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versión On-line ISSN 0718-1043
GONZALEZ A, Josefina. Etología de camélidos y arte rupestre de la Subregión río Salado (norte de Chile, II Región). Estud. atacam. [online]. 2002, n.23, pp. 23-32. ISSN 0718-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432002002300003.
This paper discusses the Early Formative Period rock-art style that was recorded in the mountains of the Salado river sub-region. The style, called Confluencia, is mainly characterized by the detail with which it portrays animals and the precision with which attitudes and postures reveal certain activities. On this basis, an analogy is made with a range of activities observed in vicuña family groups (Vicugna vicugna). The results show that certain activities were depicted while others were left aside, suggesting there was an internal coherence to the style, which is necessarily related to the sociocultural context in which it developed
Palabras clave : rock art; camelid ethology; Early Formative Period. | <urn:uuid:05dc842b-0998-4648-8c1f-ad49df88c6a1> | {
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Constructed at the Goddard Space Laboratory by Paul Mahaffy and his team, SAM can analyse the chemicals found in Martian rocks.
The discovery of organic compounds on Mars would cause huge excitement right across the globe. Together with liquid water, they are regarded as essentials for life. Curiosity’s other tests will reveal whether the ancient Martian environment could have allowed life itself to form from these building blocks.
Imagine a quarterback making a pass, accurately, from California to London! That’s Brian Portock’s job on the Mars Mission Curiosity rover landing.
Joel Krajewski “To get the distance scales approximately similar, the quarterback here is throwing a pass 30 metres, 40 metres away. But Brian’s target of Mars is hundreds of millions of kilometres away. It’s similar to as if this quarterback here were throwing a football to a receiver in, say, London, and needing to hit his mark.”
The state-of-the-art instrumentation on-board Curiosity will allow the rover to sample and analyse rocks in-situ on Mars.
John Grotzinger “What Curiosity can do, which has never been done before on a Rover mission, is to actually drill a hole in the rock, take the powder and put it into the chemistry laboratory which is inside the Rover.”
Landing a billion dollar rover, on the surface of Mars is an incredibly complex challenge for NASA. Joel Krajewski, chief engineer, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory explains.
NASA’s engineers have never shied away from tricky landings. During the Apollo missions of the 1970s, they weren’t satisfied just to put a man on the moon. But landing a car on Mars is an entirely different proposition.
The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. | <urn:uuid:07543ad0-b23f-4504-9b26-fc2d1bb280dd> | {
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Cellular gene transcription is revealed in greater detail with a new technology that has been developed by Dr.Daniel Kaufmann of the University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM) and the research team he directed.
"This new research tool offers us a more profound view of the immune responses that are involved in a range of diseases, such as HIV infection. At the level of gene transcription, this had been difficult, complex and costly to do with current technologies, such as microscopy," explained the University of Montreal professor.
The technology is known as the "FISH investigation protocol" (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) - it optimizes current flow cytometry processes, resulting in a greater visibility of the transcription of RNA, a key step in the transmission of cellular information. The researchers published their breakthrough in Nature Communications' online edition. Flow cytometry itself enables the simultaneous measurement of hundreds of thousands of cells as they quickly pass through laser beams. This technology dates back to 1934, when it was used to count the cells making up organs and blood, before being developed across the decades to enable the analysis of cells' various physical characteristics. Today, flow cyclometers are standard equipment for immunology and cancer research labs.
Dr Kaufmann's team worked with Affymetrix, a company, to break through this barrier by applying their technology to a fundamental step in the transmission of genetic information within the cell. The technology, which is now patented, involves carefully mixing chemical reactants by following a two day long handling protocol. Using a standard flow cyclometer, a hybridization oven and a variety of meticulously dosed solutions (which act as microscopic fluorescent probes), the cells can be coaxed to deliver information that has been previously unavailable.
The application of the technology promises to have a huge impact as ultimately it will enable researchers to better understand the mechanisms that cause diseases and to establish the efficacy of the drugs used to treat them. "In principle, our technology can be applied to any species. We can detect a very wide variety of RNA molecules produced by the human body and animals," Dr. Kaufmann explained. | <urn:uuid:fc631e0d-3319-4c06-8c32-9a504b3b999e> | {
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Bamboo Plant Food
The Bamboo plant contains over 1,000 species making it a favorite
in continents such as: Asia, Australia, Africa, North America, and
South America. Bamboo is actually a grass and is widely revered
for its fast and large growth. In fact, some Bamboo plants have
grown over one foot in a single 24-hour period. Because of its height,
many people often mistake Bamboo for a tree, when it is actually
a plant. Some Bamboo plants bud and flower, while other specimens
may flower only once per century. Due to the Bamboo plants hardiness
and fast growth, many homeowners favor adding Bamboo to their landscapes.
It is also due to the fact that the Bamboo plant grows so rapidly,
that some gardeners tend to consider the Bamboo as an invasive species.
However, if you understand the nature of the plant and how it grows,
you will soon discover that you can successfully add ornamental
Bamboo to your landscaping while enjoying many other plants at the
same time. Bamboo plants often spread their root systems through
a network of underground rhizomes. Therefore, if you are going to
add Bamboo plants to your landscaping, it is a good idea to edge
or prune the rhizomes to ensure that the Bamboo plants grow in the
area that you have allocated for it.
Adding Bamboo plants to the outdoor landscaping is growing in popularity.
They make a wonderful addition to gardens as well as indoor container
plants. When planting Bamboo outside it is important to note that
the plant prefers full sun. It also requires plenty of water and
it should be watered liberally. The amount of water that you supply
to your Bamboo plants will depend upon the temperature of your climate.
Hot climates will mean that you will need to increase the amount
of water your plants need.
Choosing the best Bamboo plant food is essential for ensuring
that your plant is supplied with the adequate vitamins and minerals
that it needs to thrive. Fortunately, the Bamboo plant doesn’t
require as much plant food as other plants. It is important to remember
that Bamboo is technically a grass; therefore you can use any type
of plant food or fertilizer designated for grass with your Bamboo
plant. When looking for a fertilizer, remember that organic fertilizers
are best, but make sure that the fertilizer you select is high in
You can grow your Bamboo plant in a container, but you will need
to take extra care with the plant, to ensure that its roots do not
suffer rot. Also, since Bamboo requires a lot of water, but will
easily succumb to over watering, it is important to make sure that
your container grown Bamboo remains wet while not becoming soggy.
Again, you can add plant food or grass fertilizer to your Bamboo
plant to ensure that it receives the minerals that it needs. More
on caring for bamboo
plants. Another option to growing Bamboo indoors is to choose
the plant called the “Lucky Bamboo”. Though this plant
technically is not a Bamboo, it is actually a member of the Lily
family, but it is fast becoming an adornment in homes of many who
love and favor the Bamboo plant. Lucky Bamboo can grow easily in
a container filled with a ½ inch of water, and diluted fertilizer.
It also grows well in low light. Whether you prefer one of the many
species of Bamboo to adorn your landscaping, grown indoors in a
container, or prefer the Feng Shui favorite, Lucky Bamboo, choosing
the right plant food will ensure that your plant thrives and continues
to give you years of enjoyment. Learn more about the meaning
of a Bamboo plant. | <urn:uuid:4cea24d2-2f91-468f-802f-8d859be09b74> | {
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In addition to organ transplants, regenerative medicine also offers solutions for people with failing organs. For example, the liver of Prometheus can regenerate after being eaten by an eagle, and the limb of a salamandra can regenerate after being amputated. In addition to transplants, regenerative medicine has found ways to support failing organs through engineering. QC Kinetix (Andover-Lawrence) has some nice tips on this. A ventricular assistive device is one such example of an artificial organ that helps people with circulation problems during the complex transplant process.
Regenerative medicine is an exciting new field of multidisciplinary research that focuses on replacing or repairing damaged body organs. Through stem cell therapies, physicians and scientists are learning to restore and replenish injured tissues, organs, and organ systems. It is also a new field in medicine that is expanding its scope to include tissue engineering, personalized medicine, and biomechanical prosthetics. This new field is still relatively young, but it has the potential to transform the health and welfare of millions of people around the world.
Currently, only a small number of regenerative medicine treatments are covered by insurance companies. However, these therapies may be covered when combined with other treatments, such as surgery. The total cost of regenerative medicine treatments is different for different patients. Before you undergo any procedure, consult your doctor and explore your options. If you are interested in regenerative medicine, speak with your doctor about your health insurance and your insurance. If you are unable to pay for the treatment, you may be able to receive a reimbursement from another medical provider.
Regenerative medicine is a promising field of research that aims to cure or treat diseases by discovering the underlying mechanisms responsible for the malfunction of diseased tissues. The field of regenerative medicine has evolved into a rapidly developing and dynamic discipline that brings together experts from diverse fields. As a result, the field of regenerative medicine is evolving to revolutionize medical research. So what exactly is this new field? This article will explore the latest advances in regenerative medicine.
Regenerative medicine has the potential to repair and replace damaged organs and tissues, and may one day be used to cure a wide range of diseases. In addition to restoring function in a damaged body, regenerative medicine could help treat many genetic disorders, including type 1 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. The potential for regenerative medicine treatment is so great that the field is now undergoing FDA approval for the first biological product. It can also treat a wide range of diseases, organ systems, and contexts.
There are currently two main types of adult stem cells: those derived from the umbilical cord, and those from bone marrow. Adult stem cells are characterized more accurately than those derived from the umbilical cord or bone marrow. These cells are capable of dividing into several types of cells, but are only limited in their ability to differentiate into certain types. In addition to adult stem cells, there are other types of stem cells found in adult bodies, including bone marrow, cardiac, and umbilical cord tissue.
QC Kinetix (Andover-Lawrence)
354 Merrimack St, Suite 286
Lawrence, MA 01843
Phone No. : (617) 644-7246 | <urn:uuid:b7f9dd06-b998-476b-91a1-a60712336cb7> | {
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Europe Day is a celebration held on 9th May every year around the world to recognize the peace and prosperity within Europe. It is the name of two observances 5th May by the Council of Europe and 9th May by the European Union, both days promote peace and honor its unity with other European countries.
History of Europe Day
Europe Day is an annual celebration of peace and unity in Europe. Generally, there are two European days, one is the Council of Europe’s formation, which was held on May 5, 1949, and the other is to remember the Schuman Declaration of May 9, 1950. This date is memorializing the anniversary of the Robert Schuman the French foreign minister, which took speech in Paris in 1950. In this speech, he set out his idea for a new form of political collaboration in Europe, which would make war between Europe’s nations incredible.
Events of Europe Day
On Europe Day many events and activities may vary from one year to next year, but some annual activities are held in which everyone wants to participate and experience. From all of this, one is the biggest annual soccer tournament in Pristina. Besides this, many other events are held like sports tournaments, fairs, musical performance, and many others. These are held in many cities in European countries.
Some of the special events that take place on Europe Day are listed below:
- Taste Europe events
- Concerts by children
- Gathering in the streets for speeches from government officials
- Chess and soccer tournaments
- Cultural events and activities
- Food events
Besides these, many promotional things from local organizations are organized for the people on Europe Day.
What do People do on this Day?
On Europe Day many cultural activities and events are held in different cities to promote this day. Many different types of festivals and as well as concerts are held on this day. There are generally large crowds of people on the streets to celebrating the Europe Day in one way or another. Every year thousands of people take part in concerts, debates, food event, and many other events to promote the day and raises awareness about the Europe Day. It is a time for the people to enjoy that is celebrated throughout the country, in these include every citizens and government officials.
The Europe Day is an annual observance and also a public holiday in European countries. All government and private offices and educational institutions are remains closed on this day.
Symbol of Europe Day
Every year on Europe Day, flags of different European countries are displayed as a symbol of this day and as a unity and as well as many posters are shown to represent Europe Day.
Also know about World Philosophy Day | <urn:uuid:df040b52-292c-41c7-849f-6b36ec3ae9c6> | {
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Writer: D'Lyn Ford
LAS CRUCES - Food that survived a fire can have heat, smoke or chemical damage, making it unsafe to eat.
Carefully examine all food that's been through a fire before using it, said Martha Archuleta, food and nutrition specialist with New Mexico State University's Cooperative Extension Service.
Food in freezers and refrigerators might look fine but should be treated with caution if the power went off.
"When perishable food is at temperatures higher than 40 degrees for more than two hours, it can become unsafe to eat because bacteria can grow," Archuleta said. "In terms of questionable food, we should always follow the same rule: If in doubt, throw it out."
High temperatures can also damage foods in the pantry.
"The heat itself could cause damage to the food or containers," she said. "Glass or cans could rupture." Make sure can lids and seams are intact and discard bulging or leaking containers.
Food can also sustain smoke damage. "Basically, the smoke is as harmful to food as it is to breathe," Archuleta said. "Also, if food is exposed to chemicals that are used to fight the fire, the food will be unsafe."
Undamaged cans or glass jars can be cleaned to remove soot, she said.
"If it looks like a normally shaped can, wash it thoroughly in hot, soapy water, then soak the can for 15 minutes in a bleach solution with about one tablespoon of bleach per gallon of water." The same solution can be used to clean cookware that has been through a fire.
Food losses can usually be claimed as lost goods on an insurance claim, Archuleta said.
© 2013 New Mexico State University Board of Regents
NMSU - All About Discovery! | <urn:uuid:44a29597-3df9-47ba-b100-7d066c431d5b> | {
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Downy Mildew sporulation occurs on leaf undersides and can be mistaken for growth media on foliage.
Downy mildew (Peronospora species) of basil was first detected in the continental United States last year in Florida. In 2008, it appeared to be wide spread in Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey. The disease is probably much more widespread than is realized. Symptoms occur on the top of the foliage as yellowing as if the plants are nitrogen or nutrient deficient. The underside of the leaves appear "dirty" due to the growth of sporangia, the distributive form of the fungus. Downy mildew is a relative of Phytophthora and Pythium.
Symptoms appear as a light gray colored, fluffy growth on the underside of leaves. The discolored foliage on the upper leaf surface could be confused with a nutritional deficiency. Downy mildew symptoms appear very rapidly and tend to be much more difficult to control than powdery mildew. Conditions that promote leaf wetness, such as high relative humidity, overhead irrigation and close spacing, favor this disease. With a hand lens, closely examine the bloom of sporangia (microscopic stalks bearing spores) on the underside of the oldest leaves. (They will look like many tiny branched trees, each bearing tiny lemons). This can help you distinguish downy mildew from powdery mildew. Downy mildew sporulation also tends to occur on the underside of the leaves, whereas powdery mildew can occur on either the upper or lower surface.
Other greenhouse crops that may be prone to downy mildew include snapdragon, salvia, alyssum, pansy, rose, rosemary, sage coleus and ornamental cabbage. Perennials susceptible to downy mildew include aster, coreopsis, geranium, geum, lamium, potentilla, veronica and viola.
It is important to distinguish between downy and powdery mildew because they are managed differently. Many of the fungicides labeled for powdery mildew will not control downy mildew. Few fungicides are registered for herbs. | <urn:uuid:5a902f50-a0cc-4ed3-bb72-53e86679cb51> | {
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Goal Directedness and Decision Making in Infants
2009 (English)In: Developmental Psychology, ISSN 0012-1649, E-ISSN 1939-0599, Vol. 45, no 3, 809-819 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
The term goal directed conventionally refers to either of 2 separate process types-motor processes organizing action oriented toward physical targets and decision-making processes that select these targets by integrating desire for and knowledge of action outcomes. Even newborns are goal directed in the first sense, but the status of infants as decision makers (the focus here) is unknown. In this study, 24-month-olds learned to retrieve an object from a box by pressing a button, and then the object's value was increased. After the object's subsequent disappearance, these children were more likely to press the button to try to retrieve the object than were control 24-month-olds who had learned to retrieve the object but for whom the object's value was unchanged. Such sensitivity to outcome value when selecting actions is a hallmark of decision making. However, 14- and 19-month-olds showed no such sensitivity. Possible explanations include that they had not learned the specifics of the action outcome; they had not acquired the necessary desire; or they had acquired both but did not integrate them to make a decision.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2009. Vol. 45, no 3, 809-819 p.
motivation, goal-directed action, decision making, infants, young children
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LearnUrduwith Us!Start Learning!
Ramadan رمضان is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and began on Monday, June 6th, 2016. Ramadan is a month of fasting observed by Muslims, and is considered to be one of the holiest times of the year. It was established as a holy month for Muslims after the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad on the occasion known as Laylat al-Qadr, frequently translated as “the Night of Power”. Every day during this month, Muslims around the world spend the daylight hours in a complete fast. During the blessed month of Ramadan, Muslims all over the world abstain from food, drink, and other physical needs during the daylight hours. As a time to purify the soul, refocus attention on God, and practice self-sacrifice, Ramadan is much more than just not eating and drinking. Muslims are called upon to use this month to re-evaluate their lives in light of Islamic guidance. Muslims are to make peace with those who have wronged them, strengthen ties with family and friends, do away with bad habits -essentially to clean up their lives, thoughts, and feelings. The Arabic word for “fasting” (sawm) literally means “to refrain” – and it means not only refraining from food and drink, but from evil actions, thoughts, and words.
During Ramadan, every part of the body must be restrained. The tongue must be restrained from backbiting and gossip. The eyes must restrain themselves from looking at unlawful or inappropriate things. The hand must not touch or take anything that does not belong to it. The ears must refrain from listening to idle talk or obscene words. The feet must refrain from going to sinful places. In such a way, every part of the body observes the fast. Therefore, fasting is not merely physical, but is rather the total commitment of the person’s body and soul to the spirit of the fast. Ramadan is a time to practice self-restraint; a time to cleanse the body and soul from impurities and re-focus one’s self on the worship of God.
The start of the fast is called “Sehri” where Muslims get up before dawn to eat and drink. The opening of the fast is known as “Iftar” where a variety of dishes are usually prepared and the fast is opened with family and friends. The end of Ramadan is celebrated by a joyous occasion known as Eid-ul-Fitr.
Ramadan – رمضان
Fast – روزا
Quran – قرآن | <urn:uuid:13190539-a425-4efa-b334-34c7ce898e0f> | {
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Great Barrington, Massachusetts may look like a sleepy little town, but it was there — on February 23, 1868 that one of the most stellar men who ever lived — W.E.B. DuBois was born!
Though the town was integrated and relatively tolerant , growing up a fatherless, African-American boy in a small town could not have been easy. Despite personal challenges, however, William Edward Burghardt DuBois excelled in his studies and graduated as VALEDICTORIAN of his high school class. When he decided he wanted to attend college, members of his church (First Congregational!!) raised the money for his tuition.
From 1885-1888 he attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. Studying in the South was his first experience with SOUTHERN RACISM — encompassing the HORRORS of Jim Crow laws, bigotry, suppression of black voting and lynchings.
Upon graduation, he applied to Harvard for graduate study — but discovered that none of his academic credits from Fisk would be recognized — so he earned ANOTHER undergraduate degree (cum laude — in history) from Harvard!
He then went on to do graduate work at both the University of Berlin and Harvard, became the FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN to earn a DOCTORATE from Harvard and then taught at Atlanta University as a professor of history, sociology and economics.
In 1899 a mob of 2000 whites lynched, tortured, burned and hanged Sam Hose. Stunned to observe his BURNED KNUCKLES in a store window display — DuBois resolved: “one cannot be a calm and detached scientist while Negroes are lynched, murdered and starved!”
He went on to say: “The CURE isn’t simply TELLING people the TRUTH — It is inducing them to ACT ON THE TRUTH.”
He dedicated his life to fighting racism in all forms.
In 1905 DuBois met with 30 other African-American scholars and activists in Canada (because blacks weren’t allowed to stay in white hotels in America) who wrote a declaration of principles (incorporated as the “Niagara Movement”) seeking equal rights for blacks and opposing Booker T Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise.” “Crafted as an “unwritten deal”, the Compromise stated that southern blacks would WORK AND SUBMIT TO WHITE POLITICAL RULE in exchange for basic educational and economic opportunities.” DuBois insisted on FULL civil and economic rights for all blacks. That Niagara meeting launched discussions which would eventually result in the establishment of the N.A.A.C.P. in 1909. A prolific author, he wrote and worked tirelessly his entire life — shedding light on injustice and working for equality in every way he could. He was an ardent peace activist and advocated nuclear disarmament. The U.S. Civil Rights Act, embodying reforms for which he had campaigned his entire life was enacted a year after his death. What would W.E.B. DuBois say to us in our generation?
WORK FOR JUSTICE!!!!
This Sunday our choir is singing an anthem which I believe W.E.B. DuBois would applaud ! ROLL DOWN JUSTICE was written by contemporary composer Mark Miller. Click here to listen now — then don’t miss our own choir’s heartfelt rendition on Sunday!! | <urn:uuid:3e9173da-8425-484f-861a-aa3a3a54a21c> | {
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Serapias species are perennial terrestrial orchids and usually die back after flowering. The plants feature two oval-shaped to ovoid tubers, and the waxy sheathing leaves are usually folded or rounded at the margins. The flowers of all species have a helmetlike structure formed by the union of two sepals and one petal; most are surrounded by a large bract. The long triangular labellum (central flower lip) resembles a tongue and is sometimes hairy.
One species, S. lingua, is commonly known as the tongue orchid. It has a reddish lip, lance-shaped leaves, and a stem up to 30 cm (12 inches) long. The heart-flowered serapias (S. cordigera) has purple flowers with blackish purple lips that often have a tonguelike lobe. S. stenopetala features pale yellow flowers and is endemic to Algeria and Tunisia; the plant is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. | <urn:uuid:6c4227fa-f21a-4e08-af1b-87aa8dfdccdb> | {
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A group of security researchers has devised a new technique for eavesdropping on conversations that relies on the analysis of a light bulb’s frequency
A group of security researchers has devised a new technique for eavesdropping on conversations that relies on the analysis of a light bulb’s frequency response to sound.
Called Lamphone, the novel side-channel attack demonstrates that fluctuations in the air pressure on the surface of the hanging bulb can be exploited to recover speech and singing in real time, using a remote electro-optical sensor placed externally.
Researchers from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Weizmann Institute of Science came up with an algorithm to recover sound from the optical measurements of the vibrations of a light bulb.
In a real-world test scenario, Lamphone successfully recovered both human speech (which can be identified by the Google Cloud Speech API) and singing (accurately identified by Shazam and SoundHound) from a bridge 25 meters (82 feet) away from the target room where the light bulb was hanging.
The researchers tested Lamphone by targeting an office room located on the third floor of an office building. A hanging E27 LED bulb (12 watt) was in the room and curtain walls would cover the entire building, thus reducing the amount of light emitted from the offices.
On a pedestrian bridge 25 meters away, the researchers mounted an electro-optical sensor (the Thorlabs PDA100A2, an amplified switchable gain light sensor that converts light to electrical voltage) on telescopes with different lens diameters (10, 20, 35 cm) — the sensor was mounted on one telescope at a time.
“The voltage was obtained from the electro-optical sensor via a 16-bit ADC NI-9223 card and was processed in LabVIEW script that we wrote. The sound that was played in the office during the experiments could not be heard at the eavesdropper’s location,” the researchers explain.
Using this setup, the researchers managed to successfully recover two songs and one sentence played via speakers in the office, using optical measurements that were obtained from a single telescope.
Because sound can be recovered using an electro-optical sensor that outputs information at a low resolution (a one pixel sample), Lamphone can be applied in real-time scenarios, the researchers say.
They also claim that the new technique brings numerous advantages compared to previously identified eavesdropping methods that would require device compromise, proximity to the victim, or functionality that can’t be used in real-world scenarios without being immediately detected (such as laser beams).
While they only managed to recover sound from 25 meters away, the researchers argue that better equipment (bigger telescope, 24/32 bit ADC, etc.) would allow an attacker to extend that range. | <urn:uuid:ac345c53-ef93-48d4-bb60-176e61576bd3> | {
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Plants are sessile and require diverse strategies to adapt to fluctuations in the surrounding light conditions. Consequently, the photorelocation movement of chloroplasts is essential to prevent damages that are induced by intense light (avoidance response) and to ensure efficient photosynthetic activities under weak light conditions (accumulation response). The mechanisms that underlie chloroplast movements have been revealed through analysis of the behavior of individual chloroplasts and it has been found that these organelles can move in any direction without turning. This implies that any part of the chloroplast periphery can function as the leading or trailing edge during movement. This ability is mediated by a special structure, which consists of short actin filaments that are polymerized at the leading edge of moving chloroplasts and are specifically localized in the space between the chloroplast and the plasma membrane, and is called chloroplast-actin. In addition, several of the genes that encode proteins that are involved in chloroplast-actin polymerization or maintenance have been identified. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate chloroplast movements through polymerization of the chloroplast-actin and propose a model for actin-driven chloroplast photorelocation movement.
The photorelocation movement of chloroplasts is one of the strategies that evolved to enable land plants to adapt to changing environmental light conditions. As plants are sessile organisms, they are unable to move away from strong sunlight or weak light conditions, for example under canopies. Light is absorbed by a blue light receptor, phototropin (phot), of which two are found in Arabidopsis thaliana (phot1 and phot2). Although some plants, such as those of the Oxalidaceae and Leguminosae families, can minimize the effects of direct sunlight through leaf nastic movements (Powles and Björkman, 1981; Rosa and Forseth, 1996), these are exceptional cases. In addition, climbing plants rapidly grow above canopy levels by means of vines, which allows their leaves to perceive light efficiently (Darwin, 1865; Ichihashi and Tateno, 2011). However, this strategy involving vines also only applies to specific types of plants. Therefore, plants must adapt to the environmental conditions of the places where they germinate and grow. Even for plants that have adapted to growth in open spaces, direct sunlight is too intense (Kasahara et al., 2002; Higa and Wada, 2016), which necessitates various measures to avoid light-induced damages or an efficient recovery from the damages that are caused by strong light (Niyogi, 1999). An essential way to ensure the protection of chloroplasts from photodamage is an avoidance movement of chloroplasts whereby they move from the cell surface (the periclinal wall) to a side wall (anticlinal wall) (Cazzaniga et al., 2013). Similarly, an accumulation movement of chloroplasts from areas with very weak light to those with relatively strong light is necessary for efficient photosynthetic activities (Wada, 2013, 2016) (Fig. 1). Chloroplasts also exhibit dark positioning, although here the positions of chloroplasts vary among different tissues (Wada, 2016). For example, chloroplasts move to the bottom of palisade cells (mesophyll cells underneath the epidermis) in seed plant leaves in response to darkness. In contrast, in young fern gametophytes (haploid stage plants that developed from germinated spores) of Adiantum capillus-veneris, which only have one cell layer, the chloroplasts move to the sidewalls (anticlinal walls) that connect neighboring cells, but are not localized at the bottom of cells (Kagawa and Wada, 1993, 1995) (Fig. 1). Strikingly, the function of dark positioning remains unknown, although early studies on the physiological significance of dark positioning proposed that it serves to supply nutrients to chloroplasts during the night (Senn, 1908).
Chloroplast movements were first observed in the 19th century, and a landmark study on these movements was performed early in the 20th century by Gustav Senn in Germany (Senn, 1908). Subsequently, chloroplast behavior in fern and moss gametophyte cells was analyzed by using a partial cell illumination system in combination with time-lapse imaging (Wada, 2016; Yatsuhashi et al., 1985). However, the most important advance in this field was achieved through the analysis of the mechanisms that underlie chloroplast movements in mutant Arabidopsis plants, which occurred only recently (Kong and Wada, 2011, 2014; Suetsugu and Wada, 2016).
Here, we describe the light-induced migration of individual chloroplasts, as well as the recently discovered actin structures that are specifically involved in chloroplast movements. Furthermore, we present a model of the force-generating mechanism that underlies these plant-specific, actin-based chloroplast movements.
Behaviors of an individual chloroplast
Chloroplast movement can be photometrically detected by analyzing red-light transmittance through a leaf (Wada and Kong, 2011). The protonemata (the filamentous structure comprising early haploid cells) and young prothalli (the heart-shaped gametophyte that produces both male and female gametes) of A. capillus-veneris are the prominent experimental systems used to study individual chloroplast behaviors in order to elucidate the mechanisms that are responsible for movement. Because fern gametophytes are not surrounded by any tissue, chloroplasts can be easily observed under a light microscope. Moreover, it is relatively easy to cultivate samples from spores on an agar plate (Wada and Furuya, 1970; Wada and Tsuboi, 2015).
In a vacuolated cell, the flat sides of planoconvex lens-shaped chloroplasts are able to attach to the plasma membrane and slide, but not roll, in any direction along the plasma membrane. This indicates that chloroplasts do not have an innate head and tail, at least with respect to movement (Tsuboi and Wada, 2011; Tsuboi et al., 2009). Our previous work revealed that when a part of a periclinal wall of a dark-adapted fern prothallial cell was illuminated with a short pulse of light, chloroplasts that were positioned far from the beam-irradiated area started moving toward the light beam within a few minutes (Kagawa and Wada, 1994). Additionally, the area of the chloroplast periphery that was nearest to the irradiated spot served as the leading edge (i.e. head) of the moving chloroplast, which implies that any part of the chloroplast periphery can function as the front side (Tsuboi and Wada, 2011; Tsuboi et al., 2009). If a second beam of light was directed onto another part of the cell, the moving chloroplast changed directions and migrated toward the new irradiated spot without turning (Tsuboi et al., 2009). This indicates that the leading edge of the chloroplast changed to the area of its periphery that was closest to the second beam. Chloroplasts exhibit a similar behavior during an avoidance response that is induced by strong light, or dark positioning, which results from exposure to darkness (Tsuboi and Wada, 2011). Therefore, chloroplasts can move in any direction from the periclinal wall, and any part of the chloroplast periphery can serve as the leading edge. These results suggest that chloroplasts do not move along pre-existing tracks, although the cytoskeleton is nevertheless thought to contribute to the mechanisms that regulate movement.
Actin filaments for chloroplast anchoring
Actin filaments have been proposed to contribute to the ability of chloroplasts to move (Haupt, 2001; Takagi, 2003; Wada et al., 1993), and ring-like, basket-like or honeycomb actin filament-like structures and actin filaments that are associated with chloroplasts have been detected in ferns, mosses and seed plants (Dong et al., 1996; Kadota and Wada, 1989; Kandasamy and Meagher, 1999; Sato et al., 2001). For example, in protonemata of the moss Physcomitrella patens, the involvement of microtubules, as well as actin filaments, in red and blue light-induced chloroplast movements has been reported (Sato et al., 2001). Actin filaments have also been also visualized in fixed protonemata cells of A. capillus-veneris stained with Rhodamine-labeled phalloidin (Kadota and Wada, 1989, 1992). Here, a ring-like structure of ∼4 µm diameter appeared surrounding the chloroplast periphery at the plasma membrane side when the chloroplast accumulation response was induced by polarized red or blue light (Kadota and Wada, 1989), or by partial cell irradiation with a microbeam (Kadota and Wada, 1992). Likewise, when a part of a protonemal cell was irradiated with a strong microbeam, ring structures were observed around chloroplasts that accumulated on both sides of the microbeam (Kadota and Wada, 1992). The ring structure disappeared when the light was removed. Subsequently, a time-lapse study on the dynamics of the ring structure revealed that it appeared following the completion of the accumulation response and disappeared before the chloroplasts started to disperse in response to darkness (Kadota and Wada, 1992). Therefore, the ring structure is likely not involved in chloroplast movements, but instead influences the anchoring of chloroplasts to the plasma membrane (Kadota and Wada, 1992; Takagi et al., 2009). Consequently, if these actin structures do not affect chloroplast movements, the cytoskeletal structures that are involved in this process still need to be identified.
Actin filaments for chloroplast movement
Actin filaments and microtubules are long filaments, and their polarities enable them to transport organelles over long distances with the help of motor proteins, such as myosins and kinesins (Brandizzi and Wasteneys, 2013; Ueda et al., 2015). Around chloroplasts, even if such a fine organized meshwork of actin filaments or microtubules was present, transporting chloroplasts in any direction could prove difficult because filaments could hinder movement owing to the limited cellular space in combination with their polarities, which would limit the directionality of chloroplast movements. It is thus conceivable that a new cytoskeletal network is created around the microbeam-irradiated area just after chloroplast movement is induced. In this model, the newly formed cytoskeletal network would be expected to signal or spread from the irradiated area to all chloroplasts in a cell, thereby allowing the chloroplasts to move towards the beam of light. However, such a cytoskeletal structure has not yet been detected around a microbeam-irradiated area, even after thorough examination.
Our group have examined dynamic actin behaviors in live, rather than fixed cells, from transgenic Arabidopsis plants that expressed the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the cytoskeletal protein TALIN that binds to filamentous actin (F-actin) (Box 1). In these experiments, we detected a structure that consists of dense short actin filaments at the leading edge of chloroplasts that exhibit an avoidance response (Kadota et al., 2009) (Fig. 2A,C). These chloroplast-actin (cp-actin) filaments surrounded chloroplasts, even those that were stationary and stable. Additionally, the abundance and distribution of the cp-actin filaments was affected by blue light (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a). As soon as part of a chloroplast was irradiated with strong blue light to induce an avoidance response, cp-actin filaments disappeared at the irradiated site, but were newly polymerized at the opposite side of the moving chloroplast (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a) (Figs 2C and 3A). In contrast, during an accumulation response, cp-actin filaments were not depolymerized on the trailing side, and were detected over the entire chloroplast periphery, although there were small differences in their abundance between the leading and trailing edges (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a) (Fig. 3B).
Cp-actin filaments are highly light-sensitive and thus are depolymerized quickly when exposed to lasers, such as the 488-nm laser that is used to observe fluorophores (e.g. GFP fused to actin-binding probes). Furthermore, cp-actin filaments are rapidly and reversibly reorganized within a minute (Kong et al., 2013a). Therefore, it has proven difficult to maintain the structure of cp-actin filaments during chemical fixation in multi-layered cells, such as A. thaliana palisade cells, as compared to in linear protonemata cells and the single-layered prothalli of the fern A. capillus-veneris (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012).
Actin probes such as TALIN (Kost et al., 1998), LIFEACT (a 17-amino-acid peptide from yeast Abp140; Riedl et al., 2008) and fABD2 (Sheahan et al., 2004), which are based on the second actin-binding domain of the actin bundler FIMBRIN, are widely used to visualize actin filaments in live cells. However, there are caveats with using each of these probes: TALIN expression might lead to the creation of actin artifacts within the cytoplasm (Ketelaar et al., 2004). LIFEACT has a high affinity for globular actin, thereby creating a high background fluorescence. In addition, it is not capable of highlighting numerous specialized subcellular structures that are comprised of actin, as the binding site for LIFEACT on actin might be masked in these (Munsie et al., 2009; Riedl et al., 2008; Sanders et al., 2013). Although the very prominent actin network is clearly probed with fABD2 in most cell types in Arabidopsis (Voigt et al., 2005), the use of fABD2 is also limited in its use for certain actin structures, such as cp-actin filaments which are only weakly labeled with fABD2 (Kong et al., 2013a). Furthermore, it is known that the expression levels of these probes are critical, and when expressed at even slightly elevated levels compared to wild-type, actin probes can lead to detrimental actin dynamics, as well as introduce cellular phenotypes (Voigt et al., 2005). In our experiments, transgenic lines that express these actin probes show normal chloroplast movement. However, it is nevertheless of some concern that the chloroplast-associated actin filaments are preferentially visible with TALIN, but only faintly with either LIFEACT or fABD2 (Kong et al., 2013a). Such a difference might come about because of the distinct binding affinities of each actin probe to cp-actin filaments, and a difference of the availability of binding sites in these filaments compared to those in cytoplasmic actin filaments. Indeed, cp-actin filaments have many specific features regarding their dynamics, further binding factors that have yet to be characterized and an influence on the light-induced signaling pathways in comparison to cortical and cytoplasmic actin filaments.
The cp-actin filaments in A. capillus-veneris prothallial cells have also been investigated (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012). The center of a dark-adapted prothallial cell was illuminated to induce a chloroplast accumulation response, and the behavior of the chloroplasts in the surrounding areas that migrated toward the irradiated area was analyzed by time-lapse imaging (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012). When the accumulation response was clearly observable, the prothallium was fixed and actin filaments were stained with phalloidin. The cp-actin filaments at the leading edge of moving chloroplasts were then examined (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012). Interestingly, it was found that the functions of actin filaments in the linear thread-like protonemal cells (Kadota and Wada, 1989, 1992) and those in prothallial cells differ (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012), with the former being required for anchoring chloroplasts and the latter being involved in chloroplast movements. The variability in the structures and predicted functions of the actin filaments in both cases appear to represent the underlying differences in these cell types. We believe that these structures are not artifacts that are induced by chemical treatments, because the protocols are almost identical (Kadota and Wada, 1989, 1992; Tsuboi and Wada, 2012). However, live-imaging of actin is needed to reveal the actual cytoskeletal changes that are related to chloroplast movements in A. capillus-veneris. Unfortunately, a reliable method for generating stable transgenic fern gametophytes has not yet been developed.
Cp-actin filaments are not easily detected because of several factors. First, their asymmetric distribution is clearly visible only when chloroplasts are moving, especially during the avoidance response (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a) (Fig. 2). When a chloroplast migrates away from a strong microbeam-irradiated area and stops moving, the cp-actin structure is reorganized over the entire chloroplast periphery because of the cp-actin polymerization that appears to happen at the trailing edge (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a). Second, cp-actin filaments are easily destroyed by chemical fixation, at least those of A. thaliana. However, the cryofixation and freeze-substitution treatments successfully applied to leaf cells (Kandasamy and Meagher, 1999) may preserve cp-actin filaments. Third, although we are able to visualize cp-actin filaments with GFP–TALIN, the widely used actin probes LIFEACT and fABD2 are less suitable for visualizing cp-actin filaments (Kong et al., 2013a; Whippo et al., 2011) (see Box 1). The differences between actin probes might be caused by them having distinct cp-actin-binding activities. Furthermore, the difficulties in recognizing cp-actin might also be due to technical parameters associated with microscopy (Kong et al., 2013a) (see Box 1). Cp-actin filaments are very fragile and are easily degraded. Thus, when cp-actin filaments are irradiated with strong light during imaging, they might be depolymerized very quickly. The dynamics of cp-actin filaments polymerization and their maintenance thus remain to be investigated. In the following sections, we discuss several factors that have been reported to contribute to cp-actin polymerization and/or maintenance.
Factors for the polymerization and/or maintenance of cp-actin filaments
Because cp-actin filaments are thought to be essential for chloroplast movements, mutant lines that exhibit defective chloroplast movements have been extensively examined. These analyses have considerably advanced our understanding of the regulatory roles of several protein components in cp-actin polymerization and/or maintenance, and its force-generating mechanism (Kong and Wada, 2011, 2014; Suetsugu and Wada, 2016).
A central function for CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 (CHUP1) was proposed following analysis of A. thaliana chup1 mutants, in which chloroplasts were detached from the plasma membrane and were deposited at the bottom of cells and did not move under any light condition (Oikawa et al., 2003). The CHUP1 protein consists of 1004 amino acids with various functional domains, including a hydrophobic region for binding to the chloroplast outer membrane, a coiled-coil region for anchoring the chloroplast to the plasma membrane, an F-actin-binding site, and a C-terminal conserved region (Oikawa et al., 2003, 2008). Importantly, CHUP1 binds to profilin (Schmidt von Braun and Schleiff, 2008), which is a small actin-binding protein that supports actin assembly at the barbed end. Consequently, chup1 mutant cells lack cp-actin filaments (Kong et al., 2013a). In addition, CHUP1 only functions in actin-mediated movement, but not in microtubule-mediated chloroplast movement in P. patens (Usami et al., 2012). This suggests that CHUP1 is involved in the polymerization of cp-actin for chloroplast movement (Oikawa et al., 2003; Schmidt von Braun and Schleiff, 2008; Wada and Suetsugu, 2004).
Similarly, KINESIN-LIKE PROTEIN FOR ACTIN-BASED CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT (KAC) is necessary for cp-actin-dependent chloroplast movements, although its exact molecular mechanism in this process remains unknown (Suetsugu et al., 2010b). The KAC motor domain is similar to that of kinesins; however, it binds to F-actin under in vitro conditions and lacks a microtubule-binding activity. Just like CHUP1, KAC is involved in actin-mediated, but not in microtubule-mediated chloroplast movement in P. patens (Shen et al., 2015; Suetsugu et al., 2012). The A. thaliana genome includes two KAC genes, KAC1 and KAC2. Our previous work showed that kac1 kac2 double mutant plants do not contain any cp-actin filaments, and the chloroplasts are detached from the plasma membrane (Suetsugu et al., 2010b). Interestingly, the chloroplasts in kac1 kac2 double mutant leaves exhibited a strong avoidance response even in the absence of cp-actin filaments, whereas we did not detect an accumulation response (Suetsugu et al., 2016). The mechanism regulating the avoidance response of chloroplast movements in kac1 kac2 double mutant plants has not been further characterized. Therefore, whereas cp-actin filaments are required for fast, directional chloroplast movements, another actin-dependent mechanism controls the blue-light induced avoidance response, at least in the case of loss of both KACs (Suetsugu et al., 2016). A possible compensation pathway through cytoplasmic actin filaments is conceivable, as nuclei in pavement cells employ cytoplasmic actin for their avoidance response (Higa et al., 2014). However, this awaits confirmation in chloroplasts.
The functions of PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED1 (PMI1), which is a plant-specific C2-domain protein (DeBlasio et al., 2005), and two PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED1-RELATED (PMIR) proteins (PMIR1 and PMIR2) (Suetsugu et al., 2015) might differ from those of CHUP1 and KAC. Our studies have revealed that, in pmi1 mutant cells that are exposed to strong light, chloroplasts do not move away from the light and there are no observable cp-actin filaments. However, after a 4-min incubation in darkness, cp-actin filaments appeared, but then disappeared again during a subsequent treatment with strong light. These changes were consistent with those seen in wild-type plants, but occurred more quickly (Suetsugu et al., 2015). The appearance and disappearance of cp-actin filaments under dark and strong light conditions, respectively, were repeatedly observed. This indicates that PMI1 might be involved in the maintenance, rather than the initial polymerization of cp-actin. Interestingly, whereas it is unclear whether the PMI1 homologs PMIR1 and PMIR2 influence chloroplast movements, these two proteins are necessary for nuclear movement in pavement cells (Suetsugu et al., 2015).
THRUMIN1 is a light-regulated actin-bundling factor that is involved in chloroplast movement. The protein contains an intrinsically disordered region in the N-terminal half, and a glutaredoxin-like and putative zinc-binding cysteine-rich domain in the C-terminal half. THRUMIN1 localizes to the plasma membrane through the myristoylated N-terminus, and decorates actin filaments in a blue light- and phototropin-dependent manner (Whippo et al., 2011). Importantly, THRUMIN1 also colocalizes with cp-actin filaments during the avoidance response. Moreover, thrumin1 mutant cells exhibit defective reorganization of cp-actin filaments during the avoidance response (Kong et al., 2013a). Thus, THRUMIN1 is important for the functionality of cp-actin filaments, although the relevant mechanism has not yet been elucidated.
There are additional factors that have been shown to affect cp-actin filament dynamics, and these include J-DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CHLOROPLAST ACCUMULATION RESPONSE1 (JAC1) (Ichikawa et al., 2011; Suetsugu et al., 2005) and the WEAK CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT UNDER BLUE LIGHT1–PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED 2 (WEB1–PMI2) complex (Kodama et al., 2010; Luesse et al., 2006). Although each aforementioned protein has not been fully functionally characterized, mutants that are deficient in JAC1 and WEB1–PMI2 exhibit partial defects in chloroplast movement (Kodama et al., 2010; Luesse et al., 2006; Suetsugu et al., 2005). Consistent with this, dynamic reorganizations of cp-actin filaments are partially defective in the cells mutant for JAC1 and WEB1–PMI2 (Ichikawa et al., 2011; Kodama et al., 2010). Therefore, these protein factors function in the modulation of blue light-induced cp-actin dynamics, rather than being directly involved in cp-actin polymerization and/or depolymerization.
Regulation of directional chloroplast movement
Despite the identification of several components that are involved in the polymerization or maintenance of cp-actin, it is still not clear how the direction of movement is controlled. As mentioned above, chloroplasts do not have an innate head and tail, and can move in any direction (Fig. 3A,B). Dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts are common, especially in fern gametophytes, and are also able to move in any direction (Tsuboi and Wada, 2012). Additionally, chloroplasts in the prothalli of A. capillus-veneris, which migrate toward a microbeam for an accumulation response or away from strong light for an avoidance response, move directly towards the destination without turning. While moving, chloroplasts are continuously monitoring the light signal that is released by photoreceptors (Tsuboi and Wada, 2013). For example, chloroplasts move towards an area that is irradiated with a short pulse of red microbeam light (Tsuboi and Wada, 2013). This light is absorbed by neochrome, a chimera photoreceptor that consists of a phytochrome chromophore-binding domain in its N-teminus and phototropin in its C-terminus, so that this chimera is activated by red light and inactivated by far-red light. When the moving chloroplasts are illuminated by a far-red light pulse, they stop moving, but they restarted movement towards an area that was irradiated with a second red microbeam (Tsuboi and Wada, 2013). This result indicates that chloroplasts move as long as they are continually monitoring the signal from the photoreceptors.
When A. thaliana chloroplasts change their leading edges during movement, the distribution of cp-actin filaments gradually changes from the initial to the new leading edge of the chloroplast (Kong et al., 2013a). However, it is unlikely that the cp-actin filaments actually move from the initial leading edge to the new one. Instead, our careful observations suggest that de novo cp-actin filaments are polymerized at the emerging leading edge (Kong et al., 2013a), which indicates that an actin nucleation factor must be activated by the signal that is released by photoreceptors in order to initiate cp-actin polymerization. In other words, a receptor for this signal transduction that emanates from the photoreceptors must be localized around the chloroplast periphery to relay the signal to such an actin nucleation factor (Fig. 4).
