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Brush. Floss. Rinse. Repeat. Every day. At least twice. For the rest of your life.
Or not, if an invention by a multidisciplinary team at the University of Pennsylvania works out.
The group has created nanoparticles mainly made of iron oxide—the stuff of rust—that can swarm teeth in your mouth, clean them more effectively than a toothbrush, and floss between them as well.
Using a magnetic field, the researchers can form the magnetic particles into bristle-like structures that scour teeth surfaces, then transform them into thin strings that can thread their way between teeth like dental floss.
The structures are firm enough to clean teeth, but tests show they remain soft enough to avoid damaging gums and other tissues inside the mouth.
The microscopic bits also catalyze a reaction that creates hydrogen peroxide, a common mouthwash ingredient that kills harmful bacteria in the mouth.
In tests on a variety of human teeth, the nanoparticles almost entirely erased sticky biofilms that can cause cavities and gum disease.
The microbots also were able to work their way in between overlapping teeth and other hard-to-reach places.
The teeth-cleaning technology also can be programmed to do its tasks automatically, without the user needing to steer the process.
The FDA already has approved iron oxide nanoparticles for other uses inside the body and the inventors are developing a device that fits inside the mouth to operate the needed magnetic field.
TRENDPOST: The programmable, magnetic teeth-cleaning technology will be useful not only for people with disabilities that make conventional brushing difficult, but also for anyone tempted to skip the multi-step tedium of daily dental hygiene. | <urn:uuid:52d18444-6cc8-4ceb-bdda-7bceb48199bd> | {
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Introduction to Graphs
Publisher: Wikipedia 2014
Contents: Introduction; The Basics; Tree; Multigraph; Extremal graph theory; Graph Traversal; Analysis; Example Applications of Graph Theory; Travelling salesman problem; Route inspection problem; Hamiltonian path problem; etc.
Home page url
Download or read it online for free here:
by Beril Sirmacek (ed.) - InTech
Not only will the methods and explanations help you to understand more about graph theory, but you will find it joyful to discover ways that you can apply graph theory in your scientific field. The very basics are not explained at the beginner level.
by Alexander K. Hartmann, Martin Weigt - arXiv
Graph theory provides fundamental concepts for many fields of science like statistical physics, network analysis and theoretical computer science. Here we give a pedagogical introduction to graph theory, divided into three sections.
by Russell Lyons, Yuval Peres - Cambridge University Press
This book is concerned with certain aspects of discrete probability on infinite graphs that are currently in vigorous development. Of course, finite graphs are analyzed as well, but usually with the aim of understanding infinite graphs and networks.
by Roberto Tamassia (ed.) - CRC Press
The Handbook provides a broad, up-to-date survey of the field of graph drawing. It covers topological and geometric foundations, algorithms, software systems, and visualization applications in business, education, science, and engineering. | <urn:uuid:327245ba-c846-4032-94a6-20dcdb33a32e> | {
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A patent an exclusive right granted for an invention means patent an exclusive rights to a product or a process that generally provide a new way of doing something or offer a new technical solution to a problem.
Intellectual property right include copyright, patent, industrial design, trademark etc. but in industrial property include such intellectual property right except copyright
Patent is an intellectual right protected under patent act, 1970 which gives monopoly right over the invention. Invention must be categorized under three classification follow as;
- Invention must be useful or productive,
- Invention must have principle of novelty that means truly new and prime mover invention deserve protection under patent law
- Invention must non-obvious which means not include ordinary skill in invention due to which easy to make the invention based on prior act.
Item may deserve protection under patent law such as Computer Hardware and Software, machines, tools, jewellery, musical instrument, production process, composition of matters, new plant species, sporting goods, magic tricks, perfumes etc
Items may not deserve protection under patent law such as Invention already well establish by natural law or substance by nature, discovery of scientific principle, machines, business methods, method of agriculture and horticulture, process of medical or surgical and any treatment process of human being and animals, mathematical or computer programmes or algorithms, a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation whatsoever including cinematographic works and television productions, presentation of information, scheme or rules or method of performing any mental act or method of playing game, invention relating to atomic energy traditional knowledge example turmeric work as medicine, invention against morality example invention of gambling etc.
PATENT MAY PRODUCT AND PROCESS
Process Patent: The patent granted to particular manufacturing process and not to the product itself. Anyone can invent product by using process or by modifying the process due to which high possibility increase more inventor or produce of same product.
Product Patent: An exclusively right given to the original inventor over the invention or product means no other manufacture provide same product through modifying the process. Therefore, patent protects monopoly over the invention through patent process.
REGISTERATION OR FILING PATENT PROCEDURE
A patent is an intellectual right granted exclusively to the inventors over their novelty or non obvious invention by government. Patent assist as safeguard provide to invention that are created for specific period of 20 years from the date of filing and prevent others commercial exploitation or forfeiting the patented invention which already based on prior act. Therefore, it encourages more development and more invention.
Filing Patent is a long process but once patent is granted then invention would be protected for 20 years. The guidelines or steps involve for filing patent given the follow are:
First step: Determine invention fall under patent
The first step: Before filing application for patent, inventor must conceive whether created article or invention falling under patent category or invention need other type of protection such as trademark, copyright, trade secret or combination of all of these things.
Second steps: If invention patentable
If inventor determined that his invention is patentable then he must aware about some of fact such as who can apply for patent? , How long invention would be protected after filing? , how much does it cost to get a patent? , is necessary to get a patent for invention and why? , If inventor really need to be patent for invention then must know about what category of patent would be filed? Basically there three kind of patent are: Utility Patent, Design Patent and Plant Patent.
- Utility Patent: ‘Utility patent’ also known as ‘patent for an invention’. A utility patent is a type of patent which granted to anyone who invented any productive and useful product and article or process or machines etc.
- Design Patent: Design patent can be granted to anyone who invent any original design or ornament design for manufacture of an article.
- Plant Patent: plant patent grant to anyone or inventor ( or inventor’s heirs, or assigns) who discover any new variety of plant or a plant found in uncultivated state
Third steps: Filing Application
Once inventor find out about invention fall under what type of patent then can be proceed for further that is filing a application for a patent. Drafting a patent application which consist Description, Diagram or Diagram (if any), Abstract and Summary about invention. Its petty complex and time consuming to draft effective application for patent. Drafting play huge role to disclose invention therefore, utmost caution must be taken while drafting an application. After drafting of patent application filed in the government patent office.
Inventor Filed either complete specification or provisional application
1. Complete specification: If invention is complete, invention published in 18 month. Generally, invention publishes within one month from request of earlier application.
2. Provisional Application: If invention on development stage, inventor gets the period of 12 month to accomplishing the invention.
Forth steps: Examination
After filing a patent application then applicant is required to send request application the patent office to examine the patent application. Then examiner examines the application whether invention is for Useful purpose, Novelty, Non obvious. If any objection raise by examiner after filing examine request or any other person after publishing invention then applicant need to respond the objection in written form which rose against the invention through examine report.
Fifth step: Grant Patent Certificate
After addressing all the objection and response if meets all fair requirement for patent. Finally, patent will be granted to the applicant or inventor over the invention. The grant patent notified on patent journal time to time which prevent others to use or sell similar product or process without the consent of the authorized person or inventor.
INFRINGEMENT AND REMEDIES
Whoever use patented invention without the appropriate consent of authorized or original inventor of invention shall be considered as infringement of patent and original inventor empower suit filed against the person who infringe the patent right and claim for damages before the District Court or High Court having jurisdiction to precede the suit.
Remedies available in case of infringe the patent, plaintiff has right to claim for Injunction or Damages or Account of profit.
I have always been against Glorifying Over Work and therefore, in the year 2021, I have decided to launch this campaign “Balancing Life”and talk about this wrong practice, that we have been following since last few years. I will be talking to and interviewing around 1 lakh people in the coming 2021 and publish their interview regarding their opinion on glamourising Over Work.
IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN PARTICIPATING IN THE SAME, DO LET ME KNOW.
The copyright of this Article belongs exclusively to Ms. Aishwarya Sandeep. Reproduction of the same, without permission will amount to Copyright Infringement. Appropriate Legal Action under the Indian Laws will be taken.
If you would also like to contribute to my website, then do share your articles or poems at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:fb3c4bc0-9514-4432-86e2-541ae385d29c> | {
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How do you subtract? What is your algorithm of choice? The standard subtraction algorithm in the United States today is the decomposition algorithm (Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010). While other algorithms exist and are possibly utilized, no other algorithm dominates the contemporary curriculum, classrooms, and pencils of children in the U.S. more so than the decomposition algorithm. Subtraction is one of the fundamental building blocks of arithmetic. Looking to the past and exploring the history of subtraction algorithms can help us glean knowledge of the intended and possibly implemented curricula in past eras. In this article, special attention will be given to 18th and 19th century America. The aims of this article are to identify the different algorithms used during this time period and to discuss implications for the modern teacher. | <urn:uuid:8955e4c2-72fd-4e3d-ace3-343cd96bbf83> | {
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When the Lords Proprietors established an English settlement on the Ashley River in 1670, they sought to develop Carolina as an extension of earlier seventeenth-century English colonization projects in North America and the Caribbean. By the early 1720s, the colony’s economy revolved around an expanding plantation system and network of inter-colonial exchange between the Caribbean, Chesapeake, and New England. In Carolina, this plantation system primarily relied on enslaved African labor to produce cash crops such as rice and indigo for export. Shortly after 1708, the colony even featured a black population majority. Settlers initially trans-shipped captive Africans from the British West Indies to Carolina, before Charles Town emerged as a major North American port for the trans-Atlantic slave trade directly from West Africa. The forced migration and labor of enslaved Africans produced tremendous wealth for elite European settlers in South Carolina, but the development of a black majority also increased the threat of slave rebellion against the colony’s white minority.
In addition to large numbers of enslaved Africans, South Carolina was one of the few British colonies in North America where an American Indian slave trade flourished. From 1680 to 1720, traders exported approximately forty thousand American Indian men, women, and children from Charles Town to the British West Indies, as well as to other colonies in British North America. Profits from this early slave trade, supplemented by the export of products like beaver pelts, deerskins, and naval stores, helped provide the economic foundation for the plantation regime that emerged in the early eighteenth century. Though some American Indian groups in the Lowcountry participated in the slave trade by exchanging captives and goods, others resisted enslavement and European encroachment into their territories. Eventually a coalition led by the Yamasee formed to combat this burgeoning slave trade, as well as other trade abuses committed by Carolina settlers. The British also blamed the volatile tensions that led to the Yamasee War on alliances between American Indians and their Spanish and French rivals. The conflict lasted roughly from 1715 to 1717, and nearly destroyed the colony.
The Yamasee War eventually ended through various tenuous peace treaties, but the white population in eighteenth century Carolina still felt vulnerable to outside attacks, as well as slave rebellions within their own settlements. As a result, they began petitioning the English crown to obtain greater security by making South Carolina a royal colony rather than a proprietary settlement. In the 1720s a revolutionary government formed to overthrow Carolina’s Lord’s Proprietors, and in 1729 the settlers achieved their goal. During that year the Carolina charter officially transferred from the proprietors to King George II, and South and North Carolina became separate royal colonies.
American Indian slavery began to decline in South Carolina in the aftermath of the Yamasee War, partially due to settlers’ attempts to improve relations with American Indians. Perhaps more significantly, native populations also decreased as many migrated away from the area to avoid further tensions. Instead of minimizing their dependency on slave labor, however, white South Carolina settlers increased their dedication to acquiring enslaved Africans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade. To discourage slave rebellions from the black majority population, colonial authorities simultaneously tried to attract more European immigrants through a Township Plan in the 1730s. Their goal was to generate a larger white population in the backcountry to serve as a buffer against the various external and internal threats to the colony from European rivals, American Indians, and enslaved Africans. Following this stream of new European settlers, the Italian Poyas family arrived in a South Carolina backcountry township in the 1730s, and began seeking economic opportunities. | <urn:uuid:7a725c04-b5ba-4df4-9708-2aa7984b2c24> | {
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Draw a circle using Turtlesim in ROS-Python
In this article, we are going to see how to draw a circle using Turtlesim in ROS-Python.
ROS stands for Robot Operating System. ROS is a set of libraries and tools that help build robot applications. It’s extensively used in robotics projects. ROS is an open-source, meta-operating system for robots. The software in the ROS ecosystem has both language-dependent and language-independent tools. ROS supports Python, C++, Lisp and other languages.
rospy is a pure Python client library ROS. We shall make use of this library to implement our code. Turtlesim is a common tool specifically made to teach ROS and ROS packages.
The idea is to import Twist from geometry_msgs.msg library and assign appropriate values for velocity components. Twist expresses the velocity of turtle in 3D space broken into 3 linear components and 3 angular components. Turtle here is 2D and is governed by 1 linear component (x-component) and 1 angular component (z-component). This is because the turtle cannot move in y or z directions. Hence. all other components are equated to 0.
Step 1: First, import all the packages used in the program. rospy is a ROS-python library that contains different functions like creating a node, getting time, creating a publisher, etc. The geometry_msgs library contains a useful variable type Twist which is used to describe velocity in 3D.
Step 2: Next, we define our turtle_circle function, inside which we initiate our turtlesim node and our publisher. We also specify a rate equal to 10Hz, that is, the program goes through the loop 10 times per second. A Twist variable ‘vel’ is also created.
Step 3: We now create a while loop that allows the turtle to run in a circle indefinitely. Inside the while loop, we provide the velocity components of the turtle appropriately as discussed above in the approach, and then publish them to the turtle. We also print the radius for each loop using rospy.loginfo() function. rate.sleep() is added at the end. rate object keeps track of the time since the last rate.sleep() was executed and sleeps for the correct amount of time to maintain a 10Hz frequency.
Step 4: Finally, we have the main loop which calls the function and handles exceptions if any exist:
Steps for Execution the Turtlesim:
Start ROS in the terminal using the command:
Start the turtlesim node on a new terminal using the command:
$ rosrun turtlesim turtlesim_node
Execute the program using the following command:
$ rosrun my_package turtlesim.py 2.0
Below is the implementation:
Attention geek! Strengthen your foundations with the Python Programming Foundation Course and learn the basics.
To begin with, your interview preparations Enhance your Data Structures concepts with the Python DS Course. And to begin with your Machine Learning Journey, join the Machine Learning – Basic Level Course | <urn:uuid:d25f074f-316f-46a7-8475-c9cd55368079> | {
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The autumn equinox in September is one of the two days of the year when day and night are equal, (the other being the spring equinox or vernal equinox in March.) These are days of balance, when daylight and nighttime hours are in perfect harmony.
The autumn equinox has been celebrated all over the world far back into the depths of history. There are monuments around the world built to align with the sun on the autumn equinox, including Chichen Itza in Mexico.
The equinoxes are the halfway points between the solstices. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year and the winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. In the spring and fall we have equinoxes, when the days and nights are equal, (there is no fall solstice.)
From this point onward in the year, the nights will grow longer than the days, all the way until the longest night of the year on the winter solstice. (Click here to check out our suggested winter solstice rituals.)
This is amplified by day light saving time and the time change in November. At the autumn equinox, we are beginning the descent into the darker part of the year, and so we are celebrating the last of the abundant harvest and sunshine.
There is also an astrological significance to the autumn equinox, as the equinox itself occurs when the sun reaches 0° of Libra, the zodiac sign symbolized by the balanced scales. It also always occurs within a few weeks of the full moon in Aries, as Aries and Libra are opposite zodiac signs, also representing balance.
What is the Autumn Equinox?
The autumn equinox is often considered the first day of fall and is celebrated by many witches as part of the pagan Wheel of the Year. We’ve released articles on all seven of the other festivals in the Wheel of the Year, so be sure to check those out!
The autumnal equinox is the first of two fall festivals and actually the second in three harvest festivals. The first harvest festival is Lammas, in August, which is a celebration of the summer harvest of vegetables, grains, and wheat, often celebrated by baking bread.
The autumn equinox is the second harvest festival, when we celebrate the full harvest of fruits and veggies, gourds, and more. In my area, that means celebrating the harvest of grapes in Wine Country as well as apples.
The equinox is sometimes called Mabon, although this is a modern construction inspired by a Welsh god who was the son of an earth goddess. You can think of the autumn equinox as a thanksgiving celebration, when we give gratitude to the earth and to one another for all the hard work we’ve put in so far this year.
The third harvest festival is Samhain, which is the ancient Celtic precursor to our modern Halloween festivities, and is a celebration of the final harvest before winter.
The autumn equinox is determined by astronomical events and the movement of the sun, so it shifts a few days each year, generally occurring around September 20-23 in the Gregorian calendar.
In 2023, the autumn equinox is occurring in the northern hemisphere on September 22. Note that the autumn equinox in the southern hemisphere occurs in late March, when the sun reaches 0° of Aries.
The Symbolism of the Autumn Equinox
The symbols of the autumn equinox are all things fall, sweater weather, pumpkin spice latte! Many of your favorite fall scents, sights, and things to do are perfect for celebrating the equinox.
I always get the urge to start baking right around the equinox, as the weather hopefully turns a bit cooler. You’ll find me whipping up baked pumpkin donuts and my mom’s ridiculously moist pumpkin chocolate chip cookies for a start.
Even before the equinox is officially on its way, in late August, my roommate and I usually hit up all our favorite craft and decor stores to check out their fall collections and get silk flowers and fall-colored leaves for the front door wreath and a few new pumpkin figurines to add to our collection.
Then towards the end of September, a week or two after the equinox, we visit our favorite local pumpkin patch to stroll through the corn maze and load up on real gourds for the front porch and for carving come Halloween with our girlfriends!
And you better believe we’re stopping at Starbucks first for a PSL or, in my non-coffee drinker case, a London fog with almond milk and a shot of apple brown sugar syrup, (OMG TRY IT.)
So why are all of these classic symbols of fall also associated with the equinox? Because these things are all in season this time of year, of course!
Whether it’s seasonal fruits baked into pies, seasonal veggies carved into mazes and lanterns, leaves fallen from the trees outside, or just all things pumpkin, your autumn equinox decor is readily at hand.
Autumn Equinox Correspondences to Help You Celebrate
Autumn Equinox Colors: Orange, Red, Yellow, Brown
Autumn Equinox Crystals: Citrine, Clear Quartz, Ametrine
Autumn Equinox Plants: Gourds, Pumpkins, Wheat, Mums, Rosehips
Autumn Equinox Foods: Apples, Pears, Pumpkin, Fall Spices
How to Prepare for the Autumn Equinox
The weeks before the equinox can have a hustle and bustle of energy to them. Whether you have kids or are in school yourself or not, I think we all just feel like it’s back-to-school in early September.
Over the summer, we tend to let our rituals and routines slip as we get busy with other things. But come September, it’s time to shift gears, realign, and start a different chapter.
Preparing for the autumn equinox is very much about the spiritual equinox meaning of self-reflection. Here are a few prompts to reflect on as you prep for your autumn rituals. You might journal on these or even pull tarot cards on them:
- What intentions did I set, (or seeds did I plant, if you will), at the beginning of spring?
- How have my intentions come to pass? Or, how have they shifted?
- What work did I put in to create my intentions and tend to my goals over the last six months?
- Did any lessons come up around how I can take more aligned action towards my goals in the future? (This includes needing to rest more!!!)
- What abundance have I received into my life in the last six months?
- What do I have to be grateful for right now in my life?
Reflecting on the six months since the spring equinox is a powerful exercise because it can show us how much we’ve really grown and shifted in that time, often so much more than we realize.
Shifting into this energetic frequency of gratitude is an excellent way to transition into the new season, the darker half of the year, and into your autumn equinox rituals.
Autumn Equinox Celebration Ideas For Abundance
There are so many different ways that we can celebrate the September equinox from candle and bonfire rituals to practicing divination to sharing feasts with those we care about. I really believe that the simplest, most down-to-earth celebrations are the most nourishing in this case.
The core themes of the autumn equinox are abundance and gratitude, as well as reflection and sharing our resources and love with others. Here are fifteen ideas for celebrating the equinox in big ways and small ways:
- Do some fall baking and take cute little bundles of cookies around to all of your neighbors.
- Have a potluck feast with all of your friends on or around the equinox.
- Get a nice big pumpkin from the store and have everyone write what they’re grateful for on it with a black or gold marker.
- Donate canned goods or volunteer at a food pantry.
- Harvest vegetables from your garden, (or pick some up at the farmers market), to make a delicious, seasonal meal.
- Bake a loaf of bread to share with loved ones – literally breaking bread as you sit and talk about your lives.
- Visit a pumpkin patch or apple orchard where you can pick the fruits yourself.
- Decorate a fall wreath for your front door or gate – Joann Fabrics often has the best deals on good quality faux flowers that will last all season even in the elements!
- Harvest herbs from your garden, (or pick some up at the farmers market), and hang them up in a window in your house to dry – it’s aesthetic, Practical Magic-esque decor AND functional as you’ll have dried herbs to use in your cooking all season long.
- Plant fall flowers like chrysanthemums to have in your kitchen window or on the patio for a little color even as summer winds down.
- Read up on the harvest rituals and equinox practices of your ancestors, as this festival has been celebrated all over the world for millennia.
- Collect leaves that have started to fall and press them in wax paper placed inside heavy books for a few weeks – then turn them into placemats, works of art, or garlands!
- Light a white, yellow, or gold candle while you reflect and journal on the prompts above. Burn the paper in a fire-safe container, then light a black candle to represent the darker part of the year and pull some tarot cards on what is to come in the next six months.
- Get a metal or concrete firepit that you can safely have in your backyard or patio and sit around it the night of the equinox with your friends and family, roasting marshmallows and sharing your gratitudes. Perhaps with a gratitude list?
- Attend the 4th annual Empowered Modern Witches Summit! I host an annual virtual summit the week of the autumn equinox with over 15 amazing speakers sharing their wisdom on the seasons, moon phases, magick, and astrology. It’s totally free to join us live and you’ll even get access to the replays for several days afterwards. Click here to sign up for free and come and celebrate the equinox with me!
We’d love to hear in the comments how you decide to celebrate the Autumn Equinox! Or better yet, take a photo of your celebrations and tag @thewhimsysoul on Instagram for us to see/share! | <urn:uuid:58cdee22-fd59-4f84-88c9-0c8d218d1d4a> | {
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Alkanes with a phosphine group at each end show better conductance when placed between two metal electrodes than others terminated with different functional groups
Molecules terminated at each end with a chemical group that is capable of binding to a metal surface can be used to form a junction between two electrodes. The conductance characteristics of such molecules can be greatly influenced by factors such as their chemical structure, length and shape. However, little is known about the effect that different molecular end groups can have on the electronic properties of these systems.
Now, Latha Venkataraman and colleagues1 at Columbia University in the US have compared the conductance of a series of alkane molecules terminated by three different chemical groups — amines, sulphides and phosphines. Junctions were created by moving the gold tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope in and out of contact with the surface of a gold electrode immersed in solutions of the different molecules. As the tip is moved away from the electrode, the conductance decreases until the contact is reduced to a single chain of Au atoms. Pulling the tip further away breaks the contact, but in the presence of the alkanes, conductance is observed at lengths beyond this point. This suggests that the molecules are bound across the gap between the two electrodes.
When the different end groups were tested, it was observed that the alkanes terminated by phosphines gave the highest conductance of the three types. Although it is thought that this result stems from the fact that Au–P bonds are stronger than either Au–S or Au–N bonds, the size and shape of the electron orbitals that interact with the gold surface also have a role to play.
Park, Y. S. et al. Contact chemistry and single-molecule conductance: A comparison of phosphines, methyl-sulfides and amines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 10.1021/ja0773857 (2007).
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Cite this article
Moxham, G. The strongest link. Nature Nanotech (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.448 | <urn:uuid:9c215107-3a99-44a9-a3b9-f0af86177a17> | {
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Please note: worksheets for long division with remainders are on their separate page. All the problems in the worksheets on this page are exact divisions (no ...
Math explained in easy language, plus puzzles, games, quizzes, videos and worksheets. For K-12 kids, teachers and parents.
This Long Division Worksheet the number of digits for the divisors and quotients may be varied between 1 & 3. You may select for the long division problems to ...
Long division is a skill which requires a lot of practice with pencil and paper to master. Our grade 4 long division worksheets complement our K5 Math program.
These long division worksheets provide problems of varying levels of difficulty to ease into this process gently. Especially if you are introducing long division in ...
Developed by MIT graduates, MathScore provides online math practice for Long Division and hundreds of other types of math problems.
Long division with remainders showing the work step-by-step. ... solve a long division problem with parts of division: dividend, divisor, quotient, ... At Ask Dr. Math you can find Instructions for Long Division for simple and more advanced long ...
Divide Two Numbers - powered by WebMath. ... This page will show you a complete "long division" solution for the division of two ... Choose Math Help Item . | <urn:uuid:ff2a73f2-bdb2-4a44-a67e-9ed47871b127> | {
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Oxidation states of oxygen
4. Oxygen in a compound is -2, unless a peroxide is present. The oxidation state of oxygen in peroxide ion, O22- is -1.
5. For compounds containing polyatomic ions, use the overall charge of the polyatomic ion to determine the charge of the cation.
Here is a convenient method for determining oxidation states. Basically, you treat the charges in the compound as a simple algebraic expression. For example, let's determine the oxidation states of the elements in the compound, KMnO4. Applying rule 2, we know that the oxidation state of potassium is +1. We will assign "x" to Mn for now, since manganese may be of several oxidation states. There are 4 oxygens at -2 apiece. The overall charge of the compound is zero:K Mn O4
+1 x 4(-2)
The algebraic expression generated is:1 + x -8 = 0
Solving for x gives the oxidation state of manganese:x - 7 = 0
x = +7
K Mn O4
+1 +7 4(-2)
Suppose the species under consideration is a polyatomic ion. For example, what is the oxidation state of chromium in dichromate ion, (Cr2O72-)? As before, assign the oxidation state for oxygen, which is known to be -2. Since the oxidation state for chromium is not known, and two chromium atoms are present, assign the algebraic value of 2x for chromium:
Cr2 O7 2-
Set up the algebraic equation to solve for x. Since the overall charge of the ion is -2, the expression is set equal to -2 rather than 0:
2x + 7(-2) = -2
Solve for x:
2x - 14 = -2
2x = 12
x = +6
Each chromium in the ion has an oxidation state of +6.
Let's do one last example, where a polyatomic ion is involved. Suppose you need to find the oxidation state of all atoms in Fe2(CO3)3. Here two atoms, iron and carbon, have more than one possible oxidation state. What happens if you don't know the oxidation state of carbon in carbonate ion? In fact, knowledge of the oxidation state of carbon is uneccessary. What you need to know is the charge of carbonate ion (-2). Set up an algebraic expression while considering just the iron ion and the carbonate ion:
2x - 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3
Each iron ion in the compound has an oxidation state of +3.
Next consider the carbonate ion independent of the iron(III) ion:
C O3 2-
x - 6 = -2
x = +4
The oxidation state of carbon is +4 and each oxygen is -2.
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Type of Technology: app
SAMR Model Rating: Substitution
Grade Level: 9-12
Subject Area: Science
Background: Students at LaCuesta each have their own iPad as we are participating in the district’s 1: The World iPad program.
SAMR model: Substitution. Instead of using a text book to discover information, this lesson uses an app loaded on to an iPad. The app is hopefully more engaging and interactive than a standard text book and is accessible anywhere.
The Conceptual Physics classes at La Cuesta High School have been doing a unit on waves and sound. I went to the NSTA conference in Long Beach this past week and left this lesson for the sub to work on with class over two days. Before I left I had students download the free app Sound Uncovered from the app store. Below are images of the apps icon, activity menu and an example of one of the activities. Once students had the app on their iPads, I walked them through the menu and had them do a little exploring so they would be somewhat familiar with app before the sub came to class. I also created a reporting form to help guide the students through the app. The reporting form is also below, just click the Sound Uncovered link (above).
The next day the sub handed out the reporting sheets and instructed students to report on two “interactives” and two “articles” of their choice. We have headphones for all students, otherwise all of the different sound activities would be very difficult to hear individually. Student ear buds work just as well. This activity is great for self discovery of key concepts in sound.
Upon my return, student reported that they enjoyed the activity. Reviewing their work, there was no surprise that some students really gained more understanding of these concept but it also became obvious which students were struggling. Below are samples of the range of work I received from students. I apologize for the faint print that I know is difficult to read, but pencil did not scan well. | <urn:uuid:c477199b-2346-4903-ac03-1e9200af2213> | {
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Disruptive, impulse control and conduct disorders are a group of disorders that are linked by varying difficulties in controlling aggressive behaviors, self-control, and impulses. Typically, the resulting behaviors or actions are considered a threat primarily to others’ safety and/or to societal norms. Some examples of these issues include fighting, destroying property, defiance, stealing, lying, and rule breaking. These disorders are:
- Oppositional defiant disorder
- Intermittent explosive disorder
- Conduct disorder
- Other specified disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorder
- Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder
Problematic behaviors and issues with self-control associated with these disorders are typically first observed in childhood and can persist into adulthood. In general, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders tend to be more common in males than females, with the exception of kleptomania. | <urn:uuid:7f3cb869-aefa-4d0e-9cca-6f1d16316155> | {
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Did Byrd fly over the North Pole?tags: Yahoo News, firsts, Admiral Byrd, North Pole
On May 9, 1926, famed American explorer Richard Byrd took off from the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitsbergen along with his pilot, Floyd Bennett, in an attempt to be the first to fly to the North Pole. About 16 hours later, the pair returned to the island in their Fokker tri-motor airplane, the Josephine Ford, saying they had indeed accomplished the feat.
Byrd submitted his navigational records to the U.S. Navy and a committee of the National Geographic Society, one of his sponsors, who confirmed the accomplishment, according to the Ohio State University Libraries. Byrd was hailed as a hero, given the Medal of Honor, and went on to fly over the South Pole, as well as achieving many other polar exploration milestones.
But from 1926 onward, not everyone thought that Byrd and Bennett actually made it to the North Pole. The controversy largely rested on whether the plane could have covered the distance in just 15 hours and 44 minutes, as the team recorded, when the flight was expected to take about 18 hours, given the ground speed of the aircraft....
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CENSURE OF SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY (1954)
Periodically American society has been gripped by fear, and its responses have not done credit to its democratic nature. In this century the Red Scare following World War I (see Document 43) saw hundreds of innocent aliens rounded up, imprisoned and deported, for no reason other than fear of their allegedly radical ideas. The Cold War unleashed another Red Scare in the late 1940s and early 1950s. But where there had been no great alien menace in 1919, communism did exist and did pose a danger to western democracy in the post-World War II era.
The hunt for subversives started during the war itself, and was furthered by congressional committees that often abused their powers of investigation to harass people with whom they differed politically. Then in February 1950, an undistinguished, first-term Republican senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, burst into national prominence when, in a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, he held up a piece of paper that he claimed was a list of 205 known communists currently working in the State Department. McCarthy never produced documentation for a single one of his charges, but for the next four years he exploited an issue that he realized had touched a nerve in the American public.
He and his aides, Roy Cohn and David Schine, made wild accusations, browbeat witnesses, destroyed reputations and threw mud at men like George Marshall, Adlai Stevenson, and others whom McCarthy charged were part of an effete "eastern establishment." For several years, McCarthy terrorized American public life, and even Dwight Eisenhower, who detested McCarthy, was afraid to stand up to him. Finally, however, the senator from Wisconsin over-reached himself.
In January 1954, in what were to be the first televised hearings in American history, McCarthy obliquely attacked President Eisenhower and directly assaulted Secretary of the Army Robert Stevens. Day after day the public watched McCarthy in action -- bullying, harassing, never producing any hard evidence, and his support among people who thought he was "right" on communism began to evaporate. Americans regained their senses, and the Red Scare finally began to wane. By the end of the year, the Senate decided that its own honor could no longer put up with McCarthy's abuse of his legislative powers, and it censured him in December by a vote of 65 to 22.
For further reading: Richard Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy (1959); Stanley Kutler, The American Inquisition (1982); Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (1982).
CENSURE OF SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY
Resolved, That the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, failed to cooperate with the Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration in clearing up matters referred to that subcommittee which concerned his conduct as a Senator and affected the honor of the Senate and, instead, repeatedly abused the subcommittee and its members who were trying to carry out assigned duties, thereby obstructing the constitutional processes of the Senate, and that this conduct of the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, is contrary to senatorial traditions and is hereby condemned.
Sec 2. The Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, in writing to the chairman of the Select Committee to Study Censure Charges (Mr. Watkins) after the Select Committee had issued its report and before the report was presented to the Senate charging three members of the Select Committee with "deliberate deception" and "fraud" for failure to disqualify themselves; in stating to the press on November 4, 1954, that the special Senate session that was to begin November 8, 1954, was a "lynch-party"; in repeatedly describing this special Senate session as a "lynch bee" in a nationwide television and radio show on November 7, 1954; in stating to the public press on November 13, 1954, that the chairman of the Select Committee (Mr. Watkins) was guilty of "the most unusual, most cowardly things I've ever heard of" and stating further: "I expected he would be afraid to answer the questions, but didn't think he'd be stupid enough to make a public statement"; and in characterizing the said committee as the "unwitting handmaiden," "involuntary agent" and "attorneys-in-fact" of the Communist Party and in charging that the said committee in writing its report "imitated Communist methods -- that it distorted, misrepresented, and omitted in its effort to manufacture a plausible rationalization" in support of its recommendations to the Senate, which characterizations and charges were contained in a statement released to the press and inserted in the Congressional Record of November 10, 1954, acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity; and such conduct is hereby condemned.
Source: 83rd Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Resolution 301 (2 December 1954).
Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:0f814c62-106b-4d6b-bad3-5bc9f73df7ce> | {
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What is accessibility?
Accessibility is about removing barriers so that everyone has fair and equal access.
In education, this
involves overcoming any barriers that might occur for students or staff with disabilities. Everyone has the right to fair and equal access to digital and physical services such as learning resources, information and online systems as well as buildings and equipment.
The social model of disability
The social model of disability, which was developed by Mike Oliver at the University of Kent, suggests that it is society or the environment that is disabling the individual rather than their impairment or difference. For example, videos without subtitles disadvantage anyone watching in a noisy environment, but they disadvantage deaf people all the time.
If we all raise awareness of the key barriers to information access and tackle these barriers at source, we will be making great strides in developing a fluid and accessible information landscape where information is accessible to all.
It's the right thing to do
In the UK, at least 1 in 5 people
have a long term illness, impairment or disability.
In addition, most of us will at some time have a temporary or situational disability:
- broken wrist
- glue ear
- bright sunlight
- working in a quiet place with no headphones handy...
Accessible content is optimised to make sure it can be used and understood by the widest possible audience. As a public sector organisation, we must remove as many barriers or obstacles to accessing our services as possible.
For example, you should not need to rely on sight alone to:
- buy print credits
- apply for a parking permit
- read our project plans or roadmaps
It benefits everyone
Creating clear heading structures, writing in plain English, making your content work with or without sound, enabling it to be read aloud, all benefit everyone. It's inclusive design, it's good design. And should mean your communication gets better engagement from your audience.
The legal requirements
This applies to all documents we produce
When you produce or share documents, PowerPoint slides, web pages, images or video at the University, you have a legal obligation to make sure people with disabilities can access it.
You need to structure your work and write in a specific way.
By law, all active University documents need to adhere to accessibility standards. We're are obliged under the Public Sector Bodies (Websites and Mobile Applications) Accessibility Regulations (2018): all actively used internal and external documents need to meet accessibility standards. See this Jisc guide to meeting accessibility regulations for more about the legal implications.
What this means for Kent staff
The law requires us to make accessible any document we share with staff, students or visitors by digital means (including by email, SharePoint, Teams, Moodle, etc).
How to start
- Most staff should start with our guide to making text and documents accessible
- Teaching staff: the Digitally Enhanced Education - a guide to teaching online has digital accessibility woven throughout and is divided into themes. It was produced by the e-learning team with contributions from academic colleagues, students, Information Services, the Library and Student Support and Wellbeing. | <urn:uuid:0b22e46f-95b5-4e79-b68a-76a91188c1e1> | {
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Everywhere you turn these days you are hearing about food waste– but what is all the hype about?
What has been said
In 2015, the United Nations created the Sustainable Development Goals, with a target to achieve a sustainable world by 2030. (1). Goal 12 is to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”(2). One of the ways this target is deemed complete is to cut food waste at the retail and consumer level (3).
This year in Canada a report was released that stated more than half of all food produced in Canada is wasted – MORE THAN HALF (4)! Luckily, Canada’s National Zero Waste Council has stepped up to ensure that Canada has a concrete strategy to tackle this issue (5).
Why food waste is bad for people + planet
When food waste biodegrades (breaks down) in a landfill, it releases a greenhouse gas known as methane which is a major contributor to climate change (6). To give you some context, methane is 26 times more powerful than carbon dioxide – the abundant greenhouse gas contributing to climate change (7). In Canada, about four percent of our country’s greenhouse gas emissions are generated from the breaking down of organic matter (8).
Although these stats are alarming, they don’t even represent the other greenhouse gas emissions that were created by these foods during the production and transportation stages before the food becomes waste.
Okay, so I assume that some of you are reading this and getting a little worn down and wondering what the point is to composting if biodegrading food is so destructive to the environment- if this is you, keep reading!!
