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QURANIC CONCEPT OF AL-WASATIYYAH AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ISLAMIC MODERATION
Keywords:Al-wasatiyyah, Moderation, Ummattan Wasaṭa, Justice
The concept of moderation is one of the core basic words and frequently discussed subjects in Islam. It has been employed since the inception of Islam and is a major feature of Islamic creed. This concept is based on the Arabic term al-wasatiyyah that indicates "middle." It presents a fair, just, and efficient solution. Its goal is to encourage a well-balanced way of living that eliminates extremes and enables people to enjoy things in moderation. As a result, the goal of this research is to first determine the Quranic concept of wasatiyyah, and then to analyze its numerous distinct features drawn from the verses of the Holy Quran. The word appears throughout the Qur'an in a variety of settings, with all of the word forms revolving around similar linguistic connotations. Using the content analysis method, this qualitative study used an exploratory and descriptive design. A library search was used to conduct the content analysis. Quran, Sunnah, Classical/contemporary jurists' books and journals were used as sources. To identify and examine the concept of al-wasatiyyah in the Holy Quran, its features, and proof of moderation in Islam, the content analysis method is applied. This research is noteworthy because it underscores the Quranic principle of moderation, which instructs man to strike a balance among physical and spiritual requirements, as well as moderation in religion and prayer. | <urn:uuid:aaa51934-c616-436f-a164-6574b272bb4e> | {
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Episcopal conferences embody the collegial (conciliar or synodal) exercise of church authority by the bishops of a region or a nation, arising from the recognition in Lumen gentium, no. 23, of subsidiarity on one hand and the personal responsibility of archdioceses and dioceses to collaborate on the other. Contemporary determinations about episcopal conferences flow from three historical items: the revision of the Code of Canon Law in 1983; the 1985 Synod of Bishops, held to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the end of the Second Vatican Council; and Apostolos suos, the motu proprio of Pope John Paul II on May 21, 1998, that addresses the theological and juridical nature of episcopal conferences.
Conferences of bishops, or national episcopal conferences, originate during the nineteenth century in Europe—for example, Belgium (1830), Germany (1848), Austria (1849), and regional meetings in Italy—but they have deeper roots in the ancient practice of the Church to organize assemblies of bishops at the level of ecclesiastical provinces. In the Eastern Church, these provinces comprise metropolitan and suffragan dioceses; in the Latin Church, the archdioceses and dioceses of a particular geographic region form provinces. The latter have long standing ecclesiastical recognition according to canon 292 of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, while the former received definitive canonical status in 1965 at Vatican Council II with the decree Christus Dominus, nos. 37 to 38, and the specifications set forth by Pope Paul VI in his apostolic letter, Ecclesiae sanctae of Aug. 5, 1966 (section 1, no. 41).
European assemblies of bishops had their importance recognized as akin to ecclesiastical provinces, but these meetings took place in a historical context of rising European nationalism that often cast liberalism and democracy as oppressors to institutional Catholicism, specifically to the Holy See. In the United States of America, the first national conference of bishops took place in September 1919, although annual meetings of the metropolitan archbishops took place in the final decades of the previous century. In subsequent years, the American episcopate met in annual conference and transacted business first as the National Catholic Welfare Conference and then after Vatican II under two titles: the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the United States Catholic Conference. In 2000, the episcopate reorganized again as the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
1983 Code of Canon Law. Chapter four of book two, "The People of God," of the 1983 Code includes 13 canons (447–59) dealing with the general nature and responsibility of episcopal conferences. The canons are largely derived from the conciliar decree Christus Dominus on the pastoral office of bishops in the Church. The canons on national conferences constitute a fourth illustration of the groupings of particular churches, or dioceses, in the organizational structure of the Catholic Church.
The canons embody two aspects of conferences in which they differ from the ancient tradition of particular councils: They are permanent bodies (c. 447), not occasional assemblies, and they have the canonical character of juridic persons in the Church (c. 449, §2). Canons 448 and 450 establish the membership of national conferences, respecting the competence of the Holy See sated in canon 449, §1. Canons 451 to 459 set the composition and operating procedures of the conference. Canon 455 merits particular notice. The canon deals with a great number of practical applications, but it also raises serious theological implications, precisely because it touches the autonomy of individual bishops and the relationship of diocesan bishops with each other and the Holy See. Early recognition of this difficulty appeared in a Nov. 8, 1983 letter of the Cardinal Secretary of State to each national episcopal conference indicating where the conference (a) may and (b) must issue local norms (see Communicationes 15 (1983):135–39.)
1985 Synod of Bishops. With respect to conferences of bishops, the synod members wrestled with two tendencies: one seeing episcopal conferences as a centralizing influence in a nation or region and the other seeing the responsibility and innate power of the bishop of the individual, particular church. A 1988 letter from the Congregation of bishops focused on the theological and the juridic status of national conferences.
On the theological status, the letter repeatedly draws a sharp line between episcopal collegiality (itself the expression of the communion of the local churches) in the full or strict sense and in the partial or limited sense. They are judged collegial only in an analogical and in exact sense. Admitting that the remote foundation of conferences is in the particular (provincial or regional) councils held since the end of the second century, the text sharply distinguishes councils and conferences and dwells upon the pastoral utility of the conferences. The latter are said to lack any proper magisterial office, although their teachings are to be received with a "religious submission of mind" in accord with canon 753.
On the juridic status, the Roman letter dealt with the conferences in three sections: (1) restraints on teaching, conceived merely as "applying pronouncements of the magisterium of the universal Church"; (2) the distinction between the authority of the individual diocesan bishop and the conferences, with the actions of the conferences limited to "moral authority" in most instances; and (3) proposals for consensus for nonbinding decisions, with special attention to the danger of a conference's subsidiary organs, commissions, or offices being confused with the conference itself.
Critique of the Roman letter saw many of the concerns as matters of ecclesiastical polity rather than theology and church law. Challenges were made for more precision in terminology and a thorough grounding of both the theological and juridical status of national conferences in conciliar, canonical, papal, historical, and liturgical references. The response of the bishops of the United States was that a new draft should be prepared with the collaboration of representative bishops, canonists, theologians, and historians.
Apostolos suos. The motu proprio of May 21, 1998, represents the response to request of the 1988 synod of bishops and subsequent consultations. The document contains four sections. Section one traces major theological-historical moments of the collegial structure or permanent assembly of the apostles as constituted by the Lord Jesus. Section two addresses collegial union among bishops as it touches on the themes of unity, collegiality, and joint pastoral action. Section three sets forth Pope John Paul II's understanding of the conference of bishops as a permanent institution, the issues that currently call for the joint action of the bishops, the manner in which episcopal conferences are to organize territorially, their composition, especially with respect to deliberative or consultative voting power, and finally the authority of the episcopal conference with respect to the authority of the diocesan bishop and the requirements of a recognitio of the Apostolic See. Section four sets down complementary norms regarding the conference of bishops. | <urn:uuid:7b17c34c-bda3-44c6-ad11-6371578e1f90> | {
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Information for Patients
Normally, if you get hurt, your body forms a blood clot to stop the bleeding. For blood to clot, your body needs cells called platelets and proteins known as clotting factors. If you have a bleeding disorder, you either do not have enough platelets or clotting factors or they don't work the way they should.
Bleeding disorders can be the result of other diseases, such as severe liver disease or a lack of vitamin K. They can also be inherited. Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder. Bleeding disorders can also be a side effect of medicines such as blood thinners.
Various blood tests can check for a bleeding disorder. You will also have a physical exam and history. Treatments depend on the cause. They may include medicines and transfusions of blood, platelets, or clotting factor.
While childbirth usually goes well, complications can happen. They can cause a risk to the mother, baby, or both. Possible complications include
- Preterm (premature) labor, when labor starts before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy
- Problems with the umbilical cord
- Problems with the position of the baby, such as breech, in which the baby is going to come out feet first
- Birth injuries
For some of these problems, the baby may need to be delivered surgically by a Cesarean section.
Health Problems in Pregnancy
Every pregnancy has some risk of problems. You may have problems because of a health condition you had before you got pregnant. You could also develop a condition during pregnancy. Other causes of problems during pregnancy can include being pregnant with more than one baby, a health problem in a previous pregnancy, substance abuse during pregnancy, or being over age 35. Any of these can affect your health, the health of your baby, or both.
If you have a chronic condition, you should talk to your health care provider about how to minimize your risk before you get pregnant. Once you are pregnant, you may need a health care team to monitor your pregnancy. Some common conditions that can complicate a pregnancy include
- High blood pressure
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Kidney problems
- Autoimmune disorders
Other conditions that can make pregnancy risky can happen while you are pregnant - for example, gestational diabetes and Rh incompatibility. Good prenatal care can help detect and treat them.
Some discomforts, like nausea, back pain, and fatigue, are common during pregnancy. Sometimes it is hard to know what is normal. Call your health care provider if something is bothering or worrying you. | <urn:uuid:5766818b-2396-409d-97f8-2c76142a5e05> | {
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During the Prussian invasion of France in 1870, Mercié was a student at the French Academy in Rome. Shortly after the war began Mercié sculpted a model of the winged figure of Fame supporting a victorious soldier, thinking this would be a suitable image to symbolize the victorious French troops. Upon hearing of the defeat of the French, Mercié replaced the victorious soldier with the figure of a wounded one holding a broken sword.
The sculpture was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1874 and won the Medal of Honor. It was immensely popular and regarded as a patriotic salve for the bitter loss. As the contemporary critic Jules Castagnary wrote, “while monarchists quarrel over the debris of our battered fortunes…there exists a young sculptor who has undertaken to speak directly to our nation and to console our people who have suffered so much.” In many French towns replicas of the sculpture were used on monuments to the dead of the Franco-Prussian War.
Gloria Victis is Latin for Glory to the Vanquished. | <urn:uuid:526b988c-47ad-4961-abb6-39433b3ba687> | {
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8. What does a favourable direct materials price
a. The actual cost of materials purchased was greater than the standard cost of materials purchased.
b. The standard cost of materials purchased was less than the actual cost of materials purchased.
c. The standard cost of materials purchased was greater than the actual cost of materials purchased.
d. The actual quantity of materials used was less than the standard quantity of materials used for actual production.
9. In flexible budgets, costs that remain the same regardless of the output levels within the relevant range are
a. allocated costs.
b. budgeted costs.
c. fixed costs.
d. variable costs.
e. estimated costs.
10. Actual overhead is $698,000, while budgeted overhead is $598,000. What is the fixed overhead static-budget variance if 250,000 units are produced and 225,000 are budgeted?
a. $80,000 favourable
b. $100,000 unfavourable
c. $100,000 favourable
d. $101,000 unfavourable
e. $102,000 favourable
8. Option C
Favourable direct material price variance means,
Means, Standard cost should be less than the actual cost.
Therefore, Option C is correct.
9. Option C
In the flexible budget costs that remain the same is Fixed Costs.
Option C Fixed Costs
10. Option B
100,000 unfavourable (budgeted overhead - actual overhead) (598,000 - 698,000)
Clarification: If it was flexible overhead variance, the answer would have been different because it would consider the output as well.
But in Static variance, it is not considered that output also has been increased with the increase in cost. Therefore, only increased cost is considered that is $100,000 more (unfavourable).
Get Answers For Free
Most questions answered within 1 hours. | <urn:uuid:a4e7f8df-a30d-4278-bdbb-8fbce60e0f32> | {
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Live streaming webcam of the Honda Blue Cavern exhibit at the Aquarium of the Pacific, in California. The webcam shows a typical kelp forest, Some animals to look for are leopard sharks, moray eels, California sheephead, giant sea bass and the occasional diver !
More Info: Although they have the appearance of plants, Kelp are large brown algae. They grow in small anchored areas called kelp beds or larger groupings towering above the ocean floor which form kelp forests. As well as food they provide shelter for fish, shore birds, invertebrates and marine mammals including seals, sea otters, sea lions and whales. Sea otters wrap themselves in giant kelp to keep from floating away whist sleeping in the water. Some creatures use the kelp blades to protect their young from predators or to seek refuge from rough seas during a storm. With ideal conditions, kelp can grow up to 45 cms a day.
Because of their dependency upon the suns energy for photosynthesis, kelp forests tend to inhabit shallow open waters and are rarely found deeper than 40 mtrs. Some forms of kelp have gas filled floats which keep the plant suspended and so allow kelp blades to reach the light in order to photosynthesize. | <urn:uuid:792f9d6f-6569-47e6-9276-24287a39a50b> | {
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Advertising is described as the ‘science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from it’ by Canadian author and economist Stephen Leacock. His words have turned out to be true as advertisers around the world go to any extent to influence the buying behaviour of consumers.
The most important objective behind advertising is to generate profits through increasing sales of products and services by running advertising campaigns.
To attract maximum number of consumers many marketers often breach the basic codes of advertising by stating exaggerated claims of benefits of their products, and thus their advertisements misleading the consumers. And consumers buy a product after seeing the claims in the advertisement. Poor literacy rate in rural India and low awareness about products and services easily affect the buying habits of rural consumers and, sometimes, they fall prey to such advertisement.
In 2012, food company Heinz faced the heat for its popular product Complan. The company was prosecuted for its claim that the product ‘helps kids grow twice if they get another drink’. The claim of providing ‘more stamina and making kids smarter’ by GSK products, Boost and Horlicks, were also questioned by Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in the past. FSSAI regulates food advertising campaigns under the Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006.
According to experts, companies claim that they do number of studies for their products, however, they are not conducted in a scientific manner, often lacking technical quality.
"Misleading and unfair practices were a global phenomenon," says Ruth Anna Buettner, Director – Consumer Policy & Protection, GIZ. "The purpose of regulation should be proper functioning of markets and protection of individual consumer, mainly his contractual rights." There are two ways of enforcement, one through public authority and the other through the courts worldwide.
Some food products use international food codes in place of ingredients on the label. A common consumer, even an urban educated person, is not aware about the international codes. Sometime, it is found that the emulsifiers used in a food product are made from animal fats, and in contrast companies claim the food is completely vegetarian by using vegetarian symbol on the wrapper. In a country like India, where a big section of the people is vegetarian, such advertisement reflect disregard for consumers’ tradition.
Elaborating the role of Advertising Standard Council of India (ASCI) and its future plan, Partha Rakshit, Chairman, ASCI said, "Obtaining legal authority for enforcing compliance of ASCI decisions on print advertising complaints as it has for TV (Cable TV Act) is one of the top most priorities and urged the government to facilitate the process. ASCI plans to cover social media more extensively. It is also launching an online training programme on ASCI regulations targeted at young copywriters, agency executives and product managers in manufacturing/service companies to make them aware."
According to the regulatory body, out of 201 complaints received in July 2013, 94 misleading advertisements were from education sector, followed by 52 from health and personal care products. The claims mentioned in L’Oreal India’s advertisements for its products, Garnier’s Pure Active Neem Face Wash and Naturals Hair Colors were not substantiated and the complaints were upheld by ASCI.
Similarly, the leading FMCG company Hindustan Unilever was questioned by ASCI for its advertising campaigns for Brook Bond Red Label which claimed ‘Healthy tea that improves blood circulation’, and Ponds Age Miracle for its claim of ‘Look up to 10 years younger’ with a small print disclaimer quoting ‘with regular use’. And for claiming ‘100 percent protection from mosquitoes’ got Dabur India drew flak from ASCI for its mosquito repellent Odomos.
As mentioned earlier, there were 94 cases of misleading advertisements from education sector, some educational institutes also faced prosecution for misleading advertisements by claiming 100 percent placement. Some of them were IMS Learning Resources Pvt Ltd, Institute of Hotel Management (IHM) Meerut, Indian Institute of Hardware Technology, EduEdge Coaching Classes and KV Institute of Management & Information Studies.
The regulator in November 2012 prosecuted 11 companies including FMCG major Emami for its Himani Sona Chandi Chyawanprash advertisement with the misleading line, ‘gold removes toxins to boost immunity power’ and electrical goods maker Havells for ’24 Hours hot water in just half unit of electricity’.
At a recently held event at FICCI, Manoj Kumar Parida, joint secretary at Ministry of Consumer Affairs (MoCA), Government of India, acknowledged self-regulation when it comes to dealing with misleading advertisements. He also stated that it was important to have powerful execution backed by a Government Authority. He expressed appreciation for ASCI’s efforts in self-regulation in advertising and ensuring the interests of consumers.
Parida suggested that the newly-formed Inter-Ministerial Monitoring Committee, constituted with the sole aim of monitoring misleading advertisements, could serve as the missing executive arm to ASCI. The Committee will monitor misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices and suggest steps accordingly, he added.
Kurush Grant, Chairman, FICCI FMCG Committee & Executive Director, ITC Ltd, said that FICCI had planned an excellent interaction with all the key stakeholders on every aspect of misleading advertisements. Stakeholders such as NGOs, consumer forums, industry, self-regulatory body and the government have unanimously agreed to work towards finding a similar solution of empowering self-regulation. FICCI will work closely with ASCI and the Ministry of Consumer Affairs to tackle the menace caused by misleading advertisements.
Expressing her views on the regulatory framework for misleading advertisements, Aazmeen B Kasad, advocate Mumbai High Court, said, "To keep a vigil on the increasing incidents of misleading advertisements, the Central Consumer Protection Council (CCPC), apex body for consumer protection, has recently decided to draft guidelines to safeguard consumers’ interest from false advertisements in the country and set up a sub-committee to suggest strategies to deal with celebrity endorsements."
Advertisements have very crucial impact on consumers. Therefore, they should have crisp and genuine information to ensure there is no chance of misleading consumers. In the large media spectrum from print, TV to web, a single authority cannot keep vigilance on them. It would be a better option if companies adopt self-regulation and provide genuine information to consumers. And it becomes very crucial in rural areas where the lack of product awareness is rampant due to poor literacy. | <urn:uuid:af837d7d-7794-49bd-bc2b-f9c3f60747e3> | {
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A STUDY conducted by the University of Edinburgh has revealed perceived opinions on emojis.
The research, which was funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, shows that yellow emojis are seen as being used by white people as opposed to being neutral symbols of identity.
The study is the first to examine how people determine aspects of other’ identity based on the use of emojis on social media and via text messages.
In the study conducted by the University of Edinburgh, almost 500 participants took part, half self-identified as Black and the other half as white.
The participants were shown text messages, some showing yellow emojis and others included lighter and darker skin-toned emojis.
The researchers found that dark and light toned emojis were clear determinant of the sender’s ethnicity.
A darker-toned emoji led to both black and while groups to select a black author for 80 per cent of the time, likewise for lighter-toned emojis where 80 per cent chose a white author.
The researchers also found that the presence of an emoji can change the way readers perceive a message.
The results also highlight that neutral options of emojis carry social meanings which can be advantageous to some groups over others.
Dr Alexander Robertson, of the University of Edinburgh’s School of Informatics, who co-led the study, said: “That people appear to use emojis both to express their own ethnicity and to understand the identity of others undoubtedly affects how they react to content containing emojis.
“This could influence things like how likely they are to believe or share certain content with others. Further research could offer important insights into sociolinguistics and areas like the spread of disinformation.”
Previous research has shown that people use skin-tone emojis as a way of representing their identity, which became widely available in 2015, but there was no research into how people interpret emojis that others use.
The study will be presented at the 24th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. | <urn:uuid:e01acdf2-32ec-467a-99de-fcfeed28e4b0> | {
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Written and Illustrated by Isabelle Arsenault
While you might not have heard of the NATO Phonetic alphabet or the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet you have probably heard someone use it. The military members use it, as do emergency workers, airline pilots and sometimes even confused sales people on the other end of the phone.
C stands for Charlie and Z is Zulu. But it isn’t that easy to figure out in this book. On each left side page grade three readers will find one word with the first letter a different color than the rest of the word. The different colored letters help keep the alphabet in order and offer clues to the reader.
Some of the clues will still leave readers without much help due to their age. However, this does provide an introduction to a code used by emergency responders to clarify communication over radios and walkie-talkies of the past.
Librarians and teachers will want to use this book to fill a niche left open in the past. Normally, this alphabet is taught on a need to know basis for adults. But it is good for students to become familiar with something they will hear from time to time. | <urn:uuid:e3fdcd1a-3b8a-4a43-b3b9-d43c6381252b> | {
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Maloney, Peter. 2011. ONE FOOT, TWO FEET: AN EXCEPTIONAL COUNTING BOOK. Ill. by Felicia Kekauskas. NY: Putnam. ISBN 9780399254468 [Suggested Grade Levels K and up]
The exception mentioned in the title is really one of words, not numbers. As you turn the pages of this simple counting book you encounter illustrations and words that are those which break the normal rules of plurals. A page with the text “One foot” displays a single foot visible through a cut out shape in the page. When turned you see the text “Two feet” and the other half of the illustration showing the pajama clad footed pair, one festooned with a bandage designed with the numeric form of 2.
The book continues with an assortment of consecutively numbered and exceptionally pluraled items, including among others, octopi and oxen. The peek-a-boo format allows for predictive interaction as the reader learns some of the exceptions of the English language.
Light-hearted, child friendly illustrations adorn the pages with fun little details throughout, like the numeric representation on each pages tucked into the illustration, the progress of a small plane across the top, and the running tally that appears running along the bottom of the page. Small details like these will offer readers new discoveries as they read and revisit the book.
The English language can be difficult, for native speakers as well as English language learners, especially when it comes to exceptions to the rule. Start a word chart listing the exceptional examples provided here, and add to it as new words are encountered.
A few other letters and words at play:
Seeger, Laura Vaccaro. THE HIDDEN ALPHABET
Seeger, Laura Vaccaro. LEMONS ARE NOT RED.
By Marianne Follis | <urn:uuid:2185fb17-90b7-4d04-af51-45b722008a18> | {
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Article 12-35 of the Constitution of India deals with fundamental rights. These human rights are granted to Indian citizens because the Constitution stipulates that these rights are inviolable. The right to life, dignity and education are among the six basic rights. Fundamental rights are the basic human rights stipulated in the Constitution of India, and all citizens enjoy these rights. Its application is not subject to discrimination based on race, religion, gender, etc. The important thing is that the courts can enforce basic rights, but certain conditions must be met.
These rights are called fundamental rights for two reasons:
1. They are enshrined in the constitution that guarantees them
2. They are actionable (enforceable by the courts). If a violation occurs, a person can file a lawsuit in court.
List of Basic Rights
The Constitution of India has the following six basic rights and related constitutional provisions:
1. Equality (Article 14-18)
2. Freedom (Article 19-22)
3. Right to object to exploitation (Article 23-24) Article
4 The right to freedom of religion (article 25-28)
5. The right to culture and education (article 29-30)
6. The right to constitutional reparation (article 32)
Why is the right to property not a fundamental right?
There is also a fundamental right in the Constitution, namely property rights.
However, this right was removed from the list of fundamental rights by the 44th constitutional amendment.
This is because this right has proven to be an obstacle to achieving the goals of socialism and the just redistribution of wealth (property) among people.
Introduction to the six fundamental rights (Articles 12 to 35)
In this section, we list the fundamental rights of India and briefly introduce each one.
1. The right to equality (Articles 14 to 18)
The right to equality guarantees equal rights for all people, regardless of religion, gender, caste, race or place of birth. It guarantees equal employment opportunities for government departments and ensures that the country is not discriminated against based on caste, religion and other factors in employment. This right also includes the abolition of titles and untouchables.
2. The right to freedom (articles 19-22)
Freedom is one of the most important ideals cherished by any democratic society. The Constitution of India guarantees the freedom of citizens. The right to freedom includes many rights such as:
• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of expression
• Freedom of assembly without arms
• Freedom of association
• Freedom to participate in any occupation
• Freedom to live anywhere in the world country
Some of these rights are protected by State Security, public ethics and decency, as well as certain conditions of friendly relations with foreign countries. This means that the state has the right to impose reasonable restrictions on them.
3. Right to Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
This right implies the prohibition of human trafficking, begging and other forms of forced labour. It also implies that children are prohibited from entering factories, etc. The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under the age of 14 under dangerous conditions.
4. The right to freedom of religion (articles 25-28)
This shows the secular nature of the Indian government. All religions are equally respected. There is freedom of conscience, profession, practice and spread of religion. The country has no official religion. Everyone has the right to freely practice their beliefs, establish and maintain religious and charitable institutions.
5. Cultural and educational rights (articles 29-30)
These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities and help them protect their heritage and culture. The right to education is about ensuring that everyone can receive education without discrimination.
6. Constitutional right to reparation (32-35)
The Constitution guarantees reparation when the basic rights of citizens are violated. The government cannot infringe or restrict anyone’s rights. When these rights are violated, the injured party can file a lawsuit in court. Citizens can even go directly to the Supreme Court, which can issue court orders to enforce basic rights.
Characteristics of fundamental rights
• Fundamental rights are implemented differently from ordinary legal rights. If legal rights are violated, the victim cannot bypass the lower court and ask the SC for help directly. You must go to the lower court first.
• Some basic rights apply to all citizens, while others apply to everyone (citizens and foreigners).
• Fundamental rights are not absolute rights. They have reasonable restrictions, which mean that they must abide by the conditions of national security, public morals and etiquette, and friendly relations with foreign countries.
• They are trial able, which means they can be enforced by the courts. If fundamental rights are violated, individuals can contact SC directly.
• Parliament can pass constitutional amendments to amend fundamental rights, but only if the amendments do not change the basic structure of the constitution.
• Fundamental rights can be suspended during a state of emergency. However, the rights guaranteed in articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended.
• Certain rights only apply to citizens.
The importance of fundamental rights
Fundamental rights are very important because they are like the backbone of the country. They are essential to safeguard people’s interests.
According to article 13, all laws that violate fundamental rights are invalid. Here, there is a clear provision for judicial review. The Supreme Court and the Superior Court can declare any law unconstitutional for violation of fundamental rights. Article 13 relates not only to laws, but also laws, orders, regulations, notices, etc.
Article 13 mentioned that, according to this article, all laws that were applied before the Indian Constitution came into force did not comply with the provisions of the Constitution.
I have always been against Glorifying Over Work and therefore, in the year 2021, I have decided to launch this campaign “Balancing Life”and talk about this wrong practice, that we have been following since last few years. I will be talking to and interviewing around 1 lakh people in the coming 2021 and publish their interview regarding their opinion on glamourising Over Work.
If you are interested in participating in the same, do let me know.
The copyright of this Article belongs exclusively to Ms. Aishwarya Sandeep. Reproduction of the same, without permission will amount to Copyright Infringement. Appropriate Legal Action under the Indian Laws will be taken.
If you would also like to contribute to my website, then do share your articles or poems at [email protected]
We also have a Facebook Group Restarter Moms for Mothers or Women who would like to rejoin their careers post a career break or women who are enterpreneurs.
We are also running a series Inspirational Women from January 2021 to March 31,2021, featuring around 1000 stories about Indian Women, who changed the world. #choosetochallenge | <urn:uuid:121b6f6a-43b3-42fd-a1fc-755cf3f13359> | {
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Definition of Mainstream economics:
Mainstream economics is a term used to describe schools of economic thought considered to be orthodox. Many of the underlying categories within and concepts central to mainstream economics are readily taught at universities.
Non-heterodox or unorthodox economics originating in the late 1900s using mainstream mathematical models to analyze economic development and an assumption that individuals are rational and that their behavior is governed by a desire for their personal benefit.
Many of the underpinning models and beliefs are based on concepts that involve economic scarcity, the role of governmental regulation, or other action in effecting an actor's decision, the concept of utility, and the idea that people are rational actors who will make decisions that are based purely on available information and not emotion.
How to use Mainstream economics in a sentence?
- Mainstream economics refers to the orthodox or neoclassical tradition of economics, in which markets are moved by an invisible hand and all actors are rational.
- Because they do not take the actual, irrational nature of markets and individuals into consideration, mainstream economics theories are increasingly being replaced by emerging fields of study.
- The origins of mainstream economics lie in the thinkings of Adam Smith.
Meaning of Mainstream economics & Mainstream economics Definition | <urn:uuid:6737491f-e0dd-47c8-8884-5a4bf4c7385b> | {
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Lesson: Inertia and Newton’s First Law of MotionPhysics
In this lesson, we will learn how to calculate the unknown forces acting on an object so that it remains still or moves at a constant velocity.
Sample Question Videos
Three forces act on a particle, which moves with constant velocity . Two of the forces are and . Find the third force, .
While sliding a couch across a floor, the housemates Liam and Emma exert forces and , respectively, on the couch. is of magnitude 130 N directed due north and is of magnitude 180 N directed east of north. A force is produced by the combination of the forces exerted by Liam and Emma. In evaluating the net force, assume that east corresponds to positive displacement along the and that north corresponds to positive displacement along the .
Find in component form.
Find the magnitude of .
At what angle north of east is directed?
If Liam and Emma’s housemates, Matthew and Mia, disagree with the move and want to prevent its relocation, with what combined force should they push so that the couch does not move?
Two forces and act on an object. What force must be added to and to produce a net force of zero? | <urn:uuid:a17be8f9-e576-42ba-89db-e34f85b446e5> | {
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Reducing the destruction of the natural habitat through deforestation and burning in the Chiawa GMA.
Selective harvesting of trees is reducing habitat quality by removing tree cover, resulting in the reduction of vital shade plants and forage for wildlife within the GMA. Fuelwood for household use is collected as dead wood, but cutting and burning of trees may be undertaken to achieve this. The targeted burning of areas to produce charcoal for sale is an increasing problem within the region and may be seen as a possible livelihood opportunity by community members.
1) Reduce deforestation by controlling charcoal production:
By providing alternative sustainable fuel sources, the cutting and burning of standing trees and shrubs for household fuel will be reduced. Furthermore, by introducing more sustainable and profitable livelihood options, deforestation as a result of charcoal burning activities for profit will be minimised. | <urn:uuid:47da3f61-2793-46c0-9c3d-73acb94a91cc> | {
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After-school programs can help students develop an interest in science, technology, engineering or math.
If children haven’t developed an interest in those fields by the time they leave middle school, then it’s unlikely to happen. After-school programs can help expose students to more than they see in the regular school day, providing an opportunity for them to develop these interests.
“Part of that is giving kids a safe space where they can try an experiment,” without the pressures of school, said Ron Ottinger, director of STEM Next at the University of San Diego.