Velocity of chloroplast movement
In addition to the direction of movement, its velocity is also precisely regulated by light intensity and photoreceptor numbers (see below). Chloroplasts move very slowly, at ∼1 µm per min, during both accumulation and avoidance responses (Kagawa and Wada, 1996; Tsuboi and Wada, 2011; Tsuboi et al., 2009). In these studies, chloroplast movements were induced by irradiating prothallial cells of A. capillus-veneris with a blue or red microbeam, or treating palisade cells of A. thaliana with a blue microbeam. Chloroplast movements were recorded every 15 s with time-lapse imaging under infrared light, after which the velocity of movement was calculated. The velocity of chloroplast movements during the accumulation response was independent of the fluence rate (light intensity), as it was approximately the same under various tested microbeam light intensities (Kagawa and Wada, 1996; Tsuboi et al., 2009; Tsuboi and Wada, 2011). In contrast, the velocity of chloroplast movements during an avoidance response in A. thaliana cells treated with blue light was proportional to the light fluence rate (Kagawa and Wada, 2004). Additionally, chloroplasts in a heterozygous phot2 mutant line moved ∼50% slower than in wild-type cells, which suggests that the velocity is dependent on cellular phot2 levels (Kagawa and Wada, 2004). The velocity of chloroplast movements during an avoidance response was observed to be slightly lower in A. capillus-veneris prothallial cells than in the palisade cells of A. thaliana cells, but still exhibited similar characteristics (Tsuboi and Wada, 2011). When chloroplasts in transgenic A. thaliana plants that are expressing GFP–TALIN were irradiated with a microbeam of strong blue light, the cp-actin filaments disappeared quickly at the irradiated sites, but were extensively polymerized at the non-irradiated chloroplast parts. These findings are consistent with an asymmetric distribution of cp-actin filaments and the establishment of a leading edge of moving chloroplasts (Fig. 2A,C; Fig. 3A–C). The difference in the abundance of cp-actin filaments between the leading and trailing edges was proportional to the velocity of chloroplast movements during the avoidance response (Kadota et al., 2009; Kong et al., 2013a). Thus, the velocity of the avoidance movement by A. thaliana chloroplasts depends on amounts of activated phot2 and, consequently, the difference in the amount of cp-actin filament at the leading and trailing edges (Fig. 3C). It remains to be determined whether this is also true in other plants.
Towards a mechanism for cp-actin filament-dependent movements
Although the exact nature of the cascades that trigger chloroplast movement is not well understood, it is clear that the accumulation and avoidance responses are dependent on different, or at least partially independent, signal transduction pathways. The signal for the accumulation response can be transmitted over longer distances and remains active longer than the avoidance response signal (Higa and Wada, 2015; Kagawa and Wada, 1999). Microbeam irradiation and biochemical studies suggest that these differences in accumulation and avoidance responses are associated with the intracellular localization of the blue light receptors. Specifically, phot1 and phot2, which are required for accumulation response, are located on the plasma membrane (Kagawa and Wada, 1994), and phot2, which is involved in avoidance response, is found on the chloroplast envelope (Kong et al., 2013b; Tsuboi and Wada, 2011). Thus, increased light intensity directly activates more phot2 on the chloroplast, whereas in the accumulation response, the light signal that is perceived through phot1 and phot2 on the plasma membrane might be relayed differently towards the chloroplast. However, we believe that the force-generating mechanisms for both accumulation and avoidance responses are in fact the same, because proteins (e.g. CHUP1, PMI1 and THRUMIN1) that mediate cp-actin polymerization and/or maintenance are indispensable during the accumulation and avoidance responses.
Force generation and movement of cargo and organelles are commonly mediated by cytoskeletal motor protein, in particular myosins (Buchnik et al., 2015). Importantly, double-, triple- and quadruple-knockouts of four major myosin XI genes that are expressed in leaf cells inhibit the movement of all organelles except for chloroplasts (Suetsugu et al., 2010a). Although these data argue for a myosin-independent process, this has to await a full characterization of a mutant plant that lacks all myosin paralogs. Nevertheless, the polymerization of cp-actin filaments represents the most likely mechanism to generate force for chloroplast movement. Chloroplasts are anchored to the plasma membrane by the N-terminal coiled-coil domain of CHUP1 (Fig. 4) (Oikawa et al., 2008). Concurrently, the dynamic reorganization of cp-actin filaments is regulated by CHUP1 and other factors, such as KACs, WEB1–PMI2, PMI1 and PMIR, and THRUMIN1 (Kadota et al., 2009; Kodama et al., 2010; Kong et al., 2013a; Suetsugu et al., 2015, 2010b). Polymerized cp-actin filaments might subsequently be bundled by THRUMIN1 and simultaneously anchored to the plasma membrane (Whippo et al., 2011). Then, the profilin–actin complex is captured and G-actin is incorporated for cp-actin filament polymerization by CHUP1 and other factors that could play a role as the cp-actin nucleator(s) (Fig. 4). The cp-actin filaments are bundled through plasma membrane-anchored THRUMIN1. The cp-actin filaments may thereby be bound firmly to the plasma membrane by THRUMIN1, so that CHUP1 on the chloroplast, along with other factors, will slide the chloroplast forward through force creation by polymerizing numerous new cp-actin filaments at the edge of the chloroplast (Fig. 4). Such a polymerization-driven force has been calculated to be at ∼1–9 piconewtons (Dmitrieff and Nédélec, 2016), which appears to be high enough to enable these movements.
Conclusions and future perspectives
The discovery of cp-actin filaments that specifically regulate chloroplast movements has opened new possibilities for research into the migration of plant organelles. A recent study concluded that nuclear movements in pavement cells are also mediated by cp-actin filaments that are polymerized on plastids (Higa et al., 2014). The most important issue regarding the mechanism that underlies actin-dependent chloroplast movements is how the motive force for chloroplast movements is generated without myosins. The proposed model of the force-generating mechanism (Fig. 4) is similar to the Arp2/3-dependent mechanism that mediates bacterial movement in animal cells with regards to the force that the polymerization of actin creates for the translocation of an object (Goley and Welch, 2006). However, the obvious difference between the two systems is that the Arp2/3 complex exists at the rear part of bacteria (i.e. a ‘comet tail’), whereas the cp-actin filaments are located at the leading edge of chloroplasts. Arp2/3-deficient mutants exhibit normal chloroplast movements (Kadota et al., 2009), indicating that Arp2/3 is not associated with cp-actin polymerization. Consequently, a mechanism that is yet to be discovered might regulate the movement of organelles. Fortunately, several factors have already been shown to be involved in cp-actin polymerization and/or maintenance, and CHUP1 represents the most important candidate for future investigations aimed at unveiling this mechanism. Furthermore, the ongoing work on the functions of other relevant factors may eventually necessitate a revision of the current model for chloroplast movements.
We thank our colleagues who have worked with us on the subject of chloroplast movements for many years.
The works performed in our laboratory were mainly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (grant numbers 20227001, 23120523, 25120721, 25251033 and 16K14758 to M.W.) and by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2016R1D1A3B03935947 to S.-G.K.).
The authors declare no competing or financial interests. | <urn:uuid:5cfb3b04-35f8-4f0b-8df6-626d0d3126f8> | {
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Presentation on theme: "Freedom of Expression Prepared By Najib sani & Muhammad Tajuddeen M."— Presentation transcript:
1 Freedom of ExpressionPrepared ByNajib sani&Muhammad Tajuddeen M
2 pointsDiscuss the legal basis for the protection of our freedom of expression.Describe the basis for the importance of anonymous Internet expression.Identify key freedom of speech issues.
3 TermsDefamation is the publication of a statement of alleged fact which is false and which harms another person.Slander is an oral defamatory statement.Libel is a written defamatory statement.
4 Freedom of ExpressionInformation technology has provided amazing new ways to communicate with people around the world.Individuals must make ethical decisions in regards to how they will use this freedom of expression.
5 The term freedom of expression .Freedom of speech is the political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas.The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right in any country and the right is commonly
6 InternetThe internet has become the back bone in dissemination information today it has become the source of information withier writting audio or visual information to the publicThe nature of the internet as it umbiguios has make it major thread to the family and most government institution in trying to guide it usage to give ethic moral values from distortion in the society in general
7 Freedom of Expression: Key Issues Controlling access to information on the InternetAnonymityDefamationHate speechPornography
8 Children’s Internet Protection Act Freedom of speech on the Internet is complicated by children’s accessCommunications Decency Act (CDA)Aimed at protecting children from online pornographyBroad language and vague definition of indecency
9 AnonymityAnonymous expression allows you to state your opinions without revealing your identity.Anonimity In the wrong hands, it can be a tool to commit illegal or unethical activitiesexamplePosting offensive words on individual with out there consent.
10 Freedom of ExpressionMaintaining anonymity on the Internet is important to some users.Anonymous r er is a computer program that strips the originating address from the message.
11 Defamation and Hate Speech Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may an individual, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation a negative or inferior image. This can be also any disparaging statement made by one person about another, which is communicated or published, whether true or false, depending on legal state.
12 Hate SpeechHate speech is any speech, gesture or conduct, writing, or display which is forbidden because it may incite violence or prejudicial action against or by a protected individual or group, or because it disparages or intimidates a protected individual or group
13 Pornography The Internet has been a boom to the pornography industry. One in four person visit a web site once a month.Forrester Research estimates that sex sites on the Web generate at least $1 billion in revenue each year.
14 PornographyOrganizations exercise great care in how they deal with the issue of pornography in the work place.Many companies have a usage policy that prohibits access to porno sites.There are numerous Federal laws addressing child pornography.
15 SummaryIn summary information technology has become in key attribute in freedom of expression by providing a medium were by information can be send and retrieve through difference ways both audio video and digital and writing ways of sending messages globally and international.without any boundry
16 REFERENCES WIKIPEDIA JOSEPH LEUNG Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
17 CONCLUSIONIN CONCLUTION WE SAY FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION HAS PLAY A BIG ROLE IN GIVING PEOPLE THE RIGTH TO EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS AND GAIN INFORMATION AND ALSO PROTECT PEOPLES RIGHT OF SPEECH. | <urn:uuid:ab70f5e1-ecdb-4660-9c6a-5d5ebbb7ab4f> | {
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Different Types of Essay
An essay is a piece writing that reveals the author’s viewpoint. However, the definition of an essay is usually very vague and can include all the elements of a newspaper book, expose, novel, short sto punctuation checkerry, or novel. Essays are generally divided into informal and formal styles. It can be difficult to know where to begin. There are some guidelines to follow, however, they tend to change according to the fad and the style of writing that the writer uses. The following are the main categories of essay writing.
An Introduction: This is the place where the majority of information regarding the writer and the essay will be located. The purpose of the essay is to introduce the writer or the essay’s subject matter by either stating why they would like to essay checker read it, what they will gain by reading it, and the reason they should go through it. Essays written in the first person are often described as “introverts” and considered more engaging.
Argumentative Essay: A kind of argumentative essay on the subject of. There are two types of argumentative essays. The first kind of argumentative essay uses logic and evidence to justify a conclusion. The second kind of argumentative essay is based solely on the writer’s own personal opinion, and is based on a thesis. Examples of argumentative essays include thesis statements, disjointed arguments strawman arguments, and disjointed arguments.
Conclusion The conclusion is the most important portion of the essay. The conclusion is a clear call for action. It typically includes some form of shame or blame, and an offer to take action to correct the problems the reader sees. Common essay examples of this include: thesis statements, critiquing someone’s decision, explaining how things can be improved and, finally, regretting one’s actions. A lot of conclusion essays focus on the life of a person or a specific aspect of their personality.
Expository Essay Expository Essays: These are the most common form of essay. In an expository essay, the focus is the topic of the essay. An expository essay can be written about any subject you are passionate about. Examples of expository essays include: thesis statements such as politics, history, social studies, or philosophy. In most cases, there is no need to back up your thesis statement, but the reader will be reading your essay in the hopes of locating the thesis statement.
Conclusion The conclusion is a more enlightened version of the introduction. In contrast to the introduction the conclusion isn’t intended to argue your argument to the reader, rather, the end of the essay is designed to either affirm or debunk the main thesis statement. Examples of this type of essay include: a personal story or a political opinion, or an economic analysis.
A Unique Method of Expressing Yourself: Essays that read like a book are very popular. A fascinating method to express yourself in your essay can be very motivating for the writer. This is the reason why many professors will write essay introductions to students to read during their freshman year. A personal story, a description or reflection on a particular experience can all be interesting ways to express yourself in essays.
Narrative Essay: This essay is a variation on the descriptive essay. It is intended to provide information, not to argue. Narrative essays should be written in a narrative format. A narrative essay is akin to a story because each has its own distinct characteristics and ways of expressing narration. Similar to a narrative novel, the purpose of the narrative is to present the events that occurred while the writer was acting as the main character of the story. | <urn:uuid:a73838a2-3fcb-4089-9318-7d3dc16a5893> | {
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This morning I read an article about a lawsuit filed against two charter schools in Minnesota. Evidently a group of parents are suing for failing to protect their Black children from racial harassment. They are being joined in the lawsuit by at least two dozen nonprofit advocacy groups.
The events they describe are horrific. A White student threatened to poke out the eye of a kindergartener because she looked “different.” One Black student had to change clothes after being spit on repeatedly. A swastika was drawn on a school bus. White students bit, punched, and kicked their Black peers and called them “monkeys,” even stating that they “looked like the inside of a toilet.” One parent confessed that her son had endured so much abuse that he told her he didn’t want to be Black anymore.
How can we address unsafe school environments like these? Pending legislation in Kentucky would prohibit any discussions about race, sex, or religion that might make a student experience “discomfort.” Yet I would argue that such discussions are fundamentally necessary in schools to curtail racism, sexism, and religious intolerance.
Several years ago I witnessed a skilled kindergarten teacher lead her young students of varying racial backgrounds in a discussion of Robert Coles’ The Story of Ruby Bridges. As a reading comprehension exercise, they drew pictures of the different events in the book and then had a conversation about their drawings. In their discussion, the children affirmed the value of all their peers. The students learned from this lesson that all people are important, and that hatred should not be tolerated.
Did a few students feel “discomfort” in this lesson? Yes, perhaps. Some of the White children might have felt sadness that people who looked like them were yelling at little Ruby. Some of the Black children might have felt sadness that someone who looked like them was an object of hate. But my guess is that after having conversations like this one, none of the children in that classroom would have ever thought about puncturing the eye of a Black classmate because he or she looked “different.” In fact, by emphasizing empathy in this and similar lessons, the teacher created a safe environment where students genuinely cared about one another.
What would this classroom have been like had the teacher not felt free to have conversations about racial differences? Unfortunately, NOT talking about race can have serious ramifications, especially for students of color. Avoidance of conversations about race is grounded in the notion that taking a “colorblind” stance would limit racism. However, research does not support this assumption.
In a 2006 report published by the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, the author states that “Race can be a divisive issue. It is tempting to take a color-blind approach that reduces attention to race . . . However, recent advances within the fields of social psychology and sociology have demonstrated that the color-blind approach to race may be impractical, at best, and at worst harmful to the quest for racial equality and interracial good will” (p.10). The author further states that “[b]y drawing people’s attention to the positive attributes of groups to which they do not belong, color-conscious approaches are much more likely than color-blind approaches to provide solutions to problems such as prejudice, discrimination, and inter-group conflict” (p 6, emphasis mine).
I urge Kentucky legislators to think carefully about the potential results of the proposed anti-CRT legislation. Do we really want classrooms where students cannot read books about Ruby Bridges (or Rosa Parks, or Frederick Douglass, or Martin Luther King)? Do we really want classrooms where teachers cannot address racial, gender, or religious harassment because it might cause some students to feel uncomfortable? As the saying goes, we need to be careful what we ask for. We might just get it.
Dr. Rebecca Powell is a former elementary school teacher and Professor of Education at Georgetown College.
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In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, mental health was broadly defined. Health conditions and mental capacities simply had yet to be discovered by medical science and as a result, thousands of people were not handled with enough care and concern. While highly debatable, their life-care was turned over by their families to the aid afforded by the state and they were placed into asylums. One such place that is registered to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places is the Danvers State Hospital. Located in the town of Danvers, Massachusetts, the now-defunct asylum has been chronicled as a hotbed of paranormal activity. After all, Danvers is an adjacent offshoot of Salem, where the infamous Salem Witch Trials took place.
Originally constructed in 1878, the Danvers State Hospital opened under the original name of the Danvers Lunatic Asylum. It was designed by a Boston architect named Nathaniel Bradlee, who was responsible for the famous Jordan Marsh store in Boston as well as Boston’s Downtown Crossing. His design of the asylum had it perfectly laid out with four housing buildings that were separated by gender and divided by the towering administration building.
The outer fringe locations of the housing buildings on each side were reserved for the most hostile and violent patients. Slated with five hundred beds to house people, over the decades this number grew to two thousand, and many expansion buildings were added. With such a large population of increasing diverse patients with severe mental, physical, and emotional problems, it comes as no surprise that areas of the asylum eventually became haunted.
Is the Danvers State Hospital Haunted?
Upon opening, the asylum was quickly overcrowded. While the number of patients rapidly increased, the number of employees there did not. Greatly outnumbered and already poor in medical knowledge and technology for the time, the asylum administrators turned to the use of lobotomies to quell the out of control patients. The medical care while already poor, was even worse for those who were given lobotomies and as a result, a substantial number died.
But for a group of patients that died, more were added to the hospital to the point that the structure served as a revolving door for sure death. As the years passed, sanitary conditions deteriorated, and also electroshock therapy was made common so this only ramped up the volatile situation. This is the prevailing theory, coupled with the geographical tie to Salem as to why the asylum is haunted.
The Ghosts of Danvers Lunatic Asylum
Gerald Richards was a hospital administrator there in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Due to the nature of his job, he lived on the premises with his wife and three children. One of his children, Jeralyn Levasseur, has been one of the only people to ever step forward and verify that a ghost was seen in the administrator’s quarters.
In the quarters where she lived with her family as a child, she had memories of playing in the attic with her brother and sister. However, the attic soon became off-limits that were self-imposed after seeing the spirit of an elderly woman in the corner of the darkened attic, scowling at her and her siblings. That was not the only encounter with this particular apparition as she claimed that she was awoken several times at night by the same scowling spirit as it would slowly pull the covers straight off her bed.
Unsurprisingly, the asylum closed in 1992. As it sat abandoned, this opened the flood gates for paranormal investigators and ghost hunters to explore the haunted site. Many groups started off by doing walkthroughs of the abandoned asylum. Almost instantly the audible cries and moans of the spirits said to be haunting the asylum are quite numerous. Electronic voice phenomenon (EVPs), is something that has captured and occurring at a fairly high level. Among the more chilling EVPs captured are a spirit saying, “I live here” and “I am warning you”.
Only near the closing of the asylum was it discovered to have small, underground tunnels connecting the buildings. Historians date these tunnels to the original construction of the hospital, meaning they were put in under the direction of the asylum’s first administrator Thomas Kirkbride, who was notorious in his methodology.
His tunnels have thought to have been constructed so as to keep the more violent patients completely out of sight, thus giving the asylum’s upper levels a more sedate and dignified look and preached to his infamous Kirkbride Plan that he always referred to as, “a special apparatus for the care of lunacy”. It should come as no surprise as ghost hunters and former hospital workers alike have seen Thomas Kirkbride’s ghost floating through the underground tunnels.
In 2005 the property was sold to a real estate developer and a series of the connecting buildings were torn down. In their place has gone a small collection of condo apartments. Not all of the buildings were totally demolished as those underground tunnels prevent this to a degree. Outback behind the grounds is the asylum’s cemetery. With such sacred ground, the developers have not constructed anything new on that part of the land.
People who live in the apartments now claim to hear moans and screams at night, theorized to be from the spirits still tied to the land. Many a Danvers police officer has responded to complaints of the terrifying noises at night only to find a desolate and empty lot, but night after night the screams are said to remain heard.
The Filming of Session 9
Before most of the hospital was demolished in 2006, Hollywood used some of the Danvers hospital, and many of it’s creepy and existing equipment as props, to make the cult classic film Session 9.
Session 9 is a 2001 psychological horror film directed by Brad Anderson and stars David Caruso, Peter Mullan, Stephen Gevedon, Paul Guilfoyle, Josh Lucas, and Brendan Sexton. It tells the story of a work crew assigned to remove asbestos from an abandoned mental institution. It doesn’t take long for the crew boss to hear voices and have one of his men go missing. As you can imagine, they don’t find him in their truck outside.
When asked about filming Session 9 at the Danvers State Hospital, David Caruso said,
“It was a place you never got comfortable in. It wasn’t like day three and we were throwing water balloons because it was so much fun to be there. It was always scary. You can really feel the pain of the people that went through Danvers. It’s a rough environment. It’s not fun. It’s on the film. They didn’t have to dress any sets, or anything. All of that stuff was sitting there. The federal government walked away from it about thirty years ago. It was a terrifying location.” | <urn:uuid:41b3f9da-ad5d-4543-8391-ccb8e618be4d> | {
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The curiosity rover found something that some researchers believe is consistent with the presence of early life on Mars. What the rover found was a compound called thiophene, an organic compound found on Earth in coal, crude oil, and white truffles. Thiophenes were discovered on Mars, and a researcher from Washington State University called Dirk Schulze-Makuch believes that the presence of the substance on Mars is consistent with the presence of early life on the Red Planet.
Dirk is working with other scientists from Berlin to explore some possible pathways for the origins of thiophenes on the planet. The work suggests that biological processes, most likely involving bacteria, may have played a role in the presence of the material in the Martian soil.
Dirk says that the team has identified several biological pathways for thiophenes that seem more likely than chemical processes. However, he says that the team still needs proof. The scientist notes that the bar to prove organic origins is much higher on Mars than it would be here on Earth. So far, the team hasn’t been able to exclude non-biological origins for the compounds on Mars.
One possible method that could have created the compound is meteor impacts. Thiophenes can be created through a thermochemical sulfate reaction involving sets of compounds being heated to 248F or more. For the biological scenario, the most likely process would involve bacteria that may have existed on the planet three billion years ago when the planet was warmer and wetter.
The bacteria could have facilitated a sulfate reduction process that resulted in Thiophenes. Other pathways where bacteria broke the thiophenes down is also possible. More details will be provided for the researchers by a future rover called the Rosalind Franklin launching this summer. | <urn:uuid:cfaaccc6-b5da-46b8-a8d2-6d2822871270> | {
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In 1890, The Mississippi Constitutional Convention began systematic exclusion of Blacks from politics in the South.
The Mississippi Plan (Literacy and “understanding tests”) lasted until November 1st of that year and was later adopted with embellishments by other states: South Carolina (1895), Louisiana (1898), North Carolina (1900), Alabama (1901), Virginia (1901), Georgia (1908), and Oklahoma (1910). Southern states later used “White primaries” and other devices to exclude Black voters.
Once whites regained control of the state legislatures using these tactics, a process known as “Redemption,” they used gerrymandering of election districts to further reduce Black voting strength and minimize the number of black elected officials. In the 1890s, these states began to amend their constitutions and to enact a series of laws intended to re- establish and entrench white political supremacy.
The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage
by Susan Altman
Copyright 1997, Facts on File, Inc. New York
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How Do We Catch Colds In Winter
If you think about it, right now you can probably name 2-3 people you know personally who are suffering from a cold. The age-old question can be asked; why do we catch more colds during the winter? Is it just the cold temperatures and our inability to tolerate cold? Is there some sort of biological change that takes place in the human body, making us susceptible to cold viruses? The answer, according to research done at Yale University and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, is less than definitive.
One leading theory, supported only partly by the above research, is that the common cold virus grows and multiplies more rapidly in cooler body temperatures. For example, when you’re outside and breathing cold air, nasal tissue temperatures drop. Theoretically, this would enhance virus growth, assuming it is present in the first place. If true, there is not much any of us can do to avoid the problem. And, in that case, our relative ability to fight off cold symptoms could be a simple matter of staying as healthy as possible in the first place.
Dr. John Watson, at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, has studied the common cold extensively, with limited answers as to why colds are more common in winter. He is quick to point out that, while colds may seem more severe in winter and more prevalent, the average American will contract three colds per season, and not all of them are in Winter. And it happens whether or not we force-feed ourselves loads of vitamin C. Simply taking vitamins has not been shown to prevent colds.
It is possible, we just feel cold symptoms more in Winter. Battling a cold any time of year is not pleasant but, when cold winter temperatures make life less enjoyable, in general, adding cold to the list of frustrations may well elevate it on the discomfort scale.
One thing is certain, points out Dr. Watson, the “common cold” is very, very common. After deep research, there is no definitive answer as to the specific cause of the cold or the way to avoid a cold. In the meantime, below is a few ways you can help treat your cold this winter:
Water, juice, or clear broth will help loosen congestion and prevent you from getting dehydrated. Avoid liquids that can make this word such as alcohol, soda, and coffee.
With any given illness, some R & R is always recommended to give your body time to heal and recover.
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There is a belief that the proliferation of jellyfish in waters around the world is increasing globally and that this increase could be related to global warming or activities related to human action such as fisheries, coastal construction or eutrophication.
In this context, the Mar Menor represents a unique opportunity to determine whether or not these factors are affecting the massive appearance of these animals and if we are heading towards what has been called a ‘gelatinous ocean’, and at the same time to know their interactions with other organisms such as ichthyoplankton and ultimately its effects on fishing.
According to Alfredo Fernández Alías, FPI researcher at the Seneca Foundation in the Ecology and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems group at the University of Murcia, “it must be taken into account that, although it is generally considered that the waters of the Mar Menor are warm (and thus they are during the summer) there is more than 20ºC difference between the summer maximum and the winter minimum. In addition, the salty lagoon is home to important fisheries, such as shrimp or sea bream, it has numerous ports on its coastline and we have witnessed the effects of eutrophication on its waters in recent years. All this makes it a model ecosystem to analyze the effect that climate change can have on jellyfish populations worldwide.
On the other hand, although there are certain discrepancies among scientists about whether or not these proliferations are increasing, there is consensus that they cause interference and annoyance for humans, either through bites to bathers, hindering fishing activities or even blocking power stations. power plants that use seawater pumping systems for cooling. “We believe that a greater understanding of the functioning of these beings will allow us to anticipate their proliferations in the future and improve local management to reduce these negative interactions,” says Fernández Alías.
The researcher is immersed in the project ‘Population dynamics and ecological role of three species of the Scyphozoa class during a eutrophication process’, which is part of a monitoring system of the Mar Menor that aims to improve the knowledge that is possessed on the operation of the lagoon, as well as its ecological status. “The idea is to know the biology and population dynamics of jellyfish species and their role in controlling the food web and the state of eutrophication. For this, a network of sampling points was developed, distributed throughout the Mar Menor lagoon and its communications with the Mediterranean, where information is collected in situ on physical variables, such as temperature and salinity, and biological variables, such as abundance. of jellyfish and chlorophyll concentration, in addition to collecting samples for chemical and biological analysis upon arrival at the laboratory, “he says.
The work is possible thanks to the financing of the Seneca Foundation, through its program of pre-doctoral contracts FPI, while the monitoring system is financed through the regional government, through the General Directorate of Mar Menor. Likewise, the group also participates in projects in the RIS3Mur calls and in European projects of the Biodiversa or Life calls.
Within the framework of the monitoring system, the study carried out as part of Alfredo Fernández’s doctoral thesis aims to determine what factor or factors are those that promote the massive development of jellyfish species that inhabit the waters of the Mar Menor, and the role that these develop later in the regulation of the lagoon trophic network. That is, on the one hand, it is intended to build a predictive model of the abundance of jellyfish in the ecosystem with the parameters that are collected in the various sampling points and that facilitate the development of similar methodologies that can be applied in other affected ecosystems. by jellyfish. On the other hand, we want to study if these species reduce the turbidity of the waters through their consumption of planktonic organisms such as diatoms or copepods, if there is competition between the different species of jellyfish or of these with the species of fishing interest of the region.
“Currently –explains the researcher– we have a time series that we continue to reinforce month by month thanks to the continuous and prolonged effort over time. The greatest stumbling block that will arise in the future is possibly the interannual variability traditionally shown by populations. To give an example, last year the fried egg jellyfish (‘Cotylorhiza tuberculata’), which by the way is not native to the Mar Menor but entered by dredging the Estacio channel to make it navigable, barely made an appearance after a few summers in those that formed true swarms and populations of more than forty million individuals. A priori, there are not excessive very important differences between the years of massive proliferation and those of absence. But now we hope to be able to increase the resolution on a small, medium and large scale by studying a wide period of time with data collections closely spaced in time, so that we limit both specific events and large temporal fluctuations ».
So far they have been able to determine how the species behaved in 1997, a moment that they consider a base level or pre-eutrophication, where a temporal and spatial separation was appreciated in the Mar Menor that allowed a continuous action to regulate the trophic network. These results serve as a reference for studying the effect of the accumulated impacts over the last two decades in which the Mar Menor has shown intermittent rupture episodes. Although the project is mainly developed by the UMU, eventually collaborations are made with other groups such as the CNR of Venice (Italy) and with the University of Klaipeda (Lithuania) for hydrodynamic and food web modeling, respectively. | <urn:uuid:0fe751aa-a170-4a64-9875-e8192fdcd1ee> | {
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For most of us, dental hygiene is a no-brainer. We brush our teeth every day knowing this simple action goes a long way to preventing serious issues in the future, like gum disease and tooth decay. Although we may not think much about it while we’re standing at the bathroom sink with toothbrush in hand, we’ve subconsciously adopted universally accepted guidelines for our dental health: Small actions, every day, that benefit our wellness.
What if we applied the same model to mental health?
“There’s something to be said for not just waiting around for the bad days to come,” says Guillaume Tremblay, a nurse practitioner at the Brockville Mental Health Centre (BMHC). “We need a shift of view on mental health in terms of how to empower ourselves.”
Tremblay, with the support of his colleagues Nicole Rodrigues and Dr. Sanjiv Gulati, make the case for a mental hygiene framework in their recently published paper, Mental Hygiene: What It Is, Implications, and Future Directions and offer an overview of research-based practices that anyone can do on a daily basis to support their own well-being.
The term “mental hygiene” refers to daily activities that support and maintain mental health. Since we already engage in a list of practices to maintain our physical health – like brushing our teeth and getting in some physical activity every day – extending the concept to apply to our mental health makes sense.
Tremblay writes that mental hygienic practices can help prevent our natural tendency to engage in “rumination, excessive self-focused thinking, and suboptimal levels of positive feelings.”
“Rumination and successive mind-wandering is a problem we all have,” says Tremblay. In excess, they correlate with increased activity in an area of our brain called the default mode network. Excessive rumination and mind wandering without awareness increases our susceptibility to mental illness and as Tremblay writes, “impedes human flourishing.”
“The hamster running around in our head, we know that's problematic,” he says. Although our mind will always wander – and some mind wandering can be creative and beneficial – studies show that when it decreases, we feel better.
Knowing what activities can decrease the time we spend ruminating and increase awareness of our own thought processes is the first step in practicing good mental hygiene.
There is a growing body of evidence that meditation, mindfulness techniques, and prayer, are effective ways to reduce the tendency to ruminate. If prayer or meditation aren’t your style, writing down what’s bothering you every night before you go to bed, or jotting down three things you’re grateful for every morning, might do the trick. Exposure to nature can also have a positive impact on mental well-being.
The authors of the paper propose ten minutes of daily mental hygiene practice, although they make it clear that more discussion is needed to further refine their recommendations and make sure they are clear, easy to understand, safe, and evidence-based.
Tremblay cautions that mental hygiene practices can only go so far and are not a replacement for other interventions such as prescription medication. Meditation isn’t a cure for severe depression, nor is a walk in the woods.
“If you're having chest pain, you don't start exercising to deal with it, you see a doctor,” says Tremblay. “And if someone is depressed or has suicidal ideation, don't just give them a mindfulness app, that's not going to work.”
The concept of mental hygiene was first introduced in the early 20th century with the aim of preventing and treating mental illness and milder mental disorders, but the movement lost its momentum. Tremblay and his colleagues believe it’s time for a revival. He’d like to see meditation become a habitual practice that’s so mundane it doesn’t even merit conversation around the dinner table, just like how no one discusses the fact they brushed their teeth or took a shower that day.
Mental illness is widespread. In Canada, one in five people experience a mental illness in their lifetime. According to the Mental Health Commission of Canada, mental illness is the single most disabling group of disorders for youth worldwide and is one of the most substantial costs to Canada in terms of health care, lost productivity and reductions in health-related quality of life. What’s more, it comes with an estimated price tag of $50 billion a year. And then, of course, there’s the pandemic, and its impact on our collective mental health. Good mental health is as important as it ever was.
Tremblay’s goal is for influential organizations such as the World Health Organization to establish clear, universal, accessible standards for daily mental hygiene practices. This would eventually inform best practices for health care practitioners, public health units, and even school curriculum.
Tremblay says although “tricks” to help us feel better when we’re feeling down and techniques designed to deal with negative emotions are tools of his trade, there’s no reason to wait until we are feeling down to do something good for our mental health. | <urn:uuid:8ac3c24f-dfb2-4dd2-922c-bc56af0f0922> | {
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Literary Devices in The Were-Wolf
Dramatic Irony: Dramatic irony occurs when readers of a text know something that some or all of the characters do not. Because of the shifting point of view used by Housman, readers are privy to information from a variety of characters early on—most importantly, White Fell’s true nature is revealed long before it is confirmed for all the characters, which makes Christian and Sweyn’s disagreement over her identity more tense.
Point of View: The point of view used in the story is third-person omniscient. The perspective first attaches itself to Rol and Sweyn, giving us glimpses of White Fell’s true nature until Christian arrives. With Christian’s arrival, the narration sticks to his perspective for the majority of the story and then returns to Sweyn just before the story’s end. The jumping perspective heightens the mystery and drama. Although readers know who is telling the truth and who is misinterpreting evidence, the characters do not, which increases the feeling of suspense.
Symbolism: From his name to his actions, Christian is a symbolic representation of the biblical figure Jesus Christ. Christian is selfless, driven to great sacrifice on behalf of those he loves. Descriptions of his body and his love for his brother recall biblical passages, and the last sentence of the story makes the comparison explicit. Consequently, White Fell can be read as a symbolizing death, temptation, and sin—which Christian must overcome to save his brother.
Literary Devices Examples in The Were-Wolf:
"The ring of despair and anguish in his tone angered Sweyn, misconstruing it. Jealousy urging to such presumption was intolerable...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
"Sweyn in his heart felt positive that it was...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
"Straight on—straight on towards the farm...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
"the absent Christian was hastening his return...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
"so that none could see its expression. It had lighted up with a most awful glee...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
"And then the wind would rage after its lost prey, and rush round the house, rattling and shrieking at window and door...." See in text (The Were-Wolf)
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Those Brown Lizards that Scurry About are Bug Eaters Called “Anoles”
by Carol Dinsdale
Have you ever wondered about all those little lizards that run all over your gardens and porches? Most are probably “anoles” of one kind or another. While only the green anole is native to the US, it is estimated there are over 36 species of non-native anoles breeding in the wilds in Florida (out of an estimated total of 250 anole species in the world). There has been considerable interbreeding so markings may be significantly different than the true wild types (Kaplan, 2009).
Green anoles, again, the only anole native to the US, are medium-sized lizards with long tails. Because of their color-changing ability (they can be anywhere from emerald green to brown or gray), they are sometimes called chameleons. When stressed, they turn dark brown. Males have a pink or red extendable dewlap or throat fan and often engage in head bobbing and pushups. Green anoles are easily tamed and are common in the pet trade. They are active during the day, often around human habituation, and regularly soak up the sun head down on tree trunks, fence posts, and the higher levels of Florida foliage.
Brown anoles are long, slender, brown lizards. The males reach 20 cm (8 in) long, but the females are smaller. Males have yellowish spots on the back, a ridge down the center of its back, and an orange to pale-yellow, white-edged dewlap or throat flap. Brown anoles were introduced to Florida from Cuba and the Bahamas and are now found throughout the state. They thrive in disturbed habitats, among ornamental plants and are common around buildings. Brown anoles (considered by many as “invaders”) have forced the native green anoles higher onto the upper trunks and into the canopy of trees. The more aggressive brown anoles are usually observed on the ground and on lower shrubs. Anoles as a group eat grubs, crickets, cockroaches, and spiders.
A third common, but intriguing Florida lizard is the Mediterranean Gecko. These small, rough-scaled geckos, with large lidless eyes and long tails, have broad sticky toe pads which allow them to adhere to high walls and ceilings. They reach a maximum length of 12 cm. At night the geckos are light gray to white; during the day they become grayish with light pink and dark brown spots. They have raised white spots on their back and sides, giving their skin the rough “feel of a basketball.”
Mediterranean Geckos are flourishing in Florida although they are native to Europe. There are no native “night-time” lizards in Florida, and geckos seem to have filled the role. Geckos will patiently wait on walls or ceilings inside homes or near an outside light source for their prey to come to them. They feed on moths, cockroaches and other insects and stay close to houses and people. These nocturnal hunters are exceptionally vocal – if they are in or around the house you will hear the males’ squeaky, high-pitched territorial call. It sounds much like a bird chirping.
No Need To Worry
Whether it’s geckos or anoles, these little guys are all a blast to watch. Sit back and enjoy! Goodness knows, my cat and dog love to chase them around the yard! Anoles do not contain any poison or venom, however, according to Dr. Todd Campbell of the University of Tampa, they may carry “a stage of the cat liver fluke,” so if you have a feline who dines regularly on these lizards, you might have your vet check the kitty out next time you go in for shots. Other predators of anoles are birds- jays, owls, shrikes, crows, mockingbirds, herons, egrets, cranes, ibis, kestrels, and small hawks. Snakes that aggressively stalk anoles are black racers, corn snakes, king snakes, young rattlesnakes, pygmy rattlers, scarlet snakes, cottonmouths, and coral snakes (Isham, 2006).
Isham, S. (2006). Anoles: Those Florida Yard Lizards. http://www.anolebook.com/contact%20us.htm
Kaplan, M. (2009). Herp Care Collection. http://www.anapsid.org/anole.html
Wild Florida Ecotravel Guide. http://www.wildflorida.com/florida_lizards.php
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Title: mla_footnotes_ endnotes_revised_071806pub author: jdetulli created date: 4/2/2007 17:8:16. How do i cite a numbered footnote cite a numbered footnote or endnote in a parenthetical citation thus: edward wallis, the editor, notes that the poet used this. Mla parenthetical reference and endnotes/footnotes a parenthetical reference a parenthetical reference (sometimes called “in-text” citation) is a reference. Mla format guide to help you create your mla citations for all sources learn how to cite a website, cite a book, cite a journal and many others.
Endnotes and footnotes in mla format are indicated in-text by superscript arabic numbers after the punctuation of the phrase or clause to which the note refers. If using a published address, use a footnote with the following format how to cite a website in mla format footnotes in chicago citation format. Numbering endnotes and footnotes footnotes in mla format are indicated by consecutively-numbered superscript arabic numbers in mla formatting and style guide.
Chicago/turabian basics (download the printer friendly pdf) footnotes why we use footnotes the style of chicago/turabian we use requires footnotes rather than in-text. Parenthetical notes are descriptions placed within the body of your paper acknowledging the source of your information mla footnote format for journal article. Mla format is one of the major writing styles used in academic and professional writing when writing an mla paper do not include them as footnotes. Citation machine™ helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use cite sources in apa, mla, chicago, turabian, and harvard for free.
ˆ ˜ ˚˘ ˜ (ˇ ˛˘ d) ˘ˆ# + $ ˛˙ ˝/ 0’ ˝ ˘ ˘ ˚ ˛ ˘ ˚ ( ) ˘’ ˘˚ 4d= 4d5(1 ˘ˆd’4 44 44:. How to write footnotes and endnotes using mla style research guide for students examples of footnotes and endnotes, plus sample footnotes page and sample endnotes page. Citation machine helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use cite your book in mla format for free. Microsoft office/mla format from wikibooks, open books for an open world mla formatting footnotes are used for explanations. Are notes compatible with mla style yes two kinds of notes are suitable with the parenthetical citations used in mla style: content notes and bibliographic notes.
Mla (modern language association) endnotes/footnotes tony, et al mla formatting and style guide the purdue owl. From the guide below: “mla format follows the author-page method of in-text citation” if you mention the author in the text, just place the page number at t. Mla (modern language association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities this resource, updated to. Mla writing style guide tlc staff 2016 mla format follows the author endnotes and footnotes in mla format are indicated in-text by superscript arabic. | <urn:uuid:4282fa67-db27-4144-96b8-1470a876824c> | {
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How many pages is 300 words?
It depends on factors such as font size and line spacing. If the lines are single spaced, 300 words will take about 2/3 of a page. If double spaced, they will take close to 1 and 1/3 of a page. This may vary depending on your settings. But your results will very much look like this if your margins are regular, 12 point font and you use Arial or Times New Roman font.
But the question does not have a definitive answer, because the number of words needed to fill a page will always vary. That is why papers are not usually assigned by page count. Rather, they are assigned by word count. Assignments are usually double spaced, and as a rule of thumb, you need approximately 250 words to fill a page.
Some important things to consider
You can write your text in several ways. But by default, your lines are single spaced. Based on your font size, you can adjust the way you type your text. Text processing programs automatically calculate the number. But in the publishing world, these results are not always reliable. This is because only actual words are counted by these programs; not only blank spaces but also virtual ones are left out. So, sometimes you need a manual process. This manual process can be used for counting them reliably:
First, see how many lines there are on the page. Randomly pick 10 lines and count the words in those lines. To find the average number of words, just divide the total number by 10. Now you know how many there are in each line in an average, and how many lines you have. Multiply these two figures, and you will find your total number.
It is important to consider all these factors to figure out how many pages is 300 words. But if you do not want to dive into these technical terms, here is one rule of thumb: one page is roughly 500 words single spaced and 250 of them, if double spaced. That means, a 300 word essay will take slightly more than ½ of a page single spaced and roughly one and a half, if double spaced.
Page count or word count?
If you have been told to write something and given a page number, do not start working on the writing assignment right away. Go back to your teacher, client or instructor and ask for a word count. It will help to finish an assignment without any hazards. Also, ask if the lines should be single spaced or double spaced. Times New Roman and Arial are two widely used fonts. So if you want to work on your paper, either of these two fonts can be used.
A 300 words essay is rather a short piece. While working on such a short piece, make sure your language is compressed, and your grammar and syntax are intact. In education, psychology, and social sciences, papers are usually written in APA format. In this format, if you are not given any particular instruction about the format, your text should be double-spaced, and you should not insert any extra space between paragraphs.
Let’s overview the word count and how many pages you need for a specific number of words.
|Number of Words||Pages Single Spaced||Pages Double Spaced|
|250 words||½ page||1 page|
|300 words||⅔ page||1⅓ pages|
|400 words||⅘ page||1⅗ pages|
|500 words||1 page||2 pages|
|600 words||1⅓ page||2⅔ pages|
|750 words||1½ pages||3 pages|
|800 words||1⅗ pages||3⅕ pages|
|1000 words||2 pages||4 pages|
|1200 words||2⅖ pages||4⅘ pages|
|1500 words||3 pages||6 pages|
|2000 words||4 pages||8 pages|
|2500 words||5 pages||10 pages|
|3000 words||6 pages||12 pages|
|3500 words||7 pages||14 pages|
|4000 words||8 pages||16 pages|
|5000 words||10 pages||20 pages|
|6000 words||12 pages||24 pages|
|7500 words||15 pages||30 pages|
|8000 words||16 pages||32 pages|
|10000 words||20 pages||40 pages| | <urn:uuid:02753f92-2ac6-45d0-91d7-9a24dbc4df9f> | {
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A classic piece of nautical navigation, the sextant is an intricate and fascinating device that has been used since the eighteenth century to measure the altitude of celestial bodies, as well as horizontal and vertical angles and heights of shore objects.
From the origins of the first ever sextant to the evolution of the design that led to their beautiful construction, Sea Chest has put together a list of the most interesting facts to celebrate this iconic marine instrument - and who knows? Maybe you'll want to buy one for yourself!
#1. When translated from Latin it means "sixth part" because the shape of the instruments arc is one sixth of a circle. The term is also used to include other similar reflecting instruments such as the quadrant - used to measure angles up to 90 degrees - as well as the quadrant, quintant, and octant.
#2. Sextants can be used to measure the distance between the moon and other celestial bodies to determine Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
#3. Unlike most modern navigation tools such as GPS, the sextant doesn't require any electrical power to function, meaning they still serve as a great reserve navigational tool on board ships to this day.
#4. Sextants are incredibly precise due to their clever construction - measuring celestial objects relative to the horizon and not the instrument itself.
#5. The first sextant was made in 1759 by John Bird, one of the most famous craftsman of mathematical instruments. His early sextant designs were made from a heavy mahogany and ivory construction before being streamlined later on by other instruments makers to lighter wooden frames, and then in the nineteenth century they were crafted from fine brass.
#6. Sextants can be used at night to observe the stars.
#7. To use a sextant correctly, navigators lift it using their left hand and then hold it in their right hand by the handle and look at the sea horizon.
#8. A sextant doesn't require that you use it with perfect aim, making the instrument incredibly effective on a moving vessel - both the horizon and the stars or planets will remain steady in their relative position.
#9. In hot and tropical climates, sextants were often painted white to reflect sunlight and stay cool, preventing a change in temperature from warping the frame or arc.
#10. Although heavy, the classic brass construction of a sextant means they are less susceptible to shaking when being used at sea compared to lighter materials.
Fancy taking a look at our very own range of sextants and celestial navigation books? Click here to see more! | <urn:uuid:bd46ccc8-1566-49ec-be79-bb3adbc93b87> | {
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Discussion :: Objects and Collections - Pointing out the correct statements (Q.No.3)
|Jjj said: (Sep 14, 2015)|
|Two new empty String objects will produce identical hash codes.
The above will produce unique hash codes right and therefore its incorrect or am I wrong?
|Radistao said: (Dec 5, 2015)|
|Damn, guys, hashCode(), not hashcode() - JAVA METHODS ARE CASE SENSITIVE!|
|Ford Prefect said: (Jul 18, 2016)|
|The question is asked in a confusing way. The text should be changed from "incorrect" to "correct" and the answer should be inverted. Also, it's hashCode () not hashcode ().|
|Hepbo3Ah said: (Jul 20, 2016)|
|@Jjj you are correct.
Two empty strings do produce identical hashCode(). Also, some Collections DO use hashCode() to store help locate the data, namely HashMap. Its even has a "hash" in its name. Terrible question
|Avinash said: (Oct 5, 2016)|
|Every object uses hashCode, why only for some collections?|
|Sat said: (Dec 15, 2016)|
|The hashCode always return positive int value, not a negative value, or float or double etc then how the #2 is wrong?
As #3 as for giving string class inherit hashCode() from object class that is correct because it is mentioned to inheritance not for how the hashCode is calculated for a string?
Post your comments here:
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» Your comments will be displayed only after manual approval. | <urn:uuid:f110e924-1915-447f-a96b-2172fb631e29> | {
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What factors, forces or reasons cause people to move from one geographic area to another?