Why composting is better
One of the biggest distinctions between landfills and composting facilities is that composting facilities are aerobic (waste is processed in a way where oxygen is present) whereas landfills are often anaerobic (there is no oxygen) (9). This is extremely important because the presence of oxygen in compost does not allow methane-producing microbes (tiny organisms) to exist (10). The microorganisms that do exist in compost are beneficial for various reasons (11). One, they raise the temperature of the food waste when they are breaking it down which kills pathogens which could cause disease (12). In addition, the compost that is created from food waste is full of nutrients which supports the production of healthy plants (13).
The biggest takeaway here is that if you do create food waste, make sure it is going to compost! That being said however, there is an even bigger takeaway: prevent food waste from happening in the first place!
How can you prevent food waste?
1. Meal plan! When you know what you are making in the week, you will only buy the ingredients you need
2. Recover food that is going bad
store them in cold water in your fridge, either half or full submersed, and they will perk back up!
Cut up the left overs and bake them to make croutons for soups or salads
(almost) empty condiment bottles
Store them upside down so that the sauces drain to the top. This will allow you to get every last drop out of every bottle.
fruit that is browning
Cut out the parts of the fruit that are still good and toss them in a smoothie.
3. Know the difference between Best Before Dates and Expiry Dates.
4. Cook with food you didn’t know were edible, such as carrot or beet tops! Try this recipe from Love Food Hate Waste Canada
- 1) United Nations. “About the Sustainable Development Goal.” Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
- 2) United Nations. “Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.” Sustainable Development Goals. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/
- 3) Ibid.
- 4) Janus, Andrea. “More than half of all food produced in Canada is lost or wasted, report says.” CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/food-waste-report-second-harvest-1.4981728
- 5) National Zero Waste Council. “A Food Loss and Waste Strategy for Canada.” National Zero Waste Council. http://www.nzwc.ca/focus/food/national-food-waste-strategy/Documents/NZWC-FoodLossWasteStrategy.pdf
- 7) “Composting to avoid methane production.” Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/composting-avoid-methane-production
- 8) Ibid.
- 9) ?
- 10) “Composting to avoid methane production.” Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-change/composting-avoid-methane-production
- 11) Ibid.
- 12) Ibid.
- 13) Ibid.
- 14) Ibid. | <urn:uuid:0b7bf4bf-e6bb-4de1-ac96-2853b059fd4e> | {
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What is a Blogger? Exploring the World of Online Content Creators
Define blogging and its evolution in the digital age.
Explain the importance of bloggers in today’s online landscape.
Provide a brief overview of what the article will cover.
Section 1: The Basics of Blogging
Define a blogger and their role in creating and maintaining blogs.
Discuss the different types of blogs (e.g., personal blogs, niche blogs, corporate blogs).
Explain how bloggers choose their topics and niches.
Section 2: The Tools of the Trade
Explore the essential tools and platforms bloggers use (e.g., WordPress, Blogger, Medium).
Discuss the role of domain names and hosting in blogging.
Mention the importance of SEO for bloggers.
Section 3: The Blogger’s Journey
Describe the steps involved in starting a blog.
Discuss content creation, including writing skills, multimedia, and audience engagement.
Highlight the challenges bloggers face and how they overcome them.
Section 4: Monetization and Success
Explain how bloggers can monetize their content (e.g., ads, affiliate marketing, sponsored posts).
Share success stories of bloggers who have turned their passion into a career.
Discuss the potential income streams for bloggers.
Section 5: The Impact of Bloggers
Discuss the influence of bloggers on various industries, including fashion, food, travel, and technology.
Highlight instances where bloggers have driven social and political change.
Mention the responsibility of bloggers in shaping public opinion.
Summarize the key points discussed in the article.
Reiterate the significance of bloggers in the digital age.
Encourage readers to explore blogging as a means of self-expression or even a career.
In this digital era, the term “blogger” transcends its simple definition. It symbolizes the dynamism of the online world, where individuals and communities craft narratives, share expertise, and inspire change. Bloggers, once considered hobbyists, have evolved into influential voices that shape industries, mold opinions, and connect people across the globe.
We began our journey by unraveling the basics of blogging, understanding the tools at a blogger’s disposal, and tracing the often winding path of a blogger’s journey. We delved into the diverse realm of blog niches and the ever-evolving landscape of content creation. Moreover, we explored the ways bloggers harness their creativity and determination to overcome challenges, ultimately finding success in the digital realm.
Monetization emerged as a pivotal chapter in our exploration, shedding light on how bloggers transform their passion into profits while maintaining authenticity. As we discovered, bloggers are not merely content creators; they are entrepreneurs, marketers, and influencers who navigate an intricate web of opportunities.
Beyond the realms of commerce, we delved into the profound impact of bloggers on society. Their ability to drive conversations, shape trends, and advocate for change has been undeniable. Whether it’s advocating for sustainability, championing diversity, or simply sharing their unique perspectives, bloggers play a vital role in shaping the world we inhabit.
In conclusion, a blogger is more than an individual with a keyboard and an internet connection. Bloggers are storytellers, educators, influencers, and activists. They are the architects of the digital age, constructing bridges of knowledge and understanding that span the globe. As we celebrate the diversity and power of bloggers, we are reminded that in a world overflowing with information, their voices continue to stand out, guiding us through the vast landscape of the internet.
So, whether you’re considering embarking on your own blogging journey or simply appreciating the rich tapestry of voices out there, remember that bloggers are the heart and soul of the online universe. They are the modern-day chroniclers of our ever-evolving world, and their impact is as boundless as the internet itself. | <urn:uuid:7b1a7a4a-e751-4bdd-887e-862161fbb908> | {
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The definite form of the Aramaic word for “father” (lit., “the father”), properly translated as “my father” or “our father.” Used by Jesus (and early Christians) to address God (Mark 14:36; Rom 8:15; Gal 4:6), the word suggests familial intimacy. Many scholars find indications of such use in ancient Judaism, but others argue that it originated with Jesus.
36He said, “Abba, Father, for you all things are possible; remove this cup from me; yet, not what I want, but what you want.”
15For you did not receive a spirit of slavery to fall back into fear, but you have received a spirit of adoption. When we cry, “Abba! Father!”
6And because you are children, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!” | <urn:uuid:dbfd729e-ebb8-4cf3-b1e9-effd2faafea8> | {
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Scientists reckon that naked mole rats may hold the secret to longevity since they live for nearly 30 years longer than any other rodent.
The oxidizing compounds produced in the bodies gradually wear down DNA and proteins, hence causing aging by destroying the cells.
But, surprisingly, naked mole rats have almost equivalent levels of oxidants to mice that live to be just three and a half years.
For the study, Rochelle Buffenstein of the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio and colleagues extracted liver tissue from both species, and treated it with chemicals that "unravel" proteins to reveal damage.
It was discovered that naked mole rats had twice as many undamaged proteins as in mice.
In fact, the rats' protein recycling machinery was found to be exceptionally active, reports New Scientist magazine.
According to the researchers, naked mole rats manufacture extra quantities of molecules that are responsible for labeling damaged proteins that need to be recycled quickly to minimize their effect on cells.
And now they are hoping to identify these molecules, and test whether they could be used to treat age-related disease in humans. | <urn:uuid:7bd1d3e1-6744-4bcf-acdc-18baba3aab59> | {
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The light horse and the grey Arab mare
After the evacuation from Gallipoli, the Anzacs were concentrated in Egypt and reorganised.
The Australian and New Zealand battalions had forged a reputation as a crack fighting force and were soon deployed to the Western Front.
The British high command maintained the view that the war would be either won or lost on the Western Front — France and Belgium — and that all other campaigns were diversions only.
However, as the Anzacs left Egypt, the Turks advanced from Palestine across the Sinai desert and established a base within striking distance of the Suez Canal.
The Australian Light Horse (which had been left in Egypt) and a British and New Zealand force, struck at the Turkish army and pushed it back towards Palestine.
After a successful campaign, which culminated in the withdrawal of all Turkish forces in Sinai, it was decided to advance into Palestine, with the ultimate goal the liberation of Jerusalem.
The campaign progressed slowly during 1917, with the Turkish front line finally being broken during the battle of Beersheba and Jerusalem being entered by the Western Australian 10th Light Horse in December of that year.
The Australian Light Horse spent several gruelling months in the oppressive heat of the Jordan Valley, while the army was built up for the advance to Damascus.
The offensive commenced in September 1918 and was a resounding success as the Turkish front line was broken and thousands of mounted troops poured through.
The 10th Light Horse seized the town of Jenin in a spectacular mounted attack.
The advance continued through enemy territory until the 10th Light Horse attained almost legendary status by being the first troops to enter Damascus in a daring thrust past thousands of Turks.
Major Olden of the 10th Light Horse accepted the surrender of the city and promptly left to chase a Turkish force in retreat beyond the city precincts.
The Turks were encountered and decisively beaten to the northeast of Damascus, where the 10th Light Horse and its sister units fought their last action of the war.
The weary light horsemen halted for the night at Duma on October 2, 1918.
Meanwhile scout officer Lt Charles Foulkes-Taylor, who had led the advance through Damascus, posted guards around the village.
Foulkes-Taylor observed an Arab on a horse, galloping across the fields towards the Homs road.
He later wrote in a letter to Lt-Gen Harry Chauvel: “We saw an Arab in gorgeous dress galloping towards us on a grey animal and another Arab just behind him, also on an Arab.
"On seeing us, he turned and tried to rejoin his folk (the Turks), his groom got away but I was able to get within 20 yards of him and called on him to halt in Arabic and Australian.
"I shot him and caught his mount, a beautiful Arab mare and rode her for the next day or so and decided to make every endeavour to bring her out to Australia.”
The horse was reputed to be a direct descendant of one of the four mares of The Prophet, with a traceable lineage of 1200 years.
Foulkes-Taylor named her Damascus and attempted to take her to WA, which would have introduced the Arabian breed to Australia years before it did eventually occur.
A few days later instructions were received to hand in all captured Arab mares, but she was hidden whenever provosts came looking for her.
Lance-Cpl Basil Craig, who was Foulkes-Taylor’s accomplice in the attempt to bring the mare to WA, wrote: “She was a four-year-old and her feet were shod with silver plates, which covered the whole foot to protect the frog on the stony ground.
"In order to disguise her, she was given several washings in a strong solution of permanganate of potash, changing her colour completely. This, apparently, did her no harm. Her tail was docked to the usual length of the English Yeomanry, then teased out to give her that cobbish look.
"Her mane was not cut, being too beautiful, but it was trimmed a little. Only one other person knew of her whereabouts, an officer in Brigade Headquarters and when the horse lines were about to be inspected, the scouts would be tipped off.”
Basil Craig later took the mare to an Arab five miles south of Lake Huleh, who was paid to take care of her until Craig could make suitable arrangements for her transportation.
However, he became sick with malaria and was invalided back to WA before this could be expedited.
Foulkes-Taylor, unaware of the mare’s whereabouts, returned to WA with the mare’s saddle and accoutrements, some of which were later donated by his family to the Museum of Western Australia.
Gallipoli to Tripoli: the History of the 10th Light Horse Regiment in World War I will be available this month. Contact Neville Browning on 9490 6495 or 0403 570 052 for details of the launch on Sunday at the barracks in Karrakatta.
Get the latest news from thewest.com.au in your inbox.
Sign up for our emails | <urn:uuid:50c661b5-4170-437d-80d8-390a7940bcc0> | {
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This is a Common Core based lesson that asks students to compare a common theme between two different texts. This unit contains learning goals and rating scales. It has analysis activities for the poem "A Poison Tree", and it has a theme comparison activity asking students to compare the poem with "Interlopers." This unit has openers, common core style multiple choice questions, and even a revising activity to accompany the paragraph writing activity. The scoring rubric for the paragraph is based on the NYS Common Core Writing Rubric. | <urn:uuid:510e1b85-9b7a-430d-b94c-e5f5305cc1f9> | {
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The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case, referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol.
How It Works
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is an alternative protocol to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Unlike TCP, UDP does not provide any confirmation that the data has been received at the other end or guarantee that it will get there. This means that UDP datagrams may arrive at their destination out of order, duplicate, or not at all while a TCP connection provides these assurances.
Contrary to TCP, which requires a significant amount of overhead in managing connections and reliability from checking that segments arrived in order and retransmitting missing ones, UDP transaction simply consists of a datagram that gets sent from one point to another. Because of this, UDP is often used for applications such as streaming media and online gaming where the speed of delivery is more important than reliable delivery or data integrity.
UDP is often used instead of TCP where speed and low overhead are key concerns. Some examples of UDP applications include streaming media, online games, DNS lookups, and data backups over the internet. | <urn:uuid:fd63fe0c-5cff-4698-b205-e3f69141feaa> | {
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Why are vaccines important?
Immunisation is one of the best ways you can protect yourself, your family and future generations from infectious diseases.
By vaccinating you help wipe out disease that could spread now and into the future.
Vaccines have been proven to eradicate or control serious infectious diseases like smallpox, polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis (TB).
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity is when the majority of the population has been vaccinated against a disease, so there will be fewer people left who can spread the infection. This protects the few who cannot be vaccinated due to other health conditions.
How do we know that vaccines are safe?
Research and testing are an essential part of developing safe and effective vaccines. Before a vaccine is accepted for use in Australia, it is tested on thousands of people in closely monitored clinical trials. All vaccines used in Australia have been thoroughly tested for safety and effectiveness, and are continually monitored in the community to ensure they are safe.
The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is a government body that regulates all medicines in Australia, including vaccines.
What can you do to increase vaccine awareness?
- Teach your family and friends about vaccines
- Have conversations about how vaccines have been effective in the past
- Ask your GP about getting the influenza vaccine each winter
- Check your vaccinations: some of them need booster shots, or may be required to travel overseas
- Show your appreciation for healthcare researchers and practitioners | <urn:uuid:dd122a82-d323-4bc4-b1e3-c83bd1e8fb7e> | {
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In an article published in May in the journal Earth’s Future, researchers try to assess how the cumulative mass of the megacity’s infrastructure influences its subsidence, a phenomenon caused by soil erosion and human activity. Geologists have calculated that the million buildings, towers and skyscrapers in New York represent a total mass of 762 million tonnes, which exert extraordinary pressure on the soil. That is the equivalent of more than 75,000 Eiffel towers.
Rising water level
Under this force, the cultural and economic capital of the United States, populated by 8.5 million souls, is sinking an average of one to two millimeters per year. In some neighborhoods where buildings have been built on softer or artificial ground, subsidence could even reach 4.5 mm per year, according to the study. But building fewer concrete, glass and steel towers won’t change that, warns the study’s lead author, Tom Parsons. “The primary cause of the subsidence of New York and the East Coast is tectonic and cannot be stemmed”, explains this American geophysicist.
And this subsidence should accelerate the impact of rising waters caused by global warming and the melting of glaciers. According to the organization Sea Level Rise.org, the water level in New York has risen 23 centimeters compared to 1950 and the municipality predicts that it will rise another 20 to 75 cm by 2050, or even 1, 8 m before 2100 and repeated storms. In response, the city made the fortification of its 836 kilometers of coastline a priority.
#United #States #York #sinking #weight #study #alarmed | <urn:uuid:b02d3848-0074-47a9-a81b-0590a2aa5bc2> | {
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This helps you learn Greek as it is spoken in Greece today. The language is a descendant of Ancient Greek – see uTalk Ancient Greek – but has differences in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Modern Greek is not closely related to other living languages but does have similarities to Armenian. It also includes loan words from Italian and Turkish.Learn Greek with uTalk
The word 'alphabet' comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet - alpha and beta.
A question mark looks like this ';' in Greek.
The word for 'yes' in Greek is actually 'nai'!
Over 2500 words and phrases, across 60+ topics covering everyday situations
Practice speaking and compare your pronunciation with native speakers
Game-based learning is fun and intuitive | <urn:uuid:3fa591f4-90a8-4f94-91cf-4b99e2c196f4> | {
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|The Mammals of Texas -
Eastern Flying Squirrel
Rodentia : Family Sciuridae : Glaucomys
Description. A small squirrel with
flattened, bushy tail; "flying" membrane
connecting front and hind legs; eyes large; upperparts
nearly uniform drab or pinkish cinnamon; underparts
creamy white; sides often tinged with buff; toes usually
strongly marked with white in winter pelage. External
measurements average: total length, 225 mm; tail, 100 mm;
hind feet, 29 mm. Weight, 41-67 g.
Distribution in Texas. Known from wooded
areas in eastern one-third of state.
Habits. These small, nocturnal
squirrels inhabit forested areas where suitable trees are
present to afford den sites. In the western parts of
their range, suitable habitat is restricted largely to
areas along rivers and streams. In other parts of their
range, they show preference for hammocks where Spanish
moss is abundant. In suitable habitat they may be more
abundant than most other squirrels. They are sociable and
tend to live together in groups.
Holes in stumps are preferred den
sites, but the squirrels will utilize almost any cavity
that is dry and large enough. Woodpecker nests are ideal,
particularly those of the larger species. When such sites
are not available, the squirrels construct outside nests.
A clump of Spanish moss is ideal.
They feed on a variety of items, but
nuts and acorns are their mainstay. They also eat insect
larvae, beetles, young and eggs of birds, persimmon, and
cultivated corn. The frequency with which they are caught
in traps set for fur animals and baited with meat
indicates a decided fondness for flesh. Food is cached in
holes in trees or other places for winter use.
There are two breeding seasons, the
principal one in late February and March, the other in
July. However, it is not known if an individual female
participates in both the spring and fall breeding
periods. Captive females mate only once annually. Males
are in breeding condition from late January to early
September. Mating is probably promiscuous because several
males will chase a female in heat. The female alone
assumes responsibility for rearing the young. The
gestation period is about 40 days. At birth the two or
three young are blind, nearly naked, and helpless and
weigh about 3 g. The membrane between the wrist and ankle
is well developed. The eyes open at 26-29 days, and a
week later the young begin eating solid foods. At 6 weeks
of age they are old enough to fend for themselves. They
reach sexual maturity when about a year old.
Flying squirrels do not actually fly,
but travel by gliding from one tree to another. This is
accomplished by stretching the legs to extend a membrane
connecting the front and hind legs. Glides are usually
only about 6-9 m in length, but may extend up to 30 m.
Photo credit: E. P. Walker. | <urn:uuid:64c62e2f-1fd5-494d-8138-568e885ab21c> | {
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The research suggests nine out of 10 people falsely believe nicotine is very harmful to their heath, when in fact it is no more dangerous than the caffeine in a cup of coffee.
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of the RSPH, said: "Getting people on to nicotine rather than using tobacco would make a big difference to the public's health.
"Clearly there are issues in terms of having smokers addicted to nicotine but this would move us on from having a serious and costly public health issue from smoking-related disease to instead address the issue of addiction to a substance which in and of itself is not too dissimilar to caffeine addiction."
The worst damage to health is caused by the tobacco in cigarettes, which - when burning - exposes users to chemicals such as tar and arsenic.
Tobacco also contains some nicotine, but according to the new report, nicotine itself isn't harmful.
Nicotine replacement products, like gum, patches and e-cigarettes, are therefore significantly less harmful than cigarettes themselves, according to the research.
The RSPH is calling for these products to be mandatory in shops that also sell regular cigarettes - offering what they call a safer option to tobacco.
They are also calling for e-cigarettes to be renamed nicotine sticks or vapourisers to distance them from cigarettes.
Yet some medical experts say nicotine itself has some risks.
Dr Hamed Khan, a GP and lecturer at St George's, University of London, said: "Being addicted to nicotine obviously isn't ideal.
"There is some evidence that shows that it may increase the risk of heart disease and also potentially increases your blood pressure."
But he agrees that nicotine replacement products themselves can be a useful tool in helping smokers to quit. | <urn:uuid:a1b67a85-16bc-495d-b81e-22b3395b149b> | {
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In hybrid vehicles, the gearbox integrates and manages power from both an electric motor and a combustion engine, optimizing efficiency and performance.
Basic Principles of a Hybrid Vehicle Gearbox with Data Insights
Overview of Gearbox Function in Hybrid Vehicles
In hybrid vehicles, the gearbox is integral to balancing power from the electric motor and internal combustion engine:
Function: Seamlessly switches between electric motor and engine power, or combines both.
Fuel Efficiency: Can improve fuel economy by up to 30% compared to traditional vehicles.
Power Management: Ensures efficient power transfer, with some systems achieving over 90% transmission efficiency.
Types of Gearboxes in Hybrid Vehicles
Different gearbox types in hybrid vehicles are designed to meet various performance and efficiency standards:
Parallel Hybrid Gearboxes:
Efficiency Increase: Typically improve fuel efficiency by 15-20% over standard engines.
Cost: Generally 10-20% more expensive than conventional gearboxes.
Design: Combines power from both sources, often using a single set of gears.
Series Hybrid Gearboxes:
Fuel Efficiency: Can increase fuel economy by 20-25%.
Complexity and Cost: More complex than parallel systems, can increase vehicle cost by up to 25%.
Power Flow: Engine power is converted to electricity, then to mechanical energy, reducing direct engine wear.
Power-Split Hybrid Gearboxes:
Efficiency: Offers the highest fuel efficiency, often improving by more than 30%.
Cost: Can be up to 30-40% more expensive than traditional gearboxes.
Design Complexity: Combines series and parallel mechanisms, involving sophisticated control systems.
Each gearbox type in hybrid vehicles presents a unique blend of efficiency, cost, and complexity. The choice of gearbox impacts not just the vehicle’s performance but also long-term operational costs and environmental footprint.
For further information on the specifics of hybrid vehicle gearboxes, Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain on Wikipedia provides a wealth of detailed data and insights.
Mechanics of Hybrid Vehicle Gearboxes
The Role of the Electric Motor and Combustion Engine
Hybrid vehicles harness the strengths of both electric motors and combustion engines:
Function: Provides instant torque, enhancing acceleration without using fuel.
Efficiency: Electric motors are about 90-95% efficient at converting energy into motion, significantly higher than combustion engines.
Power Output: Typically ranges from 20 kW to 100 kW, sufficient for low-speed driving and assistance during acceleration.
Role: Mainly used for high-speed driving where it’s more efficient.
Power Output: Varies widely, typically between 50 kW to 200 kW.
Fuel Efficiency: Modern engines in hybrid vehicles are optimized for fuel economy, often achieving 30-40% better efficiency than conventional engines.
How Power is Transferred in Hybrid Gearboxes
In hybrid gearboxes, power transfer mechanisms differ based on the type of hybrid system:
Mechanism: Both the engine and motor can drive the wheels either independently or together.
Transmission: Uses conventional gear sets, similar to standard vehicles but with additional components for electric drive.
Mechanism: The combustion engine generates electricity, which either charges the battery or powers the electric motor.
Power Flow: Direct mechanical connection between the engine and wheels is absent, relying on electrical power transfer.
Design: Combines features of both series and parallel systems.
Efficiency: Optimizes power distribution based on driving conditions, enhancing overall fuel economy and performance.
Each system balances the power sources differently, influencing the vehicle’s driving dynamics, efficiency, and operational costs.
For a more in-depth understanding of hybrid vehicle mechanics, including gearbox operations, Hybrid Vehicle Technology on Wikipedia offers a comprehensive overview.
Types of Hybrid Vehicle Gearbox Systems
|Parallel Hybrid Gearbox
|Series Hybrid Gearbox
|Power-Split Hybrid Gearbox
|Combines engine and motor power directly to drive the wheels.
|The engine generates electricity for the motor that drives the wheels.
|Integrates both series and parallel mechanisms for optimal power use.
|Engine: 50-150 kW
Motor: 20-100 kW
|Engine: 40-120 kW
Motor: 30-150 kW
|Engine: 60-200 kW
Motor: 25-120 kW
|Better at high speeds; 10-15% more efficient than conventional cars.
|Most efficient in city driving; up to 20% more efficient than parallel systems.
|Superior overall efficiency; improves fuel economy by up to 30%.
|Less expensive than other hybrids; similar to conventional vehicles.
|More expensive due to additional electrical components.
|Most expensive, due to complex design and control systems.
|Simple design, lower cost, better high-speed efficiency.
|Excellent low-speed efficiency, less engine wear.
|Best of both worlds; optimal efficiency and performance.
|Less efficient in stop-and-go traffic.
|Not as efficient at high speeds.
|Complex and costly to manufacture and maintain.
|Suited for highway driving and mild hybrid systems.
|Ideal for city buses and vehicles in urban settings.
|Common in advanced hybrid vehicles aiming for maximum efficiency.
Each hybrid gearbox system offers a unique balance of power, efficiency, and cost. Understanding these differences is crucial for selecting the right hybrid vehicle to meet specific driving needs and preferences.
For more detailed insights into the gearbox systems of hybrid vehicles, exploring Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain on Wikipedia can provide comprehensive information.
Control and Management of Hybrid Gearboxes with Data Insights
Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in Gearbox Operation
The ECU plays a critical role in managing the hybrid gearbox:
Function: Directs power flow between the electric motor and combustion engine.
Processing Speed: Modern ECUs can process data at speeds of up to several hundred MHz, ensuring real-time decision-making.
Sensor Input: Utilizes 20-100 different sensor inputs, such as speed, throttle position, and engine load.
Efficiency Optimization: Increases overall vehicle efficiency by 10-15% through optimal power management.
Integration with Vehicle’s Hybrid Management System
The gearbox’s integration with the vehicle’s hybrid management system is key to its efficiency:
System Coordination: Manages not just the gearbox but also the battery and regenerative braking systems.
Data Analysis: Processes gigabytes of data per driving session to optimize performance.
Energy Balance: During braking, up to 70% of the kinetic energy can be converted and stored as electrical energy in the battery.
Diagnostics: Constantly monitors system health, capable of processing thousands of diagnostic data points per minute.
The advanced control and management systems in hybrid gearboxes, characterized by high-speed data processing and sophisticated energy management, are crucial for optimizing vehicle performance and efficiency.
For more detailed insights into the technology behind hybrid vehicle control systems, the Advanced Vehicle Technology section on Wikipedia provides extensive information. | <urn:uuid:0682f6ca-81c9-469e-a52c-c3a6017ed9b5> | {
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For the scots, national hero william wallace was an archetype of commitment to scotland's independence, dying a martyr to the cause and helping to attain his country's long-sought-after. Sir william wallace: sir william wallace, one of scotland’s greatest national heroes, leader of the scottish resistance forces during the first years of the long and ultimately successful. Cold case jury is a series of books about historical but unsolved real-life crimes i live in hampshire insurance agent william wallace. Why we love william wallace blind harry or henry the minstrel wrote most of what we know about william wallace in his or how many will live. Sir william wallace was a scottish knight and landowner who became one of the main leaders during the wars of scottish independence along with andrew moray, wallace defeated an english army. William wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage blind harry's late-15th-century poem gives his father as sir. William wallace was a freedom fighter in the late 13th century for scotland and ireland against england the english took over scotland and ireland under the rule of their ruthless king. William wallace was a great soldier who lead scottland to freedom but died befor he could see it he killed over 200 men and his storie will forever be told he was atually a f reedom.
William wallace questions where did william wallace's uncle live it lists some of the truths such as braveheart is believed to be his uncle not william. Long time wyoming rancher william “wallace” (newt 23, 2015, at heritage estates in gering and went to live in heaven with his heavenly this discussion. How formidable was william wallace want to add to the discussion stripped of his title and later allowed live in exile in his. Discussion about home william wallace subscribed to a channel 5 audio and video captured live at st augustine’s chapel at vanderbilt university in.
William wallace & his crawford relations scots live the earliest the malcolm on the last line below is the elder brother of william sir william wallace much. Four characteristics of inspirational leaders william wallace was such a man remember his speech robert the bruce has a discussion about leadership with his. A page for describing tearjerker: braveheart william, as a young boy, sees his father's friends coming back injured, with a wagon the look on that.
William wallace uses three 3 rhetorical devices in his speech to the scottish army one of which is sarcasm, he uses sarcasm when he says ‘with fireballs from his eyes and lightning bolts. Braveheart essay examples a discussion on william wallace and his live 1,788 words an analysis of the portrayal of william wallace in braveheart by mel gibson. Talk:william wallace/archive 4 the problem with william wallace is that too much discussion of him cofuses the real william wallace who going live is. Surely this is the case with william wallace then never live within the bond of slavery my son a brief discussion of this phenomenon may be useful.
Rivers and hills78 a significant contribution to the discussion of patriotism in the wallace has to live peaceful at the william wallace and his 'buke.
William wallace was a scottish knight who was a central figure in the wars of scottish independence this biography of william wallace provides detailed information about his childhood. Discussion about home audio and video captured live at st augustine’s chapel at vanderbilt university in william wallace uploaded and liked 3 years. Wally would gretta as noted earlier we band of brothers for he to-day that sheds his blood with me shall be my brother be he ne'er so vile a discussion on william wallace and his live. Image source: dailyrecordcouk many people know the name of william wallace in fact, in the film braveheart, we see the story of a man who was broken and embittered by his tragic encounter. A scot called william wallace has challenged alex salmond to a fight live on air scot william wallace, 75, challenges alex salmond to a fight live on air. Brown’s third matter for discussion is wallace’s important with william wallace, his the specialist of the thirteenth century can only live in. | <urn:uuid:0918667d-dd87-48a4-af96-6d87f7158e74> | {
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12 Picture Book Biographies of Truly Amazing Women
by Laura Lambert
Picture this: A girl, not unlike someone might you know, who took what could have been an ordinary life and turned it into something extraordinary. These 12 women changed the world in a way that only they could — through their words, their actions, their talents, their ideas, and their resilience. And these 12 picture book biographies bring their worlds to life for some of our littlest readers.
Eliza: The Story of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
Angelica, Eliza, and Peggy. Anyone who’s seen or heard “Hamilton” — or who has simply been awake these last few years— is familiar with the dynamic Schuyler sisters of early American history. This is the somewhat forgotten story of Eliza, wife of Alexander Hamilton, who outlived him by 50 years and quietly made her mark long after his death.
As a little girl, books saved Sonia Sotomayor, the first Latina Supreme Court justice. While this ostensibly is a story about Sotomayor’s life, it’s really about the love of reading.
She Made a Monster: How Mary Shelley Created Frankenstein
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley started writing Frankenstein at just 18 years old. Today, on the 200th anniversary of the book’s publishing, Lynne Fulton revisits the very night the young writer invented one of our most lasting, unforgettable characters.
The Watcher: Jane Goodall’s Life with the Chimps
At 84 years old, Jane Goodall is still going strong — in fact, she just launched a vegan clothing line with actor Leonardo DiCaprio, which supports ape conservation. This sweet picture book traces Goodall’s passion for animals back to her childhood in London and her first trip to Africa to observe chimpanzees.
I Look Up To… Ruth Bader Ginsburg
The Notorious R.B.G. hardly needs an introduction — she’s become a pop culture icon in her own right, as famous for her workout routines, at 85, as her withering dissents. This sweet board book introduces the Supreme Court Justice and some of her most admirable qualities to a new generation of opinionated young women.Available from:
A Picture Book of Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth was born into slavery, then freed, and became a towering figure in the abolition movement. This picture book biography — one in a series by David A. Adler — tells her story chronologically, and in a clear way for young readers.
Before She Was Harriet
The abolitionist and civil rights activist we know as Harriet Tubman — the most important “conductor” on the Underground Railroad — actually went by many names in her lifetime. This book covers them all, and tells her incredible life story in verse.
I am Billie Jean King
On September 20, 1973 — at the height of the women’s movement — female tennis champion Billie Jean King famously took on Wimbledon champion Bobby Riggs — and won. (The match was called the “Battle of the Sexes.”) This installment in the popular Ordinary People Change the World series introduces young readers to some of the challenges King faced and successes she celebrated.
No list of books about extraordinary women would be complete without a title about Hillary Rodham Clinton, who, among countless achievements, was the first woman to be nominated by a major political party for president of the United States. This picture book, by award-winning author Jonah Winter, covers the major moments in HRC’s life story, including her college years and her time as Secretary of State.
Misty Copeland’s name is practically synonymous with ballet, and for good reason. Though she didn’t get her start until she was 13, she went on to become the first African American woman promoted to principal dancer in the American Ballet Theatre’s 75-year history. Copeland continues to be an empowering role model for aspiring dancers, and in Firebird, she charts her course from an unsure young girl joining a new world to the indomitable performer, athlete, and public figure she is today.
Joan Proctor Dragon Doctor
Can you imagine having a tea party with a Komodo dragon? It’s an unusual proposition, but it was just another day at work for Joan Procter, an internationally renowned herpetologist — that is, a zoologist who studies reptiles and amphibians. Procter was born in the UK in 1897, and while her peers favored dolls, Procter was never without her favorite lizard. In adulthood, she was named the first female Curator of Reptiles at London Zoo, and her valuable work both furthered the field of study and opened doors for others like her.
Malala: Activist for Girls’ Education
Malala Yousafzai grew up in the beautiful mountains of Pakistan, where she was a precocious young girl who loved going to school. At fifteen, when she defied the Taliban’s ban on girls’ education, she was nearly killed for it. This beautiful picture book biography, resplendent in its illustrations, follows Malala through her extraordinary young life, including her continued activism, infamous UN speech, and historic Nobel Peace Prize. | <urn:uuid:5bd7d031-c128-422b-9844-57deb8cc2353> | {
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canard • \kuh-NARD\ • noun
1 a : a false or unfounded report or story; especially : a fabricated report
*b : a groundless rumor or belief
2 : an airplane with horizontal stabilizing and control surfaces in front of supporting surfaces; also : a small airfoil in front of the wing of an aircraft that increases the aircraft's stability
Example Sentence:"Last week's storm," Chet declared, "showed us that the claim that lightning cannot strike the same place twice is nothing more than a canard."
Did you know?In 16th-century France "vendre des canards à moitié" was a colorful way of saying "to fool" or "to cheat." The French phrase means, literally, "to half-sell ducks." No one now knows just what was meant by "to half-sell"; the proverb was probably based on some story widely known at the time, but the details have not survived. At any rate, the expression led to the use of "canard," the French word for "duck," with the meaning "a hoax" or "a fabrication." English speakers adopted this "canard" in the mid-1800s. The aeronautical sense of "canard," used from the early days of flying, comes from the stubby duck-like appearance of the aircraft.
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Many have been arguing for the benefits of the classroom setting in education, as social learning allows for a multi-fold approach in education, especially when it comes to language learning. But what should be done about students of different levels? And how can we address different learning styles?
Differentiation is a key issue, when it comes to teaching in a classroom. Fortunately, the advent of technology has allowed for extra room for differentiation in teaching. The blended learning approach is a method that combines traditional teaching methods with e- learning tools. In other words, the teacher or facilitator may teach in a traditional way but at the same time enrich the education process with extra activities that the students can carry out at school or at home.
There are many blended learning models that a teacher or school can implement. In specific, the variations differ according to the level and extent of the e- learning tools and the structure in which they are used. For example, a teacher may introduce different activities for students according to their level and learning needs. Or extra material can be assigned to students so as to ensure that all students have mastered the concepts that are being taught at school. There are many tools (usually refer to as WEB 2.0 tools) and many systems (LMS- Learning Management Systems) that allow for such differentiation.
To sum up, while teachers can reap the benefits of the traditional classroom teaching, they can also differentiate in the classroom with the use of many tools, so as to ensure that all students are eventually on the same page. Within the near future we shall also be looking at specific ways of how to incorporate blended learning methods into traditional teaching. | <urn:uuid:fd30d050-6dea-46b3-b5c1-ea770bd0a6b5> | {
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Amiloride and Hyperkalemia: A Balanced Approach to TreatmentMay, 17 2023
Understanding Amiloride and Its Role in Hyperkalemia Treatment
As a blogger focusing on medical topics, I often come across interesting medications that play a crucial role in managing various health conditions. One such drug is amiloride, which is primarily used to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention. In this section, we shall delve deeper into the world of amiloride and how it can be beneficial in the treatment of hyperkalemia – a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood.
Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that works by inhibiting the action of certain channels in the kidneys that are responsible for reabsorbing sodium and secreting potassium. As a result, this medication helps the body get rid of excess sodium and water, thereby reducing blood pressure and edema (swelling). Since amiloride also helps retain potassium, it has become an essential drug in the management of hyperkalemia.
Identifying the Causes and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Before we discuss how amiloride can be used to treat hyperkalemia, it is essential to understand the causes and symptoms of this condition. Hyperkalemia occurs when there is an excessive amount of potassium in the blood, which can be due to various factors such as kidney disease, certain medications, and even excessive consumption of potassium-rich foods. The most common cause, however, is a decline in kidney function.
Some of the symptoms of hyperkalemia include muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and fatigue. It is crucial to recognize these symptoms and seek immediate medical attention, as untreated hyperkalemia can lead to severe complications, including cardiac arrest. In some cases, hyperkalemia may not present with any noticeable symptoms, making it all the more important to regularly monitor potassium levels in high-risk individuals.
Using Amiloride to Treat Hyperkalemia: The Benefits and Risks
Now that we have a better understanding of hyperkalemia and its consequences, let's discuss how amiloride can be used to treat this condition. As a potassium-sparing diuretic, amiloride helps the body maintain normal potassium levels by promoting the excretion of excess sodium and water without affecting potassium balance. This makes it an ideal choice for individuals with hyperkalemia, especially those suffering from kidney disease or taking medications that can increase potassium levels.
However, as with any medication, there are certain risks associated with amiloride use. Some of the common side effects include dizziness, headache, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and diarrhea. In rare cases, amiloride may cause a severe allergic reaction or worsen pre-existing kidney problems. It is essential to discuss these risks with your healthcare provider and carefully weigh the benefits against the potential side effects before starting amiloride therapy.