STEM Next is one of more than 20 private and corporate foundations that created the STEM Funders Network, in 2012. The initiative seeks to use its collective power to increase awareness on how to get more students involved in science, technology, engineering and math. A STEM Learning Ecosystems Initiative includes 37 communities across that United States that are dedicated to supporting research-based efforts to spread STEM lessons to children – inside and outside of the classroom.
In a national survey last year, more than 78 percent of children said they’d had a positive experience with the STEM subject areas because of an after-school program, according to new research from the PEAR Institute at Harvard University, McLean Hospital and IMMAP: Institute for Measurement, Methodology, Analysis and Policy at Texas Tech University. The survey included 1,600 children and after-school program leaders in 11 states.
Related: An the race to expand STEM education enters its next lap, here are three ways to recruit and train more teachers
And there’s some proof that after-school programs are effective, as well. Research from Robert Tai, an associate professor in the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia, provides evidence that students who spend time on STEM subjects outside the classroom are more likely to pursue careers in these fields. The study was published in 2011 in the International Journal of Science Education.
In rural areas, where it can be logistically and financially difficult to do after-school programs, the internet has created ways that allow technology to fill the gap. One example: After-school programs can dial in to link with NASA online.
President Trump’s administration has declared an interest in encouraging more women to pursue STEM careers. After-school programs could serve as an effective way to help achieve that goal. But after-school initiatives have been slated for cuts under the Trump administration’s proposed budget.
“It’s puzzling that on the one hand the new administration says it’s important to get women and young girls launched in STEM, and yet you see the NASA education program [and others] on the chopping block,” Ottinger said.
This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news website focused on inequality and innovation in education. Read more about blended learning. | <urn:uuid:55eaec86-80ad-43d2-b62a-3b7f286bd72e> | {
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The National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX, is a national examination for the licensure of nursing in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand since 1982. It is an important examination to complete before obtaining a license as a nurse. This is usually required for those working in health care facilities.
The main goal of the NCLEX is to ensure that all nurses pass the examination and obtain their Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA) status. There are three categories, the NCLEX basic, the advanced NCLEX or the paramedical NCLEX. This exam is also known as the “book test”. There is no right answer, just the right question.
If you decide to take the NCLEX basic examination, you will have two different parts, a written section and a hands-on portion. The written portion will consist of multiple-choice questions about common patient care issues. The format of the questions is usually based on the concept of a problem; therefore, you will be asked to identify a specific problem and give an opinion or recommendation on how to solve it. You will have two opportunities to express your opinion.
The topics to be covered in this part of the NCLEX include: infection control measures, common signs and symptoms of common illness and diseases, basic principles of circulation, and ways to prevent complications from such illnesses and diseases. It is important to ensure that you understand these concepts by reviewing the questions. On the other hand, you must demonstrate your comprehension of the concepts by performing the practice questions. After passing the first level, you will have to take the second level NCLEX, or the paramedical NCLEX. This second level exam focuses more on the knowledge necessary to administer medications in an emergency situation and to care for people with psychiatric conditions.
The third part of the NCLEX is an assessment. You will be assessed based on your performance in the written portion, your performance in response to visual stimuli, and your response to questions regarding a clinical problem. If you pass the first three parts, you will be given a score out of 300. If you fail to score above zero, you will need to review the material again and take the necessary corrective measures.
You can take the NCLEX every twelve months. However, if you wish to get additional practice in preparing for the NCLEX, you can register for the NCLEX practice test online. However, it is recommended that you practice the NCLEX on real patients so that you can maximize your skills and knowledge about the NCLEX. Finally, do not forget that practice makes perfect, so keep practicing until you are confident that you know all the questions included in the NCLEX. | <urn:uuid:7fcda48e-400b-4dcf-a4c5-2278e5f93356> | {
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As a design team, we work hard at extending our amplification product’s bandwidth beyond that which humans can hear. We do that because it sounds better: more open, extended, transparent.
Yet, how could that be true? If we cannot hear above 20kHz (and most of us not above 12kHz), then why should it matter that our preamplifier extends to beyond 60kHz?
Spoiler alert. The answer is phase shift, something we humans are quite sensitive to. In an analog circuit with a maximum bandwidth of 20kHz, phase shift occurs well into the audible band. Take, for example, this simple graph below. It’s a simulation of phase shift from a 1kHz signal from both a high pass (bass roll off) and a low pass (high frequency roll off) function. Note how much phase lag and lead occur away from the center frequency.
To get phase shift out of the audible band we need to extend the roll off point well beyond that which we can hear.
The point of all this is simple. Sometimes we’re looking so hard in one place we ignore what’s actually happening in quite another. | <urn:uuid:16d6bf66-a681-4f1c-b8d6-c741ba53da3c> | {
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Why is financial literacy so crucial?
Many individuals have a rudimentary understanding of money, credit, and the long-term financial implications of poor financial decisions. In fact, a lack of financial understanding has been recognized as one of the major reasons why many Americans struggle with saving and investing. Consumer habits and financial products have evolved, making it harder for Americans to run their businesses.
Throughout the past, lots of folks used cash for regular transactions. Credit and debit cards are being used more often these days. In 2019, credit was utilized for 23 percent of payments, up from 21% in 2017. Our buying standards have changed as well. Many people now prefer to purchase online, which makes it easy to utilize and overextend credit, an all-too-convenient approach to swiftly amass debt.
However, credit card companies, banks, as well as other financial institutions are flooding clients with credit choices, such as credit card applications and the ability to use one account to purchase it off. It’s simple to slip into financial problems if you don’t have the right information. For lengthy money management, people cannot depend solely on a single payoff like the recent $1,400 stimulus checks issued as a result of the American Rescue Plan. Individuals must instead improve their financial understanding in order to manage their day-to-day financial life while also planning for the future.
What is the definition of financial literacy?
Financial literacy refers to the combination of financial, credit, and debt management information required to make financially responsible decisions, choices that affect our daily lives. Financial literacy includes things like knowing how to use a bank account, what it means to use a credit card, and how to avoid debt. To summarize, financial literacy has a significant influence on families as they attempt to manage their budgets, purchase a home, pay for their children’s education, and secure a retirement income.
People in rich and advanced economies, as well as those in emerging and developing economies, are affected by a lack of financial literacy. Consumers in advanced economies also show a lack of understanding of financial concepts that may help them better comprehend and negotiate the financial environment, manage financial risks, and avoid financial traps. People in countries all across the world, from Korea to Australia to Germany, do not comprehend basic financial concepts.
Although financial literacy varies by education and income, educational websites, for example, such as EliteCurrenSea suggest that highly educated customers with high incomes might be just as clueless about financial matters as less educated, lower-income consumers. Financial decision-making and education are also seen as complex and anxiety-inducing by consumers. According to the Organization for Cooperation And Development, It’s more unpleasant than going to the doctor to locate the right investment for a retirement savings plan.
Financial literacy is becoming more important as a result of recent trends
Financial decision-making looks to be becoming increasingly difficult for consumers, compounding the issues associated with financial illiteracy. Five trends are convergent, demonstrating the significance of making well-informed financial decisions.
It’s possible that some groups are lagging behind – The FINRA survey discovered that when it relates to economic literacy, the playing field is far from equal, with a persistent disparity between haves and have-nots that may be increasing, despite the last decade’s economic growth and improving employment. The study also found differences across ethnic groupings, with White and Asian individuals demonstrating higher levels of proficiency than Black and Hispanic adults.
Adults from both white and Asian backgrounds correctly answered 3.2 out of six questions. Hispanic individuals were able to properly answer 2.6 out of six questions, whereas Black adults were able to correctly answer 2.3 out of six questions. This difference is also visible among younger people. White and Asian 15-year-olds showed significantly greater financial literacy scores than the national average of pupils in this cohort in the United States. Hispanic and black pupils scored much lower than the national average.
Consumers are taking on increasing financial responsibilities- The rising responsibility Americans must take for their own financial stability is exemplified by retirement planning. The majority of previous generations relied on employer pension schemes to support their retirement. The financial burden of these professionally managed pension funds was placed on the corporations or governments that supported them. Consumers were not engaged in choice, seldom contributed to their own funds, and had no knowledge of the pension’s financing condition or investments. Pensions are becoming more of an exception than the rule, especially for new workers. Employees are typically given the option of participating in 401(k) or 403(b) plans, in which they must select how much to contribute and how to invest the funds.
Government support might be irregular – The global COVID-19 epidemic has caused havoc on the financial lives of countless Americans. Two rounds of stimulus checks were delivered to taxpayers in 2020 to raise expenditure and stimulate the economy, and the third round was issued in March and April of 2021. Older persons, people with mortgages, jobless employees, and those reporting reduced wages because of COVID were all more likely to utilize the stimulus payment to pay off debt, according to the poll.
Why is financial literacy important?
Financial literacy is critical for assisting customers in managing these issues and saving enough to provide enough income in retirement while avoiding excessive debt levels that might lead to bankruptcy, defaults, and foreclosures. Despite this, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System of the United States concluded that many Americans are unprepared in its 2019 Report on the Financial Well-Being of American Homes. Only one-fourth of those not yet retired said they have no retirement funds, and less than four in ten said their retirement savings are on pace. Nearly 60% of individuals with self-directed retirement funds acknowledged having poor confidence in their ability to make retirement decisions.
According to research, low financial literacy has left millennials, the biggest segment of the American workforce, unprepared for a catastrophic financial catastrophe like the coronavirus epidemic. Only 19 percent of individuals who claimed to have a strong understanding of personal finance correctly answered questions regarding basic financial concepts. Though they may appear to be isolated issues, they have a far larger impact on the entire community than initially assumed. To observe the economic effect on the whole economy that came from a lack of knowledge of mortgage products, one just has to look at the financial crisis of 2008.
Summing it up
Finally, to sum up, any increase in consumer financial literacy will have a significant influence on their ability to save for the future. Consumers are being expected to carry more of the weight of investment decisions in their retirement accounts, all while having to interpret more complicated financial products and options, according to recent trends. Financial literacy is a difficult skill to learn, but once mastered, it may greatly reduce life’s responsibilities. | <urn:uuid:102268cc-5e4b-4357-ac92-8d9e1cca2fb9> | {
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Doctors have yet to detect what precisely causes Guillain Barre Syndrome but there are a few conditions that can trip it. “ We do n’t cognize for certain but in two- tierces of instances, patients experience the oncoming of GBS marks and symptoms one to three hebdomads after a acute viral infection that was respiratory or gastrointestinal in beginning, taking most research workers to believe that GBS may ensue from an autoimmune response ” . ( Simmons, S 2010, ) . It may besides happen with patients with Lupus Erythematous and Hodgkin ‘s disease. There is besides a idea that the syndrome can come from the grippe A ( H1N1 ) inoculation. “ In 1976, inoculation against a fresh swine-origin grippe A ( H1N1 ) virus was associated with a statistically important addition hazard for GBS in the 42 yearss after inoculation. ( June 4,2010, Preliminary consequences: surveillance for Guillain Barre Syndrome after reception of Influenza A ( H1N1 ) 2009 monovalent vaccinum, Morbidity and Mortality hebdomadal study ) “ Risk factors for GBS include HIV infection an in rare cases recent surgery, injury, bone marrow graft or meningococcal conjugate ( menactra ) inoculation ” ( Lugg, J ( 2010 ) . “ One to three people out of 100,000 in the U.S each twelvemonth suffer from this syndrome ” ( Lugg, J ( 2010 ) . The syndrome may happen at any age. It is most common between the ages of 30 to fifty. “ It is known that the syndrome is neither contagious or familial ” ( Lugg, J ( 2010 ) .
“ Signs and symptoms of this syndrome may take yearss or hebdomads to develop and yearss, months or even old ages to to the full vanish ” ( Simmons, s ( 2010 ) .Muscle failing or loss of musculus map affects both sides of the organic structure. Muscle failing starts in the legs and so spreads to the weaponries. Patients may detect prickling, pes or manus hurting and awkwardness. Other marks and symptoms include uncoordinated motion, loss of physiological reactions and hapless blood force per unit area control. “ GBS is the most frequent cause of acute flaccid palsy since the riddance of infantile paralysis ” . ( Yuki, N, 2012 ) . “ Respiratory failure is thought to be caused by engagement of the musculuss of respiration, including the stop and the intercostal ” ( Simmons S, ( 2010 ) . ” The patterned advance of GBS normally occurs in three phases, the acute stage, the tableland stage and recovery ” ( Sulton, L ( 2002 ) .The first phase, the ague phase, “ begins with the oncoming of first symptoms and continues through the disease ‘s rapid patterned advance until no farther symptoms or impairment occurs ” ( Sulton, L ( 2002 ) .This stage normally last up to four hebdomads. “ During the Plateau stage, symptoms remain but do n’t decline enduring from a few yearss to a few hebdomads ” . ( Sulton, L ( 2002 ) . “ The Recovery stage is when the patient ‘s status begins to better, frequently to full recovery which can take from a few hebdomads to two old ages. ( Sulton, L ( 2002 ) .
“ A patient admitted with suspected diagnosing of GBS must be assessed instantly, peculiarly for air passage, external respiration, and circulation. ( Haldeman, D & A ; Zulkosky, K. ( 2005 ) . There are several upsets that have common symptoms of GBS so it ‘s difficult to measure and name patients with GBS. “ A medical test may demo musculus failing and jobs with nonvoluntary organic structure maps, such as blood force per unit area and bosom rate ” . ( Guillain Barre Syndrome: Medline plus medical encyclopaedia, retrieved from World Wide Web. NIM.NIH.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000684.htm ) . “ The scrutiny will besides demo that physiological reactions, such as the mortise joint or articulatio genus dork, are decreased or losing. ( Guillain Barre Syndrome: Medline plus medical encyclopaedia retrieved from World Wide Web. NIM.NIH.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000684.htm ) .There are a figure of different trial that can be order from the physician to assist diagnosing GBS. “ A cerebrospinal fluid sample may be taken to retreat fluid so that physicians can see how much protein is present in the patients system ” . ( Lugg, J ( 2010 ) . “ Because the signals going along the nervus are slower, a nervus conductivity speed ( NCV ) trial can give physicians hints to help the diagnosing ” . ( Guillain Barre syndrome fact sheet: national establishment of Neurological upsets and shots, retrieved from www.NINDS.NIH.gov/disorders/gbs/details_gbs.htm ) . Other trial include a ECG, Electromyography that test the electrical activity in musculuss, nervus conductivity speed trial and a pneumonic map trial for the lungs.
There are a few interventions for Guillain Barre Syndrome. “ The chief medical attacks today are I.V immunoglobulin therapy ( IVIg ) and Plasma Exchange. ( Simmons, S ( 2010 ) . “ Intravenous Ig ( IVIg ) is understood to barricade the receptors on microphages forestalling an onslaught on the Schwann cells and medulla ” ( Lugg, J. ( 2010 ) . “ IVIg can shorten the recovery clip by 50 % , it is easy to utilize, readily available, but it is expensive ” . ( Simmons, S. ( 2010 ) . This therapy is recommended for patients who need help to walk within two to four hebdomads after neuropathic symptoms start. Chemical reactions to this therapy include anaphylaxis, sterile meningitis and acute nephritic failure. “ Plasma exchange is recommended for patients who are n’t walking within four hebdomads after symptoms onset, and for patients who are walking within two hebdomads of symptom oncoming ” . ( Simmons, S. ( 2010 ) . “ The technique involves filtrating debatable immune factors out of the plasma, which is replaced with a colloid replacement ” . ( Simmons, S ( 2010 ) . .Common inauspicious reactions include hypotension, bradycardia, febrility, icinesss and roseola. Plasma exchange requires more clip and staff more than IVIg therapy. It is besides more uncomfortable for the patient.
“ Researcher ‘s suggests that approximately 12 % of people with GBS require aid in set abouting day-to-day life activities two cryings after diagnosing and up to 17 % of people who were working when GBS was diagnosed were unable to return to work after two old ages due to ongoing physical restrictions ” . ( Lugg, J. ( 2010 ) . “ Recovery can be slow and take old ages ” . ( Lugg, J. ( 2010 ) .. “ Persistent disablement is seen in 20 % -30 % of grownup patients but is less common in kids ” . ( Lugg, J. ( 2010 ) . Most people survive and retrieve wholly. Some people suffer lasting palsy.
Scientist is researching Guillain Barre Syndrome. They are looking to happen new interventions and better bing 1s. “ scientists are besides looking at the workings of the immune system to happen which cells are responsible for get downing and transporting out the onslaughts on the nervous system ” ( Haldeman, D & A ; Zulkosky K ( 2005 ) . Scientist are working really hard to happen a remedy for Guillain Barre Syndrome. | <urn:uuid:f0a14c3a-1eaf-46b0-bf36-6c6995decf67> | {
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Bioethanol, also indicated as bio-alcohol, refers to ethanol produced exclusively from biomass or, in rare cases, from biodegradable waste. Biomass usually consists of wheat, corn or rapeseed grown specifically for the production of bioethanol. “This form of production is not sustainable, which is no longer a secret,” says Markus Geßner, Marketing and Sales Manager at Emil Otto GmbH. The same applies to the production of biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels. These are produced from the same raw materials. Therefore, the CO₂ opportunity costs of biofuels, for example, can also be allocated to bioethanol. The CO₂ opportunity costs refer to the potential carbon storage from the renaturation of agricultural land. These correspond to the lost potential carbon storage from the further use of biofuels or bioethanol.
For example, in a study published in 2022 on the CO₂ opportunity costs of biofuels in Germany, the ifeu – Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH found out that the cultivation of raw materials for the production of biological fuels resulted in greenhouse gas emission savings of 9.2 million t CO₂-eq. However, if the land used for this purpose were used for the growth of natural vegetation, an average annual carbon sequestration of over 16 million t CO₂ would be possible. Thus, the CO₂ opportunity costs of biofuel production are significantly higher than the emission reduction. In addition, the large areas under cultivation reduce biodiversity while increasing water consumption. “The water demand is enormous, as 3500 liters of water are required for one liter of biofuel or bioethanol, depending on the weather and the region,” Geßner explains.
As a recreational beekeeper, Mr. Geßner is also very aware of the issue of biodiversity from his own experience: “We all talk about bee mortality. In the meantime, it is also known what effects this has on our lives. Nevertheless, huge monocultures are still being cultivated to ultimately produce bioethanol. The output of the cultivated areas is not only secured with pesticides and the like, but they also affect biodiversity and species diversity. However, we consider the use of bioethanol to be wrong not only for ecological but also for ethical reasons. After all, the heavy use of agricultural land for these products has been proven to drive up food prices.” Enough reasons for Emil Otto to abandon bioethanol as a raw material for alcohol-based fluxes. “It is questionable when chemical products are called ‘organic’ because of the addition of bioethanol. We manufacturers must therefore look carefully at what we process. I am not accusing anyone of green-washing. However, I think it is wrong to label a demonstrably non-sustainable product “organic” for marketing reasons,” emphasizes Mr Geßner.
“Our alcohol-based electronic fluxes are almost exclusively produced with isopropyl alcohol due to their properties,” says Mr Geßner. However, he also points out that for a few products, small amounts of bioethanol also have to be processed by Emil Otto: “According to our research, we have been getting ethanol with the main part from agricultural resources for more than 10 years, since ethanol based on other types of production is rarely available in pure and unmixed variety.” | <urn:uuid:271c9c67-74f5-4de3-86ea-f43865a009ef> | {
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he pharaohs of ancient Egypt owed their existence to prehistoric climate change in the eastern Sahara, according to an exhaustive study of archaeological data that bolsters this theory.
Starting at about 8500 B.C., researchers say, broad swaths of what are now Egypt, Chad, Libya, and Sudan experienced a "sudden onset of humid conditions."
. . .
But around 5300 B.C. this climate-driven environmental abundance started to decline, and most humans began leaving the increasingly arid region.
"Around 5,500 to 6,000 years ago the Egyptian Sahara became so dry that nobody could survive there," said Stefan Kröpelin, a geoarchaeologist at the University of Cologne in Germany and study co-author.
This has been kicking around for some time, largely due to many similarities between early Valley artifacts and those in the Sahara (see here for a couple references). I think it was either Fekri Hassan or Karl Butzer (probably the latter) who really pushed this idea of Western desert proto-agriculturalists moving into the Valley during a time of increased aridity, adopting some newly introduced domesticates from SW Asia and eventually producing the Neolithic/Predynastic. See also work by Angela Close and Fred Wendorf as well. | <urn:uuid:16c057b1-2e23-43e0-a48f-c3c8c98ffe35> | {
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WJEC GCSE Music
This is a linear qualification: all the assessments must be taken at specific stages during Year 11.
The course comprises of three units which are detailed below. Different musical periods and genres are studied from the Baroque (18th century) to Popular Music (21st century).
Unit 1: Performing: 4-6 minutes
Section A: Performing (30%) Internal assessment (no external exam)
Section B: Programme Note (5%)
A programme note for one of the pieces chosen for performance, linked to an area of study.
The quality of written communication is assessed in this piece of work and learners are expected to use appropriate musical terminology.
The programme note must be between 500 and 1000 words.
Unit 2: Composing Total duration of compositions: 3-6 minutes
35% of qualification 84 marks
Section A: Composing (30%)
Section B: Evaluating (5%)
An evaluation of the piece composed in response to a brief set by WJEC.
The quality of written communication is assessed in this piece of work and learners are expected to use appropriate musical terminology. The evaluation must be between 500 and 1000 words.
Unit 3: Appraising - a written examination: 1 hour (30%)
30% of qualification 72 marks
This unit is assessed via a listening examination.
Eight questions in total, two on each of the four areas of study.
Area of study 1: Musical Forms and Devices
Area of study 2: Music for Ensemble
Area of study 3: Film Music
Area of study 4: Popular Music
Two of the eight questions are based on prepared extracts set by WJEC. The present set works are:
Aims and objectives
This WJEC GCSE in Music will enable learners to:
- develop performing skills individually and in groups to communicate musically with fluency and control of the resources used
- develop composing skills to organise musical ideas and make use of appropriate resources
- recognise links between the integrated activities of performing, composing and appraising and how this informs the development of music
- broaden musical experience and interests, develop imagination and foster creativity
- develop knowledge, understanding and skills needed to communicate effectively as musicians
- develop awareness of a variety of instruments, styles and approaches to performing and composing
- develop awareness of music technologies and their use in the creation and presentation of music
- recognise contrasting genres, styles and traditions of music, and develop some awareness of musical chronology
- reflect upon and evaluate their own and others’ music engage with and appreciate the diverse heritage of music, in order to promote
- personal, social, intellectual and cultural development.
Prior learning and progression
There are no previous learning requirements for this specification. Any requirements set for entry to a course based on this specification are at the school/college’s discretion.
This specification builds on subject content which is typically taught at key stage 3 and provides a suitable foundation for the study of Music at either AS or A level.
In addition, the specification provides a coherent, satisfying and worthwhile course of study for learners who do not progress to further study in this subject.
The course and qualification gives student’s opportunities to acquire the knowledge, skills and understanding needed to follow a music-related career e.g. entertainment, publishing, management/ administrator, music librarian, music therapy, teaching or any job which involves communication and expressive skills, such as self-confidence, concentration, creativity, evaluation and team work.
Want to know more?
Speak to Miss Ann Lloyd Thomas (Head of Music Department) or any other members of the Department if you want more information.
To find out more about this course visit the following web page: www.wjec.co.uk/qualifications/music/music-gcse/
Miss Ann Lloyd Thomas | <urn:uuid:65dcbf71-08fa-4c60-8fa5-383958484f53> | {
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Asplenium nidus (Bird’s-Nest Fern) x Codiaeum variegatum (Croton)
Asplenium nidus is an epiphytic species of fern commonly known as bird’s-nest fern or nest fern, within the family Aspleniaceae. It is native to tropical Southeast Asia, eastern Australia, Hawaii, Polynesia, Christmas Island, India and east Africa. The large rosette or nest of large, simple green fronds is similar to banana leaves and is typically seen wedged in the branches of large trees. These ferns are not parasites and do not suck any water or nutrients off the host tree. It can thrive terrestrially, but usually grows on organic matter. It collects water and humus in the leaf rosette. Genus Asplenium means ‘without spleen’, a reference to the fern’s application as a cure for spleen ailments. In Malaysian traditional medicine, an infusion of the leaves is used to ease labour pains and a lotion obtained from the leaves is used to treat fever.
Codiaeum variegatum, commonly known as fire croton, garden croton or variegated croton, is a species of plant in the genus Codiaeum, within the family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to southern India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, as well as the western Pacific. It is an ornamental, tropical, evergreen, hermaphrodite shrub growing to 3 metres tall with large, thick, leathery and shiny variegated leaves in autumnal colours. Appreciated for their striking foliage, crotons make attractive hedges and are often grown in pots on outdoor patios. In the East Indies, young leaves in some cultivars are used as a vegetable. The leaves are also used in traditional medicine to reduce swelling.
100% Cotton based, 320g, Acid-free, No optical brighteners.
A3, 297mm x 420mm – Approximately 207mm x 342mm
About the Collection
The Garden of Miss Joaquim Collection: Illustrated Botanical Prints
Agnes Joaquim was a Singapore-born Armenian who created what would become Singapore’s National Flower, the Vanda Miss Joaquim (scientific name: Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim), in 1893. The artificial hybrid was recognised by the first director of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, botanist Henry Ridley.
Agnes, the first woman in the world to create a hybrid orchid, was a well-known and successful horticulturist, garnering 70 horticultural awards from 1881 to 1899. The Garden of Miss Joaquim Collection of botanical prints commemorates her horticultural legacy and complements her story told in the book Agnes and Her Amazing Orchid.
In presenting Agnes’s award-winning plants in the illustrated collection, we looked at the newspaper records of the times, but they were of no use because they used common name descriptions of the plants, such as ‘rose’ and ‘durian’. So we turned to the Singapore Botanic Gardens and collaborated with a botanist to identify the likely species. To complete Agnes’s story, the collection includes two additional images: of Vanda Miss Joaquim’s parents, Papilionanthe teres (pod parent) and Papilionanthe hookeriana (pollen parent) — formerly in the genus Vanda — both of which may have been present in her award-winning floral bouquets or cut flowers. Waiwai Hove, a talented and respected botanical illustrator, was chosen to produce the prints.
*Disclaimer: Representative only based on subject. Not species definitive.
About the Illustrator
Born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Waiwai Hove developed a love for nature from a young age. Growing up surrounded by rich tropical flora and nurtured by her mother, a keen gardener, Waiwai has always held a special place for plants in her childhood memories. She holds a diploma in botanical illustration from the Society of Botanical Artists (UK), graduating in 2013 with a distinction and the highest marks in the history of the course.
She has since worked for the Singapore Botanic Gardens, where highlights include illustrations for ‘30 Heritage Trees’ and more recently ‘15 Gingers’. Four of Waiwai’s ginger paintings were subsequently used for a series of stamps issued by Singapore Post in 2018. Since 2019, Waiwai has begun working on the cover illustrations of 14 volumes of The Flora of Singapore, to be published over the next few years. Her works are in numerous private collections and can also be found in publications by the National Parks Board and in the Shirley Sherwood Collection in Kew Gardens, UK. | <urn:uuid:ed733efd-3aa5-4084-9486-2a75631fa87a> | {
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How do you approach introducing a children to the concept of dying/death update cancel answer wiki 8 answers but i have introduced the concept of death. There are three basic concepts a child must grasp to understand death: 1) death is permanent, 2) all life functions end completely at the time of death, 3. Summary one hundred twenty-two, middle-class white boys and girls aged 3 through 12 years were interviewed to determine the nature and the development of their concepts of death and the. Full-text (pdf) | about 2,400 children (ages 3-16) were asked questions about the inevitability, universality and reversibility of death loss of functions in death. Child life resources: speece and brent (1996) found that a child’s concept of death could be broken down into three main components: irreversibility. Children’s developmental stages: concepts of death and responses to grief each child is unique in his or her understanding of death and response to grief. Exploring children’s understanding of death: through drawings and the death concept questionnaire fotini bonoti, angeliki leondari, and adelais mastora.
Concept of death and adjustment addresses the ability to adjust to one's own death when that death is not imminent therefore it deals with the vast range of events. Children's understanding of death - developmental stages by sasha j mudlaff, ma many (adults) question how much children really do understand about death. Thanatophobia, fear of death how to help children with thanatophobia many adults assume that kids have no real concept of death. For infants and toddlers, death has very little meaning school-aged children begin to understand death as permanent, universal, and inevitable a predominant theme in adolescence is a. The loss of a loved through death one can be a difficult time for everyone for children, this can also be a time of confusion and fear. Nurs 355 chapter 20 a school-aged child's concept of death includes responding to logical explanations of death, personifying death as the devil or bogeyman.
Hospice services: make a donation, find a local hospice, frequently asked questions, the hospice concept, what questions should i ask about hospice care. “when do kids understand death some believers might argue the irreversibility of death however, it is hard to explain to children the concept of death.
After a loss in the family, we normally exclude explaining the concept of death to the children we explain the process of explaining a death to a child. Hospice services: make a donation, find a local hospice, frequently asked questions, the hospice concept talking to children about death related articles.
Dealing with death most young children know something about death they may have seen a dead bird or bug or had a pet who died also, they may have seen people on. A child's concept of death every child, at any age, has his or her own unique concept of death past experiences with death for the terminally ill child, as well as, his or her age. [a personal experience after death of my son] - simple steps to introduce concept of death and life hereafter to a muslim child in a most natural & positive way.
Death and bereavement are difficult facts for parents to teach small children, made harder still if they are grieving themselves but many authors have found elegant. Discussing death with children can effect each age group in distinct ways children have different developmental concepts of grief that are listed here. Full-text (pdf) | the purpose of this study was to test whether the developmental acquisition of a mature concept of death, that is, understanding death as a. It's adults, not children, who have trouble with the concept of death death itself isn't an abstract concept--it's a fact, and a fairly straightforward one. The sharing place is a grief support center in salt lake city where children come to learn about death at the sharing place, children who have lost parents and other. Understand the concept of death death, children’s understanding of death is dependent process of exploring children’s perceptions of death it is hoped.