The first people to live in what we now call Iowa may have arrived some 8,000-10,000 years ago. They lived along the edges of the receding glaciers and hunted large game animals. Gradually, groups began to plant and harvest gardens of corn, beans, pumpkins and squash and gather nuts, berries and fruits to supplement their meat supply. By around 1,200 C.E., corn had migrated along the Gulf Coast and up the Mississippi to tribes in the Upper Midwest who became known as the Oneota culture. They established villages to which they returned for many years after seasonal deer and buffalo hunts.
The arrival of Europeans on the continent had an impact on the Midwest long before permanent settlers came. French and English colonies along the Atlantic Coast displaced eastern American Indian tribes who were forced west to compete with existing tribes. The earliest French and English these tribes encountered were not settlers competing for lands fur trappers and traders. They brought with them manufactured goods — blankets, cookware, knives, guns — to exchange for beaver, deer and other skins that sold for high prices in Europe.
Internal competition among both American Indians and European sides of the trading partnership led to conflicts. As the French and English battled for control the Atlantic Coast and Canada, they made allegiances with tribes. The French clashed with the Meskwaki (sometimes mistakenly called the Fox) and their Sac allies who were forced south from their homelands in Wisconsin and Michigan into eastern Iowa. These tribes became allies of the British against the French and later against the former British colonists, the Americans.
The other major tribe as American settlement began to put direct pressure Iowa lands in the 19th C. were the Sioux across the northern regions of future Iowa. The Sioux were the last to relocate out of the state in 1851.
Conflict and Consequences of "Western Expansion"
From the earliest days of European settlement on the Atlantic Coast, pioneers began moving west not just to trade but to live and raise families. This is known as Westward Expansion. Of course, American Indians were already occupying those western lands, setting up conflict situations. In 1832, when the U.S. government tried to enforce the terms of a treaty that demanded removal of the Sac from their major village Saukenuk on the Illinois side of the river. Chief Black Hawk resisted and returned in the spring with a portion of the tribe in defiance of the government order. In the Black Hawk “War” that ensued, U.S. troops and the Illinois state militia quickly routed Indian resistance and forced Sac families to flee. The treaty that followed opened eastern Iowa to American settlement and pushed the Sac and their Meskwaki allies into central Iowa. Treaties between the tribes and the U.S. government eventually provided for relocation of the tribes to western lands and the removal of Indian claim to the land.
Iowa has no Indian reservations, land owned by the U.S. government but occupied by recognized Indian tribes. In the 1850s, Meskwaki tribal members pooled their government annuity payments and, with the consent of the state government, purchased land in Tama County that became known as the Meskwaki Settlement. The tribe, not the government, owns the land. Many members of the tribe began to return to Iowa where they have lived ever since. The modern Meskwaki Settlement in Tama County maintains tribal schools, courts, and police and a public works department. Their annual powwow attracts thousands every year who watch traditional dances and learn about Meskwaki history and culture. Because they are not subject to state laws, the tribe opened a very successful casino that has brought a new prosperity to the Meskwaki. Sioux City is home to another sizable group of American Indians who sponsor a day care that promotes community activities and services to members of several tribes in the area. American Indians have a significant story in Iowa history and are a vibrant part of the Iowa of today.
What was Westward Expansion?
- "American Progress," 1873 (Image)
- Typical Immigrant Outfit in Central Oregon, December 5, 1910 (Image)
- Lewis and Clark Expedition Map for Bicentennial Anniversary, 2003 (Map)
Who are American Indians? Who are the Meskwaki?
- Outline Map of Indian Localities of 1833, Date Unknown (Map)
- Dakota Sioux in the Great Plains, 1905 (Image)
- Meskwaki Weaving in Wickiup in Tama, Iowa, 1905 (Image)
- Eskimo Children "Under the Salmon Row," 1906 (Image)
- Hopi Indian Harvest Dance, between 1909 and 1919 (Image)
- Cree Man Calling a Moose, 1927 (Image)
- Seminole Men, Women and Children, 1936 (Image)
- Meskwaki Code Talkers, February 26, 1941 (Image)
- Meskwaki Powwow Celebration in Tama, Iowa, 1953 (Image)
- Timeline of "How the Meskwaki and Sauki Became Three Separate 'Sac & Fox' Tribes," 2004 (Document)
- Meskwaki Land Purchases, 2004 (Document, Map)
- Meskwaki New Settlement School, Date Unknown (Image)
What happens when cultures collide?
- Iowa Law to "Allow Meskwaki to Purchase Land and Live in Tama, Iowa," July 15, 1856 (Document)
- "Does Not Such a Meeting Make Amends?" May 29, 1869 (Political Cartoon)
- Iowa Public Television's "Iowa Land for Sale," 1977 (Video)
- History of the Meskwaki Timeline, 2004 (Document)
|American Indians and Westward Expansion Source Set Teaching Guide|
|Printable Image and Document Guide|
"American Progress," 1873
This print, also entitled "Manifest Destiny," shows an allegorical female figure representing "America" that is leading pioneers westward. The settlers are traveling on foot, in a stagecoach, by conestoga wagon and railroads. These pioneers are shown encountering American…
Lewis and Clark Expedition Map for Bicentennial Anniversary, 2003
This map commemorates the 200th anniversary of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark's expedition to cross what is now the western portion of the United States of America. This map includes additional features that highlight their journey, such as a legend that features the…
Meskwaki New Settlement School, Date Unknown
The photograph shows the Meskwaki Settlement School on the Meskwaki Indian settlement. The Sac and Fox Settlement School originally was established as a day school by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Next, it became part of the South Tama County Community School District, an…
Meskwaki Code Talkers, February 26, 1941
The news clipping shows a composite picture showing how eight Sac and Fox Native American men, all member of Company H in the 186th Infantry, used their Meskwaki language to be "code talkers" during World War II. The photo shows how the communication network of code…
Cree Man Calling a Moose, 1927
Edward Curtis' photograph shows a man in the woods blowing his horn to attract moose. The American Indian man is a member of the Cree, who were based along the northwest coast. Today, members of the Cree tribe primarily live in Montana and throughout north and west Canada…
Meskwaki Powwow Celebration in Tama, Iowa, 1953
The annual powwow celebration is a time for renewing contacts within and outside the Meskwaki tribe. Costumed dancers, food and souvenir vendors and special programs are offered every August. The photograph shows Meskwaki men in tradition dress participating in the powwow…
Timeline of "How the Meskwaki and Sauki Became Three Separate 'Sac & Fox' Tribes," 2004
Iowa Law to "Allow Meskwaki to Purchase Land and Live in Tama, Iowa," July 15, 1856
"Does Not Such a Meeting Make Amends?" May 29, 1869
This print shows an allegory that symbolically shows the linking of the transcontinental railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah. American Indians and buffalo are fleeing in the foreground as two trains with large hands extending from the locomotives, labeled "San Francisco…
Iowa Public Television's "Iowa Land for Sale," 1977
This video from Iowa Public Television describes how settlers purchased their land from the government, speculators and the railroads in the early 1800s. In brief, the government land was first sold for $1.25 an acre to speculators. In the 1850s, over 10 percent of all land…
- Louisiana Purchase
This two-minute video explains Thomas Jefferson's work to buy - on behalf of the United States - 800,000 square miles from the French, stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains that would be known as the Louisiana Purchase.
- Seaman’s Journal: On the Trail With Lewis and Clark by Patricia Eubank
This is a children’s book of Lewis and Clark's expedition told through Lewis’ dog, Seaman's, point of view.
- Trail of Tears Article from the Library of Congress
"Trail of Tears Powwow; A Local Legacy" article summarizes the forced migration of the Trail of Tears. It also describes a commemorative park and highlights a powwow celebration.
- Daniel Freeman’s Homestead Certificate
This website features a homesteading certificate of eligibility for Daniel Freeman from January 20, 1868. The Homestead Act of 1862 made 160 acres available to any head of household who filed a claim, lived five years on the land and paid a fee.
- "The Long Way Home" Article from the Goldfinch: Iowa History for Young People
This article focuses on the life of a young Meskwaki woman. The Goldfinch was published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Iowa from 1975-2000.
- "Removing Native Americans from their Land" from the Library of Congress
This webpage focuses on the removal of American Indians from their lands at the bequest and action of the U.S. government and President Andrew Jackson.
- Sac And Fox Native American Fact Sheet
The website was written for young people to learn about the Fox and Sacs tribes for schoolchildren.
- Building the Transcontinental Railroad by Joeming Dunn
This graphic novel follows the transcontinental railroad's progress with maps, timelines and glossaries to guide classroom discussion.
- The Oregon Trail by Joeming Dunn
This graphic novel follows the expedition of the Oregon trail for the pioneers that made the trip. It features maps, timelines and glossaries to guide classroom discussion.
Iowa Core Social Studies Standards (3rd Grade)
Listed below are the Iowa Core Social Studies content anchor standards that are best reflected in this source set. The content standards applied to this set are elementary-age level and encompass the key disciplines that make up social studies for third grade students.
|SS.3.11.||Provide examples of historical and contemporary ways that societies have changed.|
|SS.3.13.||Identify how people use natural resources, human resources, and physical capital to produce goods and services.|
|SS.3.18.||Determine the importance of saving/investing in relation to future needs.|
|SS.3.19.||Create a geographic representation to explain how the unique characteristics of a place affect migration|
|SS.3.21.||Use map evidence to explain how human settlements and movements relate to the locations and use of various regional landforms and natural resources.|
|SS.3.25.||Explain probable causes and effects of events and developments.|
|SS.3.26.||Develop a claim about the past based on cited evidence.|
|SS.3.27.||Analyze the movement of different groups in and out of Iowa including the removal and return of Indigenous people.| | <urn:uuid:cfb42f22-0235-48fe-a4cc-08637821573d> | {
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…some Protestant Christian sects depict alcohol as an evil and dangerous substance that defiles the drinker and forbid its consumption. Aside from its prominent role in the temperance movements of Europe and the United States (Blocker 1989, Harrison 1971, Roberts 1984), this belief has been transported by missionaries to many colonial encounters and postcolonial situations. In those contexts, alcohol has often acquired the additional stigma of being associated with traditional ritual practices and the power of what missionaries view as pagan superstition and prior networks of communal identity. Hence, for example, Christian fundamentalists in Malawi have mandated that alcohol must be avoided to attain salvation both because of its evil nature and because of its association with the traditional extended family relations and obligations that thwart the attainment of worldly success in the Western individualist model (van Dijk 2002). Spier (1995) offers the telling example of Andean women opposing the conversion of their husbands to Protestantism precisely because abstinence from drinking would sever household connections to mutual aid networks. Such examples are widespread in Africa, Latin America, and other places where missionaries have been active (e.g., Eber 2000, Heath 2000, Willis 2002). This has frequently resulted in alcohol serving as a highly charged focus of symbolic contestation in identity struggles between not only traditionalists and Christian converts, but also between Protestant and Catholic converts (Luning 2002).
Michael Dietler, “Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives”, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 35 (2006), 242. | <urn:uuid:e13c4a65-8d48-4040-a8ed-2771eb09825a> | {
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Last Updated on September 5, 2022 by amin
Why a book of maps is called an atlas?
The term “atlas” comes from the name of a mythological Greek figure Atlas. As punishment for fighting with the Titans against the gods Atlas was forced to hold up the planet Earth and the heavens on his shoulders. Because Atlas was often pictured on ancient books of maps these became known as atlases.
What is the modern meaning of Atlas?
Definition of atlas 1 capitalized : a Titan who for his part in the Titans’ revolt against the gods is forced by Zeus to support the heavens on his shoulders. 2 capitalized : one who bears a heavy burden. 3a : a bound collection of maps often including illustrations informative tables or textual matter.
Was atlas a Titan or God?
According to Hesiod’s Theogony Atlas was one of the Titans who took part in their war against Zeus for which as a punishment he was condemned to hold aloft the heavens.
What information atlases provide?
An atlas is a collection of various maps of the earth or a specific region of the earth such as the U.S. or Europe. The maps in atlases show geographic features the topography of an area’s landscape and political boundaries. They also show climatic social religious and economic statistics of an area.
What is an Atlas?
What is an atlas one word answer?
An atlas is a collection of maps it is typically a bundle of maps of Earth or of a region of Earth. Atlases have traditionally been bound into book form but today many atlases are in multimedia formats. … They also have information about the map and places in it.
Is atlas Like globe?
An atlas is not like a globe because globe is three dimensional sphere whereas atlas is two dimensional..
What is an atlas Class 3 answer?
A book of maps is called ATLAS.
What is book of maps called?
An atlas is a book or collection of maps. See also how far away is venus from the sun in km
Is atlas necessary for UPSC?
Atlas plays a crucial role in UPSC Civil Services exam especially in Geography prelims questions. … Not only in prelims exam Atlas map reading will also be helpful in mains answer writing not only for geography subject but also for International relations Environment and Disaster Management topics.
What is a map for kids?
A map is a drawing of all or part of Earth’s surface. Its basic purpose is to show where things are. Maps may show visible features such as rivers and lakes forests buildings and roads. They may also show things that cannot be seen such as boundaries and temperatures. Most maps are drawn on a flat surface. See also What Weather Instrument Is Used To Measure Air Pressure?
What is an atlas video?
What is the full meaning of atlas?
ATLAS – Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science.
Which is better globe or atlas?
✔A globe is a three-dimensional sphere while an atlas is two-dimensional. ✔The globe represents the whole earth whereas an atlas may represent the whole earth or just a part of it. ✔A globe can be used to get a broad-level picture of the world while atlas provide more specific information about different places.
What is atlas and example?
The definition of atlas is a book of maps or some type of information that includes pictures and/or tables and charts. An example of an atlas is a collection of road maps detailing each of the 50 states.
Is atlas masculine or feminine?
The name Atlas is a girl’s name meaning “bearer of the heavens”. While Atlas is a decidedly male god and this name is in the US Top 300 for boys it is used for an increasingly significant number of baby girls in the US.
Why do we need maps?
Maps use symbols like lines and different colours to show features such as rivers roads cities or mountains. … All these symbols help us to visualise what things on the ground actually look like. Maps also help us to know distances so that we know how far away one thing is from another.
what are grids | what is an atlas | why do we use an atlas
When was the word atlas first used in English?
The noun atlas meaning a book of maps was first used in English in the first half of the 17th century. The word comes from the name of one of the ancient Greek gods known as the Titans.
What are the demerits of a globe?
A disadvantage of using a globe and map to find locations over a map is that a globe is too big or bulky to carry around. Similarly a globe would need to be extremely large to show a small area in detail such as a town or city and only half of the globe is visible at any given time.
What is a globe class 6?
A globe is a spherical figure which is a miniature form of earth. It gives us a three-dimensional view of the whole Earth by showing distances directions areas etc. … The globe provides 3-D (three-dimensional view) of the entire Earth. The latitudes and longitudes are shown on the globe as circles or semi-circles.
What is the human made model of the Earth called?
globeA small man-made model of the Earth is called a globe. It is spherical in shape and is the most accurate depiction of the Earth.
Master ATLAS In 10 Minutes | Mobile Legends Bang Bang
What does Atlis mean?
|ATLIS||AIDS Treatment for Life International Survey (International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Chicago IL)|
|ATLIS||Access to Libraries in Swansea (UK)|
|ATLIS||Airborne Tracking Laser Identification System|
What was Atlas the God of?
In Greek mythology Atlas (/ˈætləs/ Greek: Ἄτλας Átlas) is a Titan condemned to hold up the heavens or sky for eternity after the Titanomachy. … Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia or Clymene. He was a brother of Epimetheus and Prometheus.
How can we use an atlas to locate places?
The best way to find the location of something in an Atlas is to use the Index. The Index can be found at the back of the Atlas. Find the Index in your Atlas. You should find a list of all the features found in the Atlas.
How atlas is useful for students?
An atlas is a consolidated book of maps which consists of various type of maps like the world map maps of different continents maps of countries etc. For a student an atlas is very important as they can study about the different types of continents oceans and geography of the world.
Why are atlases important in schools?
In summary – atlases are essential equipment needed across all geography departments within secondary schools. They are crucial when developing pupils’ basic geographical skills improving pupils’ global sense of direction and increasing pupils’ awareness of scale when investigating many current global issues.
What is the model of the Earth called?
A globe is a spherical model of Earth of some other celestial body or of the celestial sphere. Globes serve purposes similar to maps but unlike maps they do not distort the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A model globe of Earth is called a terrestrial globe.
What does the rod in the globe represent?
The rod that runs through the center of the globe is at the same angle as the earth’s tilt . The rod running through the globe represents the axis. If you were to spin the globe above that would represent the rotation of Earth. … This is a diagram symbolizing the earth on its axis tilted toward the sun.
Who invented Atlas?
The atlas was a most peculiar invention. To see how it came into being let’s meet two Flemish friends. They were Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius. Mercator born in 1512 was older by 15 years.
What is the purpose of an atlas?
An atlas is a collection of maps it is typically a map of Earth or a region of Earth. One of the main tasks of an atlas is to enable comparisons between maps in order to recognise correlations between them.
What is the difference between maps and atlas?
Maps and atlases are two things that help us to know information about the location position or geographical features of a place. … The key difference between map and atlas is that a map is a representation of an area of land whereas an atlas is a collection of maps. An atlas can contain different types of maps.
Why is an atlas called so class 6?
Answer: An atlas is a large collection of maps. In the 16th century geographers Mercator and Hondt were the first people to publish this collection of maps in the form of a book. … Since then this book of maps has been known as atlas.
How can you use atlas in your daily life?
We should use an atlas for our cross-country road trip. The family packed an atlas with road maps just in case they got lost. The atlas was crucial in learning about the geography of Asian countries. The pages of the atlas were worn and the maps needed to be updated so it was not very helpful.
What Is An Atlas Used For?
An atlas is a collection of various maps of the earth or a specific region of the earth such as the U.S. or Europe. The maps in atlases show geographic features the topography of an area’s landscape and political boundaries. They also show climatic social religious and economic statistics of an area.Jan 30 2020
What is the dark brown Colour generally used to show on a map?
Brown: deserts historical sites national parks military reservations or bases and contour (elevation) lines. Black: roads railroads highways bridges place names buildings and borders. See also how do koalas adapt to their environment | <urn:uuid:ca2d29c2-bdce-4ce7-98f9-1ef0bb038512> | {
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On one side was a small First global age of Spanish soldiers, representing the most powerful kingdom in Europe. Jan 1, Scientific Revolution By the s, scholars and thinkers inspired by the Renaissance and the discoveries of the global age had begun to study the natural world in new ways.
Thousands of tons of silver were shipped from the Americas. The Causes of the First Global Age: The internet is an example of globalization because you can get information easily online and you can communicate with people around the world using msn, face book, YouTube, email, and many other forms.
What age will you be when you have your First global age child?
What is the first country to go when global warming happens? Discuss the political economic and social conditions that led to political revolutions in the first global age?
Columbus returned to the Americas in with some settlers and a collection European plants and animals Columbus began a vast global exchange 24 Inflation- economic cycle that involves a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in available money Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism- the investment of money to make a profit 25 Mercantilism- when a nations real wealth was measured in its gold and silver Overseas empires and colonies existed for the benefit of the parent nation European govts.
The internet has become very important in this age ofglobalization. The only trade route to the spice rich Far East was controlled by the Italians and Ottomans who drove up the prices of those goods that travelled through their domain.
One of his ships made it back to Spain, however, after a three-year journey. Globalization refers to expanding global links, the organization of social life on a global scale, and the growth of global thinking, thus creating a world society.
This makes the country want to beable to govern themselves. Magellan crossed the Pacific, but was killed in the Philippines. Inanother Spanish expedition, led by Ferdinand Magellan, set out to reach Asia by sailing around South America.
The First Global Age The First Global Age Also known as the Age of Exploration, the First Global Age featured the first time in human history where all the continents of the world excluding Antarctica and Australia developed a system of trade and communications with one and other, Mainly, the large spheres of civilization at the time were China, the Ottoman Empire, Europe, and Africa, as well as the growing civilization in the Americas.
In fact, the Americas were first found by the Europeans after Columbus set off to find a trade route to Asia via sailing west.
The wave of exploration was also caused by the growing imperialism of European rulers. How will the aging of the sun affect global warming?
What is the background of economic globalization and who mentioned the wordeconomic globalization first?The First Global Empire But its seafarers created the age of ‘globalisation’, which continues to this day. Roger Crowley | Published in.
Bring back your memories concerning what you know about the first global age with this chapter study guide. Go over the timeline and the.
In this lesson, we will examine the factors that contributed to European dominance in the First Global Age. We will identify and analyze the. The First Global Age. Also known as the Age of Exploration, the First Global Age featured the first time in human history where all the continents of the world (excluding Antarctica and Australia) developed a system of trade and communications with one and other, Mainly, the large spheres of civilization at the time were China, the Ottoman Empire.
Learn the first global age with free interactive flashcards. Choose from different sets of the first global age flashcards on Quizlet. The FIRST LEGO League Global Innovation Award is a competition designed to showcase the real-world, innovative solutions that FIRST LEGO League teams create as a result of their Project.
READ MORE > Stay Connected.Download | <urn:uuid:18bc6da6-177f-4dd2-b83e-367c9fd7637a> | {
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Flashcards in Anti-Microbials Deck (135):
What is the general goal of antimicrobial therapy in anesthesia?
Inhibit microorganisms at concentrations that are tolerated by the host.
Name two general rules of antimicrobial therapy in anesthesia.
1. For seriously ill/immunocompromised patients select bactericidal.
2. Narrow spectrum before broad spectrum or combination therapy to preserve normal flora.
When we kill a patients normal flora we introduce them to what? Why?
Super infections because the normal flora can secrete "things" that kill opportunistic bacteria.
Name 5 considerations for antimicrobials used for surgical prophylaxis.
1. Weigh the risks/benefits.
2. select cost effective broad spectrum antibiotics
3. Prophylactic antibiotics should be given no more than 1 hour before incision.
4. Usually a single dose but may be continued for 48 hours.
5. No proof that a brief course of antibiotics results in emergence of resistant organisms.
How do we select an antimicrobial? (6)
1. Identify the causative organism.
2. Efficacy depends on drug delivery to site.
3. Usually treat with a single drug
4. Route of administration
5. Duration of treatment
Name two considerations that may interfere with the efficacy of a drug to a particular site.
1. transport across the BBB varies greatly
2. More effective if infected material is removed..
Are hypersensitivity reactions dependent or independent of the dose?
Are drug toxicities dependent or independent of the dose.
Dependent (dose related)
What special considerations must be made with a parturient when determining the proper antimicrobial? (2).
1. Most antimicrobials cross the placenta and enter into maternal milk. Fetus's liver is immature and they can't metabolize or excrete that drug and could end up with toxicity. For milk mom should discard the first couple rounds.
2. Teratogenecity- the malformation of an embryo or fetus that we worry about with any drug.
What special considerations must be made with an elderly person when determining the proper antimicrobial? (4).
1. Renal impairment
2. Deceased plasma proteins
3. Reduced gastric motility and acidity
4. Increased body fat.
Killing the bacteria
Preventing the bacterium from reproducing, does not necessarily kill/damage the bacteria.
Is PCN bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
How does PCN kill the bacteria?
By interfering with the cell wall. Doesn't allow the cell wall to join correctly and interferes with an enzyme that keeps the cell wall stable.
What three organisms (did Denise mention) that PCN is effective against?
How is PCN excreted?
PCN is part of what family of antimicrobials?
What is the big difference between PCN and ampicillin?
Ampicillin has a wider range of activity including gram negative bacilli (H. influenzae and E coli)
Of the PCN class which has the highest incidence of a skin rash?
What is the main difference between amoxicillin and ampicillin?
Amoxicillin is more efficiently absorbed from the GI tract than ampicillin.
What is the most common side effect of the PCN class? What symptoms can be seen?
Rash and or fever, immediate anaphylactic reaction and rarely hemolytic anemia
How long can the hypersensitivity reaction from PCNs be delayed?
up to 24 hours.
Of all the microbials which is the most allergenic?
The PCN family.
Which class of drugs exhibits cross-sensitively with PCNs?
Are cephalosporins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
How do cephalosporins kill the bacterium?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
What larger family are the cephalosporins a part of?
What kind of spectrum of action do cephalosporins exhibit?
How are cephalosporins excreted?
60% through the kidneys
40% through the bile
What type of adverse reactions are associated with cephalosporins?
Allergic reactions causing a rash
Anaphylactic reaction in 0.02% of treated patients
What were cephalosporins cross sensitive with again?
How many generations (per Denise, not any of the books) are there of cephalosporins? What does the classification depend on?
Classification depends on the antimicrobial spectrum.
Name a first generation cephalosporin and an advantage to using it.
Cefazolin, because it is the least expensive
What is the most commonly used antimicrobial in surgical prophylaxis?
Name a second generation cephalosporin.
Name a third generation cephalosporin.
P.S. we should get credit for merely spelling all this shit correctly
Which cephalosporins penetrate into joints?
All of them.
As you go up the generations of cephalosporins (1 to 2 to 3) they are more effective against what?
Gram negative bacteria
Are aminoglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic? Generally, how do they exert their effect?
2. Act on protein synthesis within the cell wall of the bacteria.
What class of bacteria is the aminoglycoside family of antimicrobials affect againts?
Aerobic gram negative bacteria.
How are aminoglycosdies excreted?
Extensively renal excretion.
What is the elimination half time of the aminoglycosides? How much does it increase with renal failure?
1. 2-3 hour elimination half time
2. Increased 20-40 fold with renal failure.
Name four adverse reactions that are associated with aminoglycosides.
3. Skeletal muscle weakness
4. Prolongs neuromuscular blockade.
Define ototoxicity, explain how an aminoglycoside causes it, state what it is usually dependent on and whether or not it is reversible.
1. Ototoxicity is vestibular/auditory dysfunction
2. Is caused by drug induced destruction of vestibular or cochlear sensory hairs.
3. It is dose dependent- usually occurs with chronic therapy.
4. Usually irreversible
Explain how aminoglycosides can cause nephrotoxcicity.
State what this nephrotoxicty results in.
State whether this nephrotoxicity is reversible or not.
Name the most nephrotoxic of the aminoglycosides.
1. Drug accumulates in the renal cortex causing tubular necrosis
2. Results in the inability to concentrate the urine (first sign), proteinuria and RBC casts.
Explain two ways which aminoglycosides can result in skeletal muscle weakness, name a disease that is uniquely sensitive to weakness, state whether a single dose in a healthy patient is or isn't a problem and name two classes of drugs that's actions are prolonged by this class of antimicrobials.
1. Can inhibit pre-junctional release of acetylcholine and decerse the post synaptic sensitivity to the neurotransmitter.
2. Myasthenia Gravis.
3. A single dose in a healthy patient is not usually a problem.
4. Non-depolarizing and depolarizing muscle relaxants.
Explain when aminoglycosides can result in a potentiation of neuromuscular blockade (two), could this happen outside of the OR, name a drug that is enhanced and considerations that must be made when reversing a patient.
1. Potentiation of NM blockade can result from high plasma concentration when given IV and from systemic absorption from large volumes of irrigation.
2. The reappearance of NM blockade can reappear outside the OR, maybe in the PACU
3. NM blocking properties of lidocaine are enhanced.
4. Neostigmine or calcium induced antagonism may be incomplete or transient (use your clinical judgement even if you have a decent train of four).
Steptomycin and Kanamycin (aminoglycosides) have what type of use? What is the most frequent adverse reaction associated with them?
1. Limited use.
2. Vestibular Damage
Gentamicin (aminogylcoside) has what type of spectrum when compared to other drugs in this family? What does this drug require? What is the toxic level?
1. Broader spectrum
2. Monitoring drug levels because of it's high toxic profile
3. Over 9mcg/ml
Amikacin (aminogylcoside) is a derivative of which drug?
Neomycin (aminoglycoside) is used as an adjunct therapy for what condition? Why?
1. Hepatic Coma
2. To decrease plasma ammonia levels.
Are tetracyclines bactericidal or bacteriostatic? How do they act?
2. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
What type of spectrum do the tetracyclines have?
What are the tetracyclines usually used for? Why?
1. Treatment of acne
2. Because they decrease the fatty acid content of the sebum.
How are tetracyclines excreted?
Urine and the bile.
Name two side effects of tetracyclines, two patient populations we wouldn't give them too and describe why.
1. Permanent discoloration of the teeth and photo-sensitivity.
2. Parturients and children.
3. Deposits in teeth and bones by forming a tetracycline-orthophosphate-calcium complex.
How is tetracycline (the drug not the class) prepared and what is the route of administration?
1. Standard preparation
2. PO only.
How is doxycyline (tetracycline family) prepared and what is the route of administration. Also, name the one group of infections Denise mentioned they are used to treat.
1. Long acting preparation
2. IV or PO
3. GYN infections.
What class of antimicrobials does erythomycin fall under?
Is erythromycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal? How does it work?
1. It can be BOTH
2. inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
What kind of spectrum does erythromycin have?
Narrow spectrum mostly gram positive bacteria.
How is erythromycin metabolized and why is this important?
Metabolized by the Cytochrome P-450 system so it can prolong any drug that is broken down by the P-450 system because it is using up the enzymes.
How is erythromycin excreted?
Mostly in the bile.
Name four adverse reactions associated with erythromycin. Which is the most common?
1. GI intolerance (which is the most common side effect) which can include severe N/V with IV infusion.
2. Gastric emptying
3. QT effects including prolonged cardiac re-polarization and incidences of torsades.
4. Thrombophlebitis which is common with prolonged IV use.
Which class includes clindamycin?
Is clindamycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Which drug is it similar to Clindomycin in antimicrobial activity? Meaning that it is what?
2. Narrow spectrum mostly gram positive bacteria.
What is clindamycin more active against than erthryomycin?
When is clindamycin used (two)? When would we decrease the dose?
1. Would use with serious gastrointestinal infections and infections of the female genital tract.
2. Would decrease the dose with severe liver disease.
Name two side effects associated with clindamycin.
Pseudomembranous colitis (severe diarrhea)
Pre and post junctional effects at the NM junction.
What should be done if a patient ends up with a pseudomembranous colitis with clindamycin administration?
1 Stop clindamycin immediately and treat with another antibiotic.
Name the two considerations regarding the pre and post junctional effects that clindamycin can have at the NM junction. Is this effect dependent or independent of the NM blocker we gave?
1. The effects at the NM junction caused by clindamycin are not antagonized with anticholinersterases or calcium and large doses can produce long lasting, profound NM blockade.
2. This side effect is completely INDEPENDENT of what we gave, so in and of itself clindamycin can cause severe weakness.
Vancomycin is a derivative of what?
Is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal? How does it work?
2. Impairs cell wall synthesis.
Against what type of bacteria is vanc effective?
Gram positive (including severe staph infectios, streptococcal, enterococcal endocarditits, MRSA, and with PCN and Ceph allergies)
*She said she wouldn't ask us about specific organisms but I put them on here anyway just in case to be safe.
How is vanc excreted? What is the elimination half time and when and by how much can it be prolonged?
2. 6 hours
3. Can be up to 9 days in renal failure patients.
Name two procedures and one type of related infection where vanc is commonly used.
2. Ortho procedures using prosthetic devices
3. CSF and shunt related infections
What is the dose of Vancomycin, how long is it normally given over and how is it normally mixed?
10-15mg/kg over 60 minutes
1 gm is normally mixed in 250ml.
A rapid infusion of vancomycin will result in what?
What other four adverse reactions could occur with vanc?
1. Red man syndrome (even with a slow infusion)
4. Return of NM blockade
What is happening in the body to cause red man syndrome?
Intense facial and truncal erythema from histamine release.
Are sulfonamides bactericidal or bacteriostatic How do they work?
2. Inhibit microbial synthesis of folic acid. (remember this one she thought it was "neat" haha)
When are sulfonamides used?
How are sulfonamides metabolized and excreted?
Metabolized by the liver and renally excreted.
Name five side effects of sulfonamides.
1. Skin rash to anaphylaxis
2. Drug fever
4. Acute hemolytic anemia (rare)
5. increased effect of PO anticoagulants.
Are polymyxin B and colistimethate bactericidal or bacterostatic? How do they work?
Effect bacterial cell wall membrane phospholipids.
When are polymyxin B and colistimethate effective?
Gram negative bacteria (severe UTIs, infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes and ears)
How are polymyxin B and colistimethate eliminated?
Name two side effects associated with polymyxin B and colistimethate.
1. Most potent of all antimicrobials in their action at the NM junction.
2. Highly nephrotoxic
Describe the effect that polymyxin B and colistimethate can have on the NM junction (four).
1. Predominately pre junctional
2. Can produce skeletal muscle weakness resembling nondepolarizing NM blockade.
3. Marked potentiation of non depolarizing NM blocking drugs
4. Neostigmine and calcium do NOT reliably antagonize this drug effect at the NM junction
Is metronidazole bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
What class of bacteria is metronidazole effective against?
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli
What type of infections is metronidazole used to treat?
Wide variety, CNS infections, Abdominal and pelvic sepsis and pseudomembranous colitis
Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal? How do they work? What kind of spectrum do they have?
2. Inhibit the part responsible for holding together the helical structure of bacterial DNA.
3.. Broad spectrum
What type of bacteria are fluoroquinolones effective against?
Gram negative bacilli
What is the elimination half time of the fluoroquinolones? How are they excreted?
1. 3-8 hours.
2. Mostly renal through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
What important set of enzymes can the fluoroquinolones inhibit?
What side effects are associated with the fluoroquinolones?
Mild GI disturbances (minimal side effects)
But can inhibit Cytochrome P450
When are fluoroquinolones useful?
Complicated GI and GU infections.
Ciprofloxacin (a fluroquinolone) is useful in the treatment of a variety of systemic infections including? (3).
Bone, soft tissue and the respiratory tract.
Rifampin is a drug used for?
Is Rifamipin bacteriostatic or bactericidal? Against what type of bacteria?
Bactericidal against mycobacteria. Inhibits growth of most gram positive and many gram negative bacteria (by acting on the DNA dependent RNA polymerase)
Fat solubility of rifampin allows what?
Penetration of tissues including the CNS.
How is rifampin administered?
Oral or parenteral.
How is rifamipin excreted?
Renal and biliary
What develops quickly with rifamipin?
What side effects are associated with rifampin? What does it potently induce?
Usually infrequent but with high doses we can see thrombocytopenia, anemia, hepatitis, fatigue, numbness, skeletal muscle weakness.
Potent inducer of the Cytochrome P-450 system (accelerated metabolism of opoids, NM blockers and warfarin.
Amphotericin B is what kind of a drug? When is it given? How is it given? And what kind of excretion?
2. Yeasts and fungi
3. Poor PO absorption so it is given IV
4. Slow renal excretion.
What is impaired in 80% of people taking amphotericin B? Is this reversible? What should be monitored?
1. Renal function
2. Most recover after this drug is stopped but some resulting permanent decrease in GFR may remain
3. Monitor plasma creatinine levels
What side effects are associated with amphotericin B during infusion (4)? What other side effects are also associated? (6).
During infusion- fever, chills, dyspnea and hypotension
General side effects- impaired hepatic function, hypokalemia, allergic reactions, seizure, anemia, thrombocytopenia
Viruses are what kind of parasites? What do they use to replicate?
1. Intracellular- can't reproduce outside of host cells.
2. Use many biochemical mechanisms of the host's cells.
Development of antivirals is?
What kind of alternatives are there out there to antiviral drugs? Name 3 of them.
Vaccines: Hepatitis A and B, HPV and Herpes Zoster.
Viruses are composed of what? How are they classified?
Composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein containing outer coat. Genome either contains RNA or DNA but NEVER both (classified on this part).
Acyclovir and Valacyclovir (antivirals) act against what virus and are excreted how?
1. Herpes viruses
2. Excreted by the kidneys.
Vidarabine (antiviral) is used for what two kinds of viruses? What two adverse properties does vidarabine include?
1. Cytomegalic inclusion disease and Herpes simplex encephalitis
2. It is Mutagenic and Carcinogenic
Famciclovir (antiviral) is used against what?
Acute herpes zoster.
Ganciclovir is used against what one virus and results in which one type of toxicity?
2. Hematologic toxicity
Amantadine is used to treat which virus and how is it excreted?
Influenza A and renal excretion.
What is an interferon? How does it work? What does it enhance?
Interferon is the term used to designate glycoproteins produced in response to viral infections (we make these). They bind to receptors on host cell membranes and induce the production of enzymes that inhibit viral replication and degradation of the viral mRNA. Enhances tumoricidal activities of macrophages.
Name 3 uses for interferons?
Chronic Hep B
Nasal sprays for rhinal virus
Name some side effects of interferons (there are 11 listed).
1. Flu like symptoms
2. Hematologic toxicity
5. Decreased mental concentration
6. Development of autoimmune conditions
9. Changes in CV function
10. Changes in thyroid function
11. Changes in hepatic function.
Antivirals for AIDs include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) which Denise refers to as?
Imposters. Looks like a fake human cell to the virus. Once the virus incorporates it it can't elongate it's chain or replicate.
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) inhibit what?
Inhibit function of an enzyme used by the AIDs virus.
Protease inhibitors work by?
Binding to the HIV protease.
What type of therapy is commonly used in HIV treatment?
What side effects are associated with antivirals for AIDs?
Pancreatitis, hepatoxicity, lactic acidosis, fat redistribution, increases in serum cholesterol and triglycerides, hypersensitivity.
What side effects are associated mainly with protease inhibitors? (aside from the side effects of all antivirals for AIDs)
Most all of them inhibit the cytochrome P-450 system. Ritonavir ir the most potent.
Because of the inhibition of the CYP450 system large plasma increases of many drugs including analgesics, lidocaine, antimicrobials, anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, antiemetics, CCBs.
Name the 9 bactericidal drug classes Denise mentioned.
5. polymyxin B
Name the 3 bacteriostatic drug classes that Denise mentioned.
Which one drug did Denise mention that could be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic?
What two medications did Denise mention are useful only against gram positive bacteria?
Erythromycin and Vanc
Which one antimicrobial did Denise mention is effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
Which six antimicrobials did Denise mention are effective only against gram negative bacteria?
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Fresh Garden With Tropical Plants
Tropical plants originate in hot humid climates where groups of plants resemble a jungle. It is possible to transform your garden into a tropical paradise even if you do not live in a tropical climate. Tropical plants are plants which are native to the tropical regions of world. Thanks to the consistent climate conditions in the areas where these plants evolved, they have a number of very specific adaptations which make them very unique. Many people in tropical and subtropical regions like to use tropical plants in landscaping and conservatory specimens all over the world, with especially distinctive examples fetching very high prices from specialty purveyors.
Although all tropical plants have developed to live in the warm and very humid environment of the tropics, these plants are quite diverse. Some, for example, are designed for life in the understory, with large leaves to capture sunlight and dripping water, brightly colored flowers to attract birds in the dimly lit conditions of the understory, and sturdy roots which are accustomed to very rich soil. Others have adapted for an arboreal lifestyle among the branches of trees in the forest canopy, with epiphytic roots or vine-like growth habits designed to help the plant cling to a tree.
Outdoor Garden With Tropical Plants
Many tropical plants have large, vivid flowers, which is one reason they are so appealing in landscaping and homes.
Garden With The Peacock Flower Plants
The peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) produces bright orange and red blossoms in the summer and fall.
Garden With Roseo Picta Bushes
These bushes grows in USDA zones 9 through 11, with red, white and pink marbled leaves resembling a bush covered with a light dusting of snow.
Garden With Pink Flowers And Elephant Ear Plants
Some of these flowers are incredibly elaborate, looking more like modern art than flowers, with exotic spikes, plumes, and feathering.
Garden With Statue And Elephant Ear Plants
One large-leaf tropical plant is the Elephant’s Ear, which grows best in USDA zones 8 through 11, reaching 3 to 6 feet tall and wide in moist shady areas.
Corner Garden With Border And Elephant Ear Plants
Tropical plants produce a dramatic lush look to the garden. Many varieties of tropical plants adapt to a more temperate growing condition.
Garden With Chinese Yellow Banana Plants
One outstanding tropical flower is the Chinese yellow banana (Musella lasiocarpa), which produce yellow waxy blossoms on two-year-old stems appearing in the spring and lasting for six months.
Showy Chinese Yellow Banana For Tropical Garden
Chinese Yellow banana is grown for its, bizarrely beautiful yellow flowers that resemble giant golden artichokes.
Amazing Garden With Tropical Plants
Tropical plants may also have rich scents which some people find pleasing, and their flowers and leaves are very long-lasting, as long as conditions around the plant are kept warm and humid.Label: tropical plants pics, tropical plants pictures, tropical plants garden ideas, tropical plants images, tropical plants garden, . | <urn:uuid:5888cd1d-a56d-4d18-979a-57ea1e614d75> | {
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The last one is an example of like terms.
Nine to the fifth power looks like this: 95
First: Music Of The Sun. Second: A Girl Like Me. Third: Good Girl Gone Bad. Forth: Rated R. Fifth: Loud.
2a to the second power. If you combine the like terms, (a to the second power + a to the second power), it would be the same as 2a to the second power.
If you learned about numbers to powers then you will know a number or letter multiplied by its self is to the second power OR squared .like to the third power is a three
Sucky. First: Music of the Sun Second: A Girl Like Me Third: Good Girl Gone Bad Forth: Rated R Fifth: Loud
well.... it depends do u like school? im in fifth grade and when i was in third grade i had a hard time
puck kisses Sabrina in the third book but she starts to like the kiss in the third book. I haven't read the fifth book yet but I'm guessing she really starts to like him in the fifth book.
It looks like (b^2)^5 First level is 1 1 Second level is 1 2 1 Third 1 3 3 1 fourth 1 4 6 4 1 fifth 1 5 10 10 5 1 So you know the coefficients before each number is going to be the fifth row. Then you plug in your formula.
The answer is 4.12. To round it you have to look on the third and second numbers.If the third number is lower than 5, then the second number stays the same. If the third number is higher than 5, then the second number increases by 1 only.For example:7.56246768As you can see that the third number is 2. And two is lower than 5. That means that second number ( 6 ) stays the same.Other example :5.638Here the third number is 8. So that means that second number ( 3 ) is going to increase by one only. So than 3 becomes 4 and you get rid of 8.The answer is 6.63PS: You don't always have to look at second and third number. To round like for example to fourth number, you have to look at fifth number and if fifth number is higher than 5, then you increase your fourth number by one, if its lower, than you don't change fourth number and get rid of other numbers that are after it.Hope this helps.
In Music, we speak of inverted intervals, chords or phrases. An inverted interval is just like an inverted fraction. It's upside down. Think of a fifth, C on the bottom, G on the top. Now put the G on the bottom and the C on the top. An inverted fifth becomes a fourth and vice versa. An inverted third becomes a sixth and vice versa. Think of a regular triad in root position: root, third and fifth. If you put the third as the lowest note, we call that the first inversion. If you put the fifth as the lowest note, we call that the second inversion.
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View stunning SlideShares in full-screen with the new iOS app!Introducing SlideShare for AndroidExplore all your favorite topics in the SlideShare appGet the SlideShare app to Save for Later — even offline
View stunning SlideShares in full-screen with the new Android app!View stunning SlideShares in full-screen with the new iOS app!
Unit objectives• Define sexual assault• To describe the regional and national magnitude of sexual assault• To discuss the consequences of sexual assault• To describe the role of health service providers in managing young people who have been sexually assaulted
DEFINITIONS• Sexual Assault: (synonymous with sexual violence); is a term covering a wide range of activities, including rape / forced sex, indecent assault and sexually obsessive behaviour• Sexual assault is defined as ‘any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic women’s sexuality, using coercion, threats of harm or physical force, by any person, regardless of the relationship with the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home, school, prison, the streets and at work’. (World Health Organisation 2003)
RAPE• Rape is defined as “physical forced or otherwise coerced penetration – even if slightly – of the vulva or anus, using a penis, other body parts or an object” (World Health Organisation 2003)Defilement is unlawful sexual intercourse with a young person below the age of 14 years.
What are your personalexperiences on the magnitude of sexual abuse
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL ABUSE IN YOUNG PEOPLEAim of the session• To discuss the factors contributing to the problem of sexual abuse in young people
GROUP WORK• Factors contributing to sexual abuse along the following lines: – Biological – Social – Cultural – Behavioural – Economic
Consequences of Sexual Abuse in Young PeopleAim of the sessionTo describe consequences of sexual abuse in young people
Health Consequences of Sexual Abuse• Unwanted pregnancy• Unsafe abortion• STIs including HIV/AIDS• Sexual dysfunction• Infertility• Pelvic pain and urinary tract infections
Genital Injuries• Typical genital injuries include• Tears• Ecchymosis.• Abrasions, redness and swelling of the genitalia• In women genital injuries are most likely seen in the posterior fourchette, labia minor the hymen and fossa navicularisIn men injuries are generally located around the anus and perineum
HOW ARE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN ASSAULTED CURRENTLY DEALT WITH?Group work
WHAT SHOULD HEALTH SERVICE PROVIDERS DO TO DEAL WITHYOUNG PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN SEXUALLY ABUSED? Brainstorming activity
GROUP DISCUSSIONWhat do you think is your role in managing a young person who has been sexually assaulted?
SummaryRole of Health Workers:• Screening to rule out complications such as physical injury, STIs, if screening reveals evidence on sexual abuse, report the matter to police.• Treat complications such as physical injuries, bruises, STIs if any.• Counselling to reduce feelings of guilt, self blame ,shock and fear• Referral for other services e.g. PEP, emergency contraception and psychosocial counselling.• Linkage to other support centres e.g. legal services, victim support unit, law enforcers, human rights organizations, livelihood programs, and life skills.
Role of Health Service Providers:• Follow up client by home visiting or outreach services.• Increase awareness among young people especially boys, parents and the entire community on the effects of sexual abuse.• Sensitize other service providers (untrained) on the prevalence of sexual abuse and how to handle sexually abused young people.• Conducting operational research to improve quality of management of sexually abused young people.• Advocacy for stiffer punishment of perpetrators of sexual abuse and reporting of sexual abuse to police.• Sensitizing parents to be on the look out and observe symptoms of sexual abuse in their children and report to police once evidence is made available. | <urn:uuid:672b2352-f797-4296-955d-2f0d92a4d6ce> | {
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Field Trip to Kaladar, ON
ERTH 2802 Field Geology I
The geology of southeastern Ontario is dominated by rocks that once formed the core of a giant mountain belt: the Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogen. Through uplift and exhumation, a great variety of rock types is exposed at the surface today. These rocks document the evolution of Earth’s crust which took place over more than 300 million years and ended with the final assembly of supercontinent Rodinia, ca. 980 million years ago.
