Expansion_Draft "1989 NBA Expansion Draft"). In August of the 1989 off\-season, Berry was found dead from a self\-inflicted gunshot wound at his home in Fair Oaks, California, at age 24 following an argument with his wife.
#### 1989–1990: Pervis Ellison
Following the loss of [Ricky Berry](/wiki/Ricky_Berry "Ricky Berry"), [1989–90 season](/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NBA_season "1989–90 NBA season") featured [Pervis Ellison](/wiki/Pervis_Ellison "Pervis Ellison"), who was first overall pick in the [1989 NBA draft](/wiki/1989_NBA_draft "1989 NBA draft") by the Kings, and acquisition [Wayman Tisdale](/wiki/Wayman_Tisdale "Wayman Tisdale") (from the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers"), second pick overall in the [1985 NBA draft](/wiki/1985_NBA_draft "1985 NBA draft")). An injury kept Ellison on the sidelines for 48 of 82 games of his rookie year, after which he was traded to the [Washington Bullets](/wiki/Washington_Bullets "Washington Bullets"). Tisdale would go on to play for the Kings for five years. It was the last season that [Danny Ainge](/wiki/Danny_Ainge "Danny Ainge"), [Kenny Smith](/wiki/Kenny_Smith "Kenny Smith") (who had an impressive showing in the 1990 NBA [Slam Dunk Contest](/wiki/Slam_Dunk_Contest "Slam Dunk Contest")), [Rodney McCray](/wiki/Rodney_McCray_%28basketball%29 "Rodney McCray (basketball)"), [Harold Pressley](/wiki/Harold_Pressley "Harold Pressley") (selected by the Kings in the first round, 17th overall pick in the [1986 NBA draft](/wiki/1986_NBA_draft "1986 NBA draft")), [Vinny Del Negro](/wiki/Vinny_Del_Negro "Vinny Del Negro"), [Greg Kite](/wiki/Greg_Kite "Greg Kite"), and [Ralph Sampson](/wiki/Ralph_Sampson "Ralph Sampson") played for the Kings. In 1990, Ainge was traded to the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers"), [Kenny Smith](/wiki/Kenny_Smith "Kenny Smith") was traded to the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks"), and [Rodney McCray](/wiki/Rodney_McCray_%28basketball%29 "Rodney McCray (basketball)") was traded to the [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks "Dallas Mavericks").
#### 1990–1991: Lionel Simmons
[Lionel Simmons](/wiki/Lionel_Simmons "Lionel Simmons")—nicknamed L\-Train—was drafted by the Kings in the [1990 NBA draft](/wiki/1990_NBA_draft "1990 NBA draft") in the first round, 7th pick overall. In his first season, he made the [NBA All\-Rookie First Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Rookie_First_Team "NBA All-Rookie First Team"). He would go on to play his entire career (1990–1997\) with the Kings and had 5,833 career points. [Antoine Carr](/wiki/Antoine_Carr "Antoine Carr") (acquired from the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks")) played for the Kings in the [1990–91 NBA season](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NBA_season "1990–91 NBA season") and then was traded to the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs"). Free\-agent [Leon Wood](/wiki/Leon_Wood "Leon Wood"), who would later become an NBA official, played for the Kings but was let go on Christmas Eve of 1990\. Also notable that [Bill Wennington](/wiki/Bill_Wennington "Bill Wennington") was acquired from the [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks "Dallas Mavericks") and played for the Kings for the [1990–91 season](/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NBA_season "1990–91 NBA season") and after a successful career with the [Chicago Bulls](/wiki/Chicago_Bulls "Chicago Bulls") returned to the Kings for his final season in [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NBA_season "1999–2000 NBA season").
#### 1991–1998: The Mitch Richmond era
The early 1990s were difficult for the Kings. Sacramento was known for having strong fan support, and while they won over 60 percent of their home games, the team struggled on the road, going 1–40 on the road in a single season. But prayers were answered when they acquired [Mitch Richmond](/wiki/Mitch_Richmond "Mitch Richmond"), who previously played for the [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors "Golden State Warriors"). The former [NBA Rookie of the Year](/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year "NBA Rookie of the Year") was selected as an All\-Star six times while making the All\-NBA Second Team three times. [Garry St. Jean](/wiki/Garry_St._Jean "Garry St. Jean") was chosen as new coach in 1992 and coached the team all the way through 1997, where he was replaced by Eddie Jordan.
During the 1990s, Sacramento had other stars like [Spud Webb](/wiki/Spud_Webb "Spud Webb"), [Kurt Rambis](/wiki/Kurt_Rambis "Kurt Rambis"), [Wayman Tisdale](/wiki/Wayman_Tisdale "Wayman Tisdale"), [Walt Williams](/wiki/Walt_Williams "Walt Williams"), [Olden Polynice](/wiki/Olden_Polynice "Olden Polynice") and [Brian Grant](/wiki/Brian_Grant "Brian Grant"), but they only lasted with the team for a few years. After the [1992–93 season](/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NBA_season "1992–93 NBA season"), Rambis was traded to the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"). After the [1993–94 season](/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_NBA_season "1993–94 NBA season"), Tisdale was traded to the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns "Phoenix Suns"). After the [1994–95 season](/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_NBA_season "1994–95 NBA season"), Webb was traded to the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") for [Tyrone Corbin](/wiki/Tyrone_Corbin "Tyrone Corbin"). Midway through the [1995–96 season](/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_NBA_season "1995–96 NBA season"), Williams was traded to the [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat "Miami Heat") for [Billy Owens](/wiki/Billy_Owens "Billy Owens") (who was drafted by the Kings in 1991, and traded to Golden State for Richmond). After the [1996–97 season](/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_NBA_season "1996–97 NBA season"), Grant became a free agent and signed with the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers").
One accomplishment the team achieved under St. Jean during their tenures was a playoff appearance in 1996\. The series was lost 3–1 to the [Seattle SuperSonics](/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics "Seattle SuperSonics") who, led by [Gary Payton](/wiki/Gary_Payton "Gary Payton") and [Shawn Kemp](/wiki/Shawn_Kemp "Shawn Kemp"), finished as that year's conference champions. They did not make a playoff appearance again while Richmond was still on the Kings. He was soon traded along with [Otis Thorpe](/wiki/Otis_Thorpe "Otis Thorpe") to the [Washington Wizards](/wiki/Washington_Wizards "Washington Wizards") for [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber") in May 1998\. Although Richmond was lost, this trade proved to be one of the keys to finally achieving playoff success after so many seasons of mediocrity.
#### 1998–2004: "The Greatest Show on Court"
The Kings drafted [Jason Williams](/wiki/Jason_Williams_%28basketball%2C_born_1975%29 "Jason Williams (basketball, born 1975)") in the [1998 NBA draft](/wiki/1998_NBA_draft "1998 NBA draft"), signed [Vlade Divac](/wiki/Vlade_Divac "Vlade Divac"), and traded for [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber") prior to the lockout\-shortened season of [1998–99](/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NBA_season "1998–99 NBA season"). These acquisitions coincided with the arrival of [Peja Stojaković](/wiki/Peja_Stojakovi%C4%87 "Peja Stojaković") from [PAOK BC](/wiki/PAOK_BC "PAOK BC") (Greece), who had been drafted in [1996](/wiki/1996_NBA_draft "1996 NBA draft"). Each of these moves was attributed to general manager [Geoff Petrie](/wiki/Geoff_Petrie "Geoff Petrie"), who has won the [NBA Executive of the Year Award](/wiki/NBA_Executive_of_the_Year_Award "NBA Executive of the Year Award") twice.