Children's death concepts: relationship to cognitive functioning, age, experience with death, fear of death, and hopelessness. The concept of death in childhood develops as a cognitive process influenced by environmental factors a total of 337 ten-year-old children belonging to the four major religious groups in. If death is a concept that many young children do not have a working understanding of, then why is it such a prominent theme in children’s media. Children’s concept of death, by age under three years of age: even young children are sensitive to the changes that a loss can bring they notice increased levels of anxiety and sadness in. | <urn:uuid:a2b56bbd-11f6-4b97-8c20-ff246c165706> | {
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Public interest in biblical archaeology is at an all-time high, as television documentaries pull in millions of viewers to watch shows on the Exodus, the Ark of the Covenant, and the so-called Lost Tomb of Jesus. Important discoveries with relevance to the Bible are made virtually every year - during 2007 and 2008 alone researchers announced at least seven major discoveries in Israel, five of them in or near Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology offers a passport into this fascinating realm, where ancient religion and modern science meet, and where tomorrow´s discovery may answer a riddle that has lasted a thousand years. Archaeologist Eric H. Cline here offers a complete overview of this exciting field. He discusses the early pioneers, such as Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie and William Foxwell Albright, the origins of biblical archaeology as a discipline, and the major controversies that first prompted explorers to go in search of objects and sites that would ´´prove´´ the Bible. He then surveys some of the most well-known biblical archaeologists, including Kathleen Kenyon and Yigael Yadin, the sites that are essential sources of knowledge for biblical archaeology, such as Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, Lachish, Masada, and Jerusalem, and some of the most important discoveries that have been made, including the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Mesha Inscription, and the Tel Dan Stele. Subsequent chapters examine additional archaeological finds that shed further light on the Hebrew Bible and New Testament, the issue of potential frauds and forgeries, including the James Ossuary and the Jehoash Tablet, and future prospects of the field. Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction captures the sense of excitement and importance that surrounds not only the past history of the field but also the present and the future, with fascinating new discoveries made each and every season. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Craig Jessen. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/adbl/011549/bk_adbl_011549_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
What really happened during Israel´s journey from slavery to the promised land? Bible scholar Nicholas Perrin explains the true story of the Exodus while adding helpful background information from biblical history, archaeology, and more. You will... Explore the unvarnished Bible story of the Exodus Learn about ancient Egypt and Pharaoh Come to know the man and the mission of Moses Find out why the Ten Commandments were given Discover God´s promise and plan for his people, then and now Appreciate why every New Testament writer builds on the Exodus See how the Exodus story relates to you, todayYou will gain a much richer understanding of what God has done for you and why the Exodus is the pivotal event in the Old Testament. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Allan Robertson. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/hach/001822/bk_hach_001822_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
Israel conjures up myriad associations for peoples of all cultures and religious backgrounds. Inextricably associated with the world´s three most prominent religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), Israel is steeped in history and conflict, much of which is known through the tales of biblical figures such as Moses, David, Solomon, and, of course, Jesus Christ.But how much of the Bible can be relied upon as accurate history? And how much of the biblical record can be verified through archaeology? Esteemed professor, researcher, and author Eric H. Cline of The George Washington University addresses these and other questions in this fascinating series of lectures. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Eric H. Cline. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/reco/002543/bk_reco_002543_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
Winner of the Biblical Archaeology Society’s Award for best popular book published in archaeology.On a cold, cloudy day in early February 1985, Shelley Wachsmann, then resident nautical archaeologist for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, drove to Kibbutz Ginosar, an agricultural settlement near the shores of the Sea of Galilee. Two brothers, avid amateur archaeologists, had found a boat buried in the lake, its outlines revealed by receding lake waters. The boat was ´´possibly ancient,´´ according to the handwritten note placed on Wachsmann´s desk a day or two before. So begins the fascinating story of The Sea of Galilee Boat, as Wachsmann narrates the intriguing discovery and painstaking excavation of the very first biblical-era boat ever found in the Sea of Galilee.The book is published by Texas A&M University Press. The audiobook will be published by University Press Audiobooks.´´An excellent model for archaeological reporting that bridges the gap between research and the lay reader.´´ (The Biblical Archaeologist)´´Wachsmann´s pleasure in his work is evident and well conveyed by his personal reflections.´´ (American Journal of Archaeology)´´A pleasure to read; it is good science, and it is just plain fun.´´ (Biblical Archaeology Review) 1. Language: English. Narrator: Charles Henderson Norman. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/acx0/142596/bk_acx0_142596_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
A new account of the famous site and story of the last stand of a group of Jewish rebels who held out against the Roman EmpireTwo thousand years ago, 967 Jewish men, women, and children - the last holdouts of the revolt against Rome following the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Second Temple - reportedly took their own lives rather than surrender to the Roman army. This dramatic event, which took place on top of Masada, a barren and windswept mountain overlooking the Dead Sea, spawned a powerful story of Jewish resistance that came to symbolize the embattled modern State of Israel. The first extensive archaeological excavations of Masada began in the 1960s, and today the site draws visitors from around the world. And yet, because the mass suicide was recorded by only one ancient author - the Jewish historian Josephus - some scholars question if the event ever took place. Jodi Magness, an archaeologist who has excavated at Masada, explains what happened there, how we know it, and how recent developments might change understandings of the story. Incorporating the latest findings, she integrates literary and historical sources to show what life was like for Jews under Roman rule during an era that witnessed the reign of Herod and Jesus’s ministry and death. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Laurence Bouvard. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/prnc/000016/bk_prnc_000016_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
This dusty 4,000-year-old clay tablet, written in an ancient script called cuneiform, turns out to be a recipe for building an Ark. Then, Mishy Harman is the host of the Israel Story radio program. The first season of Israel Story in English starts August 18th on the Vox Tablet podcast. Next, biblical archaeology can rewrite and reshape history. But there’s theology at stake, too. Like when the Gnostic Gospels were discovered in 1945 buried in the Egypt. That´s followed by Samuel Delany’s review of Call Me Ishmael by Charles Olson. Finally, Like you, we were shocked this week to hear about the death of Robin Williams. His softer side shines through in a conversation he had with fellow comedian Marc Maron a few years ago, on Maron’s WTF podcast. [Broadcast Date: August 13, 2014] 1. Language: English. Narrator: Jim Fleming. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/rt/tbon/140813/rt_tbon_140813_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
The search for the legendary Sword of Peter... Two thousand years ago, when the Romans came to arrest Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane, the disciple Peter cut off the ear of an innocent man. Jesus rebuked Peter and quickly healed the servant´s ear - and the Sword of Peter took on supernatural powers. Fast forward to modern day where a Biblical archaeology quest for the Sword of Peter is imperative to both Israel and to the Christian world. It´s also a race against others who would possess and use the Sword of Peter for their own purposes, if they find it first. When Peter cut off a soldier´s ear with the sword, he was probably trying to cut off his head. A poor aim. Martial arts expert Dr. Sam Godfrey is the youngest professor retired from the Zion School for Biblical Studies. Achava previously left the Staff of Moses with him for safekeeping, and on that adventure, he fell in love with her. That path toward a romance seems forbidden because of her spiritual duties and divine destiny. A clan called the Sentinels believes that Sam has the sword. When they attack him in his home, he fights them. Using supernatural means, Achava shows up and helps him to defeat the intruders who have almost debilitated him with a mysterious powder. Achava needs to take Sam to Israel to save him. They meet up with Saeem, Achava´s longtime Arab friend who is dedicated to helping her locate and protect. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Mike Romano. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/acx0/041717/bk_acx0_041717_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
A powerful story set against the backdrop of today´s Israel.Nothing in Abigail MacLeod´s life as a wife, a mother, and a teacher has prepared her for what she will experience during her summer in Israel. At 42, her life is in chaos, even before she leaves home - her marriage is dissolving before her very eyes, and her faith is in shambles. This pilgrimage to Israel was supposed to be a new beginning for her. But by the end of the first day, she is forced to board an Israeli jetliner in spite of a bomb threat and watches helplessly as a kind, fatherly gentleman she befriended on the plane dies in her arms. This is a summer Abby will spend learning about archaeology, delving into the past. And it´s a summer that will change her life in ways she never imagined. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Romy Nordlinger. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/tant/012891/bk_tant_012891_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax.
As the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the Holy Land (the area in and around modern-day Israel) is one of the most important regions in the world and the setting for defining events in religious history. Comb through this evidence for yourself with The Holy Land Revealed, which will add new dimensions to your understanding of this dynamic place. Delivered by archaeologist and award-winning Professor Jodi Magness of The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, these 36 lectures give you an insider’s look at how archaeology helps us relive this period of civilization. And it’s a chance to get up close and personal with long-buried objects that will take you deep beneath the pages of the Bible. PLEASE NOTE: When you purchase this title, the accompanying PDF will be available in your Audible Library along with the audio. 1. Language: English. Narrator: Jodi Magness. Audio sample: http://samples.audible.de/bk/tcco/001087/bk_tcco_001087_sample.mp3. Digital audiobook in aax. | <urn:uuid:139fa643-5b0d-4234-a1ab-3f1c52d0ebd8> | {
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Why Animal Culture Matters in the Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation practitioners and scientists around the globe are highlighting the importance of studying and understanding the learned behaviors of nonhuman animals—particularly those at risk of extinction, such as great and small apes—as a way to improve their chances of survival.
This new approach was the focus of “Flourishing Diversity & The Importance of Nonhuman Cultures in Conservation,” a session hosted in September by Arcus Foundation, Synchronicity Earth, and Flourishing Diversity at the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation Congress.
“Before the mid-20th century, [Western science] assumed that culture was unique to humans,” Andrew Whiten, an emeritus professor in the School of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of St. Andrews, told the audience in a video presentation. But “people have discovered that the social form of inheritance”—as distinct from genetic inheritance—“is actually much more widespread in the animal kingdom than we could have imagined.”
Once researchers began demonstrating cultural transmission through rigorously designed experiments in the field and in captivity, they saw culture everywhere. It existed not only among nonhuman primates, like Jane Goodall’s termite-fishing chimpanzees, but among birds, marine mammals, reptiles, and even invertebrates. Whiten described much of this research in The Burgeoning Reach of Animal Culture, a recent review paper published in the journal Science.Social learning abounds
In Western cultures, perhaps one of the best-known examples of social learning, from the early 1900s, is England’s blue tits. These colorful perching birds not only discovered they could pierce the foil tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps, then suck out the cream; they soon taught other blue tits throughout Wales and Scotland to do the same.
Another famous example, from the 1960s: the macaques of Japan’s Koshima Island. After a young female began rinsing the sand from her sweet potatoes—provided by researchers—in a stream, the habit quickly spread through the colony. When the same female began dipping tubers in saltwater, presumably to add flavor, the rest of the colony also adopted the technique. The adaptation, said scientists, was clearly social, not ecological.
Moreover, Whiten said, “decades of research on chimpanzees document as many as 39 different traditions or cultural variations,” including a discovery in the 1990s that chimpanzees in western Africa survive dry periods by eating nuts they smash open with stones or wood—a behavior not seen elsewhere.
In the 1980s, oceanographers noticed that humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine had begun smacking the water’s surface with their tails to gather sandlances, a food source. That behavior has now spread to more than 40 percent of the humpback population in regions where sandlances are relatively abundant.Integrating culture with conservation
This sort of social learning, said another session presenter, Philippa Brakes, a research fellow at Whale and Dolphin Conservation, “is ubiquitous across a huge range of taxa because it’s very useful for organisms to be able to respond to changes in their environments.” In recognition of this shift in thinking, the Convention on Migratory Species in 2017 acknowledged, for the first time, that a population unit may be defined by its cultural distinctiveness, rather than its genome alone.
Cultures are quicker to change and more flexible than genes. But the two forces work in concert. For example, among two populations of killer whales coexisting in the coastal waters of the North Pacific, one relies on chinook salmon, while the other eats only mammals. These cultural differences, Whiten said, have led to physiological differences in the whales’ digestive enzymes and jaw strength.
What do these differences mean for conservation? In the case of the killer whales, Brakes said, they imply a need for separate management strategies. To improve the salmon-eaters’ food supply, humans could potentially limit their harvest of chinook, which are threatened or endangered throughout their range, or remove dams from salmon streams.
Understanding social behaviors necessary for reproduction and survivorship—like where to forage during times of shortage, how to avoid predators, or when to migrate—is critical for individuals and groups. Awareness and understanding of these particulars “can also help conservationists do reintroductions more efficiently,” Brakes noted. Once researchers learned that critically endangered whooping cranes would imprint on humans, for example, they were able to guide captive-born cranes along a historic migration route using a microlight aircraft.
With this new appreciation of cultural diversity and social learning, conservationists can reformulate how they distinguish and manage populations they’re trying to protect, preserving both ecological and cultural diversity.
“If there’s environmental change,” Whiten said, “it may be that one of those subcultures has the resources to avoid that particular issue”—like the arrival of a new predator or the loss of a key food source.
By focusing only on large populations, or large blocks of habitat, conservationists may be missing important opportunities, said Arcus CEO Annette Lanjouw, who acted as moderator of the World Conservation Congress session alongside Dr. Sahil Nijhawan, a research associate at the Nature Conservation Foundation.
“Fragments and populations in extreme habitats on the margins of their distribution are vital,” Lanjouw said, “because that’s where many of these adaptations, learned through generations, are happening.” But these places also need protection, she said, “because they are critical for the survival of that species.”“We need to see animals the way Indigenous people do”
This understanding of nonhuman species having culture and agency is not new. Many Indigenous societies, particularly animist societies, have always known that nonhuman animals have culture and believe that animals share ancestors with humans, have similar social structures, arrange themselves in clans, follow rules, and defend territories. “Such understandings are part of many Indigenous cosmologies that view nature as sacred and humanity as part of, not separate from or superior to, nature,” said Katy Scholfield, director of strategic grantmaking for Arcus’ Great Apes & Gibbons Program.
To the Idu Mishmi, who live in the Dibang Valley of northeastern India’s Arunachal Pradesh, “animal society is no different from how human society is arranged,” said Moprapo Mepo, an elder shaman, and Jibi Pulu, the owner of the ecolodge Mishmi Hill Camp and a co-founder of Dibang Adventure. The pair participated in the conference virtually in their village with simultaneous interpretation by Dr. Nijhawan.
“Both human and nonhuman hunters get power from the higher spirits,” Mepo and Pulu continued. They invoke rituals that are meant to pacify the spirit of the creature that will be slain and to preserve the hunter’s prowess.
“The rituals are long, they are intricate,” they said, describing how a tiger rubs its body against a particular tree before starting its hunt, eagles circle the sky and perch on trees, and “otters, the predators of the rivers, perform a similar ritual by laying in the sand.”
Humans, too, seek power from the creator spirit—via a shaman—for permission to hunt. And the shaman “invokes all of the rituals that other animal predators do,” Mepo and Pulu said.
But both humans and animals “can very easily lose those powers if they don’t follow the rules and the rituals around hunting,” they continued. Break a rule and “the master spirit” must be invited, through other rituals, to return the hunter’s power.
“How do the animal and human hunters learn those rituals?” Lanjouw asked Mepo and Pulu.
“Animal hunters learn from their parents, just like human kids learn from their parents,” they answered. “Cubs will learn what is food by eating what a tiger mother brings to [them], which is actually very similar to how human children learn from their parents—by copying, by mimicking. An eagle mother will teach her fledglings what food is, and what’s not. She’ll circle around the tree and teach them where to hunt.”
During a discussion that followed the session, Pieter Wit, an advisor to the board of Chimbo Foundation, described how chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau hurl and stack stones against hollow tree trunks. The resulting noise is “definitely communication,” Wit said, but he was at a loss to say what was being communicated or why. Local residents, who consider chimpanzees another form of human being, told him only that the drumming was linked with chimps’ history, that “they were punished in the past by some gods because they did something wrong.”
Western scientists might not know why chimpanzees do this, Dr. Nijhawan said to Wit. “But there are people who do. Local communities and Indigenous Peoples have known about animal cultures for a long time.”
To involve Indigenous Peoples in conservation, Nijhawan continued, “we need to see animals the way Indigenous Peoples see animals—as sentient beings that think, that live, that see, that socialize, that learn, that pass on.”
And if Westerners “incorporate [Indigenous] ideas into our scientific learnings,” he said, “I think we’ll be much richer off, and we won’t need to start from scratch—because they already know.” | <urn:uuid:36666a75-2dc6-4fc5-b055-e70006a4f372> | {
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Charnockites are rather peculiar rocks - they consist of an unusual mix of minerals, principally quartz, feldspar, and pyroxene. Charnockites can be coarsely crystalline-textured or foliated. Some are high-grade metamorphic rocks, while others are intrusive igneous rocks, but all are quartzo-feldspathic with pyroxene. (more info.)
The feldspar component of charnockite characteristically “glimmers” when tilted in the light (see especially the large lower feldspar crystal in the photo of “Verde Butterfly Granite” below).
Ubatuba Granite from near the town of Ubatuba in southeastern Brazil. This late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (~650-500 million years) charnockite has large, dark-greenish feldspars, black pyroxene, and some quartz.
Verde Butterfly Granite - garnetiferous charnockite (a.k.a. hypersthene monzogranite) from the Precambrian of southeastern Brazil. It formed during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian (~650-500 million years ago). The rock is dominated by feldspar (greenish), pyroxene (black), quartz, and garnet (very deep red).
Seaweed Green Granite (a.k.a. Pocono Green Granite, Pine Green Granite) - a garnetiferous charnockite from the Precambrian of Orissa State, Eastern Ghats Orogenic Belt, eastern India. The very dark red garnet component of this rock is mostly mixed with black pyroxene patches. The black pyroxene areas are generally elongated, and aligned more or less parallel throughout the rock (foliated texture).
Nara Brown Granite (a.k.a. Nara Granite, Caledonia Granite, Caledonia Nara Brown Granite, Caledonia Nara Granite) - this has the appearance of an ordinary porphyritic granite with K-feldspar phenocrysts, but petrologic and regional geologic work shows that it is a charnockite (a porphyritic farsundite or porphyritic quartz mangerite, to be more specific).
Geologic Unit & Age: RiviŹre-ą-Pierre Plutonic Suite, Grenville Orogeny metamorphism, late Mesoproterozoic, ~1.1 Ga.
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Date: 27th April 2018
Healthy teeth and gums are crucial for a child’s overall health. Apart from playing an important role in food consumption and digestion, the lips, teeth, and tongue are also responsible for well-formed speech. Despite their significance, oral health is not taken care of by many children, leading to dental caries or cavities.
In fact, 78.9% of children between ages 6 and 11 in India suffer from dental caries. Aside from being a public health problem affecting toddlers and pre-schoolers over the world, dental caries, if left untreated can cause severe pain and harm to oral health. What’s more, they also force children to miss school due to pain and can become expensive to treat.
That’s why your dentist may recommend a solution that can help children avoid dental decay – fluoride varnish!
What is Fluoride Varnish?
Fluoride varnish is a dental product that contains a highly concentrated fluoride solution. The varnish is directly applied by a dentist or a healthcare professional on the tooth’s surface using a brush. Fluoride, the active element in varnish, is a mineral that helps in preventing cavities by strengthening the tooth’s enamel.
In fact, according to a recent study published in the Dental Research Journal, fluoride varnishes can reduce the risk of caries by up to 63%! However, fluoride varnish treatment isn’t a magic bullet for cavity prevention as it requires regular brushing with a fluoride toothpaste, flossing, and biannual dental visits for best results.
How is Fluoride Varnish Applied?
Fluoride varnishes like ICPA’s Fluoritop SR Varnish are easy to apply and highly effective. During the fluoride varnish treatment, your dentist will:
- Take the necessary amount of fluoride varnish in a mixing cup
- Mix the varnish so that it forms an even solution
- Remove any visible debris or deposits on your child’s teeth
- Dry your teeth’s surface using an air syringe or a cotton gauze
- Use an application brush to gently apply one thin layer of varnish on the front and back of your teeth
- Keep your child’s mouth open until the varnish dries
- Advise you not to feed your child for at least four hours after application
You can also watch the video below to see how a dentist applies Fluoritop Varnish on a patient’s teeth:
How Does Fluoride Varnish Work?
Any fluoride varnish works by increasing the fluoride concentration on the outer tooth surface. Since varnish hardens as soon as it comes in contact with saliva, it allows a high concentration of fluoride to remain in contact with the enamel. As a result, it:
- Slows down the rate of decay by stopping demineralisation
- Strengthens the enamel and hence making the teeth more resistant to acid attacks
- Speeds up the remineralisation process by making fluoride ions easily available to the enamel
How Often Is Fluoride Varnish Treatment Required?
According to international guidelines, 2-4 fluoride varnish applications are recommended in a year for the treatment to be effective. However, your dentist will examine your child and determine the number of varnish applications required on the basis of likelihood of caries formation.
Can Fluoride Varnish be Used for Tooth Sensitivity?
As approved by the American Dental Association, fluoride varnish can also be prescribed for tooth sensitivity. Tooth sensitivity or dentinal hypersensitivity is a condition the dentinal tubules of the teeth are exposed to external stimuli like temperature, pressure, and touch, among others. This causes a sensation of sharp pain, causing discomfort. When fluoride varnish is applied on the teeth, it forms a layer of calcium fluoride on the teeth that blocks the open dentinal tubules.
Is Fluoride Varnish Safe?
Fluoride varnishes are safe and frequently used by dentists around the world. Since the application is directly over the teeth, a very small amount is used. Moreover, it also hardens quickly, ensuring that almost no amount of fluoride is swallowed by the child. It’s possible that after the application, the teeth may look yellow or dull. But, once the varnish is brushed off, the color returns to normal.
The only reason why your dentist may not recommend a fluoride varnish is if your child is allergic to any of the ingredients used in varnishes. Furthermore, if your child has noticeable sores in the mouth or on the gums, the dentist will reschedule the application procedure when the sores are healed.
Fluoride varnishes are comparatively less expensive, easy to apply, and can increase the odds of keeping your child’s teeth strong and cavity-free. If you’re considering opting for fluoride varnish treatment, contact your dentist, and he or she will guide you through the procedure. | <urn:uuid:b0708f98-e15a-411c-a928-955b539c43ae> | {
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Food wasted every year in the continent could feed up to 300 million people, according to the United Nations. In just Uganda alone, up to 40% of fruit and vegetables end up being discarded.
Which country wastes the most food 2020?
Although China and India produce the most household food waste every year, the average volume produced per capita in these countries is less than 70 kilograms.
How much food is wasted percentage?
In the United States, food waste is estimated at between 30-40 percent of the food supply.
How much food is wasted annually?
Each year, 108 billion pounds of food is wasted in the United States. That equates to more than $161 billion worth of food thrown away each year. Shockingly, nearly 40% of all food in America is wasted.
How much food does Africa waste?
Every year, consumers in rich countries waste almost as much food (222 million tonnes) as the entire net food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tonnes).
Which country wastes the most?
Largest waste producing countries worldwide per capita 2019
Worldwide, the biggest producer of waste per capita is Canada. At an estimated 36.1 metric tons per year, this was 10 metric tons more per capita than the United States.
Which age group wastes the most food?
WRAP carries out extensive research into household food waste, and it, too, has found that those aged 18–34 generate more avoidable waste than any other age group, nearly 50% more than those aged 65 and over.
Why is food waste bad?
Food waste ends up wasting nearly a quarter of our water supply in the form of uneaten food or over $172 billion in wasted water. … When food is disposed in a landfill it rots and becomes a significant source of methane – a potent greenhouse gas with 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide.
How much food is wasted every day?
Each day in the United States approximately one pound of food per person is wasted. This equates to 103 million tons (81.4 billion pounds) of food waste generated in America in 2017, or between 30-40 percent of the food supply, according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
How much expired food is thrown away?
Every year, 40% of the food produced in the United States goes uneaten, leading to 160 billion pounds of wasted food in our landfills.
Why is so much food wasted?
Food is lost or wasted for a variety of reasons: bad weather, processing problems, overproduction and unstable markets cause food loss long before it arrives in a grocery store, while overbuying, poor planning and confusion over labels and safety contribute to food waste at stores and in homes.
How much food is thrown away by supermarkets?
Supermarkets are responsible for 10% of all U.S. food waste – that’s 43 billion pounds annually. According to the Guardian, the food supply chain wastes 45% of all produce, 35% of seafood, 30% of cereals, and 20% of meat and dairy products every year.
What will happen if food waste continues?
When we waste food, we also waste all the energy and water it takes to grow, harvest, transport, and package it. And if food goes to the landfill and rots, it produces methane—a greenhouse gas even more potent than carbon dioxide.
Which country wastes the most water?
7 Countries That Waste the Most Water
- Canada– population in thousands: 30 889- 29.1 m3. …
- Armenia– population in thousands: 3 090- 27.3 m3. …
- New Zealand– population in thousands: 3 906- 26.1 m3. …
- USA– population in thousands: 288 958– 22.6 m3. …
- Costa Rica– population in thousands: 3 963- 19.9 m3.
What foods are wasted the most?
Potatoes, bread slices and apples are respectively the most wasted foods by quantity, while salads are thrown away in the greatest proportion.
How many people could be fed with food waste?
Here’s how food waste and global hunger are connected:
Approximately $1 trillion of food is lost or wasted every year — accounting for roughly one-third of the world’s food. According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), reversing this trend would preserve enough food to feed 2 billion people . | <urn:uuid:b23e2ad0-2a34-4c02-ad83-a6c7ece3bbe5> | {
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Recent figures revealed that women now have on average 2.4 children in their lifetime. Undoubtedly, in some countries, this number is far higher, but in more than half of the countries around the globe it has fallen to below two. This decline in population growth has been extensively met with alarm, pleading risk of a depopulation disaster. But what does exactly a world “depopulated” mean, and how does it affect us?
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) measures the average number of children per woman. This rate is constantly changing due to numerous factors, and declines in total fertility rate have been previously observed. For example, when there is high mortality at a young age, population growth decreases. As health systems improve, population growth starts to increase again, but this rapid population growth can come to an end as the fertility rate declines and approaches 2 children per woman. Economic development within the country is an important factor of declining fertility rates. Other drivers for such declines include education –especially women’s education, with girls staying at school delaying its childbearing–, increasing well-being and status of children, technological development and changing norms.
Low fertility is a tendency that has been observed in many developed countries in the last years. At present, Western Europe has the lowest total fertility rate at 1.6 children per woman on average. But declining fertility rates are not unique to Europe: in Asia, low fertility rates are common in East and Southeast, and the United Nations predicts that many Asian countries will face future falling populations. Interesting fact is that according to some studies, countries defeated in World War II tend to have low fertility rates while the victors do not. So for example, these rates are observed to be lower in countries like Italy, Germany, Japan or Spain, whereas the United States, the United Kingdom and France have maintained relatively high total fertility rates in recent years.
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation 2017
In light of these low rates around the globe, a sense of alarm has spread among countries where total fertility rates have dropped below the figure of 2.1 – the so-called replacement level. A common point of cynicism about low fertility is that this population decline could erode the geopolitical power of countries and regions as a whole. The lack of people to work in the military arenas, as well as the absence of a workforce to economically sustain society has been regarded as the main consequences that will arise in some years. Many fear that low fertility will bring shortages of workers and carers for the elderly.
But low fertility does not mean chaos. Developments in technology and Artificial Intelligence, along with migration and a healthier old age, means for countries that they no longer need booming populations to maintain themselves and grow. “This idea that you need lots and lots of people to defend your country and to grow your country economically, that is really old thinking,” Sarah Harper, an expert on population change working at the University of Oxford, said.
In fact, the labour market we now know may drastically change in the following years. Experts have pointed out that AI and robotics mean work will be moving away from industrial jobs. With the implementation of automated vehicles and machines, many jobs will be replaced and, thus, we will no longer need a human workforce to take care of many tasks. This brings the need to educate the young workforce, instead of boosting procreation. In addition, declining rates leave us with an ageing society that has to be reconsidered; technology to support dependents, as well as the fact that currently ageing population stay in good health for longer, brings the opportunity to enable older adults to be part of the labour market for longer.
Countries that have to deal with very large numbers of dependants can put fewer resources into driving the economy and society as a whole. No need to mention that, from an environmental point of view, having fewer children is undoubtedly positive; recent research found that having one fewer child reduces a parent’s carbon footprint by 58 tonnes of CO2 a year.
Development and Fertility Rates: First Falling, Then Rising
As explained, it has been observed how as countries develop, fertility rates decline rapidly. But several studies found an interesting fact: when a country first starts to develop, its fertility rate tends to decrease. However, at very high levels of development, the association is reversed – fertility rates start to increase. After a given point, higher development is associated with increased fertility.
These findings may have important consequences, but undoubtedly women are of key importance to how fertility rates change over time.
“In those societies that enable women to stay in the labour market and have children, they will go from none or one child probably up to two [per woman]. In rich societies the wealthy might opt for more”, Sarah Harper affirmed.
Nevertheless, concerns about low fertility rates are still very strong. Some countries have embraced different incentives hoping to encourage procreation, from advertisements to monetary expenditures for the cause. But maybe what we need is not to boost natality. We must not let ourselves be blinded by fear. 25 years ago we were terrified that the population would surpass the 24bn. Today, estimates predict that we will reach between 10bn and 12bn by the end of the century. We may not need more babies, but what we could really use is a redesign in our workforce system and labour market. | <urn:uuid:915aed17-aa3e-4e32-9568-e786b036b119> | {
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There are three major types of of safety and security threats you need to know how to avoid on the Internet:
- threats to your personal physical safety,
- threats to the safety of your personal data
- threats to the safety and integrity of your computer
By “integrity” we mean that all program and data files are left in their original state: they are not deleted, amended, corrupted or otherwise altered.
Inexperienced Internet users are always much more vulnerable to security threats. You should not be afraid to ask for assistance from more experienced users if required. You should never disclose personal details, such as your real name, your address or the times you will be in a particular place.
Insecure personal data can lead to unsafe situations as breaking security can enable people with malicious intentions to get access to your identity and details you would not intentionally publish online. The commonest breaches of personal data security are due to using weak passwords, leaving computers logged in and allowing the installation of malware designed to bypass security.
Systems running Windows are the biggest risk, due to the fact that most malware is targeted at Windows. However, attacks on other systems, including mobile devices, are not unknown and are on the increase.
Next: Working Responsibly | <urn:uuid:d63fbc14-94bb-476c-85f1-3dd0da883cf7> | {
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History of Latvia between 1941 - 1944
The Soviet Union guaranteed its interests in the Baltics with the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on August 23, 1939. Under threat of invasion, Latvia (along with Estonia and Lithuania) signed a mutual assistance pact with Soviet Union, providing for the stationing of up to 25,000 Soviet troops on Latvian soil. Following the initiative from Nazi Germany, Latvia on October 30, 1939 concluded an agreement to repatriate ethnic Germans in the wake of the impeding Soviet takeover.