ERTH 2802 is a degree requirement for most Earth Science majors. Students who participate in this 2-week field course will (1) learn to describe and identify various rock types in hand specimen, (2) create base maps using pace and compass techniques, (3) measure, map and analyze geological structures, (4) construct geological maps of areas containing sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks and (5) learn how to interpret those maps. Students will become proficient in written and oral reporting of geological results and will learn best field and safety practices. | <urn:uuid:89d282ea-201d-4217-a835-46db76deebfc> | {
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The confusion between “human” and “person” has long been an everyday phenomenon that is no longer questioned. In legal language there is a distinction between man and person, but for the “ordinary mortal” they are one and the same. With Roman law, which is applied as a matter of course, one obtains literal control over the human being.
Inhalt / Content
DMan IS NOT the person, even if everyday language and the handling of the two completely different designations might suggest it. While the human being is a living and rational life (reality), the person is a subject to the law (legal subject, fiction). Man can have a person, or be the trustee or beneficiary of a person. But man himself is not the person and cannot be this either. Reason enough to look it up in the Bible. In what contexts does a “person” stand in the Holy Scriptures? Of particular interest at these points is the basic text used in Hebrew or Greek and their respective meaning.
“Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment: thou shalt not respect the person of the poor, nor honour the person of the mighty: but in righteousness shalt thou judge thy neighbour.”
Basic text for “person”: “phni” פְנֵי
Meaning: “face of”
“IHe that deviseth to do evil shall be called a mischievous person.”
Basic text for “person”: “mezimmah” בַּעַל מְזִמֹּות
Meaning: “possessor of lewdness, mischievous, wickedly”
“Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person. And all the people shall say, Amen.”
Basic text for “person”: “nepesh dam” דּנֶפֶ דָּם
Meaning: “soul of blood”
“I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it.”
Basic text for “person”: “toutou” τουτου
Meaning: “this, he, she, it”
“God accepteth no man’s person:”
Basic text for “person”: “prosópon” πρόσωπον
Meaning: “face, surface”
Roman law is reflected in many statutes. A great “model” for the use of Roman law is the Roman Catholic Church with its laws. A good example of this is Can.96 of the Codex Iuris Canonici:
With his (Catholic) baptism, man has submitted to the legal system of the Church (voluntarily or through parental guardianship) and is henceforth regarded as a “human person”. This is necessary because in the Roman legal system human beings do not have legal capacity. A person is not capable of acting (because it is a fiction) and man is not capable of committing a crime (because he has no legal capacity).However, if the person is allowed to believe that he “is” the person, then the person consequently assumes the trusteeship (responsibility) over this person and is thus capable of acting AND committing a crime. That’s the whole “trick” to it.
The words and meanings used in the Hebrew and Greek basic text make it clear that the “person” in the Bible is not about the human being either. Rather, the huge difference is even emphasized and clarifies the true nature of the “person”. A fiction in the local legal system for the literal handling of people because of their indirect voluntary consent, because of their ignorance.
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In September 2005, Japanese food company Nissui introduced a new product, meant to appeal especially to children: strawberry milk-flavored fish sausage.
Gustatory inventions of this sort may start popping up everywhere thanks to the development of a new genetic approach to creating the flavor compounds present in food and drinks. Scientists at HortResearch, a biotechnology company in New Zealand, are isolating the genes that produce flavor in fruit. Their ultimate goal is the development of a technique that will allow large-scale production of compounds identical to the fruit’s natural enzymes.
“The idea is that the flavor will be more realistic,” said Richard Newcomb, a scientist at HortResearch.
To capture the flavor of fruits like apple or kiwi, researchers focus on the genes that are activated in the fruit’s skin at the end of the ripening process. They take genetic samples from the fruit, insert them into bacteria to express just those genes, and then analyze the flavor compounds produced.
Once researchers determine which genes are responsible for producing the fruit’s flavor compounds, the genes are inserted into food-grade microorganisms, like yeast, allowing a larger volume of the compounds to be produced.
The HortResearch method provides several advantages over previous industry standards, like chemical compound synthesis and extraction from raw fruit pulp, said Newcomb. One of which is that this more natural approach is less reliant on fossil fuels. Chemical synthesis involves manufacturing the flavor compounds in the laboratory without using the fruit’s natural enzymes. The end result of synthesis is a reconstituted blend of compounds, which approximate the fruit’s flavor.
“A lot of the cost put into [chemical synthesis] is petrochemicals, for heating and pressurizing the systems,” Newcomb said.
Newcomb believes that since the flavor compounds produced using HortResearch’s method are identical to the ones found in nature, they can be used in the health food market to create natural products that are “not only healthy, but taste good.”
“People are just not going to tolerate a food product that may be very healthy for them but just is not palatable,” he said.
Newcomb predicts the flavor compounds could appear in consumer products within five years.
Gary Howell, vice president of the Industrial Biotechnology Corporation in Sarasota, Florida, said these gene-based methods could give scientists better access to tricky fruit flavors like those in grapefruit and raspberries.
“This technology,” he said, “has strong potential to allow us to come up with new sources of very intriguing flavor and fragrance materials for the future.”
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The sousaphone (US: ) is a brass instrument in the same family as the more widely known tuba. Created around 1893 by J.W. Pepper at the direction of American bandleader John Philip Sousa (after whom the instrument was then named), it was designed to be easier to play than the concert tuba while standing or marching, as well as to carry the sound of the instrument above the heads of the band. Like the tuba, sound is produced by moving air past the lips, causing them to vibrate or “buzz” into a large cupped mouthpiece. Unlike the tuba, the instrument is bent in a circle to fit around the body of the musician; it ends in a large, flaring bell that is pointed forward, projecting the sound ahead of the player. Because of the ease of carrying and the direction of sound, it is widely employed in marching bands, as well as various other musical genres. Sousaphones were originally made out of brass but in the mid-20th century started to be made from lighter materials like fiberglass; today both types are in wide use.
The tuba (; Italian: [ˈtuːba]) is the largest and lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family. As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by lip vibration into a large mouthpiece. It first appeared in the mid-19th century, making it one of the newer instruments in the modern orchestra and concert band. The tuba largely replaced the ophicleide. Tuba is Latin for ‘trumpet’.In America, a person who plays the tuba is known as a tubaist or tubist. In the United Kingdom, a person who plays the tuba in an orchestra is known simply as a tuba player; in a brass band or military band, they are known as bass players.
A valved brass instrument with the same length as a tuba, but shaped differently so that the bell is above the head, that the valves are situated directly in front of the musical instruments and a few inches above the waist, and that most of the weight rests on one shoulder.
A large brass musical instrument, usually in the bass range, played through a vibration of the lips upon the mouthpiece and fingering of the keys.
A type of Roman military trumpet, distinct from the modern tuba.
A large reed stop in organs.
A Malayan plant whose roots are a significant source of rotenone, ver=170218.
A palm wine made from coconut or nipa sap.
A tube or tubular organ.
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The "Monstera Deliciosa" is a tropical plant originating from the Tropical Americas and is part of the Araceae family. Its name, as one might guess, comes from the Latin meaning “abnormal” because of its odd-looking, perforated leaves. The “deliciosa” part of its name comes from the pineapple-like fruit it bears in the wild.
The Monstera has many names such as Ceriman; Custard plant; Indian ivy; Fruit salad plant and Mexican breadfruit but is perhaps best known under its nickname “Swiss Cheese Plant”.
It gets this nickname from its big, heart-shaped leaves, which as it ages, grows with holes like Swiss cheese.
The Monstera is an “epiphyte”, which means it grows naturally in the crevices of large trees. The gaps in its leaves allow the available light to reach the lowest foliage. As the plant grows larger, these holes develop so if you purchase a small young Monstera, it may arrive without these signature notches.
As it grows, the Monstera Deliciosa also produces long, aerial roots. These roots can hang, giving this plant a vine-like propensity and are often used in Peru to make rope.
So you’ve introduced your brand new Monstera into the family and now you’re probably wondering, “um, how do I keep this thing alive?!”. The good news is that the Monstera is considered a relatively low- maintenance plant, making it the perfect entry plant for plant beginners and pros alike!
Like with all plant care, the power comes with knowledge. The following is an overview of our top care tips to keep your Monstera looking delicious!
Light: The Monstera thrives in bright to medium indirect sunlight. Rotate your cheese plant periodically even growth on all sides.
Water: Aim to water every 1-2 weeks. As an “epiphytes” with aerial roots, they are sensitive to overwatering and cannot tolerate sitting in soggy soil. Once the top 1-2 inches of soil are dry, your plant might use a drink! Increase the frequency of watering with increased light.
Temperature: As a native to tropical climates, the Monstera enjoys a humid environment. Try to keep your in a space with a temperature between 18-30*C and keep away from radiators and drafts. To maintain humidity, place on a tray of gravel or stones and fill the tray with water so that the bottom pebbles rest in the water and the top ones are dry.
Food: Fertilise your Monstera monthly throughout the growing season using fertiliser diluted to half strength. It’s essential to give your Monstera a chance to rest during the cooler months, so no fertiliser is necessary.
Cleaning: Dust can quickly build-up on the Swiss Cheese plant’s large leaves. Dust built-up on the leaves of houseplants blocks sunlight and reduces the plant’s ability to photosynthesize (which is how plants feed themselves) Keeping plants clean will not only aid healthy growth but it will also prevent disease and keep unwanted pests away. Remove dust from both sides of the leaf regularly with a damp cloth.
Repotting: We suggest repotting your Monstera every 18-24 months during the Spring or Summer when it is at its strongest. You should aim to choose a pot around 2-4 inches in larger in diameter to allow for growth. Avoid using too large of a pot as this can drown the plant’s roots. If you would prefer just to maintain the current size of your Monstera, we recommend, repotting into the same container and adding in new soil and trimming away some older roots and foliage.
While the Monstera Deliciosa is a low-maintenance plant, problems can arise from time to time. Here are a few of the most common issues you may encounter along with our top tips to resolve them!
Most often, yellowing occurs due to over or underwatering. A combination of both yellow and brown on the same leaf usually indicates overwatering. If entirely yellow leaves also come with crispy brown spots, this could be caused by underwatering. To help with your diagnosis, we suggest checking the soil.
Yes! These are aerial roots and are entirely normal. In their natural habitat, the Monstera uses these roots for support and to climb trees in search of light. If they become unruly, you can prune these down.
Monsteras are generally hardy plants and respond well to a good prune. Stakes and ties can be used to coax your Monstera into a growing direction of your choice.
Despite its tempting name, the calcium oxalates found in the Monstera sap is toxic to humans and animals if consumed. Fortunately, the purpose of calcium oxalates is to make the plant taste unpleasant to stop people or animals from eating it. However, to be safe, we recommend keeping them out of reach of pets and children.
There is no denying the beauty of a Monstera with its ability to add striking tropical vibes to any indoor space.
This plant works best in homes or workspaces with ample space for them to grow. We would recommend placing them in a statement-making open spot in a living room or bedroom, away from tight corners or windowsills.
In the wild, Monstera’s grow up trees and other plants in the rainforest and benefit significantly from this support. A small trellis or moss pole can help mimic this support indoors.
The good news is that no matter your size or budget, we have a Monstera for you! We stock the Monstera Deliciosa in 4 size varieties on our online plant store.
If you enjoyed this blog, why not check out some of our similar posts:
Looking for creative ways to boost your team's morale & banish the January blues? We share three ways you can breathe life & fun into your business with plants! | <urn:uuid:eb907e98-a952-4b41-9d46-b60b86b17bea> | {
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The menstrual cycle explanation from week to week: during week 3 of the cycle a lot happens in your body. Ovulation has taken place and you have been making love. The only thing you can do now is to wait for one fertilization of the egg cell takes place.
At the moment that the egg is released, it begins to descend via the ovaries to the uterus. On the way there is, if all goes well, a whole army of healthy sperm cells waiting.
Only the strongest sperm have survived the obstacles that the female body has raised. This is a way for the woman to ensure that her future child only consists of the best genes. An egg cell is about 550 times larger than the head of a sperm cell, so it is easy to hit for the strong swimmers.
Menstrual cycle explanation week 3: Fertilization
The moment the sperm cells reach the egg cell they are not there yet. They must penetrate the cumulus oophorus. This is a thick shell around the egg cell. Again, only the strongest sperm cells can handle this. Many sperm cells do not survive this obstacle.
Once they are through this, their agony is not complete yet. There is still a thick shell that is about 4 times as thick as the head of a sperm cell. Fortunately, the sperm cells are helped by an enzyme that causes their tail to sweep up to 800 times per minute. They need about 4 hours to get in!
As soon as a sperm cell arrives, his tail is released and the head merges with the egg's core. This is the beginning of your future child. His looks, color eyes, color hair and his gender are now fixed.
After fusion of a sperm cell with the egg cell, it is immediately ensured that no other sperm cell can enter and the cell division begins.
You can therefore imagine that there is no point in having sex if ovulation has already taken place. The sperm cells then still have such a huge path that they will be too late for fertilization.
The Luteal phase
Your luteal phase starts when you have ovulated. This phase is dedicated to insemination of the egg cell and implantation in the uterus. The luteal phase must be at least 9 days long, otherwise there is not enough time for a proper implantation because the menstruation then washes everything away again.
The follicle where the egg has come out remains important these weeks. He is now called the 'corpus luteum' (yellow body). He ensures that the pregnancy hormone progesterone continues to be produced.
Function hormone progesterone at fertilization
The hormone progesterone has a number of important tasks in this third week of menstruation when the fertilization of the egg cell has taken place, namely:
- First, it helps to make the uterine lining thick enough for an implantation.
- In addition, it ensures that no more oocytes can be released
- The hormone increases the body temperature by 0.3 to 0.5 degrees to help the uterus prepare for implantation for the fertilized egg.
- It also closes the cervix and makes the mucus thicker so that no new sperm can enter the uterus after fertilization.
The hormone progesterone thus ensures that the fertilized egg has all the space it needs to develop, without having to share the space with a second egg cell.
Read more about the menstrual cycle explanation in week 4 of the cycle: The implantation.
Also watch this video from fertilization to childbirth! | <urn:uuid:290363ec-a87b-4354-bc9d-b6252c04fd7c> | {
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🔼The name Parat: Summary
- From the verb פרה (para), to be fruitful.
🔼The name Parat in the Bible
Parat is the fourth of four rivers in Eden (the others being Pishon, Gihon, and Haddakel — Genesis 2:10-14). Even though most translations mention this river by its modern and New Testament name Euphrates (meaning Good Parat), the Old Testament consistently reads Parat. See our article on the name Tigris for a close look at the hypothesis that the story of the four rivers is about the evolution of human civilization rather than about physical rivers.
🔼Etymology of the name Parat
The letters ת (taw) and ה (he) sometimes alternate, especially in cases of older names. These tend to be spelled with the letter taw while the word it came from evolved from being spelled with a taw to being spelled with a he. And so scholars think that the name Parat most likely comes from the verb פרה (para), bear fruit, be fruitful:
The verb פרר (parar) means to split, divide and usually make more, expand or multiply. This root belongs to an extended family that also contains פרץ (paras), to break (through), פרש (paras and parash), to spread out or declare, פרס (paras), to break in two or divide, and פאר (pa'ar) means to branch out or to glorify.
The Bible is not concerned with political goings on and only with the evolution of the wisdom tradition, and thus with the rise of information technology (from cave paintings to blockchain). That said: our word "science" comes from the Greek verb σξιζω (schizo), which means to split, divide and make more.
Verb פרה (para) means to bear fruit or be fruitful. Noun פרי (peri) means fruit in its broadest sense. Noun פר (par) means young bull and פרה (para) means young heifer. Note that the first letter א (aleph) is believed to denote an ox-head, while its name derives from the verb אלף (alpeh), to learn or to produce thousands. The second letter, ב (beth) is also the word for house (or temple or stable). The familiar word "alphabet," therefore literally means "stable of bulls" or "house of divisions" or "temple of fruitful learning".
Noun פרא (para') is a word for wild donkey. The young bovines were probably known as fruits-of-the-herd, but donkeys in the Bible mostly symbolize lone wanderings and humility.
Noun פור (pur) means lot (hence the feast called Purim). Noun פורה (pura) denotes a winepress and פרור (parur) a cooking pot.
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The timeline of Jorhat lists the important historical dates for the town of Jorhat in Assam.
|April 1790||During the Moamoria rebellion Purnananda Buragohain, the Burhagohain of Gaurinath Singha, encamps at Dichoi, which became the nucleus of the town of Jorhat and continued to be the capital of the Ahoms till the end of their rule.|
|19 January 1794||Death of Gaurinath Singha.|
|February 1794||British forces led by Lieutenant MacGregor repulses the Moamarias near Jorhat who were demoralised and retreated to Rangpur. Captain Welsh reaches Jorhat to restore the Ahom Monarchy in upper Assam to its 'ancient form'.|
|July 1794||Process of shifting of capital from Rangpur to Jorhat during reign of Gaurinath Singha.|
|1795||Kamaleswar Singha ascended the throne.|
|17 January 1811||Death of Kamaleswar Singha.|
|1811||Chandrakanta Singha became the Ahom King.|
|1817||Death of Purnananda Buragohain.|
|February 1818||Ruchinath Burhagohain and Prince Brajanath arrives at Jorhat practically without resistance. Chandrakanta Singha, who had fled to Rangpur on their approach to Jorhat, was persuaded to return to the capital. But he was deposed on 20 February and sent as a prisoner to Taratali near Jorhat and then mutilated so as to be permanently disqualified for kingship.|
|1818–1819||Rule of Purandar Singha|
|1819||The Ahoms were defeated by an invading Burmese army and took a hasty retreat to Jorhat from Nazira.Purandar Singha fled to Guwahati and Chandrakanta Singha joined the Burmese. He became a nominal ruler and the real authority was vested with the Burmese.|
|1822||Chandrakanta Singha defeated at Mahgarh near Jorhat by the Burmese led by Mingimaha Bandula.|
|1822–1824||Atrocities and looting by "Mann" – Burmese Soldiers.|
|1821–1825||Jogeswar Singha was confirmed vassal king by the Burmese. The rule of the Burmese who obtained complete mastery over Assam continued.|
|1825||Defeat of the Burmese by the British forces led by Lt. Col. Alfred Richards. British forces engaged with Burmese forces of Jorhat and at Rangpur the Burmese surrenders practically without any resistance (30 January).|
|1826||The Burmese King no longer capable of offering resistance to the British forces concludes the Treaty of Yandaboo on 24 February. The British force was led by General Sir Archibald Campbell. The Burmese forces 'renounced all claims' and agreed to 'abstain from all future interference with, the principality of Assam and its dependencies'.|
|1825||Death of Jogeswar Singha|
|28 February 1826||David Scott appointed as first Senior Commissioner, Western Assam and Agent to Governor, General with H.Q. at Guwahati Colonel Richards became the first Junior Commissioner in charge of Eastern Assam with H.Q. at Rangpur. The two administrative units came to be known as Senior Khanda and Junior Khanda. Lt. Colonel Cooper appointed as political Agent, Upper Assam and Jr. Commissioner at Rangpur.|
|1828||John Bryan Neufville was appointed as Political Agent, Upper Assam and Junior Commissioner at Rangpur. Gomdhar Konwar declares himself king. The revolt was suppressed by the British and later on he was sentenced to 14 years imprisonment.|
|1830||Death of J.B. Neufville at Jorhat. Revolt by Peoli Borphukon and Jeuram Dulia Baruah suppressed and both were later sentenced to death.|
|September 1831||Lient. J. Mathie joined as the Political Agent of Upper Assam. |
1 October 1831 Major Adam White joined as the Political Agent of Upper Assam.
|2 March 1833||Purandar Singha was recognised as the tributary ruler of a part of Eastern Assam. According to the engagement with the British Govt. He undertook to pay an annual tribute of Rs 50,000. Jorhat was made the capital of the new state.|
|16 September 1838||The East India Company annexes Purandar Singha's territory and grants him a pension of Rs. 1000, which he refused to accept.|
|1838||Captain J. Brodie became the Principal Assistant to the Agent of the Governor General, Sibsagar. "Buranji Vivek Ratna" was written by Moniram Baruah. He was the first Chronicler of Jorhat. First police station established.|
|1839||Death of Chandrakanta Singha. Maniram Baruah was appointed as Dewan of Assam Tea Company, Nazira.|
|1839–40||Land Settlement of Assam announced. The Khel System was abolished and assessments were fixed on the area under cultivation at the rate of one rupee per pura on rupit land, and eight annas for other lands.|
|1840||Sagarmal Baid founder "Borgola" a trading centre at Jorhat.|
|1841–42||Population census carried out by British Govt. Total population of Sibsagar district was calculated at 157,632.|
|Jalkar poll tax abolished (A tax paid by paiks for their roopit and garden (bari) land as an equivalent for exemption of these lands from assessment).|
|1843–44||Maniram Dewan established a tea garden at Chinamora.|
|1 October 1846||Death of Purandar Singha.|
|1847||Maidam of Purandar Singha excavated by East India Company. First steam boat plied on the Brahmaputra.|
|1850||A devastating flood swept away Bhugdoi bridge and changed its course.|
|10 June 1852||Death of Kameswar Singha, son of Purandar Singha.|
|1856||Jorhat Christian school opened.|
|7 September 1857||Kandarpeswar Singha was arrested and sent to Calcutta by Captain C. Holroyd.|
|26 February 1858||Maniram Dewan and Peali Baruah hanged to death at Jorhat.|
|1858||Jorhat Tea company was formed.|
|10 January 1869||A devastating flood, earthquake tremor at Jorhat.|
|16 February 1869||Jorhat declared as a Sub-Division of Rangpur District.|
|1867||George Williamson school for technical education started, but technical classes were not started.|
|1869||Nagar Unnayan Samity came into being (Town development Committee).|
|1870||A Munsifs court was opened at Jorhat for the first time.|
|1871||"Assam Bilashini" a monthly magazine published from Majuli.|
|1871–72||Extensive use of Court at Jorhat among the general people.|
|June 1873||Willamson School was opened.|
|1876||"Assam Dipak" published from Majuli. Gymkhana club established temporarily at Garmur.|
|16 January 1877||First horse race started at Gymkhana horse course.|
|1880||Death of Kandarpeswar Singha.|
|1881||Jorhat Union Board for Urban development was established.|
|1883||Kohima High School was closed and amalgamated with Willamson School forming Govt. High School at Jorhat.|
|1884||"Jorhat Sarbajanik Sabha" came into existence under the leadership of Jagannath Barooah.|
|9 December 1884||First train introduced from Jorhat to Gossaingaon.|
|1885–1886||Establishment of Cinamora Miller M.E. School.|
|1891||Freedom fighter Seikeh Bahadur Gaonbura dies.|
|1894||Establishment of Bezbaruah High School.|
|1896||Jorhat Muktob Adarsha Primary School establishment. Temporary theatre hall established.|
|12 June 1897||Earthquake at Jorhat at 5–23 p.m.|
|1898||Permanent theatre hall established.|
|1902||Kenduguri M.E .School established.|
|1904||First printing press "Darpan" opened.|
|4 April 1907||Death of Jagannath Barooah.|
|1909||Jorhat Municipality was formed.|
|1910||Jorhat Tennis Club established.|
|1911||Toklai experimental station established. Jorhat declared as district headquarters of Sibsagar district.|
|1912||Shifting of District Headquarters from Rangpur to Jorhat.|
|6 August 1912,||Chief Commissioner Sir Archedale Enle I.C.S. visits Jorhat.|
|1912||Shanti Ashram presently known as Assam Bongia Sarasat Math was established by Swami Nigamananda.|
|1913||First newspaper Axom Bilashini edited by Krishna Kanta Bhattacharjya-Published.|
|1915||"Jorhat Sahitya Sabha" established.|
|1918||First election of municipality was held and K K Baruah was the first elected chairman. First school magazine of Assam "Prabhat" was published from Normal school, Jorhat Sarat Chandra Goswami was the first editor.|
|1921||Baligaon Sanmilani Natya Mandir established.|
|9 September 1923||Death of Chandrakanta Handique|
|1923||Generation of Electricity by Kashinath Saikia at the cost of Rs 70,000.|
|1924||Water supply project started.|
|Another school magazine "Jeuti" was published from Jorhat Boys Government High School.|
|1925||"AXOM HITOIXINI" edited by Durgadhar Borkatoky published.|
|1926||Sir John, Governor of Assam, inaugurates the Chandra Kanta Handique Bhawan. Dharma Sanmiloni Sabha established at Borigaon.|
|1927||Prince of Wales Engineering Institute established. "Tarajan Sanmilani Mandir" established.|
|1928||First aeroplane lands at Khalmati. The GI-AA-X plane was piloted by Barnard Leete.|
|1929||Death of Ruhini Hati Baruah (freedom fighter)|
|1930||Publication of Sadinia Batori from Thengal Bhawan.|
|10 October 1930||Jagannath Boruah College established with 14 students.|
|1931||Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India visits Jorhat Black flag, demonstrations by Debeswar Sarma, Shankar Baruah, Apirah Ram Gogoi, Sarbeswar Bordoloi, Chandra Kanta Baruah and other leaders.|
|Talkie film Alam-Ara shown at Thengal Bhawan. This was the first Indian film shown at Jorhat.|
|The Imperial Telegraph Training and Commercial Institute, Jorhat came into existence.|
|1932||First Indian appointed as Deputy Commissioner (Pachu Gopal Mukherjee ICS)|
|12 August 1935,||Publication of "Dainik Batory" from Thengal Dhawan Edited by Nilmoni Phukon.|
|1935||Establishment of Charigaon M.V. Balika Vidyalaya.|
|27 June 1936||Recording of "Jerengar Sati" by Ganesh Gogoi and his team from Jorhat at Meghaphone Company, Calcutta.|
|1937||Co-acting started at Jorhat Theatre hall. First actress was Gunabala Gogoi.|
|1938||Shiva Prasad Baruah, Tea planter and philanthropists died.|
|1939–40||Jorhat Sanskrit College was started.|
|1942||Establishment of Jagannath Barooah Aryya Vidyalaya at Baligaon.|
|Rowriah Aerodrome functioned one US DC-3 plane (Dakota) landed first.|
|Charigaon was declared an independent state. Lakhyeswar Baruah was the President of it with other cabinet ministers.|
|1946||Ross Institute for research of Malaria and other tropical diseases established under the auspices of Indian Tea Association.|
|Jorhat Club established.|
|Jorhat Sangeet Vidyalaya established.|
|1947||Industrial Training Centre (Converted to ITI in 1961) established.|
|10 March 1947||Publication of "Saptahik Janambhumi" (first issue)|
|1948||Assam Agriculture College established.|
|Death of Gagot Saikia freedom fighter and Minister of self declared Charigaon State.|
|6 December 1949||First Ranji Trophy Cricket match played (Holkar XI vs Assam)|
|1950||Devastating earthquake. Headquarters of ATPA established.|
|1952||Establishment of Jorhat Stadium.|
|26 January 1952||Death of Radha Kanta Handique.|
|4 October 1953||Death of Surendranath Buragohain, first Central Government Minister from Assam.|
|1954||Establishment of Coal Survey Laboratory.|
|1955||DCB Girls College established.|
|December 1958||Vice-president of India Sri Sarbapalli Radhakrishnan visits Jorhat.|
|9 November 1959||First cricket match with foreign team played (West Indies v/s East Zone)|
|6 May 1960||Jorhat Engineering college established.|
|1961||Regional Research Laboratory established.|
|1964||Tea Research Association came into being.|
|1969||Assam Agriculture college converted to A.A.U.|
|23 August 1969,||Death of Hari Narayan Baruah founder of Assam Village Defence Party.|
|1969||Dr. Zakir Hussain President of India visits Jorhat.|
|1971||Office of the U.A. Commissioner established.|
|1 June 1972||Publication of "Dainik Janambhumi" (first issue)|
|28 Sep 1973||Death of Khan Sahib,Khan Bahadur Zahiruddin Ahmed(Retd Headmaster Jorhat Govt Boys High School)|
|1974||Opening Blind School.|
|1975||Establishment of J.K.S. Homeo Medical college.|
|1976||President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed visits Jorhat.|
|6 February 1978||Morarji Desai, Prime Minister of India, visits Jorhat|
|12 May 1978||Neelam Sanjeeva Reddi, President of India, visits Jorhat.|
|7 June 1982||Death of Krishnakanta Handique.|
|1986||Giani Zail Singh, Home Minister of India, visits Jorhat|
|1987||Publication of "City Guide" of Jorhat The first yellow pages of Jorhat|
|20 May 1991||All India Radio, Jorhat station established.|
|5 January 1992||Death of Debeshwar Sarma.|
|1 May 1992||Doordarshan relay centre established|
|16 June 1994||Publication of "The Eastern Clarion", the first English daily newspaper of Upper Assam.|
|23 June 1994||Death of Imdad Ali (Retired IGP and Indian diplomat)|
|3 March 1995||President of India, Dr Shankar Dayal Sarma, visits Jorhat in connection with the centenary celebration of Jananayak Debeshwar Sarma.|
|14 November 1996||Children Library opened|
|December 2007||Death of Gopal Chandra Goswami, an eminent educationist of the region.|
|12 October 2009||Hon'ble Chief Minister of Assam Sjt Tarun Gogoi inaugurated the hospital wing of the Jorhat Medical College|
|6 May 2011||Shanti Asram presently known as Assam Bongia Sarasat Math was established by Swami Nigamananda,completed 100 Years of its life.|
|8 May 2011||The Golaghat district administration has ordered a joint survey of the proposed Deopahar reserve forest at Numaligarh.|
|11 Jan 2013||Jorhatmycity.com – The First Yellow pages of Jorhat published both in Print and online version.|
The National Institutes of Design (NIDs) are a group of autonomous public design universities in India, with the primary institute, founded in 1961, in Ahmedabad, with extension campuses in Gandhinagar and Bengaluru. The other NIDs are located in the cities of Kurukshetra, Vijayawada, Jorhat and Bhopal. The NIDs function autonomously under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. The NIDs are recognised by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research of the government's Ministry of Science and Technology as a scientific and industrial research organisation. The universities are accorded Institutes of National Importance under the National Institute of Design Act, 2014.
Sivasagar, is a city in and headquarters of the Sivasagar district, Assam. Sivasagar is situated about 360 kilometers (224 mi) northeast of Guwahati. It is well known for its Ahom palaces and monuments. Sivasagar is an important centre for tea and oil industries today. Sivasagar is a part of Jorhat. Akhil Gogoi is the current MLA of Sibsagar.
Jorhat is an administrative district of the Indian state of Assam situated in the central part of the Brahmaputra Valley. The district is bounded by Majuli on north, Nagaland state on the south, Charaideo on the east and Golaghat on the west. On the north of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world. The administrative seat is at Jorhat city.
Titabor or Titabar is a town in the Jorhat district of Assam in India. It is about 20 km away from Jorhat City. It is one of the highly greeny places of Assam almost surrounded by different tea-estates. The town serves as the administrative headquarters of the Thengal Kachari Autonomous Council.
Jorhat Airport, also known as Rowriah Airport, is a domestic airport serving the cities of Jorhat and Golaghat in Assam, India. It is located at Rowriah, situated 7 km (4.3 mi) south-west from Jorhat and 51 km (32 mi) north-east from Golaghat.
Miri or Mising, also known as Plains Miri, is a Tani language spoken by the Mising people. There are 629,954 speakers, who inhabit mostly the Lakhimpur, Sonitpur, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Majuli, Golaghat, Tinsukia districts of Assam and also some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. The primary literary body of Mising is known as 'Mising Agom Kébang '.
Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 14 Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam state in north-eastern India.
Upper Assam is an administrative division of the state of Assam comprising the undivided Lakhimpur and Sivasagar districts, of the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra valley. The other divisions are: Lower Assam, North Assam and Hills and Barak Valley. The division is under the jurisdiction of a Commissioner, stationed at Jorhat.
Jorhat College (Amalgamated) is an undergraduate humanities college located in Jorhat, Assam, India. It offers two- and three-year degrees as well as vocational training.
Asomiya Khabar is an Assamese daily newspaper published simultaneously from Guwahati and Jorhat. It is one of the highest circulated Assamese daily newspaper. A weekly supplement named Deoboriya Khabar is published with it on every Sunday. It was placed as the second largest vernacular daily of the region. Biswajit Das is the executive editor of Asomiya Khabar.
Kushal Konwar was an Indian freedom fighter from Assam. He was hanged in 1943 during the Quit India Movement.
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat is CBSE affiliated school of Jorhat district of Assam under Shillong region of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS). One of 557 JNV's known for its academics, spread all over India by Government of India. It is located at Titabar about 16 km from Jorhat town. This school is residence school and all facilities to the students is free of cost. The entrance test for admission into 6th and 9th class of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat is being conducted by the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti. The school syllabus is CBSE pattern. There are classes being conducted from 6th standard to 12th standard.
Jorhat is one of the important cities and a growing urban centre in the state of Assam in India.
The 12067 / 12068 Guwahati - Jorhat Town Jan Shatabdi Express is a Superfast Express train of the Jan Shatabdi Express series belonging to Indian Railways - Northeast Frontier Railway zone that runs between Guwahati and Jorhat Town in India.
Dergaon Assembly constituency is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly. Dergaon forms part of the Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency.
Jorhat Assembly constituency is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly. Jorhat forms part of the Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency.
Jorhat Town railway station is a railway station in Jorhat district, Assam. Its code is JTTN and it serves Jorhat City. Jorhat Town Railway station consists of two platforms. Mariani Junction (MXN), the biggest railway junction of the district which is 16 km away from the city.
National Highway 702D, commonly called NH 702D is a national highway in states of Nagaland and Assam in India. It is an offshoot of primary National Highway 2. This new highway has been accorded national status to upgrade it to two lanes and provide better movement for defense personnel and goods movement.
The Assam Tea Planters' Association Shield, commonly known as the ATPA Shield Football Tournament or ATPA Shield, is an annual Indian association football tournament held in Jorhat, Assam and organised by Jorhat District Sports Association (JDSA). It is one of the esteemed and the third oldest football tournament of Assam after Independence Day Cup and Bordoloi Trophy. Since its inception in 1955, the tournament is very popular involving some leading clubs from northeast India and rest of the country. Kolkata giants East Bengal Club, Mohammedan SC and Mohun Bagan AC, as well as Dempo SC of Goa have also competed in ATPA Shield. The coveted shield was donated and hosted by Assam Tea Planters' Association (ATPA). From 1968, the tournament has been conducted by Jorhat District Sports Association. | <urn:uuid:6a2339ed-3121-4aca-a016-7a515b6a43af> | {
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Vatsaka, Vātsaka: 13 definitions
Vatsaka means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Vatsaka (वत्सक) is a synonym for Kuṭaja (Wrightia antidysenterica, “Kurchi fruit”), from the Apocynaceae family. The term is used throughout Ayurvedic literature such as the Carakasaṃhitā. This synonym was identified by Amarasiṃha in his Amarakośa (a Sanskrit botanical thesaurus from the 4th century). In its neuter derived context, the word refers to “green or black sulphate of iron”. In its masculine derived context, Vatsaka can refer to a little calf (or any young animal). The feminine derivation (Vatsikā) refers to a female calf (or, young cow).
According to the Mādhavacikitsā (7th century Ayurvedic work), Vatsaka is a species of medicinal plant and used in the treatment of fever (jvara), as described in the Jvaracikitsā (or “the treatment of fever”). In this work, the plant is mentioned being part of the Bṛhatyādigaṇa group of medicinal drugs.Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and Drugs
Vatsaka [वत्सक] in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don from the Apocynaceae (Oleander) family having the following synonyms: Holarrhena antidysenterica. For the possible medicinal usage of vatsaka, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.Source: Ancient Science of Life: Botanical identification of plants described in Mādhava Cikitsā
Vatsaka (वत्सक) (or Kuṭaja, Indrayava, Kaliṅga) refers to the medicinal plant Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth) A. DC, and is used in the treatment of atisāra (diarrhoea), according to the 7th century Mādhavacikitsā chapter 2. Atisāra refers to a condition where there are three or more loose or liquid stools (bowel movements) per day or more stool than normal. The second chapter of the Mādhavacikitsā explains several preparations [including Vatsaka] through 60 Sanskrit verses about treating this problem.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
1a) Vatsaka (वत्सक).—A son of Devamīḍha and Māriṣā; married Apsaras Miśrakeśi; father of Vṛka and other sons.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 24. 29 and 43.
1b) Killed by Rāma.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa X. 43. 30.
1c) A son of Śrāvasta, built Śrāvastī in Gauḍadeśa.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 12. 30.
1d) A Janapada of the Bhadrā continent.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 43. 22.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
General definition (in Jainism)
Vatsaka (वत्सक) is the name of a southern province situated in East-Videha in Jambūdvīpa which is situated in the “middle world” (madhyaloka), according to chapter 2.2 [ajitanātha-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra (“lives of the 63 illustrious persons”): a Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three important persons in Jainism.
Accordingly:—“[...] Between them (i.e., the Vidyutprabha and Saumanasa Mountains) are the bhogabhumis, the Devakurus. [...] Between them (i.e., the Gandhamādana and Mālyavat Mountains) are the very charming Uttarakurus [...] East of the Devakurus and Uttarakurus, they are called East Videhas, and to the west, West Videhas, like different countries to each other. In each, there are 16 provinces, inaccessible to each other, separated by rivers and mountains, suitable to be conquered by a Cakrin. [viz., Vatsaka, etc.] are the southern provinces of East Videha. [...]”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
1) A little calf, calf in general; भक्षयन्तीं न कथयेत् पिबन्तं चैव वत्सकम् (bhakṣayantīṃ na kathayet pibantaṃ caiva vatsakam) Manusmṛti 11.114.
2) A child.
3) Name of a plant (kuṭaja).
-kam Green or black sulphate of iron.
Derivable forms: vatsakaḥ (वत्सकः).
--- OR ---
Vātsaka (वात्सक).—A herd of calves; P.IV.2.39.
Derivable forms: vātsakam (वात्सकम्).Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary
Vatsaka (वत्सक).—name of a mleccha king: (Ārya-)Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa 621.26 (verse).Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary
(-kaḥ) 1. A calf. 2. A child. 3. A medicinal plant, (Wrightea antidysenterica.) n.
(-kaṃ) Black sulphate of iron. E. vatsa and kan added.
--- OR ---
(-kaṃ) A herd of calves. E. vatsa a calf, buñ aff. of number.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Vatsaka (वत्सक).—[feminine] vatsikā little calf ([vocative] = [preceding]).*Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1) Vatsaka (वत्सक):—[from vatsa] m. (ifc. f(ā). ) a little calf. any calf or young animal, [Manu-smṛti; Bhāgavata-purāṇa; Hemādri’s Caturvarga-cintāmaṇi] (in [vocative case] as a term of endearment; cf. vatsa)
2) [v.s. ...] Wrightia Antidysenterica, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
3) [v.s. ...] Name of an Asura, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
4) [v.s. ...] of a son of Sūra, [ib.]
5) [from vatsa] n. green or black sulphate of iron, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) [v.s. ...] the seed of Wrightia Antidysenterica (also -bija), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] n. = vatsanābha n., [Vāstuvidyā]
8) Vātsaka (वात्सक):—[from vātsa] 1. vātsaka n. ([from] vatsa) a herd of calves, [Pāṇini 4-2, 39.]
9) [v.s. ...] 2. vātsaka mfn. ([from] vatsaka) coming or made from the Wrightia Antidysenterica, [Suśruta]
10) [v.s. ...] 3. vātsaka mfn. ([from] vātsya), [Patañjali on Pāṇini 4-2, 104], [vArttika] 18; 22.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1) Vatsaka (वत्सक):—(kaḥ) 1. m. A calf; a child; a plant (Wrightea).
2) Vātsaka (वात्सक):—(kaṃ) 1. n. A herd of calves.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
1) [noun] = ವತ್ಸ - [vatsa -] 1.
2) [noun] the tree Wrightia zeylanica ( = W. antidysentrica) of Apocynaceae family.
3) [noun] the tree Holarrhena antidysentrica of the same family.
--- OR ---
Vātsaka (ವಾತ್ಸಕ):—[noun] a herd of calves.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with: Vatsakabija, Vatsakadikvatha, Vatsakama, Vatsakame, Vatsakavati.
Ends with: Apavatsaka, Govatsaka, Mritavatsaka, Parivatsaka, Suvatsaka.
Full-text: Mishrakeshi, Vatsika, Govatsaka, Parivatsaka, Kutaja, Vatsasura, Indrayava, Shravasti, Vatsakabija, Kalinga, Vrika, Vrikshaka, Brihatyadigana, Ahvaya, Sura, Kathay.
Search found 13 books and stories containing Vatsaka, Vātsaka; (plurals include: Vatsakas, Vātsakas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 3.2.13 < [Chapter 2 - The Great Festival of Śrī Girirāja]
Charaka Samhita (English translation) (by Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society)
Chapter 5 - The Pharmaceutics of Kurchi (vatsaka-kalpa) < [Kalpasthana (Kalpa Sthana) — Section on Pharmaceutics]
Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi (by Ganganatha Jha)
Verse 11.114 < [Section XI - Expiation of “Minor Offences”: Cow-killing (goghna)]
Blue Annals (deb-ther sngon-po) (by George N. Roerich)
Chapter 9 - The Tibetan emperors prophesied in the Mūlatantra < [Book 1 - The beginning of the story of the Doctrine]
The Agni Purana (by N. Gangadharan)
Chapter 283 - The remedial herbs for all the diseases
Chapter 278 - The description of the lineage of Puru (puruvaṃśa)
Chapter 219 - Sacred syllables for coronation (abhiṣeka-manta)
The Garuda Purana (by Manmatha Nath Dutt)
Chapter CXCIII - Medical treatment of fever etc < [Dhanvantari Samhita]
Chapter CCXXVII - Different names of the Ayurvedic Drugs < [Dhanvantari Samhita]
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Words, what are they? One thing is for sure. It is amazing that language can be used to talk about language. We have a word for the unit of text or sound that is used for conveying a concept. That word is word.
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made through him. Without him, nothing was made that has been made. In him was life, and the life was the light of men. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness hasn’t overcome it.
John 1:1-5, WEB
It isn’t only a funny feature of language that the curious of us realize exists. It is serious business for some. In fact, in mathematics, this concept has caused many to ponder, and explore the groundwork of this phenomenon. How can a word speak of itself when it is one itself? The search for answers on this topic still continues to this day, even though much has been written about the matter.
The problem I am speaking of, or rather the subject, is called self-reference. In the historical “lore” of mathematics, there was a school of thought called Logicism in the period of the late 1800’s to the early 1900’s. Logicism, in part, stipulates that all mathematics (descriptions of patterns and how these patterns interconnect, and interact with one another) can be reduced to logical descriptions, and all the rules thereof can be derived from these logical statements.
Common sense should dictate that some statements need more clarification in order to be understood correctly. We see this all the time in written and spoken communication. For all of the inherent redundancy in language that we run into on a daily basis, such as hearing multiple names for one thing (car, vehicle, auto, automobile, ride, whip, etc) — quite often there still needs to be more description in order to differentiate what meta-meaning is meant with the particular word, or phrase being used.
Turning back to the math side of the story — though I am no mathematician — I will do my best to describe the realization that a mathematical genius had with this tricky subject. The late mathematician and logician Kurt Gödel, in the early 1930’s with his Incompleteness Theorems, developed an intriguing argument that showed if one uses the assumption of Logicism — where the principles and truth of a statement can be derived from a limited set of statements — one runs into a condition of what is known as undecidability. That is when a statement may be true, but its truth cannot be shown from the statement itself. In other words, the proofs show that sometimes a statement needs more information from elsewhere to be proven true, or false.
Gödel’s Proofs gave logicians and mathematicians of his day major headaches, and with good reason. The hope that the universe of math, and the truth therein, could be systematically described and encoded in a limited set of statements was a dream scenario for these adventurous explorers of the arcane and enigmatic structures of logic, and for some — the universe. I’m not confusing the domains of physics, and mathematics — I’m only acknowledging the overlap between them. They certainly are different fields and disciplines, yet even in pure math, there are structures found that show up in the real world in surprising ways.
To me it is a cool bit of trivia that Kurt Gödel was a theist, and he also wrote an ontological proof of the existence of God. I mention his work in detail here because it is fascinating. For the curious, you can find more information about him, and his works at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Gödel.
Now for the fun stuff — Logos and Rhema. What are they? No… one isn’t those foot bombs kids play with and you step on, and the other isn’t some exotic name. They are deeply beautiful Greek words for different aspects of “Word”, and for certain the scribes of the scriptures employed these meanings to the fullest.
In scripture, Logos is the Greek word for “the Word”, yet it goes far deeper than the English meaning of it. Not referring to the mere lexical contraptions that we mostly understand words to be — it’s meaning is more akin to the very lines and structure of the universe. The order, the frame, i.e. the very STUFF, in a platonic sense, of the cosmos, and of the earth. The immaterial frame of the galaxies, and of common life that we face on the daily is the essence of the Logos.
We recognize the Logos dynamically through how it interacts with the world. Logos in a way is static. It can be recognized, but only when it is in contrast with a known thing — through its relationship to it. When we focus on a single aspect of something, we see the Logos as a point where we can place our minds towards, and start to branch out our comprehension of it.
How does one start to branch out their understanding of something? One of the ways to do that is to compare the thing in question to a known thing, and towards the actions of a known thing, in order to at least have some meta-comprehension of it. That is the essence of the Rhema.
Rhema can be thought of as the spoken word, the verb and action of the thing, the SPARK in the cylinder. Rhema in Greek refers to spoken words. I feel it is safe to say that Rhema is the life in the Word (Logos) in some form of conscious or subconscious motion.
In scripture, there is one who brings the Word (Logos) to life, and it doesn’t matter if the Word is in the scriptures themselves, or in nature. That is the job of the Holy Spirit. The Spirit was sent to the earth on the day of Pentecost as a gift from God, with the directive to love, teach, supply, and guide all they who call on the name of the King.
Wow! So let’s get this straight… God sent the Holy Spirit to do the things that Jesus did for his disciples for all? Anyone who calls on Christ? YES. One of the top things that the Spirit does is TEACH, and those words are not her own. They are expressly of Christ.
John 16:13-15, WEB
However when he, the Spirit of truth, has come, he will guide you into all truth, for he will not speak from himself; but whatever he hears, he will speak. He will declare to you things that are coming. He will glorify me, for he will take from what is mine, and will declare it to you. All things that the Father has are mine; therefore I said that he takes of mine and will declare it to you.
It follows then that when anyone has a major problem in life, in understanding something’s structure, not knowing what to do, and facing a myriad of other very practical human problems — God is still present and indwelling inside us, ready to help us if we LISTEN.