Led by new head coach [Rick Adelman](/wiki/Rick_Adelman "Rick Adelman"), and aided by former [Princeton](/wiki/Princeton_University "Princeton University") head coach [Pete Carril](/wiki/Pete_Carril "Pete Carril"), the Kings' [Princeton offense](/wiki/Princeton_offense "Princeton offense") impressed others for its quick style and strong ball movement. Some criticized the Kings for their poor team defense, Williams's "flash over substance" style with its many turnovers, and Webber's failure to step up in important match\-ups. Still, they quickly garnered many fans outside of California, many of whom were drawn to the spectacular pairing of Williams and Webber. In 1998–99, they went 27–23, their first winning season in nearly twenty years and their first since moving to Sacramento. The new arrivals Webber, Williams, and Divac all played key roles in this resurgence; Divac ranked near the top of the team in most statistics, Webber led the league in rebounds and was named to the [All\-NBA Second Team](/wiki/All-NBA_Second_Team "All-NBA Second Team"), and Williams was named to the [NBA All\-Rookie First Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Rookie_First_Team "NBA All-Rookie First Team"). In the playoffs, they were matched up against the defending Western Conference Champions, the [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz "Utah Jazz"). After winning game 1 by 20 points, the Jazz surrendered two consecutive playoff games to the Kings. They would turn the series around, however, and win the last two to keep the Kings from advancing in the playoffs.
In [1999–2000](/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NBA_season "1999–2000 NBA season"), the Kings' only notable transaction was trading shooting guard [Tariq Abdul\-Wahad](/wiki/Tariq_Abdul-Wahad "Tariq Abdul-Wahad") to the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic "Orlando Magic") in exchange for veteran shooting guard [Nick Anderson](/wiki/Nick_Anderson_%28basketball%29 "Nick Anderson (basketball)"). They finished eighth in the Western Conference with a 44–38 record and were matched up with the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers") in the first round of the playoffs. Once again, however, the Kings failed to advance, losing the series 2–3 against the Lakers.
[The following season](/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_NBA_season "2000–01 NBA season"), the Kings traded starting small forward [Corliss Williamson](/wiki/Corliss_Williamson "Corliss Williamson") to the [Toronto Raptors](/wiki/Toronto_Raptors "Toronto Raptors") for shooting guard [Doug Christie](/wiki/Doug_Christie "Doug Christie"), a move made to improve the subpar defense. They also drafted Turkish power forward [Hedo Türkoğlu](/wiki/Hedo_T%C3%BCrko%C4%9Flu "Hedo Türkoğlu"), further improving their bench rotation. Stojaković moved into the starting small forward role, where he and Webber proved to complement each other extremely well, and as the Kings continued to improve, their popularity steadily rose, culminating in a February 2001 *[Sports Illustrated](/wiki/Sports_Illustrated "Sports Illustrated")* cover story entitled "The Greatest Show on Court" with Williams, Christie, Stojaković, Webber, and Divac gracing the cover. That year, they went 55–27, their best in 40 years. In the playoffs, they won their first series in 20 years, defeating the [Phoenix Suns](/wiki/Phoenix_Suns "Phoenix Suns") three games to one, before being swept in the second round by the [Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"), who eventually won the NBA Championship.
In July 2001, Jason Williams was traded, along with Nick Anderson, to the [Vancouver Grizzlies](/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies "Memphis Grizzlies") for [Mike Bibby](/wiki/Mike_Bibby "Mike Bibby") and [Brent Price](/wiki/Brent_Price "Brent Price"). Despite Williams's often spectacular play, the Kings had grown tired of his recklessness and turnovers; Bibby would provide much more stability and control at the point guard position. This move was complemented by the re\-signing of Webber to a maximum\-salary contract, securing their superstar long term. With Bibby taking over for Williams, they had their best season to date in [2001–02](/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_NBA_season "2001–02 NBA season"). Though not as exciting or flashy as they had been in previous years with Williams, the team became much more effective and disciplined with Bibby at the helm. They finished with a league\-best record of 61–21, winning 36 of 41 at home. After easily winning their first two playoff matchups against the Stockton and Malone\-led Jazz and the [Dirk Nowitzki](/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki "Dirk Nowitzki")\-led [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks "Dallas Mavericks"), respectively, the Kings went on to play the archrival and two\-time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Western Conference Finals, regarded as one of the greatest playoff matchups in history. In a controversial series, the Kings lost in seven games, one game away from what would have been the first [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals "NBA Finals") and a chance at the first professional sports championship in Sacramento history. This was a crushing blow to the Kings; after losing to their archrivals in a highly controversial series, the team would begin to decline and age in the years that followed. Many commentators and journalists would question the decisions made by the referees during game 6, specifically that the Lakers were awarded a staggering 27 free throws in the fourth quarter, many of which came from what were in retrospect proved to be no\-calls. Following game 6 even print newspapers began to question the legitimacy of the game. Most notably, the *[New York Post](/wiki/New_York_Post "New York Post")* ran a front cover with a headline entitled "Foul Play"; it also published a related article suggesting that the game was rigged. NBA analyst [David Aldridge](/wiki/David_Aldridge "David Aldridge") (then working for [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN")) spoke on the game:
The 2002 Western Conference finals left many fans wondering whether the Kings could have gone on to win a title, and debate would continue for many years after the events of the series. Later, due to [allegations](/wiki/2007_NBA_betting_scandal "2007 NBA betting scandal") raised by former NBA referee [Tim Donaghy](/wiki/Tim_Donaghy "Tim Donaghy"), the NBA set up a review of the league's officiating. Lawrence Pedowitz, who led the review, concluded that while game 6 featured poor officiating, there was no concrete evidence that the game had been fixed.
The Kings went 59–23 and won the division during [the following season](/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_NBA_season "2002–03 NBA season"), seeking to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers. After defeating the Stockton\- and Malone\-led Jazz in the first round and winning game 1 against the [Dirk Nowitzki](/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki "Dirk Nowitzki")\-led [Dallas Mavericks](/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks "Dallas Mavericks") in the second round, the Kings appeared to be on the brink of another Western Conference Finals berth. However, [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber") sustained a major knee injury in game 2, and the Kings lost in a seven\-game series. Webber's knee required major surgery. He returned mid\-season in [2003–04](/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NBA_season "2003–04 NBA season") a season in which the Kings were seeking another chance to avenge their playoff loss to the Lakers, but without his quickness and athleticism, which had been the focal point of his style of play, it was not the same. Despite that, the Kings still managed to defeat the Mavericks in the first round and after winning game 1 against the [Kevin Garnett](/wiki/Kevin_Garnett "Kevin Garnett")\-led [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves") in the second round, the Kings appeared to be on the brink of their second Western Conference Finals berth in three years, but the Kings ended the season with a defeat to the Timberwolves in a seven\-game series.
#### 2004–2006: Decline
[thumb\|upright\=1\.2\|The Sacramento Kings in 2005](/wiki/File:2005_Sacramento_Kings.jpg "2005 Sacramento Kings.jpg")
The [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season "2004–05 NBA season") marked change for the Kings, who lost three starters from the famed 2002 team. In the off\-season of 2004, Divac signed with the Lakers, which prompted the Kings to sign [Brad Miller](/wiki/Brad_Miller_%28basketball%29 "Brad Miller (basketball)") to start at center. Early in the season, Christie was traded to the [Orlando Magic](/wiki/Orlando_Magic "Orlando Magic") for Cuttino Mobley, and in February, Webber was traded to the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers") for three forwards ([Corliss Williamson](/wiki/Corliss_Williamson "Corliss Williamson"), [Kenny Thomas](/wiki/Kenny_Thomas_%28basketball%29 "Kenny Thomas (basketball)"), and [Brian Skinner](/wiki/Brian_Skinner "Brian Skinner")). Thomas and Skinner failed in their attempt to replicate Webber's impact, and as a result the team's record suffered. The Kings lost in the first round of the playoffs to the [Seattle SuperSonics](/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics "Seattle SuperSonics"). The 2005 off\-season continued with changes, when they traded fan\-favorite [Bobby Jackson](/wiki/Bobby_Jackson_%28basketball%29 "Bobby Jackson (basketball)") for [Bonzi Wells](/wiki/Bonzi_Wells "Bonzi Wells") and acquired free agent [Shareef Abdur\-Rahim](/wiki/Shareef_Abdur-Rahim "Shareef Abdur-Rahim").