Seven months later, the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov accused the Baltic states of conspiracy against the Soviet Union. On June 16, 1940, threatening an invasion, Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding that the government be replaced and that an unlimited number of Soviet troops be admitted. Knowing that the Red Army had entered Lithuania a day before, that its troops were massed along the eastern border and mindful of the Soviet military bases in Western Latvia, the government acceded to the demands, and Soviet troops occupied the country on June 17. Staged elections were held July 14–15, 1940, whose results were announced in Moscow 12 hours before the polls closed; Soviet documents show the election results were forged. The newly elected "People's Assembly" declared Latvia a Socialist Soviet Republic and applied for admission into the Soviet Union on July 21. Latvia was incorporated into the Soviet Union on August 5, 1940. The overthrown Latvian government continued to function in exile while the republic was under the Soviet control.
In the spring of 1941, the Soviet central government began planning the mass deportation of anti-Soviet elements from the occupied Baltic states. In preparation, General Ivan Serov, Deputy People's Commissar of Public Security of the Soviet Union, signed the Serov Instructions, "Regarding the Procedure for Carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia." During the night of 13–14 June 1941, 15,424 inhabitants of Latvia — including 1,771 Jews and 742 ethnic Russians — were deported to camps and special settlements, mostly in Siberia. 35,000 people were deported in the first year of Soviet occupation (131,500 across the Baltics).
The Nazi invasion, launched a week later, cut short immediate plans to deport several hundred thousand more from the Baltics. Nazi troops occupied Riga on July 1, 1941. Immediately after the installment of German authority, a process of eliminating the Jewish and Gypsy population began, with many killings taking place in Rumbula. The killings were committed by the Einsatzgruppe A, the Wehrmacht and Marines (in Liepāja), as well as by Latvian collaborators, including the 500-1,500 members of the infamous Arajs Commando (which alone killed around 26,000 Jews) and the 2,000 or more Latvian members of the SD. By the end of 1941 almost the entire Jewish population was killed or placed in the concentration camps. In addition, some 25,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria and the present-day Czech Republic, of whom around 20,000 were killed. The Holocaust claimed approximately 85,000 lives in Latvia, the vast majority of whom were Jews.
A large number of Latvians resisted the German occupation. The resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence units under the Latvian Central Council and the pro-Soviet units under the Latvian Partisan Movement Headquarters in Moscow. Their Latvian commander was Arturs Sproģis. The Nazis planned to Germanise the Baltics after the war. In 1943 and 1944 two divisions of Waffen-SS were formed from Latvian conscripts and volunteers to help Germany against the Red Army.
German crusaders known as the Livonian Brothers of the Sword began construction of the Cēsis castle (Wenden) near the hill fort in 1209. When the castle was enlarged and fortified, it served as the residence for the Order's Master from 1237 till 1561, with periodic interruptions. Its ruins are some of the most majestic castle ruins in the Baltic states. Once the most important castle of the Livonian Order, it was the official residence for the masters of the order.
In 1577, during the Livonian War, the garrison destroyed the castle to prevent it from falling into the control of Ivan the Terrible, who was decisively defeated in the Battle of Wenden (1578).
In 1598 it was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Wenden Voivodship was created here. In 1620 Wenden was conquered by Sweden. It was rebuilt afterwards, but was destroyed again in 1703 during the Great Northern War by the Russian army and left in a ruined state. Already from the end of the 16th century, the premises of the Order's castle were adjusted to the requirements of the Cēsis Castle estate. When in 1777 the Cēsis Castle estate was obtained by Count Carl Sievers, he had his new residence house built on the site of the eastern block of the castle, joining its end wall with the fortification tower.
Since 1949, the Cēsis History Museum has been located in this New Castle of the Cēsis Castle estate. The front yard of the New Castle is enclosed by a granary and a stable-coach house, which now houses the Exhibition Hall of the Museum. Beside the granary there is the oldest brewery in Latvia, Cēsu alus darītava, which was built in 1878 during the later Count Sievers' time, but its origins date back to the period of the Livonian Order. Further on, the Cēsis Castle park is situated, which was laid out in 1812. The park has the romantic characteristic of that time, with its winding footpaths, exotic plants, and the waters of the pond reflecting the castle's ruins. Nowadays also one of the towers is open for tourists. | <urn:uuid:bb9eb4d4-de07-4734-a770-6d86081af80b> | {
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“In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” So begins our Torah and one of the most familiar and most misunderstood stories in all of literature. So many ask: How could God have created the world in six days? What about the dinosaurs and evolution? Don’t we believe in that?
Of course we believe in that! The creation story in Genesis never was meant to offer a scientific account of HOW the world was created. It is rather an exquisite religious poem offering insight as to WHY we are here.
The biblical authors were not interested in writing science. The truths of the creation story are the religious ideas that it sets forth –ideas upon which all subsequent Jewish thought depends.
The first assumption of the story is that God initiated creation. However the world came to be our story contends that a single, good caring God started the process. God acted with purpose and meaning. Therefore, our lives have purpose and meaning.
In the story, everything builds on what comes before. Note the rhythm and the repetition of certain key phrases: “And God said ‘Let there be… and there was’” “And God saw… that it was good.” And there was evening and there was morning …” These recurring refrains convey a sense of order and intention.
The next major teaching of the story is that we human beings are in charge of and responsible for the world. Until the text (Chapter 1, verse 26) begins to tell of the creation of human beings, the method by which God creates is simple and clear: God said, “Let there be…” and the next step in creation unfolds.
When it comes to humanity, though, the method of creation changes. “And God said: “Let us create humanity in our image after our likeness. And they shall rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the air on the cattle and all the earth and everything that creeps on the earth.” And God created us human beings – male and female – in the Divine Image.
That does not mean, of course, that we look like God. God has no shape or form. It means that we human beings have God-like powers, and the Almighty has set us in charge of and responsible for the earth. God gave us awesome power, and we can use it for good or for ill.
The Midrash (Bereshit Rabbah 8:11) teaches that we human beings stand midway between God and the rest of the animals. Like the animals we eat, sleep, drink, procreate, eliminate our waste and die. But in a God-like way we have the power to think, analyze, create and shape the environment in a way that far surpasses any other creature.
We are the only creatures on earth that can go to the side of a mountain, mine ore from the mountain, and turn the ore into iron, the iron into steel and with that steel forge the most delicate of surgical instruments to heal and to save lives.
We are, also, the only creature that can go to the same mountain, mine the same ore and from that ore fashion bombs and bullets whose only purpose is to kill and to maim.
The implicit and overriding message of the story is that God wants us to use our power to form a just, caring, compassionate society on earth. But we – not God – must decide if we will.
. The final religious teaching of the story concerns Shabbat. On the seventh day God rested, and God wants us to rest too, but not just in the sense of relaxation. God wants us to have a day each week to step back and ponder how we can do a better job of fashioning the type of society God wants.
Genesis’ magnificent creation story makes no pretense of being scientific. Rather, it teaches the core values upon which our religious traditions rests. It teaches that God entrusts the earth to our care. It is, though, as the Midrash (Ecclesiastes Rabbah 7:13) reminds us, the only earth we will get. May that knowledge inspire us to care for it lovingly and use the talents with which God has blessed us to hand over a safer, sweeter more ecologically sound world to our children and grandchildren. | <urn:uuid:c7a96530-4621-4886-ab28-83fd6da6be86> | {
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This article was originally written and submitted as part of a Canada 150 Project, the Innovation Storybook, to crowdsource stories of Canadian innovation with partners across Canada. The content has since been migrated to Ingenium’s Channel, a digital hub featuring curated content related to science, technology and innovation.
Nova Scotia-born John Larson was a young medical student in California in the 1920s when he invented the modern lie detector. Working from a psychological test that had been developed at Harvard in 1915, he developed a procedure that involved noting a person’s answers to a series of carefully worded questions while recording blood pressure, skin temperature and breathing rate. By interpreting the responses, a trained technician could theoretically deduce which answers were truthful and which were not. Many improvements have been made to the process since Larson’s invention was first used by Berkeley police in 1921, but the lie detector remains a controversial tool in the world of crime-solving. Over time, Larson himself came to question the reliability of his own device eventually referring to it as “Frankenstein’s monster.”
Newspaper reporters were the first to use the term “lie detector.” Larson and fellow operators objected to the name, but it stuck. His original machine is at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
John Larson ended up marrying the first person he ever interrogated using his polygraph machine. Margaret Taylor was one of the victims in a college dorm robbery he had been brought in to solve. He found the thief (another co-ed) – and a wife – thanks to his invention. The fairytale storyline made the newspapers and also wound up as part of the plot of a Dick Tracy comic strip. | <urn:uuid:9ac055b6-85c8-42c8-b891-fd3586b99421> | {
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Urinary tract obstruction refers to any blockage that prevents urine from flowing freely through the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. This obstruction can occur at any point in the...
Don't let urinary tract obstruction block your flow: know the causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies.
Urinary tract obstruction refers to any blockage that prevents urine from flowing freely through the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. This obstruction can occur at any point in the urinary system and can be caused by a variety of factors, including anatomical abnormalities, kidney stones, tumors, or inflammation.
The severity of urinary tract obstruction can vary widely, ranging from mild to life-threatening. Mild obstruction may cause only mild discomfort or urinary symptoms, while severe obstruction can lead to kidney damage or failure, sepsis, and even death if left untreated.
To avoid problems and maintain renal function, prompt diagnosis, and treatment are crucial. Depending on the underlying reason and the degree of the blockage, many treatment options could involve drugs, surgery, or other procedures.
Know the Frequency
The prevalence of urinary tract obstruction varies depending on the underlying causes, age group, and gender.
In general, males are more likely than females to experience urinary tract blockage, and the frequency rises with age.
The frequency of urinary tract blockage in the United States is believed to be approximately 2%, with greater rates in males and older persons, according to research published in the Journal of Urology.
Live life without obstruction: know the signs of urinary tract obstruction
Depending on where and how severely the obstruction is blocked, many things might induce urinary tract obstruction.
Here are some of the common causes of urinary tract obstruction in detail:
- Renal stones: Small, solid mineral deposits known as kidney stones can develop in the kidneys. A kidney stone that has grown too big may restrict urine flow, resulting in discomfort and other symptoms.
- Enlarged prostate: The urethra, the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body, can get compressed in males with an enlarged prostate gland. This may result in blockage of the urinary system and difficulty urinating.
- Tumors: Cancerous or non-cancerous growths in the urinary tract can also obstruct by blocking the flow of urine. Tumors may develop in the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
- Urinary tract infections: Infections of the urinary system can induce edema and inflammation, which can lead to blockage of the urinary tract. This can happen in the bladder or urethra and is more common in females than males.
- Neurogenic bladder: Neurogenic bladder is a condition in which there is a problem with the nerves that control the bladder. This can cause urinary tract obstruction and lead to problems with urination.
- Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with urinary tract abnormalities, such as a constricted urethra or a restricted ureter. These diseases may necessitate surgical treatment and can block the urinary system.
- Blood clots: Blood clots in the urinary tract can also cause obstruction, particularly in people with a history of blood clotting disorders or those who have recently undergone surgery.
- Urethral stricture: Urinary incontinence may result from urethral strictures, which are narrowings of the urethra. Scar tissue from an accident, an infection, or surgery may be to blame. You may need to urinate more frequently than normal if you have a urinary tract blockage.
- Bladder stones: Like kidney stones, bladder stones are hard mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. They can cause urinary tract obstruction if they become too large or if they move into the urethra.
- Blood vessel abnormalities: Rarely, abnormalities in the blood vessels in the urinary tract can cause urinary tract obstruction. These abnormalities can include arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or varicoceles, which are enlarged veins in the scrotum that can obstruct the flow of urine.
- Medications: Certain medications can cause urinary tract obstruction as a side effect. For example, anticholinergic medications used to treat an overactive bladder can cause urinary retention, which can lead to obstruction.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy for cancer in the pelvic area can cause scarring and inflammation in the urinary tract, which can lead to obstruction.
- Pregnancy: In rare cases, pregnancy can cause urinary tract obstruction if the growing uterus compresses the ureters or bladder.
It's crucial to remember that if left untreated, urinary tract blockage can result in significant problems including kidney damage or infection.
Listen to your body: recognize the symptoms of urinary tract obstruction
Following are some common signs and symptoms of urinary tract obstruction:
- Difficulty urinating: The most common symptom of urinary tract obstruction is difficulty or pain when urinating. This can be due to the blockage that prevents urine from flowing out normally.
- Urinary frequency: The bladder can't contain as much pee as it usually can, which is why this is the case.
- Urinary incontinence: If the blockage is severe, you might develop urinary incontinence or the involuntary loss of pee.
- Lower abdominal or back pain or discomfort: Obstruction might result in lower abdominal or back pain or discomfort. Depending on how strong and where the obstruction is, this discomfort may be minor or severe
- Blood in the urine: Urinary tract blockage sometimes referred to as hematuria, can result in blood in the urine. Either the blood is visible to the unaided eye or requires a microscope to be seen.
- Swelling: Obstruction may result in swelling of the feet, legs, or lower abdomen. This is caused by a buildup of fluid that the body is unable to eliminate through urine.
- Fever and chills: If the obstruction is caused by an infection, you may experience fever and chills as a result of the infection.
- Nausea and vomiting: Obstruction of the urinary tract can cause nausea and vomiting. This is usually a sign of a more severe obstruction that requires immediate medical attention.
- Reduced urine output: Obstruction can cause a decrease in urine output. This may be due to the blockage preventing urine from flowing out of the body or due to kidney damage caused by the obstruction.
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine:Urinary tract obstruction can cause changes in the color, odor, and clarity of urine. Urine that is cloudy or smells bad may indicate an infection or other underlying issues.
- Back discomfort: The ureters, which are part of the upper urinary tract, can get blocked, resulting in side and back pain. This pain might be strong and lingering, and it might come with additional symptoms like a fever or chills.
- Retention of urine: A urinary tract blockage may occasionally result in urine retention, which is the inability to empty the bladder.
To relieve the discomfort and agony caused by this, medical treatment may be necessary.
Discover the state of your urinary system: detect the urinary tract blockage
Urinary tract obstruction can be diagnosed through a combination of radiographic, clinical, and laboratory tests. Depending on the suspected blockage site (upper or lower urinary tract) and the underlying reason for the obstruction, several tests may be employed.
Ultrasonography: A non-invasive imaging procedure known as ultrasonography employs high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of the urinary system. It frequently serves as the initial diagnostic procedure for urinary tract blockage. The existence, location, and severity of a blockage can all be determined by ultrasonography.
- Intravenous urography (IVU): IVU involves injecting a contrast dye into a vein in the arm, which then travels through the bloodstream and is excreted by the kidneys into the urine. X-ray images are taken at various intervals to visualize the flow of the contrast dye through the urinary tract. IVU is useful for detecting an obstruction in the upper urinary tract.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): To produce precise pictures of the urinary system, MRI employs magnetic fields and radio waves. It can be especially useful for identifying obstruction in the upper urinary tract, as well as any associated abnormalities.
- Retrograde pyelography (RP): RP involves injecting a contrast dye into the ureters and taking X-ray images to visualize the flow of the dye through the urinary tract. RP can help identify the location and cause of obstruction in the upper urinary tract.
- Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG): VCUG involves injecting a contrast dye into the bladder and taking X-ray images while the patient is urinating. VCUG can be useful for identifying obstructions in the lower urinary tract, such as a urethral stricture or bladder neck obstruction.
- Physical examination: A complete physical examination may uncover symptoms of a blocked urinary tract, such as flank discomfort, abdominal distention, or a palpable bladder.
- Urinalysis: Urinalysis can detect the presence of blood, protein, or white blood cells in the urine, which may indicate urinary tract obstruction or infection.
- Urine culture: A urine culture can identify the presence of bacteria in the urine, which may indicate an infection that can lead to urinary tract obstruction.
- Blood testing: Blood tests can assist assess kidney function and find any underlying problems that may be causing urinblockagest blockages, such as a complete blood count (CBC) and serum creatinine levels.
- Renal function tests: Renal function tests, such as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test, can provide information about kidney function and the extent of kidney damage caused by obstruction.
- Cystoscopy: Cystoscopy involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the bladder to visualize the urethra and bladder. This test can be used to identify any abnormalities or obstructions in the lower urinary tract.
- Uroflowmetry: Uroflowmetry measures the rate and volume of urine flow during voiding. It may be used to assess the level of blockage in the lower urinary tract and spot any anomalies connected to it, including a weak urine stream or incomplete bladder emptying.
It's crucial to remember that not every case of urinary tract blockage may require all of these tests. The selection of diagnostic tests will be based on the symptoms, medical background, and other criteria specific to the patient. The best tests for your particular circumstances will be chosen in collaboration with you by your healthcare professional.
Relieving the flow, restoring your comfort: A comprehensive treatment approach for Urinary Tract Obstruction
There are various treatment options available for urinary tract obstruction, including both medications and surgery.
- Alpha-blockers: Alpha-blockers are a group of medications that relax the muscles in the urinary tract and help to improve urine flow. These medications are commonly used to treat urinary obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate in men. Examples of alpha-blockers include tamsulosin, alfuzosin, and doxazosin.
- Antibiotic: Antibiotics are used to treat urinary tract infections, which can enlarge and inflame the urinary tract and clog it. The kind of bacteria causing the infection determines which antibiotics should be used.
- Diuretics: Diuretics are drugs that assist the body produce more pee, which helps relieve blockage brought on by fluid buildup in the urinary system. These drugs are frequently employed in the management of urinary obstructions such as kidney stones.
- Antimuscarinics: Antimuscarinic medications can help to relax the bladder muscles and reduce urinary urgency and frequency, which can be helpful in cases of bladder obstruction. Solifenacin, tolterodine, and oxybutynin are a few examples of antimuscarinics.
- Alpha-reductase inhibitors: Alpha-reductase inhibitors are medications that can help to shrink an enlarged prostate and improve urine flow in men. Examples of alpha-reductase inhibitors include finasteride and dutasteride
- Ureteral stenting: Ureteral stenting involves placing a small tube (stent) into the ureter to help keep it open and allow urine to flow freely. This procedure is commonly used to treat obstruction caused by kidney stones, tumors, or scar tissue.
- Nephrostomy: Nephrostomy is a procedure that involves placing a tube through the skin and into the kidney to allow urine to drain directly from the kidney to a collection bag outside the body.
- Surgery to remove blockages: Surgery may be required to remove blockages caused by tumors, stones, or other obstructions that cannot be treated with other methods. This may involve removing a portion of the ureter or bladder or removing the entire affected kidney.
- Prostate surgery: In cases of urinary obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate, surgery may be required to remove the excess tissue and improve urine flow. This may involve various techniques such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), laser prostatectomy, or open surgery.
- Bladder neck incision: In some cases of bladder obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate, a bladder neck incision may be performed. InToncrease urine flow, this procedure includes creating a tiny incision in the bladder neck.
- Urethral dilation: Urethral dilation is a procedure that involves stretching the urethra to widen it and improve urine flow. This may be helpful in cases of urethral obstruction caused by scar tissue or other obstructions.
- Endoscopic surgery: Endoscopic surgery involves using a small camera and specialized instruments to remove blockages in the urinary tract. This can be a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery in some cases.
- Lithotripsy: With a treatment called lithotripsy, kidney stones are broken up into smaller fragments that may be more readily discharged in the urine. In situations of kidney stone blockage, this could be useful.
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Presentation on theme: "What makes schools work for ALL learners Pat Folland Betty Hendrickson Illinois State Board of Education and Ruth Henning Project CHOICES."— Presentation transcript:
What makes schools work for ALL learners Pat Folland Betty Hendrickson Illinois State Board of Education and Ruth Henning Project CHOICES
What makes schools work for students? Instruction that is aligned with and provides access to the age/grade appropriate general education curriculum. Intervention techniques used regularly to assist all students in the general education environment. The same high expectations for all students. Appropriate modifications/accommodations/ supports in the classroom for all students. Tasks that are related to real world problems connected to purposes that students can explain.
What makes schools work for teachers? Specialized personnel supporting all students in the general education classroom with limited pull-out service. Shared responsibility/collaboration between general and special education staff, including administrative support for; differentiating instruction assessment IEPs Adequate training for staff including follow- up
Heres the challenge A child with a disability should not be removed from education in an age-appropriate general education classroom solely because of needed modifications in the general curriculum. Illinois rated 60 th of 60 states and territories in a ranking on education of students with disabilities in general education classrooms.
Improving our outcomes in Illinois is about building capacity for students with disabilities through changing/unifying our systems www.projectchoices.org
Support for training and technical assistance from the ISBE collaborates within ISTACSupport for training and technical assistance from the ISBE collaborates within ISTAC The District is the entity of focusThe District is the entity of focus Identified district level and building level coaches are supported to build capacity within the district and schoolsIdentified district level and building level coaches are supported to build capacity within the district and schools
All students are members of the general education community. All students have access to and are supported by all of the school's resources. Schools address social and emotional skill development as a key part of academic outcomes. Schools develop and use data systems for decision making and problem solving. Schools make concentrated and ongoing efforts to involve family members and other community members. The school district is committed to system change and developing an effective educational system for all students. A FRAMEWORK FOR UNIFIED SYSTEMS
What do we know about change? It happens… faster all the time Top down and bottom up can work Teachers are critical to the process Administrative support is critical if change is to sustain Efforts must be continuous It is a journey, not a destination…. Change will not sustain, only continuous learning will…
School Improvement occurred when: Teachers engaged in frequent, continuous, and increasingly concrete talk about teaching practice Teachers and administrators frequently observed and provided feedback to each other, developing a shared language for teaching strategies and needs Teachers and administrators planned, designed, and evaluated teaching materials and practices together. From: Norms of collegiality and experimentation: workplace conditions of school success (1982). American Educational Research journal
Initiative can come from different sources, but when it comes to implementation power sharing is crucial. Leaders in successful schools support and stimulate initiative taking by others, set up steering committees, and delegate authority to the committees. Louis and Miles (1990)
Leadership matters, it correlates positively with student achievement. The average effect size/correlation between principal leadership behavior and school achievement is.25 which means…. a one standard deviation improvement in principal leadership practices is associated with a 10 percentile increase in average student achievement. Marzano& McNulty (2003) Balanced Leadership: What 30 Years of Research Tells Us About the Effect of Leadership on Student Achievement http://www.mcrel.org/PDF/LeadershipOrganizationDevelopment/5031RR_B alancedLeadership.pdf http://www.mcrel.org/PDF/LeadershipOrganizationDevelopment/5031RR_B alancedLeadership.pdf
Classroom Instruction that works Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic Representations Cooperative Learning Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback Generating and Testing Hypotheses Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers Marzano, R. (2004). Classroom instruction that works: Research based instructional strategies. Baltimore: ASCD. What does it look like in the classroom?
Students with disabilities are using the same curriculum as their non-disabled peers. Students with disabilities are not clustered within the classroom – a class within a class. Students with disabilities receive supplemental instruction in a resource room not supplanting general education instruction. Students with disabilities receive the appropriate modifications/ accommodations/supports necessary to achieve.
What equitable access is not… Students with disabilities are all in one row. Students with disabilities are taught in the same classroom but in the back by a special education teacher using an alternate curriculum. Students with disabilities are clustered within the classroom – a class within a class. A student with an individual aide receives instruction primarily from the aide – seldom the teacher. Students with disabilities receive accommodations/ modifications/supports only in the special education room. Students are placed in a classroom based on their eligibility category.
What Makes Schools Work for ALL Learners FamilyInvolvement EffectiveInstructionalStrategies Teaming & RelationshipBuilding VisionAndAttitude AdministrativeSupport Accommodations & Support Systems Common Planning Time ProfessionalDevelopment
Defined Goals of the LRE Monitoring Process Systematic changes within each school that will result in consistent LRE practices which comply with federal and state LRE requirements Systemic changes will result in improved student outcomes
Methods of Collecting LRE Data Examine practices being undertaken in the schools and probe the knowledge of the persons responsible for putting these practices into effect. Quantitative and Qualitative measures OBSERVE INTERVIEW REVIEW
Vision & Attitude Begin with the end in mind – What do you want your school to look like? Celebrate all types of diversity There's no SUCCESS without U!!!! Hmmm…What do I want my school to look like???
Professional Development Professional Development should support your school vision Whole building training and follow-through Needs Assessments Administrative observations and walk-through
Administrative Support Principal philosophy and action must support LRE Principal understanding and follow-through on implementation Master schedule supports: common planning time instruction in high school Staff assignments support co-teaching models Paraprofessional assignments support increased LRE
Effective Instructional Strategies Functional Analysis/BIPs are in place Appropriate interventions are utilized Scientifically based instruction Materials are age appropriate Goals are aligned with the appropriate ILS
Accommodations and Support Systems Accommodations and modifications are SUFFICIENT to access the general education curriculum Accommodations and modifications are age appropriate Access to all program options (curricular and extracurricular) with necessary supports Access to assistive technology
Teaming and Relationship Building Attitudinal changes have been addressed General and special education teachers plan curriculum in collaborative teams School teams include special education staff Co-Teaching
Common Planning Time Regularly scheduled time Maintain meeting minutes Addresses special education involvement for EACH grade level serviced
Family Involvement Equal opportunity for participation Communication occurs regularly Procedural Safeguards | <urn:uuid:fccdd184-2a04-48d3-a886-393ca08615d0> | {
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ReadWorks provides a wealth of complex texts, many of them informational texts that provide deeper level questions.
Newsela provides complex text that can be searched by lexile level.
Text Project was started by Elfrieda H. (Freddy) Hiebert to bring beginning and struggling readers to high levels of literacy through a variety of strategies and tools, particularly the texts used for reading instruction. This is a fantastic resource through and through!
Tools to Support Reading Comprehension
Rewordify is one of the main tools I used to provide an alternate source of feedback to students. It provides a guided practice setting, a great next step after your whole group instruction around a text.
Vocaroo is a tool that allows students to record their reading, questions, vocabulary definition or partner discussion. They can then save and share with teachers, peers, and parents
5 Finger Retell is a solid tool that I used during the first part of my research. It gives students a frame for how to retell complex pieces of text. See my Research Paper for more on the success of it paired with other tools.
Retell Used as an Assessment of Language and Reading Comprehension. Click on image for resources to support this. | <urn:uuid:1db13fea-9deb-461e-a4c6-d2d1fc3432dd> | {
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Mariah Sofia December 21, 2020 coloring pages
All preschool kids need basic education at home that includes – teaching them about the alphabets, numeric figures and names of various objects around us! Psychologists from their numerous studies have found that children specially the preschool kids always learn things better if they are provided in a comfortable, fun and sweet manner. That is why you always find the alphabet books in colorful mode and the letters in a variety of designs that look attractive. But how many books can you buy? It is not the matter of cost, but matter of time and dedication. You have to go out and have a look at those alphabet books. So, to make things easier for you to find excellent alphabets and designs, the alphabet coloring pages have been discovered.
Who needs alphabet coloring pages?
Coloring pages will help your child understand various concepts, and even aid you in reciting various stories and fairy tales to them, making it a fun-filled activity, instead of mere bed-time reading.
Parents can easily leave their children all by themselves after a little assistance in the beginning to let them go through their journey to encounter each alphabet with amazement as each of these has a different story to tell in the coloring pages. The amazing world of attractive colors maintains 100% focus thus achieving complete concentration resulting in complete comprehension of the subject matter.
How to Get the Coloring Pages?
If you have very young children you may be placing them down for an afternoon nap. Older children can spend time with entertaining themselves with this fun activity. Then they won’t be creating noise that can make it harder for the little ones to get the rest they need. You can print out just a page or two at a time if you like.
Tag Cloudcute dragon coloring pages | <urn:uuid:373c420e-8323-4b5b-8f2d-3ff3ad9b413e> | {
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DescriptionIn the center of Jordan Valley stands a pelota fronton, or “ball court,” which was built by the area's Basque settlers in 1915 for playing pelota, a game similar to American handball.
Driven by economic hardship and political oppression, thousands of Basques left their homeland in the Pyrenees in the late 1800s and settled in the western United States. Some became masons, fishermen or miners, but most became range shepherds.
The Basques, independent people believed to be the oldest surviving race in Europe, lived a nomadic life herding flocks. They traveled across western ranges in search of better pastures, accepting sheep instead of wages. A few Basque shepherds still roam the area, but most gradually assimilated into the country's urban culture.
Jordan Crater, which erupted just 2,500 years ago, is one of the youngest volcanoes in the continental United States. Antelope Reservoir, 10 miles southwest of town, offers trout fishing and boating. | <urn:uuid:b0f10dac-0f9f-4b13-9218-60b9a1eba80d> | {
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The industrial revolution had a lasting effect on class structure, urbanization and lifestyle in this lesson, we will learn how the industrial. With the coming of the industrial revolution, humans were able to advance further into the 21st century technology developed rapidly, science became advanced and the manufacturing age came into view with all of these came one more effect, industrial pollution earlier, industries were small . The industrial revolution had begun in britain during the mid-18th century, but the american colonies lagged far behind the mother country in part because the .
Mexico, it is clear, has begun its industrial revolution this is the new revolution in mexico,--revolution indeed, but in a new sense of the term to analyze and evaluate this revolution in the mexican economy is the aim of this work. The industrial revolution and the great economic success that accompanied it had a wide variety of victims as we have previously discussed the american public, through the efforts of trusts, became a victim of the elimination of competition. Industrial revolution: industrial revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. History of europe - revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914: developments in 19th-century europe are bounded by two great events the french revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of europe for many decades.
The industrial revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th century when major agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on social . The industrial revolution was a time of great age throughout the world it represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840 the movement originated in great britain and affected everything from industrial manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen. Documents similar to medicine and the industrial revolution nhd bibliography uploaded by api-108287136 industrial revolution uploaded by saqib nawaz industrial . The industrial revolution was a great change which took place in europe in the 1700s and 1800s the term industrial revolution refers both to the changes that occurred and to the period itself .
Banking developed during the industrial revolution as the demands of entrepreneurs in industries like steam led to a vast expansion of the financial system. The biggest impact of the industrial revolution on 19th cent architecture was the mass-production of iron and later steel in quantities where it became an economically plausible building material (as opposed a limited material for weapons and tools) this magical material, steel, was a game changer . The industrial revolution occurred when agrarian societies became more industrialized and urban learn where and when the industrial revolution started, and the inventions that made it possible.