Monitoring Potassium Levels During Amiloride Treatment
While amiloride can be a valuable tool in managing hyperkalemia, regular monitoring of potassium levels is crucial during treatment. This can help ensure that the medication is working effectively and that potassium levels remain within the normal range. Your healthcare provider may recommend frequent blood tests to keep track of your potassium levels and make any necessary adjustments to your treatment plan.
It is also essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions regarding dietary restrictions and any other lifestyle modifications that may be required during amiloride therapy. This may include limiting your intake of potassium-rich foods, reducing sodium consumption, and adhering to a regular exercise regimen to maintain optimal health.
Exploring Alternative Treatment Options for Hyperkalemia
While amiloride can be an effective treatment for hyperkalemia, it may not be suitable for everyone. In cases where amiloride is contraindicated or not well-tolerated, healthcare providers may consider alternative treatment options to manage hyperkalemia. Some of these options include:
- Other potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone or triamterene
- Calcium-containing medications that can help stabilize the heart muscle in cases of severe hyperkalemia
- Potassium-binding resins, such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate, which help remove excess potassium from the body
- Hemodialysis, a procedure that filters waste products and excess potassium from the blood in patients with kidney failure
Ultimately, the choice of treatment for hyperkalemia will depend on the underlying cause, the severity of the condition, and the individual patient's medical history and preferences. By working closely with your healthcare provider, you can develop a balanced and effective treatment plan to manage hyperkalemia and maintain your overall health. | <urn:uuid:a1403d20-fe57-425b-91c1-0cc2ae596301> | {
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Devonian and Pleistocene Fossils
The Cumberland region is rich in fossils. Just a few miles from the museum, along the bike and train route linking Cumberland with Frostburg, are Devonian fossil deposits. These small sponges, corals, trilobites, clam-like brachiopods, and snail-like gastropods are 419 to 358 million years old. The Devonian Era marked the beginning of life on land, but the Cumberland region sat under water. It was probably part of a coral reef!
The construction of the Cumberland-Frostburg train in the early 1900s uncovered a cave full of Pleistocene Era fossils, one of the richest fossil finds in the Eastern United States. The Pleistocene Era, marked by the last Ice Age, lasted from about 2.5 million years ago until around 11,000 years ago. During that time, animals including the sabre-tooth cat, cave bear, and mastadon roamed eastern North America. Many of these species became extinct at the end of the Ice Age. The cave was excavated by researchers from the Smithsonian and, while key fossils were taken to Washington DC, some remain in the museum’s collections, including examples of cave bear (Ursus Americanus), peccary (Platygonus Vetus), porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), wolf (Canis armbrusteri), and hare (Lepas Americanus).
Native American History and Culture
The first occupants of the Allegany Region arrived during the Paleo-Indian period, sometime before 8000 BC. As the Ice Age began to recede, the mountains surrounding Cumberland remained snow covered. For several thousands of years, the inhabitants of western Maryland hunted large game and foraged along rivers. By 5,000 BC the weather began to warm up and trees, including hickory, chestnut and oak, began to dominate the landscape. Population grew, probably due to the availability of food sources and game inhabiting the newly wooded landscape. Local archaeological sites dating to about 3,000 BC are found with hand axes and ground stone tools, implements used for wood-cutting and plant and nut processing. Ground stones with notches, interpreted as net sinkers, show local populations also exploited river resources. Spearpoints and bannerstones (counterweights used with long spear-throwers called atlatls), shed light on hunting technology. Some bannerstones show incised artwork that may be symbols identifying the object’s owner.
Around 1000 BC, a particular kind culture called the Woodland culture, defined by ideas about ideology and ceremonialism, develops across a region of the eastern United States generally defined by areas of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and smaller river systems that feed into these watersheds. The Cumberland area was on the eastern fringe of this Woodland culture. During the Early Woodland period (that lased until about 1 AD), the Potomac River shrank to near its present size, which exposed wide floodplains where seasonal camps and then permanent villages were established. In the following Middle Woodland period (AD 1 – 900) some villages used Watson ceramics made with a crushed limestone temper. During this time, there is some evidence that local villages traded with groups in the Ohio River system. In the Late Woodland period (lasting until the arrival of Europeans), settlements fortified with palisades appear, suggesting an increasing need for protection. Village life was centered around growing corn in fields along the river valleys.
The Allegany Musuem includes a display from the nearby Barton site, where long-term archaeological investigation has documented occupation from the arrival of Paleo-Indians until contact. Excavation has identified abundant stone and bone tools and ceramics. By A. D. 1400, the Barton site was a nucleated village surrounded by a log stockade. Trade with Europeans brought blue beads and copper tubes to the village.
As stewards of valued local collections, the Allegany Museum taps into local enthusiasm for history and prehistory, while preserving the past for all to enjoy and learn. The museum plans to develop a type collection for comparative research and hands-on education about regional prehistory. | <urn:uuid:203c8dee-347f-4347-957b-285c2200da43> | {
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Go-NoodleA range of activities to get your child to do some physical activity indoors.
Science sparksA range of science investigations children can carry out at home.
Live field. Work sessions #Fieldworklive will be a fortnight of FREE live lessons which will take place from Monday 20th April – Friday 1st May 2020, focusing on a range of Geography and Science content aimed at Primary KS2 (Ages 7-11), KS3 (Ages 11-14), GCSE (Ages 14-16) and Progress GCSE to A Level (Ages 16-18).
BBC BitesizeThis website covers different subjects across the curriculum.
ComprehensionThis website gets children to work on their comprehension. You will need to sign up as a student.
Free online booksmyON are currently offering free access to digital books on their website. They have over 6,000 books to choose from covering 10 different topics including animals, literacy skills, science and many others
Maths DictionaryYou can choose the are of maths you would like to work on from the dictionary. This will have an example for each item in the dictionary.
NCETM Maths website Click on your the year group for your child and select the area of maths you would like your child to work on.
Maths FrameA wide range of activities for children across Key Stage 2 (Y3 - Y6) for every maths topic.
Free Maths Resources Free Maths Resources The following websites are offering a variety free maths resources to support parents and provide maths resources for children that can be completed at home. The websites either give free videos or are offering weeks of maths lessons all for free!
RE resourcesHere are some downloadable resources to support the learning of RE.
Bird watching 1A video take from Mr and Mrs Pacheco's window. See how many birds you can identify. Look in the description there is a link to the RSPB website to help you and a hint of the time to see some of the birds. You will need to be patient.
Bird watching 2A video take from Mr and Mrs Pacheco's window. See how many birds you can identify. Look in the description there is a link to the RSPB website to help you and a hint of the time to see some of the birds. You will need to be patient.
Bird watching 3A video take from Mr and Mrs Pacheco's window. See how many birds you can identify. Look in the description there is a link to the RSPB website to help you and a hint of the time to see some of the birds. You will need to be patient.
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January 10, 2007
Here is a fun way to help students overcome 'I can't do it' thinking. While students are sitting at their desks, tell them to: 1) Lift your right foot off the floor and make clockwise circles. 2) Now, while doing this, draw the number 6 in the air with your right hand. 3) Your foot will change directions and there is nothing you can do about it. 4) Let them try it a few times and see if anyone finds the solution. 5) Then tell them, 'You CAN do something about it.' 6) Lift your right foot off the floor and make clockwise circles. Now, while doing this, draw the number 6 beginning with the lower circle, progressing clockwise and finishing at the top. 7) It CAN be done and opens valuable discussion with a little humor. | <urn:uuid:442494a5-4130-45fd-81a9-1319c631aaf0> | {
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Swan Hill motte
- Heritage Category:
- Scheduled Monument
- List Entry Number:
- Date first listed:
- Date of most recent amendment:
The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1007849.pdf
The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay.
This copy shows the entry on 23-Oct-2019 at 11:45:16.
The building or site itself may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
- East Riding of Yorkshire (Unitary Authority)
- National Grid Reference:
- TA 15670 32567
Reasons for Designation
Motte castles are medieval fortifications introduced into Britain by the
Normans. They comprised a large conical mound of earth or rubble, the motte,
surmounted by a palisade and a stone or timber tower. In a majority of
examples an embanked enclosure containing additional buildings, the bailey,
adjoined the motte. Motte castles and motte-and-bai1ey castles acted as
garrison forts during offensive military operations, as strongholds, and, in
many cases, as aristocratic residences and as centres of local or royal
administration. Built in towns, villages and open countryside, motte castles
generally occupied strategic positions dominating their immediate locality
and, as a result, are the most visually impressive monuments of the early
post-Conquest period surviving in the modern landscape. Over 600 motte castles
and motte-and-bailey castles are recorded nationally, with examples known from
most regions. Some 100-150 examples do not have baileys and are classified as
motte castles. As one of a restricted range of recognised early post-Conquest
monuments, they are particularly important for the study of Norman Britain and
the development of the feudal system. Although many were occupied for only a
short period of time, motte castles continued to be built and occupied from
the 11th to the 13th centuries, after which they were superseded by other
types of castle.
The Swan Hill motte survives well. Evidence of the structures which originally stood on the motte will be preserved.
The monument is the Swan Hill motte. It includes a raised earthen motte
enclosed by a single dry moat.
The motte is 1.5m high, and 20m in diameter at its base. It has a flattened
summit 13m in diameter. The summit of the mound is uneven and shows some
signs of disturbance.
The moat which encloses the motte is 15m wide and 2m deep, with a flat bottom
Limited excavations were undertaken in the 1940's on the summit of the motte
by the owner.
MAP EXTRACT The site of the monument is shown on the attached map extract. It includes a 5 metre boundary around the archaeological features, considered to be essential for the monument's support and preservation.
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
- Legacy System number:
- Legacy System:
Books and journals
Le Patourel, H E J, Moated site of Yorkshire, (1973), 110
Loughlin, N, Miller, K, Survey of Archaeological Sites in Humberside, (1979), 50
CUC RC8 GH63,
This monument is scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as amended as it appears to the Secretary of State to be of national importance. This entry is a copy, the original is held by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport.
End of official listing | <urn:uuid:041c0a28-7a86-4bc3-a99a-f86db10bda45> | {
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What is darkened urine?
Darkened urine is urine that is dark yellow, brown, dark red, or red, and it may range from slightly dark to considerably dark. A change in urine color may be temporary, or it may be persistent. The duration and course of darkened urine can vary widely, depending on the cause.
There are several possible causes of darkened urine. Urinary tract infection is the most common cause, though other types of infections, or kidney dysfunction or disease, are other potential causes. Darkened urine may be related to acute or chronic underlying diseases that affect other regions of the body. For example, urine that is darker than normal may be a result of hepatic (liver) disease that may include the gallbladder. Further, cancer of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and bladder can all cause urine to darken.
Your urine may turn dark if you have had any damage or injury to any of the structures of the urinary tract, including the kidney, bladder, urethras, or ureter. It may also darken as a result of eating certain foods, such as beets, red cabbage, red berries or candy, or ingesting anything that contains red dyes. Certain medications are known to change urine color, which will return to normal after the drug leaves the body.
Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for serious symptoms, such as high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), or severe abdominal pain. Seek prompt medical care if you experience abdominal swelling and nausea with or without vomiting or if you are being treated for darkened urine but mild symptoms recur or are persistent.
What other symptoms might occur with darkened urine?
Darkened urine may accompany other symptoms, which will vary depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. Symptoms that frequently affect the urinary tract may also involve other body systems.
Urinary symptoms that may occur along with darkened urineDarkened urine may accompany other symptoms affecting the urinary system including:
What causes darkened urine?
In some cases, darkened urine is a result of medications or consuming specific foods. Darkened urine may also be the result of bleeding, infections, cancers or other serious conditions.
Urinary system causes of darkened urineDarkened urine may be caused by conditions affecting the urinary system including:
- Acute tubular necrosis (acute cause of... Read more about darkened urinecauses | <urn:uuid:1899b051-9933-463c-8a1d-9f08bc3413fb> | {
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Could cyberbullying be the cause of depression in your teen?
Nearly everyone is familiar these days with the terms "cyberbullying" or "online bullying". This is a form of bullying where someone is harassed, threatened, or humiliated through the internet, usually through various social media networks. It is becoming increasingly common; statistics say about 58% of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. More than 4 out of 10 say it has happened more than once. These figures sound about right to me. At Teen Xpress, I have several students every week tell me that they are dealing with some sort of online bullying.
Cyberbullying can lead to depression in teensBeing intimidated, verbally abused, or harassed online can wreak havoc on a young person’s psyche, causing a multitude of issues, especially depression. When looking specifically at depression, it’s hard to know the exact numbers or relationship between the two because bullying is usually underreported (with an average of only 1 out of 10 young people telling an adult).
However, it’s easy to understand why there is a connection. Young people (as well as not-so-young people) love their technology. Being a part of that technology and joining social media networks seems fun and is, in theory, a great way to connect to others. However, participation in social media increases the likelihood of having negative experiences, too. In years past, victims of bullying could find some sort of safe haven- maybe their home, their neighborhood, a place they could go where no one bothered them. These days, there is no escaping online bullying. We have access to our social networks and mobile devices nearly everywhere we go. The only way to escape is to turn off the technology, and that is much easier said than done, especially with your typical teen! This constant barrage of harassment can be scary, exhausting, and heart-breaking. Experiencing feelings like that over and over can bring on symptoms of depression.
Teens rely most heavily on their parents and peers for advice about online behaviors and coping with challenging experiences, so it’s up to us to know what to look for and how to help them.
What are some signs of adolescent depression?A depressed teen may appear sad, irritable, or angry. They also may appear to be uninterested in things that they normally like to do. They may withdraw or isolate themselves. There may have sleep or appetite issues. They may engage in risky or dangerous behaviors, like substance use or self-harm. Some of these behaviors are not unusual for a non-depressed teen as well, so if they are acting like this it is important to consider how long this has been going on. If someone is showing these signs of depression nearly all day, every day for two weeks or more, they may be suffering from depression. At that point, parents should consider a visit with a mental health professional or doctor to make sure everything is alright.
How can I protect my child from being bullied online?Be in the know! It is important for parents to learn about the social media sites that their child and their child’s friends are using. Students often tell me about sites that I’ve never heard of. That’s because these sites aren’t marketed to adults- they are specifically targeting young people.
Communicate. Encourage them to tell you if it happens to them. Tell them you want to know because you love them and want to be there for them.
Listen. Parents should take these issues seriously. Teens often get a bad reputation for being emotional or dramatic, especially when it comes to how upset they can get when they have issues with friends. It’s hard for us parents because sometimes it may feel like it’s not that big of a deal. However, adolescents are hard-wired to be this way. They are going through the developmental stage of separating themselves from their parents and becoming more aligned with friends and peers. When your friends are more important to you than anyone else in the world, and then they begin to bully or mistreat you, this can be truly heartbreaking.
Help them. If your child experiences something like this, be there for them, empathize, and help them use good coping skills to get through it. Help them learn that only they define their own self-worth and that they are not alone. Always seek out counseling if needed. Telling them to get over it or that it’s not a big deal is not helpful.
Would it help to just take away the phone/ tablet/ laptop/computer?No. Most teens love their technology, so taking it away will likely feel like a punishment. Also, their friends will still have access, so they will probably hear about anything they may have missed. It’s helpful to remember: technology isn’t the problem; the way people treat each other is the problem.
Social media is an incredibly powerful tool that can connect people. It can be used for good intentions, and can empower, educate, and strengthen our youth. When social media is used to threaten, humiliate, and hurt people, the results can be heart breaking and disastrous.
It is helpful to teach our kids how to deal with people that bully. Even more helpful is teaching them how to treat others with respect and kindness, supporting them, and encouraging them to stand up for themselves and others.
- Injury Prevention - Advice for Parents,
- Safety - Advice for Parents,
- Injury Prevention - Children's Health,
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The impact of an introduced predator on a threatened galaxiid fish is reduced by the availability of complex habitats
journal contributionposted on 2023-05-16, 19:13 authored by Richard Stuart-SmithRichard Stuart-Smith, Jemina Stuart-SmithJemina Stuart-Smith, White, RWG, Leon BarmutaLeon Barmuta
1. The availability of complex habitats such as macrophytes may be vital in determining the outcomes of interactions between introduced predators and native prey. Introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) have impacted numerous small native freshwater fishes in the southern hemisphere, but the potential role of complex habitats in determining the direct outcomes of brown trout - native fish interactions has not been experimentally evaluated. 2. An in-lake enclosure experiment was used to evaluate the importance of structurally complex habitats in affecting the direct impacts of brown trout on a threatened galaxiid fish. Five Galaxias auratus and a single brown trout were added to enclosures containing one of three different habitat types (artificial macrophytes, rocks and bare silt substrate). The experiment also had control enclosures without brown trout. Habitat-dependence of predation risk was assessed by analysis of G. auratus losses to predation, and stomach contents of remaining fish were analysed to determine if brown trout directly affect the feeding of G. auratus and whether this is also habitat-dependent. 3. Predation risk of G. auratus differed significantly between habitat types, with the highest mortality in enclosures with only bare silt substrate and the lowest in enclosures containing artificial macrophytes. This result highlights the importance of availability of complex habitats for trout - native fish interactions and suggests that increasing habitat degradation and loss in fresh waters may exacerbate the direct impacts of introduced predators. 4. Stomach contents analyses were restricted to fish in enclosures with artificial macrophytes and rocks, as most fish were consumed in enclosures with brown trout and only bare silt substrate. These analyses suggest that brown trout do not directly affect the feeding of G. auratus in complex habitats, but it is still unknown whether its feeding is reduced if complex habitats are unavailable. © 2007 The Authors.
Publication titleFreshwater Biology
Department/SchoolInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies
PublisherBlackwell Publishing Ltd
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So far you have learned how to ingest a lot of documents and normalize them, both textually and mathematically. The next step is to begin to think about how you are going to represent your documents through variables, which we will call “features.” A “feature” is any quality that belongs to a document that you choose to measure quantitatively. A feature space is the sum of features you choose to use in your analysis.
In your case, the primary feature you have been using so far are words. This is a reasonable choice given that one of the primary components of things called documents are words! HOWEVER, and yes I couldn’t resist the all caps, words are not the only features that belong to documents. In this section you will be learning some popular types of features that can be used in text analysis (you already saw one example, type-token ratio, above). The important point is that just about anything can be a feature. What makes documents so interesting is that they are multi-faceted (or multi-dimensional to keep our spatial metaphors going). So your question needs to be, What dimensions of documents am I interested in studying, and also, what dimensions am I leaving out?
When you think of your features as a feature space it helps you conceptualize how you are representing your data. Remember above from the section on data selection. When you collect data you are creating a representation of some larger social category. You’re doing that here too when you construct your feature space. You are saying that you believe an appropriate way to represent your documents is through such and such features. Thus, you are creating a representation of a representation. There is no such thing as a natural set of features to study documents. Everything is constructed!
The key is to reflect on how your choice of features might impact your results and how a different set of features would or would not make a difference. If some outcome is always the same independent of what features you use then you know it is a very, very robust finding. If something is very sensitive to the process of feature selection then you know it is conditional on those choices. This is no less valuable, but it is important that you know the difference.
The best part about feature construction is that it is also one of the most creative parts of the job. What’s a feature? Whatever you can dream up. For starters, let’s begin with words. Ok, a bit vanilla, but it’s always good to start with the simplest option. This is actually a great mantra for data science in general:
Always start with the simplest option!
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The term Medical care is an umbrella term that describes the field of health care. It includes therapy, avoidance, amelioration, as well as curing illnesses and conditions. Health care specialists and allied health and wellness areas supply this important service. Read on to find out more about the career. Here are four methods which healthcare specialists make a distinction. They are important for the well-being of society. Listed below are several of the leading advantages of healthcare.
What is Health care? Health care is the business as well as task of offering clinical solutions to individuals. The term encompasses a variety of services, both daily as well as in a system, as well as it includes licensed specialists. It is additionally used as an adjective to define a location where clinical services are supplied. Among one of the most typical forms of medical care are healthcare facilities, doctors’ workplaces, and drug stores. Because of this, healthcare incorporates a variety of areas, not just the clinical career.
There are different types of medical care systems, consisting of public, exclusive, as well as combined designs. The Bismarck version is an example of a hybrid version of health care. Under this version, companies as well as staff members pay into a fund to cover healthcare prices, which consequently spends for services. The Bismarck design is not universal, as it calls for employees to pay into a health plan to obtain treatment. Nevertheless, it has many advantages. It is a reliable means to supply health care to individuals that require it.
Unlike the free enterprise, health care has not been permitted to fully manipulate its free market principles. Rather, state as well as government regulations have skewn the market. Some elements of the healthcare ecological community, consisting of the private required, have actually been terminated or disallowed. With third-party payers, the patient-physician partnership has been damaged. Medical care has actually become extremely regulated, making it harder to pick the most effective choice for your health and wellness. If healthcare is free, every person would profit.
Neighborhood rehab services are another example. These solutions aid people recoup their freedom after arm or leg or function loss. Such services can consist of prostheses, orthotics, and mobility devices. Health care exceeds the delivery of services to individuals and also is a complex area of financing. The term healthcare system, or health and wellness system, refers to the whole system of organizations and individuals that offer healthcare. This is the most common type of healthcare. Nonetheless, there are much more specific forms of medical care, and each is crucial for a healthy society.
In the U.S., health insurance is a federal program, as well as the majority of its prices are covered by tax obligation earnings. In many nations, Medicaid development under the Affordable Treatment Act was entirely moneyed by federal tax obligation earnings until 2017, when the federal share went down to 90%. In addition to federal funds, patients pay co-payments and also deductibles for solutions as well as treatments. This indicates that patients normally pay a set amount for clinical solutions, such as a doctor’s visit.
Healthcare is a complicated system that can be categorized as a public company. Health and wellness systems can differ in extent, however they generally involve a variety of companies as well as individuals working together to meet the wellness requirements of their target populaces. Globe Health and wellness Company definitions of a well-functioning wellness system include adequate pay as well as a trained labor force. Furthermore, well-kept health facilities offer high quality medications. The cutting edge of main healthcare is usually emergency clinic.
Health care economics are complicated. Along with meeting the needs of clients, healthcare professionals must balance contending goals: supplying worth while regulating expenses and also incomes. For-profit and also nonprofit healthcare companies must manage expenses as well as income in order to remain feasible. In addition, health care specialists need to deal with honest as well as social worries while stabilizing a number of completing priorities. In addition, these aspects impact the worth of medical care. There are several dangers as well as possibilities inherent in the health care industry.
Comprehending healthcare plan is a vital action towards progressing your career in the field of healthcare. Not just can you utilize your experience to produce new plans and also enhance existing ones, yet you can also utilize this expertise to lead groups that comply with healthcare policy. In addition to assisting individuals in the clinical area, recognizing health care plan also allows registered nurses to play a vital function in advancing their careers as supporters as well as policymakers. For a complete understanding of health care, check out the various graduate degrees readily available at USAHS.
Getting healthcare funding is an excellent way to improve the wellness of clients and practice alike. With healthcare financing, clients that do not have available funds can receive the care they require. At the same time, the technique obtains repayment promptly, ensuring that patient contentment is satisfied. Regardless of high costs of health care, patient financing can improve the method’s revenue and also client base. Furthermore, patient funding can assist to build a strong provider-patient relationship.
Health care is the practice of treating and boosting an individual’s health and wellness. It consists of avoidance, medical diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, as well as treatment. It is supplied by wellness specialists as well as allied health and wellness areas. Basically, it is an important element of day-to-day life. Below are a few things you require to recognize. Let’s begin with the essentials:
Health services are vital for maintaining and also promoting wellness. These include clinical and paramedical solutions as well as other activities that keep an individual in great physical condition. In fact, healthcare is just one of the largest sectors in the world. The USA alone has actually an approximated 1.4 billion individuals. The average individual sees a hospital annually, and almost one-third of Americans will see a health center at some time in their lives. Yet what happens if we can aid individuals live healthier lives with healthcare?
Presently, four major versions of healthcare are used all over the world. The Beveridge design developed in the UK in 1948. The Bismarck version was later taken on in Germany and the United States. Many countries do not comply with a solitary version, but rather combine numerous. Usually, public insurance providers fund health insurance prepare for workers, while exclusive hospitals as well as companies fund medical care services. The U.S. is an instance of a system that is a hybrid of several models. Hop over to this website
The term “healthcare” has numerous definitions, consisting of those relating to the private receiving care. For example, the word “medical care” can imply a service that gives clinical solutions, a healthcare system, or the activities of those individuals who give care. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary specifies it as the tasks performed by experienced and certified experts to keep individuals healthy as well as maintain their health. This is a vital distinction for those in the market. | <urn:uuid:1ba58c64-82a0-457a-8ca5-74fe9b965abb> | {
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Fifteen or so years ago, cell phones were mostly used to make phone calls. These devices have since become outright appendages that begin sprouting around the age of 12. But are they dangerous for our ears? Some experts fear the answer may be yes.
According to a study published by the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the long-term use of portable phones can cause damage to the inner ear and lead to high-frequency hearing loss. This impairment is characterized by the loss of the ability to hear certain consonants, including ‘s’, ‘f’, ‘t’ and ‘z’.
The problem is that smart phones have become daily communication tools. The favourite object of today’s youth can be used to listen to music, watch videos, make phone calls, etc. This makes for an explosive combination, according to the Association Journée Nationale de l’Audition Québec, as our hearing system is not designed to withstand such a heavy acoustic load, both in terms of intensity and duration. In other words, our hearing system has yet to adapt to our new audio practices.
Auditory fatigue, early hearing loss, hyperacusis and tinnitus are some examples of irreversible damage that can occur. What are the warning signs? A feeling of heat in the ear, poor hearing and tinnitus. If you notice any of these signs, consult a professional without delay to assess your hearing health as well as your children’s. | <urn:uuid:0a4ae7e8-9736-4709-88af-3e987504cd27> | {
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Biological importance: Carbon forms the backbone for all organic molecules.
Forms available to life: Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic forms used by consumers.
Reservoirs: Soils, aquatic sediments, oceans, plant and animal biomass, and the atmosphere. The largest reservoir is sedimentary rocks such as limestone, though this pool turns over very slowly.
Key processes: Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere is balanced by CO2 released through cellular respiration.
The burning of fossil fuels adds significant amounts of additional CO2. | <urn:uuid:b99379b6-945f-4476-96bf-a6cfacca82e1> | {
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A UTI, or urinary tract infection, occurs when pathogens such as bacteria or viruses abnormally enter the bladder. If you have a UTI, you can experience symptoms that include pain or burning during urination and increased urinary frequency. It is important to talk with your doctor if you experience UTI symptoms, as the consequences of an untreated UTI can be serious.
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If a UTI is left untreated, the bacteria within your bladder can travel up into your kidneys. Infection of the kidneys, called pyelonephritis, can be life-threatening and can lead to additional symptoms that include back pain, fever, nausea or vomiting. You can also develop blood in your urine due to irritation and inflammation of the kidneys. A kidney infection can lead to permanent damage or scarring of the kidneys. Kidney damage caused by an untreated UTI can increase your risk of developing high blood pressure or kidney failure.
An untreated UTI can result in the spread of the infection from the bladder into the bloodstream -- a medical condition known as sepsis. Sepsis is life-threatening and can cause you to experience fever, chills, dizziness, rapid breathing, increased heart rate or confusion. This consequence of an untreated UTI can prevent the organs of your body from functioning normally, causing them to shut down.
Women who are pregnant can experience pregnancy complications as a consequence of an untreated UTI. Pregnant women are more likely to develop kidney infections as a result of a UTI, which can put women at an increased risk of early labor. An untreated UTI can cause a pregnant woman to deliver a low-birth-weight or premature baby, which can lead to additional medical complications for the newborn infant. Pregnant women should be checked regularly for UTIs to ensure that any infection is treated immediately, preventing the occurrence of potential pregnancy complications. | <urn:uuid:fb33f0e4-caa8-4013-a888-05a30d7a55bd> | {
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Remove First 2 Rows In Pandas With Code Examples
In this post, we will examine how to solve the Remove First 2 Rows In Pandas problem using examples from the programming language.
df = df.iloc[3:]
The Remove First 2 Rows In Pandas issue was overcome by employing a variety of different examples.
In this article, we will discuss different ways to delete first row of a pandas dataframe in python.Drop first row of pandas dataframe (3 Ways)
By using DataFrame. iloc you can drop the rows from DataFrame and use 3: to drop the first three rows. For example, use DataFrame. iloc[3:] to select all rows except the first three rows and then assign it back to the original variable which ideally drops the first three rows from DataFrame.30-Dec-2021
Use drop() to remove first N rows of pandas dataframe To make sure that it removes the rows only, use argument axis=0 and to make changes in place i.e. in calling dataframe object, pass argument inplace=True.
You can delete a list of rows from Pandas by passing the list of indices to the drop() method. In this code, [5,6] is the index of the rows you want to delete. axis=0 denotes that rows should be deleted from the dataframe.01-Jun-2021
To drop a specific row from the data frame – specify its index value to the Pandas drop function. It can be useful for selection and aggregation to have a more meaningful index. For our sample data, the “name” column would make a good index also, and make it easier to select country rows for deletion from the data.
To delete a row from a DataFrame, use the drop() method and set the index label as the parameter.14-Sept-2021
Remove First N Rows of Pandas DataFrame Using tail() tail(df. shape -n) to remove the top/first n rows of pandas DataFrame. Generally, DataFrame. tail() function is used to show the last n rows of a pandas DataFrame but you can pass a negative value to skip the rows from the beginning.06-Oct-2021
Python pandas drop rows by index To remove the rows by index all we have to do is pass the index number or list of index numbers in case of multiple drops. to drop rows by index simply use this code: df. drop(index) . Here df is the dataframe on which you are working and in place of index type the index number or name.16-Apr-2021
Pandas DataFrame drop() Method The drop() method removes the specified row or column. By specifying the column axis ( axis='columns' ), the drop() method removes the specified column. By specifying the row axis ( axis='index' ), the drop() method removes the specified row.
Drop Last Row of Pandas DataFrame Using iloc iloc you can drop the rows from DataFrame and use -1 to drop the last row. For example use df. iloc[:-1,:] to select all rows except the last one and then assign it back to the original variable which ideally drops the last row from DataFrame. Yields below output.06-Oct-2021 | <urn:uuid:78e525a6-5b33-4f0f-9885-e4d1cafd6f5f> | {
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Identify common valve types.
Identify and name valve components.
Know the characteristics and applications for different valve types.
Identify common valve actuators.
Chose a suitable valve for any application.
- 1.1 - Preliminary Courses
- 1.2 - Welcome To The Advanced Course
- 1.3 - How to get the most out of this course
- 2.1 - Body
- 2.2 - Bonnet
- 2.3 - Trim
- 2.4 - Disc and Seat
- 2.5 - Stem
- 2.6 - Actuator
- 2.7 - Packing
- 2.8 - Valve Functions and Basic Parts Summary
- 3.1 - Introduction
- 3.2 - Valve Actuator
- 3.3 - Manual, Fixed and Hammer
- 3.4 - Handwheels Fixed to Stem
- 3.5 - Hammer Handwheel
- 3.6 - Gears
- 3.7 - Electric Motor Actuators
- 3.8 - Pneumatic Actuators
- 3.9 - Hydraulic Actuators
- 3.10 - Self-Actuated Valves
- 3.11 - Solenoid Actuated Valves
- 3.12 - Speed of Power Actuators
- 3.13 - Valve Position Indicator
- 3.14 - Valve Actuators Summary
- 4.1 - Gate Valves
- 4.2 - Gate Valve Disc Design
- 4.3 - Solid Wedge
- 4.4 - Flexible Wedge
- 4.5 - Split Wedge
- 4.6 - Parallel Wedge
- 4.7 - Gate Valve Stem Design
- 4.8 - Gate Valve Seat Design
- 5.1 - Globe Valves
- 5.2 - Globe Valve Body Designs
- 5.3 - Z-Body Design
- 5.4 - Y-Body Design
- 5.5 - Angle Valve Design
- 5.6 - Globe Valve Discs
- 5.7 - Ball Disc
- 5.8 - Composition Disc
- 5.9 - Plug Disc
- 5.10 - Globe Valve Disc and Stem Connections
- 5.11 - Globe Valve Seats
- 5.12 - Globe Valve Direction of Flow
- 5.13 - Pneumatic Actuated Globe Valve
- 6.1 - Ball Valves
- 6.2 - Ball Valve Advantages
- 6.3 - Ball Valve Disadvantages
- 6.4 - Ball Valve Port Patterns
- 6.5 - Ball Valve Materials
- 6.6 - Ball Valve Stem Design
- 6.7 - Ball Valve Bonnet Design
- 6.8 - Ball Valve Position
- 7.1 - Plug Valves
- 7.2 - Plug Ports
- 7.3 - Multiport Plug Valves
- 7.4 - Plug Valve Discs
- 7.5 - Diamond Port Plug
- 7.6 - Lubricated Plug Valve Design
- 7.7 - Non-Lubricated Plugs
- 7.8 - Manually Operated Plug Valve Installation
- 7.9 - Plug Valve Glands
- 8.1 - Diaphragm Valves
- 8.2 - Diaphragm Construction
- 8.3 - Diaphragm Valve Stem Assemblies
- 8.4 - Diaphragm Valve Bonnet Assemblies
- 9.1 - Reducing Valves
- 10.1 - Pinch Valves
- 10.2 - Pinch Valve Bodies
- 11.1 - Butterfly Valves
- 11.2 - Butterfly Valve Seat Construction
- 11.3 - Butterfly Valve Body Construction
- 11.4 - Butterfly Valve Disc and Stem Assemblies
- 12.1 - Needle Valves
- 12.2 - Needle Valve Applications
- 12.3 - Needle Valve Body Designs
- 13.1 - Check Valves
- 13.2 - Swing Check Valves
- 14.1 - Relief and Safety Valves
- 14.2 - Pilot Operated Relief Valves
- 15.1 - Types of Valves Summary
- 16.1 - Final Thoughts
- 16.2 - Rate this Course & Continue Learning
- What kind of valve is correct for x,y,z application?
- What are the pros and cons of each valve type?
- Why do valves have weird names i.e. butterfly valve?
This engineering course will help you answer all these questions...and many more! The course is designed to take you from zero to hero concerning valve knowledge. Even if you already have some background knowledge, this course will serve as an efficient refresher, whatever your level of understanding, or engineering background (HVAC, power engineering, oil and gas, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering etc.).
Interactive 3D models are used extensively to show you exactly how valves and their components work.
The course is packed with images, 2D animations, interactive 3D models and 3D animations and high quality written content. Written content has been read aloud so that you can 'learn on the go' without needing to watch the screen constantly.
If you are interested in HVAC, Mechanical, Electrical, Automobile, Chemical, Power or Industrial Engineering, we have courses for you!
Courses are presented using interactive 3D models and 3D animations. The 3D models can be exploded into their parts and a cross section feature allows you to see exactly...
Introduction to Valves - part 1
Learn about valve components, designs and applications! Ideal for the power engineering, chemical engineering and HVAC!
Introduction to Centrifugal Pumps
Learn all of the centrifugal pump's components, how it works, common problems and how to solve them. Ideal for HVAC!
Introduction to Heat Exchangers
Learn about common heat exchanger types, designs, categories and construction. Ideal for HVAC and Mechanical Engineering | <urn:uuid:a7fddafc-8000-415e-a974-195371c0c236> | {
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In This Article
What is GHz (Gigahertz)?
Gigahertz, or GHz refers to the clock frequency of the computer processor or Central Processing Unit while processing data. One GHz represents 1 billion cycles per second.
Technically, it refers to the cycle of time, which is also known as clock speed or clock rate, in which the CPU operates to push data from one point to the other. It is actually the measurement of the speed at which the signal changes from positive to negative and back.
- The operational speed or clock frequency of all modern computer processors is measured in Gigahertz.
- It represents the speed at which a computer processor can change a positive signal to a negative signal and back.
- With respect to computer processors, GHz is usually the highest unit for measuring the clock frequency
- It is always better to have a CPU with a higher clock frequency, even for general tasks, as it will allow the calculations to be done faster and the apps to run more smoothly.
- Having a CPU with a higher clock speed does not necessarily translate to better performance always. A powerful and faster CPU may not operate at a high level if the RAM amount is limited.
Understanding GHz (Gigahertz)
In order to complete executing an instruction, a computer needs to perform a large number of cycles.
The number of instructions that the device can complete or execute in a second determines its clock speed, which is represented in GHz.
One megahertz is equivalent to 1,000,000 Hz and one gigahertz is equal to 1,000 MHz or 1,000,000,000 Hz.
Therefore, to a large extent, this specific value determines how powerful a computer processor is.
Gigahertz measures the operating speed of the processor in a computer.
This clock rate is higher than Kilohertz or KHz, which was the measurement of the clock rate of the early computer processors such as the first processor, the Intel 4004, which had an operating frequency of 740 kHz.
The processors that followed it operated at higher clock speeds and were measured in Megahertz or MHz, such as the Intel Pentium processors which operated within a clock frequency ranging between 60 MHz and 300 MHz.
The clock rate of all modern processors today is measured in the GHz range, where the higher the number, the faster the processor can operate to process data.
Intel and AMD released the first consumer computer processors operating at a speed of 1 GHz in March 2000.
Today, the processors can run at a speed of 3.5 GHz or higher with multiple cores.
However, in terms of computer processors especially, there aren’t any with their speeds measured in higher units than GHz, though for other frequencies it can go past it to Terahertz or THz.
The clock speed of the processor is important because it indicates the power and performance level of the CPU.
Is It Better to have More GHz or RAM?
Though both are important, a processor with more GHz has a slight edge over RAM, being the brain of the computer and responsible for performing several different tasks.