The 2005–06 season started poorly since the Kings had a hard time establishing team chemistry. Newcomers Wells and Abdur\-Rahim made major contributions early, but both were injured and missed a significant number of games. As the Kings' season continued, general manager Petrie decided to make a major move. Stojaković was traded for [Ron Artest](/wiki/Ron_Artest "Ron Artest"), a talented yet volatile forward known for his temper. Despite doubts that he would be able to replace the huge production of Stojaković, Artest and the Kings went 20–9 after the 2006 NBA All\-Star break, the second best post\-All\-Star break record that season. Despite a winning record of 44–38, it was clear that they were not the same team of years past. The Kings were seeded 8th in the Western Conference playoffs and were matched up in the first round against the San Antonio Spurs. Though the Kings were surprisingly competitive, the Spurs eliminated them 4–2\. This was the end of their era of competitiveness and started a 16\-year playoff drought which continued until 2023\. The 2006 off\-season began with the disturbing news that head coach Rick Adelman's contract would not be renewed. The Kings named Eric Musselman as his replacement.
#### 2006–2009: Change and transition
In 2006–07, the disappointing play of the Kings was coupled with the distraction of legal troubles. Coach [Eric Musselman](/wiki/Eric_Musselman "Eric Musselman") pleaded no contest to [DUI](/wiki/DUI "DUI") charges early in the season, while Artest got into trouble for neglect of his dogs, and was later accused of [domestic assault](/wiki/Domestic_assault "Domestic assault"). The Kings relieved Artest of basketball duties, pending investigation, then later reinstated him. They finished the season 33–49 (their worst in 9 years) which landed them in fifth place in the Pacific Division. They posted a losing record (20–21\) at home for the first time since 1993–94\. Their season included a seven\-game losing streak that lasted from January 4 to 19\. The Kings missed the [2007 NBA playoffs](/wiki/2007_NBA_playoffs "2007 NBA playoffs"), the first time in eight seasons. Musselman was fired in April. The Kings' future appeared to rest on the shoulders of [Kevin Martin](/wiki/Kevin_Martin_%28basketball%2C_born_1983%29 "Kevin Martin (basketball, born 1983)"), who was a lead candidate for 2007 NBA Most\-Improved Player of the Year.
[thumb\|upright\|[Kevin Martin](/wiki/Kevin_Martin_%28basketball%2C_born_1983%29 "Kevin Martin (basketball, born 1983)") shoots a free throw at a Kings home game.](/wiki/File:Kevinmartin.jpg "Kevinmartin.jpg")
The 2007 off\-season was a time of change. Head coach Musselman was replaced by former Kings player, [Reggie Theus](/wiki/Reggie_Theus "Reggie Theus"). The Kings selected [Spencer Hawes](/wiki/Spencer_Hawes "Spencer Hawes") with the 10th overall pick in the [2007 NBA draft](/wiki/2007_NBA_draft "2007 NBA draft"). In addition, they acquired [Mikki Moore](/wiki/Mikki_Moore "Mikki Moore") from the New Jersey Nets. Martin signed a contract worth $55 million, extending his period with the team for five more years. The Kings lost key players over the off\-season, with backup Ronnie Price leaving for the Utah Jazz, and Corliss Williamson retiring.
They claimed fourth\-year [Beno Udrih](/wiki/Beno_Udrih "Beno Udrih") off waivers from Minnesota. Udrih quickly assumed the starting position for an injured Bibby. It was announced in February that the Kings had traded Bibby to the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") for [Tyronn Lue](/wiki/Tyronn_Lue "Tyronn Lue"), [Anthony Johnson](/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_%28basketball%29 "Anthony Johnson (basketball)"), [Shelden Williams](/wiki/Shelden_Williams "Shelden Williams"), [Lorenzen Wright](/wiki/Lorenzen_Wright "Lorenzen Wright") and a 2nd round draft pick. The move was presumably made to clear cap space. Bibby had been the last player from the Kings team that reached the Western Conference Finals in 2002\.
The Kings improved by five games and finished the 2007–08 season 38–44, and missed the playoffs by a bigger margin (12 games) than the previous season (8 games). They went 26–15 at home and 12–29 on the road. After selling out every home game since 1999, the 2007–08 season sold out only three games at ARCO Arena with attendance averaging 13,500 fans per home game, almost 4,000 below capacity.
Following a quiet 2008 off\-season, it was confirmed on July 29, 2008, that the Kings would trade Artest and the rights to [Patrick Ewing Jr.](/wiki/Patrick_Ewing_Jr. "Patrick Ewing Jr.") and [Sean Singletary](/wiki/Sean_Singletary "Sean Singletary") to the [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets") in exchange for former King [Bobby Jackson](/wiki/Bobby_Jackson_%28basketball%29 "Bobby Jackson (basketball)"), [Donté Greene](/wiki/Dont%C3%A9_Greene "Donté Greene"), a future first\-round draft pick, and cash considerations for [Rashad McCants](/wiki/Rashad_McCants "Rashad McCants") and center [Calvin Booth](/wiki/Calvin_Booth "Calvin Booth").
[Reggie Theus](/wiki/Reggie_Theus "Reggie Theus") was fired in the middle of the 2008–09 season, giving way to [Kenny Natt](/wiki/Kenny_Natt "Kenny Natt") as the interim head coach. The Kings continued to struggle under Natt, ending up with the NBA's worst record for the 2008–09 season at 17–65\. On April 23, 2009, Kings' Vice President Geoff Petrie announced the firing of Natt and his four assistants, Rex Kalamian, Jason Hamm, [Randy Brown](/wiki/Randy_Brown_%28basketball%29 "Randy Brown (basketball)") and Bubba Burrage.
#### 2009–2012: "Here we Rise" to "Here We Stay"
Despite having the best odds to win the top overall pick in the [2009 NBA draft](/wiki/2009_NBA_draft "2009 NBA draft"), the Kings obtained the 4th overall pick, the lowest they could possibly pick, to the outrage of many fans. Along with new head coach [Paul Westphal](/wiki/Paul_Westphal "Paul Westphal"), they selected [Tyreke Evans](/wiki/Tyreke_Evans "Tyreke Evans"). With the 23rd pick, they selected [Omri Casspi](/wiki/Omri_Casspi "Omri Casspi") from Israel.
[thumb\|right\|150px\|[Tyreke Evans](/wiki/Tyreke_Evans "Tyreke Evans") won the 2010 NBA Rookie of the Year award.](/wiki/File:Tyreke_Evans.jpg "Tyreke Evans.jpg")
On April 27, 2010, Evans was the first Sacramento\-era player to receive the [NBA Rookie of the Year Award](/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award "NBA Rookie of the Year Award"). Evans also became the fourth player in NBA history to average 20 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists per game as a rookie, joining [Oscar Robertson](/wiki/Oscar_Robertson "Oscar Robertson"), [Michael Jordan](/wiki/Michael_Jordan "Michael Jordan"), and [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James "LeBron James").
On June 24, 2010, the Kings selected [DeMarcus Cousins](/wiki/DeMarcus_Cousins "DeMarcus Cousins") with the 5th pick of the [2010 NBA draft](/wiki/2010_NBA_draft "2010 NBA draft"). They also selected [Hassan Whiteside](/wiki/Hassan_Whiteside "Hassan Whiteside") with the 33rd pick of the [2010 NBA draft](/wiki/2010_NBA_draft "2010 NBA draft").
Despite the excellent play of Cousins and Evans, both of whom were front\-runners in Rookie of the Year voting and received [All\-Rookie First Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Rookie_First_Team "NBA All-Rookie First Team") honors, the Kings still ranked near the bottom of the NBA, going 25–57 in Evans' rookie year, and 24–58 in Cousins' rookie year. Much of this was due to the poor fit of the roster around Evans and Cousins, and the uninspired coaching of Westphal.
The 2010–11 season was marked with uncertainty towards the end of the season. Frustrated by the lack of progress towards an arena and dwindling profits from other businesses, the [Maloofs](/wiki/Maloof_family "Maloof family") sought an immediate relocation of the franchise to Anaheim. The move seemed certain towards the end of the year, with Grant Napear and Jerry Reynolds emotionally signing off at the final home game vs. the Los Angeles Lakers. But after a vote by the NBA Board of Governors, the relocation effort was ended, to the glee of the fans.