Industrial revolution it was the transition to new manufacturing processes this transition included going from hand production to machines it began in england and spread to the western europe and united states quickly. The second industrial revolution, also known as the technological revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the . The industrial revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
The industrial revolution brought several important changes to the field of education by making education accessible for children of all socioeconomic backgrounds and setting laws making education a requirement prior to the 1800s, the accessibility of education to children was spotty children born . The industrial revolution used fossil fuels as the means to advance the conditions for human life, and that is the point from which today’s society evolved what if – solar power instead of fossil fuels. The industrial revolution fundamentally altered societies around the world products were no longer made in cottage industries as manufacturing took place on a vast scale in city factories transportation dramatically changed steam-powered trains moved people and products across britain in a .
The cotton gin was not eli whitney's only contribution to the industrial revolution in america he also started the first factory which used interchangable parts in manufacturing with a growing free black population in northern and border states, 95 percent of the country's african american population was enslaved in 1820. During the industrial revolution, according to sternberg and other social psychologists, part of the problem with the collective psyche of society was a detachment from the dignity, pride, and . The larger the industrial revolution grew, the more powerful these individuals became individuals and groups formed new libraries, schools, and universities because there was a sudden need for education (possibly due to the increase in population). The industrial revolution was the time where the world shifted from the old manual laboring ways of the past, to the new factory and machinery age we live in today people went from working somewhere like this. | <urn:uuid:0f39b1aa-8ba7-40cc-a5dd-83ba29679c4a> | {
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?? Uh - that statement is correct. It would just take a long time. It has been happening for millennia. ==================== Visual Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer between Plants and Bacteria in the Phytosphere of Transplastomic Tobacco Appl Environ Microbiol. May 2009 Alessandra Pontiroli Abstract Plant surfaces, colonized by numerous and diverse bacterial species, are often considered hot spots for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between plants and bacteria. Plant DNA released during the degradation of plant tissues can persist and remain biologically active for significant periods of time, suggesting that soil or plant-associated bacteria could be in direct contact with plant DNA. In addition, nutrients released during the decaying process may provide a copiotrophic environment conducive for opportunistic microbial growth. . . .Microcosm-based experiments revealed that bacterial growth and competence development occur in different compartments of the plant. Isolation and direct visualization of transformants in situ suggest that some compartments of the phytosphere can be regarded as environmental hot spots for HGT. ==================== Agreed. Random mutation (i.e. what we've used for centuries) and selective breeding is even less precise. | <urn:uuid:a65e4776-f176-419a-9f9c-eaf233139789> | {
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After our lesson on wordplay, we were ready to write our final poem -- a sestina.
The sestina is a complex form structured around end words rather than a rhyme scheme. You can read about it here.
These are the steps we used to write a group sestina in Ms. Habicht's 8th grade class.
1. Brainstorm possible topics
We came up with a list, then voted. The class chose "High School" as the subject of their poem.
2. Brainstorm end/repeating words
We generated a large list, but narrowed it down to the six we wanted to use in our poem. They are:
3. Work in groups
Ms. Habicht split the class into six groups, one for each stanza of sestina. (They'd write the final stanza, or envoi, later). I gave each of the groups a sheet with the order of the six words for their stanza.
Ms. Habicht and I were impressed with the final poem. It captures the mixed emotions these students are feeling as they prepare for high school.
Since my son is also an eighth grader, this poem feels very real to me.
by St. Jane Frances School English Class 8-1
Everything we once knew will change.
From the moment we step into school, we are nervous –
yet excited. We feel lost
like in a maze of people, who may teach
us the ways of high school. Fresh-
men like us will find true friends.
It’s time to say goodbye to our well-known friends,
and get ready for our big change
of becoming fresh-
men. Our bodies begin to show all signs of nerves
as our teacher
hands us the map of the school, knowing we’ll still get lost.
We reflect on the memories that will never be lost,
remembering walking through the Bazaar with green-tinged friends
and Mr. Kane strumming his guitar instead of teach-
ing. Although we seem confident, we are terrified of change
and hope that next year we can hide our nerv-
ousness, as we begin the blank page: the year we will be called fresh.
Starting out the year as a fresh-
man, middle school lost
in the past. Fighting nerves
as I try to make new friends.
Having mixed feelings about the oncoming change,
I wave goodbye to my teachers.
New school, new teachers.
It’s time to start fresh.
I’m excited about the challenge of change.
The fear of getting lost
scares me. I don’t want to leave my friends
because making new ones works on my nerves.
Chills race up my spine as I nerv-
ously glance at my new teacher;
remembering old friends.
I am a recluse freshman,
imagining myself in these halls of this new exhilarating world of change.
Sometimes change is good without the nerves
of feeling lost. I try to navigate my way to new teachers,
Fearing freshman year, though I know I’ll make the best of friends.
Thanks to the families at St. Jane Frances School for giving me permission to post the children's poems this week.
National Poetry Month is almost here!
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Summary: Mearsheimer started the book with a focus on the offensive realistic theory that fundamentally emphasizes that the international political scenario is considerably anarchic. Different nations have developed a fear against one another in their race of power and autonomy. Mearsheimer asserts that all countries are basically striving hard to become a hegemon for the simple reason that they feel that this would make them secure. All the national and international activities of states revolve around one solid aim i.e. to achieve more and more control and power over the world and its resources as compared to others in the competition. All countries are included in the competition of security. Military capabilities of a nation play a decisive role in determining its power, status and global image. If a nation wants to enhance its strength, one thing that it needs to focus on and improve is its army. It is the army that enables a nation to win battles. Land power is essential in order to attain all other forms of power. Latent power that covers the financial strength, economic stability, population, literacy rate and high intellect is secondary to the actual power, though the former is extremely important to generate the latter. There are several nations that are currently accoutered with nuclear power, yet very few to none of them actually plan to ever use that power. Their disinclination towards the use of their nuclear power is a clear indication of the fact that land power is indeed, the fundamental sign of power. In fact, the same disinclination towards using nuclear power displayed by the nuclear powers of the contemporary age is in itself a cause of stability among individual nations. Offensive realism fundamentally revolves around the conception that great powers tend to look out for chances to overpower their adversaries and their ultimate goal is hegemony. This is opposite to the ideology of defensive realism that encourages the states to take necessary measures so as to ensure their safety and security. In such an ideology, the ultimate motif is not power, and hence the international relations are not as prone to conflicts as they are in the case of offensive realism. Mearsheimer believes that no state is intrinsically arrogant or aggressive. Indeed, aggression is an artificially acquired characteristic that is deemed important to survive in an uncertain global environment, altering power distribution and inadequate military support. Mearsheimer has not just made statements about offensive realism, he has actually tested and justified it in his book. In order to validate the offensive realism, Mearsheimer has emphasized that in order to survive through the time as a nation, it is imperative that people choose leaders because they struggle to make a nation strong and powerful. He has testified his own claim with clear emphasis on cases from the history. Mearsheimer has achieved this by analyzing matters with respect to several questions. He has checked if there was a direct relation between a nation’s power and aggression in its international interactions. He has judged the factors that determine a nation’s response to the aggression it is offered by external agencies. He has also studied the variation in the functionality and tendency of bipolar and multipolar ...
Cite this document
(“Critical review of John Mearsheimer's The Tragedy of Great Power Essay”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.net/environmental-studies/15307-critical-review-of-john-mearsheimer-s-the-tragedy
(Critical Review of John Mearsheimer'S The Tragedy of Great Power Essay)
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Calculations involved in Rankine Cycle
To analyse and determine the efficiency of rankine cycle by taking working fluid as water (1 kg) flowing through all the components of rankine cycle system.
By observing the rankine cycle in P-V, T-S and H-S diagrams as shown in Figure for calculating the efficiency of the rankine cycle.
The heat supplied = Q1 = (h1 – h3) – Wp
Where Wp = (h4 – h3) is called pump work per kg steam.
The heat rejected into the condenser
= Q2 = (h2 – h3)
Net work done per kg of steam
W = Q1 – Q2 = WT – WP = (h1 – h3) – Wp
Where WT = turbine work
The expression of thermal efficiency can also be developed by introducing thermodynamic mean temperature of heat addition. Thermodynamic mean temperature of heat addition | <urn:uuid:4eb25073-0d1c-44e7-8f46-072cc4f59a0c> | {
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InstructionsConsider the following scenario:A fifth-grade teacher has 23 students in their class. It’s January, and the students will be returning from the winter break. At the start of the year, the teacher worked with the class to develop a set of public agreements. Through a consensus-building process, the group voted to accept three class rules:We will be friendly to everyone.We will do our best work.We will take care of our classroom.The teacher printed a large poster with the rules on it, and all of the students signed the poster to show their agreement to follow the rules. The teacher hung the poster in a prominent location in the classroom, where it currently remains.During the first few weeks of school, the teacher facilitated small and large discussion groups about the rules. The teacher felt confident all of the students understood what it looked like, sounded like, and felt like to follow the classroom rules. Before getting into group activities, the teacher almost always reminded the students to keep the rules in mind.Until about November, the students seemed to really buy-in to the rules; but the teacher was noticing more and more that students were arguing and complaining. It was hard to implement collaborative groups with so many interpersonal issues bubbling up in the classroom.Timothy and Ahmed refused to be in the same group.Jimena appeared to have no friends in the class.Tyrone was extremely bossy and took over any group or partnership the teacher was a part of.Jayden, Amire, and Olivia were calling out more and more, distracting the class and interrupting the teacher.The teacher also noticed the quality of the students’ work was not what the teacher had hoped for. The teacher reminded the students to do their best, but it often didn’t seem to help. The teacher’s frustration was becoming overwhelming as they rushed from lesson to lesson trying to squeeze everything in.When the December break finally arrived, the teacher was exhausted. The classroom was such a mess from students not putting the supplies away in the designated location that many items were missing. The teacher spent three days during the winter break cleaning and reorganizing the classroom.The teacher reflected on the first four months of the school year and knew something—maybe many somethings—needed to be done differently than what had been implemented up to this point.Develop a Plan to Address Social Emotional Learning:Imagine you are the teacher of this class. You want your students to develop their social emotional competence. You know you got off to a great start with the classroom rules, but there is definitely room for improvement. Although there are no standards for SEL at your grade level, remember you can use a tiered model to address some of the students who are having the greatest difficulty.Draw on the case study to answer the following questions. Include your rationale for each decision. Your rationale should include which SEL competencies you are addressing.What are you going to do as soon as the students return in January?What practices will you incorporate into your teaching?What tiered supports will you implement and for which students?How will you use assessment to improve social emotional learning?How will you be mindful of equity, diversity, and inclusion as you implement each practice?Length: 7-10 pages, not including title and reference pagesReferences: Include a minimum of 4 scholarly resourcesFor more information on Social Emotional Learning check on this:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_emotional_development
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If you think your paper could be improved, you can request a review. In this case, your paper will be checked by the writer or assigned to an editor. You can use this option as many times as you see fit. This is free because we want you to be completely satisfied with the service offered. | <urn:uuid:38f20b14-5e57-4a1f-9744-d528fc54c91d> | {
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Grammar beyond naming/doing/describing: Learn how Lyn and the Lifelong Literacy team introduce and practise parts of speech and syntax with their students.
In this course, learn how to define and teach:
- prepositions and
using a straightforward, logical marking system.
- Increased ability to explain how words work together
- The ability to use teaching tools that make grammar logical
- Confidence in establishing useful terms with students for feedback and discussion
- Open Learning self-paced platform (full instructions re how to log in and navigate given on registration)
- Video-recorded presentation for play and replay at your own pace
- Session slides pdf
- Helpful handout for notes and key points
- Worksheets to use with your students
You will receive:
- Access to the course and materials for six weeks once you log on
- Real-time moderation of questions and comments by Lyn and the Lifelong Literacy team
- A certificate for two hours of professional development
IMPORTANT NOTE ON COURSE ACCESS
Course access is for six weeks from first login. First login is not the day you bought the course, first log in is when you went to Open Learning (our learning management system) and clicked on the link that took you to the actual course. That’s when your time starts to count down. Six weeks from that moment, your access will cease. Theoretically, you could buy the course and keep it on the back-burner for years without losing your access. But the moment you become an active user on Open Learning, is the moment your clock starts ticking. We are charged per user, so we have to time-limit your access. If you find that you need to extend your access, you can purchase extensions, month by month, for AUD$20 using this link. | <urn:uuid:5bf4ca6c-3b9a-4f10-ab5d-3ca23a7f0eb3> | {
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"The accelerating urbanization of the species is rapidly increasing the complexity of the urban environment for humanity as a whole," said Brad Allenby, a professor of civil, environmental and sustainable engineering in the Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering at Arizona State University.
"This makes urban-system infrastructure a critical component in maintaining stable, functioning societies and ensuring quality of life," he added.
Responding to the challenges emerging from the world's rapid urban population growth will fundamentally change how the engineering of public infrastructure is done in the future, he contends.
According to Allenby, this accelerating growth is driving an increasing reliance on information and communications technology - in everything from "smart buildings" that manage themselves to reduce energy consumption, to transportation networks that monitor themselves to prevent traffic and instruct drivers how to avoid congestion.
The integration of that kind technology into conventional infrastructure systems presents one of the biggest tasks in developing sustainable urban systems.
First, engineers have to deal with managing the complicated interactions between various information and communication systems - even as those systems themselves are evolving in complexity and capabilities.
Information technology is moving toward "autonomic" systems, according to Allenby.
These are systems capable not only of defining themselves in real time to meet user requirements but also, in the case of a problem, diagnosing and fixing their own internal faults and malfunctions.
To do this, such systems are also being engineered with the ability to "learn" new functions.
The very complexity of such technological capabilities "introduces uncertainty in the designed urban environment," Allenby said.
"The public policy implications and social ramifications of such technological evolution are yet to be addressed," he added.
As information systems in urban environments begin interacting with each other, even the experts who designed them cannot predict their behavior.
This makes it critical to study how complex systems such as cities can be made more resilient.
"We can't predict or identify all the problems and opportunities that may arise," Allenby said. "But, we can try to design our cities and their infrastructure so that we're better able to manage them when the problems and opportunities do arise," he added. (ANI) | <urn:uuid:e58948fc-5ff4-4d51-b609-dff572d7db31> | {
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Every 24th of August, we celebrate the International Day of National Parks, which can be thought of as natural treasures that have helped preserve landscapes, ecosystems, and species throughout the planet.
The Woman Post | Catalina Mejía Pizano
Listen to this article
The designation of a park as a National Park implies the obligation of non-alteration of the territories as well as a respectful presence of human beings in the area. It is worth highlighting that national parks are known for being home to several species of flora and fauna that are all important for purposes of science, education, and recreation.
In Colombia, we have over 59 protected areas that can be classified as part of the National Parks of the country. In total, these parks represent a total area of 17,541,489. They are located throughout the Colombian territory and they serve as a means to preserve the different ecosystems in each specific region, such as the Caribbean, the Andean, the Pacific, the Orinoquia, and the Amazon. Let's explore some of the beautiful national parks that you can visit in Colombia.
1. Amacayacu National Park
This jungle ecosystem is home to more than 5,000 plant species and its forests have the widest variety of primates in the world. Additionally, more than 468 species of birds have been registered during bird-watching.
2. Iguaque Fauna and Flora Sanctuary
This place is home to the Sacred Lagoon of Iguaque that according to Muiscan mythology was the place where humanity was born. They believed that Bachué, the mother of all humans, was born there.
3. El Cocuy National Park
This is the biggest glacial mass in Colombia, and it is composed of more than 25 peaks covered in ice and snow, located in two mountain chains of 25 km in length by 4 in width. The National Park includes moors as well as a large strip of Andean forest and basal jungle. It is home to a wide variety of fauna and flora.
4. Otún Quimbaya Fauna and Flora Sanctuary
Almost 90% of the protected area within the park is composed of natural forests. The remaining land contains small wetlands and forest plantations.
5. Los Nevados National Natural Park
This land was designated as National Park, to contribute to the preservation of one of the most important ecosystems in the world, since it has one of the three glaciers that are located in the country. Los Nevados Park is home to Nevado del Ruiz, Nevado de Santa Isabel and Nevado del Tolima.
6. Galeras Flora and Fauna Sanctuary
This National Park is located in the province of Nariño. The Galeras Volcano is its main attraction since it is one of the most active volcanoes on the continent. Some of its boilers constantly emit gases and others are inactive but serve as a reminder of the volcano’s activity in the past.
7. El Tuparro National Natural Park
This park contains a large and green Savannah, surrounded by large rivers with strong streams and sandy beaches with crystalline waters. More than 320 species of birds inhabit the area.
Today seems like a great date to be thankful for nature and to think of ways of taking good care of the diverse ecosystems that surround us. Lets us not forget that each of us has the responsibility to protect and preserve nature. The future generations will be thankful! | <urn:uuid:b27867cd-f29a-4086-873d-62a10f8b1bdc> | {
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I showed simple information in the article [ NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR ] and I said I will complete in another article; in this article, I show simple information about the[ NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOUR ] and I will complete in another article because the article will be long and I appreciate the time of the readers.
Let’s discuss this important topic .
The nervous system can be divided into two main parts:
- The central nervous system.
- The peripheral nervous system.
1)- The central nervous system.
The CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord, and is responsible for processing, interpreting and storing messages, allowing the body to maintain homeostasis and respond to different stimuli. The brain and spinal cord are the two parts of the CNS.
The coordinating and synthesizing part of the central nervous system (CNS) is the brain.
The brain of a human is divided into several main areas:
- A)-The cerebrum – the largest part of the brain, responsible for the highest kinds of mental activity as well as voluntary muscle control, interpretation of sensations, reasoning, learning and memory. In other words, the thinking part of the brain.
- B)-The cerebellum – governs the co-ordination, adjustment and the smoothing out of movement.
- C)-The olfactory bulb – concerned with the sense of smell, which is the only sense that communicates directly the centre of emotions, the amygdala. This means that the sense of smell is closely associated with our emotions.
|Definitions: Voluntary – Unforced or self-motivated. Receptor – A sensory nerve ending that responds to a particular kind of stimulus, found in the sense organs and on the skin.||Note In psychology, Emotion is also sometimes called Affect.|
- D)-The thalamus – acts as a relay centre for neurons that link the spinal cord to the cerebrum. It has a twofold function:
o 1- It acts as a channel between the sense receptors (all except smell) and the cerebellum.
o 2- It plays a role in controlling the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.
- E)- The hypothalamus – includes the important pituitary gland, an endocrine gland whose hormones influence body growth, reproduction, lactation, and the water balance in the kidneys. It also generally influences the activity of cells. Its role from a psychologist’s viewpoint might be summarised as:
- Controlling patterns of eating, drinking and sexual behaviour.
- Homeostasis – An optimal level of organic function, usually maintained by a regulatory mechanism. (i.e. the maintenance of a healthy balance of temperature, heart rate and blood pressure).
. Hormonal activity
- G)-The medulla oblongata – also known as the brain stem. It connects the brain with the spinal cord, and a number of the cranial nerves leave the brain at this point. It contains a number of reflex centres which control the heartbeat, circulation, respiration, swallowing, and various digestive functions.
Other main parts of the brain
1)-The reticular system – a network of neural pathways throughout the central core which is connected to the sense receptors. It acts as a filter for all incoming information and thus plays a role in our attention, awareness and arousal.
2)-The limbic system – a composite of structures which surround the central core. This system acts as a seat for our drives and emotions. It aids the hypothalamus in kerbing instinctive distress, and part of this system is also involved with memory capacity.
3)-The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a tissue mass inside the vertebral canal, protected by the bone of the vertebrae. It also consists of:
- A)-Spinal nerves – 31 pairs of nerves originating from posterior and anterior roots on the spinal cord.
- B)-Spinal meninges – membranes covering the central nervous system in the spine.
The spinal cord is the continuation of the medulla oblongata and sends messages between the brain and part of the body. The cord travels down the length of the spinal column protected inside the vertebrae. It is divided into segments. Each segment gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves which travel from the spinal cord into the body through spaces in the vertebrae. In the centre of the spinal cord there is a canal filled with fluid called the cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid circulates up and down the spinal cord and into cavities of the brain. Impulses are transmitted from the tissues of the body to the brain along the spinal cord.
A reflex is an automatic (unlearned) response to a stimulus, caused by the reflex arc, the neural circuit that links the spinal to other parts of the body, permitting the body to quickly respond to stimuli. A reflex action is the response of a motor neuron to a stimulus from a sensory neuron. There are simple and complex reflex actions. Simple ones occur in the spinal cord where the motor and sensory neurones join at the reflex arc. With more complex reflexes, the stimulus is passed along to the brain which then sends out its own stimulus or message on what action to take.
The medulla oblongata has reflex centres which control the actions of the heart, expansion and contraction of blood vessels and such actions as swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing. The reflex centres in the cerebellum control movement and posture while those in the hypothalamus regulate temperature and the water balance. | <urn:uuid:576e6607-a426-4563-96f2-8ac56dd9086f> | {
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CHRONIC PAIN IS A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE
Chronic pain is amongst us and is far more common than anticipated. It is wreaking havoc with our patients, their friends, and families and also in their workplace(s).
CHRONIC PAIN AFFECTS ONE IN FIVE AUSTRALIANS
No matter how you look at it, the numbers are staggering. In 2007, around 3.1 million Australians (1.4 million males and 1.7 million females) were estimated to experience chronic pain. These figures do not include children and adolescents, who can also suffer from chronic pain. Remember, these numbers would have also increased significantly since then.
ACUTE PAIN VS. CHRONIC PAIN
Where acute pain is generally considered a normal and protective sensation that alerts us to an injury; chronic pain is an abnormal and maladaptive sensation and a response to tissue inflammation or neurological damage that has occurred in the past. Chronic pain is of no biological value to the human body.
Pain can be considered chronic when the pain persists for more than one month following anticipated tissue healing or if pain continues for longer than three months. Chronic pain is usually triggered by an acute injury, disease or process that the body has long since recovered from. Some of these initial triggers can include persistent pain after multiple types of surgeries like discectomy, laminectomy, spinal fusion, thoracotomy, mastectomy and herniorrophy. Other causes include trauma, herpes zoster, a spinal injury, a joint abnormality, and even osteoarthritis.
In fact, anything that can affect nerves detrimentally can cause chronic neuronal changes and dysfunction, which can then lead to persistent sensory changes and pain (peripheral and central sensitization).
CHRONIC PAIN SHOULD BE CONSIDERED A CHRONIC ILLNESS
They key is to manage chronic pain as a chronic disease and not just a symptom of a disease yet to be diagnosed.
Crucial to effective chronic pain management is early detection and diagnosis. Have a high index of suspicion. Think about it early. Diagnose it early. Manage it early.
TOWARDS A TEAM APPROACH
Chronic pain is inseparably associated with alterations in mood, as well as sleep disturbances and varying degrees of physical restrictions and loss of function. Patients rapidly lose a sense of their place at home and in their communities. They loose faith in their ability to cope and manage themselves. This constellation of issues together with the pain, which can be severe and relentless, means that the management needs to be equally multi-faceted and needs to focus on aspects that are relevant and unique for each patient suffering from chronic pain.
A good pain management treatment approach should comprise a medical approach using medications and interventional pain procedures combined with an allied health multidisciplinary approach.
Even if the pain can be effectively reduced using medications and advanced interventional techniques, the person in pain needs to be appropriately assessed and managed too. This involves an allied health team approach. This is where a dedicated team comes into play. They key is focusing on each patient to de ne issues and barriers and then work on these issues to promote recovery and control.
Another way of saying this is, manage the pain AND manage the person in pain!
- The pain is managed using combinations of medications and interventional therapies, whether diagnostic and/or therapeutic.
- The person in pain is then managed by a team of allied health professionals that use an active management paradigm to empower and motivate patients while getting them to convert from a passive lifestyle to an active lifestyle of self- management.
Medications and interventions have to be chosen and utilized with care so that they form a part of this holistic approach. When done correctly, the patient has the tools and the ability to manage pain and restore function and to reduce dependency on medications alone.
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE ALLIED HEALTH TEAM MAY INCLUDE:
Pain physiotherapists restore function, reverse deconditioning and use specialized techniques aimed at reversing the sensitized pain pathways.
Pain psychologists work with the patient to understand the central changes that cause sensitization and to learn techniques to deal with and manage their pain, stress & anxiety levels. They may also focus on sleep hygeine, coping strategies and even relationship issues.
Pain occupational therapists literally help the patient in occupying their time in work, rest and play. This leads to patients reengaging and reconnecting with work and life.
A pain nurse is the glue in the system, supporting and making recommendations along the way as well as smoothing out the process.
Written by Dr. Simon Cohen – pain specialist & paediatrician.
TREATING CHRONIC PAIN GP EBOOK
As one of Australia's leading multidisciplinary pain specialist clinics, we'll explain what chronic pain is and why it occurs. We'll also explain that chronic pain should be managed as a chronic illness and not just a symptom of an illness. | <urn:uuid:fc3c7378-b9f2-48a4-81f3-4476967abdf9> | {
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According to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, distraction was a factor in nearly 6 out of 10 moderate-to-severe teen crashes, which is four times as many as official estimates based on police reports.
Distraction-Free Driving course entails how to:
- Raise awareness
- Stay focused on the road
- Be safe and keep others safe
Distraction-Free Driving course trains the brain on how to manage busy roads without distraction. The adaptive course raises awareness on how to manage mobile technology while driving and how to stay focused on the road staying safe and keeping others safe. Many teenagers are distracted while driving with mobile technology, self-grooming, singing, and playing with music and reaching for objects. Keep your teenagers safe. Take the adaptive Distraction-Free driving course.
From IntellAdapt to you and your family can enroll in this course for free at https://brain.intelladapt.com/ | <urn:uuid:c4644106-a9c4-4e1b-97b6-d17c7cf87bde> | {
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by Evropa Soberana
Cicero and the Jewish lobby
In 62-61 BCE, the proconsul Lucius Valerius Flaccus (son of the consul of the same name and brother of the consul Gaius Valerius Flaccus) confiscated the tribute of ‘sacred money’ that the Jews sent to the Temple of Jerusalem.
When this happened, the Jews of Rome raised the populace against Flaccus. The well-known Roman patriot Cicero defended Flaccus against the accuser Laelius (a tribune of the plebs who would later support Pompey against Julius Caesar) and referred to the Jews of Rome in a few sentences of 59 BCE, which were reflected in his In Defence of Flaccus, XVIII:
The next thing is that charge about the Jewish gold. And this, forsooth, is the reason why this cause is pleaded near the steps of Aurelius. It is on account of this charge, O Laelius, that this place and that mob has been selected by you. You know how numerous that crowd is, how great is its unanimity, and of what weight it is in the popular assemblies. I will speak in a low voice, just so as to let the judges hear me. For men are not wanting who would be glad to excite that people against me and against every eminent man; and I will not assist them and enable them to do so more easily. As gold, under pretence of being given to the Jews, was accustomed every year to be exported out of Italy and all the provinces to Jerusalem, Flaccus issued an edict establishing a law that…
From these phrases we can deduce that already in the 1st century BCE, the Jews had great political power in Rome itself, and that they had an important capacity for social mobilization against their political opponents, who lowered their voices out of fear: the pressure of the lobbies. | <urn:uuid:29e364d5-cae2-4998-a5bf-6dd607b06305> | {
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Omega-3 in pregnancy
Read time: 8 minutes
What are LCPs?
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) are the building blocks of the fats (technically called lipids) that help the body function normally1. They are important for both your own health and your baby’s development throughout pregnancy.
As types of polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 and omega-6 have varying properties and different benefits for your baby.
Why is omega-3 important during pregnancy?
You may already know that omega-3 can help reduce the risk of heart disease2. It also plays an important role in your baby’s rapidly developing brain, as well as their nervous system and eyes3. Omega-3 has many benefits to your baby’s brain development during pregnancy and helps set the foundation for their learning skills throughout life.
Research has shown that the potential long-term benefits of omega-3 include:
- A healthy birth weight3
- Reduced risk of preterm delivery3
- Reduced risk of your baby developing eczema later in life4
- Healthier, stronger bones5
Research also shows that omega-3 is especially important during late pregnancy and the first few months after birth3. As well as supporting your baby’s health and development, studies suggest it may help to reduce your risk of antenatal6 and postnatal depression7.
This is possibly due to healthier cell membranes allowing serotonin to flow better between cells, but this area is still being explored and the reasons are not yet fully understood8.
Why is omega-6 important during pregnancy?
Omega-6 has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on heart health due to its ability to reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood9. In a healthy ratio, the two LCPs are also linked to reducing childhood asthma10.
While most people get healthy levels of omega-6 without any effort12, many people, including mums-to-be, may not be getting enough omega-313.
How much omega-3 do you need when you’re pregnant?
There’s no absolute rule about how much omega-3 you need during pregnancy. The best advice is to eat up to two portions of oily fish per week or include a good vegetarian or vegan source of omega-3 to your diet every day, such as two teaspoons of flaxseed oil.
Free 'Eating for 2' recipe e-book
Healthy, tasty recipes by chef Lorraine Pascale and our team of nutritionists
Fish oil in pregnancy
While the NHS advises that fish oils with omega-3 supplements are safe to take during pregnancy, you should avoid taking any supplements that contain fish liver, such as cod liver oil16. Cod liver oil and other liver oils contain vitamin A or retinol, which in high doses, can harm your unborn baby16.
Supplements to avoid include:
- Fish liver oil supplements, such as cod liver oil.
- High-dose multivitamin supplements.
- Any supplements containing vitamin A (retinol).
Omega-3 foods for pregnancy
The richest source of omega-3 is oily fish. During pregnancy, it’s recommended that you eat up to two portions (140g is one portion) per week for a healthy intake14. But because oily fish can contain pollutants or mercury, they are one of the foods to limit during pregnancy15. Read more about eating fish during pregnancy.
Good vegetarian sources of omega-3 include walnuts, omega 3-enriched eggs, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, chia seeds, leafy green vegetables and soy products like tofu.
Fish sources of omega-3 and their content15:
|Food (100g)||Nutrient quantity (100g)|
Snacks and meals which are rich in omega-3
Try these tasty ideas to boost your omega-3 intake:
- Salmon & haddock sweet potato pie
- Sardines on toast.