When God speaks to the heart about a life matter, or a matter pertaining to scripture, that word given is the Rhema. That sparky meta-understanding that only God knows, and as it is said in John, he freely discloses to his children.
Sometimes the words the Spirit speaks to us will reveal the Logos of something. Other times, the Spirit will reveal the proper understanding (Rhema) of something to us. In any and all cases the words from her are not only applicable to the domain of the mind. They are not only for information we can use to further our understanding of theology, and/or philosophy. They are for LIFE. Yes, this LIFE we live right here, right now.
Sometimes the Spirit will tell us to wait for something in order to receive it. Not everything God gives requires us to DO something. Sometimes we have to REST and receive the gift that God wants to bestow on us. I will say from experience that this is one of the hardest things to do. Waiting on God for something for he is promising you. Even when you have all the signs, the reasons, and the confirmations — it doesn’t make it easier. From prior experiences though — I know he always delivers, and blows away all expectations.
I pray that these words touch you. I pray that you can learn to sense the conveying presence of the Spirit in your heart. Above all, I pray that you can learn and use the words, both Rhema and Logos, that the Spirit gives liberally to anyone who seeks the face of Truth. The face of the Son, Christ Jesus. | <urn:uuid:70b47fd4-5afd-414f-82f8-83ba2142eb7d> | {
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The climate crisis is defined as the long-term shifts in temperatures in any particular place and its consequences on our planet. No corner of the earth is left with the consequences of the climate crisis. The causes of the climate crisis are burning oil, gas, coal, etc. This generates emissions of greenhouse gases. It traps the heat of the sun but due to its emission, the temperature of the earth rises.
Risks of Wildlife-The world’s threatened species are severely affected by the climate crisis and global warming. Climate change in the Arctic and Antarctica regions is likely to have significant effects on the sea level rise of our planet.
Impacts on outdoor workers– Farmers, construction workers, etc are affected by heatwaves. Health-related issues can be easily seen in these workers due to heat stress.
Health risks- Ozone level increases with an increase in temperature, which causes chest pain, breathing difficulties, chronic lung diseases, decreases pulmonary efficiency and worsens asthma. Heat strokes and exhaustion are some common symptoms that are seen in some individuals. Diabetes, kidney disease, cardiovascular abnormalities like cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks are very common due to global warming.
Impact on forests- Wildfires are a common occurrence. Elevated fire activities reduce the productivity of forests. Trees are migrating towards new habitats where they can survive. The steady increase in CO2 content drives modifications in forests. The increasing frequency of forest fires in the Amazon, Canadian forests, and forests of the United States adversely affects insects and pathogens which can bring massive loss to the economy of the forest sector. It will reduce access to forested lands as well.
Numerous activists and NGOs are working on the climate crisis. They play a key role in preventing damage to global natural resources. We should also help sustain global temperature because if you can’t preserve it, don’t damage it. | <urn:uuid:c75da077-f5de-400a-ac47-91fb798fb0df> | {
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An eco-friendly energy-harvesting smart sensor could help make roads safer by identifying potentially dangerous driver behaviour.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are an emerging technology that harvest freely-available mechanical energy from human activities. Now, engineers from the University of Surrey reveal how they used recycled plastic cups and silk cocoon waste to develop a soft and skin-friendly self-powered sensor. When coupled with an AI system and applied in a car setting, the smart sensor could flag potentially dangerous driving trends, such as slow brake-reaction times, for example. The highly flexible and biocompatible sensor could be used as a wearable or placed within the fabric of the steering wheel, horn, gear stick and brake pedal. In tests, the sensor provided real-time feedback on the driver’s actions, which allowed the AI system to compute performance.
“We are all excited by how AI will influence future consumer electronics, but this future must also be friendly to our planet. Our recycled silk-based smart sensor technology is a hint of what the future holds and, with support from industry, we believe we can soon bring it to market,” said Dr Bhaskar Dudem, principal author of the study and Research Fellow at the University of Surrey’s Advanced Technology Institute.
The sensor is pitted for other applications, too.
“Whilst in this example we tested our sensors to monitor driver behaviour, we believe the ideal application of the self-powered smart sensor technology is in future driverless cars and Industry 4.0 automation systems. This eco-friendly cutting-edge project inspires us at the Advanced Technology Institute to keep inventing solutions to real-world problems faced by society,” said Professor Ravi Silva, Director of the ATI.
The sensor was developed in collaboration with Kyung Hee University in South Korea. The project is funded jointly by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK, and the National Research Foundation of Korea. | <urn:uuid:b01b6c74-7053-47a4-91b9-0994f9b8140a> | {
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An infection occurs when agents capable of causing diseases invade an organism. These agents multiply and attack the body. In response, the body attempts to prevent damage. In normal situations, blood is a sterile environment. Since there are usually no disease-causing agents in the blood, a bloodstream infection or bacteremia is very rare. Bacteria appearing in the bloodstream is abnormal and could be a sign of a major illness. Bloodstream infections have various causes and side effects.
Infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can invade our bodies. In humans, the immune system responds to these threats. This response frequently involves inflammation and an adaptive reaction specific to the infectious agent. Infectious agents typically can’t invade the bloodstream. Occasionally, small amounts of bacteria enter the bloodstream but pose no risk because of their low population count -- the immune system quickly removes them.
At various points in medical history, experts referred to bacteria in the blood as blood poisoning and septicemia. The medical community now views those terms as outdated. The modern term for any bacteria in the bloodstream is bacteremia. During ordinary activities, small amounts of bacteria may enter the bloodstream. This level of bacteria does not generally cause any issues. However, large numbers of bacteria can enter the bloodstream as the result of another infection or similar problem. In these instances, bacteremia can become a serious health risk.
It is common for children under the age of three to develop fevers. Usually, other symptoms accompany the fever. However, if a child has a fever with no other symptoms, it could be a sign of occult bacteremia. This is similar to normal bacteremia but occurs only in children. It is rare and has become increasingly rarer as vaccines become more widespread, but some children are still susceptible. Experts believe affected children are those who cannot receive vaccines, whose parents chose not to vaccinate them, or those who already have weakened immune systems. In these cases, a physician may choose to prescribe preemptive antibiotics.
The bacteria can enter the bloodstream through many different avenues. The least likely to cause harm are insect bites, toothbrushing, and leaving small wounds exposed. Certain medical procedures such as dental extractions or inserting a catheter can introduce dangerous bacteria. If bacteremia is a concern, physicians will usually prescribe antibiotics before or after the procedure. Serious infections such as pneumonia or meningitis can also spread bacteria to the bloodstream. Bacteria from these sources are more likely to cause a major health issue.
Medical professionals use the Gram stain test to classify various bacteria. Because there are so many possible interactions and methods bacteria can use to enter the body, these classifications are useful. The test involves staining bacteria and then quickly decolorizing them to determine their classification. Bacteria that retain the coloration are Gram-positive. Those that lose the coloration are Gram-negative. Knowing the classification not only helps physicians understand how the bacteria spread, but also how to effectively fight them. Gram-positive bacteremia is typically the result of outside influence, such as an open wound, intravenous drugs, or a catheter. Gram-negative bacteremia is more commonly a product of another infection.
Usually, there are no signs of bacteremia because the bacteria in the bloodstream isn’t a threat to the body. However, if the bacteria manage to survive in the bloodstream or if a person has a weak immune system, bacteremia becomes dangerous. The bacteria can travel along the bloodstream and accumulate in locations, causing infection. It is also possible for bacteremia to lead to sepsis, which occurs when the body begins to harm itself as part of its response to an infection. Signs of bacteremia and sepsis include chills, weakness, fever, and pale skin.
When bacteria begin to travel through the bloodstream, they are more likely to settle on foreign material in the human body such as catheters and artificial joints or heart valves. As a result, the cells lining the heart can develop endocarditis. Bone implants may lead to osteomyelitis. Additionally, just as bacteremia can be the result of certain infections, it can also cause them. For example, bacteria in the tissue around the brain can cause meningitis.
Sepsis is one of the most dangerous outcomes of the body’s response to an infection. Essentially, the body begins to attack its own organs, tissues, and other structures in an attempt to kill the infection. Widespread inflammation is the first stage. If sepsis progresses, it can cause organ failure. People experiencing sepsis can have fevers or low body temperatures. They may also exhibit signs of confusion, or their bodies may begin to swell. If the person’s blood pressure drops, it could be a sign of septic shock.
A subclass of distributive shock, septic shock causes disturbances in the blood flow of the smallest blood vessels. This means the body’s tissues do not receive the amount of blood they need. Tissues may tear and various organs, including the heart, can function improperly. Though it is almost always a product of sepsis, in rare instances, the body can experience septic shock without it. Bacteremia is one of the several infections that can lead directly to septic shock.
The treatment for bacteremia is usually fairly straightforward. Doctors remove any foreign matter such as catheters if they are the source of the bacteria. Antibiotics can help treat sepsis, septic shock, and bacteremia. In the case of septic shock, the body requires fluid transfers as well. The Gram-stain test helped discover which antibiotics are most effective for certain bacteria, streamlining the process for treating these issues. Despite the straightforward nature of the treatment, bacteremia is still a serious health condition. If it progresses too far and leads to sepsis or septic shock, there is a high risk of death.
This site offers information designed for educational purposes only. You should not rely on any information on this site as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or as a substitute for, professional counseling care, advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any concerns or questions about your health, you should always consult with a physician or other healthcare professional. | <urn:uuid:b7cab5ad-db81-45eb-90e0-2f09f5fd2566> | {
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The boreal forest of Interior Alaska is experiencing rapid warming: the number of days in summer during which temperatures remain above freezing has increased by 45% (from 85 to 123 days)in the past 100 years. We evaluated whether earlier springs, warmer summers, and extended falls provide an advantage to non-native plants by tracking the phenology of 39 plant species (27 native and 12 non-native) in three sharply contrasting years. Compared to long-term averages, 2013 had a very late spring, warm summer, and a greatly extended fall, 2014 a moderately early spring, cool summer, and average fall, and 2015 a very early spring, average summer, and short fall.
Native plants had significantly earlier dates of first flower, peak flowering, first leaf and peak leaf production than non-native plants, and flowering was advanced in both groups in the early spring year compared to the late spring, but there was no difference in the size of the shift between native and non-native species. Developmental times (e.g., from peak flower to half of fruits ripe) were shorter for native species than for non-native species, but did not differ between years. Non-native plants produced their last leaf later than non-natives, but this difference was much greater in 2013 (extended fall: 52 days) than in years with an average fall (2014: 8 days). Similarly, senescence of non-natives was delayed by two weeks in 2013 compared to natives, but concurrent in 2014. Non-native species also extended their flowering period beyond that of native species, and more so in the late fall year, but this did not result in extended fruit production. We found no evidence that earlier springs or warmer summer gave an advantage to non-native species. Extended autumns may benefit non-native species more than native species by prolonging leaf production and retention, but are unlikely to increase fruit set. | <urn:uuid:938a1a53-0309-4255-839a-deb26438e576> | {
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Develop pupils’ understanding of persuasion with this with this persuasive writing KS2 resource pack. Pupils will read two model texts, a letter about music taught in schools and a discussion text about the closure of libraries, showing WAGOLL (what a good one looks like).
Pupils can learn the features of persuasive writing in KS2, using the checklist included, before writing their own texts using the planning sheets provided as a discussion or letter writing template.
What is included in this WAGOLL resource pack?
- Model Text 1 - Persuasive Letter: ‘Why can’t rap music be taught in schools?’
A model text to explore the features of persuasive writing.
- Model Text 2 - Discussion Text: Why should we not close our libraries?
A second model text to explore the features of persuasive writing.
- Text types Success Criteria
A list of features that could be included when writing to persuade including examples of emotive language examples that could be used in their writing..
Examples of emotive language that could be used to persuade and examples of rhetorical questions.
These can be used to support pupils when planning their own persuasive texts
What is persuasive writing?
Persuasive writing tries to convince the reader to do something or believe something. Adverts, reviews, leaflets, discussion texts and letters can all include persuasion.
National Curriculum English programme of study links
Pupils should be taught to plan their writing by discussing writing that is similar to that which they are planning to write in order to learn from its structure, vocabulary and grammar.
Pupils should be taught to plan their writing by identifying the audience for and purpose for writing, selecting the appropriate form and using other similar writing as models for their own.
Pupils should be taught to draft and write by selecting the appropriate grammar and vocabulary, understanding how such choices can change and enhance meaning. | <urn:uuid:7f3ef85a-a074-442e-8908-7882a8932e6e> | {
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Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a disorder that inhibits the brain’s ability to process information from the senses and respond accordingly. Though it is common in children with autism, those with no association to any developmental disability can also develop the symptoms of SPD. Children suffering from Sensory Processing Disorder often face trouble with their behavior and development. They also experience learning disorders and have problems conducting their normal day-to-day functioning. Although many researches are still being conducted to find more about the disorder and its treatment, there are some therapies and programs through which the condition can be improved. Let us find out more about Sensory Processing Disorder, its symptoms and treatment.
Types of Sensory Processing Disorder
Sensory Processing Disorder can be described in two types, hypersensitivity and hyposensitivity. While on one hand children with hypersensitivity feel or sense things too much, those with hyposensitivity may sense things very poorly. The extent to which one or more senses can be affected by SPD varies from one child to another.
Sensory Processing Disorder- Look Out for These Signs
A child affected by hypersensitivity may react overly to simple actions like touch or hug, or certain taste or smell or noise. On the other hand, children with hyposensitivity struggle hard to feel the environment and the world around them. Both underreacting and overreacting in any situation can put the children at various risks. Now the question that arises is how to find if a child is suffering from SPD. There are some symptoms through which parents can identify Sensory Processing Disorders in their children.
Symptoms of Sensory Hypersensitivity
- Sensitivity to sudden or loud noises
- A heightened feeling of stress, fear, or anxiety
- Easy distraction from background noises that other people do not even notice
- Discomfort when wearing clothes or eating certain foods because of their texture
- Fear of crowds or closeness, afraid to touch and cuddle with family too
- Feeling overly excited and restless all the time
- Inability to focus on anything due to competing sensory input
- Unable to balance their body or tell where the limbs are
- Extremely afraid to play with outdoor playground equipment like swings or trampoline
Symptoms of Sensory Hyposensitivity
- Clumsy behavior and fidgeting all the time
- Trying to establish contact with another person, unable to realize personal boundary
- Unable to understand or feel pain and extreme temperatures
- Crave for fast or intense movement and can’t sit still
- Difficulty understanding strength, causing unintentional harm to other children or pets
- Putting things like rocks or their own hands into the mouths
- Keep looking for things that give them thrill (even dangerous things) just to get hold of any feeling
Children and Sensory Processing Disorder
Sensory motion allows children to understand their limbs and their movement. Those suffering from SPD will find it difficult to apprehend their senses and act according to them. The symptoms for Sensory Processing Disorder normally develop in children at an early age. And since they seem to be picky all the time, parents find it hard to find out if the child is just being a child or suffering from SPD. Even if they find out about the disorder, they feel totally clueless and helpless on how to help their children. Help can now be found with IIAHP in Chandigarh which has been offering Therapy For Special Need Children, helping them be a part of the world, the future that they are.
How Sensory Processing Disorder Can Be Treated?
There are certain ways available through which children with SPD can be helped. Therapies and other sensory development programs are conducted by the professionals at IIAHP to help children struggling with hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity. A tailored program is designed keeping in mind the type and extent to which SPD is present in children. A completely non-medical approach is followed that includes a sensory development approach through physical development, sensory engagement and cognitive exercises. Every child gets special attention and a dedicated plan and professional to help them out with their problems so they pave their way into the future smoothly. | <urn:uuid:22041023-98ea-4bfa-b3be-32a6de8625ce> | {
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|Chinese elm, Hilversum|
Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese elm or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, and Vietnam. It has been described as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful Nothofagus". The tree was introduced to the UK in 1794.
A small to medium deciduous, semi-deciduous (rarely semi-evergreen) tree growing to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall and 15–20 m (49–66 ft) wide with a slender trunk and crown. The leathery, lustrous green single-toothed leaves are small, 2–5 cm long by 1–3 cm broad, and often retained as late as December or even January in Europe and North America. The apetalous wind-pollinated perfect flowers are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous. The fruit is a samara, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–13 mm long by 6–8 mm broad. The samara is mostly glabrous, the seed at the centre or toward the apex, borne on a stalk 1–3 mm in length; it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn. The trunk has a handsome, flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds, giving rise to its other common name, the lacebark elm, although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large canker-like wounds.
Many nurserymen and foresters mistakenly refer to Ulmus pumila, the rapidly growing, disease-ridden, relatively short-lived, weak-wooded Siberian elm, as "Chinese elm." This has given the true Chinese elm an undeserved bad reputation. The two elms are very distinct and different species. Among other obvious differences, with age the Siberian elm's bark becomes deeply ridged and furrowed, and possesses a very rough, greyish-black appearance, while the Chinese elm's smooth bark becomes flaky and blotchy, exposing very distinctive, light-coloured mottling, hence the synonym lacebark elm for the real Chinese elm.
Wood and timber
Elms, hickory and ash all have remarkably hard, tough wood that has made them popular for things like tool handles, bows and baseball bats. Chinese elm is considered the hardest of the elms. Owing to its superior hardness, toughness and resistance to splitting, Chinese elm is said to be the best of all woods for chisel handles and similar uses. Chinese elm lumber is used most for furniture, cabinets, veneer and hardwood flooring, as well as specialty uses such as long bow construction and tool handles. Most of the commercially milled lumber goes directly to manufacturers rather than to retail lumber outlets.
Chinese elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish brown to light tan or flesh coloured, while the sapwood approaches off-white. The grain is often handsome and dramatic. Unlike other elms, freshly cut Chinese elm has a peppery or spicy odour. While it turns easily and will take a nice polish off the lathe without any finish, and it holds detail well, the fibrous wood is usually considered too tough for carving or hand tools. Chinese elm contains silica which is hard on planer knives and chainsaws, but it sands fairly easily. Like other woods with interlocking grain, planes should be kept extra sharp to prevent tearing at the grain margins. It steam-bends easily, holds screws well but pilot holes and countersinking are needed. It tends to be a "lively" wood, tending to warp and distort while drying. This water resistant wood easily takes most finishes and stains.
Subspecies, varieties, and forms:
Pests and diseases
The Chinese elm is highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease. It is also very resistant to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola , but has a moderate susceptibility to elm yellows. In trials at the Sunshine Nursery, Oklahoma, the species was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa However, foliage was regarded as only "somewhat resistant" to black spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri.
Cottony cushion scale or mealy bugs often protected and "herded" by ants exude a sticky, sweet "honeydew" which can mildew leaves and be a minor annoyance by dripping on cars and furniture. However, severe infestations on, or obvious damage to, otherwise healthy trees are not common.
The Chinese elm is a tough landscape tree, hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots, in small planters along streets and in plazas or patios. The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous of the elms, now found on all continents except Antarctica. It was introduced to Europe at the end of the 18th century as an ornamental, and is found in many botanical gardens and arboreta. In the United States, it appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and has proved very popular in recent years as a replacement for American elms killed by Dutch elm disease. The tree was sold in Australia at the beginning of the 20th century by Searl's Garden Emporium, Sydney. In New Zealand, it was found to be particularly suitable for windswept locations along the coast.
Ulmus parvifolia is one of the cold-hardiest of the Chinese species. In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum. the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be −34 °C (−29 °F).
Owing to its versatility and ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures, light, and humidity conditions, Chinese elm is a popular choice as a bonsai species, and is perhaps the single most widely available. It is considered a good choice for beginners because of its high tolerance of pruning.
Numerous cultivars have been raised, mostly in North America:
- A. Ross Central Park = Central Park Splendor™, BSNUPF = Everclear™, Blizzard, Burgundy, Burnley Select, Catlin, Chessins, Churchyard, Cork Bark, D.B.Cole, Drake, Dwarf Weeper, Dynasty, Ed Wood, Elsmo, Emer I or Emerald Isle = Athena™, Emer II or Emerald Vase = Allee™, Emerald Prairie, Frosty, Garden City Clone, Geisha, Glory, Golden Rey, Hallelujah, Harzam = Harrison™, Hokkaido, Jade Empress, King's Choice, Littleleaf, Lois Hole, Matthew, Milliken, Nire-keyaki, Ohio, Orange Ribbon, Pathfinder, Pendens, Prairie Shade, Prince Richard, Red Fall, Sabamiki, Sagei, Seiju, Select 380, Sempervirens, Small Frye, State Fair, Stone's Dwarf, Taiwan, The Thinker, Todd, UPMTF = Bosque™, Ware's, Yarralumla, Yatsubusa, Zettler = Heritage™
An autumn flowering species, whereas most other elms flower in spring. Hybrids have accordingly been very few:
- North America
- Arnold Arboretum. Acc. nos. 1353-73, 17917, 195-90, 197-90.
- Bartlett Tree Experts. Acc. nos. 5546, 8109.
- Brenton Arboretum, Dallas Center, Iowa. No details available.
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. Acc. nos. 000880, 160001, 20020466, 850222, X00450, X00485, X02727, X02771.
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois. 2 trees, no other details available.
- Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada. No acc. details.
- Fullerton Arboretum, California State University. Acc. no. 80-036.
- Holden Arboretum. Acc. nos. 57-1241, 80-665, 84-1214, 90-323.
- Longwood Gardens. Acc. nos. 1957-1058, 1959-1500, 1960-1138, 1991-0981.
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Acc. nos. 1986-0108, 1986-0276, 1986-0277, 1987-0019, 199-3195, 1996-3462.
- Morris Arboretum, University of Pennsylvania. Acc. no. 32-0052-A.
- Morton Arboretum. Acc. nos. 991-27, 772-54, 1231–57, 558-83, 52-96.
- New York Botanical Garden. Acc. nos. 195/56, 486/91, 68072.
- Phipps Conservatory. Acc. nos. 83-006, 83-058, 91-050, 2001-212UN.
- Scott Arboretum. Acc. nos. 62210, 71765, 71767, 71771, 75152, 64441.
- Smith College, acc. no. 42894.
- U S National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., USA. Acc. nos. 58000/1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8.
- Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection.
- Cambridge Botanic Garden, University of Cambridge, UK. No accession details available.
- Dyffryn Gardens, Glamorgan. UK champion, 13 m high, 37 cm d.b.h., last surveyed 1997.
- Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St. James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 516.
- Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18150, 18151.
- Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. no. 2002-1542.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Acc. nos. 1979-1613, 1979-1614, 1982–8479, 1982-8505, 1982-6280, 1982-6284, 2002-137, 2003-1267, 2005-1076.
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Wakehurst Place. Acc. nos. 1969-33664, 1969-35133, 1973-21049, 1973-21525.
- Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, Wisley, UK. No details available.
- Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. No accession details available.
- Tallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia. No accession details available.
- Thenford House arboretum, Banbury, UK. No details available.
- University of Copenhagen Botanic Garden. Acc. nos. S1956-1338, S1997-1304.
- Westonbirt Arboretum, Tetbury, Glos., UK. Planted 1981. No acc. no.
- "PLANTS Profile for Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm)". Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA; also available as Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. "Ulmus parvifolia". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 4th edition, 1977, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England
- Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
- White, J & More, D. (2003). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
- PLANTS Profile for Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm) | USDA PLANTS
- Ulmus parvifolia photographs and fact-page, Michigan State University Plant Encyclopedia
- Leopold, D. J. (1980). Chinese and Siberian Elms. Journal of Arboriculture 6(7): July 1980. 175–179.
- Images: wood OR lumber "chinese elm"
- Mittempergher, L. & Santini, A. (2004). The History of Elm Breeding. Invest. Agrar.: Sist Recur For. 2004 13 (1), 161-177.
- Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.
- D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ulmus parvifolia". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Plant Records
- Fullerton Arboretum
- The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania
- Brighton & Hove City Council - national elm collection annual report
- Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
- Forestry Commission - The Forestry Commission - The National Arboreta
- Eastwoodhill | National Arboretum of New Zealand
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Kelvin Mokaya, Youth Advocate.
A number of factors, including rapid urbanization, globalization, and aging of the population all contribute to the growing NCD burden in Kenya, but many NCDs are largely preventable by changing unhealthy behaviors. The four major NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic lung diseases, and diabetes) share four key risk behaviors: tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. These are all behaviors that are typically initiated or solidified during adolescence or young adulthood and set the stage for NCDs later in life.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 70% of premature deaths in adults worldwide are as a result of behaviors that begin in adolescence. While these risk behaviors are still relatively low among youths in Kenya as compared to youths in other regions, their prevalence is increasing.
Therefore, a window of opportunity exists for the Ministry of Health now to address the four key risk behaviors in its large and ever-growing youth population to reduce the NCD burden in the coming decades. Scaling up proven, cost-effective interventions that discourage unhealthy behaviors and promote healthy ones can significantly shift the course of the costly NCD epidemic in the near future. Doing so now will also help Kenya meet some of the Sustainable Development Goals and improve the chances of achieving greater economic growth and development. | <urn:uuid:ba07f394-86d0-4e8b-95bb-bc49c13835ac> | {
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Behavioral Health Hospitals
Addiction Treatment Centers
Outpatient Behavioral Health
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Home » Addiction Treatment (Post) » The Most Commonly Abused Substances » Cocaine: Addiction Definition, Structure and Importance
Cocaine is an illegal stimulant that speeds up the workings of the brain. Long-term cocaine use can lead to depression, psychosis, and heart problems among other issues.
Cocaine is a stimulant which means it raises the heart rate and blood pressure. From one to three minutes after taking cocaine, the person has an intense feeling of pleasure called “a rush.” The “rush” or euphoria occurs because cocaine taps into the brain’s chemical reward system making the user feel good. This feeling can last for at least 15 minutes or even longer. Cocaine also affects the brain’s reward center.
The reward center releases special chemicals called neurotransmitters. Cocaine releases neurotransmitters, which tell the person’s brain that they feel good. When tolerance to cocaine is developed it takes more and more to achieve the same euphoric feeling again. It is reported that 1,800 Americans experiment with cocaine for the first time each day.
Blood testing for blood, saliva, urine, or hair follicles all show varying lengths of time that the drug stays in a human’s body. All of the tests range from 24 hours to three months.
Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled substance because of its high potential for abuse and severe psychological and physical dependence. It is available legally for use in certain medical and surgical settings, but not legal for a prescription. Its recreational use is illegal in the United States.
Cocaine is a white powdery substance that reacts with the body’s central nervous system, producing energy and euphoria. It is most commonly snorted, but can also be smoked (also known as “freebasing”) or dissolved in water and injected. Cocaine is also referred to as coke, blow, or powder.
Cocaine is made from the coca leaves of the South American coca plant. For thousands of years now, coca plants have been chewed by individuals who inhabit the areas of the Amazon Rainforest and Andes Mountains where coca plants grow. In 1850, European scientists first isolated cocaine from coca leaves and called it a medical “wonder drug.” Cocaine was so widely used in medicine that it was put in Coca-Cola one of the most widely successful beverage companies in the world. After being ruled an illegal substance, cocaine still makes its way into the united states and fuels the drug trade with many movies being developed around its illegal drug trade including the “Cocaine Cowboys” Netflix documentary and Scarface. Experts now recognize cocaine as one of the most addictive substances on Earth.
Here are some statistics on cocaine abuse and dependency:
Just like cocaine overdose symptoms, cocaine withdrawal affects everyone differently. For some people, a day of strong emotions followed by a long sleep is enough. For others, peak cocaine withdrawal symptoms can last for weeks. Different factors such as frequency of abuse, age, and amount used all play a factor in withdrawal symptoms and timeline.
Treatment for cocaine addiction is possible! Treatment options include:
Within these options, you will receive the care you deserve by people who have had the same struggles as you do. Group therapy and 1:1 therapy is provided to help you fully heal and move forward into a life you want to live. Family therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and other modalities will also support you living substance-free.
Addiction to cocaine can be hard to beat but it is possible and many do fully recover. If you want to take your life back from cocaine addiction and begin to move forward, we can help. Visit our admissions page to start your journey to recovery.
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As part of its commitment to be carbon negative by 2030, Microsoft is trialling cement containing microalgae-based limestone in its data centre builds.
The Issue For Microsoft
The main issue for Microsoft is that it needs to decarbonise its data centre builds by reducing the amount of ‘embodied carbon’ in the concrete used to build its data centres, thereby helping it to hit its green targets. Embodied carbon is the measure of the carbon emitted during the manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and disposal of a product or material (in this case, concrete).
The Issue With Traditional Concrete
The issue with traditional concrete is that its embodied carbon is responsible for around a massive 11 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions!
Most of the emissions associated with concrete are the result of the key ingredient of cement being limestone. For example, traditional Portland cement is produced by quarrying limestone in large quarries and burning it at high temperatures (heating it with clay around 2,650 degrees Fahrenheit) which results in the production 2 gigatons of carbon dioxide every year! Also, Portland cement, the most popular kind of cement, uses ground (quarried) limestone. The quarrying process not only produces massive amounts of damaging greenhouse gasses, but also has a serious environmental impact. Although Portland Cement typically forms 7 to 15 per cent of a concrete mix by weight, it can contribute 80 to 95 per cent of the embodied carbon in concrete.
What Is Microalgae-Based Limestone And How Can It Help?
Microalgae-Based Limestone, often referred to as a “biogenic limestone,” is produced (in the lab) from microalgae such as coccolithophores, which has a cloudy white appearance. These microalgae produce the largest amounts of new calcium carbonate on the planet at a much faster rate than coral and do so by capturing and storing CO2 from the atmosphere in the form of calcium carbonate shells that form on their surface. By replacing the quarried limestone with this naturally produced biogenic limestone (which also stores carbon from the atmosphere) in a concrete mix, Microsoft aims to find a mix design that can lower embodied carbon in concrete by more than 50 per cent compared to traditional concrete mixes.
Pilots Under Way
With this in mind, Microsoft already has a pilot under way in Quincy (Washington) for biogenic limestone concrete mix.
Microsoft is also experimenting with a concrete mix with fly ash and slag that are activated with alkaline soda ash, and with both the alkali activated cement and biogenic limestone.
Signed An Open Letter
Amazon (AWS), Google, Meta, and Microsoft all recently released an open letter on the iMasons (Infrastructure Masons) website, which calls for action to use greener concrete in data centre infrastructure and encourage other companies to join them.
Microsoft’s Climate Innovation Fund, which was launched in 2020, also invests in early-stage companies engaged in work to find solutions that could cut the amount of embodied carbon in concrete and other building materials to zero.
For example, one early investment was in ‘CarbonCure,’ which deploys low carbon concrete technologies that inject captured carbon dioxide into concrete, where the CO2 immediately mineralises and is permanently embedded as nanosized rocks within the physical product. This acts both as both a carbon sink and a way to strengthen the material, enabling a reduction in the amount of carbon-intensive cement required.
What Does This Mean For Your Organisation?
Microsoft’s pursuit of greener concrete through micro-algae-produced biogenic limestone shows how its leveraging its influence partly to meet its own targets, but also for a more sustainable future. Their initiative not only aligns with their overarching objective to achieve carbon negativity by 2030, but also seems to underline a broader vision of constructing markets and technologies that facilitate the decarbonisation journey. If a way could be found to completely replace quarried limestone, the prize could be a potential reduction of 2 gigatons of carbon dioxide annually, a game changer in the global fight against climate change. Also, the mass production of microalgae not only sequesters more carbon but also promises multiple environmental benefits like improved air quality and reduced quarry-induced damage.
The prospect of seamlessly substituting biogenic for quarried limestone without compromising product quality, combined with the potential economic benefits from microalgae by-products, does sound very promising.
Drawing from insights like those of the iMasons Climate Accord, the path forward appears to need collective industry efforts, innovative research, and consistent progress measurements. If Microsoft’s pilot experiments manage to pinpoint the ideal green concrete mix, it could help revolutionise the building industry, let alone help Microsoft to decarbonise its own data centre builds. This could significantly curb greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation linked to cement and concrete production (which is something that’s much needed).
Pioneering efforts by Microsoft and the other big tech companies that published the open letter may not only advance their own sustainability goals but could potentially present effective and sustainable solutions for the greater good of the planet. | <urn:uuid:9215548d-864c-44d3-8c8b-614fead3dfdb> | {
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See what questions
a doctor would ask.
The Mediterranean diet is a general term that refers to a variety of diets eaten by people who live in the Mediterranean Sea area. These diets can be quite varied, depending on the particular socio-economic, cultural, ethnic, traditional, and agricultural elements of a particular area or a population. In general, Mediterranean diets have some common elements including a focus on fruits, vegetables, breads and cereals. Dairy products, such as milk, and poultry and fish are eaten in small to moderate amounts and red meat is more eaten more rarely. Wine is also a part of the diet, used in small to moderate quantities. These diets also frequently include potatoes, beans, nuts and seeds. It is a common belief in the U.S. that a Mediterranean diet is a "heart healthy" diet. However, according to the American heart Association, Mediterranean diets may be close to the organization's dietary heart healthy diet guidelines, but do not match them exactly. Mediterranean diets are generally high in fat and can be high in calories, although much of this fat comes from olive oil, which does not elevate cholesterol levels as saturated fats from such sources as fatty red meats and animal fats do. In general, Mediterranean peoples eat far less saturated fat than the average American does.
When considering eating some form of a Mediterranean diet, it is important to remember that healthy diets and weight loss plans encourage the consumption of a wide variety of fresh foods from all the foods groups that are low in saturated fats and trans fats and added sugars. These foods include fresh fruit, vegetables, lean sources of protein, low fat-dairy products, whole grain carbohydrates, and healthy fats, including olive oil. For optimal health, eating plans should be combined with an overall healthy lifestyle and regular exercise. Any diet may have the potential to be harmful to some people, so consultation with a health care provider before starting any diet plan and exercise program is recommended.
Conditions associated with Mediterranean Diet include:
The following foods may be restricted or excluded from Mediterranean Diet:
The following foods may be focused on as part of Mediterranean Diet:
The following are potential risks or complications of the diet (Mediterranean Diet):
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5 posts • Page 1 of 1
The way this can be calculated is that d-orbitals exist in n=3 or above, which means that l=2 (so there are s, p, and d orbitals). When l equals 2, ml can equal -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2 (5 orbitals). In each of these orbitals there can be a maximum of 2 electrons, where one of the electrons has an up spin and the other has a downward spin ( a spin pair). So, if you have 5 orbitals where each orbital can have 2 electrons, you get 2*5= 10 electrons
Since d-orbitals have 5 orbitals, they can hold 10 electrons as each orbital can have a spin up and spin down pair. This means that, with the d-orbital in play, there can be up to 18 valence electrons as s-orbitals can have 2 electrons and p-orbitals can have 6 electrons.
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Understanding nature's most disastrous events
Can you imagine living at the foot of a volcano, or in the path of extreme storms? Plenty of communities around the world live with the potential of a natural disaster taking place on home turf. That’s why early warning systems and robust research can make the difference between life and death.
In this episode of Life Solved, Dr Carmen Solana shares her experiences of researching hurricanes and lava flow and interpreting the data to work hand in hand with communities at threat.
You can listen to Life Solved on all major podcast players, whether via Apple, Spotify, Google Podcasts or other apps. Just search for 'Life Solved' and press the subscribe button.
Hurricanes, extreme storms and severe meteorological events are more frequent occurrences due to global climate change. In addition, many communities living in vulnerable places don’t have the knowledge, infrastructure or early-warning systems that can prevent such events from having a disastrous impact on human life, buildings, businesses and homes.
Dr Solana initially studied the impact of volcanic eruptions on communities and the importance of communications during volcanic emergencies. This led to improved understanding and relationships between policymakers, scientists and members of the public and the creation of more inclusive advisory groups.
We found throughout the years that all the research that we have been doing, all the advances, weren’t really translating into much for the people on the ground, the everyday life of people on villages around any islands.
The goal of these advisory groups is to improve the safety of populations through better communication, decision-making and application of the research.
Devastating lessons from Hurricane Maria
The University has a long-standing partnership with Dominica, and it is here where the multidisciplinary team Dr Solana is part of next turned their attention. In 2017, the category 5 hurricane Maria devastated the island. Many lost their lives, and much housing and infrastructure were left beyond repair. In the wake of the devastation, there was much to be learned:
We're looking at the slopes, we're looking at the landscapes and how it has evolved – the landslides, debris flows, how all of that moved down the rivers to the sea, which areas were more damaged and why.
Dr Solana believes it is also important to understand the motivations and misconceptions of vulnerable communities, especially those in coastal areas, as they are more likely to suffer catastrophic damage following storm-related landslides and floods.
She says that hazard maps, planning and a connection between academics, practitioners and communities are essential in preventing weather events from becoming disastrous.
Implementing research in real homes and communities
In addition to improved communication systems, other multidisciplinary projects she is part of currently are looking at how structures can be built to stand increasingly intense weather conditions. For example, in the Caribbean, where they are looking at different shapes of buildings.
There has been- I would say in the last 20 years but really in the last ten… a real push for all of us to collaborate together to create better results for the people.
Dr Solana is personally moved by the people she meets working around the world in her research. To her, it is fundamental that the purpose of academic research is not lost in translation. She says that effective systems of education and communication need to be in place to ensure cutting-edge science can positively impact human life.
John Worsey: Thanks for downloading this podcast from the University of Portsmouth. Our interviews bring you some world-changing ideas and ask the big questions because research taking place here at Portsmouth is changing the world.
John Worsey: Around the world, communities and villages thrive within reach of active volcanoes, life-threatening natural events and unstable weather systems. In many of these places, life has continued for generations in spite of the risks. And yet when the events arise, the effects can be devastating. I spoke to Dr Carmen Solana who researches hurricanes and lava flow and helps island communities to become safer by working hand in hand with them on research.
Carmen Solana: I'm mainly working on two strands. One is the communication aspect. And we found that throughout the years that all the research that we have been doing, all the advances weren't really translating into much for the people on the ground, the everyday life of people in villages around any islands.
John Worsey: Carmen's work is already being applied to real-life emergency planning in the Canary Islands.
Carmen Solana: Part of my new research is an effort to see how to communicate these signs, make it useful for emergency plans, for schools, for informing people better and make them understand better where they live and also react better in case of a future emergency.
John Worsey: After growing up on the volcanic island of Tenerife, Carmen is very motivated to work with policymakers to make a difference to the lives of people on small islands just like hers.
Carmen Solana: There has been a big movement, and I think that is a big effort to have impact, real impact on people, on policy, science to produce changes in society that are going to be positive, that are going to really help people live better lives and safer lives. And I think, probably, it was the nature of research and probably also there used to be a disconnect between science and academia and the policymakers and maybe civil protection and everybody were very siloed into their own disciplines. There has been, I would say, in the last 20 years, but really in the last five years, there is a real push for all of us to collaborate together to create better results for the people.
John Worsey: And this people-first approach seems to have brought the importance of research home. In the face of ever more dramatic weather events and changing climatic conditions, Carmen's work has been met with more support from policymakers than ever before. But how did her journey to making a difference begin? To start with, she researched volcanoes.
Carmen Solana: At some point, there was an emergency, one of the volcanic islands in the island of a El Hierro. And we were called and I was speaking to the civil protection press officer, there is all this information, what can happen? So that was just sort of little things, like, oh, think that there are lots of tourists. Maybe you need to-- any information needs to be there in different languages. It looks absolutely obvious, but because of it is, in that case, it was a Spanish institution. It was very much geared towards the villagers, the locals.
John Worsey: Local news for local people.
Carmen Solana: Yeah, exactly. Exactly. There was this fear that, of course, it could create panic and then loss of revenue from tourists. But also there was quite a lot of disagreements and problems between scientists and the civil protection. There weren't-- the information that the civil protection needed wasn't coming from the scientists.
John Worsey: Despite disagreements to begin with, Carmen's research into volcanoes made having an advisory group in place essential. Soon, she realised that this approach could also translate to other majorly disruptive natural events.
Carmen Solana: Portsmouth has been working with the island of Dominica for more than a decade. We have been sending some of our master's students and undergraduate students to do dissertations. And we have also got some good projects working there. Because of that, we understand very much of the island. And we have a PhD student that is just finishing that has been working on the perception of different hazards from schoolchildren as they progress. So it's a longitudinal study. And as they go, they're going through their education, how their perception of how vulnerable they are to different hazards changes. And he has been going for seven years to different schools. So he's well known. All the teachers know him. So when Hurricane Maria hit the island, we had many surveys, both physical geography of the landscape and the bridges and the infrastructure and social ones. So we could make a comparison and really see how things have changed afterwards. And for example, we are indirectly advising on the reconstruction that is happening because naturally, after a disaster, people just want to reconstruct very quickly.
John Worsey: Carmen and her team had great relationships with decision-makers on the island of Dominica after years of working on projects there. So when Hurricane Maria arrived, they were well placed to advise on how to build back better.
Carmen Solana: So what is being built back the same and what is being built better and how to encourage these more resilient structures to natural hazards and a better future? We're looking at the slopes. We're looking at the landscapes and how it has evolved, the landslides, debris flows, how all of that moved down the rivers to the sea. Which areas were more damaged and why? What did people understand and what do people understand now? And we found, for example, a great disconnect between what they thought happened in hurricanes. So in hurricanes, you, of course, you have the very strong winds, but also you have quite heavy rainfall. And that rainfall is going to saturate the slopes, it's going to produce landslides and blocks. It's going to also produce flooding. The wind is going to push the sea towards the coast. And also the pressures on the hurricane is going to lift a bit the sea. So you're going to have a very strong, what is it called a storm surge into the coastlines. So while the storm surge in the case of Dominica wasn't very important, the other processes were very important. And yet talking to people around there were saying, gosh, and we were hit by two different disasters. First, we were hit by the wind and then by the flooding, as if there were these disconnected processes. Which was very interesting. They related hurricanes with very strong winds and sometimes with heavy rainfall. But they didn't make the connection of the rainfall, the landslides, the debris moving throughout the rivers, producing a lot of destruction of all the flooding. They didn't connect the two things.
John Worsey: But working so closely with communities makes it hard to remain detached from the realities of how weather events can devastate people's lives and livelihoods.
Carmen Solana: Dominica was heart breaking. Just seeing the amount of destruction. I had been in there in July and the hurricane occurred in September, so three months before. People in Dominica are lovely, the loveliest people. And I met the lady and we exchanged WhatsApp's and we were chatting. A really lovely lady. And suddenly she lost everything. She was in there with her son, single mum, living in a hut that had survived. And it was like that. It was most of the people. And you think, you know, there must be something we can do, we can do better than what we have done. And it was really motivating. And even now with no writing proposals and you're working for hours and hours every day, you think about that and you say this is going to finish for me. I'm in a nice, warm house.
John Worsey: Yes.
Carmen Solana: You know, this is for the people that don't have this luxury. So I'm sure we can do better. So so, yes, it's a great motivation, just sort of being able to fill in that with knowledge. And you can help people.
John Worsey: Yeah.
John Worsey: As Carmen observed, Dominican residents hadn't all related hurricanes to landslides. And so her research was able to help connect the chain of events. She told us how this gives islands like Dominica and Tenerife the onus to focus on the coastal areas that are most vulnerable.
Carmen Solana: The majority of the people on islands live in the coast because it's where most of their resources are, and especially in very rugged islands like, for example, the Canary Islands, Tenerife. If you see the majority of the population are in coast. You have the tourism and you have the harbours and you have the fishing. You have a lot of industry and resources in the coastline. So the coast is something very important to look at these sort of areas where different hazards converge and how to try to reduce all of that. Things are changing, and because of that, I think there is a need to rethink how we do things because climate change. The sea level is going to rise so areas that were previously safe they are not going to be safe anymore.
John Worsey: Climate change is bringing new experiences and new areas of study for scientists. Carmen explained more about how this might affect all of us.
Carmen Solana: Climate scientists are showing that the numbers of hurricanes is not going to change, but the intensity is going to change. So what previously might have been a couple of tropical storms and category one hurricane, now you might have a couple of category two hurricanes and one category four or five, very destructive, top category four hurricane. So I think we need to adapt to these new circumstances. Of course, we want to try to reverse all the damage that is being done to the planet. But while this happens or if this happens, we need to do something about the present. And that's one of the areas in which we are working. So not only understanding better the impacts of these very large events that are going to become more frequent, but also inform better plans to build on safer areas, infrastructure where to place it so it doesn't get continuously destroyed. What people can do, maybe where shelters should be placed, what people must do in the future.
John Worsey: Food for thought, but some people in some locations are further ahead in this kind of planning than others.
Carmen Solana: We have a project on Brazilian house in two hurricanes.
John Worsey: Oh right. Great.
Carmen Solana: So we're looking at how to build better houses within, obviously, the culture of maintaining your own identity. But how can maybe even the shape of a house can help it not to be damaged. In these islands against hurricanes, they recommend these sort of brackets and nails and so on, which with Category five hurricanes work to an extent. I mean, I've met some ex-pats living in Dominica that have actually invested a lot and they had all the right things on the house, on the brackets, for the hurricane and the roof blew off and part of the house like everybody else's. So, yes, talking to the architects, they were saying, well, actually, Formula 1s go at huge speeds and the cars don't fly away.
John Worsey: Yes. Yes.
Carmen Solana: There are shapes that are going to keep things bound. And we thought, wow, of course, we have thought about that. And this is what we were talking about all these disciplines need to stick to each other instead of being siloed because there are different things that they have that would be really useful for altogether to create a safer environment.
John Worsey: So communities and researchers joining together to build a bigger picture is key in implementing safer practices.
Carmen Solana: All of this has been a very long trajectory and unfortunately trajectory in which disasters created or in which lack of communication contributed to really very large numbers of deaths, opened the eyes of a lot of people saying, look, the science was in there, the hazard maps were in there, but they didn't know. The communities didn't know, the planners didn't know. So what's the point of all of us knowing? By us, I say, the academics knowing.
John Worsey: Yeah.
Carmen Solana: If the practitioners don't. If their communities don't. Being able to use it. It's something practical for them, something that at some point and that's I always thought, you know, there is a lot of effort on all of these. But if at some point it saves one life, it's all worth it, isn't it? And hopefully, many more or helps people just live safer. It saves a lot of grief. It saves a lot of destruction.
John Worsey: And as well as communities listening to and joining up with researchers, Carmen told us that teams of researchers working together can really make the difference in these kinds of circumstances.