In the 2011 NBA draft the Kings traded for the draft rights of [Jimmer Fredette](/wiki/Jimmer_Fredette "Jimmer Fredette") in a three\-team deal with the [Charlotte Bobcats](/wiki/Charlotte_Bobcats "Charlotte Bobcats") and the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks"), with the Kings receiving [John Salmons](/wiki/John_Salmons "John Salmons") sending [Beno Udrih](/wiki/Beno_Udrih "Beno Udrih"). This move was heavily panned by fans and media; by moving down in the draft and losing longtime starter Udrih for the unproductive Salmons, most found it difficult to find a bright spot in the deal. Westphal would shortly be fired, with Warriors assistant [Keith Smart](/wiki/Keith_Smart "Keith Smart") hired as his replacement. Around this time, the team took the slogan "Here we rise!" for its marketing campaign. Amidst various relocation rumors and locker room tensions, the Kings had yet another unsuccessful season. One of their few bright spots was rookie [Isaiah Thomas](/wiki/Isaiah_Thomas_%28basketball%29 "Isaiah Thomas (basketball)"). Due to criticisms about his height (5'9" in shoes) and playmaking ability, Thomas slipped to the 60th and final pick of the draft. Despite this, and the presence of college superstar Fredette, Thomas earned the starting spot, finishing the season with averages of 11 points and 4 assists per game and earned a selection to the NBA All\-Rookie team. In the [2012 NBA draft](/wiki/2012_NBA_draft "2012 NBA draft") they selected [Thomas Robinson](/wiki/Thomas_Robinson_%28basketball%29 "Thomas Robinson (basketball)") out of [Kansas](/wiki/Kansas "Kansas").
Because of an unproductive rookie season by Robinson, he was traded with [Francisco García](/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_%28basketball%29 "Francisco García (basketball)") and [Tyler Honeycutt](/wiki/Tyler_Honeycutt "Tyler Honeycutt") to the [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets") in exchange for [Patrick Patterson](/wiki/Patrick_Patterson_%28basketball%29 "Patrick Patterson (basketball)"), [Toney Douglas](/wiki/Toney_Douglas "Toney Douglas") and [Cole Aldrich](/wiki/Cole_Aldrich "Cole Aldrich").
#### 2013–2015: Franchise restructuring
On May 16, 2013, the [Maloof family](/wiki/Maloof_family "Maloof family") reached agreement to sell the Kings to a group led by Silicon Valley tech entrepreneur [Vivek Ranadivé](/wiki/Vivek_Ranadiv%C3%A9 "Vivek Ranadivé") for a then\-record NBA franchise valuation of $535 million. Ranadivé, 55, named [Raj Bhathal](/wiki/Raj_Bhathal "Raj Bhathal"), 71, founder of [Tustin](/wiki/Tustin%2C_California "Tustin, California")\-based Raj Manufacturing, one of the largest swimwear companies in the nation, as one of the investors in a consortium to buy a majority stake in the Kings from the franchise's longtime owners, the Maloof family, for a reported $348 million. The group fought off a rival bid that would have moved the team to [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") after the NBA's Board of Governors rejected investor [Chris Hansen](/wiki/Chris_R._Hansen "Chris R. Hansen")'s bid to [relocate](/wiki/Failed_relocation_of_the_Sacramento_Kings%23Seattle "Failed relocation of the Sacramento Kings#Seattle") the team. The new owners intend to keep the team in [Sacramento](/wiki/Sacramento "Sacramento"). On May 28, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved the sale, ending several years of efforts by other cities to take possession and move the Kings out of Sacramento. On May 31, 2013, the Kings closed escrow, finalizing the sale to the Ranadivé group at a record valuation of $534 million, beginning a new era for the franchise. Plans were already underway to move forward on an arena, as the Downtown Plaza was reportedly being sold to the Sacramento ownership group. A month later, on July 30, [Turner Construction](/wiki/Turner_Construction "Turner Construction") was selected to be the builder of the arena.
Once the sale had closed and ownership was transferred to Ranadivé, the Kings began making changes to the management and staff. [Geoff Petrie](/wiki/Geoff_Petrie "Geoff Petrie") and [Keith Smart](/wiki/Keith_Smart "Keith Smart") were released; [Michael Malone](/wiki/Michael_Malone "Michael Malone") and [Pete D'Alessandro](/wiki/Pete_D%27Alessandro "Pete D'Alessandro") were brought in to replace them. [Corliss Williamson](/wiki/Corliss_Williamson "Corliss Williamson"), [Brendan Malone](/wiki/Brendan_Malone "Brendan Malone"), [Chris Jent](/wiki/Chris_Jent "Chris Jent"), and [Dee Brown](/wiki/Dee_Brown_%28basketball%2C_born_1968%29 "Dee Brown (basketball, born 1968)") were brought in as assistant coaches. On July 10, NBA executive [Chris Granger](/wiki/Chris_Granger "Chris Granger") was hired as team president. On September 23, 2013, [Shaquille O'Neal](/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal "Shaquille O'Neal") purchased a minority share of the team, jokingly dubbing the team's new organization the "Shaqramento Kings".
These hires coincided with several roster moves. In the [2013 NBA draft](/wiki/2013_NBA_draft "2013 NBA draft") on June 27, the Kings selected Kansas shooting guard [Ben McLemore](/wiki/Ben_McLemore "Ben McLemore"), who was widely projected to go top five, with the seventh overall pick. They also selected point guard and former [McDonald's All\-American](/wiki/McDonald%27s_All-American_Game "McDonald's All-American Game") [Ray McCallum Jr.](/wiki/Ray_McCallum_Jr. "Ray McCallum Jr.") from the University of Detroit with the 36th pick. One week later, on July 5, the Kings sent former [NBA Rookie of the Year](/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year "NBA Rookie of the Year") Tyreke Evans to the [New Orleans Pelicans](/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans "New Orleans Pelicans") in a three\-team deal involving [Robin Lopez](/wiki/Robin_Lopez "Robin Lopez"), [Greivis Vásquez](/wiki/Greivis_V%C3%A1squez "Greivis Vásquez"), [Jeff Withey](/wiki/Jeff_Withey "Jeff Withey"), [Terrel Harris](/wiki/Terrel_Harris "Terrel Harris"), and picks. On July 9, the Kings traded a future second\-round draft pick to the Bucks in exchange for defensive small forward [Luc Richard Mbah a Moute](/wiki/Luc_Richard_Mbah_a_Moute "Luc Richard Mbah a Moute"), and on July 15, the Kings signed Carl Landry, who had played a stint with the team in its previous ownership, to a 4\-year deal worth $28 million.
The 2013–14 season was widely anticipated by Kings fans. Playing their first game on October 30, against the Nuggets, the Kings won 90–88, despite being without projected starters Landry and Mbah a Moute. They were led by a 30\-point, 14\-rebound performance from DeMarcus Cousins, and a putback dunk by [Jason Thompson](/wiki/Jason_Thompson_%28basketball%29 "Jason Thompson (basketball)") with under a minute to play which sealed the victory for the Kings.
After the poor play of starting forwards [John Salmons](/wiki/John_Salmons "John Salmons") and [Patrick Patterson](/wiki/Patrick_Patterson_%28basketball%29 "Patrick Patterson (basketball)") through November, the Kings sought a change. On November 26, newly acquired [Luc Richard Mbah a Moute](/wiki/Luc_Richard_Mbah_a_Moute "Luc Richard Mbah a Moute") was traded for power forward [Derrick Williams](/wiki/Derrick_Williams_%28basketball%29 "Derrick Williams (basketball)"). Nearly two weeks later, on December 8, they acquired [Rudy Gay](/wiki/Rudy_Gay "Rudy Gay") in a blockbuster seven\-player deal that sent the struggling Patterson and Salmons to Toronto along with [Chuck Hayes](/wiki/Chuck_Hayes "Chuck Hayes") and off\-season acquisition [Greivis Vásquez](/wiki/Greivis_V%C3%A1squez "Greivis Vásquez"). [Quincy Acy](/wiki/Quincy_Acy "Quincy Acy") and [Aaron Gray](/wiki/Aaron_Gray "Aaron Gray") were also sent to the Kings. The organization sought to add depth to their lineup during the 2014 off\-season to complement the Kings' star duo DeMarcus Cousins and Rudy Gay. Sacramento added [Darren Collison](/wiki/Darren_Collison "Darren Collison"), [Ryan Hollins](/wiki/Ryan_Hollins "Ryan Hollins") and [Ramon Sessions](/wiki/Ramon_Sessions "Ramon Sessions") through free agency signings, as well as drafting [Nik Stauskas](/wiki/Nik_Stauskas "Nik Stauskas") prior to the start of the [2014–15 season](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Sacramento_Kings_season "2014–15 Sacramento Kings season").