- Grilled mackerel.
- A handful of walnuts.
- Omega 3-enriched eggs with corn and courgette fritters
- British Nutrition Foundation. N-3 fatty acids and health [Online]. 2000. Available at: http://nutrition.org.uk/attachments/156_n-3%20Fatty%20acids%20and%20health%20summary.pdf [Accessed February 2020]
- NHS UK. Fish and shellfish [Online]. 2018. Available at: www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/fish- shellfish.aspx [Accessed February 2020]
- Jensen CL. Effects of n− 3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(Suppl 6):S1452-1457.
- Klemens CM et al. The effect of perinatal omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory markers and allergic diseases: a systematic review. BJOG 2011;118(8):916-925.
- Koren N et al. Exposure to omega-3 fatty acids at early age accelerate bone growth and improve bone quality. J Nutr Biochem 2014;25(6):623-633.
- Golding J et al. High levels of depressive symptoms in pregnancy with low omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish. Epidemiol 2009;20(4):598-603.
Last reviewed: 28th July 2020
Reviewed by Nutricia’s Medical and Scientific Affairs Team
Questions about feeding and nutrition?
Our midwives, nutritionists and feeding advisors are always on hand to talk about feeding your baby. So if you have a question, just get in touch. | <urn:uuid:77f165c9-d934-4f8c-82bf-62412dbe0243> | {
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LED headlight technology is made up of a number of different components, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lenses, and reflectors. LEDs are tiny semiconductors that emit light when electrons inside them are activated by an electric current. When an LED is operated at a particular frequency, it emits a specific color of light. In most LED headlights, the LEDs are arranged in long strips along. With lenses and reflectors that direct the light forward into the road ahead. The main advantage of LED headlight bulbs is that they use significantly less power than traditional headlights and produce very little heat, which helps to reduce engine wear and tear over time. Another benefit of LED headlights is their low running cost; because these lights don’t require much power to operate, they can be used for many years without needing to be replaced. There are two types of LED headlight technologies: edge-lit and direct-lit. Edge-lit headlight technology uses a curved cover to diffuse the light from the LEDs over a wider area. Direct-lit headlamp technology disperses the LEDs directly over the lens, producing brighter, concentrated beams of light.
Are LED headlights brighter than halogen lights?
LED headlights are preferable to halogen lights because they are far brighter and use less power, which translates to a longer lifespan. LED headlights also have a wider viewing angle and produce less glare than halogen lights, so they can be a better option for driving in low-light conditions. Depending on the type of light that you have, it can be beneficial to have an LED headlight over halogen or HID (high-intensity discharge) lights. Generally, LED lights are cheaper and produce a brighter light that is more visible to other drivers as well as oncoming pedestrians. However, due to the lack of current legislation regarding LED headlights in the United States, you should check local laws regarding their usage before purchasing one.
On the other hand, halogen headlights are more durable and resistant to weather damage. They will also last much longer compared to HID lights but are on the more expensive side. Halogen headlights also produce a yellowish-white light which most people prefer over blue lights because it’s easier on their eyes since there’s less strain from the sun’s rays and glare from passing cars. When it comes to brightness, one factor that affects visibility is the temperature and humidity of the air. The hotter and wetter it gets, the more likely you are to have a vision problem caused by glare from nearby lights or reflections off wet surfaces like road signs or the rain-soaked windshield. This is why regular cleaning of your car’s windshield with. A soft cloth (and even a can of compressed air if necessary) is extremely important. For safety reasons as well as keeping your vehicle looking its best. www.suncentauto.com is a platform where one can buy all car accessories online easily for every model and company car.
How are LED headlights different from halogen and conventional headlights?
LED headlights are more energy-efficient than halogen headlights. A conventional bulb uses between 20 and 30 watts of power. While an LED bulb can use as little as 0.5 watts. That means an LED headlight can save you up to 80% of your power.
In addition to being more energy-efficient, LED headlights also produce less glare than halogen and conventional headlights. They’re also more durable and resist heat, cold, humidity, and rain better than conventional bulbs. The only downside is that they’re more expensive than halogen or conventional headlights. Fortunately, they’re becoming more affordable every year. The light produced by halogen lights is fairly dim, however, and can cause eye fatigue. Halogen lights also have a shorter lifespan than LED headlights and are more expensive to replace. LED headlights produce a whiter light than halogen lights and are also more energy-efficient. They are much pricier than halogen headlights, but they are also more durable and last longer. In addition, LED headlights can be programmed to change colors as drivers approach certain landmarks or other areas of interest. | <urn:uuid:7ff7d02e-2837-4955-bf49-ca8361c87686> | {
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World Wildlife Day History
World Wildlife Day seeks to celebrate the world's plants and animals while raising awareness of issues that impact wildlife. Wildlife refers to all undomesticated native plants and animals of a region. The day also serves to highlight issues such as urbanization, poaching, pollution and destruction of wildlife habitat and the ways that humans can contribute to conservation efforts.
The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed World Wildlife Day in December of 2013 as a celebration that would take place annually on March 3rd. The date chosen coincides with the day the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was signed. The CITES is a document that regulates trade of wild animals and plants around the world.
Top Tweets for World Wildlife Day -
World Wildlife Day Facts & Quotes
World Wildlife Day Top Events and Things to Do
World Wildlife Day References and Related Siteswww.wildlifeday.org: World Wildlife Day Official Website UN: World Wildlife Day | <urn:uuid:e3c2e317-510f-45f1-827c-2d3fe93ecf54> | {
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is fundamental to both philosophical and religious Taoism and strongly influenced other schools, such as Legalism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts. Many Chinese artists, including poets, painters, calligraphers, and even gardeners have used the Daodejing( ) as a source of inspiration. Its influence has also spread widely outside East Asia, and is amongst the most translated works in world literature.
Here is Tao Te Ching’s translation,translated by(Last updated 20 July 1995).
The tao that can be told
is not the eternal Tao
The name that can be named
is not the eternal Name.
The unnamable is the eternally real.
Naming is the origin
of all particular things.
Free from desire, you realize the mystery.
Caught in desire, you see only the manifestations.
Yet mystery and manifestations
arise from the same source.
This source is called darkness.
Darkness within darkness.
The gateway to all understanding.
When people see some things as beautiful,
other things become ugly.
When people see some things as good,
other things become bad.
Being and non-being create each other.
Difficult and easy support each other.
Long and short define each other.
High and low depend on each other.
Before and after follow each other.
Therefore the Master
acts without doing anything
and teaches without saying anything.
Things arise and she lets them come;
things disappear and she lets them go.
She has but doesn’t possess,
acts but doesn’t expect.
When her work is done, she forgets it.
That is why it lasts forever.
If you overesteem great men,
people become powerless.
If you overvalue possessions,
people begin to steal.
The Master leads
by emptying people’s minds
and filling their cores,
by weakening their ambition
and toughening their resolve.
He helps people lose everything
they know, everything they desire,
and creates confusion
in those who think that they know.
and everything will fall into place.
The Tao is like a well:
used but never used up.
It is like the eternal void:
filled with infinite possibilities.
It is hidden but always present.
I don’t know who gave birth to it.
It is older than God.
The Tao doesn’t take sides;
it gives birth to both good and evil.
The Master doesn’t take sides;
she welcomes both saints and sinners.
The Tao is like a bellows:
it is empty yet infinitely capable.
The more you use it, the more it produces;
the more you talk of it, the less you understand.
Hold on to the center.
The Tao is called the Great Mother:
empty yet inexhaustible,
it gives birth to infinite worlds.
It is always present within you.
You can use it any way you want.
The Tao is infinite, eternal.
Why is it eternal?
It was never born;
thus it can never die.
Why is it infinite?
It has no desires for itself;
thus it is present for all beings.
The Master stays behind;
that is why she is ahead.
She is detached from all things;
that is why she is one with them.
Because she has let go of herself,
she is perfectly fulfilled.
The supreme good is like water,
which nourishes all things without trying to.
It is content with the low places that people disdain.
Thus it is like the Tao.
In dwelling, live close to the ground.
In thinking, keep to the simple.
In conflict, be fair and generous.
In governing, don’t try to control.
In work, do what you enjoy.
In family life, be completely present.
When you are content to be simply yourself
and don’t compare or compete,
everybody will respect you.
Fill your bowl to the brim
and it will spill.
Keep sharpening your knife
and it will blunt.
Chase after money and security
and your heart will never unclench.
Care about people’s approval
and you will be their prisoner.
Do your work, then step back.
The only path to serenity.
Can you coax your mind from its wandering
and keep to the original oneness?
Can you let your body become
supple as a newborn child’s?
Can you cleanse your inner vision
until you see nothing but the light?
Can you love people and lead them
without imposing your will?
Can you deal with the most vital matters
by letting events take their course?
Can you step back from you own mind
and thus understand all things?
Giving birth and nourishing,
having without possessing,
acting with no expectations,
leading and not trying to control:
this is the supreme virtue.
We join spokes together in a wheel,
but it is the center hole
that makes the wagon move.
We shape clay into a pot,
but it is the emptiness inside
that holds whatever we want.
We hammer wood for a house,
but it is the inner space
that makes it livable.
We work with being,
but non-being is what we use.
Colors blind the eye.
Sounds deafen the ear.
Flavors numb the taste.
Thoughts weaken the mind.
Desires wither the heart.
The Master observes the world
but trusts his inner vision.
He allows things to come and go.
His heart is open as the sky.
Success is as dangerous as failure.
Hope is as hollow as fear.
What does it mean that success is a dangerous as failure?
Whether you go up the ladder or down it,
you position is shaky.
When you stand with your two feet on the ground,
you will always keep your balance.
What does it mean that hope is as hollow as fear?
Hope and fear are both phantoms
that arise from thinking of the self.
When we don’t see the self as self,
what do we have to fear?
See the world as your self.
Have faith in the way things are.
Love the world as your self;
then you can care for all things.
Look, and it can’t be seen.
Listen, and it can’t be heard.
Reach, and it can’t be grasped.
Above, it isn’t bright.
Below, it isn’t dark.
it returns to the realm of nothing.
Form that includes all forms,
image without an image,
subtle, beyond all conception.
Approach it and there is no beginning;
follow it and there is no end.
You can’t know it, but you can be it,
at ease in your own life.
Just realize where you come from:
this is the essence of wisdom.
The ancient Masters were profound and subtle.
Their wisdom was unfathomable.
There is no way to describe it;
all we can describe is their appearance.
They were careful
as someone crossing an iced-over stream.
Alert as a warrior in enemy territory.
Courteous as a guest.
Fluid as melting ice.
Shapable as a block of wood.
Receptive as a valley.
Clear as a glass of water.
Do you have the patience to wait
till your mud settles and the water is clear?
Can you remain unmoving
till the right action arises by itself?
The Master doesn’t seek fulfillment.
Not seeking, not expecting,
she is present, and can welcome all things.
Empty your mind of all thoughts.
Let your heart be at peace.
Watch the turmoil of beings,
but contemplate their return.
Each separate being in the universe
returns to the common source.
Returning to the source is serenity.
If you don’t realize the source,
you stumble in confusion and sorrow.
When you realize where you come from,
you naturally become tolerant,
kindhearted as a grandmother,
dignified as a king.
Immersed in the wonder of the Tao,
you can deal with whatever life brings you,
and when death comes, you are ready.
When the Master governs, the people
are hardly aware that he exists.
Next best is a leader who is loved.
Next, one who is feared.
The worst is one who is despised.
If you don’t trust the people,
you make them untrustworthy.
The Master doesn’t talk, he acts.
When his work is done,
the people say, “Amazing:
we did it, all by ourselves!”
When the great Tao is forgotten,
goodness and piety appear.
When the body’s intelligence declines,
cleverness and knowledge step forth.
When there is no peace in the family,
filial piety begins.
When the country falls into chaos,
patriotism is born.
Throw away holiness and wisdom,
and people will be a hundred times happier.
Throw away morality and justice,
and people will do the right thing.
Throw away industry and profit,
and there won’t be any thieves.
If these three aren’t enough,
just stay at the center of the circle
and let all things take their course.
Stop thinking, and end your problems.
What difference between yes and no?
What difference between success and failure?
Must you value what others value,
avoid what others avoid?
Other people are excited,
as though they were at a parade.
I alone don’t care,
I alone am expressionless,
like an infant before it can smile.
Other people have what they need;
I alone possess nothing.
I alone drift about,
like someone without a home.
I am like an idiot, my mind is so empty.
Other people are bright;
I alone am dark.
Other people are sharper;
I alone am dull.
Other people have a purpose;
I alone don’t know.
I drift like a wave on the ocean,
I blow as aimless as the wind.
I am different from ordinary people.
I drink from the Great Mother’s breasts.
The Master keeps her mind
always at one with the Tao;
that is what gives her her radiance.
The Tao is ungraspable.
How can her mind be at one with it?
Because she doesn’t cling to ideas.
The Tao is dark and unfathomable.
How can it make her radiant?
Because she lets it.
Since before time and space were,
the Tao is.
It is beyond is and is not.
How do I know this is true?
I look inside myself and see.
If you want to become whole,
let yourself be partial.
If you want to become straight,
let yourself be crooked.
If you want to become full,
let yourself be empty.
If you want to be reborn,
let yourself die.
If you want to be given everything,
give everything up.
The Master, by residing in the Tao,
sets an example for all beings.
Because he doesn’t display himself,
people can see his light.
Because he has nothing to prove,
people can trust his words.
Because he doesn’t know who he is,
people recognize themselves in him.
Because he has no goad in mind,
everything he does succeeds.
When the ancient Masters said,
“If you want to be given everything,
give everything up,”
they weren’t using empty phrases.
Only in being lived by the Tao can you be truly yourself.
Express yourself completely,
then keep quiet.
Be like the forces of nature:
when it blows, there is only wind;
when it rains, there is only rain;
when the clouds pass, the sun shines through.
If you open yourself to the Tao,
you are at one with the Tao
and you can embody it completely.
If you open yourself to insight,
you are at one with insight
and you can use it completely.
If you open yourself to loss,
you are at one with loss
and you can accept it completely.
Open yourself to the Tao,
then trust your natural responses;
and everything will fall into place.
He who stands on tiptoe
doesn’t stand form.
He who rushes ahead
doesn’t go far.
He who tries to shine
dims his own light.
He who defines himself
can’t know who he really is.
He who has power over others
can’t empower himself.
He who clings to his work
will create nothing that endures.
If you want to accord with the Tao,
just do your job, then let go.
There was something formless and perfect
before the universe was born.
It is serene. Empty.
Infinite. Eternally present.
It is the mother of the universe.
For lack of a better name,
I call it the Tao.
It flows through all things,
inside and outside, and returns
to the origin of all things.
The Tao is great.
The universe is great.
Earth is great.
Man is great.
These are the four great powers.
Man follows the earth.
Earth follows the universe.
The universe follows the Tao.
The Tao follows only itself.
The heavy is the root of the light.
The unmoved is the source of all movement.
Thus the Master travels all day
without leaving home.
However splendid the views,
she stays serenely in herself.
Why should the lord of the country
flit about like a fool?
If you let yourself be blown to and fro,
you lose touch with your root.
If you let restlessness move you,
you lose touch with who you are.
A good traveler has no fixed plans
and is not intent upon arriving.
A good artist lets his intuition
lead him wherever it wants.
A good scientist has freed himself of concepts
and keeps his mind open to what is.
Thus the Master is available to all people
and doesn’t reject anyone.
He is ready to use all situations
and doesn’t waste anything.
This is called embodying the light.
What is a good man but a bad man’s teacher?
What is a bad man but a good man’s job?
If you don’t understand this, you will get lost,
however intelligent you are.
It is the great secret.
Know the male,
yet keep to the female:
receive the world in your arms.
If you receive the world,
the Tao will never leave you
and you will be like a little child.
Know the white,
yet keep to the black:
be a pattern for the world.
If you are a pattern for the world,
the Tao will be strong inside you
and there will be nothing you can’t do.
Know the personal,
yet keep to the impersonal:
accept the world as it is.
If you accept the world,
the Tao will be luminous inside you
and you will return to your primal self.
The world is formed from the void,
like utensils from a block of wood.
The Master knows the utensils,
yet keeps to the the block:
thus she can use all things.
Do you want to improve the world?
I don’t think it can be done.
The world is sacred.
It can’t be improved.
If you tamper with it, you’ll ruin it.
If you treat it like an object, you’ll lose it.
There is a time for being ahead,
a time for being behind;
a time for being in motion,
a time for being at rest;
a time for being vigorous,
a time for being exhausted;
a time for being safe,
a time for being in danger.
The Master sees things as they are,
without trying to control them.
She lets them go their own way,
and resides at the center of the circle.
Whoever relies on the Tao in governing men
doesn’t try to force issues
or defeat enemies by force of arms.
For every force there is a counterforce.
Violence, even well intentioned,
always rebounds upon oneself.
The Master does his job
and then stops.
He understands that the universe
is forever out of control,
and that trying to dominate events
goes against the current of the Tao.
Because he believes in himself,
he doesn’t try to convince others.
Because he is content with himself,
he doesn’t need others’ approval.
Because he accepts himself,
the whole world accepts him.
Weapons are the tools of violence;
all decent men detest them.
Weapons are the tools of fear;
a decent man will avoid them
except in the direst necessity
and, if compelled, will use them
only with the utmost restraint.
Peace is his highest value.
If the peace has been shattered,
how can he be content?
His enemies are not demons,
but human beings like himself.
He doesn’t wish them personal harm.
Nor does he rejoice in victory.
How could he rejoice in victory
and delight in the slaughter of men?
He enters a battle gravely,
with sorrow and with great compassion,
as if he were attending a funeral.
The Tao can’t be perceived.
Smaller than an electron,
it contains uncountable galaxies.
If powerful men and women
could remain centered in the Tao,
all things would be in harmony.
The world would become a paradise.
All people would be at peace,
and the law would be written in their hearts.
When you have names and forms,
know that they are provisional.
When you have institutions,
know where their functions should end.
Knowing when to stop,
you can avoid any danger.
All things end in the Tao
as rivers flow into the sea.
Knowing others is intelligence;
knowing yourself is true wisdom.
Mastering others is strength;
mastering yourself is true power.
If you realize that you have enough,
you are truly rich.
If you stay in the center
and embrace death with your whole heart,
you will endure forever.
The great Tao flows everywhere.
All things are born from it,
yet it doesn’t create them.
It pours itself into its work,
yet it makes no claim.
It nourishes infinite worlds,
yet it doesn’t hold on to them.
Since it is merged with all things
and hidden in their hearts,
it can be called humble.
Since all things vanish into it
and it alone endures,
it can be called great.
It isn’t aware of its greatness;
thus it is truly great.
She who is centered in the Tao
can go where she wishes, without danger.
She perceives the universal harmony,
even amid great pain,
because she has found peace in her heart.
Music or the smell of good cooking
may make people stop and enjoy.
But words that point to the Tao
seem monotonous and without flavor.
When you look for it, there is nothing to see.
When you listen for it, there is nothing to hear.
When you use it, it is inexhaustible.
If you want to shrink something,
you must first allow it to expand.
If you want to get rid of something,
you must first allow it to flourish.
If you want to take something,
you must first allow it to be given.
This is called the subtle perception
of the way things are.
The soft overcomes the hard.
The slow overcomes the fast.
Let your workings remain a mystery.
Just show people the results.
The Tao never does anything,
yet through it all things are done.
If powerful men and women
could venter themselves in it,
the whole world would be transformed
by itself, in its natural rhythms.
People would be content
with their simple, everyday lives,
in harmony, and free of desire.
When there is no desire,
all things are at peace.
The Master doesn’t try to be powerful;
thus he is truly powerful.
The ordinary man keeps reaching for power;
thus he never has enough.
The Master does nothing,
yet he leaves nothing undone.
The ordinary man is always doing things,
yet many more are left to be done.
The kind man does something,
yet something remains undone.
The just man does something,
and leaves many things to be done.
The moral man does something,
and when no one responds
he rolls up his sleeves and uses force.
When the Tao is lost, there is goodness.
When goodness is lost, there is morality.
When morality is lost, there is ritual.
Ritual is the husk of true faith,
the beginning of chaos.
Therefore the Master concerns himself
with the depths and not the surface,
with the fruit and not the flower.
He has no will of his own.
He dwells in reality,
and lets all illusions go.
In harmony with the Tao,
the sky is clear and spacious,
the earth is solid and full,
all creature flourish together,
content with the way they are,
endlessly repeating themselves,
When man interferes with the Tao,
the sky becomes filthy,
the earth becomes depleted,
the equilibrium crumbles,
creatures become extinct.
The Master views the parts with compassion,
because he understands the whole.
His constant practice is humility.
He doesn’t glitter like a jewel
but lets himself be shaped by the Tao,
as rugged and common as stone.
Return is the movement of the Tao.
Yielding is the way of the Tao.
All things are born of being.
Being is born of non-being.
When a superior man hears of the Tao,
he immediately begins to embody it.
When an average man hears of the Tao,
he half believes it, half doubts it.
When a foolish man hears of the Tao,
he laughs out loud.
If he didn’t laugh,
it wouldn’t be the Tao.
Thus it is said:
The path into the light seems dark,
the path forward seems to go back,
the direct path seems long,
true power seems weak,
true purity seems tarnished,
true steadfastness seems changeable,
true clarity seems obscure,
the greatest are seems unsophisticated,
the greatest love seems indifferent,
the greatest wisdom seems childish.
The Tao is nowhere to be found.
Yet it nourishes and completes all things.
The Tao gives birth to One.
One gives birth to Two.
Two gives birth to Three.
Three gives birth to all things.
All things have their backs to the female
and stand facing the male.
When male and female combine,
all things achieve harmony.
Ordinary men hate solitude.
But the Master makes use of it,
embracing his aloneness, realizing
he is one with the whole universe.
The gentlest thing in the world
overcomes the hardest thing in the world.
That which has no substance
enters where there is no space.
This shows the value of non-action.
Teaching without words,
performing without actions:
that is the Master’s way.
Fame or integrity: which is more important?
Money or happiness: which is more valuable?
Success of failure: which is more destructive?
If you look to others for fulfillment,
you will never truly be fulfilled.
If your happiness depends on money,
you will never be happy with yourself.
Be content with what you have;
rejoice in the way things are.
When you realize there is nothing lacking,
the whole world belongs to you.
True perfection seems imperfect,
yet it is perfectly itself.
True fullness seems empty,
yet it is fully present.
True straightness seems crooked.
True wisdom seems foolish.
True art seems artless.
The Master allows things to happen.
She shapes events as they come.
She steps out of the way
and lets the Tao speak for itself.
When a country is in harmony with the Tao,
the factories make trucks and tractors.
When a country goes counter to the Tao,
warheads are stockpiled outside the cities.
There is no greater illusion than fear,
no greater wrong than preparing to defend yourself,
no greater misfortune than having an enemy.
Whoever can see through all fear
will always be safe.
Without opening your door,
you can open your heart to the world.
Without looking out your window,
you can see the essence of the Tao.
The more you know,
the less you understand.
The Master arrives without leaving,
sees the light without looking,
achieves without doing a thing.
In pursuit of knowledge,
every day something is added.
In the practice of the Tao,
every day something is dropped.
Less and less do you need to force things,
until finally you arrive at non-action.
When nothing is done,
nothing is left undone.
True mastery can be gained
by letting things go their own way.
It can’t be gained by interfering.
The Master has no mind of her own.
She works with the mind of the people.
She is good to people who are good.
She is also good to people who aren’t good.
This is true goodness.
She trusts people who are trustworthy.
She also trusts people who aren’t trustworthy.
This is true trust.
The Master’s mind is like space.
People don’t understand her.
They look to her and wait.
She treats them like her own children.
The Master gives himself up
to whatever the moment brings.
He knows that he is going to die,
and her has nothing left to hold on to:
no illusions in his mind,
no resistances in his body.
He doesn’t think about his actions;
they flow from the core of his being.
He holds nothing back from life;
therefore he is ready for death,
as a man is ready for sleep
after a good day’s work.
Every being in the universe
is an expression of the Tao.
It springs into existence,
unconscious, perfect, free,
takes on a physical body,
lets circumstances complete it.
That is why every being
spontaneously honors the Tao.
The Tao gives birth to all beings,
nourishes them, maintains them,
cares for them, comforts them, protects them,
takes them back to itself,
creating without possessing,
acting without expecting,
guiding without interfering.
That is why love of the Tao
is in the very nature of things.
In the beginning was the Tao.
All things issue from it;
all things return to it.
To find the origin,
trace back the manifestations.
When you recognize the children
and find the mother,
you will be free of sorrow.
If you close your mind in judgements
and traffic with desires,
your heart will be troubled.
If you keep your mind from judging
and aren’t led by the senses,
your heart will find peace.
Seeing into darkness is clarity.
Knowing how to yield is strength.
Use your own light
and return to the source of light.
This is called practicing eternity.
The great Way is easy,
yet people prefer the side paths.
Be aware when things are out of balance.
Stay centered within the Tao.
When rich speculators prosper
While farmers lose their land;
when government officials spend money
on weapons instead of cures;
when the upper class is extravagant and irresponsible
while the poor have nowhere to turn-
all this is robbery and chaos.
It is not in keeping with the Tao.
Whoever is planted in the Tao
will not be rooted up.
Whoever embraces the Tao
will not slip away.
Her name will be held in honor
from generation to generation.
Let the Tao be present in your life
and you will become genuine.
Let it be present in your family
and your family will flourish.
Let it be present in your country
and your country will be an example
to all countries in the world.
Let it be present in the universe
and the universe will sing.
How do I know this is true?
By looking inside myself.
He who is in harmony with the Tao
is like a newborn child.
Its bones are soft, its muscles are weak,
but its grip is powerful.
It doesn’t know about the union
of male and female,
yet its penis can stand erect,
so intense is its vital power.
It can scream its head off all day,
yet it never becomes hoarse,
so complete is its harmony.
The Master’s power is like this.
He lets all things come and go
effortlessly, without desire.
He never expects results;
thus he is never disappointed.
He is never disappointed;
thus his spirit never grows old.
Those who know don’t talk.
Those who talk don’t know.
Close your mouth,
block off your senses,
blunt your sharpness,
untie your knots,
soften your glare,
settle your dust.
This is the primal identity.
Be like the Tao.
It can’t be approached or withdrawn from,
benefited or harmed,
honored or brought into disgrace.
It gives itself up continually.
That is why it endures.
If you want to be a great leader,
you must learn to follow the Tao.
Stop trying to control.
Let go of fixed plans and concepts,
and the world will govern itself.
The more prohibitions you have,
the less virtuous people will be.
The more weapons you have,
the less secure people will be.
The more subsidies you have,
the less self-reliant people will be.
Therefore the Master says:
I let go of the law,
and people become honest.
I let go of economics,
and people become prosperous.
I let go of religion,
and people become serene.
I let go of all desire for the common good,
and the good becomes common as grass.
If a country is governed with tolerance,
the people are comfortable and honest.
If a country is governed with repression,
the people are depressed and crafty.
When the will to power is in charge,
the higher the ideals, the lower the results.
Try to make people happy,
and you lay the groundwork for misery.
Try to make people moral,
and you lay the groundwork for vice.
Thus the Master is content
to serve as an example
and not to impose her will.
She is pointed, but doesn’t pierce.
Straightforward, but supple.
Radiant, but easy on the eyes.
For governing a country well
there is nothing better than moderation.
The mark of a moderate man
is freedom from his own ideas.
Tolerant like the sky,
all-pervading like sunlight,
firm like a mountain,
supple like a tree in the wind,
he has no destination in view
and makes use of anything
life happens to bring his way.
Nothing is impossible for him.
Because he has let go,
he can care for the people’s welfare
as a mother cares for her child.
Governing a large country
is like frying a small fish.
You spoil it with too much poking.
Center your country in the Tao
and evil will have no power.
Not that it isn’t there,
but you’ll be able to step out of its way.
Give evil nothing to oppose
and it will disappear by itself.
When a country obtains great power,
it becomes like the sea:
all streams run downward into it.
The more powerful it grows,
the greater the need for humility.
Humility means trusting the Tao,
thus never needing to be defensive.
A great nation is like a great man:
When he makes a mistake, he realizes it.
Having realized it, he admits it.
Having admitted it, he corrects it.
He considers those who point out his faults
as his most benevolent teachers.
He thinks of his enemy
as the shadow that he himself casts.
If a nation is centered in the Tao,
if it nourishes its own people
and doesn’t meddle in the affairs of others,
it will be a light to all nations in the world.
The Tao is the center of the universe,
the good man’s treasure,
the bad man’s refuge.
Honors can be bought with fine words,
respect can be won with good deeds;
but the Tao is beyond all value,
and no one can achieve it.
Thus, when a new leader is chosen,
don’t offer to help him
with your wealth or your expertise.
to teach him about the Tao.
Why did the ancient Masters esteem the Tao?
Because, being one with the Tao,
when you seek, you find;
and when you make a mistake, you are forgiven.
That is why everybody loves it.
Act without doing;
work without effort.
Think of the small as large
and the few as many.
Confront the difficult
while it is still easy;
accomplish the great task
by a series of small acts.
The Master never reaches for the great;
thus she achieves greatness.
When she runs into a difficulty,
she stops and gives herself to it.
She doesn’t cling to her own comfort;
thus problems are no problem for her.
What is rooted is easy to nourish.
What is recent is easy to correct.
What is brittle is easy to break.
What is small is easy to scatter.
Prevent trouble before it arises.
Put things in order before they exist.
The giant pine tree
grows from a tiny sprout.
The journey of a thousand miles
starts from beneath your feet.
Rushing into action, you fail.
Trying to grasp things, you lose them.
Forcing a project to completion,
you ruin what was almost ripe.
Therefore the Master takes action
by letting things take their course.
He remains as calm
at the end as at the beginning.
He has nothing,
thus has nothing to lose.
What he desires is non-desire;
what he learns is to unlearn.
He simply reminds people
of who they have always been.
He cares about nothing but the Tao.
Thus he can care for all things.
The ancient Masters
didn’t try to educate the people,
but kindly taught them to not-know.
When they think that they know the answers,
people are difficult to guide.
When they know that they don’t know,
people can find their own way.
If you want to learn how to govern,
avoid being clever or rich.
The simplest pattern is the clearest.
Content with an ordinary life,
you can show all people the way
back to their own true nature.