Carmen Solana: When you go to the field, you look at all the needs that society has. And then when you come back to university and you were doing your everyday life of teaching and so on, you go to meetings, you meet different people with different specialities, and you just connect it and you say, actually, you know, I have done this. And you know, we work in Dominica and they say, oh, really I have worked in Brazil and there were similar problems. But we solve those problems in these-- with these techniques. Or would you like to? Shall we try to get some funds to be able to apply those techniques into this context or for a different problem that is a network problem, maybe not a social problem? And that's how science I think it is advancing these days, this sort of collaboration, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaborations that are vital to get good results. For us, it enriches everybody.
John Worsey: Yeah.
Carmen Solana: Because if I learn every day is a bit boring to be only the teacher. You also want to learn. You also want to learn something every day and mixing with people with different knowledge and expertise. It always discovers new things.
John Worsey: But most important to Carmen and her team is making a real difference in vulnerable places like Dominica. And that means building trust with the people they're working with.
Carmen Solana: When we were in Dominica, I visited someone, one of the academics on the island. He's a historian. And I went to talk to him and he said, you one more. We get people like you come every year.
John Worsey: Right.
Carmen Solana: And whatever is the new-- is the new colonialism. You come for they're struggling to leave you.
John Worsey: Yeah.
Carmen Solana: You move forward, you move on in your careers and your whatever. And people in here don't gain anything.
John Worsey: Thanks for listening to this episode of Life Solved from the University of Portsmouth. You can find out more about the work of Dr Solana and her team, as well as our other projects, by going online to port.ac.uk/research.
John Worsey: If you want to share your thoughts on this programme, you can follow us on social media using the hashtag Life Solved. Next time...
Richard Teeuw: A lot more of the Apollo material was realised may have formed because of huge energetic meteorite impacts and big melt sheets. So molten rock sitting basically on the lunar surface after the impact of it. And that could have had a much bigger control on the geology of the Earth than we realised previously.
John Worsey: Make sure you subscribe in your podcast app to get every episode of Life Solved automatically. And please do tell us what you think with a review and rating if you get a moment. From the team in Portsmouth, thanks for listening. We'll see you again next time. | <urn:uuid:73a3449e-509a-41d7-88c7-1bb1a3eccfed> | {
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New forecasting toolSpatial Post-Fire Coniferous Recovery (POSCRPT) helps forest managers identify, within weeks after a disaster, where natural tree regeneration is possible and where artificial planting of seedlings may be required to restore the most vulnerable areas of the forest.
The study found that conifers are less likely torecover from fires when seedlings encounter drier climates, especially in lowland forests, which are already stressed by drought. More success in mixed forests in temperate climates.
UC Davis Team(USGS) has collected data on forest recovery after fires that occurred between 2004 and 2012, as well as data on seed growth in a forest over 18 years. USGS ecologists have collected and identified over 170,000 seeds from hundreds of special traps. Scientists combined this data with multispectral satellite imagery, forest structure maps, climate and other environmental data to create spatial models of seed availability and recovery rates for various groups of conifers, including pine and spruce.
In recent years, forest managers have useda prototype of this tool to better understand which areas need assistance with recovery. The new update includes information on post-fire climate and seed production, and includes an easy-to-use web interface that is expected to improve the accuracy and usability of the tool.
Check out the most beautiful pictures of Hubble. What has the telescope seen in 30 years?
Research: Crops in Chernobyl are still contaminated with radiation
Scientists take the first high-quality pictures of coronavirus thorns | <urn:uuid:a7550a70-1c2b-4e99-808c-ed25fc9617d6> | {
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Focuses on the real mistakes students make in the exam and shows how to avoid them. This invaluable little book highlights the real mistakes that students make in the exam - and shows how to avoid them. Based on analysis of thousands of exam scripts, each unit targets a key problem area. Clear explanations and exercises help students to use the language accurately. Regular tests offer students a further opportunity to check and consolidate what they have learnt. * Highlights common mistakes that learners really make. * Based on analysis of thousands of exam scripts. * Short, snappy explanations focus on key problem areas. * Includes exam-style exercises.
Cambridge English First 5 contains four tests for the Cambridge English First exam, also known as First Certificate in English (FCE). The syllabus for the Cambridge English: First (FCE) exam has changed, and this product is no longer suitable preparation material. New Cambridge English products are available to suit the requirements of the new syllabus.
This book provides candidates with an excellent opportunity to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the exam and to practise exam techniques. The book contains practice material for Paper 1 and Paper 2, with attractive colour visual material for Paper 3. The audio CD, which is available separately and also as part of the Self-Study Pack (book and audio CD set), contains the recordings for Paper 2. Cambridge University Press is the only official publisher of past papers from Cambridge ESOL. Book numbers indicate how many are available in the series - numbers do not refer to levels.
Presents involving, contemporary themes integrated within a grammar syllabus aligned with the CEFR and Cambridge English (Key, Preliminary and First) plus Trinity (ISE 0, I and II) exams.
Objective Key offers students complete, official preparation for the Cambridge English: Key (KET) and Cambridge English: Key (KET) for Schools Test. This is a revised and updated edition of Objective KET. Short units offer a variety of lively topics while providing training in exam skills and solid language development. The Workbook with answers provides opportunities for further practice of new language and exam skills either at home or in the classroom. A Workbook without answers is also available separately.
Four authentic Cambridge English Language Assessment examination papers for the Cambridge English: First (FCE) exam. These examination papers for the Cambridge English: First (FCE) exam provide the most authentic exam preparation available, allowing candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the exam and to practise useful exam techniques. The Student's Book without answers is perfect for classroom-based test practice. The Student's Book is also available in a 'with answers' edition. Audio CDs (2) containing the exam Listening material and a Student's Book with answers and downloadable Audio are available separately. These tests are also available as Cambridge English: First Tests 5-8 on Testbank.org.uk
Cambridge KET for Schools 1 contains four complete and authentic examination papers for the Cambridge Key English Test for Schools exam from Cambridge ESOL. These past examination papers for the KET for Schools exam, aimed at a younger audience, provide the most authentic exam preparation available. They allow candidates to familiarise themselves with the content and format of the examination and to practise useful examination techniques. Books are numbered to indicate how many are available, numbers do not refer to levels.
Complete Key for Schools is official preparation for the Cambridge English: Key (KET) for Schools exam. It combines the very best in contemporary classroom practice with engaging topics aimed at younger students. The information, practice and advice contained in the course ensure that they are fully prepared for all parts of the test, with strategies and skills to maximise their score. This Teacher's Book contains detailed teacher's notes with advice on classroom procedure and extra teaching ideas, along with a full answer key for the Student's Book. It also includes extra photocopiable resources with progress tests and printable wordlists available online. There is a full practice test to give students exam experience.
Six full practice tests plus easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee exam success. As well as six full practice tests, KET for Schools Trainer offers easy-to-follow expert guidance and exam tips designed to guarantee exam success. The first two tests are fully guided with step-by-step advice on how to tackle each paper. Extra practice activities, informed by the Cambridge Learner Corpus, a bank of real candidates' exam papers, focus on areas where students typically need the most help. This 'without answers' edition is ideal for class use. Audio CDs featuring the listening activities from the tests are available separately or with the 'with answers' edition.
As well as introducing students to the format of the KET exams, these books identify the langage and skills needed for revision and provide practice in key language areas.
10 CAE practice tests including a CAE exam guide analysing all the different exam tasks for the 4 papers of the 2015 CAE exam: Reading and use of English; Writing; Listening; and Speaking. Includes answer questions, exam tips and strategies that help students understand what the test is like and what is required from them.
Author: Hugh Dellar
Publisher: Heinle Elt
Outcomes is a completely new general English course in which: Natural, real-world grammar and vocabulary help students to succeed in social, professional, and academic settings CEF goals are the focus of communication activities where students learn and practise the language they need to have conversations in English Clear outcomes in every lesson of every unit provide students with a sense of achievement as they progress through the course | <urn:uuid:c7fa2af2-88cc-4af4-8685-1a6c410080c8> | {
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Experiments, Labs, Theses and Dissertations, Patents
For Science Fair Projects, Labs, Lesson Plans and Research
For Elementary School, Middle School, High School and College Students and Teachers
Solar Cooker Experiments and Studies
A solar cooker (solar oven), is a device that converts sunlight directly into heat in order to cook food. The basic physical principles of solar cookers are: sunlight concentration, light conversion to heat and heat trapping. | <urn:uuid:8b828cd1-7c66-4f5a-8337-186a743d7d71> | {
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The plains areas are the most productive for farming.
Formation of Plain
When the rivers flow through mountain slopes, erosion of mountains occur. The flowing river carries the eroded material, and the deposit materials like silt, clay and stones are gathered on the valleys. This leads to the formation of plains. River plains are thickly populated because of the fertility of the plains. This makes the construction of a transportation network comparatively easier.
The plains areas are the most productive for farming due to the following reasons.
- The land in these areas are very fertile
- The soil comprises the vital amount of nutrients
- The plain areas usually do not face the scarcity of water
- Easier accessibility to goods and other services
- Cost of living and expenditure on agriculture would be limited. | <urn:uuid:94b8dffa-2fa8-4c6b-ab38-0668e5a72c13> | {
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Writing argumentative essays requires an understanding of the subject matter and an opinion on the question that has been posed by the essay title. Many different methods exist for writing an argumentative essay, but the generally accepted method is to explain your argument in a thesis paragraph (the introduction), expand your argument in the body of the essay and conclude your findings in the final paragraph (the conclusion). Other methods also exist, but these can be shown to correspond closely to the general method.
The first paragraph of your essay is referred to as the thesis statement. In the opening paragraph, you should provide any relevant background information about the topic, explain why the topic is important and then summarize the argument in a clear, concise fashion. The aim of this opening paragraph is essentially to introduce the topic and briefly explain your argument regarding it. Some students find it easier to write this paragraph after completing the body of the essay, but if you have clearly planned your assignment, you should be able to do this first.
The body of the essay contains a full explanation of the argument, displays points that support your thesis and, ideally, also includes points which do not wholly support it. Transitions are important within the entire essay, but specifically within the main body of the work. Each paragraph should contain one point, an explanation of what is meant by that point and an example of the point in a study or text. These points should all be shown to relate to your thesis, and they should connect to each other logically. The points listed in the main body of the essay should build on one another to create a full picture of your argument. It is also important to include some contradictory evidence. Although you are presenting an argument, it is unreasonable to only include evidence that supports your thesis because it makes your argument seem biased and even poorly researched.
Summarize the argument presented in the body of the essay within the conclusion, and explain how it supports your thesis. Writing a concise run-through of the points you have made may seem difficult, but is important to remember that you are only re-stating information already provided. Anybody who is reading your conclusion has most likely read your entire essay and will understand all the ideas without any additional explanation (assuming everything has been explained clearly in the body and introduction). Re-state your thesis, and discuss the implications of your research and any additional research that could be performed in the area.
“What, Why and How” and “The Five-Paragraph Essay” are two alternative methods for writing an essay that correspond clearly with the basic, three-step method. “What, Why and How” essays begin with an introductory paragraph including a thesis statement, and then move onto the “What” portion of the essay. This explains the research that leads you to believe that your thesis is true, and doesn’t include any detracting opinion. The “How” portion of the essay discusses how your thesis applies to different situations, and how it stands up to critique. The “Why” portion is designed to explain why the topic of your essay is relevant to the reader and the world at large. “The Five-Paragraph Essay” simply uses the three parts of an essay as described above and imposes a paragraph limitation on them. The introductory paragraph with the thesis takes up one paragraph, the body of the essay makes up three and the conclusion is a final paragraph. These methods all essentially require you to explain your argument briefly, then go into more detail, providing evidence along the way, and finally to summarize and explain the implications of your argument. | <urn:uuid:21f11383-47fb-43df-8330-31cc0ece4139> | {
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Is Dietary Choice Important to Animal Welfare?
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research
Manteca, X., Villalba, J., Atwood, S., Dziba, L., & Provenza, F. (2008). Is dietary choice important to animal welfare? Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 3(5), 229-239. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2008.05.005
Scientific interest in farm animal welfare has grown rapidly in recent years because consumers increasingly demand that farm animals are reared, transported, and slaughtered in a humane way. Additionally, nutrition emerges as an important aspect of welfare since in most codes of recommendations for the welfare of animals, adequate nutrition is one of the primary requirements to be satisfied. We submit that in many cases domestic animals are provided with diets that, even when abundant and nutritious, are not necessarily adequate to foster the welfare of animals. The monotonous diets fed in confinement (total mixed rations) and on pasture (monocultures) often contain excesses of nutrients, nutrient imbalances, and toxins that adversely influence animal welfare. How much of any food an animal can eat will depend on the other foods it consumes, because at the biochemical level, nutrients and toxins interact one with another—nutrients with nutrients, nutrients with toxins, and toxins with toxins. Food intake and preference also depend on differences in how individual animals are built morphologically and how they function physiologically, and marked variation is common even among closely related animals relative to the needs for nutrients and tolerance to toxins. An integral part of an animal's ability to meet its particular nutritional requirements and consume substances that improve health depends on having a variety of foods available so each animal can select a diet that best meets its homeostatic needs. Food choice may also offer animals a means to cope with toxins, as certain food combinations have the potential to ameliorate the negative effects of toxins. We suggest that the availability of alternatives may not only contribute to maintain homeostasis but also reduce levels of stress. Thus, food choice is necessary for individual animals to have freedom to express their normal behaviors. We contend this freedom enables the uniqueness of individuals to be manifest, thereby promoting animal welfare and performance and increasing profitability of the people who manage animals. | <urn:uuid:c9263477-ad29-41f0-816a-80e171746a19> | {
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Climate change is causing the sea to rise up and swallow our living space, from coastal territories to entire nations in the middle of the ocean. Even at the most conservative estimates, we’re in trouble, and then we have to contend with the fact that the world’s most powerful nation is flirting with the idea of pulling out of the Paris agreement.
Although plenty of the American public – a clear majority – support staying in the groundbreaking climate pact, those that don’t probably have not yet grasped the magnitude of how climate change will affect them. Well, a brand new study published in Nature Climate Change has come along with a rather visceral, gut-punch of a fact: Based on current rates of sea level rise (SLR), 13.1 million Americans will lose their homes by 2100.
Previous estimates of SLR-induced migration have hit on figures of around 2-2.5 million, and these focused on major coastal cities worldwide, not just on the US. This new paper, however, comes up with a considerably higher figure, and it’s all based on an entirely reasonable projection that SLR around the US will average at around 1.8 meters (almost 6 feet) by the end of the century.
Environmental refugees are already emerging around the world, but most people will likely only associate the word “refugee” with conflict or economic woes. In this case, however, Americans themselves living in coastal cities will become the new refugees, fleeing further inland as their homes fall into the rising tides.
The US by 2100, showing net migration numbers to and from major metropolitan areas. Hauer/Nature Climate Change
“It is generally understood that SLR of 1–2 m could lead to widespread human migration as residents of highly vulnerable coastal communities look to escape rising water levels,” Mathew Hauer, a climate change and migration expert at the University of Georgia, notes in this study.
“With up to 180 million people directly at risk to SLR in the world and over 1 billion living in the lower-elevation coastal zone, understanding the ramifications of these potential migrants on destination communities is a priority for climate change research.”
In order to reach the 13.1 million figure, Hauer plugged in SLR projections to a mathematical model that predicted US population growth and movement based on 1940-2010 levels.
Although it’s difficult to say where exactly the American refugees will head, it’s clear that cities like Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco will be in deep trouble. Consequently, inland cities like Dallas, Austin, and Chicago would see a huge influx of migrants.
Alongside this slow-drip migration event, Hauer also notes that it would cost the US $1.1 trillion by 2100 in infrastructural retrofitting. All in all, a great change is coming – and it looks like top US officials are willing to do absolutely nothing at all to stop it. | <urn:uuid:be85a689-d077-4ac5-b000-6b329af85007> | {
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Hazardous fumes are a pervasive issue for fabricators that rely on welding, laser cutting and other processes that generate heat. To protect employees from breathing in noxious fumes, companies install plant-wide fume extraction systems to clean the indoor air. And, depending on the type of fumes and how they are generated, companies also provide employees with at-the-source fume extraction products and other PPE to further protect themselves.
The quality of air in a shop, however, isn’t only dictated by gaseous fumes. Dust and metal chips produced by abrasive tasks can also have a harmful impact on employee health. While the type of dust poses a health threat, the size of the particle can also create additional problems. The smaller the particulate, the greater the possible health hazard.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “whenever people inhale airborne dust at work, they are at risk of occupational disease. Year after year, both in developed and in developing countries, overexposure to dusts causes disease, temporary and permanent disabilities, and deaths.
Dusts in the workplace may also contaminate or reduce the quality of products, be the cause of fire and explosion, and damage the environment.”
As with gaseous fumes, dust can be a noticeable issue in a facility. Depending on how much is produced over the course of a workday, it can accumulate in the air, creating a haze throughout a shop.
“If dust clouds are seen in the air, it is almost certain that dust of potentially hazardous sizes is present,” said WHO in an online publication addressing airborne dust. “However, even if no dust cloud is visible, there may still be dangerous concentrations of dust present with a particle size invisible to the naked eye under normal lighting conditions.”
When employees are exposed to dust – visible or invisible – occupational lung diseases can be of particular concern. The WHO lists cancer, asthma, allergic alveolitis and irritation as issues associated with overexposure to airborne dust. Furthermore, systemic intoxication, such as lead poisoning, can also be of concern when exposure levels are high.
To combat these serious side effects, it’s important to identify the type of dust that is to be collected. In metals fabrication environment, the typical dust produced is metallic in nature, ranging from the particulate byproducts of processing aluminum, steel and other metals.
It’s equally important to understand that the size of the particulate matters, especially when producing metal chips during abrasive processes. In some cases, the particulate or chip size being generated can be controlled.
According to Pferd Inc., a particle with a diameter larger than 10 microns is referred to as coarse dust. This dust can be easily caught on nasal hairs or mucous membranes, keeping it out of the lungs.
Smaller particles, however, can make their way past the mucous membrane and penetrate deep into the lung. This smaller dust, referred to as inhalable or respirable dust, is of the greatest concern – especially when it exceeds the threshold limit value or total daily exposure limit of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air outlined by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists.
When the size of the particulate can be controlled, employee health benefits. In addition to the difficulty of inhaling larger chips into the lungs, bigger chips are heavier and fall to the ground as opposed to floating in the air. Fortunately, several abrasives products can produce larger, heavier chips, such as Pferd’s high-performance carbide burrs.
According to Rick Shagoury, marketing communications manager at Pferd, the company’s high-performance carbide burrs were specifically designed with operator safety in mind. “Our engineers and product managers engineer the teeth of the burrs to cut the largest possible chips,” he explains. “They fall directly to the ground and are easy to collect. Most importantly, they’re impossible to inhale.”
Similarly, Pferd’s Polifan-Strong flap discs can produce the safer, larger sized chips. The discs are used for grinding work on steel and boast fast stock removal rates with a coarse grit. The flap discs are available in two grit sizes, 36 and 50. The range of abrasive grit sizes can go up into the tens of thousands with higher grit numbers used for finer sanding.
“If you use a coarse grit, you’ll end up with larger chips, and if you use a finer grit, you’ll get dust,” Shagoury explains.
When choosing the grit size that’s best suited for a specific abrasive task, it’s important to keep employee health in mind. Companies like Pferd can work with customers to determine the coarsest product that can be used and still get the job done.
Inhalable chips from the material being worked, however, aren’t the only byproduct of abrasive tasks that employers need to be concerned with. As abrasive consumables wear down, harmful dust can be created by the product’s own consumption. Therefore, consumables with longer service life are less prone to disintegration during use and less harmful to employees.
Knowing this, Pferd develops various abrasive products with longevity in mind. These include the company’s resin-bonded products, such as thin cut-off wheels and rough grinding wheels. Pferd’s Ceramic SGP Steelox grinding wheel, for example, is manufactured with an unusually hard bond and proprietary bond structure, vastly increasing its service life and reducing the production of dust.
“Fabricators should always consider what kind of dust is being produced by the consumption of the abrasive product itself,” Shagoury explains. “As a wheel wears down, that dust will inevitably enter into the air. Even with brushes, the wire tips break off as you use the product and those, too, can make their way into the breathable air. So clearly, consumption is something to keep in mind when purchasing abrasive products. A product that is less prone to deterioration is better for all involved.”
Continuing Pferd’s focus on products with low emissions, many of the company’s pneumatic power tools do not require oil, which means the exhaust they emit is cleaner and safer to breathe.
To determine the size and amount of particulates in the air, plenty of instruments are available for fabricators to purchase and use on their own, including a device called a sniffer. A sniffer is a small box – about the size of a remote control – that takes a sample of particulates in the air to produce a measurement in microns of the average particle. Once the size of the particulate has been determined, the proper dust mitigation solutions can be considered.
Dust mitigation, as previously described, can be managed through the size of chips produced. But in situations where fine dust is impossible to avoid, additional dust extraction solutions must be installed. Considering that particulates come in many forms – wet, dry, metal, ceramic, flammable – a multitude of ways to control and contain the airborne dust are available.
Choosing the best solution based on the type of dust produced can be made easier by partnering with a company that offers dust removal systems. These systems are designed with the hazards of inhalation in mind, but they’re also engineered to protect employees from other hazards, such as the presence of flammable materials.
“Any airborne flammable dust in sufficient concentrations can explode,” WHO reported. “Combustible dust on the ground may become airborne and increase and propagate an explosion that is started by flammable gas ignition. This can occur with vegetable and organic materials, as well as with metal and other oxidizable dusts.”
So in addition to installing dust mitigation according to the type of particulates being produced, it’s simply good practice to have an up-do-date dust extraction system that works to produce clean air throughout a plant. Business owners must also provide employees with additional PPE, such as masks and respirators.
Finally, employees should have access to a company’s safety manual, which should include the type of hazards they are exposed to, the available PPE and explanations of the proper protocol to follow when exposed to various hazards.
“These employer responsibilities are required by law,” Shagoury says. “PPE has to be provided and enforced, and equally important, workers need to know what materials and chemicals are in the materials they’re working on and in the consumables that they’re using. If an employee ever has any questions or concerns, they should reach out to a safety officer or human resources director. More so than anything else, when working in environments that produce dust, proper safety training is critical.” | <urn:uuid:d87dd3d2-20d1-445d-81db-9c62a468511c> | {
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Mandatory arrest policy was a law enforcement measure which was created as a response to the intimate partner violence (IPV) or domestic violence cases. The main aim for the development of this law was to protect the victim of domestic violence. This process starts after the victim, neighbors or any other person report of domestic violence taking place in a certain place. The police take the detail of the place and prioritize on the incident by suspending other duties to handle the situation. Upon arrive at the scene; the police tend to ascertain that domestic violence took place by looking at the presence of injuries in the involved parties (Novisky& Peralta, 2015). An arrest of abuser then takes place. This happens even without a warrant, as long as the officer can ascertain there was domestic violence in the house. The arrest is based on the injuries on the victim, and when both have or lack injuries, they are both arrested. Any weapon used in the violence is also seized. The victim is assisted with medical attention, and informed more on her rights. Protective order is also provided to the victim to minimize chances of future attacks, where necessary (Novisky& Peralta, 2015).The police may consider opening trial for the abuser. Based on the situation, the victim and the children may be taken in a shelter where the victims and children psychological needs may be attended to as a way of making them heal from the trauma.
The above procedure is guided by the mandatory arrest police for all domestic violence cases. Since its formation there has been very little review on the effectiveness of this policy on curbing domestic violence or protecting its victims. According to a research results reported by Science Daily (2015), the policy discourages many domestic violence victims from reporting to the relevant authority. This mostly happens among victims who are not in support of the policy. Others fail to report these crimes due to the fear of abuser retaliation, which according to them may be worsen by the compulsory arrest situation. Most women also fear that the police officers might mistakenly arrest them as the aggressor, especially in cases where the abuser also has injuries inflicted by the defender while trying to defend him- or herself. This denies the victims a chance to get the assistance they need to recover from abuse and to have a more dignified life.
Although most of victims who report benefits from the implementation of the policy, those who fear to report for the fear inflicted due to how the policy is implemented experience a high level of suffering. According to Novisky and Peralta (2015), the urge to report domestic violence is also influenced by individual social class, race, sexuality, and ethnicity background. Variation in attitudes and experiences toward police offices based on the above facts also determines the victim’s reaction. In addition, victims find the cost of reporting to be considerably high especially due to the involvement of law enforcement. This clearly demonstrates that the policy does not achieve much in what it intended to do. The policy negative outcomes outweigh positive income and hence it can be regarded to be harmful.
Based on the analysis it is evident that something needs to be done to ensure that the policy benefits all domestic violence victims without having a group that shy away. The main appealing thing is being forced to take legal action against the partner. Although most women are victim of domestic violence, most of them would wish of an improved situation rather than a break up (Adams & Campbell, 2012). This means, most would consider settling for a workable agreement for the sake of their future as a couple and for the sake of their children. In this regard, the policy should be modified to provide of mediation, which can include counseling rather than an arrest. To calm the situation, maybe the violent person can be locked in a room alone or the victim can be taken in a shelter until the situation cools down to provide for mediation.
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Data is collected all day, every day. Laptop computers, smartphones, internet-connected home appliances, and tablets track and store information about us continually.
A positive result of all this data being collected is job creation in many fields, including the healthcare, for those who can work with data.
Let’s take a look at how data science is transforming healthcare.
What is Data Science?
To understand how data science is transforming healthcare, we must first understand data science itself. Data science is the organization and analysis of large amounts of data, aka Big Data.
Big Data is possible thanks to the recent advances in technology. This data is not just numerical, it is words and phrases in the form of comments on social media or customer reviews on commercial websites.
It is also pictures, maps, and videos posted online. And lastly, it is bank records and electronic medical records.
This information provides valuable insight into consumer and individual behavior and is of great benefit to business.
With data science, businesses can now tell when and where their products sell best and understand their audiences.
This allows them to then offer the best possible customer experiences. Data science has also changed the face of healthcare.
How Data Science Is Transforming Healthcare
So, how exactly is it transforming healthcare and how do I become a data scientist?
Simply put, in healthcare, the collection of data is changing how things are done because it provides more information on many health-related concepts.
Billions of electronic clinical documents are created yearly in the United States, giving doctors and life scientists a huge amount of data to base research upon.
Also, wearable technology collects information on heart rate, stress levels, brain activity, blood glucose, and sleep patterns. Furthermore, it is estimated that at least two terabytes of data are generated per human body on a daily basis.
Health monitoring by machines like smart scales and pedometers can detect and track conditions that could potentially lead to health problems.
By collecting and analyzing breathing patterns and heart rate, the slightest changes in a patient’s health can be discovered early and diseases predicted. This means that problems health professionals can then anticipate problems and save lives.
Data science is also transforming healthcare through improvements in management.
For example, it is uses information to optimize how hospitals and other healthcare organizations are organized. By collecting information from both patients and employees, valuable insights into performance are gained.
Additionally, staff scheduling is better analyzed and improved, leading to a reduction in wait times. It also helps with accounting, managing supplies, and developing action programs for epidemics.
Lastly, it can also be used to monitor drug interactions. All this leads to better patient care, fewer unnecessary hospital admissions, and major cuts to healthcare costs.
What is a Healthcare Data Scientist?
Healthcare data scientists gather, organize, and evaluate all the various sources of data to improve and streamline the industry.
Remote patient monitoring and the move toward electronic health records has generated new uses for patient medical data. The data collected also includes videos from surgeries and medical procedures.
A healthcare data scientist may work in the following industries:
- Hospital management
- Classification of patients
- Analysis of patient records
- Billing operations and reimbursement
- Disease prediction
- Forecasting length of treatment
- Forecasting the number of staff needed on a shift
- Claims processing and feedback analysis
- Public health forecasting
- Drug research and development
The Human Genome Project, which successfully determined and stored DNA sequences, has created many new jobs for healthcare data scientists.
Analysts help develop uses for the vast amount of data collected by the project. Specific uses include drugs tailored to an individual’s genetic makeup and the creation of life-saving treatments.
Skills and Training for Healthcare Data Scientists
Someone with an interest in mathematics, statistics, and health is a good candidate for work as a healthcare data scientist.
Medical providers need employees who can quickly and safely store doctor’s notes, reports, prescriptions, lab test results, call center records, and discharge summaries.
Required skills include programming, storytelling, visualization, and experimental design.
Those working in this field must also be able to deal with large datasets and have good people skills.
A thorough data science training program will include courses in:
- Statistics: to understand probability, common distributions, data types, statistical inference, and common descriptive statistics.
- Metrics and Data Processing: to help businesses monitor their processes and know when a process is out-of-control and needs to be fixed.
- Data Visualization: representing data graphically; helps students understand that the work in any analysis happens before the analytical procedure even starts.
- Data Wrangling: the process of altering the structure and format of raw data to make it compatible with the rigid requirements for analysis.
- Statistical Programming: basic scripting commands and functions to perform various statistical analysis.
- Introduction to Big Data: how to analyze substantial amounts of data and adapt it to more specific needs and requirements.
- Programming Foundations: programming foundations in languages used in the field, such as Python.
- Databases: designing and working with databases.
- Machine Learning and Modeling: how to determine the best methods for a given set of data and using common software tools to utilize these methods.
It’s Time to Make a Fresh Start
Now that you know how data science is transforming healthcare, it’s time to make a decision. If you have an interest in a career as a healthcare data scientist, this is a chance to take on a new path.
The online Data Science training course at Southern Careers Institute can prepare you for certification and a job as a professional data scientist in as little as 33 weeks.
You will learn to extract, organize, and analyze large quantities of data using computer science, statistical techniques, and programming languages.
Contact us today at 1.833.SCI.TEXAS to learn more about how to enroll. Our friendly and professional admissions staff can give you all the information you need about scheduling courses and applying for financial aid.
Our graduates have the opportunity to utilize our Student Career Services Center for assistance with resume building, interviewing techniques, and job readiness training. Start your new path today!
Blog Disclaimer: Information stated in this blog is for general information purposes only. SCITexas.edu does not assume or guarantee income earning potential or salary expectations based on the programs offered at Southern Careers Institute. Career and program information stated in this blog does not guarantee that programs and specifics are offered at Southern Careers Institute.
This article was published on: 04/14/20 9:00 AM | <urn:uuid:504a0d8a-6242-4bf0-acba-11895d8de076> | {
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The globular cluster NGC 6397 is one of the closest to Earth at a distance of 7,800 light years. Analysis of multiple observations over several years with the Hubble Space Telescope reveals the gravitational effects of multiple stellar-mass black holes. Image: NASA, ESA, T. Brown, S. Casertano, and J. Anderson (STScI)
11 February 2021 Astronomy Now
Black holes are thought to range between two extremes: from stellar-mass black holes that form when single, massive stars collapse to the supermassive behemoths millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun. Intermediate-mass holes, with the gravitational heft of hundreds to tens of thousands of stars, are thought to bridge the gap between the two extremes, but only a few candidates have been identified to date.
Likely habitats for intermediate black holes are the cores of globular clusters, the concentrated assemblies of ancient stars that are nearly as old as the cosmos. Researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope observed one of the closest globulars to Earth – NGC 6397 – looking for stellar motions that might indicate the gravitational influence of an intermediate black hole.
Instead, they were surprised to find signs of multiple stellar-mass black holes.
“We found very strong evidence for an invisible mass in the dense core of the globular cluster, but we were surprised to find that this extra mass is not ‘point-like’ but extended to a few percent of the size of the cluster,” said Eduardo Vitral of the Paris Institute of Astrophysics.
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), a small town or fortress of Apulia, not far from Larinum, in which Hannibal established his winter-quarters after the campaign against Fabius, B.C. 217. The Roman general encamped at Calela in the territory of Larinum, and it was between these two places that the action took place in which Minucius was defeated by the Carthaginian general, and saved only by the timely assistance of Fabius. (Pol. 3.100--102, 105, 107; Liv. 22.18
--28.) No subsequent mention of Gerunium is found in ancient writers; it is termed by Livy a “castellum inops Apuliae” (22.39), and was probably always a small place.
But its name (written Geronum) is found in the Tab. Peut., which places it 8 M. P. from Larinum, on a road leading from thence to Bovianum; and this distance accords with the statement of Polybius (3.100
), that it was 200 stadia (25 M.P.) from Luceria. Its site is fixed by local antiquarians at a place still called Gerione
between Casa Calenda
where a town or village still existed down to a late period, and where some ancient remains have been found.
This position would appear to be rather too, near Larinum (from which it is only 4 [p. 1.1000]
miles); but the evidence of the name is certainly strong in its favour. Cluverius is undoubtedly wrong in transferring it to Dragonara
on the right bank of the Fortore,
which is above 16 Roman miles from Larinum, and about the same distance from Luceria. (Cluver. Ital.
p. 1213; Romanelli, vol. iii. pp. 12--15; Tria, Mem. di Larino,
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Orthodoxy Wasn’t Always Good Enough
“TAKE US THE FOXES, the little foxes, that spoil the vines; for our vines have tender grapes” (Song of Sol. 2:15, KJV). Bernard of Clairvaux, perhaps the greatest preacher of his age, chose this as his text for a sermon series he gave against heresy in 1143. The vine was Christ’s church, and the little foxes were the heretics who threatened the salvation of its members.
In Bernard’s day, groups dissenting from Roman Catholicism began to appear, partly because they weren’t happy with the type of Christianity taught by the church, and partly because of the church’s call for reform. As popes railed against sins of the clergy, lay people became increasingly critical as well. By the 1100s, reformers, some for and some against the church, were gaining followings.
Those who broke away from the church were considered heretics. The concept is scriptural, designating those who substitute human opinion for the truths revealed by Christ (e.g., 2 Peter 2:1). Catholic medieval theologians, like Bernard, believed their church was the true guardian of Christ’s teaching.
Those early separatist movements were a small but significant aspect of popular faith of the Middle Ages. They established a tradition of religious dissent that eventually included “proto-Protestants” like John Hus and John Wycliffe. Two dissenting groups less well-known, but whose movements were perhaps more widespread in the Middle Ages, were the Cathars and the Waldensians.
The “Pure” Believers
The Cathar movement originated in the Greek and Slav lands of eastern Europe and took root in the West in the mid-1100s. Cathar is a Greek word meaning “the pure.” Although the Cathars claimed to base their teaching exclusively on the New Testament, their basic creed was unusual: God is very good; in this world nothing is good. It therefore follows that God did not make anything that is in this world.
Cathars believed the material universe was created by an evil power, which had imprisoned angelic souls in physical bodies and condemned them to a perpetual round of reincarnation. The Good God sent his Son, Jesus Christ, to rescue the imprisoned souls. But since matter is evil, Jesus was a spiritual being who had only the appearance of a body. Therefore, he could not have died on the cross and risen again.
In the Cathar view, Christ redeemed humankind by founding the Cathar church, to which he gave the Holy Scriptures and a single sacrament, “the consoling.” It supposedly conferred the Holy Spirit through the laying on of hands and was modeled on Catholic confirmation and on Acts 8:14–17. It was administered only to adults who had undergone a prolonged period of instruction, and it involved a complete change of life.
Those who received it were known as “the perfect.” They severed family ties, renounced personal property, and abstained from sex. They prayed 15 times every 24 hours, and abstained from eating meat, poultry, eggs, butter, fat, or cheese.
Activities were regulated by the Cathar bishops, who commissioned some to be ministers and most to live in small, single-sex communities. Cathars earned their living by weaving or farming and devoted spare time to prayer and meditation.
Those who persevered were assured that at death their souls would be released from evil and reincarnation, and they would return to their true home in Paradise.
Although many people admired the austere Cathar life and believed its teachings, many were unwilling to adopt the lifestyle. Such people were known as “believers”: they led ordinary lives, marrying, owning property, and eating what they liked. But when they were dying, they called for a Cathar perfect and were “consoled,” thereby ensuring their ultimate salvation
The Cathars recruited the perfect from all classes. Great ladies, like Philippa, Countess of Foix, laid aside wealth and status, and lived in Cathar communities in equality with poor peasant women.
Although the new religion was preached throughout Western Europe, it took root particularly in southern France and northern and central Italy. Its adherents were always in a minority, but by 1200, there were several thousand perfect and tens of thousands of believers.
The other main Catholic heresy started out as a reform movement within the church: the Waldensians.
Its founder, Peter Valdes (sometimes incorrectly spelled Waldo), was a rich merchant of Lyons who in 1173 felt a call to serve Christ in the poor. After making provision for his family, he gave the rest of his property away and gathered round him a group of like-minded lay people, who preached and ministered to the destitute.
At one point, his wife became distressed with his radical lifestyle, especially his begging for daily food; eventually she got the archbishop of Lyons to order her husband to go home each day to be fed by her.
Pope Alexander III gave his approval to Valdes’s work on condition that he and his followers obtain licenses to preach from their bishops.
The early Waldensians did not differ from Roman Catholicism doctrinally, but when some of them were refused preaching licenses, they seceded and formed an independent church. They came to reject the Catholic priesthood and the Eucharist—centered worship. Instead, they held services devoted to preaching, prayer, and the reading of Scripture. It was at this point that the medieval Catholic church began considering the Waldensians heretics.
The Waldensians were one of few dissenting movements that allowed women to preach—which even further alienated them from the Catholic church. They attracted a substantial following in southern France and northern Italy, apparently an area of Europe ripe with people unhappy with medieval Catholicism..
By Bernard Hamilton
[Christian History originally published this article in Christian History Issue #49 in 1996]Bernard Hamilton is professor of crusading history at the University of Nottingham, England. He is author of Religion in the Medieval West (Edward Arnold).
Carrots and Sticks
How the Catholic Church responded to heresy.Bernard Hamilton
God’s Glory in Wood and Stone
Intriguing facts behind one of medieval Christendom’s magnificent legacies: The Cathedral.Kevin A. Miller
Interview — Stepping Into a Christian Culture
Medieval Christianity seems dark and foreign—until you take a closer look.John Van Engen
Everyday Faith in the Middle Ages: Recommended Resources
Suggested resources for those who want to learn more about faith in the middle ages.the Editors | <urn:uuid:e1bff589-94d5-4360-8e0f-2f29dec9232e> | {
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Vaccination can be a useful tool for control of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry, but its use is reconsidered in most of the countries worldwide because of its negative effects on the disease control. One of the most important negative effects is the potential for emergence of vaccine-resistant viruses. Actually, in the vaccination program in China and Mexico, several vaccine-resistant strains were confirmed. Vaccine-resistant strains usually cause a loss of the protection effectiveness of vaccination. Therefore, a vaccination program that engenders the emergence of the resistant strain might promote the spread of the resistant strain and undermine the control of the infectious disease, even if the vaccination protects against the transmission of a vaccine-sensitive strain. We designed and analyzed a deterministic patch-structured model in heterogeneous areas (with or without vaccination) illustrating transmission of vaccine-sensitive and vaccine-resistant strains during a vaccination program. We found that the vaccination program can eradicate the vaccine-sensitive strain but lead to a prevalence of vaccine-resistant strain. Further, interestingly, the replacement of viral strain could occur in another area without vaccination through a migration of non-infectious individuals due to an illegal trade of poultry. It is also a novel result that only a complete eradication of both strains in vaccination area can achieve the complete eradication in another areas. Thus we can obtain deeper understanding of an effect of vaccination for better development of vaccination strategies to control avian influenza spread.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Statistics and Probability
- Modelling and Simulation
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Immunology and Microbiology(all)
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Applied Mathematics | <urn:uuid:a6db8111-8ab6-4603-be4d-9bb2379a4a65> | {
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Regardless of the nature of your research, if you are writing a paper an outline will help you to not only organize your thoughts, but also serve as the template for your entire paper.
An outline for a research paper is a visual reminder to include all of the pertinent details of your research into your essay or paper.
Then under your name, on separate lines, double-spaced, and flushed against the left margin, type your teacher’s name, your course code, and the date. If you have a long title, double-space between lines of the title. Do not put quotations marks before and after the title.
If your teacher prefers the first page of your essay not be numbered, you will begin numbering with page 2. Do not underline the title, or put a period at the end of the title.
The USC Guide to Making an Outline will also help you.
The chief components to an outline are: Relatively straightforward, right?However, the part to remember is that each part serves a specific purpose and how you arrange information in your outline will drive how your paper reads upon completion.The Introduction is one of the most important elements of any great research paper, and interestingly enough, often written LAST.Use clean, good quality 8 1/2″ x 11″ white paper, one side only.Leave margins of your essay 1″ (2.5 cm) at the top, bottom, left and right sides of each and every page. Exception is made for page numbers which are placed 1/2″ (1.25 cm) from the top upper-right hand corner, flushed to the right margin.If you used any sort of data validation, this will typically follow the methodology and literature sections.This is where you will highlight your results and mention other variables that you’ve uncovered in your research.FBI would be all in capitals as it is the acronym for Federal Bureau of Investigations.When using an acronym, especially an uncommon one, you must indicate what the letters stand for at the first occurrence in your essay.Example: The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is nearly finished converting from using standard desktop PCs to blade PCs.If a Title Page is a requirement for your assignment, begin on a new page. Otherwise, center each line and double-space every line on a blank page: name of school (optional), title of paper in upper and lower case, course code, course name (optional), teacher’s name, your first and last name, and date. | <urn:uuid:8b3f2e04-1b99-424e-95ff-2a010bf53233> | {
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Babylonian arrowhead – the days of the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.
This arrowhead made of bronze dates back to the 7th-6th centuries BC. This arrowhead belongs to the group of “Scytho-Iranian” arrows, which indicates its origin in the eastern regions of the ancient Near East, which were known for the excellent archery skills of their people. Arrowheads of this type were already used by the Assyrians at the end of the seventh century BC, but they became more common during the military conquests of the Babylonian armies, in which the kingdom of Judea was conquered and the First Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC.
In Zedekiah’s ninth year as king, on the tenth day of the tenth month,[a] King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia led his entire army to attack Jerusalem. The troops set up camp outside the city and built ramps up to the city walls.
(2 Kings 25:1)
The most important innovation of this arrowhead that distinguishes it from the arrowheads that preceded it is the fact that it has three “wings”, which have improved the aerodynamics of this weapon while it was shoot against an enemy. Also, while the ancient arrowheads had a pointed part that attached them to the wooden stick, this arrowhead has a recess into which the wooden part enters, which ensured that the arrowhead remained stuck in the enemy body when the stick was pulled out, increasing the lethality of this arrowhead.
This type of arrowhead is found in a variety of sites of the destruction of the First Temple and is a testament to the turbulent days of the end of the First Temple period in the Holy Land, during the difficult time prophesied by the prophet Jeremiah. The Arrowhead has been preserved for 2600 years in excellent condition with a nice green layer of patina, and it presents a dramatic historical story, according to the Biblical narrator. | <urn:uuid:1da1644d-dc7d-4020-b902-8f0217e504c7> | {
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The Directorate of Education was established in 2015 under Act No. 91/2015. It is an administrative institution dedicated to increasing education quality and supporting progress. Its primary goal is to set education with the law, government policies, best evidence, and international standards. In this blog post, we will look at the essential functions and contributions of the Directorate of Education.
What are the responsibilities of The Directorate of Education?
- It plays an important role in the development and progress of the educational system.
- It ensures the provision of quality education.
- It creates an overall and equitable learning environment for all students.
- It establishes curriculum guidelines and sets academic standards.
- It promotes innovative teaching methods for development.
- It establishes and regulates schools, colleges, and universities.
- It formulates policies to maintain educational standards and encourages teacher training.
- It conducts national and international coordinated examinations.
directorate of education gnct of Delhi
The Directorate of Education Delhi is the governing body that is responsible for the education system in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, India. It was established in 1973. It is responsible for secondary and senior secondary levels of education in Delhi. By investing in education, the Directorate of Education Delhi plays an important role in shaping the future of the students and contributing to the overall development of Delhi.
Delhi is divided into 12 districts and 28 zones with a hierarchy from district to zones.
Each district has one or more zones. District Education Officer is the head of education at the district level. Each zone has a Zonal Education Officer to look after the education department at the zonal level.
|Location-Old Secretariat, Delhi|
|Students and staff|
|Student–teacher ratio||1:40 (Primary Level)1:42(Middle Level)1:48(Secondary and Senior Secondary Level)|
|Director||Sh. Himanshu Gupta IAS|
|Joint Director||Sh. Singhare Ramchander Mahadev DANICS|
|Secretary||SH. ASHOK KUMAR IAS|
Directorate of Education Goa
The Directorate of Education Goa is a dynamic department of the Government. It promotes access, equity, quality, affordability, and accountability, which are the principles of the National Education Policy 2020. It offers financial help and academic and administrative support for research, innovation, and academic growth in higher education institutions and Universities.
It has 68 Colleges and many institutes of national importance. About 25000 young students in Goa look for admission to higher education. The Student–teacher ratio is 10:1. Goa has a better way to higher education in rural and urban areas, and its accessibility is higher than the national average.
|Location-North Goa, india|
|Director||Sh. Shailesh Zingde|
|Secretary||SH. Puneet Kumar Goel|
Directorate of Education Goa Circulars
DE Circular 2023/07
This Circular provides guidance to school principals to clear the position of unqualified teachers including student teachers pending qualification award.
DE Circular 2023/06
A revision in the reconstitution date for the Boards of Governors overseeing controlled and maintained schools.
This explains the regulations and procedures of School Boards Governors and principals who govern the use of school premises for political events.
To update salary bands for contribution rates for members.
This revises guidance on Personal Education Plans for primary-age children.
To update legislative changes in parental responsibility and provides advice on the action.
This Circular provides guidance to school principals on the impact of supplying teachers’ pay of the additional bank holiday to mark His Majesty the King’s Coronation.
Directorate of Education Manipur
Department of Education Manipur was created on the 20th January 1950 with Shri T.Kipgen as Asstt. Secretary to the Government of Manipur. The Department of Education has the power of supervision and inspection, framing of curriculum and syllabus, and selection of textbooks.
The Education Department of Manipur has been divided into 4 different institutions.
(1) Department of Education (University and Higher Education)
(2) Department of Education (Secondary)
(3) State Council of Educational Research and Training, Government of Manipur and
(4) Department of Adult Education.
|Location: RIMS Doctors Colony, Lamphelpat, Imphal, Manipur|
|Schools||786 high and higher secondary schools (226 Government, 103 Government aided and 457 Private)|
|Budget||Rs 35,022 crore|
|Student-teacher ratio||Shri Laishram Nandakumar Singh, IAS|
|Joint Director||Hmangte Lerte Kom, MCS|
|Secretary||786 high and higher secondary schools (226 Government, 103 Government aided, and 457 Private)|
We hope the above information about the Directorate of Education will help the students who want to take admitted to it. This information has been collected from their site. For more detailed information regarding the 2023–2024 academic year, go to their site.
1. What is the role of the Directorate of Education in Delhi?
Delhi Directorate of Education manages the city’s public school system.