After an 11–13 start to the 2014–15 season, head coach [Michael Malone](/wiki/Michael_Malone "Michael Malone") was fired by the Sacramento Kings organization. [Tyrone Corbin](/wiki/Tyrone_Corbin "Tyrone Corbin") filled in for the Kings until Hall of Fame coach [George Karl](/wiki/George_Karl "George Karl") replaced him in February 2015\.
On January 30, 2015, DeMarcus Cousins was named to replace the injured [Kobe Bryant](/wiki/Kobe_Bryant "Kobe Bryant") as a Western Conference All\-Star in the [2015 NBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2015_NBA_All-Star_Game "2015 NBA All-Star Game"). Cousins' selection marked the first time a Kings player earned All\-Star honors since [Brad Miller](/wiki/Brad_Miller_%28basketball%29 "Brad Miller (basketball)") and [Peja Stojaković](/wiki/Peja_Stojakovi%C4%87 "Peja Stojaković") represented Sacramento in 2004\.
[thumb\|Demarcus Cousins in a game](/wiki/File:DeMarcus_Cousins_Dec_2013.jpg "DeMarcus Cousins Dec 2013.jpg")
#### 2015–2017: Divac as general manager, new arena
On March 3, 2015, the Kings announced former Sacramento center [Vlade Divac](/wiki/Vlade_Divac "Vlade Divac") as the new vice president of basketball operations. Following the end of Sacramento's 29–53 season for 2014–15, The Kings made aggressive off\-season moves in drafting [Willie Cauley\-Stein](/wiki/Willie_Cauley-Stein "Willie Cauley-Stein") and acquiring [Rajon Rondo](/wiki/Rajon_Rondo "Rajon Rondo"), [Kosta Koufos](/wiki/Kosta_Koufos "Kosta Koufos"), [Marco Belinelli](/wiki/Marco_Belinelli "Marco Belinelli"), and [Caron Butler](/wiki/Caron_Butler "Caron Butler") in preparation for the [2015–16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Sacramento_Kings_season "2015–16 Sacramento Kings season"). To free up cap space, Divac traded [Nik Stauskas](/wiki/Nik_Stauskas "Nik Stauskas"), [Carl Landry](/wiki/Carl_Landry "Carl Landry"), [Jason Thompson](/wiki/Jason_Thompson_%28basketball%29 "Jason Thompson (basketball)"), a future top 10 protected first\-round pick, and the right to swap two future first\-round picks to the [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers") for the rights to second\-round picks [Artūras Gudaitis](/wiki/Art%C5%ABras_Gudaitis "Artūras Gudaitis") and [Luka Mitrović](/wiki/Luka_Mitrovi%C4%87 "Luka Mitrović").Rich Hoffman, [https://www.phillyvoice.com/grades\-trade\-sixers\-stauskas\-thompson\-landry\-kings/](https://www.phillyvoice.com/grades-trade-sixers-stauskas-thompson-landry-kings/) "Grading the trade: Sixers acquire Stauskas, Thompson, Landry, first\-round pick, and two pick swaps from Kings", July 2, 2015 While the 76ers gave up nearly nothing to acquire draft assets that would result in the selection of number 1 overall pick [Markelle Fultz](/wiki/Markelle_Fultz "Markelle Fultz"), the Kings remained one of the worst teams in the NBA. It was regarded by many as one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history.Tony Manfred, [https://www.businessinsider.com/sixers\-trade\-stauskas\-picks\-kings\-deal\-2015\-7](https://www.businessinsider.com/sixers-trade-stauskas-picks-kings-deal-2015-7), "The Sixers got 3 players and a 1st\-round pick for nothing in one of the most lopsided NBA trades ever", July 2, 2015
On April 14, 2016, after a 33–49 season, the Kings fired head coach George Karl. Karl compiled a record of 44–68 with the Kings.
The [2016–17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_season "2016–17 NBA season") brought several changes. The Kings moved into their new arena, the [Golden 1 Center](/wiki/Golden_1_Center "Golden 1 Center"). On May 9, 2016, the Kings hired former Memphis Grizzlies coach [Dave Joerger](/wiki/Dave_Joerger "Dave Joerger") as head coach. During the [2016 NBA draft](/wiki/2016_NBA_draft "2016 NBA draft"), the Kings traded the 8th pick to the Phoenix Suns for the 13th and 28th pick in the draft, as well as the rights to Serbian guard [Bogdan Bogdanović](/wiki/Bogdan_Bogdanovi%C4%87_%28basketball%29 "Bogdan Bogdanović (basketball)"). Later in the evening, the Kings traded Marco Belinelli to the [Charlotte Hornets](/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets "Charlotte Hornets") in exchange for the 22nd pick in the draft. The Kings selected four players in the 2016 NBA draft—Greek center [Georgios Papagiannis](/wiki/Georgios_Papagiannis "Georgios Papagiannis") with the 13th pick, [Syracuse](/wiki/Syracuse_Orange_men%27s_basketball "Syracuse Orange men's basketball") shooting guard [Malachi Richardson](/wiki/Malachi_Richardson "Malachi Richardson") with the 22nd pick, Kentucky forward [Skal Labissiere](/wiki/Skal_Labissi%C3%A8re "Skal Labissière") with the 28th pick, and [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_men%27s_basketball "Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball") guard [Isaiah Cousins](/wiki/Isaiah_Cousins "Isaiah Cousins") with the 59th pick. In free agency, the Kings signed [Anthony Tolliver](/wiki/Anthony_Tolliver "Anthony Tolliver"), [Garrett Temple](/wiki/Garrett_Temple "Garrett Temple"), [Arron Afflalo](/wiki/Arron_Afflalo "Arron Afflalo"), [Matt Barnes](/wiki/Matt_Barnes "Matt Barnes"), and [Ty Lawson](/wiki/Ty_Lawson "Ty Lawson").
#### 2017–2020: Rebuilding post\-DeMarcus Cousins
On February 20, 2017, the Kings traded DeMarcus Cousins, alongside [Omri Casspi](/wiki/Omri_Casspi "Omri Casspi") to the [New Orleans Pelicans](/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans "New Orleans Pelicans") for [Tyreke Evans](/wiki/Tyreke_Evans "Tyreke Evans"), [Buddy Hield](/wiki/Buddy_Hield "Buddy Hield"), [Langston Galloway](/wiki/Langston_Galloway "Langston Galloway") and two future draft picks. The Kings finished the 2016–17 season with a 32–50 record.
In the [2017 NBA draft](/wiki/2017_NBA_draft "2017 NBA draft") the team selected Kentucky point guard [De'Aaron Fox](/wiki/De%27Aaron_Fox "De'Aaron Fox") with the fifth pick. They also selected North Carolina forward [Justin Jackson](/wiki/Justin_Jackson_%28basketball%2C_born_1995%29 "Justin Jackson (basketball, born 1995)") with the 15th pick, Duke center [Harry Giles](/wiki/Harry_Giles_%28basketball%29 "Harry Giles (basketball)") with the 20th pick, and Kansas point guard [Frank Mason III](/wiki/Frank_Mason_III "Frank Mason III") with the 34th pick. With four rookie pickups, Divac wanted to add veteran presences on the roster. On July 10, 2017, the team signed three veterans—[Vince Carter](/wiki/Vince_Carter "Vince Carter"), [Zach Randolph](/wiki/Zach_Randolph "Zach Randolph"), and [George Hill](/wiki/George_Hill_%28basketball%29 "George Hill (basketball)").
The team finished the 2017–18 season with a 27–55 record, placing 12th in the Western Conference. Giles sat out the entire season due to a leg injury despite previous reports that he would make his rookie debut in January. Hill was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers. Greek center Papagiannis, who was selected in the first round of the 2016 draft, averaged only 2\.1 points in the 16 games played.