All streams flow to the sea
because it is lower than they are.
Humility gives it its power.
If you want to govern the people,
you must place yourself below them.
If you want to lead the people,
you must learn how to follow them.
The Master is above the people,
and no one feels oppressed.
She goes ahead of the people,
and no one feels manipulated.
The whole world is grateful to her.
Because she competes with no one,
no one can compete with her.
Some say that my teaching is nonsense.
Others call it lofty but impractical.
But to those who have looked inside themselves,
this nonsense makes perfect sense.
And to those who put it into practice,
this loftiness has roots that go deep.
I have just three things to teach:
simplicity, patience, compassion.
These three are your greatest treasures.
Simple in actions and in thoughts,
you return to the source of being.
Patient with both friends and enemies,
you accord with the way things are.
Compassionate toward yourself,
you reconcile all beings in the world.
The best athlete
wants his opponent at his best.
The best general
enters the mind of his enemy.
The best businessman
serves the communal good.
The best leader
follows the will of the people.
All of the embody
the virtue of non-competition.
Not that they don’t love to compete,
but they do it in the spirit of play.
In this they are like children
and in harmony with the Tao.
The generals have a saying:
“Rather than make the first move
it is better to wait and see.
Rather than advance an inch
it is better to retreat a yard.”
This is called
going forward without advancing,
pushing back without using weapons.
There is no greater misfortune
than underestimating your enemy.
Underestimating your enemy
means thinking that he is evil.
Thus you destroy your three treasures
and become an enemy yourself.
When two great forces oppose each other,
the victory will go
to the one that knows how to yield.
My teachings are easy to understand
and easy to put into practice.
Yet your intellect will never grasp them,
and if you try to practice them, you’ll fail.
My teachings are older than the world.
How can you grasp their meaning?
If you want to know me,
look inside your heart.
Not-knowing is true knowledge.
Presuming to know is a disease.
First realize that you are sick;
then you can move toward health.
The Master is her own physician.
She has healed herself of all knowing.
Thus she is truly whole.
When they lose their sense of awe,
people turn to religion.
When they no longer trust themselves,
they begin to depend upon authority.
Therefore the Master steps back
so that people won’t be confused.
He teaches without a teaching,
so that people will have nothing to learn.
The Tao is always at ease.
It overcomes without competing,
answers without speaking a word,
arrives without being summoned,
accomplishes without a plan.
Its net covers the whole universe.
And though its meshes are wide,
it doesn’t let a thing slip through.
If you realize that all things change,
there is nothing you will try to hold on to.
If you aren’t afraid of dying,
there is nothing you can’t achieve.
Trying to control the future
is like trying to take the master carpenter’s place.
When you handle the master carpenter’s tools,
chances are that you’ll cut your hand.
When taxes are too high,
people go hungry.
When the government is too intrusive,
people lose their spirit.
Act for the people’s benefit.
Trust them; leave them alone.
Men are born soft and supple;
dead, they are stiff and hard.
Plats are born tender and pliant;
dead, they are brittle and dry.
Thus whoever is stiff and inflexible
is a disciple of death.
Whoever is soft and yielding
is a disciple of life.
The hard and stiff will be broken.
The soft and supple will prevail.
As it acts in the world, the Tao
is like the bending of a bow.
The top is bent downward;
the bottom is bent up.
It adjusts excess and deficiency
so that there is perfect balance.
It takes from what is too much
and give to what isn’t enough.
Those who try to control,
who use force to protect their power,
go against the direction of the Tao.
They take from those who don’t have enough
and give to those who have far too much.
The Master can keep giving
because there is no end to her wealth.
She acts without expectation,
succeeds without taking credit,
and doesn’t think that she is better
than anyone else.
Nothing in the world
is as soft and yielding as water.
Yet for dissolving the hard and inflexible,
nothing can surpass it.
The soft overcomes the hard;
the gentle overcomes the rigid.
Everyone knows this is true,
but few can put it into practice.
Therefore the Master remains
serene in the midst of sorrow.
Evil cannot enter his heart.
Because he has given up helping,
he is people’s greatest help.
True words seem paradoxical.
Failure is an opportunity.
If you blame someone else,
there is no end to the blame.
Therefore the Master
fulfills her own obligations
and corrects her own mistakes.
She does what she needs to do
and demands nothing of others.
If a country is governed wisely,
its inhabitants will be content.
They enjoy the labor of their hands
and don’t waste time inventing
Since they dearly love their homes,
they aren’t interested in travel.
There may be a few wagons and boats,
but these don’t go anywhere.
There may be an arsenal of weapons,
but nobody ever uses them.
People enjoy their food,
take pleasure in being with their families,
spend weekends working in their gardens,
delight in the doings of the neighborhood.
And even though the next country is so close
that people can hear its roosters crowing and its dogs barking,
they are content to die of old age
without ever having gone to see it.
True words aren’t eloquent;
eloquent words aren’t true.
Wise men don’t need to prove their point;
men who need to prove their point aren’t wise.
The Master has no possessions.
The more he does for others,
the happier he is.
The more he gives to others,
the wealthier he is.
The Tao nourishes by not forcing.
By not dominating, the Master leads.
stephen mitchell (b. 1943 in Brooklyn, New York) is a poet, translator, scholar, and anthologist. He is married to author Byron Katie. They live in Ojai, California. | <urn:uuid:de0f5d56-b524-45f4-83cd-5ed93ec9d0a7> | {
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In Namibia, the major share of urban growth is informal, with an estimated 30-40 per cent of the population living in informal settlements, with trends projecting shacks to become the predominant form of housing by 2025. Being especially vulnerable to climate change, these forms of settlements require special attention in the development of climate resilience strategies.
Brazil's strategies towards its favelas have varied enormously over time. If they are to be successful in improving people's lives, it is essential that informal settlements are perceived as an integral part of a city, argue Mariana Dias Simpson and Itamar Silva.
High density and poor building materials make informal settlements extremely prone to fire hazards. The Nairobi-based enterprise Kwangu Kwako has developed a housing model that, while being truly affordable, increases fire resilience and thus positively affects many aspects of residents' lives.
Street dwellers and the urban poor often don’t have access to their cities’ services. One reason behind this problem is the fact that they are not surveyed and consulted in data collection. How can this gap be filled?
Access to energy is considered a key factor in development and progress. Especially in informal settlements, provision of energy can be challenging. Alessandro Galimberti outlines how Public Private Partnerships that include local CSOs have been key to solving this problem in many of Brazil's favelas.
All across Africa, the most rapidly urbanising continent, locals are taking action to improve their neighbourhoods and get access to adequate housing and services. Leading up the UN Habitat Assembly, URBANET presents examples from Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.
Many of Lagos’ residents live in informal settlements with no or limited access to basic services. With new immigrants arriving from rural areas every day, pressure increases on the already poor living conditions. Comprehensive action is needed to tackle interconnected social, environmental and health issues, says Olaoluwa Pheabian Akinwale.
By the People, For the People: Social and Environmental Revitalisation of the Caño Martín Peña, Puerto Rico
Improving the living conditions in low-income communities always entails the threat of gentrification processes, eventually displacing the original residents. Lorena Zárate claims that this is not an inevitable outcome, as can be seen in the success of the Caño Martín Peña Land Use Plan.
Without land reforms, sustainable urbanisation is set to fail, argues Danilo Antonio from UN-Habitat. In his article, he outlines the conflicting interests around land governance issues and points out ways to secure land access and property rights for all urban dwellers.
A “new urban agenda” for displaced communities? Unveiling architecture and urbanism principles to strengthen the Right to the City
According to UNHCR, 65.3 million people were displaced due to conflict and persecution in 2016. How can city planning respond to this massive influx of people in a way that meets minimum standards for housing? URBANET's author Fernando Murillo outlines his ideas for inclusive cities that welcome refugees and migrants.
“The New Urban Agenda lacks a human rights focus” – Interview with Shivani Chaudhry from the Housing and Land Rights Network
The absence of a human rights approach and the lack of a focus on social justice in the New Urban Agenda is an cause of concern, says Shivani Chaudry from the Housing and Land Rights Network. In her interview with URBANET, she discusses these issues in relation to housing.
“We need to empower the people living in informal settlements” – An interview with Howaida Barakat from the Ministry of Housing, Egypt
In Egypt there are almost 850 000 people living in unsafe areas. We talked to Howaida Barakat, International Cooperation Advisor at the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities in Egypt about how the country deals with informal settlements, how the government is attempting to understand and include the people living in informal settlements and what sustainable housing in Egypt could look like in the future.
“Some very important elements were left out of the New Urban Agenda” – Interview with Lorena Zárate from Habitat International Coalition
National and local governments must value and support community-driven development, says Lorena Zárate. In her interview with URBANET, she discusses viable and non-viable approaches to housing, democracy, and everybody's Right to the City.
Cities have complex relationships with gender. They challenge some models of traditional femininity and masculinity, and reinforce others. Our author Paula Meth explains how gendered relations play out in informal urban settlements. | <urn:uuid:1be44918-315e-4e0a-8c63-268dcaf1350d> | {
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The National Association of Psychiatric Health Systems (NAPHS) has drawn together resources from a variety of sources to help members and the public cope in times of uncertainty and stress, including the 2013 Navy Yard shooting and Boston Marathon bombing, school tragedies (such as the 2012 shootings in Connecticut and Ohio and the 2007 tragedy at Virginia Tech); natural disasters (such as the 2013 and earlier tornadoes and hurricanes throughout the U.S., 2011 tsunami and earthquakes in Japan, 2010 earthquake in Haiti, 2008 floodings in the Midwest, or Hurricanes Sandy, Katrina, and Rita); the aftermath of September 11, 2001; ongoing terrorism threats; and military actions. A valuable resource is the Disaster Distress Helpline (sponsored by SAMHSA) at 1-800-985-5990.
Coping with Traumatic Events
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers essential mental health information for those seeking help after a traumatic experience. See www.samhsa.gov/trauma. Contact the Disaster Distress Helpline (sponsored by SAMHSA) at
Helping First Responders
Helping Mental Health Responders in the Wake of Disaster is a SAMHSA mental health awareness toolkit that provides first responders—whether they are disaster response workers, parents, caregivers, or teachers—with specific tips for responding effectively to people in the wake of a disaster.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has assembled a collection of resources on violence prevention to help parents, students, and school personnel cope with the aftermath of a traumatic event. See www.cdc.gov/Features/SchoolViolence. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) offers resources for coping with the 2012 Connecticut and 2012 Ohio school tragedy.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is posting updates on the H1N1 virus, with specific materials aimed at helping hospitals and other providers -- as well as the general public. See www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance for links to various resources.
The Disaster Distress Helpline (sponsored by SAMHSA) at 1-800-985-5990
Getting through Tough Economic Times
This Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) online guide provides practical advice on identifying health concerns, developing coping skills, and finding help for people dealing with emotional or other health problems associated with economic hard times. See www.samhsa.gov/economy.
Hurricane Katrina & Hurricane Rita
NAPHS joined with the American Hospital Association (AHA) and other national and state healthcare associations in a coordinated effort to provide a single point of contact and information for hospitals interested in supporting hurricane relief efforts. The coalition created a Web site at www.hospitalreliefefforts.org for hospitals to register what personnel and supplies they could provide for the relief effort. The information is shared with the Department of Health and Human Services, which contacts hospitals from which the agency would like assistance.
"Disaster Mental Health" -- A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) summary of information on general strategies for promoting mental health and resilience that have been developed by various organizations based on experiences in prior disasters. | <urn:uuid:25c22666-e9a6-413c-a618-e2e37f47b975> | {
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Explain strategies and methods used in organising, handling and interpreting data effectively. Briefly outline the social and emotional development of children from birth to age sixteen and the influences that might affect development. And briefly outline how a teaching assistant may deal with a suspicion or disclosure of abuse.
Explain the stages of number skills development. Explain strategies and methods used in solving problems. Describe how to follow the school procedure in dealing with other professionals and parents.
What factors should you consider when completing a written observation? Identify the relevant learning objectives for number in the relevant National curriculum used in a school in your neighbourhood at one particular key stage.
List and explain the broad content of the SEN code of practice. Research the main content of the National Curriculum for Wales.
Explain and demonstrate different types of questions. Explain the stages of speaking and listening skills development.
Outline the principles of educational inclusion. Outline the school policy and procedures relating to the development of learners speaking and listening skills that are used in school in your neighbourhood.
Describe how you might react to incidents of bullying and violence. Identify correct procedures for discussions and decision-making during team meetings.
What might the role of the teaching assistant be in carrying out regular checks of ICT equipment to maintain good working order? Describe how you would carry out a risk assessment whilst organising a game of football in the school playground. What are the possible signs and possible causes of emotional distress?
Outline how the teaching assistant might establish and agree the ICT equipment requirements with the teacher prior to a teaching session.
Research the responsibilities of all teaching and support staff for learners with special educational needs in a local school to you. Outline the correct procedures when handling difficulties with colleagues. How might the teaching assistant help to meet the requirements of the school health, hygiene and medical policies and procedures?2: Describe your role in delivering learning activities.
3: Make a list of the things expected from you as part of you role in supporting an individual pupil or group of pupils. 4: Think about your role and responsibilities as a teaching assistant.
STL1 Provide support for learning activities UNIT SUMMARY The learning activities may be for individual pupils, groups of pupils or the whole class. K11 the importance of working within the boundaries of your role and competence and when you should refer to.
Nov 10, · Using your preferred method of research, study various teaching assistant’s job descriptions and explain the variety of support a teaching assistant may be expected to give in the classroom whilst supporting planning Status: Resolved.
will need to have a clear understanding of the expectations of your role and what you should do in different situations, and you will need to show that you assist The procedures everyone in the workplace is expected Find out about and briefly describe the requirements of the following: Health and Safety at Work Act Personal Care, Hygiene, and Grooming In your role your responsibilities’ will vary from assisting to providing personal care.
These activities are very important and unique for each individual.
your professional ethics every time you assist and support an individual with personal care skills. and positive role in promoting the growth and development of the young people searching how best to guide and counsel your pupils. You are also expected to make brief notes as you go through the text.
The following are the root causes of behaviour differences: 1. individual differences.Download | <urn:uuid:05739e21-ccb9-48b3-acd9-730ce2bcd22f> | {
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Glaring at seagulls makes them less likely to steal your food, according to a new study.
University of Exeter researchers found on average the gulls took 21 seconds longer to approach the food if they were stared at.
The would-be feathered thieves are more likely to strike when they can swoop in under the radar, avoiding the gaze of their victims, researchers say.
Staring at the birds makes them less likely to steal your food, according to the new study.
University of Exeter researchers put a bag of chips on the ground and tested how long it took herring gulls to approach when someone was watching them.
They compared this to how long it took when the person looked away.
The researchers attempted to test 74 gulls, but most flew away or would not approach.
Only 27 approached the food, and 19 completed both the “looking at” and “looking away” tests. The findings focus on these 19 gulls.
Lead author Madeleine Goumas, of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at Exeter’s Penryn Campus, said: “Gulls are often seen as aggressive and willing to take food from humans, so it was interesting to find that most wouldn’t even come near during our tests.
“Of those that did approach, most took longer when they were being watched.
“Some wouldn’t even touch the food at all, although others didn’t seem to notice that a human was staring at them.”
She added that the team did not look at why individual birds were so different, but it may have been because some might have had positive experiences of being fed by humans.
“But it seems that a couple of very bold gulls might ruin the reputation of the rest,” she said. | <urn:uuid:b23ab5f3-f0d5-4cd8-bef5-910b4b5cb939> | {
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Mississippi is home to nearly three million people producing approximately $84 billion in GDP per year (2006). It is lowest among the 50 states in per capita income, at a mere $26,908 (2006), but it also has the country's lowest cost of living.
Prior to the US Civil war, however, Mississippi was ranked number five in the US in wealth. Much of this wealth was derived from its large slave population. In 1860, 55 percent of the population of Mississippi was slaves. And because slaves counted as property, they greatly contributed to the state's overall wealth.
During these times, and well into the 20th century, the economy was focused on development of the state's agricultural areas. These included then and include now cotton, soybeans, corn, peanuts, pecans, rice, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, feed crops, and horticultural crops.
Mississippi is the world's largest producer of pond-raised catfish, and also produces considerable amounts of poultry, eggs and dairy products.
Mississippi's capital is Jackson. The state was first organized as a territory on April 7, 1798, and was 20th to enter the union. It did so on December 10, 1817.
The state of Mississippi is situated in the south of the US, bordering the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana on the south, Alabama on the east, Tennessee on the north, and Louisiana and Arkansas on the west.
The Mississippi River separates it from Louisiana and Arkansas. Other major rivers include the Pearl River, the Yazoo, Big Black River, the Tombigbee and the Pascagoula.
Mississippi Demography And Social Indicators
With about 37% of its population African American, Mississippi has the largest black proportion of any other state.
Following is a breakdown of racial percentages in Mississippi:
62.37% are Caucasian, 36.66% are black, .82% are Asian, and the rest are American Indian, Alaskan Natives, or Pacific Islanders (2000).
Business and Economy of Mississippi
Due to its rural, agricultural background, Mississippi's economy only became manufacturing-based in 1965 when investment in industry was emphasized.
Various areas of manufacturing and industry include chemicals, plastics, wood products, food processing, and fishing.
Cotton, soybeans, and rice are the state's main agricultural crops, but the cotton industry has been damaged by the boll weevil and poor soil quality from overcultivation.
Nevertheless, Mississippi remains the second or third cotton producer in the US.
The Stennis Space Flight Center at Bay St. Louis is noteworthy, as are the various military bases in Columbus, Biloxi, and Meridian.
Gambling has begun to take hold along the Gulf Coast and in Tunica County in the northwest.
Tourist Attractions Of Mississippi
Pre-Civil War mansions can be found in:
Colleges, Schools and Universities In Mississippi
Below are some of the private and public colleges and universities in Mississippi: | <urn:uuid:867bb9cb-b6d0-4fab-bfff-c7cb6abbcfde> | {
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A banner year on the Arctic tundra has had repercussions in this part of the country - an extremely rare "mega-irruption" of snowy owls.
Smaller irruptions - a dramatic, irregular migration of large numbers of birds to areas where they aren't typically found, possibly at a great distance from their normal ranges - happen every few years. But once or twice in a lifetime a mega-irruption occurs, when snowy owls show up much farther south, and in vastly greater numbers, than usual.
Project SNOWstorm is a research program that will gather information about these mysterious raptors using telemetry, banding, toxicology screening, DNA analysis, and much more, according to a press release from the organization.
A snowy owl is seen flying low to the ground
This year, the owls have been reported as far south as Florida and Arkansas, and even in Bermuda.
"It's unprecedented," said John Fedak, president of the Pennsylvania Society for Ornithology. "It was a very, very good year for lemmings." An area in Newfoundland that would normally see 30 owls is seeing 300 this year, he said.
Because of the preponderance of food last summer, owls laid larger clutches of eggs, and enjoyed larger than normal survival rates.
"It use to be thought that the owls coming south did so because they were starving, but all the owls caught and banded so far are extremely healthy," he added. Additionally, most of them are male, although a female named "Freedom" was banded near Appleton, Wisc.
He spoke of trying to lure an owl for banding, but the owl was so busy catching other prey in the area it wasn't interested in the bait.
The owls have no fear of humans, and they continue to hunt while people are around. They can be spotted in farmers' fields, ocean and lakeshore beaches and open spaces, and even in residential areas.
Fedak, who also teaches at the Warren County School District's Learning Enrichment Center, said nine owls were banded in Pennsylvania with cellular transmitters. The solar-powered transmitters are providing information, and changing minds about the birds and their habits, although there is still much to be learned.
The banding and research is being done by Project SNOWstorm researchers and volunteers throughout the owls' southern winter range.
Data from the transmitters is downloaded to cell phones, giving researchers valuable information about locations and travelling habits.
For instance, one banded owl is flying out to sea and feeding on sea ducks, and snowy owls that were on the lakeshores of the Great Lakes have moved on, perhaps onto the ice for ducks.
But banding the birds with cellular transmitters isn't cheap, at around $3,000 apiece.
Fedak's LEC students, in grades from kindergarten through eighth grade, are raising money through Feb. 10 for more transmitters, and are accepting donations. Their original goal was $20,000, but they've managed to raise $24,000, according to Fedak.
For more information or to donate, contact Fedak at [email protected].
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In real world ,We can identify the people firstly by their unique names,same with the host name, which is a unique name or we can say a label name which is assigned to any device that is connected to any computer network. Assigned named to the devices are based on the naming system used. Sometimes it is also know by Hostname to Host name. A hostname may be alphabetic or alphanumeric name which can also include symbols which are used to identify the network connected device or node. A host name syntax and requirement vary and that depends on naming system is used.
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Dozens of species of aphids (plant lice) may be found on shade trees and woody ornamental plants in Colorado. Aphids feed on plants by sucking sap from the leaves, twigs or stems. Most aphids excrete large quantities of a sweet, sticky substance called honeydew. Aphids cause little damage to aspen, removing sap but rarely affecting overall plant health. Many kinds of insects naturally prey on aphids, most common are various species of lady beetles (ladybugs). When aphids are exposed on leaves, use of contact insecticides and soaps are helpful. When aphids have curled the plant leaves, use of systemic insecticides are more effective. For more information on aphids, see fact sheet Aphids on Shade Trees and Ornamentals. | <urn:uuid:8fe0dfeb-e690-4f0f-a82c-158f91da1880> | {
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We went to a similarly historic place in Ireland, north of Dublin, where the oldest structure still in existence stands (it is a chamber under a man-made mound of earth) - and archaeologists believe that the rocks used to make that structure were transported over a hundred years' time, like those in Stonehenge.
Stonehenge May Have Been Built Somewhere Else First, Then Moved
by Ed Mazza, Huffington Post 12/8/15
Stonehenge may not look very portable, but scientists say part of the massive ancient monument may have been first built somewhere else before being moved hundreds of years later.
The new finding, published on Monday in the journal Antiquity, traces the bluestones -- or the smaller stones used at the 5,000-year-old monument -- to two quarries in Wales.
But while the mystery of where the stones came from may have been solved, a new one has just emerged: Those stones were pulled from the quarries some five centuries before Stonehenge itself was built in what is now Wiltshire, 140 miles away.
"It could have taken those Neolithic stone-draggers nearly 500 years to get them to Stonehenge, but that’s pretty improbable in my view," Professor Mike Parker Pearson of UCL Institute of Archaeology and director the research team behind the study said in a news release. "It's more likely that the stones were first used in a local monument, somewhere near the quarries, that was then dismantled and dragged off to Wiltshire."
Stonehenge's large "sarsen" standing stones, which weigh about 25 tons each, are from a quarry relatively close to the the monument. Researchers have long believed the smaller two-ton bluestones came from the Preseli Hills in Wales, but the team of geologists and archaeologists behind the new study says they've found the exact locations in Carn Goedog and Craig Rhos-y-felin.
|Credit: Adam Stanford/Aerial-Cam Ltd
The research team uncovered an ancient "loading bay" from which the stones were pulled as well as the remains of burnt hazelnuts and charcoal from the quarry workers' campfires.
Radiocarbon dating on the hazelnuts and charcoal puts the Craig Rhos-y-felin quarry at 3400 BC and Carn Goedog at 3200 BC. Work on Stonehenge is believed to have begun in 2900 BC. | <urn:uuid:d00cf272-6bd4-466f-bf01-83dfe35432b1> | {
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The carotid arteries supply blood to the brain. Carotid artery disease is a build-up of plaque (atherosclerosis) in these arteries. Plaque reduces blood flow and causes turbulence which may lead to clot formation. The plaque may also become inflamed and crack further, generating clot and inflammatory material. The passage of clot or solid material to the brain arteries can block flow and cause stroke or mini stroke. A mini stroke is also called a transient ischaemic attack (TIA).
Common symptoms of TIA include brief attacks of weakness, clumsiness, numbness or pins and needles of the face, arm or leg on one side of the body. The eye can also be affected resulting in loss of vision in one eye, called amaurosis fugax. A full stroke lasts longer than a mini stroke and can be permanently disabling or fatal.
Carotid artery disease is one of the most common causes of stroke. Up to one half of all strokes occur because of it, other causes include brain tumours or clots from the heart.
The diagnosis is usually made with an ultrasound scan of the arteries in the neck (duplex) and sometimes a CT or MR scan.
All patients with carotid artery disease can benefit from taking aspirin (by reducing blood clotting) and a statin (by reducing plaque build up). Treatment of their individual risk factors for plaque build up, in particular, stopping smoking completely can also be beneficial.
There is good evidence that those people with narrowings greater than about 70% of the diameter of the artery will significantly reduce their chance of developing stroke by undergoing surgery. The surgery is called carotid endarterectomy and involves removing the plaque and repairing the artery. For those patients who have suffered a mini stroke, carotid endarterectomy should be performed as early as possible to help prevent further stroke. Carotid disease can also be treated using the less invasive procedure of endovascular stenting however current evidence suggests that for most people surgery is safer. | <urn:uuid:55f6e225-71b2-420a-aeea-e7c1ebe50cd7> | {
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Costa Rica Google Maps is a site/tool that offers a wide range of map views (topographic, satellite, street view) and navigation options, with little effort on your part, yet efficiently. If you need to plan a trip to a new place like Costa Rica, Google maps are available on desktop, mobile, or tablet. This Google maps and information page is dedicated to Costa Rica, Central America, and the Caribbean (35 countries), showing its location, country facts, details about its capital city San Jose, bordering countries like Nicaragua Panama, and plenty of other information which may be interesting when you visit this Central American and the Caribbean state.
Quick links: Google maps Costa Rica, San Jose Google maps, Driving Directions Costa Rica, Printable Road Map.
About Costa Rica in a nutshell
- Costa Ricas 1949 constitution bans a national army.
- Conventional short form of the name: Costa Rica
- The conventional long form of the name: Republic of Costa Rica
- Local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
- Local short form: Costa Rica
- Former name(s): N/A
- Etymology: the name means rich coast in Spanish and was first applied in the early colonial period of the 16th century.
- The legal system in Costa Rica: civil law system based on Spanish civil code; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court.
- Climate: Hot and humid in coastal regions. Temperate central uplands. High annual rainfall.
- The national symbols are yiguirro (clay-colored robin); national colors: blue, white, red.
- Internet TLD: .cr
Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their independence from Spain. Two years later, it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence.
Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country’s democratic development. On 1 December 1948, Costa Rica dissolved its armed forces. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include robust technology and tourism industries. The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread.
Coastal plains of swamp and savanna rise to a fertile central plateau, which leads to a mountain range with active volcanic peaks.
Costa Rica, Central Americas most stable country, is rich in pristine scenery and exotic wildlife. Its neutrality in foreign affairs is long-standing, but it has strong ties with the US.
This state is located in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama, under the coordinates of 10 00 N, 84 00 W, covering an area of 51,100 sq km with a coastline of 1,290 km. Costa Rica is slightly smaller than West Virginia.
Costa Rica has 661 km of land boundaries and borders with (2 nations): Nicaragua 313 km, Panama 348 km.
Coastal plains are separated by rugged mountains, including over 100 volcanic cones. Several are major active volcanoes, with Cerro Chirripo 3,819 m as the highest point of Costa Rica, while the Pacific Ocean 0 m as the lowest point, causing a mean elevation at 746 m throughout the country. With a total of 51,100 sq km, Costa Rica has 51,060 sq km of land and 40 sq km water surface area.
Four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65.
The climate in Costa Rica is as follows: Tropical and subtropical, dry season (December to April), rainy season (May to November), more relaxed in highlands.
When you visit Costa Rica, the natural hazards shall be considered: Occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along the Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at the onset of the rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes volcanism: Arenal (1,670 m), which erupted in 2010, is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba.
The following major health-threatening issues shall be considered when visiting Costa Rica: degree of risk: intermediate (2020), bacterial diarrhea, dengue fever.
Current environmental issues affecting the Costa Rican people: deforestation and land-use change, primarily due to the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution.
Google maps Costa Rica
The capital and other divisions
Capital city: San Jose found under the coordinates 9 56 N, 84 05 W, applying the time zone UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time), using the following daylight saving time: none.
The capital city of Costa Rica, San Jose, is one of the best destinations for visitors in the country. With lively nightlife, shopping opportunities, and plenty of local cuisine and art, San Jose is a fantastic place to explore for anyone looking for an exciting adventure!
Costa Rica became independent on 15 September 1821 (from Spain), and its national holiday is Independence Day, 15 September (1821).
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular – provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose.
People and society
Most people are mestizo, of partly Spanish, partly Amerindian origin. There is a black, English-speaking minority and around 35,000 indigenous Amerindians. Plantation owners are the wealthiest group, while one in five people live in poverty. Nonetheless, living standards are high for the region, and education and healthcare provision is good.
The population in Costa Rica is 5,151,140 (July 2021 estimate), with an average of 1.04% (2021 estimate) change. That means Costa Rica is the No. 124 in the world’s populated rank list. With an average of 32.6 years median age (32.1 years for males and 32.1 years for women), Costa Rica ranks No. 109 on the globe’s median age rank list.
The people living in this country are the Costa Rican(s) (noun) or Costa Rican (adjective) and belong mainly to the following ethnic groups: White or Mestizo 83.6%, Mulatto 6.7%, Indigenous 2.4%, Black or African descent 1.1%, other 1.1%, none 2.9%, unspecified 2.2% (2011 estimate).
They speak Spanish (official language), English languages, and practice the following religions: Roman Catholic 71.8%, Evangelical and Pentecostal 12.3%, other Protestant 2.6%, Jehovahs Witness 0.5%, other 2.4%, none 10.4% (2016 estimate).
We can conclude the following about the population in Costa Rica: Roughly half of the nation’s population resides in urban areas. The capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one-fifth of the population. In Costa Rica, we are talking about 81.4% (2021) of the total population is living in cities, and most of them reside in the following municipalities: 1.421 million, San Jose (capital city) (2021).
Main exports are bananas, coffee, pineapples, and beef, but all are vulnerable to fluctuating world prices. Stability has attracted multinationals. History of high inflation. Pioneer of ecotourism. Plans to be the world’s first carbon-neutral country (by 2025).
Since 2010, Costa Rica has enjoyed strong and stable economic growth – 3.8% in 2017. Exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are the backbone of its commodity exports. Various industrial and processed agricultural products have broadened exports in recent years, as have high value-added goods, including medical devices. Costa Rica’s impressive biodiversity also makes it a key destination for ecotourism., Foreign investors remain attracted by the country’s political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones; Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America.