More GHz indicates higher operating speeds and faster access to the necessary memory stored in the RAM, which makes the operations snappier.
However, a bit more detailed explanation will make things clearer to you.
RAM, or Random Access Memory is also a vital component of a computer and in most cases, depending on the type of jobs you do on your computer, more is better.
It will be able to hold more data of the active applications that the processor will need to access in the middle of any process.
This will increase the performance and speed of the processor.
This means that a processor with the right amount of RAM will optimize the performance of the system as a whole.
It will also help in supporting different types of software.
However, the RAM will not directly increase the speed of the computer. It is solely the forte of the processor, which is why a chip with more GHz is better to have in a computer system.
A higher amount of RAM simply means that you will be able to open more applications at the same time.
Therefore, it can be said that a slow processor with a lower GHz will not be of any good even if the RAM is more, and a faster processor will also not be able to perform satisfactorily with a limited amount of RAM.
How Many GHz is Good for Wi-Fi?
Typically, a 2.4 GHz band will be sufficient to connect Wi-Fi devices for low bandwidth activities such as browsing the internet.
On the other hand, if you want to connect high bandwidth devices and use it for gaming, streaming HDTV or other high bandwidth activities, then 5 GHz should be an ideal option.
However, things are not all that simple, though speed and range are the two most important factors. There are a few other things to know in this regard, starting with the differences between the two bandwidths.
Having a 2.4 GHz connection for your Wi-Fi will offer faster connections at lower speeds but for a wider range. It can penetrate solid objects but with a practical speed typically ranging between 50 Mbps and 70 Mbps.
However, it is prone to network disturbances and interferences and has lower data transferring capability.
This is a faster connection provided the range is shorter. It can overcome interferences, network clutter, and disturbances to optimize performance by offering more channels to communicate. However, it is not as good at penetrating solid objects as 2.4 GHz.
Your final choice between a lower and a higher bandwidth will depend on how you use and where you use the Wi-Fi connection most. Therefore, the factors to consider are:
- The size of the space of use and
- The count of interferences or the number of devices using the frequency.
So, in a nutshell, a 2.4 GHz band is good for Wi-Fi connectivity if your system is farther from the router. Otherwise, you may use a 5 GHz band if the system is set and used closer to the router.
Is Higher GHz Better for Gaming?
A CPU with a higher GHz is better for gaming because it will allow higher FPS or Frames per Second, better simulations, and faster communication between the CPU, RAM, and GPU. If it is low, not only will the game take a longer time to load, but it will also result in some in-game lags.
However, this is not a universal rule of sorts because things will also depend on the particular gaming engine as well as the tools used to build it.
Low-end games based on single-threaded performance may run pretty well with a lower CPU but newer Triple A games will need multithreading and therefore a higher CPU clock speed.
Typically, the clock frequency is a general guide to determining the performance ability of a CPU but you should consider specific benchmarks to know the relative performance of the processor within a product family while running games.
Therefore, anything between 3.5 GHz and 4.0 GHz is considered to be good for playing games. However, if a game is exceptionally CPU intensive, it may need a 5 GHz CPU to play it at the highest settings.
Under no circumstances, a 2.2 GHz CPU is good for playing anything other than light games.
Even if your system is equipped with a strong, powerful and latest Graphics Processing Unit, it will struggle while running a CPU intensive or a Triple A game on a processor with a clock speed of 2.2 GHz.
Is Higher GHz Better in General?
Yes, higher GHz is always better because the CPU can operate at a higher clock speed.
This means that the calculations will be made at a much quicker rate and the applications will run smoother and faster on your system.
In short, higher clock speed will mean that the processor can churn through a larger amount of tasks at a given time period, in general.
The GHz of a CPU is a very important parameter to consider the performing ability, speed, and load handling ability of it.
The CPU is the brain of the computer and so it is always better to have one with higher GHz or clock speed. However, as for the overall computer system, the RAM and other parts also play a major role. | <urn:uuid:d5ecc481-945e-4132-9003-b0bda282fc53> | {
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You probably remember staring hard at the ‘Magic Eye’ images as a child. If you followed the instructions and relaxed your eyes in just the right way, the complex colorful patterns printed in newspapers and kids’ magazines would reveal dazzling three dimensional shapes above or underneath the patterns. These images use a process called stereoscopy, which is defined on Wikipedia as “the production of the illusion of depth in a photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image by the presentation of a slightly different image to each eye, which adds the first of these cues (stereopsis). The two images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of depth.”
While ‘Magic Eye’ photos are quite complex, freeviewing (i.e. without special googles) stereoscopic photographs can be relatively simple with just two slightly different side-by-side photographs. Duke Forest Volunteer Photography Corps member Jeff Soo shared these nine beautiful stereoscopic photos of different scenes from the Duke Forest that you can try to merge to see a surprising depth of field.
Instructions from Jeff: “If you’re like most people and have never tried ‘freeviewing’ a stereo pair, look at one of these on your phone (or on any device but at small size, about five inches wide at most), relax your eyes as though looking into the distance, and see if you can get the two images to ‘fuse’.”
We hope you enjoy this new way to see the Duke Forest from home. Have fun!
For more information about stereoscopy and ‘how to’ techniques for seeing 3D depth of field in stereoscopic images click here. | <urn:uuid:0d77691e-a9d3-4f3c-ba91-303ef2621bc7> | {
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Satellite Oceanography and the "Malaspina Dragon"
At first blush it wouldn't seem as if training in astronomy is a natural fit for someone who ended up in oceanography, but it worked for Dr. Jim Gower. He is a researcher at the Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS) located in Sidney, British Columbia on Vancouver Island. IOS is a centre for research on coastal waters of BC, the Northeastern Pacific, the western Canadian Arctic and navigable fresh waters - east to the Alberta border. As one of Canada's largest marine institutes, it represents part of DFO's ecosystem management approach to protecting the marine environment.
Dr. Gower explains: "I'm a physical oceanographer, originally trained as an astronomer. I was hired in 1971 when many satellites were going up, and there was a need for people who knew how to work with remote measurements. At that time, a number of scientists made the transition from astronomy to oceanography. I was hired as the original satellite oceanographer in DFO. Since then, lots of others have joined us because satellite oceanography is becoming mainstream. We have a remote-sensing group here at the Institute which has been running on a small scale ever since those early days."
Researchers are able to make use of satellite images made available online by the Earth Observation System of NASA, and similar systems of the European Space Agency and Space Agencies of other counties. One use of the technology is to track seasonal phytoplankton growth and the formation of algae blooms.
To understand why this tracking is such vital work, it is important to understand the role phytoplankton plays in our marine ecology. Phytoplankton are minute single-celled plants, and are the first step in the food chain on which ultimately all marine life depends. Although too small to be seen individually, when they are present in high enough numbers, they change the colour of the water from clear blue to a cloudier green. This colour change is due to the light they scatter and the presence of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll within their cells. At high enough concentrations they form algae blooms which may colour the water white, green, brown or red.
High concentrations of phytoplankton, often caused by the ready availability of sunlight and nutrients are good for the ecosystem most of the time. They drive productivity for the large number of marine animals up the food chain. But they can also be harmful to local marine ecologies. The formation of blooms is cyclical and, all things being equal, spring blooms are just the normal spring resurgence of growth after the winter.
Dr. Gower notes, "The sort of data we look at is a standard chlorophyll product which is meant to measure chlorophyll in open ocean waters. It works pretty well, but it doesn't work nearly as well in coastal waters. This is something that everyone runs into when they come up against the coast. Difficulties arise with satellite imagery because of the complex nature of coastal water, often complicated by atmospheric pollution."
He adds, "One of the early bits of research I got involved in was a new method of measuring chlorophyll using fluorescence. We can measure this fluorescence using the images that the satellites produce, providing we have special bands Footnote 1 that look at the actual wavelength where the fluorescence occurs, and at nearby reference wavelengths where it does not. The fluorescence idea with satellite images is quite interesting because it is what everybody uses on a ship or in the water. If you want to know if chlorophyll is there, you simply shine a blue light at the water and look and see if any red light comes back to you. That is the chlorophyll fluorescing."
In recent years Dr. Gower and his colleagues used fluorescence measured by satellite images to look at the Strait of Georgia and adjacent inlets. They have identified a new factor which could be influencing the timing of the spring bloom in the Strait through early triggering by plankton growth in coastal inlets. They are calling this mechanism the "Malaspina Dragon" after the characteristic pattern of high-chlorophyll water flowing though Malaspina Strait in late February of some years. The Dragon pattern was seen in 2005, 2008, and 2009, and probably occurred in 2004 and 2007. It did not occur in 2003, 2006, 2010, 2011 and 2012.
The spring bloom in the Strait of Georgia occurs on average 3-4 weeks earlier in years when the "dragon" is active. That suggests that seeding from inlets may be a significant factor controlling timing. And timing of the bloom is important for survival of salmon and other fish species, and has potential application in developing ecosystem-based science.
The name "Malaspina Dragon" was inspired by satellite images of the bloom entering the Strait. The scientists remarked on it, and Sara Statham, a university co-op student working with Gower, illustrated the connection by drawing mythical dragons beside the images in poses that resemble the blooms.
Dr. Gower: "We attribute the blooms that happen in Jervis and Sechelt Inlets to continuing growth as it flows out into Malaspina Strait and to the patterns of fresh and salt water that exists in the Strait of Georgia. Basically, the shape comes as the bloom squeezes its way through large areas of freshwater near the surface. When it comes to fresh water, the water also tends to go under it because the bloom is a little bit denser.
One of the things we've been doing since 2009 is driving to Egmont, a little village near Skookumchuck Narrows, and installing a recording fluorometer on the dock there for February to April of each year. This will record any bloom that comes out of Sechelt Inlet when Skookumchuck is ebbing, or,out of Jervis Inlet when Skookumchuck is flooding. Ironically, we haven't seen a single early bloom since we started, but we see blooms that match the normal, later spring bloom in the Strait."
Dr. Gower notes it is important to be monitoring the Strait of Georgia to know - not just an average date when the spring bloom happens - but also what sort of mechanisms may be triggering it. The fact that the Malaspina Dragon coincides with earlier spring blooms in the Strait is interesting information. Whether it is causal is still to be determined. The appearance and timing of the Dragon is providing new information, whose importance will become clearer with further monitoring of the Strait and of Jervis and Sechelt Inlets. The combination of satellite imagery with surface moored fluorometer readings seems to be the best bet to fill in the blanks.
"On balance," Dr. Gower says, "The appearance of the Malaspina Dragon seems to be another link in understanding how the coastal ecosystem works. Whether it is a critical and "smoking gun" link is pretty hard to say at this point. The bottom line is that we have discovered something significant, new, and important to keep on top of."
The benefits of improving our understanding of factors affecting primary productivityFootnote 2 in BC coastal waters cannot be over emphasized. Understanding phytoplankton growth and algae blooms is an essential element of that understanding. The fate of our fisheries and the marine ecosystem lie in the balance.
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2,177 People now have healthy sanitation.
In early 2013 leaders from the villages of Taksindu in rural Nepal brought to our attention that the lack of sanitation in their region was creating big health problems for their community. Nivas teamed up with community groups and our local partner NGO to confront the issue.
A multi-faceted education program was set in motion to help everyone understand the benefits of sanitary toilets. Plays were performed by students. Children brought home lessons they learned in school. Women’s and men’s groups spread the message. And our social mobilizers went door to door week after week to discuss people’s concerns and apprehensions.
Then we broke ground. Phase 1 of construction turned out to be a much bigger percentage of the community than we had planned. Phase 2, started before Phase 1 had finished and the entire district had sanitary toilets in just over 6 months. The 9 villages of Taksindu were declared Open-Defecation Free, by an official survey determining that each and every home and school has a sanitary restroom on April 1st, 2015. We couldn’t be more proud of this accomplishment that took the dedication of so many people. We look forward to future reports of the enduring impact of this project on the Taksindu community.
Sanitation and hygiene are critical to health, survival, and development. Many countries are challenged in providing adequate sanitation for their entire populations, leaving people at risk for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related diseases. Throughout the world, an estimated 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation (more than 35% of the world's population).* Nepal is no exception. According to Water Aid’s 2008 study, sanitation coverage in Nepal was only at about 46%. Unfortunately, due to slow growth it is unlikely that number has increased much in the years since.
Not only does a major lack of good sanitation effect a community’s illness and mortality rate, it also effects women and girls safety. Without private restroom facilities women and girls often have to enter the woods or fields after nightfall making them more susceptible to harassment and assault.
The benefits of good sanitation reach far. So if you’re not already, get excited about toilets! We are!
On April 1st, 2015 Taksindu Village District was declared officially Open Defecation Free, meaning every home and every school has proper sanitation! Here are some shots of the festivities. | <urn:uuid:1e37b78b-fee7-4070-ab47-adab474ffbe8> | {
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Chapter 40. The Nature of Osiris : Section 4. Osiris a God of the Dead
Chapter 40. The Nature of Osiris.
Section 4. Osiris a God of the Dead.
WE have seen that in one of his aspects Osiris was the ruler and judge of the dead. To a people like the Egyptians, who not only believed in a life beyond the grave but actually spent much of their time, labour, and money in preparing for it, this office of the god must have appeared hardly, if at all, less important than his function of making the earth to bring forth its fruits in due season. We may assume that in the faith of his worshippers the two provinces of the god were intimately connected. In laying their dead in the grave they committed them to his keeping who could raise them from the dust to life eternal, even as he caused the seed to spring from the ground. Of that faith the corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris found in Egyptian tombs furnish an eloquent and un-equivocal testimony. They were at once an emblem and an instrument of resurrection. Thus from the sprouting of the grain the ancient Egyptians drew an augury of human immortality. They are not the only people who have built the same lofty hopes on the same slender foundation. 1
A god who thus fed his people with his own broken body in this life, and who held out to them a promise of a blissful eternity in a better world hereafter, naturally reigned supreme in their affections. We need not wonder, therefore, that in Egypt the worship of the other gods was overshadowed by that of Osiris, and that while they were revered each in his own district, he and his divine partner Isis were adored in all. 2 | <urn:uuid:2513a728-e389-45b8-a121-b55eb2637d90> | {
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Researchers at MIT and Harvard demonstrated how chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) models can quickly design a deadly pandemic outbreak. The students used various AI models to reverse engineer potential pandemic-causing candidates, including smallpox. This highlights the potential dangers of widely accessible AI, which allows individuals without laboratory training to identify, acquire, and release viruses. Lawmakers and officials in the US and EU are working on regulations to address the risks posed by AI. While the EU AI Act focuses on individual harms from AI technologies, US lawmakers are taking a broader approach to encompass not only application-specific AI systems but also generative AI technologies. The US effort aims to empower existing agencies rather than creating a new regulatory agency specifically for AI enforcement.In the US, Senate Majority Leader Charles E. Schumer is leading the AI regulatory effort and plans to propose legislation that addresses both harms and promotes innovation. Schumer has formed a small group of lawmakers to develop proposals, while Speaker Kevin McCarthy has gathered an informal group of lawmakers in the House to brainstorm ideas. The US approach may involve giving tools to existing agencies such as the FDA, FTC, FCC, and FAA to oversee AI applications in their respective areas.Meanwhile, Senators Richard Blumenthal and Josh Hawley have offered a legislative outline that advocates for creating an independent oversight agency for AI. Their proposal would require companies creating high-risk applications to register with the new body. Some experts suggest that a single AI enforcement agency would be beneficial to coordinate regulations with other countries. In the EU, efforts are being made to establish a central, Europe-wide regulatory agency for AI.Lawmakers worldwide are trying to strike a balance between regulation and innovation. The UK, for example, wants to distinguish its AI regulation approach from that of the EU to attract more AI development within the country. The US is expected to combine regulations with funding to promote innovation and the development of safety-oriented technologies.While the EU’s regulations have received criticism, they also have useful features. The Digital Services Act, for instance, aims to combat hate speech and disinformation on large online platforms and search engines. The law also introduces mechanisms for auditing algorithms.Overall, lawmakers and officials are focusing on creating regulations that address the risks of AI, particularly in the realm of bioweapons and misinformation, while also fostering innovation and development in the AI field.
Threats like AI-aided bioweapons confound policymakers
AI-generated biothreats are among risks that the White House, U.S. lawmakers and foreign officials are working furiously to prevent.
Read the complete article at: rollcall.com | <urn:uuid:212d5d78-e76e-482a-b3ad-aa9376cf96cf> | {
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Use the Science Museum’s resources to explore new and exciting areas of science. Some examples are rocks, minerals, and the formation of our Connecticut Valley, to astronomy, microscopes, biology, and principles of flight. Hands-on activities, projects, and visits to special exhibits will enhance your learning experience. Some of our activities will be based on the new Spark!Lab invention space.
Instructor: Kevin Kopchynski
Tuesdays, 10-11:30 am
Six classes: April 7, 14, 28; May 5, 12, 19 | <urn:uuid:00cb425b-cafa-46ea-8874-a1c292d31695> | {
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Authors: Eric Su
Two identical stopwatches moving at the same speed will elapse the same time after moving the same distance. Start one stopwatch later than the other stopwatch. The time difference between these two stopwatches will remain constant after both stopwatches have elapsed the same time. Such time difference will remain constant while both stopwatches are under identical acceleration. Therefore, the elapsed time in an accelerating reference frame is identical to the elapsed time in a stationary reference frame. Consequently, a physical system that exhibits Reflection Symmetry in its motion demonstrates that the time of a moving clock is independent of the relative motion between the clock and its observer.
Comments: 3 Pages. reflection symmetry time relativity
[v1] 2017-04-15 01:13:43
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Temporary waters: biodiversity, functional ecology, vulnerability and susceptibility to climate change. Temporary waters contribute to regional diversity disproportionately compared to the Earth’s surface they cover. This short note i) describes the reasons underlying this biological diversity, ii) analyzes the importance of temporary waters as hotspots of biodiversity and iii) stresses how these ecosystems represent a valuable tool to evaluate the impact exerted by human activities on our Planet. Moreover, temporary waters are strongly impacted by the climate change, which modifies their hydroperiod and reduces their territorial density. When these effects are coupled with direct destruction operated by human activities (they are hardly recognized as aquatic ecosystems with an extraordinary rich biota) a large portion of species, whose life cycles are strictly dependent upon the temporary nature of these ecosystems, is endangered. To decrease the risk of a significant decrease of biological diversity of Italian inland waters, and to safeguard regional and national biodiversity, a sound management of the whole territory, addressed to preserve the existing and eventually to create new temporary ecosystems, cannot be further delayed.
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Identification methods in mass disasters
Different numbers of people are affected in mass disasters. Identification of the disaster victims is a very important issue. For an accurate identification process, good and fast management of this process is of great importance. Identification of the victims includes investigating the disaster field, autopsy and following that post mortem data collection, ante-mortem data collection, and comparison of collected data. If these steps can be applied properly, identification of victims will be completed successfully. There are different techniques for victim identification in mass disasters and these methods can be divided into two categories as primary identification methods and secondary identification methods. Primary identification methods are more reliable than secondary identification methods. Fingerprint analysis, DNA analysis, medical records of the victims & physical examination and dental examination are primary identification methods. Visual identification and determination of personal belongings of the disaster victims are secondary identification methods. In the light of these methods, the identification process will be completed with an accurate evaluation.
Keywords: Disaster victim identification, fingerprint, DNA, dental examination
Classification of disasters
A sudden event or events that cause significant damage or loss of life and disrupt the normal functioning of a community or society is called a disaster.
Disaster victim identification (DVI) is the process of identifying victims of a mass fatality incident, such as a natural disaster, accident or terrorist attack, after they have died. The aim of DVI is to determine the identity of each victim so that their families can be notified and their remains can be handled appropriately. This process involves various scientific techniques and methods, including forensic odontology, DNA analysis, fingerprinting, and anthropological analysis. Identification of victims following a mass death involves collecting and analyzing official, physical, and personal information for each deceased individual. It is essential to complete this identification process as quickly as possible to minimize the psychological impact on surviving families and expedite the recovery process. . Regardless of the scale of the event, the primary goal of entities involved in DVI is to accurately identify victims using any viable means available. Although various countries have their own established standards and protocols for conducting DVI, in 1984, the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) published a comprehensive DVI guide to promote universal practices and ensure proper identification techniques are utilized .
Disasters can occur in many ways, either naturally, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, forest fires, and volcanic eruptions, or man-made, such as terrorist attacks, industrial accidents, and transportation accidents .
We can classify disasters under two main headings;
●Natural disasters: Disasters caused by natural events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, forest fires and tsunamis are included in this group.
●Technological disasters: Disasters caused by man-made technology and systems are included in this group. Examples of such disasters are industrial accidents, transportation accidents, nuclear accidents and explosions.
Disasters also can be classified into two groups known as “open disasters” and “closed disasters” based on the assumption that the event causes numerous specific and non-specific victims. In an open disaster we know the victims names but in closed disasters we don’t. Earthquakes or tsunamis can be an example for open disasters. But a hotel fire or an airplane crash can be classified as a closed disaster .
They are also disasters that are caused by the combination of several factors like armed conflict or political instability. Such disasters are called complex emergencies .
There are several methods used for disaster victim identification (DVI), depending on the circumstances of the disaster and the available resources. Some common methods are visual identification, dental identification, fingerprint identification, DNA analysis, anthropological analysis, personal effects and belongings, medical records and implants [6,7].
In most cases, a combination of these methods is used for identification. Teeth, fingerprints and DNA are used as primary identifiers in DVI studies, as they remain intact for a long time and can be measured by scientific methods . It’s important to know that disaster victim identification can be a complex process, and it requires careful documentation, coordination, and communication among different agencies.
Disaster Victim Identification Methods
Creation of proper guidelines for disaster victim identification is very important. According to information given by Interpol, the first guideline for DVI was produced in 1984 and updated every five years .
Primary Identification Methods
Physical Examination and Medical Records
The accurate identification of individuals involved in a mass fatality incident can be difficult, depending on the quality and availability of information about the victims . Interpol has categorized this information into two types: circumstantial and physical evidence. Circumstantial evidence includes personal belongings such as clothing, watches, keys. However, it should never be relied upon alone to identify the individuals .
On the other hand, physical evidence obtained through external or internal examination of the individual. General external examination can reveal important data for identification, such as body anomalies, tattoos, scars, and wounds. Autopsy findings, such as pacemakers and prostheses, can also provide valuable information . Similarly, internal examination can provide evidence of previous surgical procedures, natural disease, or prosthetics, which may be specific to the individual. Interpol has established standard operating procedures for gathering this physical information due to its significance in accurate identification.
Fingerprint examinations are one of the most reliable methods used for identification for many years. The structure consisting of raised linear lines on the fingertips and forming folds by coming together in different variations in each person is called the papilla line. Fingerprints are formed by the contamination of the biological fluid secreted by the body and accumulated on the papilla lines .
Fingerprints, which begin to form in the mother’s womb and have personal shapes, have the characteristics of being dissimilar, unchanging and classifiable. There is no absolute overlap in the papilla lines in two people or in one person’s fingers. Even identical twins have different fingerprints. This is due to the irregular formation of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet during the embryonic period. The uniqueness arises thanks to the large number of cracks and the different formation of papilla lines. Papilla lines form after the fourth week of the embryo and they remain present after death. They reappear at the same rate in injuries that occur on the surface. In this way, they are used as an identification method with high discrimination power.
The pattern of fingerprints corresponds to the unique arrangement of friction ridges. These friction ridges are classified into three primary types – loops, whorls, and arches – each characterized by distinct variations in their shape and the relationship between the ridges. As seen in Figure 2, the three basic fingerprint patterns are as follows: (a) the arch, which is the simplest of all configurations; (b) the loop, where ridges flow towards the margin of the digit – if the loop opens towards the ulnar margin, it is known as an ulnar loop, while if it opens towards the radial margin, it is a radial loop; and (c) the whorl, which is the most complex of the three patterns .
Dental identification is a crucial part of the disaster victim identification process. The vast array of dental characteristics available to us is an abundant source of information . From the number of teeth present to their distinctive variations and history of dental procedures, each aspect provides unique insights into a person’s identity. This method has been shown to be highly effective in cases where human remains are unidentifiable, such as when they are skeletal, decomposed, burned, or only partial.Identification with teeth is especially useful in situations where there has been a high number of casualties. If the features of the victim are recognizable, identification should be based on facial features or fingerprints.
Estimating age in certain samples can be easier due to tooth development in children and adolescents or age-related morphological changes in adults. Dental age can be estimated through various methods, such as analyzing age-related morphological or radiological parameters. To ensure accurate recording of all dental characteristics, it is recommended to use both color photography and radiography.
For better access to the dentition, it is recommended to use non-destructive techniques. Jaws should not be removed by dental experts as a general rule, unless a more specific examination is necessary.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was a major open disaster for the Thai government. The Japanese government initially classified the disaster as open too. However, after conducting over 3,000 inquiries and reviewing a significant amount of information, the Japanese government reclassified the event as a closed disaster due to their comprehensive knowledge of all Japanese citizens and nearly all Japanese victims in the disaster was accomplished through dental findings .
The data was divided into two categories: post-mortem (PM) data, collected during forensic medicine autopsies at the disaster site, and ante-mortem (AM) data, collected in the victim’s native country. The dental information for each victim was entered into a computer system and compared to identify matches. If a match was established, it was reviewed and confirmed by forensic odontologists and Thai authorities, and an official death certificate was issued. The matching of the AM and PM files was a crucial step in verifying the identity of the victims .
Also estimating the dental age post-mortem allows forensic odontologists to narrow down their search for matching ante-mortem files within a specific age range among the potential candidates for identification from the missing persons list. Furthermore, lip prints (morphological differences in the wrinkles of the red lip) are also distinctive and employed in personal identification .
DNA is one of the best reliable identification methods. In mass disasters, diverse factors may be effective in the identification process. Intermixing of victim remains, decomposition or deterioration of body integrity are some of these factors and due to them, anthropological analysis and physical characteristics may not be sufficient for identification. Due to these factors, DNA profiling became the gold standard .
In identification processes, it is important that samples maintain their durability. Because in major disasters, identification can take a very long time and the time taken until the samples are analyzed may vary. To illustrate, in the World Trade Center attack, more than 2700 people lost their lives on September 11th 2001 .
With people from many different fields working together, approximately 1500 victims were identified through June 2003. Even though the process seems like two years, the majority of these identifications were performed within the 8-12 months after the attack . According to this information, it can be said that it is important that the samples are kept in good condition.
In disaster victim identification, different parameters may affect DNA identification goals . Number of victims involved in the disaster, places where bodies are found, extent and mechanism of body fragmentation are some of these factors. Degradation rate of DNA may be affected by many factors depending on the environment. Lastly, availability of DNA reference samples is important for identification of victims.
The shorter the time until the DNA analysis, the better the damage from external influences can be managed. In order to achieve that Rapid DNA Identification systems are developed. In a study, this system was evaluated in two different scenarios (human bodies stored in a morgue/cooler and placed above ground) that may be faced in disasters. In addition, Rapid DNA Identification system was assessed in different types of tissues. The research group concluded that all samples types from refrigerated remains showed excellent DNA identifications for 3-month period while in the other group; tooth and bone samples showed excellent DNA identifications for 1-year and buccal swabs showed excellent DNA identifications up to 11 days exposure .
It is very important to manage the situation well in mass disasters. Preserving the bodies of victims in good conditions is one of the most important steps in terms of the quality of the analyzes to be made. In a study in which the identification process of the victims of the tsunami in 2004 was handled in Thailand, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka, it is stated that rapid decomposition of bodies caused serious problems for the identification process after 24-48 hours. In addition, they stated that identification of victims was achieved by dental and fingerprint data in Thailand. Identification by DNA was applied for the few number of victims . Depending on the type of disaster, body integrity may not be preserved in mass disasters. While 86.2% of the samples studied in the collapse of a mine tailing dam in Brazil were body parts, only 13.8% were bodies that had preserved their integrity. In the disaster that killed 270 victims, 603 biological materials were studied and 259 of these victims could be identified .
We have previously stated that different identification methods can be used depending on the type of disaster and the time of analysis. In this case, while the identification was made with fingerprints in the first weeks following the disaster, depending on decomposition of body parts, the DNA method was preferred .
In the context of disaster victim identification (DVI), short tandem repeats (STRs) are usually used in DNA testing. These biomarkers are found in 2-7 nucleotide base length and they are inherited in a proper way to classical Mendel characteristics . For the DVI process; DNA is isolated and copied by PCR. Then, fragment analysis is done and STR comparison is conducted with reference samples. Usually, autosomal STRs are analyzed but in some cases gonosomal STRs (X-STR, Y-STR) may be investigated additionally.
Another type of biomarkers that may be useful in DVI applications are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). They are single base changes that occur in the DNA sequence. These changes are base changes, insertions, and deletions. SNPs can be used in forensic sciences to determine paternity and lineage, or to determine the phenotypic characteristics of an individual. SNPs that are not as polymorphic as STRs need to be included more in number in order to provide equivalent information with STRs on discrimination power . In the concept of DVI, SNPs can be used as supportive biomarkers in some cases.
STR typing was conducted in the World Trade Center human identification project and the success rate of DNA profiling was 75% of the examined cases. Merging of soft tissue transfer and other remnants, there may be some problems. According to the project data, they concluded that if only a soft tissue test is applied, there may be problems in DNA testing. Therefore, it was stated that it is important for anthropologists to take part in studies and identify inconsistencies .
DNA degradation is one of the important issues in DNA testing. In mass disasters, DNA degradation may be observed at different rates depending on distinct conditions. In order to solve this problem mini primer sets are implemented for reducing STR size. Yudianto and Setiawan conducted a study that investigates mini primers for three different loci at two different temperatures. According to study; as temperature rises, DNA content decreases. Out of these three loci, only one of them was detected at highest temperature . If the number of such loci can be tested for different parameters, they can become quite useful in DVI studies.
In disaster victim identification DNA testing is usually performed by using STRs. However, some cases may require additional biomarkers. To illustrate, a boat with more than 500 migrants sank near Lampedusa in 2013 and most of the identification was done by using 16 autosomal STRs. Yet, in some cases, gonosomal and lineage (Y-chromosome and mtDNA) markers were used as additional markers .
Depending on the place where the disaster occurred, degradation rate and quality of DNA may be affected. Unlike traditional methods like STR typing, other methods may be useful. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is one of the methods that can be used in such cases.
Mitochondria have a unique division cycle and a circular DNA of 16,569 base pairs . Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is one of the analyzes used in forensic sciences since 1996 , and hypervariable regions called HVRI and HVRII, which have a highly polymorphic structure in the non-coding D loop region of mtDNA, are analyzed .
MtDNA is passed on from mother to child. Therefore, all maternal line relatives share the same mtDNA. When there is a limited amount of biological samples, mtDNA is a very useful biomarker. Because mtDNA is found in greater numbers (with a high copy number) than other types of DNA. Individual identification capability of mtDNA is limited due to the lack of recombination, but it is an advantageous method for confirming maternal lineage and it may be used in disaster victim identification (DVI) triage .
In an evaluation made in 2021, It has been stated that the identification of the victims of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake is still ongoing. Victims are identified by mtDNA when identification is not available by using nuclear DNA. Identification by mtDNA is a useful technique but it is time-consuming, expensive and requires well-trained analysts .
In order to detect genetic relatedness between victims of disasters with relatives, different techniques may be used and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are one of the novel techniques. In a study, ML was applied in order to predict genetic relatedness using human mtDNA hypervariable region I sequences and according to the study, ML can be employed as a complementary tool . In identification analysis; Compared to bone tissue and teeth, muscle tissue samples and bone marrow swabs are preferred because these tissues are faster and easier to process .
The transfer of muscle tissue to the FTA card from an incision made in the body to be identified can be used for sampling. It is stated that this method is an effective and economical method in identification studies in mass disasters. In addition, a similar method was applied for tsunami victims in 2004 .
Human remains preferred in identification studies; soft tissues (skeletal muscle, organ tissues and skin) and blood. Hard tissues (bone and teeth) are the preferred specimens if the corpse is decomposed or if environmental factors exist that would cause the DNA in soft tissue to deteriorate. Samples that can be collected for identification from corpses that have no signs of decay and that have preserved their integrity; blood sample and oral swab sample. The blood sample can be transferred on an FTA card or collected as a swab. However, if a sample is to be taken from a corpse with disrupted body integrity, taking into account that there is no evidence of decay, blood or approximately 1 g of deep red muscle tissue can be taken as a sample .
Within the scope of identification of disaster victims, DNA tests can be performed from many different biological materials. If the event is very recent and blood, tooth or bone samples cannot be collected, heart muscle is the most suitable biological material for DNA testing. The analysis can be continued by collecting the heart muscle, which is also very rich in mitochondrial DNA.
Secondary Identification Methods
While primary methods provide an accurate identification, the results of secondary methods are not certain. However, they can be used as supportive methods. Visual identification is one of the secondary identification methods. According to the type and the occurrence form of disaster, visual identification may be used. If there is no deformation on the body, this method can be preferred as a support. But in some disasters, victims can be found beyond recognition. In such cases, it can be very difficult to identify people visually. People often recognize their relatives visually, but in some cases, they may not be able to identify even their closest relatives because they are psychologically affected by the disaster. Due to the psychological trauma they are in at that moment, there may be a problem in identifying the victim. In psychology, this is explained by people’s urge not to learn the truth or to reject it .
Personal belonging of victims is the other secondary identification method. They can be very important in locating victims in disaster areas. For example, in the event of an earthquake, it is very important to get an idea of who the person is thanks to the belongings next to a person who was removed from the rubble, or it is very important to have an identity on the person.
To give another example, jewelries or physical identification of documents may be used in DVI processes . In some cases, uniforms or similar professional clothes on people will shorten the identification process considerably. Religious clothes or some symbols of religious belief are also important data that will affect the identification process. In addition, reference samples can be collected from the person’s belongings to be used in DNA analysis. For example, a person’s comb or toothbrush can be good sources of DNA. In addition, used glass-like items (for instance, mugs) or underwear are also sources of medium quality DNA. Although they are weaker sources than others, items such as wrist watches, jewelry or clothes of the person to be identified can also be used as DNA sources .
Disasters can affect different numbers of people. Identification of victims is much more difficult when the number of affected people is high. Disasters can actualize open air or interior. In general terms, there are four different steps in the DVI process. Depending on the disaster place, methods for identification can change. Field study about disaster areas is one of the most important parts of identification. It is very important that the field analysis is done correctly and that the victims are reached without breaking the integrity. After field work, autopsy and collection of post mortem data takes place. During this process, necessary information for identification can be obtained. Different biological materials and physical determinants are examined. Depending on disaster type, the extent of bodily damage may vary. Therefore, fingerprints cannot be obtained. If fingerprints are in good condition, they are very reliable for identification. In addition, distinctive physical features of people can be used for identification. Third identification method is dental examination. Teeth are one of the most reliable identification methods. The other reliable identification method is DNA analysis. Comparison of DNA samples from victims with family members is a very robust identification method. All of these four mentioned methods are primary identification methods. Therefore, they are very reliable. In addition to them, there are secondary identification methods. Visual identification and personal belongings are in this category.
These methods can be used as auxiliary methods but they are not as reliable as primary identification methods. After autopsy, ante-mortem medical records of a victim are collected in order to use for comparison. Relatives or personal belongings of victims can be used as comparison material for identification. Later, ante-mortem medical records of a victim are compared with their post-mortem findings. As a result, identification of the victim is completed.
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Conflict of interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in the study.
The authors declare that they have received no financial support for the study.
Ethics committee approval is not required.
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Yukseloglu EH, Holumen N, Karatas O, et al. Identification methods in mass disasters. NOFOR. 2023;2(1):12-7.
Corresponding Author: Emel Hulya Yukseloglu, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Institute of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye | <urn:uuid:5b4546b7-4a37-4947-9283-da772dc71838> | {
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Call It Courage. Dear Austin. Dear Mr. Henshaw. Double Fudge. From the Mixed
... Call It Courage. Lesson Plans · Mini Unit · Activities. Back to Top. Dear Austin.
Guided Reading Lesson Plan (Levels M-Z). Title: Call It Courage Level: X ISBN:
0689713916 PAGES 1-13. Before Reading: (5-7 min.) *Summarize plot (M) ...
Explore Tish Clarke's board "Call it courage" on Pinterest, a visual bookmarking
tool that helps you ... This is where we can learn a lesson or two from water.
This literature unit is used with Call it Courage, by Armstrong Sperry. Included are
sample lesson plans, biographical sketch of the author, book summary, book ...
Book Guides & Lesson Plans(2) ... Lesson Plan from Family Classroom Network ·
Rate & Share ... Submit your own qualitative measurements for Call It Courage ...
Science Lesson Plans ... Call It Courage by Armstrong Perry is an excellent story.
... for use when reading the book or doing a literature unit on Call It Courage.
In the story, Call It Courage, a twelve-year old boy (Mafatu) must face his fear,
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What is a function math lesson?
A function takes an input value and gives you an output value. For example, if you entered the code D4, the vending machine might drop a bag of pretzels. The input is D4 and the output is the pretzels.
What are math functions?
function, in mathematics, an expression, rule, or law that defines a relationship between one variable (the independent variable) and another variable (the dependent variable).
How do you find the equation of a function?
Determining whether a relation is a function on a graph is relatively easy by using the vertical line test. If a vertical line crosses the relation on the graph only once in all locations, the relation is a function. However, if a vertical line crosses the relation more than once, the relation is not a function.
What is basic function?