During the [2018 NBA draft](/wiki/2018_NBA_draft "2018 NBA draft"), the Kings selected Duke center [Marvin Bagley III](/wiki/Marvin_Bagley_III "Marvin Bagley III"). The team was criticized following the draft for not selecting [Luka Dončić](/wiki/Luka_Don%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Luka Dončić"), while Divac would go on to say he was confident in Bagley. Prior to the 2018–19 season, multiple analysts picked Sacramento to finish last in the Western Conference, calling their recent draft a "missed opportunity to build" and their lack of a veteran presence to offset their rookie lineup. The Kings lost to the Utah Jazz 123–117 in their season opener on October 17, 2018\. Despite starting the season 1–3, including a loss to the Pelicans in which they gave up 149 points, the team would go onto win their next five games to hold a winning record. By December 30, the team held a 19–16 record. Ultimately, the Kings finished the season in ninth place in the Western Conference posting a record of 39–43; they again missed the playoffs. However, this was the team's best regular\-season record since their last playoff appearance in the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Sacramento_Kings_season "2005–06 Sacramento Kings season"). In spite of this, head coach Joerger was fired after the conclusion of the season, and [Luke Walton](/wiki/Luke_Walton "Luke Walton") was hired as his replacement three days later.
Earlier in the season, the Kings were rocked by the discovery that their former chief revenue officer, Jeff David, had embezzled $13\.4 million in sponsorship payments from the Kings and their corporate partners over four years. David, who had taken a similar position with the [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat "Miami Heat"), pleaded guilty to wire fraud and identity theft and was sentenced to seven years in federal prison.
Following the [suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season](/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season"), the Kings were one of the 22 teams invited to the [NBA Bubble](/wiki/2020_NBA_Bubble "2020 NBA Bubble") to participate in the final 8 games of the regular season. However, Sacramento finished these games with a 3–5 record, missing the play\-in game and extending their playoff drought for the 14th consecutive season.
#### 2020–present: The Monte McNair and Mike Brown era
On August 14, 2020, the Sacramento Kings announced that general manager [Vlade Divac](/wiki/Vlade_Divac "Vlade Divac") would resign from his position. [Joe Dumars](/wiki/Joe_Dumars "Joe Dumars"), a former player and executive for the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons"), would be named interim Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations; Dumars had joined the Kings as a special advisor in June of the previous year.
Following a month\-long search, the Sacramento Kings announced on September 17, 2020, that [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets") executive [Monte McNair](/wiki/Monte_McNair "Monte McNair") would be hired as the franchise's new general manager. With the Rockets, McNair spent thirteen years working under [Daryl Morey](/wiki/Daryl_Morey "Daryl Morey"), serving in various roles; he was most recently named assistant general manager in 2018\. Following this hire, interim executive Joe Dumars was named as the chief strategy officer of the organization. Other candidates for the position included [Minnesota Timberwolves](/wiki/Minnesota_Timberwolves "Minnesota Timberwolves") executive vice president Sachin Gupta, [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets") general manager [Calvin Booth](/wiki/Calvin_Booth "Calvin Booth"), and former [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") general manager Wes Wilcox. McNair announced three additional hires on October 14, 2020; these included the aforementioned Wes Wilcox who became an assistant GM, former [Philadelphia 76ers](/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers "Philadelphia 76ers") scouting director Phil Jabour as vice president of player personnel, and [Oklahoma City Blue](/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Blue "Oklahoma City Blue") executive Paul Johnson as director of basketball operations.
In July 2021, Dyal Capital, a unit of [Blue Owl Capital](/wiki/Blue_Owl_Capital "Blue Owl Capital"), began to solidify a deal investing in the basketball team, giving the investment firm a 5 percent stake in the team with a valuation of $1\.5 billion, though another person familiar with the matter placed the valuation closer to $1\.8 billion.
In the [2021 NBA draft](/wiki/2021_NBA_draft "2021 NBA draft"), in order to improve their defense the Kings selected [Davion Mitchell](/wiki/Davion_Mitchell "Davion Mitchell") from [Baylor University](/wiki/Baylor_University "Baylor University") with the ninth pick.
On November 22, 2021, head coach [Luke Walton](/wiki/Luke_Walton "Luke Walton") was fired after a mediocre 6–11 start; he was then replaced by [Alvin Gentry](/wiki/Alvin_Gentry "Alvin Gentry") on an interim basis. For the 16th season in a row, the Sacramento Kings failed to reach the [Playoffs](/wiki/2022_NBA_playoffs "2022 NBA playoffs"), and thus passing the [Los Angeles Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers "Los Angeles Clippers") for the [longest playoff drought in NBA history](/wiki/List_of_NBA_franchise_post-season_droughts "List of NBA franchise post-season droughts"), the Kings also made a blockbuster trade at the trade deadline with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers") sending [Tyrese Haliburton](/wiki/Tyrese_Haliburton "Tyrese Haliburton") for [Domantas Sabonis](/wiki/Domantas_Sabonis "Domantas Sabonis"). Following the season, the Kings' fired [Gentry](/wiki/Alvin_Gentry "Alvin Gentry") as head coach.
On May 9, 2022, [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors "Golden State Warriors") associate head coach [Mike Brown](/wiki/Mike_Brown_%28basketball%2C_born_1970%29 "Mike Brown (basketball, born 1970)") was announced as the next head coach of the Kings. His tenure with the team began after the Warriors finished their [2021–22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Golden_State_Warriors_season "2021–22 Golden State Warriors season") where they won the [2022 NBA championship](/wiki/2022_NBA_Finals "2022 NBA Finals"). During the 2022–23 season, the Kings began lighting a large, purple beam into the night sky after every game won, inspiring chants of "[Light the Beam](/wiki/Light_the_Beam "Light the Beam")" from the crowd at the end of victories at home.
On February 24, 2023, the Kings beat the host [Los Angeles Clippers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Clippers "Los Angeles Clippers") in double\-overtime by the final score of 176–175\. It was the second\-highest scoring game in NBA history behind a December 13, 1983, affair in which the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons") beat the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets") 186–184 in triple\-overtime. The game featured 44 combined three\-pointers made, tied for the most in a game in NBA history and both teams shot over 58 percent from the field and over 80 percent free throws. It was also the first time in Kings franchise history in which two players scored at least 40 points in a game ([Malik Monk](/wiki/Malik_Monk "Malik Monk") scored a career\-high 45, De'Aaron Fox had 42\). On March 29, the Kings beat the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers") 120–80 to clinch a playoff spot breaking a 16\-year playoff drought, which at the time was the longest active playoff drought in the four major North American sports. In the playoffs, they were defeated by the Golden State Warriors in seven games.
The next season, despite both Fox and Sabonis failing to return to the All\-Star Team (though Sabonis was later named All\-NBA Third Team), the Kings finished 46\-36\. However, they finished only 9th in that year's strong Western Conference. The Kings made the play\-in tournament for the year, beating the Warriors in their first game but later losing to the New Orleans Pelicans.
In the offseason, the team acquired 6\-time All\-Star [Demar DeRozan](/wiki/DeMar_DeRozan "DeMar DeRozan") in a sign\-and\-trade deal.
| How will Mike Brown's tenure as head coach affect the team? | true | [
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Colorplexer | 5iz5xh951hg6jga4bzvmhqre777ebzo | 3 | Encoder | Encoder
-------
The R, G, and B primary color signals are weighted and then summed together into the [Luma](/wiki/Luma_%28video%29 "Luma (video)") signal, Yʹ (Y prime), which is roughly equivalent to a monochrome signal.
With the addition of inputs from the synchronizing generator, which supplies the [blanking](/wiki/Blanking_%28video%29 "Blanking (video)") and composite synch signals, and inputs from the color burst generator, which supplies the 3\.579545 MHz color burst and the "burst gate" signals, the colorplexer, using an "encoder", synthesizes a compatible signal which includes luminance (described earlier) and [chrominance](/wiki/Chrominance "Chrominance") (an amplitude\-modulated suppressed\-carrier signal with "I" and "Q" in quadrature, and which represents the differences between the color signals and the monochrome signal), the combination of which produces a monochrome\-compatible color information stream.