2. What is the responsibility of Ed?
It is a law enforcement agency and economic intelligence agency responsible for enforcing economic laws and fighting economic crime in India.
3. What are the duties of an ED manager?
Develop, maintain, update, and implement departmental policies, procedures, and protocols. | <urn:uuid:867f832d-93e7-4f85-b973-e3859e8dc0bb> | {
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The history of the guitar family of instruments in Portugal is quite different from that of neighbouring Spain. This may be evidenced by the nearest Portuguese equivalent to the Spanish guitar being called a "viola", while the "guitarra" resembles an instrument of the mandolin family.
At least some of the differences and traditions can be traced to the country's Atlantic and sea-faring connections.
This category is intended to include all Portuguese variants of the guitar family.
Related categories 2
Guitarist, trained classically, now demonstrating the diversity of 14 Portuguese variants of the instrument; includes a biography, discography, and a description of his instruments (including construction and tuning).
Fado - Guitar
The origins, construction, tuning and playing techniques for the guitarra.
How To Fake A Normal Guitar Into A Portuguese guitar
Suggests techniques for achieving the sound of the guitarra on a "normal" steel-string acoustic guitar.
Playing the Lisbon Portuguese Guitarra
An introduction to playing techniques; includes information on construction, tuning, tablature, techniques and exercises.
Portuguese Guitar History
A historical survey of possible origins for the guitarra; the author argues that its roots lie in the Renaissance cittern and 18th century English guitar; also explores ths instrument's use in Fado.
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John rawls is seen as the most important political philosopher of the 20th century, and a theory of justice is now appreciated as one of the great texts in moral its scope and imagination makes it a modern-day counterpart to plato's republic: both books provide a vision for a just society, one based on fairness for all, the. Despite being endlessly discoursed from the ancient times, the concept of justice has constantly this paper has briefly reviewed nine different theories about justice with a view to explore an answer to the question: what is justice second, the concept of justice has the concept of justice of buddha, confucius, plato. Plato applies the word 'justice' to both societies and individuals, and his overall strategy in the republic is to first explicate the primary notion of political justice, and then to derive an analogous concept of individual justice plato defines political justice as being inherently structural a society consists of three main classes of. What follows from these definitions is that, while justice is a concept that exists autonomously from injustice and other fleeting conditions, injustice requires justice to be a medium for it to exist, develop, and spread itself [tags: republic plato philosophy] :: 1 works cited, 1719 words (49 pages), powerful essays, [ preview. Essay answers- plato's theory of forms plato had many philosophies but the main one was his theory of forms, which we sometimes refer to as the theory of ideas plato's forms are not mental entities, nor even mind-dependent they are independently existing entities whose existence and nature are graspable only by. Plato's theory of justice one's search for the meaning of justice in plato's “ republic” would finally lead to two definitions: -justice is harmony (book 4, 434c ) -justice is doing one's own job (book 4, 443b) finding these two phrases, however, is hardly enough to get a clear sense of what justice is plato offers two main.
Essays and criticism on plato's plato's republic - republic [politeia], plato in essence, the argument to prove the inherent good of justice leads plato, via socrates, to lay out his vision of the ideal state, covering a wide range of topics, including the social, educational kahn, charles h “plato's theory of desire. The amateur meddlesomeness and excessive individualism became main targets of plato's attack this attack came in the form of the construction of an ideal society in which justice reigned supreme, since plato believed justice to be the remedy for curing these evils after criticizing the conventional theories of justice. Descriptive aspect of the problem has been considered unnecessary, and therefore, the essay is entirely critical and analytical a few remarks, however, on the platonic method and the genesis of the theory are essential to our purpose one of the most erroneous and ill-considered judgments ever passed by a distinguished. Problem in the nicomachean ethics, that aristotle thought all theories of justice, including his own, to be unsatisfactory in his opinion, a essay on justice and friendship came to my attention after this article was completed gauthier-jolif these criticisms are logical criticisms of the platonic formulation or arguments from.
3), but rawls is not the first to think of justice as a virtue of social institutions or societies — plato was there long before him however, justice as a virtue of societies, polities, and their institutions is addressed elsewhere, so the focus in this essay will be on justice as a virtue in individuals that said. In plato's work, the republic, the main focus of this publication is representative of the conflict of theories between plato and thrasymachus the republic possess the question of “is justice better than injustice and will an unjust man fare better than a just man” (plato) thrasymachus' understanding of justice and. These will be the greatest theories of ancient greece (those of plato and aristotle ) and of medieval christianity (augustine and aquinas), two early modern ones ( hobbes this system includes, but is far from limited to, a vast, extensive practical philosophy, comprising many books and essays, including a theory of justice.
An evaluation of plato's ideal state - oluwafemi bolarfinwa - scientific essay - politics - political theory and the history of ideas journal - publish your bachelor's 23 plato on justice 24 conventionalist conception of justice chapter three: plato's ideal state 31 the best political order 32 the government of. An historical and philosophical essay by giorgio del vecchio edited with additional notes by a h campbell new york: philosophical library 1953 pp xxi, 236 $600 i natural right and history by leo strauss chicago: university of chicago press, 1953 pp x, 327 $500 plato's modem enemies and the theory of.
Read this full essay on plato's concept of justice plato's concept of justice abstract: in his philosophy plato gives a prominent place to the idea of. In plato's republic he defines justice as “doing one's own work and not meddling with what is not one's own” (plato 139, 433b) this definition begs the question what is one's own work plato states that one's own work is the work that one's nature is best suited for, as each person is born with a different. | <urn:uuid:3b8fc0c2-0da6-4d5a-8b39-737ade76bb63> | {
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Bacterial vaginosis is an abnormal vaginal condition with signs and symptoms of vaginal discharge, vaginal odor, and vaginal pain. Bacterial vaginosis results from an overgrowth of normal bacteria in the vagina. Although it may cause some disturbing symptoms (discharge and odor), it is not dangerous and cannot be passed by sex. Diagnosis becomes important to exclude serious infections like gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Many treatment options are available such as oral antibiotics and vaginal gels.
There were about 58 million cases of trichomoniasis in 2013. It is more common in women (2.7%) than males (1.4%). It is the most common non-viral STI in the U.S., with an estimated 3.7 million prevalent cases and 1.1 million new cases per year. It is estimated that 3% of the general U.S. population is infected, and 7.5-32% of moderate-to-high risk (including incarcerated) populations.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections transmitted during sexual contact. They may be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. STDs in men cause no symptoms or symptoms like genital burning, itching, sores, rashes, or discharge. Common infections that are sexually transmitted in men include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, hepatitis C and B, genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV), and genital herpes. Some STDs in men are treatable while others are not. STDs are diagnosed with tests that identify proteins or genetic material of the organisms causing the infection. The prognosis of an STD depends on whether the infection is treatable or not. Use of latex condoms can help reduce the risk of contracting an STD but it does not eliminate the risk entirely. | <urn:uuid:6551a080-62d2-4f77-8ba8-e455ec974b70> | {
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What is the smart city movement and why is there such a push around the globe for "smart cities"? A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions. This technology also utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems. Technology and managed data across all platforms to include government services, transport, traffic management, energy, health care, water and waste. Everything is connected to your LED street lights to sensors
Please join PURE and help us build better collaborative sustainable communities. Sign up for our newsletter to learn more about energy efficiency, environmental justice, green technology, news and upcoming events. | <urn:uuid:c804dd8e-92dc-45d5-9d50-e6556aac8bac> | {
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Scalloway Castle was built in 1600 by Earl Patrick Stewart to tighten his grip on Shetland. Its site in Shetland's then capital, Scalloway, was surrounded by the sea on three sides. And it was strategically placed to control the main access to Tingwall, the site since Norse times of the Parliament for Orkney and Shetland.
The Stewart family, as Earls of Orkney and Shetland, had a dramatic impact on both groups of islands. Robert Stewart was the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland and one of his mistresses, Euphemia Elphinstone. He was born in 1533, and in 1564 he was given the Earldom of Orkney and Shetland and the position of the Sheriff of Orkney.
Robert's interest lay mainly in the richer farmlands of Orkney and though he did build the Old House of Sumburgh, he left much of the day to day running of Shetland to his half brother Laurence Bruce, who was appointed Sheriff of Shetland.
Robert Stewart died in 1593 in the Bishop's Palace in Kirkwall, largely unmourned by a population he had systematically oppressed. He was succeeded by his son, Earl Patrick, who took a much more direct interest in Shetland. Patrick also carried on the family traditions of corruption and brutality that had characterised his father's dealings on Orkney and those of Laurence Bruce on Shetland.
Patrick's interest in Shetland caused Laurence Bruce to fear for his position, and he built Muness Castle on Unst in 1598 as a bolt-hole. His fears were to prove well founded. Two years later, in 1600, Earl Patrick confirmed his interest in Shetland by building Scalloway Castle.
Scalloway Castle was built under the direction of Andrew Crawford, the Earl's master of works, who had also built Muness Castle for Laurence Bruce. And given the similarities in style and sophistication, he also seems to have been the hand behind the later and grander Earl's Palace built in Kirkwall by Earl Patrick in 1607.
Patrick's growing collection of enemies eventually became just too numerous and too powerful. He was in prison in Edinburgh when his son Robert rose in revolt in 1614 and seized Kirkwall. It took a royal army under the Earl of Caithness and a siege (during which Kirkwall Castle was destroyed and St Magnus Cathedral was threatened) to displace him, and both Patrick and his son Robert were later executed. It is an oft-quoted comment on Patrick's ignorance that his execution had to be delayed to give him time to learn the Lord's Prayer.
After Patrick's demise, Scalloway Castle remained the administrative centre for Shetland and it was still in good shape when used as a barracks for Cromwell's troops in the 1650s. By 1700 there were reports that the roof was leaking, and the shift of Shetland's capital to Lerwick a few years later confirmed Scalloway Castle's decline.
The last straw was the removal in 1754 of much of the stone from the lesser buildings that originally surrounded the tower house to build a nearby mansion. In 1908 the castle was placed in the care of the State, and it is now looked after by Historic Scotland.
Scalloway Castle today is in some ways a little sad. The tower house itself has been extensively restored over the past century, but nothing visible remains of the surrounding walls and buildings. And the latter half of the 1900s saw the point on which the tower house house stands gradually surrounded by reclaimed land and harbour developments. The result is a little reminiscent of a beached whale: striking, impressive, but stranded in an alien environment.
What is really lovely, however, is the feeling of exclusivity you get when retrieving the key to the castle (usually from the Shetland Woollen Company shop just up the hill, see details on the right). Before entering, make sure you take note of the spectacular corbelling at every corner of the tower house, a trademark of Andrew Crawford.
Once inside your own castle you rapidly lose the sense of the boisterous new neighbours and start to appreciate the wonders of the building. Internally the ground floor reveals the vaulted store, used as an exhibition area, and kitchen, complete with one of the handiest wells you are likely to find anywhere. Plus a porter's Lodge that could double as a prison.
Most visitors to the castle during its active life would have headed directly up the main staircase on entering the tower. This is a grand affair of wide steps and square landings and leads directly up to the hall on the first floor. Today the hall is open to the elements. There were originally two more floors above it, providing secure accommodation for the castle's most important residents.
Spiral stairs from opposing corners of the main hall originally led up to these higher floors. One is long gone. The other still provides access to rooms in the south wing of the castle, one of which is open to visitors. This gives a higher level view of the great hall, and a sense of just how grand a place this would have been in its all too brief heyday. | <urn:uuid:8f1108a8-4be4-44bf-9154-82da80978d5b> | {
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The History of Piazza Mercanti
- Piazza Mercanti with fountain and Palace of Justice
Located in the densely built Milan of the Middle Ages, in the 13th Century there was a central craft and commercial square, Piazza dei Mercanti.
On the rectangular piazza, which at that time was larger than today, hair cutters, goldsmiths, cutlers, cobblers, seamstresses, weavers, tailors and bakers made their's daily jobs.
- Relief with equestrian monument
Oldrado da Tresseno Palazzo della Ragione
1228, work began on the Palace of Justice, which today is located in the center of the Piazza Mercanti.
The relief with the equestrian monument commemorates the Mayor Milan Oldrado because Tresseno who had given the order for the construction.
Palazzo della Ragione
1233 Palazzo della Ragione also called "Broletto", was finished. From now on, the central judicial matters were handled here.
The Palace of Justice consisted, as usual in other cities of Lombardy, in an open ground floor for meetings of the population and one upstairs for meetings of the Council. From the loggia of the decisions were announced.
- Palazzo della Ragione, called „Broletto“
The Palace of Justice was in use for many centuries and was expanded in 1773 under Maria Theresa of Austria by one floor. On the upper floor with the round windows, the archive has now been placed.
Today the Palazzo delle Ragione is used for exhibitions, etc. offered the high rooms an ideal setting for "Show impossibile with the works of Caravaggio".
Another impressive building in Piazza dei Mercanti is the Loggia degli Osii opposite the Palazzo delle Ragione.
Between the Palazzo della Ragione and Loggia degli Osii is a fountain from the 16th Century, in the 18th Century was fitted with two covered pillars.
Loggia degli Osii
- Palace of the schools of the Palatine
The Loggia degli Osii was built in 1316 by Matteo Visconti, to give the court a notary office. Unusual for the Lombard style, the Gothic facade was designed with alternating black and white marble stiffeners, as it is often found in Genoa.
The balcony, also called Parlera, served for the Annunciation. It is decorated with the emblem of the Visconti and with an eagle with prey as a symbol of justice.
On the upper floor, there is a series of sculptures of the saints of Milan.
Palace of the schools of the Palatine
The schools of the Palatine have ancient roots. The building burned down completely in 1644. The beautiful palace portico was completely rebuilt in 1664 by architect Carlo Buzzi after the model of the adjacent Palace of Giureconsulti.
The entrance is flanked by arcades, reached over six steps.
In the center over the entrance is a statue of Sant'Agostino, who according to tradition is said to have taught at the school.
- Palace of Giureconsulti
The Palace of Giureconsulti
Since 1911, the building has been used by the Milan Chamber of Commerce.
In a niche in the facade of the palace there is a statue of St. Ambrose, a work of Luigi Scorzini 1833.
- Relief from the Roman period depicting a wild boar
Curiosities and Myths
On one of the arches of the "Broletto" is a stone with a relief from the Roman period depicting a wild boar. There is a mythological representation and was the first landmark of the ancient Mediolanum.
According to legend, the Celt Belloveso had founded the city on the spot where he had met the magical animal.
The stone of Failed
During the active trading hours in Piazza Mercanti it happened that a dealer fell into disgrace because he had cheated.
As punishment, he was left to public scorn and set with his pants down on the stone of Failed. He was ridiculed by the common people, before he went to prison. | <urn:uuid:b1322eaf-ceda-4b77-93a5-7b22aee95ae3> | {
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Lakhmir Singh Solutions
in Chapter 18 - Pollution Of Air And Water
(a) What is potable water? Name any two methods to make water safe for drinking.
(b) State two ways in which you conserve water at home by preventing its wastage.
The water which is safe for drinking without any risk of health problems is called potable water.
- By using filters.
- Boiling of water which kills germs in the water.
- Water can be recycled or reused after washing vegetables for watering plants.
- Check if any leakages are there and try to minimise the unnecessary usages of water in toilets and
Terms & Policies
2022 © Quality Tutorials Pvt Ltd All rights reserved | <urn:uuid:0f07ee62-b54b-4f60-ae00-86b3b07840d1> | {
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Aboriginal school children in the community of Areyonga are learning about healthy lifestyles through music and sport as part of Red Dust Role Models’ Healthy Living Weeks program.
Part of the Australian Government’s Live Longer! program, these week-long workshops in remote communities across the Northern Territory focus on healthy living topics, such as smoking, exercise, and nutrition at schools.
For Red Dust Role Models, the focus is on making learning fun, using interactive activities like music, sport, art, and cooking to raise awareness about healthier lifestyles.
“Using fun activities that engage the kids is much more effective than just handing out pamphlets,” says Red Dust Role Models project manager, Emma Staples.
A glance at the 2012 program shows how Red Dust works with individual communities to design activities that are guaranteed to get local children excited.
Each workshop addresses a health topic requested by the community, and could include sporting clinics, music workshops, cooking sessions, and art activities which specifically address risk factors and behaviours such as unhealthy diets, limited physical activity, smoking and drinking too much alcohol.
After attending the workshops, the children of Areyonga are helping to spread the ‘healthy living’ message. They’ve put their knowledge about good nutrition on show, writing and singing a song that’s now available as a music video “Living Longer in Areyonga”. It’s a great example of how the school and community are raising awareness of good nutrition.
“The music video is really educational, relating to both the students and the adults in the wider community,” says Staples.
“The video that the kids produced is relevant to the whole community, not just to the kids who participated in it. The video plays at the school, at the clinic and is even used at adult workshops.
The song is catchy and the people in the film are recognisable, so every time someone sees the video, they are reminded of the health messages and the fact that everyone else is trying to be healthy too.”
Red Dust Role Models are visiting Daly River, Lajamanu and Nguiu again in April and May 2012. Visit Red Dust’s website for more information about their previous community visits. Check out these music videos produced during Red Dust’s visits to Warburton, where they wrote a song about living healthily called “Don’t Be Rama Rama”, and Lajamanu, where they wrote a song called “Eat Good Tucker all the Time”.
If you enjoyed reading this article, why not check out Yamba the Honeyant’s tour through south west Queensland? | <urn:uuid:7d2e81a9-56a4-4629-b2ec-f5f53a49b585> | {
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Researchers have studied birds in flight for years, with an eye toward applying the tricks they use to navigate changing conditions in the real world to design better aerial robots.
Most of the insights gained so far have resulted from painstaking study, involving calculations of wing force dynamics inspired by footage captured in the wild.
Now, they hope the construction of a new bird wind tunnel will reveal even more of the magic of bird flight.
With the recent boom in drone use, it’s easy to forget that the robots frequently fail in windy conditions. Consider flying a drone down an “urban canyon” like Fifth Avenue in New York City. Turbulence varies wildly from the middle of the “canyon” to alongside the skyscrapers, and obstacles like traffic lights pop up frequently. Now, throw in a few dozen drones fighting for position like the taxis below. It’s a nightmare for drone operators.
“But you look up, and you’ll see a pigeon swoop by casually. It has no problem stabilizing itself, flying around corners, dodging cables, and landing on a perch,” says David Lentink, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Stanford University.
With the recent boom in drone use, it's easy to forget that the robots frequently fail in windy conditions.
“It’s just something we haven’t accomplished in robotics yet. We need to study birds up close so we can figure out what their secret is to flying so stably under such difficult conditions, and apply that to aerial robotic design.”
The new wind tunnel works like a super tricked-out treadmill for birds. The windflow, generated by a fan roughly the size of a Volkswagen Beetle, is super smooth: Turbulence checks in around .015 percent, less than half of any other bird wind tunnel in the world, allowing researchers to study how birds fly in smooth-flowing air such as that found at higher altitudes.
Such conditions aren’t typical closer to the ground, particularly around trees and buildings, though, so the tunnel is fitted with a “turbulence generating system,” a series of computer-controlled wind vanes that can precisely simulate different turbulence patterns, creating up to 50 percent turbulence. In this state, the flow moves almost equally randomly in all directions, making it very unpredictable for the bird.
Wind speed is also highly tunable. The lovebirds, parrotlets, and hummingbirds that Lentink’s lab studies typically cruise around 7 meters/second, which the engineers can match perfectly to study sustained flight. They will occasionally crank the flow up to 15 m/s, which simulates a strong wind, maxing out at 20 m/s for large birds.
To protect them, Lentink says this would be the maximum speed he would consider letting larger birds fly to keep them comfortable, even though the tunnel can blow much faster, with speeds up to 50 m/s.
Nearly two meters long, the six-sided windowed observation section of the tunnel provides a variety of ways to study bird flight. The researchers currently zero in on specific aspects of birds’ wing beats, using high speed cameras and motion capture techniques more commonly utilized in Hollywood films, to record wing motion millisecond by millisecond.
They then translate these measurements to precise calculations of the force dynamics experienced along the birds’ wings and in the surrounding air. Later this summer, Lentink expects to introduce two fluoroscopes to the mix, which will allow researchers to “see inside” the bird and visualize the exact muscular-skeletal movements it makes in different flight maneuvers.
Once his team has trained enough birds, Lentink plans to fly entire flocks in the tunnel to determine how turbulence created by one bird’s wing beats affects a nearby bird, and how they maneuver for position. Both of these measurements will provide critical foundational information for a future sky packed with drones.
Using the information gleaned from bird flights, Lentink envisions using the tunnel as a test-bed for new aerial robot designs. In addition to establishing better maneuverability controls for common quadcopter designs, he’s particularly interested in building bird-like, winged robots that quickly morph their wing shape in order to maintain stability in turbulent air flows.
“Ever since Otto Lilienthal and the Wright Brothers studied birds to invent their airplanes, engineers have relied on talking with biologists to learn the tricks birds use,” Lentink says.
The wind tunnel was paid for by Stanford. The various measurement systems were acquired with support from the US Air Force, Navy, Army, Human Frontiers Science Program, and Stanford Bio-X program. | <urn:uuid:4930fae6-93b2-4447-8a98-49aed060aed8> | {
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Q 9.3 A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of water? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 up to the same height, by what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the needle again?
Actual height of the tank,h = 12.5 cm
Apparent height of tank,h' = 9.4 cm
let refrective index of the water be
so the refractive index of water is approximately 1.33.
Now, when water is replaced with a liquid having
Hence the new apparent height of the needle is 7.67 cm.
Total distance we have to move in a microscope = 9.4 - 7.67 = 1.73 cm.
Since new apparent height is lesser than the previous apparent height we have to move UP the microscope in order to focus the needle. | <urn:uuid:48bf5a4f-39bc-4af4-b534-4924ddde158e> | {
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The reason why two independent bulbs cannot be used to create the young's two slit interference pattern is that the phase difference between those two sources varies very rapidly and therefore, the interference pattern cannot be sustained and shifts rapidly producing general illuminance. But by using a single source and two nearby slits illuminated by the common source eliminates this problem, because the phase of the light being emitted may change as rapidly as possible, but the phase difference between the two slits is "locked" and remains constant (only geometric path difference).
- Considering the generation of light by the common incandescent bulb, it generates light as the electric energy is converted to heat and at a high enough temperature, it emits a characteristic light due to excitation and de-excitations of the constituent atoms emitting photons. All the photons which constitute the emitted light have varying phases (all of the emitted photons are not in phase). Why then does the phase relation get fixed between the slits, since it is not necessary that a single photon must simultaneously pass from both the slits (I appreciate the quantum mechanical property of a single photon to pass through both the slits simultaneously)? Two different photons with an arbitrary phase might pass through not allowing the interference pattern to form. | <urn:uuid:c6076f7b-37f0-4681-a72b-6f091b500a37> | {
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Eating grass-fed beef isn't the best way to reduce your carbon footprint, researchers have found. Reducing global livestock consumption is likely to be the better alternative.
While putting animals out to pasture is better for the animals, it's not that much better for the environment.
We all want to do our part for the environment. With the livestock industry being responsible for 14.5% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions, a lot of people are opting to eat grass-fed cows put out to pasture instead of grain-fed cows living in feedlots. Thus, these people prefer ordering grass-fed burgers instead of burgers whose meat has a dubious provenance. While the intention is certainly commendable, a recent study has found that opting for meat from grass-fed cows isn't really doing much to reduce carbon emissions.
“Switching to grass-fed beef and dairy does not solve the climate problem,” says Pete Smith, one of the researchers. “[O]nly a reduction in consumption of livestock products will do that.”
The question, of course, is why consuming grass-fed cows isn't able to help reduce harmful emissions.
Cows in a feedlot
Livestock animals emit carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in significant amounts—so significant, in fact, that they have changed our atmosphere. The issue nowadays is that as people around the world overcome poverty, they are now able to afford to consume more meat. As of now, we consume 14 grams of meat per person per day. This amount, according to researchers, is expected to more than double in just 23 years.
For the most part, cattle are raised on feedlots, where they're kept in small spaces, they don't have room to pasture, and they have a grain instead of grass diet. The reality of feedlots is enough to turn many people off the idea of supporting an industry that treat doesn't treat animals well. However, some environmentalists and “pro-pasturalists” also say that buying grass-fed instead of grain-fed meat is not only ethical, but can also help reduce your carbon footprint.
According to pro-pasturalists, letting animals graze on grass can help restore grasslands, which in turn, can turn the soil into a huge carbon sink. Fertilization from manure can also help fertilize more plants, which in turn can sequester more carbon from the atmosphere. This can also enable more crops to grow without the need for ploughing, which can also release carbon into the air.
If that's the case, then what, therefore, is the problem?
It may be time to cut down on meat.
After analyzing over 100 papers on the topic, researchers concluded that while grass-fed animals can indeed contribute to reducing carbon in the atmosphere, they can only do so in ideal conditions. Also, even in ideal conditions, the carbon that cattle can help sequester from the atmosphere won't off set the cattle's own emissions.
Proponents of grazing, however, say that the study is too quick to dismiss the positive effects grazing has at least in some areas. They also say that sustainable farming works best when it mimics natural systems.
Either way, however, it seems that the best solution is to reduce the consumption of meat. While it may be difficult for a lot of us to cut back on burgers, steaks, and other admittedly delicious meat dishes, it may be worth it if it means minimizing our carbon footprint.
Get weekly science updates in your inbox! | <urn:uuid:4d6c3f49-967b-42ec-956b-214cd145a7ce> | {
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Moncton is a city situated in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It is a unique cultural hub that reflects both the English and French heritage of the region. As per the latest census, 61% of the population in Moncton speaks English, while 32% of the citizens speak French. However, there remains a significant number of inhabitants who identify as bilingual, meaning they can converse in both languages fluently.
This linguistic diversity is not surprising given the city’s history. Moncton has, for a long time, been a bilingual community, thanks to the strong influence of both English and French colonialism. In the 17th century, the French began to establish settlements along the Maritime region, including Moncton, and continued to exert their cultural influence for the next few decades.
Subsequently, the area experienced a shift towards British settlement in the 18th century, thereby establishing the English identity of New Brunswick. However, the French still managed to maintain a significant presence in Moncton, and the city remained a bilingual community.
As a result, Moncton gained a unique cultural identity, where both languages and cultures coexist harmoniously. Francophone and Anglophone residents embrace their heritage, which is evident in the city’s vibrant arts and cultural scene. The city has numerous French and English theatre companies, live music venues, art galleries, and heritage sites that showcase the richness of both cultures.
The bilingual nature of Moncton has also led to the establishment of bilingual schools and universities in the region, where students can receive education in both languages. Furthermore, the Canadian government has established official language policies to ensure that both English and French are recognized and supported across the country.
In conclusion, Moncton is both English and French, and its bilingual heritage has contributed significantly to its unique cultural identity. The residents of Moncton are proud of their multiculturalism and bilingualism, which has brought a dynamic and lively spirit to the city. As such, Moncton is not only a fantastic holiday destination but it is also a welcoming home for people of diverse backgrounds.
What is the predominant language spoken in Moncton, English or French?
Moncton is a bilingual city located in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It is one of the three cities that make up the “tri-city” area, which also includes Dieppe and Riverview. Due to its location in New Brunswick, Moncton has a unique language situation, with both English and French being spoken by its residents. However, despite being a bilingual city, English is the predominant language spoken in Moncton.
According to the 2016 Canadian Census, approximately 67.4% of Moncton’s population reported English as their mother tongue, while 30.1% reported French. Additionally, the same census showed that approximately 73% of Moncton’s population reported that they spoke mostly English at home, while only 24.6% reported that they spoke mostly French. These statistics highlight the fact that while Moncton is a bilingual city, English is largely the dominant language in the area.
However, it is important to note that French is still prevalent in Moncton, and many residents are bilingual, speaking both English and French fluently. Additionally, the city has several French-language schools and cultural institutions, further emphasizing its bilingual nature. Overall, while both languages are spoken in Moncton, it is clear that English is the predominant language in the city, with French being an important and respected secondary language.
Is Moncton officially recognized as an Anglophone or Francophone city?
Moncton is officially recognized as a bilingual city because it has a significant Francophone population alongside a prominent Anglophone community. It is one of the few cities in Canada that has been designated as officially bilingual, meaning that both English and French language rights and services are provided by the government in accordance with the Official Languages Act. The city is also home to several bilingual institutions, such as the Université de Moncton and the Centre culturel Aberdeen, which promote and celebrate both English and French cultures.
The city of Moncton has a long history of both English and French-speaking communities living side by side. The Acadian community in Moncton dates back to the 18th century, and the French language has continued to thrive in the city throughout the centuries. At the same time, the city has attracted a significant Anglophone population through industry and business, and English has become the dominant language in many areas of the city. Despite this, the city’s bilingual status ensures that both languages are recognized and celebrated, making Moncton a unique and welcoming place for all.
How do Moncton’s language demographics compare to other cities in New Brunswick?
Moncton is a culturally diverse city and serves as a major hub for both French and English speaking communities in New Brunswick. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, the official languages spoken in the city are English, French, and non-official languages such as Mandarin, Arabic, and Spanish. Approximately 61.4% of the population speaks English, while 32.4% speak French. The remaining 6.2% of the population speaks a non-official language, indicating the city’s growing diversity. In comparison to other cities in New Brunswick, Moncton has a larger French-speaking population than Saint John and Fredericton. Saint John has a larger English-speaking population, while Fredericton has a more balanced distribution of both French and English speakers.
Moncton’s diverse language demographics reflect the city’s unique history and cultural makeup. French is widely spoken due to the city’s proximity to Acadian communities and Moncton’s history as a francophone stronghold. English, on the other hand, is the primary language used in business and government. The non-official languages spoken in the city, including Mandarin, Arabic, and Spanish, are likely a result of immigration and the growing number of international students attending post-secondary institutions in the city.
Overall, Moncton’s language demographics reveal a culturally diverse and dynamic city. With a growing population of non-official language speakers, the city is poised to become an even more vibrant and multicultural community in the years to come.
Has the use of English or French in Moncton changed over time?
Moncton, a Canadian city located in the province of New Brunswick, is known for being a bilingual city where both English and French are spoken. The use of these two languages has undoubtedly changed over time, as the demographics of the city have shifted and language policies have been introduced. In the early 20th century, English was the dominant language in Moncton due to a large influx of English-speaking immigrants. However, with the introduction of the Official Languages Act in 1969, which declared both English and French to be equal languages in the Canadian government, there was a push for French to become more widely spoken and adopted. As a result, many French immersion programs and French-language schools were established in Moncton to promote bilingualism, and today approximately 30% of the city’s population speaks French as a first language.
Despite the efforts to promote bilingualism, the use of English in daily communication still remains more widespread in Moncton, especially in the business and commercial sectors. Some argue that this is due to the practicality of English being a more widely spoken language internationally, making it necessary for business and commerce. However, there is still a strong push to maintain and promote French language and culture in the city, and many businesses and organizations have adopted bilingual policies to accommodate both languages. Overall, the use of English and French in Moncton has shifted and evolved over time, reflecting the diverse and changing demographics of the city.
Are there any initiatives in place to promote bilingualism in Moncton?
Bilingualism is a significant cultural value in Moncton, where both English and French are spoken in the city. As a result, it’s no surprise that they have established many initiatives to promote bilingualism. Bilingualism is not just about speaking two languages; it’s a crucial part of Moncton’s identity and helps to preserve their unique culture.
One of the most important initiatives in place to promote bilingualism in Moncton is the Bilingualism Strategy. This strategy is frequently updated to ensure that it meets the changing needs of Moncton’s population. It emphasizes the importance of bilingualism in education, local government, and business. Another important aspect of this strategy is to encourage the use of both languages in everyday conversation, including in public spaces, such as libraries, parks, and cafes.
Another important initiative that promotes bilingualism in Moncton is the Language Exchange Program. This program enables English and French speakers to meet up and converse with each other to improve their language skills. This program encourages language learning in a relaxed, informal environment and creates opportunities for community members to develop relationships beyond language barriers. The program has proved to be popular among the community members, with more and more people joining in every year. As a result of these initiatives, Moncton has become even more welcoming to individuals of all backgrounds and language abilities. | <urn:uuid:f0ebdb3e-007f-4884-8854-e7d7cd7baea4> | {
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The New York Times, March 22, 2011, by Jane E. Brody — Antibiotics are important drugs, perhaps the most important. In a world beset with “an unprecedented wave of new and old infections,” as one expert recently wrote, it is critically important that antibiotics work well when people need them.
But antibiotics are frequently misused — overprescribed or incorrectly taken by patients, and recklessly fed to farm animals. As a result, lifesaving antibacterial drugs lose effectiveness faster than new ones are developed to replace them.
Each year, 100,000 people in the United States die from hospital-acquired infections that are resistant to antibiotics, according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
These concerns led Dr. Zelalem Temesgen, an infectious disease specialist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., to create a 15-part “Symposium on Antimicrobial Therapy,” published in February in The Mayo Clinic Proceedings. The series is intended in part to help practicing physicians know when and how antibiotics should be used — and, equally important, when they should not.
Improving how antibiotics are prescribed can do more than curb resistance. It can save lives and money by reducing adverse drug reactions and eliminating or shortening hospital stays, Dr. Temesgen said.
The first installment in the series, based on guidelines developed by the infectious diseases society and published with Dr. Temesgen’s introduction, was devoted to helping doctors practice better medicine. It also can help patients better understand how and when antibiotics work best, and it can arm them with the right questions when an antibiotic prescription is being considered.
The report, prepared by three infectious disease specialists — Surbhi Leekha, now at the University of Maryland, and Drs. Christine L. Terrell and Randall S. Edson, both at the Mayo Clinic — urged doctors to avoid a “one size fits all” approach to antibiotics. Rather, they said, many individual factors must be taken into account to ensure the right drug and the right dose are prescribed for each patient.
It is often up to the patient to make sure the prescribing physician is aware of these influential factors. They include:
Kidney and liver function. The kidneys and liver eliminate drugs from the body. If the organs are not working well, toxic levels can accumulate in the bloodstream.
Age. Considering a new antibiotic? This is no time lie about your age. “Patients at both extremes of age handle drugs differently, primarily due to differences in body size and kidney function,” the experts wrote. A face-lift and hair coloring may disguise your geriatric status, but they will not help your kidneys process drugs as well as they did in your youth. In some cases, in young, otherwise healthy patients, higher drug doses may be needed to be sure that therapeutic levels are maintained.
Pregnancy and nursing. Some antibiotics given to a pregnant or lactating woman can adversely affect her baby, and it is critically important to tell the prescribing doctor if you are pregnant (or might be pregnant) or nursing. The risk of drug-induced birth defects is highest in the first three months of pregnancy; during the last three months, drugs are eliminated from the body more quickly, and higher doses may be needed to maintain a therapeutic blood level.
Drug allergy or intolerance. Make sure the doctor knows if you have ever had a bad reaction to an antibiotic. But — and this is important — neither you nor your doctor should assume you are allergic to, for example, penicillin because you once developed a rash while taking it. The rash could have been caused by the illness or something else entirely.
When an allergy is suspected, a skin test should be performed to confirm it so that the ideal antibiotic treatment is not mistakenly ruled out in the future.
“It has been shown that only 10 percent to 20 percent of patients reporting a history of penicillin allergy were truly allergic when assessed by skin testing,” the experts wrote.
In an interview, Dr. Edson said it is possible to rapidly desensitize a patient to a needed antibiotic by administering progressively larger oral doses of the drug.
Recent antibiotic use. Tell the doctor if you recently took an antibiotic. If you develop a bacterial illness within three months of antibiotic therapy, you may have a drug-resistant infection that requires use of an alternate class of medication.
Genetic characteristics. Some people are born with factors that make them especially vulnerable to bad reactions from certain antibiotics. For example, in those with a condition known as G6PD deficiency, which is most common among blacks, certain antibiotics can lead to the destruction of red blood cells. Patients who could be at risk should be tested for G6PD deficiency beforehand.
The Value of a Culture
When patients arrive at the doctor’s office with an inflamed throat, deep cough, high fever or unrelenting sinus pain, more often than not they are given prescriptions for antibiotics. The experts noted that it is sometimes reasonable to treat an infection without first getting a culture of the responsible organism — like when the patient’s symptoms are typical of a known bacterial infection.
“Doctors do have to exercise clinical judgment in many cases,” Dr. Edson said. For example, he and his co-authors wrote, “Cellulitis is most frequently assumed to be caused by streptococci or staphylococci, and antibacterial treatment can be administered in the absence of a positive culture.”
Likewise, they added, community-acquired pneumonia (that is, pneumonia that develops somewhere other than a hospital) can be treated with an antibiotic without patients first receiving a diagnostic test.
But all too often, the cause of a patient’s symptoms is not bacterial and may not even be an infection. In these cases, taking an antibiotic will do no good and may even be harmful. Possible nonbacterial causes include a viral infection (which will not respond to an antibiotic), a connective tissue disorder or an allergy, Dr. Edson said.
He and his co-authors emphasized the importance of getting a laboratory to identify the responsible organism when the likely cause of symptoms is not apparent or when patients have a serious or life-threatening infection, require long-term antibiotic therapy or fail to benefit from the drug chosen initially.
Sometimes a culture will indicate the need to administer two antibiotics simultaneously — for example, when the infectious organism produces an enzyme that inactivates what would otherwise be the most effective antibacterial drug.
The experts also urged that if patients were first treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic (one that attacks a number of different bacteria), doctors should consider switching to a narrow-spectrum drug that targets the specific cause once it is identified through a laboratory culture. This could reduce the risk of other bacteria becoming resistant to the broad-spectrum drug.
Drug Resistant Bacteria
Genetics Society of America, March 22, 2011 — A team of scientists from the University of Oxford, U.K. have taken lessons from Adam Smith and Charles Darwin to devise a new strategy that could one day slow, possibly even prevent, the spread of drug-resistant bacteria. In a new research report published in the March 2011 issue of Genetics, the scientists show that bacterial gene mutations that lead to drug resistance come at a biological cost not borne by nonresistant strains. They speculate that by altering the bacterial environment in such a way to make these costs too great to bear, drug-resistant strains would eventually be unable to compete with their nonresistant neighbors and die off.
“Bacteria have evolved resistance to every major class of antibiotics, and new antibiotics are being developed very slowly; prolonging the effectiveness of existing drugs is therefore crucial for our ability to treat infections,” said Alex Hall, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford. “Our study shows that concepts and tools from evolutionary biology and genetics can give us a boost in this area by identifying novel ways to control the spread of resistance.”
The research team measured the growth rates of resistant and susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in a wide range of laboratory conditions. They found that the cost of antibiotic resistance has a cost to bacteria, and can be eliminated by adding chemical inhibitors of the enzyme responsible for resistance to the drug. Leveling the playing field increased the ability of resistant bacteria to compete effectively against sensitive strains in the absence of antibiotics. Given that the cost of drug resistance plays an important role in preventing the spread of resistant bacteria, manipulating the cost of resistance may make it possible to prevent resistant bacteria from persisting after the conclusion of antibiotic treatment. For instance, new additives or treatments could render antibiotic resistance more costly for bacteria, making it less likely that the resistant strains will persist at the end of treatment.
“If we’ve learned one thing about microscopic organisms over the past century, it’s that they evolve quickly, and that we can’t stop the process,” said Mark Johnston, Editor-in-Chief of the journal GENETICS. “This research turns this fact against the bacteria. This is an entirely new strategy for extending the useful life of antibiotics, and possibly for improving the potency of old ones.”
1. A. R. Hall, J. C. Iles, R. C. MacLean. The Fitness Cost of Rifampicin Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Depends on Demand for RNA Polymerase. Genetics, 2011; 187 (3): 817 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.124628
Antibiotic Resistance Is Not Just Genetic
Wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. (Credit: Pierre Cornelis)
Society for General Microbiology — Genetic resistance to antibiotics is not the only trick bacteria use to resist eradication- they also have a second defence strategy known as persistence that can kick in.
Researchers reporting in the Journal of Medical Microbiology have now demonstrated for the first time that interplay occurs between the two mechanisms to aid bacterial survival. The findings could lead to novel, effective approaches to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections.
‘Persister’ bacterial cells are temporarily hyper-resistant to all antibiotics at once. They are able to survive (normally) lethal levels of antibiotics without being genetically resistant to the drug. These cells are a significant cause of treatment failure yet the mechanism behind the persistence phenomenon is still unclear.
Scientists from Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium found that the number of persister cells isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections decreases when the bacterial population shows genetic resistance to the antibiotic fosfomycin.
P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and a significant cause of hospital-acquired infections. It can cause fatal infections in people suffering from cystic fibrosis. The bacterium is notorious for its ability to develop resistance against commonly-used antibiotics and treatment failure is common.
Professor Jan Michiels who led the study explained that persister cells are a major contributor to treatment failure. “Persister cells are produced in low numbers, but nevertheless make it almost impossible to completely remove the bug from the patient. As a result, eradication of infections through antibiotic treatment usually takes a long time,” he said. “Our work shows that antibiotic treatment may also influence the number of persisters formed.”
Co-administration therapies are being developed to treat MDR infections, in which drugs targeting non-essential cellular functions are combined with antibiotics. Professor Michiels explained that targeting persistence is an attractive option. “Ideally both susceptible and persistent cells would be targeted in a single therapy, but firstly we need to understand more about the interplay between genetic resistance and persistence to avoid stimulating one or the other. Unravelling the mechanism behind bacterial persistence is really important to enable us to optimise treatments of chronic bacterial infections.”
1. Jan Michiels et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa fosfomycin resistance mechanisms affect non-inherited fluoroquinolone tolerance. Journal of Medical Microbiology, January 6, 2010 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.019703-0
Society for General Microbiology — Short courses of antibiotics can leave normal gut bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance genes for up to two years after treatment, say scientists writing in Microbiology.
The researchers believe that this reservoir increases the chances of resistance genes being surrendered to pathogenic bacteria, aiding their survival and suggesting that the long-term effects of antibiotic therapy are more significant than previously thought.
Antibiotics that are prescribed to treat pathogenic bacteria also have an impact on the normal microbial flora of the human gut. Antibiotics can alter the composition of microbial populations (potentially leading to other illnesses) and allow micro-organisms that are naturally resistant to the antibiotic to flourish.
The impact of antibiotics on the normal gut flora has previously been thought to be short-term, with any disturbances being restored several weeks after treatment. However, the review into the long-term impacts of antibiotic therapy reveals that this is not always the case. Studies have shown that high levels of resistance genes can be detected in gut microbes after just 7 days of antibiotic treatment and that these genes remain present for up to two years even if the individual has taken no further antibiotics.
The consequences of this could be potentially life-threatening explained Dr Cecilia Jernberg from the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control who conducted the review. “The long-term presence of resistance genes in human gut bacteria dramatically increases the probability of them being transferred to and exploited by harmful bacteria that pass through the gut. This could reduce the success of future antibiotic treatments and potentially lead to new strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.”
The review highlights the necessity of using antibiotics prudently. “Antibiotic resistance is not a new problem and there is a growing battle with multi-drug resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. The development of new antibiotics is slow and so we must use the effective drugs we have left with care,” said Dr Jernberg. “This new information about the long-term impacts of antibiotics is of great importance to allow rational antibiotic administration guidelines to be put in place,” she said.
Drug Resistant Super Bugs
Tel Aviv University — Antibiotics can work miracles, knocking out common infections like bronchitis and tonsillitis. But according to the Center for Disease Control, each year 90,000 people in the U.S. die of drug-resistant “superbugs” — bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a deadly form of staph infection resistant to normal antibiotics. Although hospital patients are particularly susceptible as a result of open wounds and weakened immune systems, the bacteria can infect anyone.
Dr. Micha Fridman of Tel Aviv University’s Department of Chemistry is now developing the next generation of antibiotics designed to overcome this kind of bacteria. And the key, he says, is in the bacteria itself.
“We took the mechanism of bacterial resistance and used this mechanism itself to generate antibiotics,” explains Dr. Fridman. “It’s thanks to these bacteria that we can develop a better medication.” Conducted in collaboration with Prof. Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Dr. Fridman’s research was highlighted recently in the journal ChemBioChem.
Fighting from within
According to Dr. Fridman, certain bacterial strains include enzymes which help the bacteria to inactivate antibiotics. When the enzymes meet with these antibiotics, they chemically alter the drug, making the antibiotic ineffective and unable to recognize its target.
Turning this powerful mechanism against the bacteria itself, the team isolated the antibiotic-inactivating enzymes from the bacteria, then integrated them into the drugs. With this alteration, the modified antibiotics proved to be effective against typically resistant bacterial strains.
At the heart of this development, says Dr. Fridman, was the chemical modification of the parent drug. Once the researchers identified how the bacteria incapacitated the antibiotics, they were able to create a drug that could block bacterial resistance while maintaining the integrity of the antibiotic.
Killing bacteria, saving lives
These new antibiotics will be a vast improvement on today’s drugs, says Dr. Fridman. When fully developed, they could be used to treat infections that are now considered difficult if not impossible to treat with current antibiotics.
Dr. Fridman says that, while the new antibiotics are a few years away from the marketplace, the ability to beat bacterial resistance will be invaluable for the future of health care.
1. Keith D. Green, Wenjing Chen, Jacob L. Houghton, Micha Fridman, Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova. Exploring the Substrate Promiscuity of Drug-Modifying Enzymes for the Chemoenzymatic Generation of N-Acylated Aminoglycosides. ChemBioChem, 2009; 11 (1): 119 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900584
When it comes to the problem of simultaneous consumption of antibiotics and alcohol, we must not forget the fact that the scope of this issue also covers thousands of other prescription drugs which do not fall in the category of antibiotics. Statistics suggest that no less than 70 percent of the adult population in the United States is consuming alcohol from time to while, while about 10 percent of adults regularly drink everyday. If those 10 percent people do not interrupt the habit of daily consumption, then surely they will end up with an instance of simultaneous consumption of antibiotics and alcohol, apart from other prescription drugs.
However, among all the demographic groups, the population segment under the greatest threat of the ill effects of the simultaneous use of antibiotics and alcohol is concerned, are the elderly, especially those above the age 65, who consume just about a third of all the prescription drugs. Since the greatest risk of the consumption of antibiotics and alcohol together is the prolonging or aggravation of the side effects of the drug being used, the older people are more likely to get affected from it than any other people.
Physicians do keep in mind such risks and strictly instruct the patients to avoid the use of alcohol. Consuming antibiotics and alcohol does not really prove lethal, but of course that depends on the kind of interaction of both the drugs that takes place in a particular case, the risk and intensity increase with the age group. Therefore, seniors should especially take care that they avoid the consumption of antibiotics and alcohol, since it could become life threatening in some cases. Better safe than sorry.