Basic Functions and Their Inverses. Definition. A function is a rule that assigns to every x value in the domain, one and only one y value in the range. Definition. A function is one-to-one if for every y value in the range, there is one and only one x value such that f(x) = y.
How do you match a graph to a function?
Inspect the graph to see if any vertical line drawn would intersect the curve more than once. If there is any such line, the graph does not represent a function. If no vertical line can intersect the curve more than once, the graph does represent a function.
What grade do you learn functions?
In 8th grade students will begin to learn about functions. Students will define, compare, and evaluate functions. They will use functions to model relationships between different quantities. They will compare functions algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions.
What is an example of a function in math?
f(x) = x2 shows us that function “f” takes “x” and squares it. Example: with f(x) = x2: an input of 4. becomes an output of 16.
What are the basic math functions?
f (x) = x5 −4×4 −32×3 f ( x) = x 5 − 4 x 4 − 32 x 3 Solution
What are the different types of math functions?
Modulus Function. The modulus function gives the absolute value of the function,irrespective of the sign of the input domain value.
What are some examples of mathematical functions?
x2 (squaring) is a function
Why are functions in math called functions?
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Please answer the questions below. You answer must be at least 300 words long. No need to restate the question. You will be graded on the quality of your writing, on the quality of your answers, and on meeting (or exceeding) the 300 word count. Please be sure to grammar and spell check before submitting your assignment and answer the question as thoroughly as possible. Finally, your answer must be in your own words.
1. In 2010, massive protests against authoritarian regimes erupted throughout the Middle East. Surveying the aftermath a decade later we can see that the political outcomes of those protests varied considerably. In some countries a transition to democracy took place. In others, the protests were repressed and the authoritarian regime consolidated its power. In others still, civil war and foreign intervention ensued. In Class Forces, Transition, and the Arab Uprisings how does the author explain the different outcomes? Specifically, what factors does the author believe are crucial for a transition to democracy? Finally, what do you think? Pose a hypothesis to explain the various outcomes of the Arab Spring uprising.
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The Mount Nyiragongo Eruption in Goma Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the eruption of Mount Nyiragongo. BBC News – Goma: Case study of a Volcanic eruption: Mount Nyiragongo is a stratovolcano found in the east of the Nyiragongo Volcano, Africa Mind Map – goconqr. Mount nyiragongo case study – slideshare.
Nyiragongo volcano CS factfile by ELeighton In this case, the lava lake Africa after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January , Specific study of the impact of the sub A Case Study for the Mitigation of Use the resources and links that can be found on this page to produce a detailed case study of the eruption of Mount Nyiragongo.
Mount Nyiragongo – Where did it happen?
Volcano under the city – Anatomy of Nyiragongo. Africa – Lesson 5 – Mt Nyiragongo no rating 0 customer reviews.
Nyiragongo eruption 2002 case study gcse at home
Watch this video clip about Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo – it also makes a mini tourism case study. The Mount Nyiragongo Eruption in Goma – reliefweb.
Nyiragongo eruption case study Mount nyiragongo case study 1. The Mount Nyiragongo Eruption in Goma Case Study – Mount Nyiragongo eruption.
Case Study: Mount Nyiragongo, Congo, January – Mindmap in A Level and IB Geography
In many parts of the world the natural environment presents hazards to people. Photo following the January Nyiragongo mounnt of the central Nyiragongo volcano DR Congo: A Case Study for the Mitigation of Kongo Africa – facts Study of the Volcano Nyiragongo: For a named area, describe the causes of the example which you have chosen and its impacts on the people living there.
Nyiragongo Case Study Choose an example of one of the following: Nyiragongo eruption case study gcse at home. Volcanic Eruption – Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Hooks declared disasters for the eruption of Mt. Human development and diversity 5.
Global interactions Unit 4: You should be able to use the knowledge and understanding you have gained about eruption of Mount Nyiragongo to answer the following exam style question:. Global resource consumption and security 3.
Volcanoes – Revision 3 – KS3 Geography – BBC Bitesize
Nyiragongo In a major eruption from Mt Key Terms Case study of a Volcanic eruption: Mount Nyiragongo is a stratovolcano found nyiragonyo the east of the Global risks and resilience 6. You should use the ‘Five W’s” subheadings to give your case study structure.
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100 Engineering Projects For Kids - The Homeschool Scientist Dec 08, 2014 · One of their most popular projects is the 100 Things link ups. I have participated in the past with 100 Engineering Projects For Kids, 100 Summer Science Activities, and 100 Things To Study In Your […]
Kindergarten STEM Activities - The Stem Laboratory Engineering Activities. Help students build a solid foundation of engineering skills (literally!) with hands-on projects. Seasonal Activities. Freshen up your lesson Ultimate Guide to STEM Activities - With over 100 activity ideas!
Hands-On Activities for Child Care – eXtension Alliance for Aug 15, 2019 · Hands-On Activities for Child Care Welcome to the eXtension Alliance for Better Child Care Database of Hands-On Activities . Here you will find hundreds of hands-on, ready-to-do activities especially designed to help young children of different ages learn, develop, and flourish. Hands On Crafts for Kids Hands on crafts for kids is the resource for kids craft projects and instructions for kids 6-12 and parents, teachers and other group leaders. It includes school and curriculum based projects, multi cultural projects, and every day, holiday and seasonal ideas.
Education.com has assembled a vast collection of science fair project ideas written by science teachers, professional scientists, and educational consultants on popular science fair topics ranging from physics and chemistry to biology and even sociology. We offer free science fair ideas suitable for 23 Fun Hands-on Ways to Teach Multiplication - WeAreTeachers
25 Of The Best Toddler Crafts For Little Hands May 21, 2013 · Self care and ideas to help you live a healthier, happier life. 25 Of The Best Toddler Crafts For Little Hands. It beats that old hand-as-turkey project any day. 3. Ancient Greece History Project Ideas - Your Home School Fun History Project Ideas for your homeschool Live out the culture with these Ancient Greece projects. Whenever you study a different culture, a part of the experience is to get involved with hands on projects. STEM-Works - Space Activities
Mar 26, 2018 · These projects are part of an amazing, month-long series of hands on STEM and STEAM projects for kids. Click on over to 28 Days of STEM Activities and STEAM Activities for Kids for 60+ FREE science, tech, engineering, art, and math projects from 30+ education writers. Hands-On Engineering Activities for Your Classroom
1000s of Free Holiday DIY Projects, Decorations, Gifts, and Ideas to make this 2019. Find Step by Step Craft Tutorials For All Ages at DIYProjects.com. These project-based lessons focus on basic principles of physics, structural, and mechanical engineering. All projects in the collection use the same set of materials, so it's easy to buy in bulk and create many of these activities (links are provided in-lesson). Thanks to the Hands Up Project for such a wonderful art . We wish all the best of luck to everyone who will Mini Projects Ideas: Sixth Sense media player. Sixth sense or gestural interface program is a popular term especially in robotics and wearable computers. This next mini project describes a hand-gesture-controlled media player. In such a media player, the user moves the hand in front of the camera. Each project is accompanied by a list of tools and materials needed, along with step-by-step instructions.
Ultimate Guide to STEM Activities - With over 100 activity ideas! Ultimate Guide to STEM Activities – With over 100 activity ideas! STEM Activities provide a wonderful opportunity for integrated learning, hands on discovery, and. round with new inspiration, projects and ideas delivered right to your door. 20 video project ideas to engage students - Ditch That Textbook Here are 20 video project ideas for your class. 10 video project ideas for (almost) any classroom: 1. Create. 20 sites for students with free time on their hands. STEAM Kids: 50+ Science / Technology / Engineering / Art Engineering / Art / Math Hands-On Projects for Kids [Anne Carey, Steam Kids are hard-pressed for ideas that straddle the worlds of science, technology, K-2nd Grade Science Projects and Experiments - Science4Us
25 Feb 2019 Looking for great 5th grade science projects for the classroom or for a science fair? We love these teacher-tested ideas.
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DAVID GREENE, HOST:
OK. Let's dive back in history now. Or maybe I should say prehistory. It is easy to think that evolution led inevitably to modern humans, the cleverest of apes. But there were some strange excursions along the way. Take, for example, the hobbits. That's the nickname for a 3-foot-tall human relative that once lived in what is now Indonesia. As NPR's Christopher Joyce reports, a new discovery suggests that it was island life that created this dainty creature.
CHRISTOPHER JOYCE, BYLINE: Anthropologists discovered the bones of the hobbits in 2004 on the island of Flores. They were chimp-sized, with tiny brains and long arms. But they had stone tools and teeth much like ours. They lived about 60,000 years ago. Who were they? Well, one idea had it that ancient human ancestors from Africa ended up on this island. Then they shrank because on islands, animals sometimes evolve to become smaller. But human ancestors, too?
AIDA GOMEZ-ROBLES: For some reason, when we saw that the same can happen to us, to humans, this is when people started to thinking - oh, my God, this is not possible.
JOYCE: Aida Gomez-Robles person is an anthropologist at George Washington University. Some scientists believe hobbits, also known as Homo floresiensis, were just modern humans with some abnormality like microcephaly. But now, scientists have found more tiny hobbit-like bones on the island. And shockingly, they date back 700,000 years, way older than the first hobbits. Gerrit van den Bergh from Wollongong University in Australia says clearly, this was a long-standing population of very different human relatives.
GERRIT VAN DEN BERGH: Human diversity could have been far greater than we have ever realized.
JOYCE: Writing in the journal Nature, van den Bergh suggests that some ancient human ancestors must have traveled from Africa to Asia. They reached this island, perhaps carried by tsunami. He notes that the tsunami in Indonesia in 2004 did something like that.
VAN DEN BERGH: A week after that event, several people were picked out from the sea, some floating 60 kilometers from the coast. And they were just clinging to a tree.
JOYCE: Once the hobbits got to the island, island dwarfism set in. They slowly got smaller. Scientists found fossil elephants on the island that also did the same over time. Despite their small brains, the hobbits were smart enough to make stone tools. But Adam Brumm from Griffith University in Australia says they didn't seem to get any smarter.
ADAM BRUMM: This technology, whatever it was used for, essentially stayed the same for hundreds and hundreds of thousands of years on this island, which is intriguing to say the least.
JOYCE: A tiny version of early humans, it seems, that lived long but did not prosper. Christopher Joyce, NPR News.
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Radiofrequency Radiation and Head and Neck Cancer and Gland Dysfunction
- Parotid Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Vestibular Neuroma (Acoustic Neuroma)
RFR Exposures In The Head and Neck
The head and neck is exposed to much higher levels of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) when a cell phone or cordless phone is placed in close proximity. The thyroid gland, parotid gland and the vestibular nerve are more superficial and thus more vulnerable to the effects of electromagnetic fields. The newer smartphones have many antennas (Cellular, Wi Fi, GPS, LTE and bluetooth) with the location of the primary cellular antenna typically located at the lower end of the device. It is well known that there is a variable but long latency period between exposures to toxins and the development of cancer. Brain tumor studies have shown a significant increase in tumors on the same side of the head where cell phones were used by the subject (Hardell 2013) as well as an increase in brain tumors with long term use of a cell phone (Hardell 2013) and (Interphone Study 2011) .
Tumor Promotion was studied by Alahmad and colleagues (2018) who used chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and human head and neck cancer cell lines. Their research revealed that cell phone radiofrequency could enhance head and neck cancer by stimulating angiogenesis, cell invasion and colony formation.
Thyroid cancer is now the 12th most common cancer in the United States and accounts for 3% of all new cancer cases. Thyroid cancer has been increasing at a rate of 3.1% per year for the last 10 years. It is estimated by the National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) that there will be 52,070 cases of thyroid cancer in 2019. There is debate about the increased incidence being a result of over diagnosis but research suggests there is a real increase incidence. Hilly et al (2013) demonstrated abnormalities in thyrocytes with just 3 hours of exposure to cell phone radiation frequencies. In addition, studies have show an association of altered thyroid function with increased cell phone use (Asl 2019) and (Baby 2017) and (Sinha 2008).
Thyroid cancer and genetic susceptibility is highlighted in a new study (Luo 2020), which showed a statistically significant increase in those with genet variants and with longer use of the cell phone.
Parotid tumors are also rising according to SEER data (Del Signore 2017)In a review of the literature Misha (2017) revealed that non-ionizing radiation from cell phones also caused changes in mucous cells and salivary gland dysfunction.
Head and Neck Cancers- General Articles
- Effect of cell-phone radiofrequency on angiogenesis and cell invasion in human head and neck cancer cells. (2018) Alahmad YM. Head Neck. 2018 May 13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756334
Parotid Gland Tumors
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and located in front of each ear. The salivary secretions consist of water, electrolytes, mucus and enzymes which help to pre-digest food (alpha amylase), provide moisture in the mouth for chewing and prevent tooth decay. Parotid tumors are rare and about 25% of parotid tumors are malignant. There is a noted increase in parotid tumors according to SEER data between 1973-2009.
Parotid Tumors and RFR Published Research
- The rising incidence of major salivary gland cancer in the United States. (2017) Del Signore AG et al. Ear Nose Throat J. 2017 Mar;96(3):E13-E16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346649
- Does cell phone use increase the chances of parotid gland tumor development? A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2017) de Siqueira EC et al. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017 Aug;46(7):480-483. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27935126
- Mobile Phone Use and the Risk of Parotid Gland Tumors: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. (2016) Al-Qahtani K. Gulf J Oncolog. 2016 Jan;1(20):71-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050182
- Histological and histochemical study of the protective role of rosemary extract against harmful effect of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on the parotid glands. (2016) Ghoneim FM. Acta Histochemica, 118(5):478-485. June 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27155802
- Mobile phone radiation and the risk of cancer; a review. (2008) Abdus-salam A et al. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2008 Jun;37(2):107-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18939393
- Cellular phone use and risk of benign and malignant parotid gland tumors–a nationwide case-control study. (2008) Sadetzki S et al. Am J Epidemiol.2008 Feb 15;167(4):457-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18063591
- Mobile phone use and risk of parotid gland tumor. (2006) Lonn S et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 1;164(7):637-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818464
- No association between the use of cellular or cordless telephones and salivary gland tumours. (2004) Hardell L et al. Occup Environ Med. 2004 Aug;61(8):675-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15258273
Parotid Gland Dysfunction and Cell Phones- Published Research
- Effect of Cell Phone Radiations on Orofacial Structures: A Systematic Review. (2017) Mishra SK. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 May;11(5):ZE01-ZE05. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28658925
- Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva. (2016) Siqueira EC et al. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016 Oct;45(9):682-686. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26876491
- Effect of electromagnetic radiations from mobile phone base stations on general health and salivary function. (2016) Singh K et al. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2016 Jan-Feb;6(1):54-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27011934
- Effect of cell phone use on salivary total protein, enzymes and oxidative stress markers in young adults: a pilot study. (2015) J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Feb;9(2):BC19-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25859446
- Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones. (2015) Abu Khadra KM. Electromagn Biol Med. 2015 Mar;34(1):72-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24499288
- Effect of mobile phone radiations on oral health. (2015) Dagli R and Hans R. J Int Oral Health. 2015 Jan;7(1):i-ii. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709374
- Cell phone use and parotid salivary gland alterations: no molecular evidence. (2014) de Souza FT et al. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Jul;23(7):1428-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24753545
- Effect of mobile phone use on salivary concentrations of protein, amylase, lipase, immunoglobulin A, lysozyme, lactoferrin, peroxidase and C-reactive protein of the parotid gland. (2014) Hashemipour MS et al. J Laryngol Otol. 2014 May;128(5):454-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24739140
- Is human saliva an indicator of the adverse health effects of using mobile phones? (2013). Hamzany Y et al. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013 Feb 20;18(6):622-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894683
- Effect of handheld mobile phone use on parotid gland salivary flow rate and volume. (2012) Bhargava S et al. Oral Surgery Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012 Aug;114(2):200-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22769405
Thyroid Gland Tumors
The thyroid gland is a paired endocrine organ located at the base of the neck below the Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormones which affects functioning of all organs of the body. Normal metabolism as well as normal fetal development (especially the brain) is dependent on normal thyroid levels. Thyroid function is discussed here.
The American Thyroid Association in 2017 discussed the worldwide increase in thyroid cancer . They state, “The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased dramatically during the past three decades and it is now the fastest growing cancer in women. Almost all of this increase is in papillary thyroid cancer. The reason for this is unclear, although many point to the increase in imaging studies of the neck where small thyroid nodules are discovered before they become apparent on physical exam. This has led to some investigators stating that thyroid cancer is being over diagnosed, meaning that many of the small thyroid cancers being found would never progress to the stage where survival ort health would be affected. However, there are many factors in the environment that may also cause an increase in thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer, including the release of radiation from nuclear reactor accidents.”
Thyroid Tumors and RFR Published Research
- Genetic susceptibility may modify the association between cell phone use and thyroid cancer: A population-based case-control study in Connecticut. (2020) Luo J et al. Environmental Research, Volume 182. March 2020. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935119308102?via%3Dihub
- The possible global hazard of cell phone radiation on thyroid cells and hormones: a systematic review of evidences. (2019) Asl JF et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Jun;26(18):18017-18031. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31062236
- Cell phone use and risk of thyroid cancer: a population-based case-control study in Connecticut. (2019) Luo J et al. Ann Epidermiol. 2019 Jan;29:39-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30446214
- Cancer Stat Facts: Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). (2019)
- The Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation due to Mobile Phone Use on Thyroid Function in Medical Students Studying in a Medical College in South India. (2017) Baby NM et al. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Nov-Dec; 21(6): 797–802. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729662/
- The role of race in thyroid cancer: systematic review. (2017) Keane E et al. J Laryngol Otol. 2017 Jun;131(6):480-486. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28367769
- Trends in Thyroid Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. (2017) Lim H et al.
- Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries with main focus on Swedish data. (2016) Carlberg M et al. BMC Cancer volume 16, Article number: 426 (2016). https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2429-4
- Thyroid Cancer Screening in South Korea Increases Detection of Papillary Cancers with No Impact on Other Subtypes or Thyroid Cancer Mortality. (2016) Ann HS et al. Thyroid. 2016 Nov;26(11):1535-1540. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27627550
- Association between screening and the thyroid cancer “epidemic” in South Korea: evidence from a nationwide study. (2016) Park S et al. BMJ. 2016 Nov 30;355:i5745. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27903497
- Korea’s thyroid-cancer “epidemic”–screening and overdiagnosis. (2014) Ann HS et al. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1765-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372084
- Trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Texas from 1995 to 2008 by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. (2014) Reitzel LR et al. Thyroid. 2014 Mar;24(3):556-67. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24063701
- EFFECT OF NON-IONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AT MOBILE PHONE FREQUENCY ON HUMAN THYROID CELLS. (2013) Hilly O et al.
- Impact of enhanced detection on the increase in thyroid cancer incidence in the United States: review of incidence trends by socioeconomic status within the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry, 1980-2008. (2013) Li N et al. Thyroid. 2013 Jan;23(1):103-10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23043274
- Thyroid cancer incidence patterns in the United States by histologic type, 1992-2006. (2011) Aschebrook-Kilfoy B et al. Thyroid. 2011 Feb;21(2):125-34. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21186939
- Alterations in TSH and Thyroid Hormones following Mobile Phone Use. (2009) Mortavazi S. et al. Oman Med J. 2009 Oct;24(4):274-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216380
- Changing patterns in the incidence and survival of thyroid cancer with follicular phenotype–papillary, follicular, and anaplastic: a morphological and epidemiological study. (2007) Albores-Saavedra J et al. Endocrine Pathology. 2007 Spring;18(1):1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652794
Thyroid Gland Dysfunction and Cell Phones
- The possible global hazard of cell phone radiation on thyroid cells and hormones: a systematic review of evidences. (2019) Asi JF et al. Environ Sci Pollut REs Int. 2019 Jun;26(18):18017-18031. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31062236
- Exposure to non-ionizing radiation provokes changes in rat thyroid morphology and expression of HSP-90. (2015) Misa-Agustiño MJ et al. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2015 Feb 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25649190
- Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. (2014) Pawlak K, Sechman A, Nieckarz Z. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014 Jan 31.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488772
- Modulation of wireless (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative toxicity in laryngotracheal mucosa of rat by melatonin. ( 2013) Aynali G et al. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(5):1695–700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479077
- Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation induces hypothyroidism and apoptosis in thyroid cells: a light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical study. (2010) Esmekaya MA et al. Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Dec;86(12):1106-16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807179
- Alterations in TSH and thyroid hormones following mobile phone use. (2009) Mortavazi S et al. Oman Med J. 2009 Oct;24(4):274-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22216380
- Chronic non-thermal exposure of modulated 2450 MHz microwave radiation alters thyroid hormones and behavior of male rats.(2008) Sinha RK. Int J Radiat Biol. 2008 Jun;84(6):505-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18470749
- Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. (2005) Toxicol Lett. 2005 Jul 4;157(3):257-62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917150
Other Relevant Articles on Thyroid Dysfunction
- Contaminant and Environmental Influences on Thyroid Hormone Action in Amphibian Metamorphosis. (2019) Thambirajah A et al. Frontiers in Endocrinology. Review May 14, 2019. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6dda/b12f6bc70837d5c84991bddd82aa06937363.pdf
Vestibular Nerve Tumors (Acoustic Neuromas)
An acoustic neuroma (also known as vestibular Schwannoma) is a slow growing benign tumor of Schwann nerve cells located in the inner ear on the vestibular nerve (See #20 on the diagram). The Vestibular nerve transmits sensory information on hearing and balance to the brain. With slow tumor growth the nerve is gradually compressed and causes increased symptoms of hearing loss (usually just on the affected side), ringing in the ear, loss of balance and facial numbness.
As the facial nerve which controls facial motion is located nearby, facial weakness can occur as well, but it is very rare. About 1 in 100,000 people per year develop an acoustic neuroma.
Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Neuroma) and RFR Published Research
- Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. (2013) Hardell et al. Pathophysiology. 2013 Apr;20(2):85-110. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23261330
- Cell phone use and acoustic neuroma: the need for standardized questionnaires and access to industry data. (2009) Han YY et al. Surg Neurol. 2009 Sep;72(3):216-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19328527
- Mobile telephones and cancer–a review of epidemiological evidence. (2004) Kundi et al . J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Sep-Oct;7(5):351-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371240
Incidence of Acoustic Neuroma
- Incidence of Vestibular Schwannoma in Taiwan from 2001 to 2012: A Population-Based National Health Insurance Study. ( 2018) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018 Oct;127(10):694-697. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30032646
- Vestibular schwannoma appears to be very rare in a region of Sub-Saharan Africa. (2017) Surg Neurol Int. 2017; 8: 171. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551295/
- Real Incidence of Vestibular Schwannoma? Estimations From a National Registry. (2016) Kleijwegt M et al. Otol Neurotol.. 2016 Oct;37(9):1411-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27525713
Hearing and Tinnitus Effects of Cell Phones and RFR
- Effects of exposure to 2100MHz GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic field on auditory system of rats. (2017) Çeliker M et al. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Nov – Dec;83(6):691-696. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27865708
- Tinnitus and cell phones: the role of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology.Medeiros LN, Sanchez TG. 82(1):97-104.January–February 2016. Open Access: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1808869415001639
- Effects of chronic exposure to electromagnetic waves on the auditory system. (2015) Ozgur A et al. Acta Otolaryngol. 2015 Aug;135(8):765-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25836770
- Audiologic disturbances in long-term mobile phone users. (2010) Panda NK et al. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Feb;39(1):5-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20122338
- [Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phone on auditory and vestibular labyrinth]. (2007) Sievert U. et al. Laryngorhinootologie. 2007 Apr;86(4):264-70. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163379
- Do mobile ‘phones have a detrimental impact on auditory function? (2006) Khalil Sand Nunez DA. J Laryngol Otol. 2006 Oct;120(10):822-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700958
- Effects of intensive and moderate cellular phone use on hearing function. (2006)Oktay MF and Dasdag S .Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;25(1):13-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595330
- The effect of mobile phone to audiologic system. (2005) J Med Assoc Thai. 2005 Sep;88 Suppl 4:S231-4. Kerekhanjanarong V et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623034
- Can mobile phone emissions affect auditory functions of cochlea or brain stem? (2005) Sievert U et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;132(3):451-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15746860
- Thirty minutes mobile phone use has no short-term adverse effects on central auditory pathways. (2003) Arai N et al. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;114(8):1390-4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12888020
Mucosal Tumors of the head and Neck
- Genotoxicity assessment data for exfoliated buccal cells exposed to mobile phone radiation. (2017) Oliveira F et al. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29214197 | <urn:uuid:3124eb4d-accf-475f-80d2-2903ce04f316> | {
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Philosophy / Mission The goal of each elementary school in the T/E School District is to provide the highest quality of educational programs for our students.
The cornerstone of school discipline lies in the development of responsible behavior in each child. All five schools utilize the Bache "Pro Social Skills" model which emphasizes the responsibility of students to make proper choices for their behavior.
When a choice is made, a student must reflect and evaluate it with an awareness of direct consequences. To facilitate these skills, guidelines are established which are consistent at all grade levels.
All school members are trained to employ this model if and when a confrontation occurs. Student behavior on buses, in hallways, cafeteria, and recess areas is expected to comply with established guidelines.
In addition, rules for behavior are in effect at school sponsored events during or after school hours, on or off the building premises. We believe that a climate conducive to learning is established through the consistent application of disciplinary guidelines, staff expectation and parent support.
The Elementary School Code of Conduct reflects a strong sense of community and partnership exemplified through the responsible behavior and academic excellence of our elementary students.
Pro-Social Skills Overview Behavior psychology indicates that internal language is the key to self-control The Pro-social Skills Program includes a five-step system that provides language to help children control impulses and make constructive choices. initially, this language is externally impressed by parents and visual icons.
Through modeling, rehearsal, and application, this language is internalized by children and used to exercise self-control and social responsibility.
The following is a list of the five steps:
1. Stop and think
2. Good Choice/Bad Choice
3. Steps to make a good choice
4. Just do it!
5. How did I do?
In addition to the five-step sequence for addressing challenging child behaviors, the Pro-social Skills Program offers a problem-solving system that is adaptable across ages and situations. | <urn:uuid:9bb8959e-6e8b-4bcc-9609-ebc82ed6fdb7> | {
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Starfish belong to a phylum of invertebrates known as Echinodermata. Echinoderms (Latin for "spiny skin") are named for their porous armor of calcite plates. Primitive Echinoderms first appeared in the fossil record 570 million years ago in the Lower Cambrian Period. Other Echinoderms include sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.
The earliest known starfish appeared in the Lower Ordovician Period. Starfish have remained relatively unchanged throughout their 500 million year history. Starfish live on the sea floor preying on bivalves or scavenging. They have no sensory organs except for a tiny eye-spot located at the end of each arm. The nervous system of starfish is a simple network of nerves, lacking a brain. It would seem that starfish are at a disadvantage among other predators, yet they have remained among the most successful and abundant animals of the sea floor.
This fossil replica represents a new, undescribed species of the genus Salteraster. The original fossil was found in the Bobcaygeon Formation of the Lake Simcoe area of Ontario, Canada. Salteraster was a large and rare type of starfish that lived on shallow sea floors, approximately 443 million years ago.
Time: Middle Ordovician Period 443 million years ago.
Location: Bobcaygeon Formation, Trenton Group, Ontario, Canada
7-3/4" x 8-1/2" x 1"
Now Over 1,000 Items!
PrehistoricStore.com offers the largest selection of replica fossils and other fossil-related products anywhere in the world!
Download a Full Catalog (3MB PDF)
OVER 260 PAGES OF REPLICAS AND MORE! | <urn:uuid:5dabde53-a5ad-4d32-ac5d-ef7594200563> | {
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Many people wear green clothes to keep themselves from getting pinched each St. Patrick’s Day. But did you know that consuming green foods is a component of keeping your teeth and gums healthy? So, put these green items on your next grocery list.
Chock full of Vitamin C and E, broccoli is one vegetable that stands out for oral health:
- Wards off oral bacteria
- Aids in healing
- Strengthens teeth
- Protects enamel
Did you know that kiwis are loaded with Vitamin C? These fuzzy green fruits provide over 100% of the recommended daily amount of Vitamin C, which plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of developing gum disease.
Spring has sprung, which means it’s asparagus season! Here’s a tip: enjoy more asparagus! Although they may not seem like much, asparagus tips and spears contain a wealth of nutrients, including:
- Vitamins A, C, E, and K
Furthermore, asparagus is an excellent source of prebiotic fiber, which helps aid digestion and balance the gut microbiome. Adding asparagus to the menu at least once a week can keep your teeth and digestive tract healthy.
4. Leafy Greens
Leafy green vegetables are a critical component of a balanced diet. While low in calories, leafy greens are loaded with vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Here are some of our favorites:
- Spinach and kale are superfoods brimming with vitamins (A, C, and K), folic acid, iron, calcium, copper, manganese, potassium, phosphorous, and protein. What more could you ask for in a simple leaf?
- Cabbage is high in fiber, Vitamins C and K, and glucosinates (special antioxidants that may aid in disease suppression).
- Did you know that one measly cup of Swiss chard provides over three times the daily allowance of Vitamin K?
- Although carrots are predominantly orange, carrot tops are green, fibrous, and crammed with beta carotene.
5. Green Tea
- Reduce inflammation
- Prevent bone resorption
- Stifle bacterial growth that is associated with gum disease
Whether you meet your match with matcha or enjoy green tea poured over ice, unsweetened green tea is a smart swap for sugary drinks.
6. Green Apples
If you are thinking about grabbing a candy bar, consider holding a green apple instead. When you replace sugary treats with fresh apples, you:
- Gain hydration
- Chew the fibrous texture of the fruit, which can gently remove plaque trapped between teeth
- Stimulate the gums
- Reinforce gum health by supplying the gums with antioxidants and polyphenols
- Promote healthy saliva production
Keep Your Child’s Smile Healthy this St. Patrick’s Day with a Balanced Diet of Green Foods and Regular Dental Checkups
While plenty of green foods can keep your mouth healthy, it’s simply not enough to prevent gum disease, cavities, and other oral health conditions. So, we recommend that young patients visit their dentists at least every six months.
Are you searching for a new dentist for your kids in Overland Park? Well, look no further. Our kid’s dentist, Dr. Matt, is anything but green. Dr. Matt has years of experience helping children keep their teeth and gums in optimal condition. Schedule your child’s next dental appointment. Call (913) 685-9990 or message us online today. | <urn:uuid:bf20b3e2-d56f-466b-a9a7-b0c203b28e86> | {
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What is vaginal discharge?
Many women have a normal vaginal discharge. It is typically clear or whitish and does not have much of an odor. Changes in the color, odor, or texture of the discharge may indicate that an infection is present, although some variation throughout the menstrual cycle is common. Infections may be accompanied by other symptoms, such as itching, burning, discomfort or spotting.
Sexually transmitted infections are common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge. Trichomoniasis often results in a discharge that is yellow-green and frothy and has a bad smell. Gonorrhea and, less commonly, Chlamydia, may cause a yellowish or cloudy discharge. Bacterial vaginosis tends to cause a whitish-gray or yellowish discharge that smells fishy.
Yeast infections also produce a vaginal discharge. It tends to be thick and white and is sometimes described as having a cottage cheese-like texture. Other causes of vaginal discharge include foreign bodies in the vagina, such as an old tampon, abnormal bleeding or irregular menstrual bleeding, and cervical or vaginal cancer.
The treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge is based on the cause. Trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and bacterial vaginosis are all treatable with antibiotics, and antifungal medications can cure yeast infections. If a foreign body is present, your health care provider will remove it and may prescribe antibiotics to treat any potential infection. Treatment of abnormal bleeding or irregular periods depends on the cause, and cancer treatments depend on the type and stage of the cancer.
Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you have excessive vaginal bleeding, high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), severe abdominal or pelvic pain, change in mental status, confusion, severe nausea and vomiting, or a weak pulse. Immediate medical care is also needed if you develop vaginal bleeding when you might be pregnant.
If you have a vaginal discharge that seems abnormal to you or that is accompanied by other symptoms that cause you concern, seek prompt medical care.
What other symptoms might occur with vaginal discharge?
Vaginal discharge may accompany other symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. Conditions that cause vaginal discharge can cause other genital symptoms and may affect other body systems.
Genital and reproductive tract symptoms that may occur along with vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge may accompany other symptoms affecting the genitals and reproductive tract including:
Genital pain or burning
Pain during sexual intercourse
Swelling and redness of the genital area
Vaginal spotting or abnormal bleeding
Other symptoms that may occur along with vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge may accompany symptoms related to other body systems including:
Pain or burning with urination
Urinary incontinence (inability to control urine)
Serious symptoms that might indicate a life-threatening condition
In some cases, vaginal discharge may be a symptom of a life-threatening condition that should be immediately evaluated in an emergency setting. Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have any of these life-threatening symptoms including:
What causes vaginal discharge?
Many women have a normal, clear or whitish vaginal discharge that does not have much of an odor. Changes in the color, odor or texture of the discharge may indicate that an infection is present, although some variation through the menstrual cycle is common. Sexually transmitted infections are common causes of abnormal vaginal discharge, as are yeast infections. Other causes include foreign bodies in the vagina, abnormal bleeding or irregular menstrual bleeding, and cervical or vaginal cancer.
Infectious causes of vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge may be caused by infections including:
Bacterial vaginosis (imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, often involving overgrowth of the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis)
Chlamydia (sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis)
Gonorrhea (sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Trichomoniasis (sexually transmitted disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis)
Yeast infections (overgrowth of yeast, commonly Candida albicans, in the vagina)
Other causes of vaginal discharge
Vaginal discharge can also be caused by other diseases, disorders or conditions including:
Questions for diagnosing the cause of vaginal discharge
To diagnose your condition, your doctor or licensed health care practitioner will ask you several questions related to your vaginal discharge including:
When did you first notice the discharge?
Can you describe the color and consistency of the discharge?
Does it have an odor?
Have you had discharge like this before?
Do you have any other symptoms?
Have you been intimate with anyone who has similar symptoms?
What medications are you taking?
What are the potential complications of vaginal discharge?
Because vaginal discharge can be due to serious diseases, failure to seek treatment can result in serious complications and permanent damage. Once the underlying cause is diagnosed, it is important for you to follow the treatment plan that you and your health care professional design specifically for you to reduce the risk of potential complications including:
Ectopic pregnancy (life-threatening pregnancy growing outside the uterus)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, infection of a woman’s reproductive organs)
Spread of cancer
Spread of disease to close contact or sexual partner
- Toxic shock syndrome (life-threatening condition involving a rapid progression to shock that results from release of bacterial toxins) | <urn:uuid:43684c58-0c16-4810-b3a3-f4bd4a2eee32> | {
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|Determination of pH of Waste Water Sample|
To determine the pH of waste water collected from different water sources
|Biological Oxygen Demand|
To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen present in the waste water samples.
|Chemical Oxygen Demand of Waste water|
To determine the chemical oxygen demand of the unknown water sample
To study how the nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms by biological and physical processes.
|A Brief Introduction to Species Interactions in Ecology|
To study the importance of species interactions and its effects on the ecosystem.
|Bacterial Population Growth|
To study the pattern of bacterial growth
|Population Invasion - A Threat to Ecosystem|
In this experiment, the invasion of pest population and its impacts in ecosystem is discussed using case studies. Also the concept of "spread of pest population" is explained using a mathematical simulator
|Study of Foraging of Organisms in the Ecosystem|
To learn the foraging ecology which encompasses all the behaviors that go with obtaining resources.This experiment describes the behavior of a sit-and-wait (ambush) predator whose optimal foraging strategy to maximize the energy gain.
|Case Studies on Ecology |
This lab discuss about some case studies of ecological functions and interactions in the ecosystem.
Copyright @ 2020 Under the NME ICT initiative of MHRD | <urn:uuid:c3091746-3d87-486f-90ec-da932a22fa4f> | {
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The experience of hearing impairment can have a profound impact on individuals, shaping their daily interactions and overall quality of life. Take for instance the case study of Sarah, a 30-year-old woman who has been living with severe hearing loss since childhood. Despite facing numerous challenges, Sarah has managed to overcome her limitations and become an empowered advocate for the deaf community. This article aims to explore the various aspects surrounding hearing impairment, delving into its causes, effects, and potential solutions while shedding light on the importance of empowering those who are affected by this condition.
Hearing impairment is a multifaceted issue that encompasses both physiological and psychosocial dimensions. From a physiological standpoint, it refers to any degree of loss in one’s ability to perceive sounds or understand speech accurately. Causes may vary from congenital factors such as genetic abnormalities or prenatal exposure to infections, to acquired factors such as aging processes or prolonged exposure to loud noises. The consequences of hearing impairment extend far beyond difficulties in communication; they encompass emotional and psychological impacts as well. Individuals with hearing impairments often face social isolation, reduced employment opportunities, decreased educational attainment levels, and increased risk for mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
Empowerment plays a crucial role in mitigating these negative outcomes Empowerment plays a crucial role in mitigating these negative outcomes by providing individuals with hearing impairments the tools, resources, and support they need to navigate their daily lives effectively. This can include access to assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants, communication strategies and techniques, educational accommodations, and advocacy for inclusive policies and environments.
For Sarah, empowerment has been instrumental in her journey towards self-acceptance and personal growth. Through her involvement in deaf community organizations and support groups, she has found a sense of belonging and solidarity with others who share similar experiences. These platforms have allowed her to exchange knowledge, learn from others’ experiences, and develop self-advocacy skills.