The "burst gate" admits eight cycles of the 3\.579545 MHz "color burst" and applies this to the "back porch" of each horizontal synch pulse (the vertical synch is unaffected). These eight cycles are just enough to supply a color TV receiver with a reference with which it can correct its own 3\.579545 MHz local oscillator as to frequency and phase, phase being the most significant aspect of the process of recovering the "I" and "Q" signals.
The "matrix" adopted by RCA was Y \= 0\.30R \+ 0\.59G \+ 0\.11B; the three weighting factors were selected such that their sum was 1\.0\.
As with "prior art" two\-color systems, such as pre\-1932 Technicolor, the G signal predominates the R signal; and, as with "prior art" three\-color systems, such as 1932 and later "Three\-Strip" Technicolor, the G and R signals predominate the B signal.
RCA's color system was developed while "Three\-Strip" Technicolor was the "gold standard", and Eastman Kodak's Eastmancolor would not completely displace "Three\-Strip" Technicolor for another half\-decade. Indeed, RCA's P22 [CRT](/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube "Cathode ray tube") [phosphor](/wiki/Phosphor "Phosphor") was intended to mimic Technicolor's dramatic color palette.
In most practical color systems, including RCA's, the G signal is taken to be the reference as it has the highest resolution. Indeed, in 1932 to 1944 "Three\-Strip" Technicolor, the image was enhanced by printing a monochrome image which was taken from a 0\.5G negative (called the "key" image, and hence that color system was really an RGBK system, not unlike graphic arts' YCMK system) on the film's "blank receiver" before the color dyes were applied, as an edge enhancement measure.
Edge enhancement is now a part of many electronically based color systems, but in "Three\-Strip" Technicolor's day, it was accomplished photographically from the G image, the sharpest of the three.
| How does the 'burst gate' signal affect the local oscillator in a TV receiver? | true | [
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's-Hertogenbosch | lzbsntok3az9lj24yzqzma0mdfgh5hn | 15 | City center | ### City center
[left\|thumb\|City Hall of 's\-Hertogenbosch](/wiki/File:%27s-Hertogenbosch_Rijksmonument_21719_Stadhuis%2C_Markt_1.JPG "'s-Hertogenbosch Rijksmonument 21719 Stadhuis, Markt 1.JPG")
[thumb\|Market square](/wiki/File:%27s-Hertogenbosch_Marktplein_-_Den_Bosch_Markt.jpg "'s-Hertogenbosch Marktplein - Den Bosch Markt.jpg")
The city center has a cosy atmosphere because of the almost continuous ramparts that still surround it. It has been molded by the multiple rivers that convene on 's\-Hertogenbosch, giving the center its strange street plan so different from the usual [grid plan](/wiki/Grid_plan "Grid plan") where streets meet at right angles. The center is dominated by [Saint John's Cathedral](/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral%2C_%27s-Hertogenbosch "St. John's Cathedral, 's-Hertogenbosch") (*Sint\-Janskathedraal* in [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language")), which dates from c. 1220 and is best known for its [Brabantine Gothic](/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic "Brabantine Gothic") design and the many sculptures of craftsmen that are sitting on almost every arc and rim along the outside of the cathedral. In 2010 an extensive restoration was completed, undoing the damage of many years of wear\-and\-tear and [acid rain](/wiki/Acid_rain "Acid rain").
On the central square is the oldest remaining brick house of the Netherlands, 'de Moriaan',[Teletijd.nl: 'De Moriaan' before and after renovation](http://www.teletijd.nl/moriaan/) which was built at the beginning of the 13th century. In the 1960s, de Moriaan was renovated to its former glory based on a famous 16th\-century Dutch painting called 'De Lakenmarkt van 's\-Hertogenbosch' ('The fabric market of 's\-Hertogenbosch').[Painting: De Lakenmarkt van 's\-Hertogenbosch](https://archive.org/details/DeLakenmarktTeu2019sHertogenboschCirca1530) The town hall is an original 14th\-century Gothic building. After the town was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1629, it received a new facade in the style of [Dutch Baroque architecture](/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture "Dutch Baroque architecture"). It showcased the authority of the new masters, just like the new town hall in Maastricht would.
Hidden below the old city is a [canal](/wiki/Canal "Canal") network called the [Binnendieze](/wiki/Binnendieze "Binnendieze"), which once spanned . It started out as a regular river, the Dommel, running through the city in medieval times. Due to a lack of space in the city, people started building their houses and roads over the river. Later, the Binnendieze functioned as a sewer and fell into disrepair. In recent decades, the remaining sixth part of the old waterway system has been renovated, and it is possible to take several guided subterranean boat trips through it.
| What other ways can historical buildings be damaged besides wear and tear? | true | [
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2019 Hong Kong ePrix | 8b2k7kjlrwziqx3dr547zn659vftg7k | 1 | Report | Report
------
[thumb\|[New World First Bus](/wiki/New_World_First_Bus "New World First Bus") operates the temporary free shuttle route FE1 due to the closure of several roads in Central on Mar 9 and 10th.](/wiki/File:6188_at_Central_Pier_4%2C_Man_Kwong_St_%2820190309084542%29.jpg "6188 at Central Pier 4, Man Kwong St (20190309084542).jpg")
### Background
The Hong Kong ePrix was confirmed as part of Formula E's [2018–19 series schedule](/wiki/2018-19_Formula_E_season "2018-19 Formula E season") on June 7, 2018, by the [FIA World Motor Sport Council](/wiki/FIA_World_Motor_Sport_Council "FIA World Motor Sport Council"). They were the fifth of thirteen scheduled single\-seater electric car races of the 2018–19 season, and the third running of the event. It was held again at [Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit](/wiki/Hong_Kong_Central_Harbourfront_Circuit "Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit"), located in the southern part of Hong Kong.
Coming into Hong Kong, [Jérôme d'Ambrosio](/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_d%27Ambrosio "Jérôme d'Ambrosio") is leading the Drivers' Championship with 53 points, seven points ahead from [BMW Andretti](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport "Andretti Autosport") driver [António Félix da Costa](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_F%C3%A9lix_da_Costa "António Félix da Costa") in second, after finishing 4th on the last race in [Mexico City](/wiki/2019_Mexico_City_ePrix "2019 Mexico City ePrix"), and in third is [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird "Sam Bird") with 45 points, only one point behind António Félix da Costa. In the Teams' Championship, [Mahindra Racing](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing "Mahindra Racing") is leading with 83 points; [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing "Envision Virgin Racing") just 10 points behind in second, and BMW Andretti in third with 64 points.
The 2019 Hong Kong ePrix would celebrate the 50th ePrix in Formula E history.
### Practice
Two practice sessions—both on Saturday morning—were held before the late afternoon race. The first session ran for 45 minutes and the second for half an hour. Early morning showers saw the drivers head out on to a damp track for the first practice session, with the drivers fighting hard to keep the cars off the wall. During the session, [Oliver Rowland](/wiki/Oliver_Rowland "Oliver Rowland") led the way during the first Practice session after setting a time of 1:09\.283, ahead of both [DS Techeetah](/wiki/Techeetah "Techeetah") driver [Andre Lotterer](/wiki/Andre_Lotterer "Andre Lotterer") and his teammate [Jean\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne "Jean-Éric Vergne"). During the session, several competitors ran deep into the run\-off area. The notable incidents happened when [Virgin Racing](/wiki/Envision_Virgin_Racing "Envision Virgin Racing") driver [Sam Bird](/wiki/Sam_Bird "Sam Bird") slide himself into the wall at turn 2, and Frijns clipped the inside wall at the penultimate corner. [Gary Paffett](/wiki/Gary_Paffett "Gary Paffett") had a driveshaft problem at the end of Practice 1\.