If you enjoy having an alcoholic beverage, but have been prescribed antibiotics for a particular medical condition recently, then surely you would be encountering the dilemma of whether you should use antibiotics and alcohol together or not. There certainly are some potentially dangerous and even life-threatening effects of the consumption of antibiotics and alcohol simultaneously. But there are some drugs that you should strictly take care of not to take while you consume alcohol. There are just a few groups to keep in mind in this regard, during the use of which the use of alcohol should be strictly avoided.
Among the antibiotics during which the intake of alcohol should be completely avoided are Atabrine or Antimalarial Quinacrine, Furazolidone or Furoxone, Griseofulvin or Grisactin, Tinidazole and Metronidazole. The use of alcohol with these drugs could possibly cause various side effects, such as headache, nausea and vomiting, racy heartbeat, shortness of breath, palpitations and low blood pressure.
Of course, the adverse effects of the simultaneous use of drugs with alcohol are not only confined to antibiotics, but to several other drugs as well. You should avoid using alcohol while taking anesthetics, antidepressants, anticoagulants, antihistamines and drugs taken by people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. There are a number of chemicals which could react with the body in such a way that it could give rise to complications due to the simultaneous consumption of alcohol with these drugs.
It is always the best idea to consult your physician and get a clear advice over the use and risks of antibiotics and alcohol together and you should avoid experimenting with these drugs yourself at all costs.
Super Resistant Bacteria | <urn:uuid:ce2067d5-5833-4c8d-b900-52a1e2cb9da9> | {
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Archaeology is the study of the ancient human past through the remains of the material. It is also a sub-disciple to anthropology, which is a study of varied human cultures. With so much deep history embedded in the earth, we need archaeologists to tell us about its history and how it happened. This blog will discuss how you can become an archaeologist?
This Blog Includes:
- What is Archaeology?
- Who are Archaeologists?
- What does an archaeologist do?
- Where do Archaeologists work?
- Types of Archaeology
- Eligibility Criteria to become an Archaeologist
- How to Become an Archaeologist?
- Popular Job Roles as an Archaeologist
- Top Recruiters for Archaeologists
- Archaeologists Skillset
- Top Colleges in India for Archaeology Courses
- Top Colleges for Archaeology Courses Abroad
- Archaeologists Career Scope
- Archaeologists Books & Study Materials
- BA Archaeology Syllabus
Also Read: Archaeology Courses
What is Archaeology?
Archaeology is the investigation of material developed by humans since man first walked the earth. An archaeologist has to study and recover ancient remains from various eras and times. Right from the time of dinosaurs that walked on the planet to the evolution of mankind. There are various specializations in the field of archaeology where people can build a career in. People study archaeology to know more about the past through skeletons, drawings, modes of communication, remains of mankind, and animals.
Who are Archaeologists?
Archaeologists are scientists who investigate the relics of former civilizations and groups of people. They research items such as dwellings, clothing, tools, bones, crockery, and other artefacts left behind by people who lived a long time ago.
Archaeologist collects numerous sorts of evidence from various locations and observes and evaluates the results. If you wish to be an archaeologist, you must have a thorough understanding of history and geography.
An archaeologist’s job include doing surveys in numerous locations using various methodologies and devices, as well as manipulating data using sketching, notes, and photos.
What does an archaeologist do?
- Identifying, analysing, and dating artefacts discovered during excavation
- Artefacts and other items discovered at a dig or study site are catalogued.
- Data analysis to arrive at logical conclusions regarding previous culture, behaviour, and other facets of human civilisation.
- Developing archaeological simulations of what a product or location could have looked like in the past using computer technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD).
- Locating excavation sites using aerial imagery and geophysical surveys
- Creating a report and documentation on the findings
- Managing employees throughout the excavation process
- Keeping track of archaeological finds
- Artefacts need to be cleaned, restored, and preserved.
- Comparing archaeological data from one dig site with data from another dig site to determine differences and similarities
Where do Archaeologists work?
- Dig site: You supervise and engage in excavation activities when you work on a dig site. These dig sites might be in several areas. As a result, you might need to travel frequently and remain at different sites until the excavation is finished.
- University: With a PhD, you can work as an archaeologist professor at a reputable university. You can work as full-time educators or full-time archaeologists who educate students part-time as archaeology professors.
- In a laboratory context, you must analyse and research the retrieved artefacts in order to obtain meaningful information.
- In a museum, you may be required to explain exhibits and write scripts for tours and presentations for museum visitors.
Types of Archaeology
- Prehistoric archaeology is concerned with the study of ancient cultures that did not have written languages.
- The study of cultures or civilizations that lived throughout the time of recorded history is known as historical archaeology.
- Underwater archaeology is the study of the physical traces of human activity beneath the ocean’s surface. Maritime technology is also included.
- Urban archaeology is a field of archaeology that focuses on big cities and towns with lengthy stratigraphic histories of labour. Some archaeologists refer to all archaeology undertaken in urban settings as urban archaeology.
Eligibility Criteria to become an Archaeologist
Wondering if you are eligible to become an archaeologist? Every university has a different set of eligibility criteria. Here are some of the common entry requirements to be fulfilled by every applicant:
- Around 45 – 50% of marks in Class 12 in any stream from a recognized board to take admission in an undergraduate course in History/ Archaeology/ Ancient History
- For a Master’s degree in Archaeology, you need to score at least 50% marks in UG degree. Some universities consider students from any stream for M.A. Archaeology course
- Some universities conduct entrance exams for the admission to M.A. Archaeology course. Students need to qualify for the entrance test to secure admission.
Also Read: Most Powerful Passports in the World 2021
How to Become an Archaeologist?
Here is the step-wise guide on how to become an archaeologist:
- To become an archaeologist, students need to plan their careers right from Class 12. Even though students from any stream in Class 12 are eligible to pursue courses in Archaeology, there are a set up of courses that will add an advantage
- There is no specific subject combination required in Class 12 to pursue a degree in Archaeology. However, the humanities stream will add more advantages
- Since a few colleges offer B.A. courses in Archaeology, you can also take up a B.A. course in Ancient History and later a Master’s course in Archaeology
- In some of the jobs like Marine Archaeologists, an engineering degree in Marine Engineering is prominent
Popular Job Roles as an Archaeologist
- Museum/ Gallery Exhibition Officer: this position helps to organize and plan permanent or travelling exhibitions. They also manage activities in a museum
- Urban Archaeologist: These archaeologists study the urban centres or cities
- Prehistoric Archaeologists: they study the human traditions associated with the prehistoric or historic era
- Palaeontology: Paleontologists study life forms that were there on the Earth before the advent of humans
- Marine Archaeologist: Marine Archaeologists study the remains of ships and research how cultures developed along the coastline
- Environmental Archaeologist: Studying the impact of the environment on the past societies and vice versa is done by an Environmental Archaeologist
- Lecturer: they are an expert in the field of Archaeology and teach students in universities or colleges
Also Read: What Can You Do With a History Degree?
Top Recruiters for Archaeologists
Most of the employment opportunities for Archaeologists are available in the government sector. The following are top government organizations in India that recruit archaeologists:
- The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is the primary recruiter of archaeologists at both the central and state levels. The graduates can secure jobs in ASI by clearing the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) examination or State Public Service Commission (SPSC) exam
- The students who possess a postgraduate degree in Archaeology can apply for the post of lecturers/professors in various universities across the country. However, qualifying marks in the National Eligibility Test (NET) is mandatory to become a professor
There are certain skills required to become a good archaeologist. Some of them are mentioned below:
- Communication skills
- Team worker
- Problem solver
- Avid reader
Also Read: Most Powerful Passports in the World 2021
Top Colleges in India for Archaeology Courses
Various colleges in India offer a degree in archaeology. Some of the colleges are mentioned below:
- Banaras Hindu University
- University of madras
- University of Mysore
- Andhra university
- Visva Bharati University
- University of Calcutta
Top Colleges for Archaeology Courses Abroad
The top colleges to study Archaeology abroad are given below:
- University of Cambridge, UK
- University of Oxford, UK
- University College London (UCL), UK
- Durham University, UK
- Harvard University, USA
- University of California, Berkeley (UCB), US
- Stanford University, USA
- Leiden University, Netherlands
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
- Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Archaeologists Career Scope
Because India has such a rich cultural past, archaeologists are in great demand.
Qualified students can apply for a variety of government and commercial sector job openings. You can work as a lecturer at a variety of universities or institutes after earning a post-graduate diploma in archaeology.You can work as an archaeologist at private or government-owned museums, where you will be responsible for the safe care and management of museum items.
Jobs in archaeology are available to anyone who are interested in learning about the past of humans, animals, or civilizations that lived thousands of years ago. Applicants can apply for jobs in the government by taking an exam administered by the Union Public Service Commission or the Staff Selection Commission. In tourism, an archaeology degree holder can work as a tourist guide, heritage manager, interpreter, or resource person for trip organisers. Graduates in archaeology have a wide range of work opportunities as well as research opportunities at numerous colleges and universities.
Archaeologists Books & Study Materials
- The Mind in the Cave by David Lewis-Williams
- The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for Origins of Art, Religion and Science by Steven Mithen
- Before Civilization by Colin Renfrew
- Sinews of Survival by Betty Kobayashi Issenman
- Religion Explained by Pascal Boyer
- Return to Chauvet Cave by Jean Clottes
BA Archaeology Syllabus
Here are some of the topics that will be covered in the BA archaeology course:
- Introduction to Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology
- Prep and Proto History of India
- Political and Cultural History of North India (From Vedic to Mauryas Time)
- Political and Cultural History of North India (From Times of Sunga to the end of Kushana Period)
- Political and Cultural History of North India Post Kushana Period.
- Political and Cultural History of North India of Post Gupta Period
- Political and Cultural History of South India
- History of Sciences in Ancient India
- Ancient Indian Epigraphy and Numismatics
- Indian Cultural Contracts with Outside World
- Religion and Art
This was all about how to become an Archaeologist. If you want to fulfill your dream of pursuing a career in archaeology, then reach out to our Leverage Edu experts TODAY. Follow us on Instagram, Facebook, and LinkedIn for more content like this! | <urn:uuid:5745e173-8fe3-4a12-a09a-b4deab689106> | {
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How do you write exponential notation in C?
Because it can be hard to type or display exponents in C++, we use the letter ‘e’ (or sometimes ‘E’) to represent the “times 10 to the power of” part of the equation. For example, 1.2 x 10⁴ would be written as 1.2e4 , and 5.9736 x 10²⁴ would be written as 5.9736e24 .
What is exponential notation in math?
Exponential notation is a form of mathematical shorthand which allows us to write complicated expressions more succinctly. An exponent is a number or letter written above and to the right of a mathematical expression called the base. It indicates that the base is to be raised to a certain power.
What is precision in C?
Precision determines the accuracy of the real numbers and is denoted by the dot (.) So, precision means the number of digits mentioned after the decimal point in the float number. For example, the number 2.449561 has precision six, and -1.058 has precision three.
What exponential notation does c represent?
How far is the Sun from Earth?
|Prefix||Unit Abbrev.||Exponential Factor|
What is an example of exponential function?
Exponential functions have the form f(x) = bx, where b > 0 and b ≠ 1. An example of an exponential function is the growth of bacteria. Some bacteria double every hour. If you start with 1 bacterium and it doubles every hour, you will have 2x bacteria after x hours. This can be written as f(x) = 2x.
What is standard exponential notation?
If a quantity is written as the product of a power of 10 and a number that is greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10, then the quantity is said to be expressed in standard form (or scientific notation). It is also known as exponential form. So the standard form of 65 is 6.5 × 10¹.
What is exponential notation give an example?
Exponential notation is an alternative method of expressing numbers. Exponential numbers take the form an, where a is multiplied by itself n times. A simple example is 8=23=2×2×2. In exponential notation, a is termed the base while n is termed the power or exponent or index.
Which has highest precision in C?
The precision of the measurements refers to the spread of the measured values. One way to analyze the precision of the measurements would be to determine the range, or difference, between the lowest and the highest measured values. In that case, the lowest value was 10.9 in. and the highest value was 11.2 in.
Which data type has highest precision?
Explanation: The double data type has more precision as compared to the three other data types. This data type has more digits towards the right of decimal points as compared to other data types. For instance, the float data type contains six digits of precision whereas double data type comprises of fourteen digits.
What does F mean in exponential notation?
Therefore, the exponential notation that f represents in 10-15.
How do you write an exponentiation in C?
If one is seeking an exponentiation operator however, C has none. What is provided is the standard runtime library function: pow (). You can use exponent in C using pow (). pow () is a inbuilt function in C’s math.h header file which accept two arguments, first one is base while second is exponent.
When to use an exponent in exponential notation?
To make it more obvious, you can try: Exponential notation produced by printf () always uses a single digit before the . and an exponent ( e+01 here) representing the power of 10 by which to multiply the number. It is a notation commonly used in the scientific community:
How do you use exponents in a function in C?
You can use exponent in C using pow(). pow() is a inbuilt function in C’s math.h header file which accept two arguments, first one is base while second is exponent. For example : pow(x, y), here x is base while y is exponent (x^y), remember pow uses float or double only. #include .
How do you do exponentiation in a library?
Thus, it’s implemented as a library function. Also, for computing the function e^x, you can use the exp (double), expf (float), and expl (long double) functions. Note that you do not want to use the ^ operator, which is the bitwise exclusive OR operator. pow only works on floating-point numbers ( double s, actually). | <urn:uuid:51d24590-fc9e-43f5-a161-9a2ed061af04> | {
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|Key topics on|
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Category • Related topics
Paleoclimatology (in British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the study of changes in climate taken on the scale of the entire history of Earth. It uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within (e.g.) rocks, sediments, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells and microfossils; it then uses these records to determine the past states of the Earth's various climate regions and its atmospheric system. Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, and specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery.
- 1 Reconstructing ancient climates
- 2 Notable climate events in Earth history
- 3 History of the atmosphere
- 4 Climate during geological ages
- 5 Controlling Factors
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Reconstructing ancient climates
Paleoclimatologists employ a wide variety of techniques to deduce ancient climates.
Mountain glaciers and the polar ice caps/ice sheets provide much data in paleoclimatology. Ice-coring projects in the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica have yielded data going back several hundred thousand years—over 800,000 years in the case of the EPICA project.
- Air trapped within fallen snow becomes encased in tiny bubbles as the snow is compressed into ice in the glacier under the weight of later years' snow. This trapped air has proven a tremendously valuable source for direct measurement of the composition of air from the time the ice was formed.
- Layering can be observed due to seasonal pauses in ice accumulation and can be used to establish chronology; associating specific depths of the core with ranges of time.
- Changes in the layering thickness can be used to determine changes in precipitation or temperature.
- Oxygen-18 quantity changes (δ18O) in ice layers represent changes in average ocean surface temperature. Water molecules containing the heavier O-18 evaporate at a higher temperature than water molecules containing the normal Oxygen-16 isotope. The ratio of O-18 to O-16 will be higher as temperature increases. It also depends on other factors such as the water's salinity and the volume of water locked up in ice sheets. Various cycles in those isotope ratios have been detected.
- Pollen has been observed in the ice cores and can be used to understand which plants were present as the layer formed. Pollen is produced in abundance and its distribution is typically well understood. A pollen count for a specific layer can be produced by observing the total amount of pollen categorized by type (shape) in a controlled sample of that layer. Changes in plant frequency over time can be plotted through statistical analysis of pollen counts in the core. Knowing which plants were present leads to an understanding of precipitation and temperature, and types of fauna present. Palynology includes the study of pollen for these purposes.
- Volcanic ash is contained in some layers, and can be used to establish the time of the layer's formation. Each volcanic event distributed ash with a unique set of properties (shape and color of particles, chemical signature). Establishing the ash's source will establish a range of time to associate with layer of ice.
Climatic information can be obtained through an understanding of changes in tree growth. Generally, trees respond to changes in climatic variables by speeding up or slowing down growth, which in turn is generally reflected a greater or lesser thickness in growth rings. Different species, however, respond to changes in climatic variables in different ways. A tree-ring record is established by compiling information from many living trees in a specific area. Older intact wood that has escaped decay can extend the time covered by the record by matching the ring depth changes to contemporary specimens. Using this method some areas have tree-ring records dating back a few thousand years. Older wood not connected to a contemporary record can be dated generally with radiocarbon techniques. A tree-ring record can be used to produce information regarding precipitation, temperature, hydrology, and fire corresponding to a particular area.
On a longer time scale, geologists must refer to the sedimentary record for data.
- Sedimentary content
- Sediments, sometimes lithified to form rock, may contain remnants of preserved vegetation, animals, plankton or pollen, which may be characteristic of certain climatic zones.
- Biomarker molecules such as the alkenones may yield information about their temperature of formation.
- Chemical signatures, particularly Mg/Ca ratio of calcite in Foraminifera tests, can be used to reconstruct past temperature.
- Isotopic ratios can provide further information. Specifically, the δ18O record responds to changes in temperature and ice volume, and the δ13C record reflects a range of factors, which are often difficult to disentangle.
- Sedimentary facies
- On a longer time scale, the rock record may show signs of sea level rise and fall; further, features such as "fossilised" sand dunes can be identified. Scientists can get a grasp of long term climate by studying sedimentary rock going back billions of years. The division of earth history into separate periods is largely based on visible changes in sedimentary rock layers that demarcate major changes in conditions. Often these include major shifts in climate.
- Corals (see also sclerochronology)
- Coral "rings" are similar to tree rings, except they respond to different things, such as the water temperature, freshwater influx, pH changes, and wave action. From this source, certain equipment can be used to derive the sea surface temperature and water salinity from the past few centuries. The δ18O of coralline red algae provides a useful proxy of the combined sea surface temperature and sea surface salinity at high latitudes and the tropics, where many traditional techniques are limited.
A multinational consortium, the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), has drilled an ice core in Dome C on the East Antarctic ice sheet and retrieved an ice which dates to roughly 800,000 years ago. The international ice core community has, under the auspices of International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), defined a priority project to obtain the oldest possible ice core record from Antarctica, an ice core record reaching back to or towards 1.5 million years ago. The deep marine record, the source of most isotopic data, only exists on oceanic plates, which are eventually subducted — the oldest remaining material is old. Older sediments are also more prone to corruption by diagenesis. Resolution and confidence in the data decrease over time.
Notable climate events in Earth history
Knowledge of precise climatic events decreases as the record goes further back in time. Some notable climate events:
- Faint young Sun paradox (start)
- Huronian glaciation (~2400Mya Earth completely covered in ice probably due to Great Oxygenation Event)
- Later Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth (~600Mya, Precursor to the Cambrian Explosion)
- Andean-Saharan glaciation (~450Mya)
- Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse (~300Mya)
- Permian-Triassic extinction event (251.4Mya)
- Oceanic Anoxic Events (~120Mya, 93Mya, and others)
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (66Mya)
- Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (Paleocene-Eocene, 55Mya)
- Younger Dryas/The Big Freeze (~11Kya)
- Holocene climatic optimum (~7-3Kya)
- Climate changes of 535-536 (535-536 AD)
- Medieval warm period (900-1300)
- Little ice age (1300-1800)
- Year Without a Summer (1816)
History of the atmosphere
The first atmosphere is presumed to have consisted of gases in the solar nebula, primarily hydrogen. In addition there would probably have been simple hydrides such as are now found in gas-giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn, notably water vapor, methane and ammonia. As the solar nebula dissipated these gases would have escaped, partly driven off by the solar wind.
The next atmosphere, probably consisting largely of nitrogen (partly in the form of ammonia), carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases, but no free oxygen, was produced by outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids. A major rainfall led to the buildup of a vast ocean. A major part of carbon dioxide exhalations were soon dissolved in water and built up carbonate sediments.
Water related sediments as old as 3.8 billion years have been found. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen was the major part of the then stable second atmosphere. An influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon since hints on early life forms are to be found as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The fact that this is not in line with the — compared to today 30% lower — solar radiance of the early sun has been described as the faint young Sun paradox. The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of the earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. There must have been elevated levels of carbon dioxide and perhaps methane to retain heat through the greenhouse effect, but the actual levels are uncertain.
In the late Archean Era an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop from photosynthesizing algae. The early basic carbon isotopy is very much in line with what is found today As Jan Veizer assumed that not only did we have life as far back as we had rocks, but there was as much life then as today and the fundamental features of the carbon cycle were established as early as 4 billion years ago.
The accretion of continents about 3.5 billion years ago added plate tectonics, constantly rearranging the continents and also shaping long-term climate evolution by allowing the transfer of carbon dioxide to large land-based carbonate storages. Free oxygen did not exist until about 1.7 billion years ago and this can be seen with the development of the red beds and the end of the banded iron formations. This signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidising atmosphere. O2 showed major ups and downs until reaching a steady state of more than 15%. The following time span was the Phanerozoic, during which oxygen-breathing metazoan life forms began to appear.
Climate during geological ages
In the first three quarters of the Earth's history, only one major glaciation is to be found in the geological record. Since about 950 million years ago, the Earth's climate has varied regularly between large-scale or just polar cap wide glaciation and extensively tropical climates. The time scale for this variation is roughly 140 million years and may be related to Earth's motion into and out of galactic spiral arms and compared to the previous time, significantly reduced solar wind.
The climate of the late Precambrian showed some major glaciation events spreading over much of the earth. At this time the continents were bunched up in the Rodinia supercontinent. Massive deposits of tillites are found and anomalous isotopic signatures are found, which gave rise to the Snowball Earth hypothesis. As the Proterozoic Eon drew to a close, the Earth started to warm up. By the dawn of the Cambrian and the Phanerozoic, life forms were abundant in the Cambrian explosion with average global temperatures of about 22 °C.
Major drivers for the preindustrial ages have been variations of the sun, volcanic ashes and exhalations, relative movements of the earth towards the sun and tectonically induced effects as for major sea currents, watersheds and ocean oscillations. In the early Phanerozoic, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been linked to driving or amplifying increased global temperatures. Royer et al. 2004 found a climate sensitivity for the rest of the Phanerozoic which was calculated to be similar to today's modern range of values.
The difference in global mean temperatures between a fully glacial Earth and an ice free Earth is estimated at approximately 10 °C, though far larger changes would be observed at high latitudes and smaller ones at low latitudes. One requirement for the development of large scale ice sheets seems to be the arrangement of continental land masses at or near the poles. The constant rearrangement of continents by plate tectonics can also shape long-term climate evolution. However, the presence or absence of land masses at the poles is not sufficient to guarantee glaciations or exclude polar ice caps. Evidence exists of past warm periods in Earth's climate when polar land masses similar to Antarctica were home to deciduous forests rather than ice sheets.
Superimposed on the long-term evolution between hot and cold climates have been many short-term fluctuations in climate similar to, and sometimes more severe than, the varying glacial and interglacial states of the present ice age. Some of the most severe fluctuations, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, may be related to rapid climate changes due to sudden collapses of natural methane clathrate reservoirs in the oceans.
A similar, single event of induced severe climate change after a meteorite impact has been proposed as reason for the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Other major thresholds are the Permian-Triassic, and Ordovician-Silurian extinction events with various reasons suggested.
Note in the graphic on the right the strong 120,000-year periodicity of the cycles, and the striking asymmetry of the curves. This asymmetry is believed to result from complex interactions of feedback mechanisms. It has been observed that ice ages deepen by progressive steps, but the recovery to interglacial conditions occurs in one big step.
Short term (104 to 106 years)
Geologically short-term (<120,000 year) temperatures are believed to be driven by orbital factors (see Milankovitch cycles) amplified by changes in greenhouse gases. The arrangements of land masses on the Earth's surface are believed to influence the effectiveness of these orbital forcing effects.
Medium term (106 to 108 years)
Continental drift affects the thermohaline circulation, which transfers heat between the equatorial regions and the poles, as does the extent of polar ice coverage.
The timing of ice ages throughout geologic history is in part controlled by the position of the continental plates on the surface of the Earth. When landmasses are concentrated near the polar regions, there is an increased chance for snow and ice to accumulate. Small changes in solar energy can tip the balance between summers in which the winter snow mass completely melts and summers in which the winter snow persists until the following winter. See the web site Paleomap Project for images of the polar landmass distributions through time.
Comparisons of plate tectonic continent reconstructions and paleoclimatic studies show that the Milankovitch cycles have the greatest effect during geologic eras when landmasses have been concentrated in polar regions, as is the case today. Today, Greenland, Antarctica, and the northern portions of Europe, Asia, and North America are situated such that a minor change in solar energy will tip the balance between year-round snow/ice preservation and complete summer melting. The presence of snow and ice is a well-understood positive feedback mechanism for climate. The Earth today is considered to be prone to ice age glaciations.
Another proposed factor in long term temperature change is the Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis, first put forward by T. C. Chamberlin in 1899 and later independently proposed in 1988 by Maureen Raymo and colleagues, where upthrusting mountain ranges expose minerals to weathering resulting in their chemical conversion to carbonates thereby removing CO2 from the atmosphere and cooling the earth. Others have proposed similar effects due to changes in average water table levels and consequent changes in sub-surface biological activity and PH levels.
Long term (108 to 109 years)
It has been proposed that long term galactic motions of the sun have a major influence on the Earth's climate. There are two principal motions, the first and most significant is the orbit of the sun around the galactic centre with a period of the order of 240 million years. Since this period is different from the rotation period of the galactic spiral arms, the sun, and the earth with it, will periodically pass through the arms (estimates of the period are uncertain and vary from 143 million years to 176 million years). The second is an oscillatory bobbing motion, similar to a floating buoy, which will periodically take the sun through the galactic disc. The period of this bobbing motion is 67 million years, so a pass through the galactic plane will occur every 33 million years. The causal link between these galactic motions and climate is unclear but one (controversial) postulate is the effect that entering a denser region of the galaxy will have on increasing the cosmic ray flux (CRF). This theory has been criticised, both for overstating the correlation with CRF and for failing to propose a believable mechanism that would allow CRF to drive temperature. The claims by Henrik Svensmark that CRF also strongly affects short term climate changes is even more controversial and has been challenged by many.
It has also been suggested that there is some correlation between these galactic cycles and geological periods. The reason for this is postulated to be that the earth experiences many more impact events while passing through high density regions of the galaxy. Both the climate changes and sudden impacts may cause, or contribute to, extinction events.
Very long term (109 years or more)
Jan Veizer and Nir Shaviv have proposed the interaction of cosmic rays, solar wind and the various magnetic fields to explain the long term evolution of earth's climate. According to Shaviv, the early sun had emitted a stronger solar wind with a protective effect against cosmic rays. In that early age, a moderate greenhouse effect comparable to today's would have been sufficient to explain an ice free earth and the faint young sun paradox. The solar minimum around 2.4 billion years ago is consistent with an established cosmic ray flux modulation by a variable star formation rate in the Milky Way and there is also a hint of an extinction event at this time. Within the last billion years the solar wind has significantly diminished. It is only within this more recent time that passages of the heliosphere through the spiral arms of the galaxy have been able to gain a strong and regularly modulating influence as described above.
A recent study published in 2011 using an improved GEOCARBSULF carbon-cycle model found that silicate weathering of volcanic rocks acts as an important carbon cycle feedback agent. It has also been found that the dynamics of ice sheets, aerosols, clouds, greenhouse gases, solar evolution and continental position (and linked vegetation changes) have been important factors in the long term evolution of the earth's climate. There is also a tight correlation between CO2 and temperature, indicating that CO2, operating in combination with many other factors such as solar luminosity and paleogeography, has imparted strong control over global temperatures for much of the Phanerozoic.
Over the very long term the energy output of the sun has gradually increased, on the order of 5% per billion (109) years, and will continue to do so until it reaches the end of its current phase of stellar evolution.
- Geologic temperature record
- Paleothermometry, the study of ancient temperatures
- Paleotempestology, the study of past tropical cyclone activity
- Historical climatology, the study of climate over human history (as opposed to Earth's)
- CLIWOC, Climatological database for the world's oceans (1759–1854)
- Shen Kuo, 11th-century Chinese scientist who realized the possibilities of paleoclimatology while observing ancient petrified bamboos buried underground in a northern, dry climate
- Paleomap Map of different ages and climates of the earth
- Table of historic and prehistoric climate indicators
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- "Page 1 1 International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS) The oldest ice core: A 1.5 million year record of climate and greenhouse gases from Antarctica". Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- Zahnle, K.; Schaefer, L.; Fegley, B. (2010). "Earth's Earliest Atmospheres". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2 (10): a004895. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a004895. PMC 2944365. PMID 20573713.
- Windley, B. (1984). The Evolving Continents. New York: Wiley Press. ISBN 0-471-90376-0.
- J. Schopf (1983). Earth’s Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08323-1.
- Veizer, J. (2005). Celestial climate driver: a perspective from four billion years of the carbon cycle. Geoscience Canada
- Veizer (1976). Windley, B.F., ed. The Early History of the Earth. London: John Wiley and Sons. p. 569.
- Summary Chart for the Precambrian
- Shaviv N.J. (2002). "Cosmic Ray Diffusion from the Galactic Spiral Arms, Iron Meteorites and a possible Climatic Connection". Physical Review Letters 89 (5): 051102. arXiv:astro-ph/0207637. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89e1102S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.051102. PMID 12144433.
- Rosemarie E. Came, John M. Eiler, Jan Veizer, Karem Azmy, Uwe Brand & Christopher R. Weidman (September 2007). "Coupling of surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the Palaeozoic era". Nature 449 (7159): 198–201. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..198C. doi:10.1038/nature06085. PMID 17851520.
- Royer, Dana L. and Robert A. Berner, Isabel P. Montañez, Neil J. Tabor, David J. Beerling (July 2004). "CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate". GSA Today 14 (3): 4–10. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2.
- Shaviv, NJ, Veizer, J; Veizer (July 2003). "Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?". GSA Today 7 (7): 4–10. Bibcode:2003EAEJA....13401S. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2003)013<0004:CDOPC>2.0.CO;2., see also online version or online discussion
- Borrero, Hess et al. (2008). Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe. Glencoe: McGraw-Hill. p. 348. ISBN 0-07-875045-8.
- Gillman, M, Erenler, H (2008). "The galactic cycle of extinction". International Journal of Astrobiology 7. Bibcode:2008IJAsB...7...17G. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004047.
- Huggett, RJ (2003). Environmental Change the Evolving Ecosphere. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 0-415-14520-1.
- Schmidt, Gavin (2007-06-01). "Clouding the issue of climate". Physics World.
- K. S. Carslaw, R. G. Harrison, J. Kirkby (November 2002). "Atmospheric Science: Cosmic Rays, Clouds, and Climate". Science 298 (5599): 1732–7. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.1732C. doi:10.1126/science.1076964. PMID 12459578.
- Shaviv, N. J. (2003). "Toward a solution to the early faint Sun paradox: A lower cosmic ray flux from a stronger solar wind". J. Geophys. Res. 108 (A12): 1437. arXiv:astro-ph/0306477. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1437S. doi:10.1029/2003JA009997.
- Park, J.; Royer, D. L. (16 May 2011). "Geologic constraints on the glacial amplification of Phanerozoic climate sensitivity". American Journal of Science 311 (1): 1–26. doi:10.2475/01.2011.01.
- ROYER, D. L.; PAGANI, M.; BEERLING, D. J. (1 July 2012). "Geobiological constraints on Earth system sensitivity to CO2 during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic". Geobiology 10 (4): 298–310. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00320.x. PMID 22353368.
- Royer, Dana L. (1 December 2006). "CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70 (23): 5665–5675. Bibcode:2006GeCoA..70.5665R. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.031.
- Bradley, Raymond S. (1985). Quaternary paleoclimatology: methods of paleoclimatic reconstruction. Boston: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-551067-9.
- Cronin, Thomas N. (2010). Paleoclimates: understanding climate change past and present. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14494-0 Check
- Imbrie, John (1986, c1979). Ice ages: solving the mystery. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-44075-7.
- Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion (1986). Origins of sex: three billion years of genetic recombination. The Bio-origins series. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03340-0.
- Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful life, the story of the Burgess Shale. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02705-8.
- Crowley, Thomas J.; North, Gerald R. (1996). Paleoclimatology. Oxford monographs on geology and geophysics 18. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-510533-8.
- Karl-Heinz Ludwig (2006). Eine kurze Geschichte des Klimas. Von der Entstehung der Erde bis heute, (A short history of climate, From the evolution of earth till today) Herbst, ISBN 3-406-54746
- William F. Ruddimann (2001). Earth's Climate — Past and Future. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-7167-3741-8.
- B. Windley (1984). The Evolving Continents. New York: Wiley Press.
- Drummond, Carl N. and Wilkinson, Bruce H. (2006). "Interannual Variability in Climate Data". Journal of Geology 114 (3): 325–339. Bibcode:2006JG....114..325D. doi:10.1086/500992.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleoclimatology.|
- A Brief Introduction to History of Climate, an excellent overview by Prof. Richard A. Muller of UC Berkeley.
- NOAA Paleoclimatology
- AGU Paleoclimatology and climate system dynamics
- Paleoclimatology in the 21st century
- Environmental Literacy Council
- Climate change and Palaeoclimatology News Archive
- The Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis
- NASA's GISS paleoclimate site
- CalPal — Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Paleoclimate Research Package
- W. F. Ruddiman (2006). "Ice-driven CO2 feedback on ice volume". Clim. Past 2 (1): 43–55. doi:10.5194/cp-2-43-2006.
- Rapid Climate Change
- Short history of climate | <urn:uuid:86b40495-92b4-49fd-a06d-af91dc9adc73> | {
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Converting crop residues into cellulosic ethanol sounds to many people like a good idea -- certainly better than using food crops themselves. Yet according to respected USDA soil scientist Ann Kennedy, the stems and leaves left over after crops are harvested may have more value if they are left on the ground, especially in areas receiving less than 25 inches of precipitation annually. That includes most of the United States (click on link to see map) west of the 100th meridian, which runs roughly from Bismark, S.D. through Laredo, Texas. To regular readers of Gristmill, this probably does not sound …
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Cerebral palsy is a complicated and life-altering neurological condition that can significantly impact a person’s motor skills, muscle control, and general movement.
While cerebral palsy can arise due to several factors, some of these genetic, medical negligence during pregnancy, childbirth, or early infancy can also contribute to its development.
Approximately 1,800 children receive a diagnosis of cerebral palsy each year, as reported by Scope, a disability charity. It’s thought that around 8% of the estimated 18,000 new cases reported over the past decade may have been caused by medical negligence.
Free Initial Discussion
What Is Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy impacts movement, coordination, and muscle use. It typically occurs due to damage or abnormal development of the brain.
The severity of cerebral palsy can vary, ranging from mild cases where the person may only experience slight motor limitations to severe cases where significant impairments are present.
In more severe cases, this condition can have a lasting impact on families. This is where financial compensation can be essential to improve a patient’s quality of life.
What Are The Different Types Of Cerebral Palsy?
There are different types of cerebral palsy. These can be distinguished by the area of the brain affected and the associated symptoms.
In the UK, the main types of diagnosed cerebral palsy are spastic cerebral palsy, dyskinetic cerebral palsy, ataxic cerebral palsy, and mixed cerebral palsy.
What Are The Symptoms Of Cerebral Palsy?
There are many common symptoms of cerebral palsy that can impact the life of someone diagnosed with the condition. These can, of course, vary depending on the type of condition and the severity.
Common symptoms include:
- Difficulties with coordination
- Muscle stiffness or floppiness
- Involuntary movements
- Trouble with fine motor skills
- Challenges with speech and swallowing
- Impaired balance and mobility
In addition to motor impairments, some with cerebral palsy may also experience linked conditions such as intellectual disabilities, impairments to hearing or sight, seizures, or behavioural issues. This broader impact is something to consider if you are looking to make a cerebral palsy claim.
Can Medical Negligence Cause Cerebral Palsy?
Medical negligence can be a contributing factor in some cases of cerebral palsy.
Negligence during pregnancy, childbirth, or the immediate postnatal period can result in brain damage, leading to the development of cerebral palsy.
Examples of medical negligence that may cause cerebral palsy include inadequate monitoring of the baby’s oxygen levels, delays in performing a necessary caesarean section, improper use of delivery instruments, failure to diagnose or treat infections in the mother, or medication errors during pregnancy or childbirth.
Can I Make A Cerebral Palsy Claim In The UK?
Yes, it is possible to make a cerebral palsy claim in the UK if you believe that medical negligence contributed to the development of the condition. These can be made against NHS services or private medical facilities.
To pursue a claim, you must establish that the healthcare professionals involved failed to meet the expected standard of care and that their negligence directly caused or contributed to cerebral palsy.
It is essential to consult with a solicitor specialising in medical negligence claims to assess the merits of your case, gather necessary evidence, and guide you through the legal process.
How Much Compensation Can I Get For A Cerebral Palsy Negligence Claim?
Over the past decade, NHS trusts in England have paid out over £4.3 billion in damages as a result of 1,441 clinical negligence claims related to cerebral palsy, so it is entirely possible to make a claim that can help cover the physical, emotional and financial tolls of this condition.
The amount of compensation awarded in cerebral palsy negligence claims can vary widely, as it depends on several factors. These factors include the severity of the condition, the impact on the individual’s quality of life, ongoing care needs, loss of earnings, medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, and any other related damages.
Compensation aims to provide sufficient financial support to help cover past and future expenses, as well as to address the pain, and long-term consequences of living with cerebral palsy.
Who Can Claim For Cerebral Palsy Caused By Negligence?
A cerebral palsy negligence claim can be made by an affected individual if they are over the age of 18.
If the individual with cerebral palsy is under 18, a parent or legal guardian can claim on their behalf.
Additionally, if the cerebral palsy resulted in the death of the diagnosed individual, their immediate family members may be eligible to make a claim for compensation based on the grounds of medical negligence.
Are There Time Limits For Cerebral Palsy Claims?
Yes, there are time limits for making cerebral palsy claims in the UK.
Generally, the limitation period is three years from the date of the negligence or from the date when the negligence was discovered. However, there are exceptions to this rule, especially in cases involving children or individuals lacking mental capacity.
It is very common for parents to pursue claims on behalf of their children to help cover costs incurred due to the condition and any ongoing treatments. When medical negligence leads to the diagnosis of a life-changing condition, this can have a financial toll on families who need to spend more time in hospital or might need to assume the role of a permanent carer. Compensation is designed to help cover these costs.
It is crucial to seek legal advice promptly to ensure compliance with the applicable time limits and to initiate the claim within the specified period.
How Macks Can Help
If you believe that medical negligence contributed to the development of cerebral palsy, consulting with a solicitor experienced in medical negligence claims is crucial. We will thoroughly explore your case and determine the best course of action that is tailored to your specific needs.
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Outstanding service, very helpful and polite staff, always in the know about our case .. all round great professional solicitors. | <urn:uuid:01a3f983-a945-4168-9675-f8a70223cfa9> | {
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When you observe a yellowish appearance on your Asparagus Fern, it can be disturbing to say the least.
Typically, asparagines fern are quite colorful, but sometimes it happens, as in this case, they turn yellow. You need to know what causes it.
Overwatering is the culprit
The most common reasons for a fern turning yellow is overwatering. This is probably the easiest way to tell if your asparagus or any other plant is dying from too much water.
If the leaves are turning yellow, it means that too much water has been applied, generally in the last couple days before a hard freeze or the plant has been over watered.
If you do this, make sure you apply far less water than usual the next time you water, since you don’t want to start the over-watering cycle again.
Light is another reason that plants sometimes turn yellow. Obviously, if you’re in an area where the sun is very intense, the color of the leaves will get darker.
But there are other reasons your asparagus fern’s yellowing. Perhaps the plant is not getting enough sunlight or maybe it is getting too much sunlight, this can also be solved by reducing the amount of light it receives.
Why you should never over water your plant
Overwatering is a serious problem especially for plants that have very deep roots. If you want to know, then you need to find out why your asparagus fern is yellowing when you regularly over water it.
This may be caused by root rot, which can easily be avoided by regularly giving your fern water when it is not overwatered. You should also try to find out why your asparagus fern is turning yellow when you regularly over water it as well.
Other reasons that your asparagus fern might turn yellow is that it is undergoing a lot of transplant stress. Stress causes the plant to do some things that are normal for it, but it often causes the plant to stop growing as fast as it should.
This is why your asparagus fern is turning yellow. In order to solve this problem, you need to transplant your plant every so often.
If you want to avoid your asparagus ferns turning yellow, you should keep the temperature of the soil that the plant is in as high as possible. You should also give it enough light.
Another thing that you should do if you want to avoid your asparagus ferns turning yellow is to give it enough water.
Watering your plant will help the plant to stay healthy and prevent it from getting stressed. Finally, remember that if you accidentally over-watered your plant, you should immediately replant it.
Signs to know a dying Asparagus Fern
If you are one of the thousands who grows asparagus ferns, you probably want to know why they might be dying or show symptoms of death.
1). Lack of adequate water
The truth is that all ferns, especially the asparagus fern, will die from the same cause, the lack of water. This is common for all ferns, as they are mostly epiphytes that grow on water.
Water helps to regulate growth and spread of fungi. Without sufficient water, fungi will overgrow and infect the leaves, eventually causing the death of your asparagus fern.
As a matter of fact, the only way to prevent this from happening to your fern is if it’s completely dried out. The best way to do this is by providing it with an adequate amount of water. Some ferns are naturally asparagus resistant, and can survive in as little as 2% water, but most require an additional five to ten percent water.
So if you have a drier climate, make sure you provide your fern with as much water as possible, as humid air makes the fungal diseases more severe.
In addition, keep in mind that the primary threat posed by the fungus that attacks your fern is actually the penetration of the spores into the new growth of the plant.
So, to prevent the fungal growth from spreading, make sure that there are not too many leaves on the plant. One way to ensure this is to thin the plants as they grow, since the larger the leaves of the plant, the more chances there are for the spore to penetrate into the new growth.
2). Does it turn out to be sunny?
In some cases, the leaves of your fern might not always stay in direct sunlight, especially in the summertime.
It can be difficult to give your fern sufficient light, but it’s important to try. If you have a shady spot in your yard, you may want to consider growing your fern in that spot instead of in full sun.
Ferns will do well even in shaded areas; just remember to make sure that the soil has enough moisture to allow the new growth of the plant to occur. Ferns in full sun tend to become stressed by the heat and can die.
3). Is your Asparagus fern suffering from what appears to be a leaf disease?
Sometimes, infected leaves of your Asparagus fern will turn yellow, brown, or black. The foliage may also begin to droop and curl up.
Usually, however, the symptoms are milder than this and the leaves rarely die. You may also notice that the underside of the stems may be discolored, moldy, or suffering from a powdery residue that clings to the foliage of the plant.
4). Does your Asparagus fern appears to be losing its leaves?
If the leaves of your Asparagus fern are not growing, it’s due to the loss of the tuberous roots.
The roots, when they die, are unable to absorb enough water to keep the foliage green and healthy. You should water regularly but remember to only do so when the soil is wet.
How to revive a dying asparagus fern
Reviving a dying asparagus fern can be a little tricky, to say the least. This plant is not very common in the United States, and it is not edible. If you really want to try to grow one, you need to find a source that grows it natively.
Luckily, as of right now, you can pretty much find any type of fern in the southern United States.
The only difference between this species and other types of plants in your area is that they are not native, so the asparagus fern is not going to be quite as hard to find.
Grow Asparagus Fern in a Sunny Area
To start off, you will need to find a nice, sunny spot to grow this asparagus fern in. This will probably need to be somewhat shady throughout most of the day.
You could try growing it in a pot, if you have a big enough pot, but this will require you to water it more often. On the bottom of the pot, you should put some good soil.
In a small container, mix in a little perlite to give the pot a darker appearance and give it more of a cushioning effect.
Humidity of the area
In order for the asparagus fern to survive, it will need some humidity. You can mist the plants from the top by using a watering can, but this will only work temporarily. You need to give the roots of the fern water regularly.
You can mist the plant from the bottom by filling a watering can with water and putting the fern in the can. The water will get directly on the fern and help to keep it alive.
Transplant with utmost care
When you are trying to transplant an asparagus fern, make sure that you only remove enough pieces so they don’t die.
You don’t want to mess up your asparagus fern, because this is one of the most popular plants at the garden center.
Once you have successfully transferred the fern into a large pot or container, you can water it and let it grow from there. If you do decide to water it often, you should get the asparagus fern seeds from a friend or grower, but you can find seeds at your local garden center as well.
If your asparagus fern has started to die, you should remove any decaying matter such as roots, leaves or fungus, and then repot it.
Repotting is extremely important for your fern because it will grow much better if it has access to water and air. If you are transplanting your dying asparagus fern, dig it out of the ground and move it to a larger container. This will make it easier to transplant.
When you repot your dying asparagus fern, use an airtight container that has some room for the plant to expand and keep in mind not to put too much water in it.
Water your fern well when it starts to look wilted, but do not overwater it because that will encourage the plant to die even more.
If you have a hole in your ground that your fern can fit in, all you need to do is add some water and let it sit.
This will help it stay alive and it will help it get a good start over again. These are just a few basic steps on how to revive a dying asparagus fern, and you’ll notice that if you follow these tips, you’ll find it easier to take care of this difficult plant. | <urn:uuid:50fe308c-d1ee-4ea1-81fc-832087915362> | {
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Follicular Lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It develops when the body makes abnormal B-lymphocytes – the lymphoma cells. (B-lymphocytes are white blood cells that fight infection). The lymphoma cells build up in lymph nodes. The most common symptom is a painless swelling in the neck, armpit or groin. low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a slow-growing lymphoma that develops from B lymphocytes (B cells). It is called 'follicular' lymphoma because the abnormal lymphocytes often collect in lymph nodes in clumps that are known as 'follicles'. | <urn:uuid:82d17a78-a7b1-412e-b830-9742ab6ba68c> | {
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The physical and chemical properties of a compound differ from its component elements. For example, the element sodium (Na) is a soft, silvery gray active metal that reacts explosively with water to form sodium hydroxide (#NaOH#) and hydrogen gas (#H_2#). The element chlorine, which exits as a diatomic gaseous molecule (#Cl_2#), has a green color and is toxic. These two elements react to form sodium chloride (#NaCl#), also called common table salt, which is a white crystalline solid that is not toxic and dissolves in water, but does not react with it.
Figure 23: (a) Sodium metal (immersed in oil to prevent reaction with oxygen and moisture in the air); (b) chlorine gas; (c) the reaction between sodium and chlorine; (d) sodium chloride (common table salt) | <urn:uuid:f39f0409-eefb-4b7f-8d7d-c32171694f36> | {
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