In addition to building personal resilience, empowerment initiatives also aim to raise awareness about the challenges faced by those with hearing impairments within wider society. By promoting inclusivity and accessibility in public spaces, workplaces, educational institutions, and healthcare settings, barriers can be removed and opportunities for full participation can be created.
It is important to recognize that every individual’s experience with hearing impairment is unique, requiring tailored approaches to address their specific needs. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that combines medical interventions, technological advancements in assistive devices, psychological support services, education programs focused on communication skills development, and policy changes geared towards inclusivity is essential.
In conclusion, empowering individuals with hearing impairments not only enhances their quality of life but also promotes inclusivity and equality within society as a whole. By addressing the multifaceted aspects of this condition through comprehensive intervention strategies and raising awareness about its impact on individuals’ daily lives, we can work towards creating a more accessible and inclusive world for everyone.
Communication through gestures
Imagine a scenario where two individuals with hearing impairments are engaging in conversation. They cannot rely on verbal communication to convey their thoughts and ideas effectively. However, they have developed an alternative means of expression – using gestures as a form of non-verbal communication. This method allows them to overcome the barriers imposed by their impairment and engage in meaningful interactions.
Gestures play a crucial role in facilitating communication for individuals who are hearing impaired. One example is the use of American Sign Language (ASL), which is recognized as its own distinct language with its own grammar and syntax. By utilizing hand movements, facial expressions, and body language, individuals can express themselves fully without relying on spoken words. ASL has become an essential tool for many people with hearing impairments, enabling them to communicate not only within their community but also with those who have learned this language.
To emphasize the significance of communication through gestures for individuals with hearing impairments, consider the following emotional bullet points:
- Increased sense of inclusion: Using gestures promotes inclusivity by allowing individuals with hearing impairments to participate actively in conversations and understand others around them.
- Enhanced self-expression: Gestures enable individuals to express their emotions, opinions, and desires more freely than relying solely on written or typed messages.
- Strengthened connections: The ability to communicate through gestures fosters stronger bonds between individuals with hearing impairments as well as between those who learn sign language out of support or interest.
- Empowerment: Communication through gestures empowers individuals with hearing impairments by giving them a voice that transcends auditory limitations.
Additionally, let us explore the impact of gesture-based communication further by examining a table highlighting some key benefits:
|Visual||Provides visual cues that aid understanding|
|Expressive||Allows for nuanced expression beyond what text alone can convey|
|Universal||Can be understood by individuals across different languages and cultures|
|Emotional||Enhances emotional connections through facial expressions and body language|
By employing gestures as a means of communication, individuals with hearing impairments can overcome the challenges associated with their impairment. It allows them to express themselves fully, fosters inclusivity, strengthens relationships, and empowers their voices in society.
Transitioning into the subsequent section on “Improving auditory perception,” it becomes evident that there are various approaches to address the unique needs of those with hearing impairments.
Improving auditory perception
Transitioning from the previous section on ‘Communication through gestures,’ we now turn our focus to another crucial aspect of empowering individuals with hearing impairments: improving auditory perception. By enhancing their ability to perceive and interpret sounds, we can open up a world of opportunities for those who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Imagine a scenario where an individual with profound hearing loss is attending a music concert. With improved auditory perception, they can not only hear the melodies but also experience the rhythm and emotions conveyed by the performers. This transformational change is made possible through various techniques and technologies that enhance sound awareness and processing in individuals with hearing impairments.
To better understand these techniques, let us explore some key strategies employed in improving auditory perception:
- Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs): These devices amplify specific sounds while reducing background noise, enabling clearer speech comprehension.
- Auditory Training Programs: Through structured exercises and activities, individuals learn to recognize and distinguish different sounds, ultimately refining their listening skills.
- Cochlear Implants: A surgical intervention that bypasses damaged parts of the ear to directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing individuals to perceive sound.
- Hearing Aid Technology Advancements: From directional microphones to digital signal processing capabilities, modern hearing aids offer enhanced clarity and customization options.
This table highlights how these techniques contribute to empowering individuals with hearing impairments:
|Assistive Listening Devices||Amplify desired sounds while minimizing background noise||FM systems|
|Auditory Training Programs||Enhance listening skills through targeted exercises||LACE|
|Cochlear Implants||Restore partial or complete hearing function||MED-EL, Advanced Bionics|
|Hearing Aid Technology Advancements||Provide customizable amplification for improved sound clarity||Phonak Marvel, Oticon Opn S|
By incorporating these strategies, we can significantly enhance the auditory perception of individuals with hearing impairments. This empowers them to actively participate in various social and professional settings, fostering a sense of inclusion and belonging.
Transitioning into the subsequent section about “Revolutionizing hearing abilities,” we continue our exploration of innovative approaches that further empower those with hearing impairments. With advancements in technology and research, exciting possibilities lie ahead for revolutionizing their hearing abilities.
Revolutionizing hearing abilities
Building upon the advancements in improving auditory perception, an array of innovative technologies and interventions has emerged to revolutionize hearing abilities. One such example is the use of cochlear implants, which have transformed the lives of individuals with profound hearing loss. By implanting a device that directly stimulates the auditory nerve, these individuals can regain access to sound and experience improved speech understanding.
The advent of cochlear implants represents a groundbreaking development in addressing severe hearing impairment. These devices consist of an external microphone, processor, and transmitter worn behind the ear, while internally there is an electrode array implanted into the cochlea. The microphone captures sounds from the environment, processes them into electrical signals by the external processor, and transmits them via the transmitter to stimulate specific regions within the cochlea. This allows individuals with sensorineural hearing loss to bypass damaged hair cells and directly send signals to their auditory nerves.
To fully appreciate the impact of this technology on people’s lives, consider Emma’s case study. Emma was born profoundly deaf and had limited exposure to spoken language. However, after receiving a cochlear implant at sixteen months old, she gradually developed listening skills and began speaking words around her second birthday. As she grew older, Emma’s language acquisition continued to improve, enabling her to communicate effectively with others without relying solely on sign language or lip-reading.
This remarkable transformation exemplifies how Cochlear implants contribute to empowering those with hearing impairments. Beyond individual success stories like Emma’s, here are some key points demonstrating their overall significance:
- Cochlear implants enable better integration into mainstream society by facilitating verbal communication.
- They expand educational opportunities for children with significant hearing loss.
- Improved speech recognition enhances employment prospects for adults with hearing impairment.
- Cochlear implants foster emotional well-being by reducing feelings of isolation and social exclusion.
|Benefits of Cochlear Implants|
|Enhanced speech understanding|
|Improved educational outcomes|
|Expanded employment opportunities|
|Increased social inclusion|
In summary, the use of cochlear implants represents a revolutionary step forward in addressing hearing impairment. Through their ability to directly stimulate the auditory nerve, these devices empower individuals with profound hearing loss to regain access to sound and engage more fully with the world around them.
Continuing our exploration into empowering those with hearing impairments, let us now delve into enhancing visual communication without relying solely on auditory cues.
Enhancing visual communication
Transitioning from the previous section exploring how hearing abilities are being revolutionized, let us now delve into the realm of enhancing visual communication. This advancement plays a crucial role in empowering individuals who are hearing impaired by providing them with alternative ways to communicate effectively.
Consider the case study of Sarah, a vibrant teenager who was born with profound hearing loss. Despite her condition, Sarah has always been eager to participate fully in social interactions and express herself without limitations. In recent years, advancements in technology have allowed her to do just that through innovative solutions for visual communication.
One significant breakthrough is the development of video relay services (VRS), which enable individuals like Sarah to make phone calls using sign language interpretation over a video connection. With VRS, she can effortlessly communicate with both deaf and hearing individuals, bridging the gap between these two worlds. This technology not only empowers those who are hearing impaired but also promotes inclusivity within society as a whole.
- Increased independence: Accessible visual communication technologies allow individuals to handle everyday tasks independently.
- Improved educational opportunities: Visual aids and real-time captioning enhance learning experiences for students with hearing impairments.
- Strengthened interpersonal relationships: Effective visual communication fosters deeper connections and understanding among family members and friends.
- Career advancement: By breaking down communication barriers at work, people with hearing impairments can excel professionally and contribute their unique perspectives.
Additionally, let us explore this topic through an evocative table showcasing various forms of enhanced visual communication along with their benefits:
|Form of Visual Communication||Benefits|
|Sign Language Interpreters||Real-time translation enables effective face-to-face conversations.|
|Closed Captioning||Enhances accessibility across different media platforms such as television or online videos.|
|Speech-to-Text Technology||Converts spoken words into written text, facilitating communication in various settings.|
|Visual Alerting Devices||Alerts individuals to important sounds (e.g., doorbell or fire alarm) through visual signals.|
In conclusion, the advancement of enhanced visual communication has revolutionized how individuals with hearing impairments engage with others and navigate their daily lives. By embracing these technologies and methods, society can empower those who are deaf or hard of hearing to express themselves fully and actively participate in an inclusive world. Now, let us explore another aspect of a more inclusive society by discussing the importance of embracing diversity.
Transitioning smoothly from the previous section, we now delve into the importance of embracing diversity within the realm of hearing impairment. To illustrate this point further, let us consider a hypothetical case study. Meet Emma, a young woman who was born deaf and relies on sign language as her primary mode of communication. Despite facing significant challenges in accessing auditory information, Emma has thrived in an inclusive environment that empowers individuals with hearing impairments.
To truly embrace diversity and ensure equal opportunities for those with hearing impairments, it is crucial to address various aspects beyond just visual communication enhancement. Here are some key considerations:
- Providing tailored educational programs that cater to diverse learning needs.
- Offering classroom accommodations such as assistive listening devices or captioning services.
- Promoting awareness among educators about effective teaching strategies specific to students with hearing impairments.
- Encouraging workplaces to adopt inclusive policies that support individuals with hearing impairments.
- Implementing workplace accommodations like video relay services or real-time transcription services during meetings.
- Promoting accessible job application processes and fostering a culture of inclusivity within organizations.
- Organizing community events that promote understanding and acceptance of individuals with hearing impairments.
- Creating accessible recreational spaces where people can engage without barriers.
- Facilitating social interactions through technology platforms designed specifically for the deaf community.
Advocacy and Awareness:
- Raising public consciousness about the rights and abilities of individuals with hearing impairments.
- Supporting organizations focused on advocacy efforts for improved accessibility across all domains of life.
- Collaborating with policymakers to develop legislation promoting inclusion and equality.
By addressing these factors comprehensively, society can create an empowering environment for individuals with hearing impairments, enabling them to fully participate in all aspects of life. Embracing diversity not only benefits the individual but also enriches society as a whole.
Transitioning smoothly into the subsequent section about “Supporting hearing accessibility,” we recognize that Enhancing visual communication and embracing diversity are essential steps towards fostering an inclusive environment. To further advance these efforts, let us now explore additional measures aimed at supporting hearing accessibility throughout various spheres of life.
Supporting hearing accessibility
Building upon the importance of embracing diversity, it is crucial to recognize and support individuals who are hearing impaired. By promoting their empowerment, society can create a more inclusive environment that values and respects the needs of all its members.
Case study example: Consider Sarah, a young woman who was born with profound hearing loss. Despite facing challenges in communication and accessibility throughout her life, she has thrived personally and professionally thanks to an empowering support system and advancements in technology.
Supporting hearing-impaired individuals involves addressing various aspects of their lives holistically. Here are some key considerations:
- Providing specialized educational programs tailored for students with hearing impairments.
- Ensuring classrooms have necessary accommodations like captioning services or sign language interpreters.
- Promoting awareness among teachers to foster understanding and inclusivity within the education system.
- Encouraging workplaces to implement inclusive hiring practices by actively seeking out qualified candidates with hearing impairments.
- Offering workplace accommodations such as assistive listening devices or visual alarms to ensure safety and effective communication.
- Establishing mentorship programs that connect experienced professionals with those entering the workforce, providing guidance on navigating potential barriers.
Accessible public spaces:
- Implementing universal design principles in infrastructure planning to make public spaces easily accessible for individuals with hearing impairments.
- Installing visual alerts alongside auditory ones (e.g., fire alarms) to ensure prompt awareness in emergency situations.
- Incorporating assistive listening systems in theaters, cinemas, lecture halls, and other venues where sound plays a significant role.
- Organizing community events focused on raising awareness about hearing impairment-related issues.
- Encouraging social interactions through platforms or clubs specifically designed for individuals with hearing impairments.
- Facilitating partnerships between organizations working towards inclusivity goals to enhance collective efforts.
Through these initiatives, society can foster an environment that recognizes the strengths of individuals with hearing impairments and empowers them to lead fulfilling lives. By embracing diversity in all its forms, we move closer to a more inclusive and equitable world.
As we strive to empower those who are hearing impaired, it is important to explore avenues for financial support that promote inclusion. The next section will delve into the various means by which financial assistance can be provided to ensure equal opportunities for all.
Financial support for inclusion
Supporting hearing accessibility has been a crucial step towards empowering the hearing impaired community. By providing various resources and tools, individuals with hearing impairments can overcome barriers and actively participate in society. One notable example is the case of Sarah, a college student who was born deaf. With the support of her university’s disability services office, she was provided with sign language interpreters during lectures and exams, enabling her to fully engage in academic activities.
To further enhance hearing accessibility, it is essential to recognize the need for financial support. The following bullet points highlight some key areas where funding can make a significant impact:
- Assistive Technology: Investing in research and development of advanced assistive devices like cochlear implants or hearing aids can greatly improve communication capabilities for those with hearing impairments.
- Education Programs: Allocating funds towards inclusive education programs that prioritize training teachers on effective communication strategies and incorporating assistive technologies into classrooms promotes equal opportunities for students with hearing impairments.
- Accessibility Infrastructure: Ensuring public spaces such as theaters, museums, transportation systems, and government buildings are equipped with induction loops, captioning systems, visual alarms, and other necessary accommodations bolsters inclusivity.
- Community Support Services: Financial assistance should be directed toward organizations that offer counseling services, vocational training programs, employment placement initiatives, and social events specifically designed to meet the needs of individuals with hearing impairments.
Table: Challenges Faced by the Hearing Impaired Community
|Limited access to information||Hinders educational attainment and career prospects|
|Social isolation due to communication barriers||Affects mental well-being and overall quality of life|
|Discrimination in employment||Limits professional growth and economic independence|
|Inadequate infrastructure for accessibility||Restricts participation in public activities|
Promoting equal opportunities for people with hearing impairments requires continuous efforts from both governmental bodies and society as a whole. By implementing policies that prioritize inclusive practices and funding initiatives targeted towards accessibility, we can create an environment where individuals with hearing impairments can thrive.
Promoting equal opportunities
Financial support for inclusion has been crucial in empowering individuals with hearing impairments and ensuring their equal participation in society. However, Promoting equal opportunities is equally important to address the broader challenges faced by this community.
For instance, consider the case of Sarah, a young woman who was born with severe hearing loss. Despite her exceptional academic achievements, she struggled to find employment due to limited access to communication tools and lack of awareness among employers regarding accommodations for employees with hearing impairments. This highlights the need for comprehensive measures beyond financial assistance that can foster inclusivity and create a level playing field for individuals like Sarah.
To promote equal opportunities, various strategies can be implemented:
- Educational initiatives: Providing specialized training programs and resources at educational institutions can equip students with hearing impairments with essential skills needed in the workforce.
- Advocacy campaigns: Raising awareness about the capabilities and potential of individuals with hearing impairments through targeted advocacy campaigns can challenge societal stereotypes and prejudices.
- Accessible technology: Investing in research and development of assistive technologies such as captioning devices, video relay services, or speech-to-text software can enhance accessibility in various domains including education, workplaces, and public spaces.
- Collaboration between stakeholders: Collaboration between government entities, NGOs, employers, educators, and individuals themselves is imperative to develop inclusive policies and practices that address barriers faced by people with hearing impairments.
This table illustrates some key areas where efforts are required to promote equal opportunities:
|Key Areas||Challenges Faced||Potential Solutions|
|Education||Limited access to quality education due to inadequate resources||Specialized training programs; Increased funding for inclusive education|
|Employment||Lack of awareness among employers about accommodating employees with hearing impairments||Sensitization workshops; Clear guidelines on workplace accommodations|
|Healthcare||Inadequate availability of healthcare professionals trained in communicating effectively with patients who have hearing impairments||Training programs for healthcare professionals; Use of sign language interpreters|
|Social Inclusion||Limited access to social events and public spaces due to communication barriers||Awareness campaigns on inclusive practices; Improved accessibility in public spaces|
By implementing these strategies, society can take significant steps towards creating an environment that supports equal opportunities for individuals with hearing impairments. Breaking barriers of communication is crucial in ensuring their full participation and inclusion in all aspects of life.
Breaking barriers of communication
To truly promote equal opportunities for the hearing impaired, it is crucial to address the barriers they face in effective communication. Communication plays a vital role in our daily lives and forms the foundation for social interactions, education, and employment. By breaking down these barriers, we can empower individuals with hearing impairments to fully participate in society.
Imagine a scenario where a student with a profound hearing loss joins a mainstream school. Despite having access to assistive devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants, this student still encounters challenges when trying to communicate effectively with their peers and teachers. This example highlights the importance of tackling communication barriers faced by those with hearing impairments.
To better understand these barriers, consider the following emotional responses that may arise from limited communication options:
- Frustration: Difficulty expressing oneself can lead to frustration and feelings of isolation.
- Misunderstanding: Incomplete or inaccurate information exchange can result in confusion and misunderstandings.
- Exclusion: Limited access to spoken language may lead to exclusion from conversations and social activities.
- Dependency: Reliance on others for interpretation can create dependency and hinder independence.
In order to address these emotional responses effectively, we must focus on finding solutions that enhance communication accessibility for individuals with hearing impairments. One approach is through the use of technology-assisted devices like speech-to-text software or video relay services. These tools enable real-time transcription or sign language interpretation, allowing seamless communication between individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and those without hearing impairments.
Another strategy involves raising awareness about inclusive practices among educational institutions, workplaces, and public spaces. By implementing guidelines for accessible communication methods, providing training programs on basic sign language skills, or ensuring captioning services during presentations or broadcasts, we can actively break down communication barriers encountered by the hearing impaired.
By acknowledging the challenges faced by individuals with hearing impairments and actively addressing these barriers, we can foster an inclusive society that empowers everyone to communicate effectively. In the subsequent section about “Empowering the hearing impaired,” we will explore further steps that can be taken towards achieving this goal.
Empowering the hearing impaired
Hearing Impaired: And Empowering
Breaking barriers of communication has paved the way for empowering the hearing impaired community. By embracing technology and fostering inclusive environments, individuals with hearing impairments can now actively participate in various aspects of society. For instance, consider Emily, a young woman who was born deaf but never let her disability define her. Through advancements in assistive devices and accessible education programs, she not only excelled academically but also became an influential advocate for equal opportunities.
Empowering the hearing impaired involves addressing their unique needs and ensuring they have access to necessary resources. To achieve this goal, several key strategies have emerged:
Assistive Technology: Technological innovations such as cochlear implants and hearing aids have revolutionized the lives of those with hearing impairments. These devices enhance auditory perception and enable individuals to communicate effectively in both personal and professional settings.
Accessibility Initiatives: Public spaces, educational institutions, workplaces, and entertainment venues are increasingly implementing accessibility measures to accommodate individuals with hearing impairments. This includes installing visual alerts or captions in public transportation systems, providing captioning services during lectures or presentations, and offering sign language interpretation at events.
Inclusive Education: Educational institutions play a vital role in empowering students with hearing impairments by promoting inclusive learning environments. Specialized support services like sign language interpreters or note-takers ensure that these students receive equal educational opportunities alongside their peers.
Community Support Networks: Establishing strong networks within the hearing impaired community is crucial for empowerment. Social gatherings, support groups, online forums, and mentorship programs provide avenues for sharing experiences, advice, and emotional support among individuals facing similar challenges.
The following table showcases some significant milestones achieved through efforts dedicated to empowering the hearing impaired:
|Implementation of closed captioning on television shows||Enhanced accessibility to media content|
|Recognition of sign languages as official languages in some countries||Promoted linguistic rights and cultural identity|
|Availability of smartphone apps for real-time transcription||Facilitated effective communication in various settings|
|Introduction of accessible public emergency alert systems||Ensured the safety and well-being of hearing impaired individuals|
By breaking barriers of communication, empowering the hearing impaired community has become an attainable reality. However, this journey towards inclusivity does not end here. The next section will explore how encouraging inclusive education can further promote equal opportunities for individuals with hearing impairments, fostering a more inclusive society that benefits everyone.
Encouraging inclusive education opens doors to limitless possibilities without restricting individuals based on their abilities or disabilities.
Encouraging inclusive education
Empowering the hearing impaired has been a crucial focus in creating an inclusive society. By providing necessary resources and support, individuals with hearing impairments can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities. One such example is the story of Sarah, a young woman born deaf who overcame numerous challenges to become a successful entrepreneur.
Sarah’s journey exemplifies the power of empowerment for the hearing impaired. Despite facing communication barriers early on, she received access to quality education that supported her language development through sign language interpretation services. With this foundation, Sarah was able to excel academically and gain confidence in her abilities.
To further empower individuals like Sarah, it is essential to address various aspects related to hearing impairment. Here are some key points:
- Accessible Communication: Providing effective communication tools such as sign language interpreters or captioning services enables better interaction between individuals with hearing impairments and those without.
- Assistive Technology: Advancements in technology have opened up new possibilities for the hearing impaired. Devices like cochlear implants and assistive listening devices enhance auditory perception and improve overall quality of life.
- Advocacy and Awareness: Raising awareness about the needs and capabilities of the hearing impaired helps dispel misconceptions and promotes inclusivity within society.
- Employment Opportunities: Creating equal employment opportunities for individuals with hearing impairments ensures they can fully participate in the workforce, contributing their unique skills and perspectives.
Table – Challenges Faced by Hearing Impaired Individuals:
|Limited Access to Information||Hinders learning and social participation||Captioning services or accessible media content|
|Stigma and Discrimination||Affects self-esteem and hinders integration into society||Education campaigns promoting acceptance|
|Lack of Accessibility Features in Public Spaces||Limits independence||Implementation of assistive technologies (e.g., induction loops)|
In conclusion, empowering the hearing impaired is crucial for building an inclusive society. By providing accessible communication, assistive technology, advocacy, and employment opportunities, individuals with hearing impairments can overcome barriers and contribute meaningfully to their communities. The next section will explore the importance of creating a supportive environment for these individuals.
Recognizing the significance of empowerment, it is equally important to create a supportive environment where individuals with hearing impairments feel valued and included.
Creating a supportive environment
Building upon the importance of inclusive education, this section delves into the crucial aspect of creating a supportive environment for individuals who are hearing impaired. By fostering an atmosphere that recognizes and addresses their unique needs, we can empower them to thrive in various spheres of life.
Supportive Environment: Addressing Individual Needs
To illustrate the significance of a supportive environment, let us consider the hypothetical case study of Sarah, a 12-year-old girl with hearing impairment. In her mainstream school, Sarah struggled to fully engage in classroom discussions due to communication barriers. However, once her teachers and peers became aware of her specific requirements, accommodations were put in place. This included utilizing visual aids during lessons and promoting effective communication strategies such as sign language interpretation or written notes. As a result, not only did Sarah’s academic performance improve significantly, but she also felt more valued and included within her educational community.
Creating a Supportive Environment: Strategies for Empowerment
In order to create a truly empowering environment for individuals who are hearing impaired, several key strategies can be implemented:
- Ensuring physical spaces are equipped with assistive listening devices.
- Providing captioning services for audiovisual materials.
- Incorporating tactile signage and clear visual cues throughout public areas.
- Encouraging use of alternative communication methods such as sign language or speech-to-text software.
- Promoting awareness among educators and classmates about effective ways to communicate with individuals who are hearing impaired.
- Facilitating open dialogue between students with hearing impairments and their peers by organizing regular interactive sessions or workshops.
- Establishing support groups where individuals who are hearing impaired can connect and share experiences.
- Implementing counseling services specifically tailored to address emotional well-being challenges faced by these individuals.
- Providing mentorship programs connecting successful role models from similar backgrounds.
Table: Common Challenges Faced by Individuals with Hearing Impairment
|Challenges||Impact||Strategies for Support|
|Communication||Limited engagement, misunderstanding||Encourage alternative communication methods|
|Social Isolation||Feeling excluded or misunderstood||Establish support groups and mentorship programs|
|Educational Barriers||Hindered academic progress||Implement accessibility initiatives, such as captioning services|
In conclusion, creating a supportive environment plays a pivotal role in empowering individuals who are hearing impaired. By recognizing their unique needs and implementing strategies to address them, we can foster inclusivity, enhance communication, and provide the necessary emotional support. Through these efforts, we pave the way for a more inclusive society where everyone has equal opportunities to thrive and succeed. | <urn:uuid:d84d3390-bb60-481a-8b2b-466c67a12dd6> | {
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THE ROLE OF CYRUS THE GREAT IN ISRAEL'S
DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING OF GOD
A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE COURSE OTSB661, ISAIAH
LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28, 2013
I. Abstract 3
II. Introduction 3
III. Oracle Concerning Cyrus 4
IV. The Role of Cyrus in Isaiah 4
V. Who Was Cyrus the Great? 5
VI. Cyrus' Relationship with Israel 6
VII. The Conditions in Israel 7
VIII. The Guiding Mindset of Isaiah 8
IX. The Monotheistic Beliefs of the Jewish Nation 10
X. The Reasons God Favors Cyrus 11
XI. Conclusion 13
XII. Bibliography 15
God's divine revelation is seen here through the life and times of Cyrus the Great, king of Persia. The pivotal role of Cyrus in Isaiah illustrates how the actions of Cyrus correlated with Israel's developing understanding of their relationship to God.
Isaiah viewed Cyrus, both a military and political victor, as the Lord's instrument in the release and return of captive Israel to Jerusalem and Judah. Here God is seen as the Lord guiding the political actions of the day.
Isaiah, the prophet of the exile, saw God as the Lord of history guiding the actions of the day. In addition, Isaiah viewed Cyrus the king of Persia, both military and political leader and victor, as the Lord's instrument in the returning of captive Israel to Jerusalem and Judah. Accordingly, this essay will argue the pivotal role of Isaiah, and demonstrating how his actions indeed correlate with Israel's developing understanding of their relationship to God.
The relevant material to be addressed regarding Cyrus' role in Israel's relationship to God is plentiful. They include the historical setting for Cyrus' role within Isaiah, God's participation in the events, Israel's reaction to the... | <urn:uuid:aaca6c7d-32f9-4f6d-9bc0-0ac42bc2b0a0> | {
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When train travel was fairly new, somehow the idea took hold that rising on one could cause a man to go insane. There were tales of socially unacceptable behavior, particularly fights and attacks on women. And these made the news, which made the incidents seems more prevalent than they were.
As the railway grew more popular in the 1850s and 1860s, trains allowed travelers to move about with unprecedented speed and efficiency, cutting the length of travel time drastically. But according to the more fearful Victorians, these technological achievements came at the considerable cost of mental health. As Edwin Fuller Torrey and Judy Miller wrote in The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present, trains were believed to “injure the brain.” In particular, the jarring motion of the train was alleged to unhinge the mind and either drive sane people mad or trigger violent outbursts from a latent “lunatic.” Mixed with the noise of the train car, it could, it was believed, shatter nerves.
The novel experience made people nervous, which probably sparked some incidents. Train travel also caused people of different classes to be inclose proximity, which may have exacerbated anxiety. But over time, people got used to travel, mad "railway madness" seemed to disappear. Although modern-day riders know that if you ride a commuter train every day, you're going to see some strange behavior even today. Read about railway madness and the trouble it caused at Atlas Obscura. | <urn:uuid:933b452d-e003-46b2-8641-282a5b97e8d1> | {
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is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses
, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can
, nationally and globally.
In urban studies
, the term
Clusters are also important aspects of strategic management
The term business cluster, also known as an
, was introduced and popularized by
in The Competitive Advantage of Nations
The importance of economic geography, or more correctly geographical economics, was also brought to attention by Paul Krugman
in Geography and Trade
has since become a focus for many government programs. The underlying concept, which economists have referred to as agglomeration economies
, dates back to 1890, and the work of
Michael Porter claims that clusters have the potential to affect competition in three ways: by increasing the productivity of the companies in the cluster, by driving innovation in the field, and by stimulating new businesses in the field. According to Porter, in the modern
—how certain locations have special endowments (i.e., harbor, cheap labor) to overcome heavy input costs—is less relevant. Now,
—how companies make productive use of inputs, requiring continual
—is more important.
Porter argues that economic activities are embedded in social activities; that 'social glue binds clusters together'.
This is supported by recent research showing that particularly in regional and rural areas, significantly more innovation takes place in communities which have stronger inter-personal networks.
Put in another way, a business cluster is a geographical location where enough resources and competences amass reach a critical threshold, giving it a
in a given economic branch of activity, and with a decisive sustainable competitive advantage
over other places, or even a world supremacy in that field (e.g. Silicon Valley and Hollywood).
Following development of the concept of interorganizational networks in
and practical development of clusters in the United Kingdom
; many perceive there to be four methods by which a cluster can be identified:
- Geographical cluster
– as stated above
- Sectoral clusters
(a cluster of businesses operating together from within the same commercial sector e.g. marine (south east England;
and now Solent) and photonics (Aston Science Park,
- Horizontal cluster
(interconnections between businesses at a sharing of resources level e.g. knowledge management)
- Vertical cluster
(i.e. a supply chain
It is also expected – particularly in the German model of organizational networks – that interconnected businesses must interact and have firm actions within at least two separate levels of the organizations concerned.
Several types of business clusters, based on different kinds of knowledge, are recognized:
- High-tech clusters
– These clusters are high technology-oriented, well adapted to the
knowledge economy, and typically have as a core renowned universities and research centers like
the East London Tech City
or Paris-Saclay. An exceptional example of a prominent high-tech cluster that does not include a university is the
High Tech Campus Eindhoven, located in the
city of Eindhoven.
- Historic know-how-based clusters
– These are based on more traditional economic activities that maintain their advantage in know-how
over the years, and for some of them, over many centuries. They are often industry-specific. An example is London
as financial center.
- Factor endowment clusters
– They are created because a comparative advantage they might have linked to a geographical position. For example, wine production clusters because of sunny regions surrounded by mountains, where good grapes can grow. This is like certain areas in France such as Burgundy
and Champagne, as well as
Lombardy, Spain, Chile and California.
- Low-cost manufacturing clusters
– These clusters have typically emerged in developing countries within particular industries, such as automotive production, electronics, or textiles. Examples include electronics clusters in Mexico (e.g. Guadalajara) and Argentina (e.g.
Córdoba). Cluster firms typically serve clients in developed countries. Drivers of cluster emergence include availability of low-cost labor, geographical proximity to clients (e.g. in the case of Mexico for U.S. clients; Eastern Europe for Western European clients).
- Knowledge services clusters
– Like low-cost manufacturing clusters, these clusters have emerged typically in developing countries. They have been characterized by the availability of lower-cost skills and expertise serving a growing global demand for increasingly commoditized (i.e. standardized, less firm-specific) knowledge services, e.g. software development, engineering support, analytical services.
Examples include Bangalore, India;
Shanghai, China. Multinational corporations have played an important role in "customizing" business conditions in these clusters.
One example for this is the establishment of collaborative linkages with local universities to secure the supply of qualified, yet lower-cost engineers.
The process of identifying, defining, and describing a cluster is not standardized. Individual economic consultants and researchers develop their own methodologies. All cluster analysis relies on evaluation of local and regional employment patterns, based on industrial categorizations such as
or the increasingly obsolete SIC codes
. Notable databases providing statistical data on clusters and industry agglomeration include:
- The Cluster Mapping Project (for the USA), conducted by the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at
Harvard Business School
- The European Cluster Observatory (for Europe), managed by the Center for Strategy and Competitiveness at the
Stockholm School of Economics
An alternative to clusters, reflecting the distributed nature of business operations in the wake of globalization, is
hubs and nodes
In the mid- to late 1990s several successful computer technology related companies emerged in
. This led anyone who wished to create a startup company to do so in Silicon Valley. The surge in the number of Silicon Valley startups led to a number of
firms relocating to or expanding their Valley offices. This in turn encouraged more entrepreneurs to locate their startups there.
The cluster effect in the capital market also led to a cluster effect in the
. As an increasing number of companies started up in Silicon Valley, programmers, engineers etc. realized that they would find greater job opportunities by moving to Silicon Valley. This concentration of technically skilled people in the valley meant that startups around the country knew that their chances of finding job candidates with the proper skill-sets were higher in the valley, hence giving them added incentive to move there. This in turn led to more high-tech workers moving there. Similar effects have also been found in the Cambridge IT Cluster (UK).
In the late 1990s, the
Metropolitan Government in South Korea
developed the Digital Media City
(DMC), a 135-acre complex, four miles outside of the city's central business district in the Sangam-dong district. With Seoul's rapidly growing cluster of multi-media, IT, and entertainment industries, the Digital Media City, through its vibrant agglomeration, helped to promote these industries and companies whose core business required use of information, communication, and media technologies. DMC grew and prospered as a global business environment, raising Seoul as an east-Asian hub of commerce. The cluster of its digital media-related, high-tech firms spawned partnerships which in turn leveraged both human and social capital in the area. Eventually, DMC fed the innovation of more than 10,000 small-scale Internet, game, and telecommunication firms located in Seoul.
In development of DMC, the Seoul government leveraged initial funding by private technology partners and developers. It is also provided
and wireless networks
to the area as well as needed infrastructure
. The Seoul government even provided
and favorable land prices for magnet
tenants who would attract other firms to the area due to established business relationships and through their presence which would in turn promote DMC as a prime location.
With such a concentration of these entities, Seoul has become a major nexus of high-technology and digital media. It is home to digital media R&D firms across a range of types including cultural media creation, digital media technologies, digital broadcasting centers, technology offices, and entertainment firms. Just outside the DMC complex include international firm affiliates, schools, moderate to low income housing, commercial and convention facilities, entertainment zones, and the city's central rail station.
The cohesive connection of industry, cultural centers, infrastructure, and human capital has fostered Seoul as a strong metropolitan economy
and South Korea, the Miracle on the Han River
, as a storied nation transitioning from a manufacturing to an innovation economy.
The cluster effect can be more easily perceived in any
, as most kinds of commercial establishments will tend to spontaneously group themselves by category.
shops (or cloth
shops), for instance, are rarely isolated from their competition. In fact, it is common to find whole streets of them.
The cluster effect is similar to (but not the same as) the
. It is similar in the sense that the price-independent preferences of both the market and its participants are based on each one's perception of the other rather than the market simply being the sum of all its participants actions as is usually the case. Thus, by being an effect greater than the sum of its causes, and as it occurs spontaneously, the cluster effect is a usually cited example of
Governments and companies often try to use the cluster effect to promote a particular place as good for a certain type of business. For example, the city of
has utilized the cluster effect in order to convince a number of high-tech companies to set up shop there. Similarly, Las Vegas
has benefited through the cluster effect of the gambling industry. In France, the national industrial policy includes support for a specific form of business clusters, called "Pôles de Compétitivité
", such as
. Another good example is the Nano/Microelectronics and Embedded Systems" or in short "mi-Cluster" that was facilitated by "Corallia Cluster Initiative
" in Greece. Corallia introduced a bottom-up, 3-phase programme framework for facilitating cluster development, and was short-listed among the final classification (finalists) for the DG REGIO's RegioStars 2009 Awards in the category "Research, Technological Development and Innovation".
The cluster effect does not continue forever though.
To sustain cluster performance in the long term, clusters need to manage network openness to business outside the cluster while facilitating strong inter-organisational relationships within the cluster.
Its relative influence is also dictated by other market factors such as expected revenue, strength of demand, taxes
, competition and
. In the case of Silicon Valley as stated above for example, increased crowding in the valley led to severe shortage of office and residential space which in turn forced many companies to move to alternative locations such as
and Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina
even though they would have liked to stay in the valley.
Sometimes cluster strategies still do not produce enough of a positive impact to be justified in certain industries. For instance, in the case of
retailer could not compete with industry leaders such as Home Depot
when it could not materialize the same low costs and contracts. As a result, it was presented with an option to form a merger with another home improvement retailer, Hechinger
to better improve their business clusters and compete with Home Depot and other industry leaders. However, when it failed to do so, it slowly began to fail and eventually fell into bankruptcy. Although the merger attempted to create geographic clusters to compete with the low costs of other firms, costs were not lowered enough and eventually the plan failed, forcing Hechinger into Chapter 7
liquidation and Builders Square out of the industry.
JANUŠKA, M. Communication as a key factor in Virtual Enterprise paradigm support. In Innovation and Knowledge Management: A Global Competitive Advantage. Kuala Lumpur: International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA), 2011. s. 1-9.
JANUŠKA, M., KURKIN, O., MILLER, A. Communication Environment for Small and Medium Enterprises. Ibima Business Review, 2011, s. 1-8.
Porter, Michael Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy|journal=Economic Development Quarterly, vol 14, no.1, pp 15-34, 2000
Porter, M. E. 1998, Clusters and the new economics of competition, Harvard Business Review, Nov/Dec98, Vol. 76 Issue 6, p77,
Porter, M.E. (1990).
The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press. 1–857 pgs.
Krugman, P. (1991).
Geography and Trade. MIT Press. 1-142pg.
Porter, Michael (1998).
On Competition. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. p. 225.
Wear, Andrew (2008).
"Innovation and community strength in Provincial Victoria"
Australasian Journal of Regional Studies.