The second practice session was underway an hour and a half later, with the track still in the damp condition after another rain came down between the first and second practice session. Virgin Racing driver [Robin Frijns](/wiki/Robin_Frijns "Robin Frijns") was the fastest in the second Practice session setting a lap time of 1:09\.221, ahead from Rowland in second and Lotterer in third. [Venturi](/wiki/Venturi_Grand_Prix "Venturi Grand Prix") driver [Edoardo Mortara](/wiki/Edoardo_Mortara "Edoardo Mortara") stopped on track due to a technical issue, just a few minutes into the session, and the [Jaguar](/wiki/Jaguar_Racing "Jaguar Racing") driver [Mitch Evans](/wiki/Mitch_Evans "Mitch Evans") had to stop as well with an issue at turn 6\.
### Qualifying
[thumb\|upright\|[Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne "Stoffel Vandoorne") *(pictured in 2017 while driving in [Formula One](/wiki/Formula_One "Formula One") for [McLaren\-Honda](/wiki/McLaren-Honda "McLaren-Honda"))* took his first pole position of his career and picks up his first points of the season.](/wiki/File:Stoffel_Vandoorne_-_Malaysia_GP_2017.jpg "Stoffel Vandoorne - Malaysia GP 2017.jpg")
Sunday's 75\-minute afternoon qualifying session was divided into two groups of five cars and two groups of six entries. Each group was determined by championship standing and was permitted six minutes of on\-track activity. All drivers were limited to two timed laps with one at maximum power. The fastest six overall competitors in the four groups participated in a "Super Pole" session with one driver on the track at any time going out in reverse order from six to first. Each of the six drivers was limited to one timed lap and the starting order was determined by the competitor's fastest times (Super Pole from first to six, and group qualifying from seventh to twenty\-second). The driver and team who recorded the fastest time were awarded three points towards their respective championships.
In group one, [Audi](/wiki/Audi "Audi") driver [Lucas Di Grassi](/wiki/Lucas_Di_Grassi "Lucas Di Grassi") was fastest, ahead of Bird, and Da Costa. Both [Mahindra](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing "Mahindra Racing") driver, [Pascal Wehrlein](/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein "Pascal Wehrlein") and [Jerome d'Ambrosio](/wiki/Jerome_d%27Ambrosio "Jerome d'Ambrosio"), will start the Hong Kong ePrix from the back of the grid. Mortara is fastest in group two, with Lotterer joining him in the top 6 of overall qualifying session. The reigning champion [Jean\-Éric Vergne](/wiki/Jean-%C3%89ric_Vergne "Jean-Éric Vergne") crossed the finish line backwards and hitting the wall, causing a red flag during the group two qualifying session. His best qualifying session was deleted by the stewards decision, and he would start in 18th. In the third group, Rowland set the fastest lap, ahead of his teammate [Sébastien Buemi](/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Buemi "Sébastien Buemi"), which he missed out of the top six. [Felipe Massa](/wiki/Felipe_Massa "Felipe Massa") and [Daniel Abt](/wiki/Daniel_Abt "Daniel Abt") were third and forth in the group three, ahead of [BMW Andretti](/wiki/Andretti_Autosport "Andretti Autosport") driver [Alexander Sims](/wiki/Alexander_Sims_%28racing_driver%29 "Alexander Sims (racing driver)") and the [NIO](/wiki/NIO_Formula_E_Team "NIO Formula E Team") driver of [Oliver Turvey](/wiki/Oliver_Turvey "Oliver Turvey"). In group four, [Stoffel Vandoorne](/wiki/Stoffel_Vandoorne "Stoffel Vandoorne") in the [HWA Racelab](/wiki/HWA_Team "HWA Team") set the overall fastest lap of the group qualifying, with his teammate [Gary Paffett](/wiki/Gary_Paffett "Gary Paffett") came in second, pushing Bird and Buemi out of the top six. Into the Super Pole session, Vandoorne took his first Pole Position of his career with a 1\-minute and 11\.58 seconds, and collected first points for HWA Racelab. He would start on the front row with Oliver Rowland, who is 0\.323 seconds slower. Mortara set the third fastest lap, with Lotterer in forth, and Paffett in fifth. Sixth\-placed man Di Grassi runs too deep at turn two.
### Post\-qualifying
After qualifying, Mortara received three place grid penalty and was demoted to sixth place on the grid for speeding under the red flag during group qualifying. This promoted Lotterer, Paffett and Di Grassi to third, forth and fifth place respectively.
### Race
[thumb\|[Lung Wo Road](/wiki/Lung_Wo_Road "Lung Wo Road") on the day of the race.](/wiki/File:Lung_Wo_Rd_at_2019_Hong_Kong_ePrix_%2820190310121647%29.jpg "Lung Wo Rd at 2019 Hong Kong ePrix (20190310121647).jpg")
[thumb\|Stoffel Vandoorne at the intersection of Lung Wo Rd and Man Yiu St.](/wiki/File:5_Stoffel_Vandoorne_at_Lung_Wo_Rd%2C_Man_Yiu_St_%2820190310161031%29.jpg "5 Stoffel Vandoorne at Lung Wo Rd, Man Yiu St (20190310161031).jpg")
The race began at 16:03 Hong Kong Time (UTC\+08:00\). Weather conditions at the start of the race were wet. The air temperature throughout ranged from 18\.44 to 18\.72 °C (65\.19 to 65\.69 °F) and the track temperature stayed at 19 °C. Each driver was mandated to activate the attack mode system twice and were permitted to arm the system no more than five times. A special feature of Formula E is the "Fan Boost" feature, an additional 25 kW (34 hp) of power to use during the race's second half. The five drivers who were allowed to use the boost were determined by a fan vote. For the Hong Kong race, Vandoorne, Félix da Costa, Abt, Buemi, and Wehrlein were handed the extra power. Rowland took the lead from Vandoorne at the start, as Bird climbed up the order and came fourth at the first corner.
Just minutes in, [Dragon](/wiki/Dragon_Racing "Dragon Racing") driver [Felipe Nasr](/wiki/Felipe_Nasr "Felipe Nasr") went into the wall at Turn 2, with both [Mahindra](/wiki/Mahindra_Racing "Mahindra Racing") drivers d'Ambrosio and Wehrlein colliding into Nasr, ending all three drivers' races within the first five minutes and causing the full course yellow to be deployed followed by the Safety Car. The race was temporarily stopped under the red flag with Rowland leading ahead of Bird in second place. With the clock reset to just under 36 minutes remaining, most of the field took their first "attack mode" activation immediately prior to the restart. Rowland led for a lap before losing the lead to Bird when he accidentally pressed the Full Course Yellow speed limiter button at Turn 1, dropping him to 10th. Bird led a lap, before he went too deep at Turn 2 and lost a position to Lotterer. The two drivers battled hard for the win.
With less than 18 minutes left, Vandoorne stopped at Turn 6, suffering a driveshaft problem, while Buemi picked up damage to his left front wheel through the chicane, ending his race early. To recover Vandoorne's car from the track, the race director ordered the safety car to be deployed. The race restarted with 11 minutes left to go with Lotterer still leading, Bird close behind in second, and Mortara in third. Further down the pack, Rowland stopped on track after snapping his rear axle following contact with the wall. The Safety Car was deployed again to recover Rowland's car.
The race restarted again with less than two minutes to go. At Turn 2 on the penultimate lap, Bird made contact with the back of Lotterer's car, puncturing his tyre. Lotterer dropped to last position in 14th, with Bird leading to what could have been his second win of the season. Behind Bird came Mortara in second and Di Grassi in third. Abt and Massa finished in fourth and fifth respectively, with Evans, Paffett, Turvey, and Da Costa completing the top 10\. The final finishers were Lopez, Dillmann, Vergne, and Lotterer.
### Post\-race
Three hours after the race, the FIA stewards gave Bird a five\-second time penalty for causing a collision with Lotterer, dropping Bird to 6th. With the result, Mortara took the win of the 50th ePrix, followed by Audi driver Di Grassi in second and Frijns in third.
The result put Bird into the Drivers' Championship lead with 54 points but only one point ahead of d'Ambrosio. Mortara's victory enabled him to move into fourth position with 52 points, tied with Di Grassi. Virgin Racing led the Teams' Championship with 97 points. Venturi's result moved them into fourth in the Teams' Championship with 66 points, one point ahead of BMW Andretti in fifth place. Techeetah fell to sixth while Audi took second place after both drivers finished in the points. The race also set the record for the most number of retirees (8\).
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