Saxenian, A., 1994. Regional Advantage. Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press.
"World's 15 most inventive cities". Forbes. Retrieved
Van Agtmael, A.; Bakker, F. (2016).
The smartest places on earth: Why rustbelts are the emerging hotspots of global innovation. New York: PublicAffairs.
ISBN 9781610398169. Retrieved
Altenburg, T., Meyer-Stamer, J., 1999. How to promote clusters: policy experiences from Latin America. World Development 27 (9), 1693-1713.
"SSRN Electronic Library".
Manning, Stephan (1 July 2008).
"Customizing Clusters: On the Role of Western Multinational Corporations in the Formation of Science and Engineering Clusters in Emerging Economies". Retrieved
– via papers.ssrn.com.
"SSRN Electronic Library".
"Do clusters really matter for innovation practices in Information Technology? Questioning the significance of technological knowledge spillovers ", Journal of Economic Geography,
MIT Center for Real Estate. New Century Cities: Case Studies - Seoul Digital Media City.
Eisingerich, A.B.; Boehm, L. (2007).
"Group Analysis: Why Some Regional Clusters Work Better Than Others".
The MIT Sloan Management Review Journal Report.
3: 1–3. Archived from
Eisingerich, A.B.; Bell, S.J.; Tracey, P. (2010).
"How Can Clusters Sustain Performance? The Role of Network Strength, Network Openness, and Environmental Uncertainty".
Research Policy. 39 (March): 239–253.
"Hechinger merger could bring closings Builders Square in Pa., other states expected to spur consolidation".
The Baltimore Sun.
"Hechinger merger decision believed near Some analysts predict Green buyout, union with Builders Square".
The Baltimore Sun. | <urn:uuid:6d3d0b9d-baf0-46f9-b218-9256ff0ecdf7> | {
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If you have children in school, chances are you have come across the term special educational needs, or SEN. When you hear that term, your attention may focus on the impact on the child, and our lives as parents, but do we really know?
When people think of children with special educational needs, or SEN, they often think of learning disabilities and behavioral issues. SEN children require special education and care due to mental, physical or learning difficulties.
While teaching them is more challenging than their peers, SEN has many benefits for the teachers and students. The key to successfully integrating this education into your lesson plan lies in understanding its benefits and how to use it to help everyone in the classroom.
What is SEN in education?
SEN in education is a form of support for children with special needs. These include physical disabilities, such as blindness or deafness, developmental disabilities such as autism, and mental health issues like ADHD and anxiety.
Some schools have specialized programs to help students with these difficulties. For example, the school can provide extra time for tests, reduced homework assignments, or lessons tailored to individual needs. Some students may need more one-on-one help from teachers who understand their condition best. A tutor can also be helpful for these students, to provide individual attention outside of school hours.
You can gain the skills to provide this support by pursuing an MA education program at the University of Exeter. This program will help you acquire the knowledge and skills needed to work in this competitive field. During the program, you will learn teaching strategies and develop your professional skills and identity.
The importance of SEN in education
Awareness of special needs in education is growing. More and more parents are becoming aware of their children’s SEN and seeking help to address it. Here are some benefits of SEN in education and why it is necessary:
SEN can help children learn better
When a child has a disability, they often need assistance to help them learn. Some disabilities include ADHD, dyslexia and autism. SEN can help these children learn better and succeed in school more easily. It includes interventions like specialized teaching or specific services.
The right intervention for a particular student depends on their learning needs, age and grade level. There are lots of great programs that use different types of approaches, including:
- Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
- Special education
- Speech therapy
- Occupational therapy (OT)
- Vision therapy
- Physical therapy (PT)
With proper utilization of the resources and an understanding of what works best for each individual, children with disabilities can achieve success in both educational attainment and personal fulfillment.
SEN can make children more independent
We all want to see our children thrive and be able to grow and develop on their own. But what happens when they need some extra help? With SEN, this is possible.
Specialists can teach them the skills they need for daily living, like hygiene, dressing, and cooking, as well as other skills necessary for independence. They will also teach them the life skills they need to live independently once they leave home.
For example, parents may have to make sure that their child knows the location of the important documents that they need daily. Learning such things will go a long way in ensuring that your child has an easier time living outside of your care.
It can boost the social skills of children
Children with special needs are often initially separated from the rest of their class to ensure they get the attention they need to keep up with the curriculum. However, this means that sometimes these children do not have the opportunity to socialize and make friends outside of school, which can hurt them later in life. They may find themselves left out, misunderstood, or unable to cope with being around others, and develop social anxiety or depression.
Including children with special needs in mainstream classes allows them to learn alongside other children and foster relationships that may not otherwise happen. It is also crucial for those students who might be struggling socially to be included so they can still experience the camaraderie and interactions in a classroom environment.
SEN can improve communication
Children with special needs can get a lot out of having their needs met. One way is through improved communication. When children are not getting what they need, they may act out and refuse to communicate, and this can lead to problems down the road. With the right help and support, children learn to express themselves better and are not afraid to speak up when something bothers them.
For example, if there is an issue with bullying or depression, a child might stay quiet if they do not feel like they have anyone to talk to about it. Once the issue is addressed and resolved, these children are more likely to open up about other things going on in their lives so that it does not build up again and become worse than before.
SEN can help reduce stress and anxiety in children
When children are diagnosed with a disability, it can be stressful for them and their parents. However, SEN can help reduce stress and anxiety in children because they have an outlet to express themselves without being judged or teased by others.
They also know exactly what they want and how to get it, which means less worrying by parents on behalf of their child. Students can work at a pace where they feel comfortable, rather than having someone else make them move faster than is comfortable for them.
Tutors and institutions must meet the needs of these students with special education programs and support. As we have seen here, there are many benefits of including children with SEN in classrooms — it benefits the children and those around them.
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This activity contains questions and charts that lead the student through an interactive history lesson of the Renaissance Period. It is a concise guide through the historical events which shaped the literature of the period and includes questions about the time period's prominent figures, Humanism, the English monarchs (Henry VIII, Bloody Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, etc.), the Reformation, and the changing beliefs and values of the people. The packet also includes a multiple-choice test that may be modified for your students' abilities and answer keys. It is ideal for independent study or group work. | <urn:uuid:87a8fe0d-6eb7-4aac-88f3-e425df5beb93> | {
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The lighthearted storytelling still underscores the subject’s significance–“Without him we would not have won our Independency,” Jensen writes, rhyming with independency with liberty. However, the balance between historical authenticity, approachable language, and rhyme scheme fidelity can be precarious and sometimes gets lost. The text refers to Lafayette by multiple names (Gilbert, “the marquis”) which can be confusing given the plethora of characters, both British and French, featured in the story. Page layouts and the positioning of the period images often interrupts that most crucial element of rhymed, rhythmic storytelling: the flow.
This narrative is meant to be read aloud—and would be a valuable companion for classrooms and projects—showcasing its enjoyable blend of history and rhythm. Jensen proves scrupulous in keeping the text factual, digging into the political realities behind revolutionaries like George Washington embracing a French aristocrat, and her detailed end notes, offer concise explanations (“The French government feared having a ‘celebrity’ like Lafayette join the fight on the side of the Americans”) that will help alleviate any audience perplexity. Young history lovers and fans will savor this playful rendition of Lafayette’s biography, centered around historical documents and works of art.
Takeaway: Young history buffs will enjoy the rhyming text and historical art in this lively biography of the French hero of the American Revolution.
Great for fans of: Jean Fritz’s Why Not, Lafayette?, Selene Castrovilla’s Revolutionary Friends.
Design and typography: A-
Marketing copy: A
"An ode to the great Lafayette, beautifully told and richly illustrated..."
"Dorothea Jensen brings Lafayette to life for all ages"
". . .a perfect example of how a writer can make history/learning history fun. . .the accompanying art is wonderful"
"A great addition to the [Lafayette] canon"
It is an established fact that most Americans who are interested in our history are older.
One only has to be aware of the ages of the members of historical societies to be convinced of this.
Dorothea Jensen, however, specializes in making history come alive for the young - pre-teens and teenagers. In this her latest work, a short 50 page book, she tells the story of a French nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette and his pivotal role in winning the American Revolution.
Her narrative starts with the nineteen year old Gilbert learning about the American struggle for freedom from the British, covers his important participation in the conflict and in bringing France into the war, and ends with his participation in the victory at Yorktown, Virginia.
To draw young people into the story, Dorothea richly illustrates her work, and presents the pertinent historical facts in rhyming verse. As you read, you can actually experience the rhythm of a rap performer.
Knowing that the young may have short spans of attention. Dorothea quickly imparts the key points of the story in rhyme. Then she supplements her work with a glossary of terms, and, for those interested, provides comprehensive end notes for each verse detailing the action.
As a life member of the American Friends of Lafayette, and a researcher for The Lafayette Trail Project, I can assure readers that Dorothea covers all the bases of this important story with historical accuracy while making it fun to experience.
A must read for the young (and old)!
I truly enjoyed reading Liberty-Loving Lafayette: How “America’s Fighting Frenchman” Helped Win Our Independence by Dorothea Jensen. The clever verses make it easy to understand Lafayette’s crucial contributions to the American Revolution in a very enjoyable and memorable way. It makes learning fun for all ages. Also the archival illustrations, the glossary and the notes greatly enriched the story.
This is a jewel of a book that parents and teachers will enjoy just as much as children and teenagers.—Carolyn Pollak
Martha B rated it 5 Stars it was amazing
I LOVE this book! It’s great for adults as well as young people. What a fantastic homage to Lafayette, who’s been on our minds so much lately because of HAMILTON. I love how this book wonderfully encapsulates history with its vivid Lafayette portrayal, and how the author achieves this in such a super-engaging way, through witty, clever rhyme and poetry. And I love its multimedia approach – poetry, history, reproductions of gorgeous historical paintings. It's extraordinary the amount of accurate and sophisticated historical narrative the author fits into this wonderful book and how much the reader learns about this fascinating and important figure in American history. I learned so much about exactly who the heck Lafayette was and what he did for the American cause. Very cool, to know this, and to be entertained to boot. What a colorful figure Lafayette was!
Someone should make a play or musical from this book!!
Sometimes a rhyming narrative is just what you need to tell a story, especially if you include pictures. So Dorothea Jensen used this format to tell the story of General Lafayette’s contribution to our nation’s independence. Heavily researched, Dorthea’s new book Liberty-Loving Lafayette presents in words and art the story of how the young Marquis De Lafayette came to the colonies in search of freedom and fought alongside the colonists until the end of the Revolutionary War.
Each left page of Jensen’s work contains an image of a person or event portrayed in the narrative. The corresponding narrative relates the story. This book, designed for older students, can be used by teachers of the younger grades as well. It is a wonderful resource for any classroom, but especially for units of study about America’s beginnings and fight for Independence. Additionally, it is a wonderful companion piece to Jensen’s award-winning middle-grade book A Buss from Lafayette.—Connie Huddleston
When judging completed, Liberty-Loving Lafayette, was selected as a finalist in two categories of the Independent Authors Network Book of the Year Awards: “Young Adult Non-Fiction,” and “History Non-Fiction.”
Congratulations to Dorothea Jensen, whose book, "Liberty-Loving Lafayette: How "America's Favorite Fighting Frenchman" Helped Win Our Independence" won Second Place in the History Nonfiction category and Honorable Mention in the Young Adult Nonfiction category at the 2020 Royal Dragonfly Book Awards! | <urn:uuid:2b397373-2016-445b-89de-fff086f92791> | {
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Paleontologists have identified the world’s largest toothed pterosaur, which probably used its enormous pearly whites to scare off others.
The species, Coloborhynchus capito, is also now the world’s largest known toothed pterosaur, with a wingspan up to around 23 feet. A paper describing the prehistoric flying reptile will be published in the April issue of the journal Cretaceous Research.
“The first two teeth of each jaw projected forwards and may have been 3 inches long, and the two teeth behind it would have been a bit longer at 4 inches,” co-author David Martill, a professor in the University of Portsmouth’s Palaeobiology Research Group, told Discovery News.
“Together (the teeth) formed a sort of rosette that interlocked when the jaws were closed,” he added, saying that they might have been used in “threatening displays" and for catching fish.
Martill and colleague David Unwin of the University of Leicester made the discovery after analyzing a fragmentary, yet toothy, fossil housed within the collections of the Natural History Museum, London.
The fossil was unearthed from the Cretaceous Cambridge Greensand of eastern England, revealing that the pterosaur lived around 100 million years ago during what is known as the Albian stage.
During that time, Cambridge was under the sea. But Martill said there might have been a low island to the south where London is now. The climate was tropical then. Based on other fossil finds, the region was teaming with life. Fish, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, crocodiles, turtles, dinosaurs (including prehistoric birds), and different types of pterosaurs all lived in the area.
Unlike dinosaurs, which live on today through birds, pterosaurs have no modern day descendants. They were “a sort of cousin to dinosaurs,” according to Martill, and they bit the earthly dust 65.5 million years ago, when the world’s non-avian dinosaurs also went extinct.
Darren Naish, a palaeozoologist at the University of Southampton, told Discovery News that researchers have been interested in the size extremes of pterosaurs, since these animals were often gigantic and yet could also fly. The new paper, he said, tests claims that toothed pterosaurs grew to huge sizes.
Science news from NBCNews.com
Both he and Martill agree that one of the biggest known pterosaurs was Quetzalcoatlus, with a wingspan that could have extended 32 feet.
While the new toothy pterosaur was big, “it isn’t in the same league as the giant azhdarchids (toothless pterosaurs). So we can now say with confidence that toothed ornithocheirids did evolve very large sizes, but so far as we know they did not reach the super-enormous size of those giant azhdarchids.”
Naish said Coloborhynchus opens up a lot of interesting questions, such as whether or not certain pterosaurs were “trapped by some sort of glass ceiling that prevented them from evolving gigantic size.”
Other scientists look to pterosaurs to learn more about flight dynamics and what kind of structures can efficiently become airborne.
Naish suggested that the new find is surprising because “the fossil they use is a really ugly chunk of an ornithocheird’s snout,” but it provided enough data to make the determinations.
Martill seems to share Naish’s opinion, as he said the new study shows “the importance of old museum collection findings and the importance of even the scrappiest fossils.”
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2 Terms, People, and Places to Know Humanism PatronHumanities PerspectivePetrarch Leonardo da VinciFlorence MichelangeloRaphael Baladassare CastiglioneNiccolo Machiavelli
3 A New Age Expression in thought Remarkable artist and thinkers Renaissance means “rebirth”1300’s-1500s
4 Renaissance Time of creativity and great change Change in politics, social, economics and cultureAgricultural society to urban societyTrade is more important nowReawakened interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.Latin was the language of the churchRenaissance thinkers explored the richness and variety of human experience in the here and now.Individual achievementRenaissance Man: someone who was talented in many fields.
5 Expressing Humanism Intellectual movement known as humanism. Studied classical culture of Greece and Rome.Focus more on worldly objects and not religious issues.Education should stimulate the individuals creative powers.Humanities: grammar, rhetoric, poetry and history.Francesco Petrarch (PEE trahrk), Florentine who lived in the 1300’s, was a humanist, poet, and scholar. He is known as the father of Humanism.
6 What were the main characteristics of the Renaissance? CheckPointWhat were the main characteristics of the Renaissance?
7 Italy Renaissance began in Italy. Italy was the center for the Roman Empire so the reawakening took place here.Architectural remains, statues, and coins were all available for people to study.Rome was also the seat of the Roman Catholic Church- patron of the arts-and as the center of Catholicism Rome also served as an inspiration for religious themes used by artist and writers.
8 Location of Italy Encouraged Trade Extensive banking, manufacturing, and merchant workers developed to support trade.
9 City States Italy was divided into many small city states. Each city state was controlled by a powerful family and was dominated by wealthy and powerful merchant class.
10 Medici FamilyMedici family of Florence was the richest merchants and bankers in Europe.Cosimo de’ Medici gained control of the Floretine government in Lorenzo, grandson of Cosimo, is known as “the Magnificent” was a clever politician. He was also a generous patron of the arts.Patron of the arts: financial supporter.Florence came to symbolize the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance.
11 Why was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance? CheckPointWhy was Italy a favorable setting for the Renaissance?
12 Renaissance Art Renaissance art reflected the ideas of humanism. Portrayed religious themes-however they often set religious figures such as Jesus and Mary against classical Greek or Roman backgrounds.Portraits: individual achievementSculptor Donatello created a life size statue of a soldier on horse back. First time any figure like this was done.
13 Techniques Realism Perspective: allowed artist to create realistic art 3 DimensionalShadingNew oil paints to reflect lightStudied human anatomyDrew while observing live models
14 Social Art Architecture Meant to blend beauty with utility and improvement of society.Columns, arches, domes
15 Leonardo Da Vinci Curious Sketches of nature and models Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work.Mona LisaThe Last Supper (experimented with new paint)ArtistBotany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineeringFlying machines, undersea boats
16 Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Melancholy Genius: b/c of his work reflecting his many life long spiritual and artistic struggle.David, Pieta (captures the sorrow of the Biblical Mary as she cradles her dead son Jesus on her knees).Sistine Chapel
17 Sistine Chapel 4 years to complete Partially crippled Depicted the biblical history of the world from the creation to the flood.Dome of St. Peters Cathedral in Rome.
18 Raphael Had his own style that blended Christian and classical styles. Madonna, Mother of JesusThe School of Athens ( Raphael pictured an imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientist, including Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and the Arab philosopher Averroes. Also included are the greatest artist of the time: Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael.)
19 CheckpointHow were Renaissance ideals reflected in the arts?
20 WritingCastiglioneMost widely read handbook was The Book of the Courtier.Baldassare Castiglione: describes the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have.Was educated, well mannered and a master in many fields from poetry to music to sports.
21 Castiglione Men Women Athletic but not overactive Good at games but not a gamblerPlays a musical instrumentKnows literature and history but is not arrogant.Offers a balance to menShe is graceful and kindLively but reservedShe is beautiful, “for outer beauty is the true sign of inner goodness.”
22 Machiavelli’s PrinceNiccolo Machiavelli wrote a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power. He did not discuss leadership in terms of high ideals like those before him.The Prince looked real rulers in an age of ruthless power politics. The end justifies the means.Use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.Deceit in politics is now referred to as “Machiavellian tactics.”
23 CheckpointHow did Renaissance writings express realism?
24 The Renaissance in the North Terms, People, and Places:Johann Gutenberg ErasmusFlanders Thomas MoreAlbrecht Durer UtopianEngraving ShakespeareVernacular
25 Printing Revolution1455 Johann Gutenberg of Germany printed the 1st complete edition of the Bible using the printing press.Before the PP only a few 1,000 booksBy million volumes procedureCheaper and easierMore people learned to read.Knowledge about medicine, law, and miningBooks exposed educated Europeans to new ideas and new places.
26 CheckpointWhat was the impact of the printing press?
27 Northern Renaissance artists Began in the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that included parts of present day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.From here the Renaissance spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.
28 Flemish PaintersJan Van Eyck in the 1400’s was one of the most important Flemish painters.Portrayed townspeople as well as religious scenes around rich, realistic detail.1500’s Pieter Brugel used vibrant colors to portray lively scenes of peasant life. Nickname: Peasant Bruegel.Drew religious and classical themes but set them against common people back ground.1600s Peter Paul Rubens blended realistic traditions with classical themes and artistic freedom of the Italian Renaissance.Knowledge of mythology, the bible, and classical history.
29 Leonardo of the North German painter Albrecht Durer Interested in many things like Leonardo which earned him the nickname Leonardo of the North.EngravingPortray religious upheaval
30 CheckpointWhat themes did Northern Renaissance artist explore?
31 Northern Humanists and Writers Stressed education and classical learning to bring about religious and moral reform.Many wrote in LatinMany began writing in vernacular-everyday language of ordinary people.
32 Erasmus Dutch Priest Born 1466 Important scholar of his day Greek addition to the bible.Translation of the bible.Open minded, show good will toward others.Disturbed by the corruption of the church.
33 Sir Thomas More Wanted social reform Utopia: ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony.All are educatedJustice is used to end crime not to get rid of the criminal.
34 Shakespeare Writes for All Time : he wrote 37 playsComplexity of the individual and the importance of the classics.Common language1,700 words appeared for the 1st time
35 CheckPointWhat Renaissance ideas did Shakespeare’s work address? | <urn:uuid:a58339b8-f324-4712-87d5-2503451229da> | {
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Microplastic Leaching From Teabags
Node Smith, ND
Many people are trying to reduce their plastic use, but some tea manufacturers are moving in the opposite direction: replacing traditional paper teabags with plastic ones. Now, researchers reporting in ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology have discovered that a soothing cup of this brewed beverage may come with a dose of micro- and nano-sized plastics shed from the bags. Possible health effects of ingesting these particles are currently unknown, the researchers say.
Replacing traditional paper tea bags with plastic ones invites a dose of micro- and nano-sized plastics shed from the bags
Over time, plastic breaks down into tiny microplastics and even smaller nanoplastics, the latter being less than 100 nanometers (nm) in size. (For comparison, a human hair has a diameter of about 75,000 nm.) Scientists have detected the microscopic particles in the environment, aquatic organisms and the food supply, but they don’t know yet whether they are harmful to humans. Nathalie Tufenkji and colleagues wondered whether recently introduced plastic teabags could be releasing micro- and nanoplastics into the beverage during brewing. They also wanted to explore the effects of the released particles on small aquatic organisms called Daphnia magna, or water fleas, which are model organisms often used in environmental studies.
How the study was conducted
To conduct their analysis, the researchers purchased four different commercial teas packaged in plastic teabags. The researchers cut open the bags, removed the tea leaves and washed the empty bags. Then, they heated the teabags in containers of water to simulate brewing conditions. Using electron microscopy, the team found that a single plastic tea bag at brewing temperature released about 11.6 billion microplastic and 3.1 billion nanoplastic particles into the water.
More research needed to determine if the plastics could have more subtle or chronic effects on humans
These levels were thousands of times higher than those reported previously in other foods. In another experiment, the researchers treated water fleas with various doses of the micro- and nanoplastics from teabags. Although the animals survived, they did show some anatomical and behavioral abnormalities. More research is needed to determine if the plastics could have more subtle or chronic effects on humans, the researchers say.
- American Chemical Society. “Plastic teabags release microscopic particles into tea.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 September 2019. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190925083805.htm>.
Node Smith, ND, is a naturopathic physician in Humboldt, Saskatchewan and associate editor and continuing education director for NDNR. His mission is serving relationships that support the process of transformation, and that ultimately lead to healthier people, businesses and communities. His primary therapeutic tools include counselling, homeopathy, diet and the use of cold water combined with exercise. Node considers health to be a reflection of the relationships a person or a business has with themselves, with God and with those around them. In order to cure disease and to heal, these relationships must be specifically considered. Node has worked intimately with many groups and organizations within the naturopathic profession, and helped found the non-profit, Association for Naturopathic Revitalization (ANR), which works to promote and facilitate experiential education in vitalism. | <urn:uuid:e27ab0bd-33d7-41f2-9080-60294dbc092f> | {
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In his Gettysburg address, Abraham Lincoln does a great job by expressing a lot of information about saving the country. He also points out what those who died were fighting for during his speech. Pericles talks more about the kind of union that is needed by the Athenians so as to win the battle. Lincoln strives to solve the problems between two sides while Pericles desires to win the war, and not be stressed by problems related to the enemy. The two addresses have some similarities that make them significant for a current reader as discussed in this essay.
During the orations, both speakers show their intense pride for their political parties. They both tend to comment that there is no other political party that is above theirs. Pericles secludes Athens from the rest of Hellas in the view of the constitution and even the military. On the same note, President Lincoln mentions “new nation”, an indication that it is very different from the rest of the world.
During their speeches, they both contrast actions and words. They all agree that the deeds of those who are already dead cannot be remembered by just simple and meaningless words. An exaggeration of the deeds of those who had passed away is evident in Lincoln’s and Pericles speeches, where the kind of description the dead are given is that of emphasis. They all praise the dead to have died while on a mission to give better lives to individuals and even secure the nation (Holmes, 1901).
The two orators encourage their audience struggle in containing individual sorrow largely and work hard in unfinished tasks. There is a sense of similarity in the pronouns that the two use during their speeches. They use the first person plural instead of singular to show that it is everybody’s role to fight for the nation. The two orators also take advantage of the founders as the base of their legitimacy. For instance, Pericles notes the ancestors as the founders of the city of Athens and the fathers as the defenders Persia. On the other hand, President Lincoln begins his remark by mentioning the founding fathers who worked on the declaration (Pinsker, 2001).
The respective speeches from Pericles and Lincoln are quite significant for a current reader as they contain life values and skills that should be utilized by orators in the day to day activities. By mentioning the founders as their base of legitimacy, readers can understand how important it is to keep the traditional virtue inherited from their ancestors. The two orators appreciate the efforts of the fore fathers in enabling the country to reach its current state.
The speeches from the two orators are very vital in creating the sense of respect for the dead among readers who may not be aware of the society beliefs concerning the dead. They greatly appreciate the efforts of the dead and stand firm to condemn anybody who may want to criticize the work done by those who had passed away.
The sensible use of literary elements of a speech by both Lincoln and Pericles is a motivation to current readers to improve their language skills in readiness for any public speech. Current readers get to learn that the language skills learned in the classroom setting are applicable in the real world situation as is the case in the speeches.
In conclusion, the addresses by President Lincoln and Pericles are brief, clear and dignified speeches that have common approaches on some of the issues of concern during the historic times. The two addresses are also significant in educating current readers to utilize the theory learnt in class while socializing with other people
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1. A person standing close to a railroad crossing hears the whistle of an approaching train. He notes that the pitch of the whistle drops as the train passes by and moves away from the crossing. The frequency of the distant approaching whistle is 555 Hz; it drops to 472 Hz after the train is well past the crossing. What is the speed of the train? Use 340 m/s for the speed of sound in air. HINT: Calculate the ratio of frequency of the whistle before and after the crossing. That ratio does not include the frequency of the train at rest. 2. i end up with this 472(340/340-Vs)=555(340/340+Vs) but do not know how to solve for Vs. i do not even know if this is set up correct i've tried numerous ways already and this seems most logical. 3. | <urn:uuid:4cc19c49-00a0-417f-b848-7147a0788d50> | {
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Make your narrative essay outline. narrative essay steps however, starting a narrative essay has its peculiar features. a narrative essay involves telling a how to write talking points for a speech particular story. each example is scored for its ideas, voice, organization and grammar. how to write narrative essay: we appreciate that you have conflict resolution problem solving chosen steps to a narrative essay our cheap essay service, and will provide you with high-quality and low-cost custom essays, research papers, term papers, speeches, book reports, and other academic assignments for sale a narrative, story or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional (memoir, biography, narrative essay steps news report, documentary, travelogue, etc.) or fictional (fairy example of a research paper tale, fable, legend, thriller, sample apa paper outline novel, etc.). it’s really compelling and has no mistakes steps for narrative essay 1st grade circle map or by tomorrow – either way, we’ll cause effect essay samples be able to meet these deadlines. narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, still or moving how to write a bibliography for a website mla images, or any combination of these. basic steps and tips. how to an essay on criticism summary write a narrative essay about narrative essay steps yourself choose a good topic. an essay on criticism sparknotes narratives present narrative essay steps your experience and allow readers to draw conclusions by themselves. that's how you know you can get college assignment assistance with us the way research study paper you want it. | <urn:uuid:32432eec-e187-4377-97e2-a432253710cb> | {
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Measles. Mumps. Whooping cough. Diseases that were largely eradicated in the United States a generation ago are returning.
Across America and around the globe, children are getting sick and dying from preventable diseases—in part, because some parents are choosing to skip their children’s shots. How and why do vaccines work? What are the biggest concerns and misconceptions, and what are the risks to the child and society when people decide to forego immunization? The award-winning science series NOVA helps viewers find the answers they need.
“Immunization plays a crucial role in our public health, yet there is a tremendous amount of apprehension and confusion around the topic,” said Paula S. Apsell, Senior Executive Producer for NOVA. “In VACCINES—CALLING THE SHOTS, NOVA dispels the myths and examines the latest science, engaging parents and viewers in a conversation with real answers about the best way to protect their families.” | <urn:uuid:7f98d677-c460-4516-af77-a741c4f7e726> | {
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Did you know your oral health is a reflection of your overall well being? In fact, 90 percent of systemic diseases have oral symptoms. Furthermore, a healthy mouth can even help fight off diseases. Here are three other fascinating facts about your mouth.
Swimming in Saliva
During your life, your mouth makes more than 25,000 quarts of saliva or enough to fill up two swimming pools. On a daily basis, your mouth makes about two to four pints of saliva. Saliva plays an important role in your oral health. Here are a few benefits of saliva:
- It helps prevent cavities: Plaque begins to form when bacteria consume carbohydrate debris on your teeth. Eventually, plaque erodes the enamel which leads to tiny holes on the surface of your teeth. Luckily, saliva helps wash away food and debris from your pearly whites. Without any particles to feed off, plaque and cavities are inhibited.
- It protects your mouth from disease: Saliva contains antibodies that fight viral pathogens. It also has enzymes that eradicate bacteria. For this reason, it can help you fight off the common cold and other diseases.
Toughing it Out
Teeth are the hardest substance in your body. In fact, your teeth are so tough, they can survive in fires and in temperatures up to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit. Likewise, research shows your teeth are about as tough as a shark teeth. To keep your teeth as tough as possible, you'll want to follow these tips:
- Eat a diet rich in calcium: Calcium-rich foods, such as low fat milk and string cheese, help strengthen your enamel.
- Check pH levels in pools: If you're a frequent swimmer, you'll want to check the pH of your pool of choice. If the pH isn't in the 7.2 to 7.8 range, the water may become corrosive and this can lead to enamel loss.
- Use fluoride: Fluoride helps repair tooth decay. It also acts as a barrier to acids and bacteria that your teeth may come in contact with.
- Avoid using your teeth as tools: Simply because your teeth are tough, doesn't mean they are invincible. Therefore, don't use your teeth to open things, such as water bottles, or chomp on ice.
Of course, going to your dentist for regular cleanings can help keep your teeth healthy and tough too.
Scraping off Bacteria
Around 600 different types of bacteria are hanging out in your mouth. Most of that bacteria is on your tongue and it's this bacteria that is responsible for 90 percent of chronic bad breath, otherwise known as halitosis. To reduce your stinky breath you can:
- Scrape your tongue: If you don't scrape your tongue after eating, the food debris remains on it for hours. Eventually, the debris decays and causes an odor, similar to the way old food rots in the trash. To prevent your mouth from smelling like a garbage can, use a tongue scraper twice a day. Use a gentle motion and get as far back on your tongue as possible.
- Invest in an oral care probiotic system: Probiotics, or living microbes, are often used to improve your gut health. However, oral probiotics can help balance the beneficial bacteria in your mouth, which helps freshen your breath.
Your mouth is an important part of your body. If your mouth is healthy, then, often times, the rest of your body will follow.Share | <urn:uuid:5f373c84-d16c-4e7f-bfe4-ae627f5220ce> | {
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Because all soft body parts, therefore also skin, usually decompose in the ground, preserved prehistoric tattoos are rare.
Only extraordinary conditions result in entire bodies being preserved.
The finds of tattooed Scythians preserved in permafrost are well known. In this case the tattoos mainly depict animals and were achieved by piercing the skin and rubbing soot into the wounds.
A further example is "Ötzi" (or Oetzi Iceman), the Neolithic ice mummy from the Hauslabjoch. His tattoos consist of groups of lines and crosses.
The obvious function of prehistoric tattoos was, of course, ornamental, but insignia of tribe and rank or medicinal purposes are also possible.
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The principle of hydraulic
pressure is composed of two cylinders of two sizes, filled with water or oil in the cylinder. The water is called "water pressure machine"; "oil press" is called "hydraulic
press". Each of the two cylinders has a slidable piston. If the pressure is added to the small piston, according to the law of Pasca, the small piston passes the pressure through the pressure of the liquid to the large piston, and the large piston is topped.
The cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, and the downstream of the plus on the small piston is F1. Thus, the pressure of the small piston to the liquid is P = F1 / Si, which can be transmitted to the liquid to each direction by the liquid. "The pressure of the large piston is inevitably equal to P. If the cross-sectional area of the large piston is S2, pressure P The upward pressure F2 = PXS2 cross-sectional area of the small piston is a multiple of the small piston cross section.
From the above, it is known that a small force is added to the small piston, and a large force is obtained on the large piston, for this to press the plywood, oil, extract heavy object, forging steel, etc. | <urn:uuid:c6b74a73-6951-43e4-b7bf-acfc524940e7> | {
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holy Shiva lingam,holy Amarnath ji Yatra
Amarnath cave is a Hindu shrine located in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The cave is situated at an altitude of 3,888 m (12,756 ft), about 141 km from Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir and reached through Pahalgam town and Baltal. The shrine forms an important part of Hinduism, and is considered to be one of the holiest shrines in Hinduism. The cave is surrounded by snowy mountains. The cave itself is covered with snow most of the year except for a short period of time in summer when it is open for pilgrims. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu devotees make an annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath cave on challenging mountainous terrain to see an Ice stalagmite formed inside the cave.show more
The cave itself is covered with snow most of the year except for a short period of time in summer when it is open for pilgrims. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu devotees make an annual pilgrimage to the Amarnath cave on challenging mountainous terrain to see an Ice stalagmite formed inside the cave. Inside the 40 m high Amarnath cave, the stalagmite is formed due to freezing of water drops that fall from the roof of the cave on to the floor and grows up vertically from the cave floor. It is considered to be a Shiva Linga by Hindus. It is mentioned in the ancient Hindu texts of Mahabharata and Puranas that Lingam represents Lord Shiva. The Cave waxes during May to August, as snow melts in the Himalayas above the cave and the resultant water seeps into the rocks that form the cave and gradually wanes thereafter.As per religious beliefs, it has been claimed that the lingam grows and shrinks with the phases of the moon reaching its height during the summer festival, although there is no scientific evidence for this belief. According to a Hindu legend, this is the cave where Shiva explained the secret of life and eternity to his divine consort, Parvati.
The book Rajatarangini (Book VII v.183) refers to Amareshwara or Amarnath. It is believed that Queen Suryamathi in the 11th century AD gifted trishuls, banalingas and other sacred emblems to this temple. Rajavalipataka, begun by Prjayabhatta has detailed references to the pilgrimage to Amarnath Cave. Other than this, there are further references to this pilgrimage in many other ancient texts.According to legend, Bhrigu Muni was the first to have discovered Amarnath. Long time ago it is believed that The Valley of Kashmir was submerged under water and Kashyapa Muni drained it through a series of rivers and rivulets. Therefore, when the waters drained, Bhrigu Muni was the first to have Darshan of Lord Amarnath. Thereafter, when people heard of the Lingam, it became an abode of Lord Bholenath for all believers and a pilgrimage which is done by lakhs of people each year.As we well know François Bernier, a French physician accompanied Emperor Aurangzeb during his visit to Kashmir in 1663. In his book “Travels in Mughal Empire” he writes while giving an account the places he visited in Kashmir that he was “pursuing journey to a grotto full of wonderful congelations, two days journey from Sangsafed” when he “received intelligence that my Nawab felt very impatient and uneasy on account of my long absence”. The “grotto” he refers to is obviously the Amarnath cave as the editor of the second edition of the English translation of the book, Vincient A. Smith makes clear in his introduction. He writes: “The grotto full of wonderful congelations is the Amarnath cave, where blocks of ice, stalagmites formed by dripping water from the roof are worshipped by many Hindus who resort here as images of Shiva…..”
The peak pilgrimage occurs when the iced stalagmite Shiv lingam Shiva lingam reaches the apex of its waxing phase through the summer months. The July-August popular annual Hindu pilgrimage, undertaken by up to 600,000 or more pilgrims to the 130 feet (40 m)-high glacial Amarnath cave shrine of iced stalagmite Shiv linga at 12,756 feet (3,888 m) in the Himalayas, is called Amarnath Yatra.It begins with a 43 kilometres (27 mi) mountainous trek from the Nunwan and Chandanwari base camps at Pahalgam and reaches cave-shine after night halts at Sheshnag Lake and Panchtarni camps. The yatra is both a way of earning revenue by the state government by imposing tax on pilgrims, and making living by the locals, Bakarwal-Gujjars by taking a portion of revenue and by offering services to the Hindu pilgrims. Pilgrims visit the holy site during the 45-day season around the festival of Shravani Mela in July–August, coinciding with the Hindu holy month of Shraavana.The beginning of the annual pilgrimage, called Amarnath Yatra is marked by 'pratham pujan' to invoke the blessings of Shri Amarnathji. In olden days the route was via Rawalpindi (Pakistan) but now a direct train is there connecting rest of India to Jammu, the winter capital of the State. The best part of journey is between Guru Purnima and Shravan Purnima. The Government of Jammu and Kashmir makes all arrangements for the comfort of the pilgrims for undertaking the ritualistic journey for visiting the shrine on Shravan Purnama. But the highly unpredictable weather of the mountains should be more obliging before Guru Purnima as rains would not start. There is a bus service from Jammu to Pahalgam. At Pahalgam the pilgrims arrange for coolies or ponies to carry gear of food and clothes etc. Everybody remains busy making arrangements for the Yatra. The golden glow of, the sun falls on the turbulent river at Pahalgam. Pahalgam in Kashmiri means the land of shepherds.show less
holy Shiva lingam,holy Amarnath ji Yatra
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Since time immemorial crystals have played a sacred role in ceremony, worship, healing, protection, and in facilitating with the evolution of the soul. The ancient world used crystals to enhance emotional, physical, mental, and spiritual health; restoring balance to dis-ease manifesting as ailments in the mind-body-spirit connection. Crystal power was not only used on the person, but also harnessed to clear, purify, and protect the environment. For example, placing certain crystals on energy points in the earth or in specific formations on land and home dwellings was believed to enhance positive vibrations and ward off negative energies. Crystals were also used for grounding and assistance with returning from out of body experiences such as ascension, astral projection, and travel to other realms and dimensions. Furthermore, certain crystal were believed to have the capacity to heighten mental awareness and open channels of communication with higher powers, and higher beings. This process of channeling and tuning in allowed for the advancement of science, technology, agriculture and botany.
The great kingdom of Atlantis, though by some considered myth, was said to have been an advanced civilization who harnessed crystalline energy to build their city and entire civilization. According to legends the Atlanteans had mastery over techniques that enhanced the vibration of crystals, incorporating the natural elements to achieve monumental feats by far more advanced then modern technology i.e., placement of crystals on certain energy grids, exposure to the sun, moon, and stars at certain times of the day or season, and deep knowledge of the properties and potentials of each crystal family. Through the use of this technology they were able to increase psychic abilities, improve mental capacity, transmit thoughts and images over vast distances, teleport, perform telekinesis, dematerialize, build flying vehicles, and control weather patterns, among other things.
Archaeological findings and ancient scripts document the vast use of crystals across time, geography, and civilizations. The Sumerians and Pagans were said to have used crystals in magic potions. The Egyptians used them for protection, health and guidance into the afterlife. The ancient Greeks used crystal power in battle and attributed certain crystals and their qualities to planets and gods. The Inuits and Mayans were said to have used crystals to construct cities, and in shamanic practices, guiding the healer on spirit journeys into the lower, middle and upper worlds. Indians used crystals to balance and clear the chakras and energy lines of the human body. Ayurvedic texts reference each stones healing abilities, emphasizing metaphysical and emotional balance. The Chinese used crystals in their medicine and acupuncture practices. The Vikings and Norse people used them to build sacred monuments, megalithic sites, and healing circles. African cultures thought of them as a symbol of the blood of the Earth and sprinkled them on their dead. The Australian Aboriginals thought of crystals as sacred stones that came from Dreamtime and told the story of evolution.
According to the Crystal Bible, Ancient civilizations believed that stones are alive but only take a breath every one hundred to two hundred years. Healers from antiquity to modern day believe crystals are living beings and consider them old and wise gifts from mother earth.
Furthermore, crystals and gemstones have been mentioned in religious texts across continents and generations. Associating them with gods, goddesses, heaven, and the afterlife. Buddhists scripture talks about a diamond thrown situated next to the tree of knowledge (the Neem tree under which Siddhartha meditated). Sanskrit describes the sacred Kalpa wishing tree as having lapis lazuli boughs, buds of gems, and flowers of diamonds. The 4th Heaven in the Koran is said to be made of carbuncle – garnet. The Bible speaks of the New Jerusalem made of crystals; jasper walls with the foundation of every kind of gem. High priests of the old testament wore breastplates mad of stones, and so on.
The use of crystals in rituals of health and healing continued through to modern history, during the Renaissance crystals were used along side herbal remedies for medicinal purposes, and worn as amulets for protection. Unfortunately, soon after, and as a result of the development of western medicine all forms of natural healing practices were subdued and discounted, even deemed evil or inferior by the ruling classes and the growing scientific community. The use of natural resources for healing, religious and protection practice were outlawed, relegated to the so called wayward occultists, pagans, sorcerers, witches and punishable by death.
The rise of the New Age movement and the recent reawakening of humanity to ancient knowledge has inspired a revival of crystal and alternative healing methods. The redefining of spirituality and the new found need to reconnect with the natural self has taken humanity back to basics and urged us to explore the potency of nature and the abundance of resources and remedies the earth has to offer. Today crystals are used for meditation, channeling, healing, enhancing psychic abilities, chakra energy work, magic, clearing and purging the environment of negative energy. Their energies are called upon to improve social interactions, work environments, world peace, and cleansing of frequencies and pollution created by modern living practices. Crystals are also used in character building, clearing of negative behavior patterns, and healing of ancestral karma, the list can continue for paragraphs. What’s exciting is that in we are living in a time where the ancient past is fusing with the new age of technology in a holistic and all encompassing approach. People are looking to nature for answers in the pursuit of living a life of awareness, love, joy, health, and synergy with the inner self, each other and the planet.
Footnotes & Resources
Judy Hall, The Crystal Bible (Cincinnati, OH: Walking Stick Press, 2003). | <urn:uuid:65db5a0d-450d-44b0-b0ce-222c5a7f06c9> | {
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About This Product
This collection addresses basics such as effective teaching methods and classroom management as well as best practices for use of technology, application of standards, overcoming the challenges of special needs students, understanding legal and ethical issues, and more. Ideal for aspiring educators who want to learn not only how to teach a curriculum, but also how to help mold young people into healthy, confident, prepared citizens.
- School: The Story of American Public Education – a four-hour series narrated by Academy Award-winning actress Meryl Streep that weaves archival footage, rare interviews, and on-site coverage into an unprecedented portrait of public education in America.
- How Difficult Can This Be? The F.A.T. City Workshop—Understanding Learning Disabilities – the classic workshop led by learning disabilities expert Richard D. Lavoie, vividly illustrating how LD students face F.A.T.: frustration, anxiety, and tension.
- Integrating ESL Students into the Classroom – a priceless resource for teachers of any subject that presents concrete information and advice that can be used to better teach—and reach— English-language learners.
- Teaching Diverse Learners – winner of the Broadcast Education Association Award of Excellence, a two-part series demonstrating how experienced educators have mastered the challenges that come with teaching high-needs students.
- Multiple titles on Jean Piaget and his theories of cognitive development in children.
- Internet Research and Information Literacy: Effective Strategies and Cautionary Tales – a three-part media literacy series on the best practices for applying academic standards and scholarly research methods to the rapidly evolving online world—with episodes on basic and advanced search, recognizing propaganda and bias, and plagiarism in the era of Wikipedia.
- Special Needs Students in Regular Classrooms? Sean’s Story – the classic ABC News production about an eight-year-old boy with Down syndrome who was part of a battle over “inclusion”—placing mentally or physically challenged students in regular classrooms.
- Why We Drop Out: A Video Bridge Dialogue between Youth, Teachers, and Administrators – outlines a unique process that allows participants on each level of the educational ladder to contribute to a personal and structural understanding of the many factors that derail students from graduating.
- Indian School: Stories of Survival – this film combines archival materials with present-day interviews to document the inhumane system of “Indian Schools” that aimed to erase Native American culture and “civilize” the continent’s indigenous people.
- Class Act: Jay W. Jensen and the Future of Arts Education in America—Educator’s Edition – an award-winning documentary from the executive producers of Super Size Me that examines the deplorable atrophy of arts education in America by contrasting the crisis with the story of one very dedicated, inspiring high school drama teacher: Jay W. Jensen. Celebrity alumni and arts education thought leaders weigh in.
- A Global Roll Call: The Need for Education Worldwide – a multiple-award-winning three-part series from Wide Angle that examines gaps in educational opportunities that trap children in poverty, deny girls the right to learn, and prevent developing countries from advancing.
All titles are segmented into short, pedagogical clips, ideal for intermittent use during classroom lectures. For classwork viewing, students can choose to watch an entire film without interruption. Titles within the collection are sorted across 14 distinct, browsable subject categories (e.g., Technology in Education, Effective Teaching, Special Education, Psychology & Education), enabling refined searches for available titles in specific topic areas.
- Conveniently segmented for lecture and in-class use
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- Keyword tags for all content, linking to related material | <urn:uuid:ca7993a6-2fbb-4f15-a97e-873ef6f6b5c1> | {
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Statement and conclusion reasoning tutorial
Reasoning statement and conclusions.Tips to solve coded inequality in reasoning testbook blog.Lsat logical reasoning tutorial identifying unstated assumptions.Statement and conclusions logical reasoning questions.How to prepare for your deductive reasoning test.Reasoning inequality trick solve any question within 10 seconds.Statement and conclusion for placement tests, job interviews.Critical reasoning shortcuts and tips: verbal guides and resources.Critical thinking intorduction (video) | khan academy.Statement-assumptions in lr ( logical reasoning ).Statement and conclusion tricks & shortcuts for placement tests.Inequalities rules | inequalities examples hitbullseye.Syllogism made easy.A lesson in formal logic (for logic games and logical reasoning.How to find the premise in critical reasoning questions.Logical reasoning.Syllogism-problems based on statements and conclusions.[reasoning] syllogism (all cats are dogs): method, approach.How to solve statement & conclusion questions in reasoning section.Statements and conclusions reasoning tricks | statements and.
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C). Although he was authorized by Congress to purchase New Orleans, he realized that the France’s offer of the entire Louisiana Territory was too good to ignore. For example, in a letter to John Breckinridge, Jefferson acknowledged the fact that “the Constitution made no provision for our holding foreign territory, still less than incorporating foreign land into our Union.”(Doc. C) Although Jefferson realized that the deal was unconstitutional, he also realized that it would give us a
America’s decision to declare independence form Great Britain was both due the change of economic policies and to the development of refining life and liberty. After driving the French out, with help from the Indians and British troops, colonist began to quarrel with Parliament’s insistence of testing the limits of their power in North America. Their control was made difficult when residents decided to smuggle and boycott goods. Eventually, the colonies resistance and loss of patience would lead them directly to independence. The Proclamation of 1763 was the first to anger the colonist.
In December of 1794, Jefferson writes a letter about Hamilton’s excise tax. The tax was hated “universally”, including people involved in government (Document 3). Alexander Hamilton believed in one government; a centralized government that controlled over the land. In 1792, he says in a letter that Jefferson and supporters were dangerous to America’s government. Jefferson didn’t believe in paying debts that came from foreign policies, and Hamilton believed that to be dangerous.
Conciliation with America Craig Wells Excelsior College Abstract As the colonies were separating themselves from the rule of tyranny and the Parliament authority, a few members of the House of Commons were striving for reconciliation with the American colonists. Taxes were being levied without the consent of the colonies and hostilities increased driving us towards war. Some members of Parliament criticized England of poor government and corruption and worked to negate a conflict with the colonies. A great new land was about to be born and instead of letting this new country develop and help provide for the greater of the English empire, the crown held it down with the chains of oppression. Edmund Burke Edmund Burke was born on 12 January 1729 in Dublin Ireland.
France said that John Jay’s treaty with the British violated the Franco-American alliance made during the War of Independence. In public, France rejected the US, though secretly sent three agents, known as X, Y, and Z, to request that the Americans pay a huge bribe to start the negotiations. President Adams revealed the “XYZ Affair” to the American public in April of 1798. The people’s response was the slogan, “millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.” Worrying about war with France made the government create the Navy and increase the size of the Army. American ships were authorized to attack any French vessels harassing them.
American foreign policy 1890-1912 a revision overview The USA was far from a world power before the 1890s. Its foreign policy stance was essentially defensive, seeking to keep the new world of the Americas free of wars and diplomatic tangles. Most Americans were hostile to the idea of Imperialism and wished to steer clear of international alliances. But, the events of the 1890s pushed the USA into rapid naval expansion, a war against Spain and the annexation of territories in the Pacific Ocean. The defensive/isolationist argument: * The Monroe Doctrine (1823) set out traditional American foreign policy.
In their drive for power the ministers upset the balance of the British constitution. Royal officials in the colonies of America aided in this English conspiracy as they attempted to seize as much power as they could. Bailyn argued that the American Revolution was actually a radical "ideological" revolution that took place in men's minds. Before the Revolution, colonials saw the divergences from the European norms--lack of a titled aristocracy, an
The British felt they had the right to search for deserters on any ship, anywhere in the ocean. Sometimes British generals made mistakes and American citizens would be wrongly accused of deserting. Many times it would take years for the mistake to be corrected. To try to influence the European economy, President Jefferson passed the Embargo Act in 1807. It stopped almost every American vessel from sailing and closed trade with Europe; however, instead of disturbing Britain’s economy, the act adversely affected every region of the U.S., and its economy stalled.
While the sale of the territory by Spain back to France in 1800 went largely unnoticed, fear of an eventual French invasion spread nationwide when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to secure New Orleans. Southerners feared that Napoleon would free all the slaves in Louisiana, which could trigger slave uprisings elsewhere. Though Jefferson urged moderation, Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France. Undercutting them, Jefferson took up the banner and threatened an alliance with Britain, although relations were uneasy in that direction. In 1801 Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint-Domingue, then under control of Toussaint Louverture after a slave rebellion.
First, before it became a sovereign nation, the king of England indirectly and directly governed the US and the colonists grew to reject that as an authority figure. The early Americans and current Egyptians share the same struggle by having their lives controlled by a foreign country. The American Revolution occurred when thirteen colonies decided to come together to break free from the British Empire. They rejected the right of the British Parliament to govern them from across the Atlantic Ocean without representation. Taxation without representation was the main reason for their rebellion. | <urn:uuid:0ed1da37-318c-436d-ac1d-f8c1d109f3d3> | {
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Contribution to primary production
A large proportion of the primary production (the creation of organic matter by plants from inorganic material like CO2 and sunlight during photosynthesis) in a coral reef comes from the contribution of benthic algae. Net primary production is variable ranging from 148-500 (g C m2 yr1) for algal turfs, 146-1095 (g C m2 yr1) for fleshy macroalgae, and 73-475 (g C m2 yr1) for crustose coralline algae. Planktonic microalgae and algal symbionts of scleractinian corals also contribute to reef productivity but to a much lesser degree. The organic matter (carbon) produced by planktonic micro-algae enters the reef food chain either by: (1) consumption by herbivorous fishes, crabs, sea urchins and zooplankton; (2) release of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) by the algae into the water column where it is consumed by bacteria that in turn may be consumed by a variety of filter feeders, or (3) export to adjacent ecosystems such as seagrass meadows, mangroves or to the sea floor by currents and tides. See further details on the energy flow through coral reefs in Chapter 7.
Filamentous blue-green algae like Calothrix living in algal turf communities (Fig. 15.2O) fix significant amounts of atmospheric (inorganic) nitrogen into ammonia, which is then used by the blue-green algae themselves to build organic matter. Because of the rapid growth rates of blue-green algae and intense grazing on turf communities, the organic nitrogen is then distributed throughout the reef, contributing to reef nutrition (Chapter 7). Macroalgae take up, store, and release nutrients, thereby contributing to nutrient cycling in coral reef ecosystems.
Many macroalgae make important contributions to the construction of the reef framework by depositing calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Crustose calcareous algae (CCA, e.g. Porolithon and Peyssonnelia) are important framework builders and framework cementers in coral reefs, whereby they bind adjacent substrata and provide a calcified tissue barrier against erosion. This process is particularly important on the reef crest environments of the GBR. Crustose calcareous algae are also important in deeper areas at the edge of the continental platform in the southern GBR (80-120 m), where they form large algal frameworks of several metres high. Deposition of calcium carbonate within the tissues of CCA (as calcite as well as high magnesium calcite) can be up to 10.3 kg CaCO3 m2 yr"1 in some parts of the GBR (e.g. Lizard Island).
Upright calcareous algae such as Halimeda, Udotea, Amphiroa and Galaxaura contribute to the production of marine sediments that fill in the spaces between corals. The white sand of beaches and reef lagoons is largely the eroded calcium carbonate skeletons of these algae. Calcium carbonate is deposited as aragonite in Halimeda with an estimated production of around 2.2 kg CaCO3 m2 yr"1. Calcification may be an adaptation to inhibit grazing (a defensive mechanism), resist wave shock, and to provide mechanical support.
Crustose coralline algae induce settlement and metamorphosis of coral larvae and a range of other invertebrates in the GBR, thus playing a critical role in reef resilience. Some evidence supports the idea that this interaction seems to be mediated by chemicals released by the alga.
Macroalgae play important roles in reef degradation, particularly in ecological phase shifts, where abundant reef-building corals are replaced by abundant fleshy macroalgae. Reductions in herbivory due to overfish-ing, and increases in nutrient inputs leading to eu-trophication (e.g. sewage and fertiliser), have been suggested as causes of increased abundance of fleshy macroalgae leading to coral overgrowth and reef degradation. Coral bleaching, crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks, extreme low tides, coral diseases, cyclones, and so on result in coral mortality, providing an environment that is rapidly colonised by diverse algal communities (Fig. 15.2N). Such disturbances, and particularly those due to climate change (e.g. bleaching), may lead to an overall increase in the total amount of macroalgae (see Chapters 9 and 10 for further details). Dominance by thick mats or larger, fleshy macroalgae may contribute to reef degradation by overgrowing corals, inhibiting coral recruitment, contributing to coral diseases (e.g. Fig. 15.2P), and thereby decreasing the aesthetic value of reefs.
Endolithic algae that live within the skeletons of both healthy and dead corals as well as other calcareous substrates contribute to reef erosion and destruction. These algae are generally filamentous and microscopic but form a thin dark green band visible to the naked eye underneath the coral and crustose algal tissue (Fig. 15.2L). Some examples of carbonate-boring algae include the greens Ostreobium spp., cyanobacteria Mastigocoleus testarum, Plectonema terebrans, and Hyella spp. and some red algae. Endolithic algae penetrate and dissolve the calcium carbonate, weakening the reef framework and thus hasten other erosive activities. Studies at One Tree Island on the GBR have show rates of bioerosion by endolithic algae to range between 20-30 g m2 yr_1. For more information on bioerosion see Chapter 9.
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Do You Want To Learn More About Green Living That Can Save You Money? Discover How To Create A Worm Farm From Scratch! Recycling has caught on with a more people as the years go by. Well, now theres another way to recycle that may seem unconventional at first, but it can save you money down the road. | <urn:uuid:2881b7e3-d8a6-49ed-96a7-228d8b4aabba> | {
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Practice number recognition along with addition and subtraction this week. Using manipulatives is a great way to practice numbers and math problems. Manipulatives can be anything you have on hand- pasta, beans, cotton balls, etc. Anything small enough for your child to safely handle is great! For example, give your child a deck of cards and ask them to put the red numbers in order from smallest to largest and the black numbers from biggest to smallest. | <urn:uuid:6f0ca1d3-612c-42cc-a342-31689ddbb161> | {
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How can one explain this feature of the fossil record in a creationist framework, especially from a young earth viewpoint? If life has only existed on earth for six thousand years or so, how can life forms have changed so much?
There is a very simple answer to this question. Consider the plants and animals found in temperate climates, such as in the United States. Compare them to the plants and animals found in the Amazon jungle, or in a swampy region of the United States, or in the African Savannah. There will be very few similarities. Probably very few of the birds, flowers, trees, et cetera from temperate climates will be found in the Amazon jungle. And probably very few plants and animals from the Amazon jungle will be found in the African Savannah. It is hard to believe that such different ecologies could exist at the same time on the same planet, but it is so.
This explains how the ecology in fossil layers can differ so much from that on earth today. Differences in climate and ecology explain the different kinds of organisms found in the past and today. The existence of giant insects and birds suggests that something was very different in the past. Perhaps the air pressure was higher and some past catastrophe caused much of the earth's atmosphere to be lost to space. Perhaps the composition of the atmosphere was somewhat different. In addition, the fierce dinosaurs would have made life difficult for any modern mammals, which explains their absence from fossil layers containing dinosaurs. Only some very small mammals that can hide in cracks in rocks could have co-existed with the dinosaurs.
Then what happened to all those ancient animals? Some died due to changes in climate, some died due to natural catastrophes, and some died due to human hunting. Also, some changes took place by evolution and adaptation; evolution proceeds most rapidly when populations are very large and conditions change drastically. In fact, under the right conditions, "evolution" (within limits) can take place very fast.
So where were the humans and modern animals in ancient times? They may have been living in higher altitudes where the climate was cooler and drier and the air pressure was less. Thus they would be less likely to have been covered and fossilized during the flood. In addition, the animals that existed in past ages may have been somewhat different than those we know today, due to the evolution and adaptation that has taken place since then.
Therefore the unusual plants and animals found in fossil layers, and the comparative lack of modern organisms in most fossil layers, is not a problem for creationism, not even for young earth creationism.
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In March of 1939 Slovakia was formed as a semi-independent nation. Its armed forces were formed from the shattered remains of the former Czechoslovakian army. They included an armoured force, although its size and potential were limited.
Before the annexation Slovakia was home to the 3rd Motorized ("Fast" in Czechoslovakian classification) division, subordinate to the 6th Army Corps. It was one of the four motorized divisions formed in late 1937, but it was the weakest of the four. Czechoslovakian leadership expected Slovakia to only be threatened by Hungary, whose army was very weak. The authorized strength of the division was a cavalry and a motorized brigade as well as a motorized reconnaissance battalion with one tank company of 16 vehicles.
The cavalry brigade included two regiments of dragoons, a bicycle battalion, a battalion of horse drawn artillery, and a communications squadron. The mechanized brigade included two battalions of 49 light tanks each, two motorized infantry battalions, an artillery battalion with mechanized tractors, and a communications company.
This was the ideal state, but in reality only the 3rd Cavalry Brigade was fully formed and the 3rd Motorized Brigade only had the 5th Tank Battalion and 87th Artillery Battalion present. Additionally, all motorized divisions were disbanded in September of 1938.
The Slovakian parliament declared independence on March 14th, 1939. At the time, there was only only tank unit on its territory: the 3rd Tank Regiment (Pulk Útočne Vozby, PÚV-3, "combat vehicle regiment"). The regiment was located in Trenčínský Martin where all the necessary infrastructure was built in 1935-1937.
The 3rd Tank Regiment consisted of four battalions: the 1st included companies of armoured cars and tankettes, the 2nd two companies of light tanks, the 3rd was a reserve unit, and the 4th had all the anti-tank units. 70 officers served in the regiment, 9 of which were Slovaks, 37 NCOs (3 Slovaks), and 821 privates (534 Czechs, 222 Slovaks, 65 Ukrainians).
Slovakian LT vz. 34 tank.
The 3rd Tank Regiment had three OA vz. 27 armoured cars and 18 OA vz. 30, 30 vz. 32 tankettes, 27 LT vz. 34 and 52 LT vz. 35 tanks. Of the latter, 9 were sent to Pilsen for repairs and just before Slovakia declared independence 9 tanks of the same type from the 2nd Tank Regiment arrived to replace them. 8 OA vz. 30 armoured cars also arrived from the 2nd Tank Regiment. They made up for the same number of armoured cars transferred to the police.
The regiment had 219 trucks (Tatra 27, Praga RV, Walter PN, Skoda 6ST-6), 9 fuel trucks, 96 passenger cars (Tatra 57, Skoda, Popuar, Praga AV, Java 600) and 73 motorcycles (mostly CZ 175). In addition, the regiment's arsenals held 1433 carbines, 1769 pistols, 24 vz. 26 light machine guns, 18 vz.35 heavy machine guns, 18 37 mm vz. 34 anti-tank guns, and 9 20 mm vz. 36 AA guns.
Slovakian motorcycle troops.
After Slovakia declared its independence all Czechs were discharged, which left only 250 men in the 3rd Tank Regiment. Since there was no possibility of rapidly replenishing the personnel, the organizational structure had to be changed to match. Captain Stefan Csányi, the most senior officer left in the regiment, proposed a temporary TO&E for a battalion numbering 419 men on April 28th, 1939. The new regiment included the HQ and 4 companies: two tank companies, an anti-tank company, and an armoured car company.
The captain's proposal was corrected by his superiors, leaving just one tank company but adding a reconnaissance company and a supply company. Instructions were given to fill up the regiment with personnel by means of selecting 45 men from each regiment and 15 from each independent battalion. At least half of these would have to be drivers or mechanics. As it usually happens in this case, the orders were creatively interpreted to get rid of troublemakers. Only about 30% of the arrivals were suitable for service in an armoured unit, some of the remainder were even illiterate.
Nevertheless, by September of 1939 the tank battalion included 552 men (12 officers, 19 NCOs, 531 privates). The battalion was reorganized in the fall of 1939: now it had an HQ, a staff company, a reconnaissance group (platoon of tanks, platoon of armoured cars, platoon of motorcycles), three light tank companies, an anti-tank company, and a reserve company. Due to Major Csányi's efforts the battalion transformed into a regiment in January 1940. In addition to the command and HQ companies it had two battalions. The 1st battalion included the 1st reconnaissance company (with armoured cars), 2nd and 3rd companies of light tanks, and the 4th reserve (tank) company. The 2nd battalion consisted of four anti-tank companies. The reconnaissance company was split between the 1st and 2nd reconnaissance squadrons for several months, but in May of 1940 it returned to the tank regiment.
The organization of tank companies and platoons remained the same as it was in the Czechoslovakian army for some time: five platoons of three tanks each. Including the commander's tank, each company had 16 tanks. The number of tanks per platoon was increased to 5 in mid-1940, but the number of platoons in a company was reduced to 3. 16 tanks remained in the company, as before. Finally, in 1941 the company gained an HQ platoon with 3 tanks, making 18 tanks in total.
The only viable armoured vehicle available at the time was the LT vz. 35 light tank. The tankettes, LT vz. 34, and OA vz. 27 were obsolete. The OA vz. 30 armoured cars were worn out. Even new tanks quickly fell into disrepair due to a lack of skilled technical personnel and regular service. Four mechanics had to be invited from the Skoda company to return the tanks to working order.
OA vz. 27 armoured car.
At the same time, the Slovakian government attempted to obtain modern tanks to replace the LT vz. 34 and vz. 33 tankettes. In September of 1939 it ordered 10 LT vz. 35 tanks from Skoda, but the order could only be fulfilled with permission from the Germans. The Germans dragged their feet and when permission was finally given it turned out that this purchase would make no sense. The LT vz. 35 was no longer in production and restarting production for such a small batch would result in a very high cost.
The Slovaks had to turn to another producer, the former CKD (renamed to BMM by the Germans). It was building Pz.Kpfw.38(t) tanks at the time, designed for the Czechoslovakian army and accepted into service under the name LT vz. 38, but not in time to see service. 10 tanks were ordered in April of 1940 under the name LT-38 (Slovakia adopted a shortened name without "vz."). These tanks were delivered in October-December of the same year.
Acceptance of the first order of LT-38 tanks. Major Csányi is the second on the right.
Slovakia ordered 51 A7 37 mm tank guns from Skoda in August of 1940. These guns were used on LT vz. 38 tanks. The idea was to use them to rearm LT vz. 35 tanks with the newer gun, but they retained the existing ones. The new guns were used to rearm other tanks. In addition to the first 10 LT-38 SLovakia ordered a batch of 20 tanks in August as well as 21 LT-40 tanks. The latter were LTL tanks ordered by Lithuania but the order fell through after it was annexed by the USSR. The A7 guns were supposed to replace Oerlikon guns in these tanks. The tanks were delivered to Slovakia on November 4th. The LT-38 tanks only arrived in June of 1942.
It took some time to put the new tanks into service. The LT-38 tanks only received guns in January of 1941. The tank regiment accepted the LT-40 a month later, in December of 1940, but they had only a pair of vz. 37 machine guns apiece. The reason for this was delays of A7 production. The first 11 guns of this type (transferred from Wehrmacht stock) arrived in Slovakia only on December 2nd, 1940. Ten were used to arm LT-38 tanks. On March 14th, 1941, these tanks took part in an Independence Day parade in Bratislava. Five of the tanks still had the old Czechoslovakian three colour camo, the rest were repainted in khaki.
The second batch of 5 tanks were repainted in a single colour.
The 11th A7 gun was installed on an LT-40 tank. The Slovak army received 20 more A7 guns on April 1st, 1941, but it was necessary to replace the front and upper armour plates on the LT-40 tanks to install them. BMM only supplied these parts in June of 1941, after Slovakia entered the war against the USSR.
Slovakia had to resist land grabs from its neighbour Hungary since the first days of its existence as a nation. Hungary occupied Carpathian Ukraine on March 21st, 1939, and then turned to Slovakia, expecting to lop off at least a chunk of its territory. Hungarian forces invaded Slovakia on March 23rd near Užhorod, occupying 40 settlements by noon. They were opposed by disorganized Slovakian units. The city of Michalovce became the center of resistance. Five OA vz. 30 armoured cars were being repaired in Prešov which were sabotaged by Czech crews. Lieutenant Potochniy, the only armoured forces officer in Eastern Slovakia at the time, organized the repairs. He also organized the crews from Slovak volunteers who had experience with cars (mostly from the communications battalion).
The armoured cars arrived in Michalovce at dawn on March 24th and took part in a counterattack towards Zavadka. The Slovaks capitalized on their success and struck at the Hungarian positions near Nizhnaya Rybnitsa. The Hungarians knocked out one armoured car, after which the Slovak attack stalled and they retreated in panic. The surviving armoured cars managed to hold the Hungarians back at Michalovce.
A knocked out OA vz. 30 armoured car.
The front line stabilized, but the Slovaks kept bringing up reinforcements. Four more armoured cars and three LT vz. 35 tanks arrived in Michalovce. Germany stepped in before combat could escalate any further. The "Three Day War" was over on orders from Berlin. The result was the loss of a small amount of territory by Slovakia.
Slovakia took part in the invasion of Poland in September of 1939. The invasion force included the Kalincak mobile group (cavalry squadron, bicycle company, armoured car company). OA vz. 30 armoured cars were used for their intended purpose, chiefly reconnaissance. There were no recorded losses of vehicles in the September campaign.
LT-35 tank platoon with a Tatra 57 car.
The tank regiment trained at their proving grounds in Bukovina and the shooting range at Oremov Laz. An inspection of the regiment was conducted on June 1st, 1941. At that time it had three tank companies: one with LT vz. 34, one with LT-40, and one mixed (LT vz. 35 and LT vz. 38). On June 8th the regiment was used to form the Mobile (Rapid) Group which would then take part in the invasion of the USSR. | <urn:uuid:dc4523b4-2c75-4ae7-969b-f16ed535fc06> | {
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We find here Christ with his arms out open, standing upon a platform which appears to be a natural formation, such as on the tip of a mountain. He is dressed in a stunning white outfit which covers him down to his toes and a white circular shape is found behind him. Surrounding Christ are a number of individuals who look at him from below, which helps to create this impression of power and respect, towards the figure of Christ. They all have halos, coloured with golden paint, which was a common technique used by artists of this period to denote divnity and saint status. Typically artists of this period would help us to identify specific saints by including particular details, such as with them holding an item that related to their own individual lives.
In this depiction Fra Angelico chooses to use two main angles, front on and side on, with less subtlety in between. The figures looking towards Christ are all at one angle or another, which feels slightly strange but is entirely typical of the style of religious art in the Early Renaissance. In reality, crowds would not gather in this manner, and most would be placed at a spectrum of different angles. This fresco can now be found in the Basilica di San Marco, Florence, Italy. The city of Florence played a crucial role in the Italian Renaissance, and retains much of its importance to the art world in the present day thanks to a number of important galleries which display many of the best artworks to derive from that important period. The Renaissance would ultimately spread across encompass different Italian kingdoms over time, bringing in new ideas from local art schools which progressed things onwards once more.
The Transfiguration of Jesus derives from the New Testament. The figure radiates light and glory whilst stood atop a mountain range. The brilliant moment is witnessed by his apostles, Peter, James and John, all of whom may have been added into the scene in front of us here. Many other artists have also taken on this topic, most commonly within the Baroque and Renaissance eras, at which point religious art was at its most dominant within western society. The Transfiguration by Raphael, c. 1520 is perhaps the most famous example of that, though further examples can also be found further afield and in a variety of other styles. | <urn:uuid:a25ce35c-8804-4b26-b68f-3daf1c793169> | {
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An airtightness membrane, also known as an air barrier, is a material used in building construction to prevent air from leaking in or out of the building envelope. This membrane can be made of a variety of materials, such as plastic, rubber, or a combination of both.
The primary reason for using an airtightness membrane is to improve the energy efficiency of the building. When a building is not airtight, air can leak in or out through small cracks or gaps in the building envelope. This can lead to significant energy loss as the building’s heating or cooling system must work harder to maintain a consistent temperature.
An airtightness membrane can help to prevent this energy loss by creating a barrier that seals the building envelope and prevents air from leaking in or out. This can result in significant energy savings, particularly in buildings with high heating or cooling demands.
In addition to improving energy efficiency, an airtightness membrane can also help to improve indoor air quality by preventing the entry of pollutants, allergens, and other contaminants from the outside environment. It can also help to reduce noise transmission and improve overall building durability.
Overall, an airtightness membrane is an essential component of modern building construction, as it helps to improve energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and building durability. | <urn:uuid:bd62b5ee-58f2-4db2-b5b9-d05bae485791> | {
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This is a 3 page overview of the concepts presented in Chapter 10 of the "Go Math" series for second grade. The format is similar to that of the actual tests with all different questions presented for practice. Feedback is always welcome! This is perfect to send home with your kiddos a couple of days before the big test for review or for as an in-class assessment to see who needs a little extra help! Enjoy!
The Yearly Bundle is available here: | <urn:uuid:b62c8467-46aa-4cd2-b13f-a9c437141165> | {
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In the south east of the country, close to the historical town of Maidstone in the county of Kent is Leeds Castle, once the residence of Henry VIII's first wife, Catherine Of Aragon. Though a fort has stood in this location since the 10th century, this beautiful lakeside castle has undergone many restorations, with most of the structure that stands today dating from the 19th century.
10. Leeds Castle
Built in the late 14th century and restored heavily in the centuries to follow, is the wonderfully preserved medieval Grade 1 listed building of Raby Castle. Set among 200 acres of deer park in County Durham, to the north of the city of Leeds, the castle is famed for its sheer size and its art. Privately owned by the Barons Barnard, the extensive renovations and restorations have meant much of its rare interior architectural features remain preserved.
9. Raby Castle
In the extreme south west of the country, just off the coast of Cornwall is the tidal island of St. Michael's Mount, England's answer to France's Mont St. Michel, though much smaller. Linked to the mainland by a man made causeway only accessible at low tide, the earliest buildings within the fortified stronghold have stood on this spot since the 12th century.
8. St. Michael's Mount
Built in 1096 AD in the northern county of Northumberland is the Grade 1 listed building of Alnwick Castle. Still home to the Duke Of Northumberland and his family, it is the second largest castle still occupied in England and receives nearly a million visitors each year.
7. Alnwick Castle
Built around 1070 AD on the Northumberland coast, just north of the nearby Alnwick Castle is the Grade 1 listed building and ancient fortress of Bamburgh Castle. Overlooking the sea in the north west of the country it cuts an impressive figure with its classic medieval tower shape.
6. Bamburgh Castle
In the far north west of England, directly north of nearby Bamburgh Castle, close to the border with Scotland in the country of Northumberland is the 16th century Lindisfarne Castle. Situated off the coast on Holy Island, a tidal causeway only accessible at low tide, the castles location meant it saw many conflicts from the Scots and invading Vikings from across the North Sea. Standing strong to this day high upon Beblowe Hill, Lindisfarne Castle is one of the countries most picturesque fortifications.
5. Lindisfarne Castle
Built in 1385 AD in the southern county of Sussex, southeast of the capital, London, is the medieval Bodiam Castle. Surrounded on all sides by an artificial moat, accessible only by a narrow wooden footbridge, the heavily restored historical Grade 1 listed Bodiam Castle is one of the prettiest castles in England, and the United Kingdom.
4. Bodiam Castle
In the centre of the country in the town of Warwick, just south of the city of Birmingham is the huge tourist attraction of Warwick Castle. First built in the 11th century, the buildings that stand there today are mostly from the 14th century, being what is now considered to be one of the most recognisable examples of military architecture from the period. An English national monument and historical archaeological site, the castle long with the 17th century landscaped gardens on the banks of the river Avon draws visitors from around the world.
3. Warwick Castle
Built in the 11th century, to the west of London in the English county of Berkshire is the longest occupied palace in Europe, Windsor Castle. Having been upgraded and updated throughout the centuries, this long serving home of the British Royal Family has elements of Georgian expression with extravagant Baroque interiors and Rococo and Gothic furnishings still admired by visitors from around the world. This hugely popular tourist attraction is the home and workplace to more than 500 people, making Windsor Castle the largest inhabited castle on the planet.
2. Windsor Castle
Constructed at the end of 1066 AD as part of the Norman Conquest of England, the White Tower was built by William The Conqueror and was at the time resented as a symbol of oppression. Situated next to Tower Bridge on the banks of the River Thames in the capital, London, the castle has played an important role in the countries history, having been besieged several times. Expanded, restored and updated throughout the following centuries, the castle has operated as a grand palace, it has been used as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, a prison, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office and home to the Crown Jewels. One of the countries most important historical buildings, one of London's most recognisable landmarks, the Tower Of London has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. | <urn:uuid:8226d2bc-b3ee-4595-9c56-19f45441c5ca> | {
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Fuel Cells (FC) can help in contributing to environmental pressures by maximizing the use of renewables in the energy production and using hydrogen produced with no CO2 emission from Renewable Energy Systems (RES). FCs also contributes to energy security concerns by allowing a wider choice of fuels and by using it in combined heat and power applications (CHP). Thus using fuel cells will help in complying with the Scottish Government requirements. However, wide use of fuel cells in power applications cannot be reached before developing a prototype model for the simulation and performance evaluation of the fuel cell generation system to ensure its optimum performance in both stand-alone and grid-connected environments. | <urn:uuid:8d560325-d158-4409-b470-6c7f06ffcee4> | {
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