The US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), which became effective for Costa Rica in 2009, helped increase foreign direct investment in critical sectors of the economy, including insurance and telecommunication. However, poor infrastructure, high energy costs, a complex bureaucracy, weak investor protection, and uncertainty of contract enforcement impede more significant investment., Costa Rica’s economy also faces challenges due to a rising fiscal deficit, rising public debt, and relatively low levels of domestic revenue. Poverty has remained around 20-25% for nearly 20 years, and the government’s strong social safety net has eroded due to increased constraints on its expenditures. Costa Rica’s credit rating was downgraded from stable to negative in 2015 and again in 2017, upping pressure on lending rates – which could hurt small businesses, on the budget deficit – which could hurt infrastructure development, and on the rate of return on investment – which could soften foreign direct investment (FDI). Unlike the rest of Central America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on remittances – which represented just 1 % of GDP in 2016 but instead relied on FDI – which accounted for 5.1% of GDP.
Costa Rica is rich in the following natural resources: Hydropower.
The main industrial sectors are medical equipment, food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products.
The country’s export sectors are particularly strong in medical instruments, bananas, tropical fruits, orthopedic appliances, food preparations (2019), partnering with these nations: the United States 38%, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5%, Guatemala 5%, Panama 5% (2019). The export trade resulted in $21.2 billion. Note: Data are in current year dollars (2019 estimate). In a global rank of the export, values resulted in Costa Rica’s position of 79.
Land use in Costa Rica: 51.5% (2018 estimate) forest, 11.4% (2018 estimate) other.
The arable land area is 4.9% (2018 estimate), and the agricultural land is 37.1% (2018 estimate). Land use for permanent crops 6.7% (2018 estimate), permanent pasture 25.5% (2018 estimate). The sum of the area of the irrigated land is 1,015 sq km (2012).
The main agro-industrial products of Costa Rica are sugar cane, pineapples, bananas, milk, oil palm fruit, fruit, oranges, watermelons, cassava, rice.
The country typically needs to import: refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, cars, medical instruments, packaged medicines (2019), partnering with the following nations: the United States 41%, China 13%, Mexico 7% (2019) in a sum value of $19.39 billion. Note: data are in current year dollars (2019 estimate) $19.64 billion. Note: data are in current year dollars (2018 estimate). This sum value on the global ranking list of imports resulted in Costa Rica 86.
Costa Rica Driving Directions
In this post, you learned about Costa Rica, Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama. We published some basic information about its capital San Jose, and the Costa Rican nation.
Are you interested in visiting Costa Rica and looking for driving directions? Click here to plan your route, or see a printable road map of Costa Rica below to overview the route network.
Printable map of Costa Rica
Did you know about Costa Rica?
Costa Rica is a great place to visit. It has a tropical climate, beautiful beaches, and diverse ecosystems. Costa Rica is a bilingual country where Spanish and English are both spoken. The “Ticos,” as the natives call themselves, are very friendly and welcoming.
Costa Rica is the only country globally with a rainforest running its entire length of the coast. The country also provides all its energy needs through renewable sources like wind, water, and geothermal power. This small Central American nation has plenty of natural beauty that you can enjoy by visiting places like Arenal Volcano National Park or Monteverde cloud forest preserves.
After virtually visiting Costa Rica, you may also be interested in the neighboring countries: Nicaragua and Panama.
If you liked our Google map and Costa Rica information page,
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Wikipedia.
(Old World mistletoe), a genus of hemiparasitic shrubs of the family Loranthaceae. Mistletoe grows on the branches of trees and may be monoecious or dioecious. The opposite or whorled leaves are sessile, entire, and leathery. The small, unisexual flowers are greenish, yellow, or whitish. They are in clusters of three in the axils of the leaves or, less commonly, are solitary. The fruit usually is a single-seeded berry; it is white, yellow, orange, or red. The seeds are naked and have sticky flesh.
There are approximately 70 species of mistletoe, distributed primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Africa. A few species are encountered in tropical Asia, northern Australia, and Eurasia. Two species grow in the USSR: the true mistletoe, V. album, is found in the Caucasus and in the central and southern belts of the European USSR; V. coloratum grows in the Far East. The true mistletoe has three subspecies. One subspecies parasitizes pear, apple, poplar, and maple leaves, and the other grows on such conifers as pines and firs. The berries are distributed by birds; they yield birdlime, which is used to entrap small birds.
An extract prepared from the young leaves of the true mistletoe is used to treat hypertension in its early stages.
REFERENCEAtlas lekarstvennykh rastenii SSSR. Moscow, 1962.
T. V. EGOROVA | <urn:uuid:7a50fe02-b521-47d2-8042-285d9d3bf158> | {
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Originally posted by Novatrino
If I can get factual evidence of why a 2 engine TUTOR aircraft creates 4 contrails I would be very interested. Seriously I would. As well these white jets do not have any markings on them for some reason.
Cloud seeding has been conducted in California for over 55 years, one of the longest records of
operational weather modification anywhere in the world. The earliest program was at the
Bishop Creek watershed in the eastern Sierra in 1948, sponsored by the California Electric
Power Company, now Southern California Edison (SCE) (Henderson 2004). The Lake Almanor
and Mokelumne projects of Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) (Marler 1992) and Upper San
Joaquin project of SCE have both operated for over fifty years. The Santa Barbara operational
precipitation enhancement project (Griffith et al. 2005) began in 1950, with some research
phases between 1957–1960 and 1967–1974. Other programs have been operated in Los Angeles and Monterey counties.
Success in cloud seeding requires substantial knowledge of the physical processes in natural
clouds and how seeding materials change those processes to augment precipitation. There have
been two major research projects related to cloud seeding in California. The larger effort was
the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP), which was conducted by Reclamation and the states
of California and Nevada between 1977 and 1987. The SCPP (Reynolds and Arnett 1986)
focused on physical mechanisms affecting Sierra Nevada clouds, so that sound cloud seeding technologies could be developed. Ground‐based and airborne silver iodide seeding was done, along with the release of tracer materials to assess the transport and diffusion (T&D) of seeded plumes (Section 2.3.1 below). Major findings were: Sierra Nevada storms often have rapidly changing phases that affect seedability; a low‐level barrier jet stream frequently complicates T&D and targeting of seeding materials; clouds are frequently efficient natural snowfall producers because of a process known as ice multiplication; and most of the SLW that is needed
for seeding to be effective is within 3000 feet of the ground, at temperatures warmer than ‐10°C
(Marwitz 1987; Reynolds 1989; Rangno 1986).
2.2.2. Are There Any Adverse Impacts?
Regarding the second concern, Reclamation has studied environmental and health impacts
extensively (Bureau of Reclamation 1977; Harris 1981; Howell 1977). The toxicity of silver and
silver compounds (from silver iodide) was shown to be of low order. According to Reclamation,
the small amounts of silver used in cloud seeding are 100 times less than industry emissions
into the atmosphere in many parts of the country or individual exposure from tooth fillings.
Accumulations in the soil, vegetation, and surface runoff have not been large enough to
measure above natural background (Klein 1978). A 2004 study for Snowy Hydro Limited in
Australia confirmed these earlier findings. The expansion of LP as a gas is another possible
seeding method. Regarding the flammability of propane released from dispensers (Vardiman
et al. 1971), it was shown that it was necessary to bring the ignition source to within four feet of
the dispenser nozzle to cause the propane plume to burn under very light winds. A modest
increase in wind speed would blow out the flame. It was further noted that, ”Propane is a
colorless, odorless, hydrocarbon that is harmless to plant and animal life. The quantities used in
seeding are so small, 0.75 lb per minute from each dispenser, that there is no accumulation
leading to a pollution problem.” Another study (Super and Heimbach 2005a) noted that ”There
is a great deal of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), another hydrocarbon, being released by
human activities at a scale far larger than for propane seeding. Propane does not present an
environmental hazard because of its rapid oxidative degradation. Although technically a
greenhouse gas, its approximate one month lifetime in the atmosphere is too short to function in
this manner. In contrast, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have atmospheric lifetimes in the range of | <urn:uuid:509ff551-a0f6-4ee8-bc4c-a8a293a4185f> | {
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Leaf-thin bracteate coins were minted for several hundred years during the Middle Ages. The existence of hundreds of small independent currency areas with their own mints in central, eastern and northern Europe and the strong link between bracteates and periodic recoinage explain the large number of bracteate types. A special minting technology linked to goldsmithing technology was required to produce the bracteates. A soft material was placed under a flan, and the motif was created by bending the flan rather than pressing the motif into the flan. This study analyzes how bracteate technology could save costs in the minting procedure compared to traditional coinage technology. The bending characteristic of the bracteates together with the flat hammering of old bracteates imply that the size of the flan remained almost unchanged after recurrent overstrikes. Thus, the bracteate technology saved one of the costliest steps in the minting procedure: the time-consuming production of the flan. In contrast, overstriking of biface coins using the traditional coin technology could only be performed a few times, since it caused a stepwise thinner and larger flan. The latter phenomenon explains the existence of biface half-bracteates.
Polish Numismatic News
Cost-Saving Minting Technology: Recurrent Overstriking of Bracteates | <urn:uuid:aec8fae0-31f2-4d8a-929b-ea1e0e3fa189> | {
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A white flag with a red stripe down the middle was the official flag of Belarus for several years, historically speaking. At the turn of the 19th–20th century, a cloth with this pattern was used among the first Belarusian nationalist circles and associations.
The flag’s designer is believed to be architect and engineer Klawdziy Duzh-Dushewski (1891–1959), although this has never been a completely established fact. Some modern researchers claim that this pattern can be found on the banners that troops of Belarusian origin fought under at the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (which dates back to the 13th century) and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795).
In 1917, Russia’s February Revolution gave a powerful impetus to the Belarusian national movement, the first legal congresses of its organizations were held under this flag. In some photographs, there are two dark stripes (supposedly either dark red or black) on either side of the red center stripe, instead of white ones (the photographs themselves are in black and white, so they can’t be used to establish the flag’s exact colors).
The Belarusian People’s Republic (BNR) was declared in March 1918, and the white-red-white tricolor became its national flag. The republic lasted for just a few months and most of its territory was occupied by the Germans (World War I was still ongoing at the time). Nevertheless, the flag finally took root as a national symbol. During the Soviet period, the official flag of the Byelorussian SSR was initially a plain red one, but it ended up as a red-and-green one with a decorative pattern on the left side and a golden hammer and sickle. Meanwhile, the white-red-white flag remained in use among émigré organizations.
After the collapse of the USSR, independent Belarus adopted the white-and-red tricolor once again. However, during a referendum in 1995, the majority of Belarusian citizens voted for the restoration of the Soviet era red over green bicolor, without the hammer and sickle, in addition to some other minor changes).
The 1995 referendum was an important step towards consolidating Alexander Lukashenko’s power; he had been elected president the year before, and has been in this office ever since. In addition to tackling the issue of the flag and giving Russian the status of a second official language, citizens also voted in favor of granting the president the right to dissolve parliament and set a course towards integration with Russia. In those days, Lukashenko actively exploited nostalgia for the Soviet era, and considered Belarusian nationalism to be the main threat to his personal power.
The country held another referendum just a year later, as a result of which Belarus effectively became a super-presidential republic (Western countries didn’t recognize the results of the vote).
The Belarusian opposition actively uses the white-red-white flag to this very day. At first, it was only used by patriotic nationalists, but it eventually became a symbol for anyone actively opposing Lukashenko.
After the contested 2020 presidential elections, the Belarusian opposition appears to have gained the most popularity it has seen in all 26 years of Lukashenko’s presidency, so it’s no surprise that the tricolor has reemerged as a protest symbol. Interestingly enough, in contrast to the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine and the 2010 protests in Belarus, for example, EU flags have been noticeably absent during the demonstrations.
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WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical.
March 23, 2022
The world of smokeless tobacco products carries a long and interesting history. In order to appreciate where we are with great tobacco alternatives available to us now, it is important to look back and see where we have been. Smokeless tobacco has been a key feature in many different cultures since new world explorers found it back in the 1400s, so it is important to know where it came from, how it impacted the world, and what the future holds for smokeless tobacco products.
Tobacco was one of the most important trade goods during the days of colonial expansion to the new world. It was believed to have been discovered in 1499 when Amerigo Vespucci found indigenous tribes chewing on a green herb that they used to quench their thirst. They would also use it to quell hunger, and whiten their teeth. This is likely the first recorded instance of chewing tobacco.
After Vespucci’s discovery, other explorers began reporting back news of tobacco use, and it became clear that the natives living in Central and South America were well familiar with the use of chewing tobacco, and the practice was widespread all over Central America, South America, and the Caribbean islands.
Pretty soon after, tobacco became a staple crop. By 1531, the Spanish had begun growing tobacco commercially in the West Indies, where they maintained control of the European tobacco market until the Portuguese started growing tobacco in 1573. By this time tobacco was grown in Europe both for decoration, and for its medicinal qualities.
Tobacco soon became a huge hit amongst European citizens, who by that time had gone beyond chewing the leaves, and had begun rolling and smoking tobacco. However, smoking was not allowed on British ships due to the fire hazard, so the sailors kept chewing to help make the long ocean voyages go a little bit smoother.
As time moves on we begin to see tobacco production pick up in the American colonies, where it became a crucial cash crop for the early United States economy, pushing the early days of the country forward, where tobacco soon went from being a crucial part of the economy, to a crucial part of culture.
Smokeless tobacco began taking over the world after its discovery in the 1400s. The use and growth of the tobacco plant spread across the West Indies, Europe, and North America. Not only for its uses in chewing and smoking, but in decoration as well. Tobacco plants produce large, beautiful leaves that were used in decoration in Europe as an exotic feature of the new world.
The use of tobacco in what became the United States became an almost essential part of life, especially since it was so plentiful. Southern states like Virginia capitalized on the value of the plant and grew enough to keep the whole nation satisfied.
Across the early states and further into western expansion, smokeless tobacco was so ingrained in culture that every saloon, restaurant, inn, and church would make sure to have plenty of spittoons for all the people coming in. Laws had to be made to control the spitting, such as laws about men not being able to spit in the presence of women, and not being able to spit on public sidewalks.
Perhaps one of the biggest contributing factors to the popularity of tobacco was the connection between tobacco and baseball. The first two decades of the 1900s, known as the Deadball Era, featured baseball legends such as Ty Cobb, Cy Young, Honus Wagner. At times of uncertainty, especially during that time as the world was beginning to move into the first World War, people needed somebody larger than life to look up to, and those famous early baseball players fit the bill.
The game of baseball began growing so quickly that early tobacco companies knew they had to find a way to use it for marketing, so they began printing collectible cards featuring the players' picture that fans could collect and trade. Perhaps the most famous card of all time, printed by the American Tobacco Company, features Honus Wagner from Pittsburgh. This is where the connection between baseball and tobacco began.
Since the days of early tobacco cards, smokeless tobacco became a staple for almost every player on the field. It stayed like that for a very long time, until more recent years, when Major League Baseball decided to tell players they could not consume tobacco products in uniform anymore. However, if you look closely at a game, you can still see some lumps in players’ lips. Some chew sunflower seeds during the game, but some people are suspecting that some players are sneaking a lip of chewing tobacco in the dugouts.
The main varieties of smokeless tobacco that have sold in the United States and across the world are dry chewing tobacco, which is less popular now though is essentially where chewing tobacco got started way back in the old days. Then you have dipping tobacco which is fire-cured, and also commonly referred to as dip, chew, or moist snuff. This is the most popular variety, especially in the South. Next you have snus, which is similar to dip, but instead of being fire-cured it goes through a steam-pasteurizing process, which creates a different flavor, and causes the product to produce less saliva.
Following those more traditional varieties you have the newer alternatives such as Black Buffalo, where the product gives you the same burn and flavor you are used to, but without the fire-curing process or the tobacco leaf or stem.
The cultivation and usage of smokeless tobacco has quite literally changed the world, but tobacco products have changed quite significantly over the years. In the beginning, it was basically just chewed raw leaves. Now, there are many different styles, flavored chewing tobacco varieties, and curing methods that give consumers many options to choose from.
However, the future of every industry is innovation. At Black Buffalo, we think tobacco alternatives are the way to charge ahead. Black Buffalo dips are available in both long cut and pouches in a variety of flavors, including Straight, Mint, Wintergreen, and more.
The future of tobacco is now, and the future is alternatives. At Black Buffalo, we charge ahead into the unknown, and you can join us and join the herd for yourself. See why our tobacco alternatives are paving a great way forward. | <urn:uuid:7a898a3e-67d1-438e-a486-a84dfcdad567> | {
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Apathy is a state of decreased ability to feel emotions and decreased sensitivity to stimuli. This could have many reasons. They are associated with both physical illnesses and mental disorders and illnesses. Ways to combat apathy depend, first, on the cause of its occurrence. However, psychological support and psychotherapy play a vital role in therapy.
Apathy – what is it?
Apathy is a mental condition in which the ability to feel emotions and sensitivity to various types of stimuli is absent or reduced. The dominant feeling is indifference. People experiencing apathy stop experiencing pleasure even from activities that were previously pleasure and a way to relax. A person with apathy shows indifference to both negative and positive life events. Apathy is also characterized by a reluctance to undertake any activity. Such people often withdraw from public life, do not maintain relationships with other people, and avoid establishing new ones. Lack of motivation to act and bad mood force these people to limit their needs to a minimum level, and their actions are based on the principle of automaticity. Apathy is one of the symptoms of depression.
Apathy – symptoms
The following symptoms are characteristic of apathy:
- loss of the ability to feel and express emotions,
- feeling of constant fatigue,
- difficulty falling asleep,
- waking up at night,
- excessive sleepiness,
- decrease in concentration,
- withdrawal from public life,
- limitation of physical activity,
- narrowing of interests,
- feeling of resignation,
- lack of motivation to act,
- difficulties performing everyday activities,
- problems with fulfilling one’s obligations,
Apathy – reasons
Apathy can occur as a result of traumatic events, such as a serious car accident, serious illness, or the death of a loved one. However, it is worth remembering that each person has a different level of sensitivity. For this reason, trauma is a subjective concept and will mean something different to each person. Another reason is severe, chronic stress, which can be caused by issues at work, overwork, or personal issues. The fast pace of life, overstimulation, constant lack of time and the inability to relieve emotional stress contribute to the emergence of apathy.
This condition can also be the result of poor diet, leading to nutritional deficiencies. Both a lack of physical activity and excessive physical activity can lead to apathy.
Elderly people are especially susceptible to apathy. This is due, among other things, to delayed psychomotor development associated with age, many diseases, and often with the experience of chronic pain.
Apathy – heaviness
One of the symptoms of apathy is heaviness, both mental and physical. People experiencing apathy have difficulty concentrating, taking initiative in action, and being physically active. They typically limit their actions to automaticity.
Apathy in children
Apathy is a condition that can affect people of all ages. This can also happen in children. Apathy in children can be caused by various types of diseases, both chronic and infectious. Emotional problems can also lead to apathy. They are usually associated with difficult situations at school, at home or in interactions with peers.
Apathy in an infant
Apathy in an infant should always be a warning sign. It typically accompanies various types of diseases. Apathy in an infant can be caused by fever, runny nose, diarrhea, or even anemia. Any change in the child’s behavior is a signal to carefully monitor the baby. If you notice a deterioration in your child’s condition, do not delay contacting a doctor.
Sexual apathy is manifested by a decrease or complete absence of desire to engage in sexual activity. Its causes are often prosaic: fatigue, stress, alcohol abuse, poor diet or too little physical activity. However, sexual apathy may indicate more serious health problems, both physical and mental.
Apathy – how to treat it?
If apathy is a short-term condition and occurs primarily due to excessive stress and overload, we can usually cope with it on our own. The most important thing is to find time to rest and recuperate, and maintain a balance between your professional and personal life.
If the state of apathy lasts more than ten days, you should seek professional help and consult a psychologist or psychiatrist. Treatment methods for the symptom of apathy depend primarily on the cause that caused it. An important element in the fight against a long-term state of apathy is psychological support and psychotherapy | <urn:uuid:b90fe1a4-5e86-4846-b9a2-3a39a774e71c> | {
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Nothing is more irritating than the feeling that there is something in your eye. If you’re experiencing itchy eyes without an easily identifiable reason, you may have seasonal eye allergies that affect your eyes. Allergies occur when your immune system cannot process something in the environment or perceives it as harmful and overreacts. In this article, we will talk about the symptoms and treatments of seasonal eye allergies.
Symptoms and Treatments of Seasonal Eye Allergies
The immune system normally defends the body against harmful invaders, such as viruses and bacteria, to ward off illnesses. This causes the immune system to create chemicals that fight against the allergen, even though it is harmless, the reaction leads to numerous irritating symptoms. There are many different types of eye allergies. Each type has its own symptoms.
Types of Eye Allergies
1) Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is the most common type of eye allergy. In seasonal eye allergies, people tend to experience symptoms in the spring, summer, or fall, depending on the kind of pollen that’s in the air. Some people have symptoms during early fall.
Symptoms of Seasonal Eye Allergies
- watery discharge
2) Perennial allergic conjunctivitis
The symptoms of perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) are the same as SAC, but they occur year-round and tend to be milder. The other main difference is that PAC reactions are typically triggered by household allergens, like dust and mold, as opposed to pollen. Perennial conjunctivitis lasts all year. These are microscopic insect-like creatures that live mainly in bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpets.
Symptoms of perennial allergic conjunctivitis
- Red, irritated eyes
- Tearing or runny eyes
3) Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a critical eye allergy that can arise year-round. If left untreated, it can severely impair your vision. Approximately 23% of patients have a perennial form of VKC from disease arrival and more than 60% have additional recurrences during the winter.
Symptoms of Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
- severe itchiness
- thick mucus and high tear production
- light sensitivity
4) Contact allergic conjunctivitis
Contact allergic conjunctivitis is the result of contact lens irritation. Contact allergic conjunctivitis is also known as contact keratoconjunctivitis, symptoms are usually effected by cosmetics, eye-drops, or other chemicals that irritate the conjunctiva in those who are permitting. Contact with these substances leads to an allergic response. Some people are sensitive to specific substances.
Symptoms of Contact allergic conjunctivitis
- mucus in eye discharge
- discomfort wearing contact lense
What Causes Seasonal Eye Allergies?
Eye allergies are caused by an unhealthy immune reaction to certain allergens. Most reactions are triggered by allergens in the air, these are the causes of seasonal eye allergies:
Normally, the immune system promotes chemical changes in the body that help fight off harmful invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. A substance called histamine is released when the eyes come into contact with an allergen.
Treatments of Eye Allergies
Treatment options vary based on the severity of your reaction, as well as the type of reaction. Allergy medications for your eyes come in the form of prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) eye drops, as well as pills or liquids.
Antihistamine treatments are medications that help block histamine, the chemical that’s usually responsible for an allergic reaction. Your doctor might recommend oral antihistamines such as:
- cetirizine (Zyrtec)
- loratadine (Claritin)
- fexofenadine (Allegra)
- levocetirizine (Xyzal)
- diphenhydramine or chlorpheniramine (commonly cause drowsiness)
Your doctor might also suggest eye drops such as:
- azelastine (Optivar)
- pheniramine/naphazoline (Visine-A)
- ketotifen (Alaway)
- olopatadine (Pataday)
If your eye drops prick or burn, using refrigerated artificial-tear drops before the medicated ones.
- Corticosteroid eye drops such as prednisone (Omnipred) give relief by repress inflammation
- loteprednol (Alrex)
- fluorometholone (Flarex)
Mast cell stabilizers
Mast cell stabilizer treatments are prescription eye drops typically used when antihistamines are not effective. These medications stop the reaction-inducing chemicals releasing from your immune system. They include:
- cromolyn (Crolom)
- lodoxamide (Alomide)
- nedocromil (Alocril)
It’s important to note that some people are allergic to the preservative chemicals in eye drops. In this case, your doctor or pharmacist will suggest drops that are preservative-free. Other treatment options for general allergy relief include nasal sprays, inhalers, and skin creams.
Preventions At Home
Depending on the type of allergy you have, there are a number of steps you can take to prevent your allergies from flaring up.
- Pollen allergies. Keep away from going outdoors on days with high pollen counts. Use air conditioning (if you have it) and keep your windows closed to keep your house pollen-free.
- Mold allergies. High humidity causes mold to grow, so keep the humidity level in your house around 30 to 50 percent. Dehumidifiers are helpful in controlling home humidity.
- Dust allergies. Protect yourself from dust mites, especially in your bedroom. For your bed, use sheets and pillow covers that are classified as allergen-reducing. Wash your sheets and pillows often using hot water.
- Pet allergies. Keep animals outside of your home as much as possible. Make sure to wash your hands and clothes vigorously after coming into contact with any animals. | <urn:uuid:104e81d0-f057-47db-8059-b9d3511c138d> | {
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Lithium batteries power many portable electrical devices as well as heavier machinery and vehicles. This battery has been significantly improved over the years and many manufacturers use it because of its long-lasting energy density, and the availability of many types of batteries with different types of chemicals makes it suitable for a wide range of different electrical applications.
Because of these chemicals, there has always been a risk when using Samsung 25r lithium-ion batteries. When buying electrical appliances or lithium-ion batteries alone, it is recommended that you choose one from a well-known brand or a brand with which you already have some previous experience. Well-known brands stand to improve and perfect their products, especially taking care to reduce existing risks.
Lithium-ion batteries store electricity that contains flammable electrolytes and other flammable components. Therefore, lithium-ion batteries will react differently compared to lead batteries whose electrolytes are water-based.
Accidents and fires continue to occur due to the uncontrolled release of chemically stored battery energy, although standards for the development of lithium-ion batteries have improved in recent years.
Why Some Lithium-Ion Batteries Catch Fire Or Explode Unexpectedly
There have been many reports of lithium-ion batteries catching fire or exploding without a reason. Unfortunately, there are still battery manufacturers in the world who don't care much for safety, as long as the profit margin is high enough.
Some of the reasons why lithium batteries malfunction includes:
Inadequate use, such as mechanical damage during a fall, damage to the protective housing caused by sharp objects, bending, etc.
Internal short circuits (mostly caused by poor assembly)
Other technical and structural reasons
In addition to improper use, there is another source of danger that lies in the cells and batteries themselves and these are strong currents that come with rising temperatures. They are caused by electric arcs, short circuits, and many other reasons.
The Potential Hazards Of Lithium-Ion Batteries Are Determined By The Product Design
For low power appliances such as computers, multimedia and small electronic devices there is very little risk in use. For moderate power users such as bicycles, garden tools, various small vehicles, there is a medium risk, and for high power users of 60 volts or more, there is a much higher risk of malfunction.
Of course, there are always risks, but with adequate use as prescribed by the manufacturer, users don't have to worry so much because the risk is reduced to a minimum. After all, the manufacturer and various testing institutes test the safety of batteries and products powered by lithium-ion batteries before releasing them on the market.
For example, Samsung is a well-known brand and just a few years ago, they experienced a fiasco of global proportions. Their Galaxy Note 7 model had a massive issue with the battery, where many cases have been confirmed that the phones caught fire or even exploded! Specifically, these phones started to heat up on their own, catch fire and eventually explode. One customer said that she only wanted to take a picture, but the phone turned off. She tried to turn it on for a few minutes but the phone didn't respond. She put the phone down on the table as it started to get warmer and after a few moments smoke was seen and then the phone exploded. Fortunately, no one was injured.
Many more examples can be found online and it was one of the biggest hits Samsung could experience. They had to recall more than 2 million phones from the market! It was a $5.3 billion mistake that could have easily brought this South Korean giant to its knees. Thankfully, they quickly managed to get back up on their feet by releasing a newer model! | <urn:uuid:01528d7d-f0c7-44fc-b21c-fea524f72193> | {
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States of Matter
Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three physical states—liquid, solid, and gas—at the temperatures normally found on Earth.
Words to Know
Water Cycle the cycle or processes by which water moves around the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation.
Water Vapor water in its vaporous form; a dispersion, in air, of molecules of water, especially as produced byevaporation at ambient temperatures rather than by boiling.
Evaporation the changing of a liquid into a gas, often under the influence of heat (as in the boiling of water).
Condensation the conversion of a vapor or a gas into a liquid; water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.
Precipitation Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground from the sky.
Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the earth; the air.
Solid a form of matter that can be held and keeps its own shape.
Liquid a form of matter that can flow or easily be poured; takes the shape of the container it is in.
Gas a form of matter that does not keep its shape; often spread out to take the shape of the container it is in.
Conservation prevention of injury, decay, waste, or loss (preservation)
Rehydration to replenish the body fluids of an individual.
The Water Project is dedicated to providing clean, safe water to people in the developing world who suffer needlessly without it.
This site was created by National Geographic and is filled with paragraphs categorized based on the different precipitations, for example, rain, hail, snow, and other precipitation.
This is an interactive website that can be used for a variety of age ranges, including young children. This website has several topics including the water cycle, basic facts about water, as well as water use and quality.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia.
tr.v. e·duced, e·duc·ing, e·duc·es
1. To draw or bring out; elicit. See Synonyms at evoke.
2. To infer or work out from given facts: educe principles from experience.
[Middle English educen, to direct the flow of, from Latin ēdūcere : ē-, ex-, ex- + dūcere, to lead; see deuk- in Indo-European roots.]
e·duc′tion (ĭ-dŭk′shən) n.
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
1. to evolve or develop, esp from a latent or potential state
2. to draw out or elicit (information, solutions, etc)
[C15: from Latin ēdūcere to draw out, from ē- out + dūcere to lead]
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014
v.t. e•duced, e•duc•ing.
1. to draw forth or bring out, as something potential or latent; elicit; develop.
2. to infer or deduce.
[1400–50; < Latin ēdūcere=ē- e- + dūcere to lead]
e•duc•tion (ɪˈdʌk ʃən) n.
Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.
Past participle: educed
Collins English Verb Tables © HarperCollins Publishers 2011
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|Verb||1.||educe - deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning); "We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant"|
|2.||educe - develop or evolve from a latent or potential state|
etymologise, etymologize - give the etymology or derivation or suggest an etymology (for a word); "The linguist probably etymologized the words incorrectly"; "Although he is not trained in this, his hobby is etymologizing"
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
1. To call forth or bring out (something latent, hidden, or unexpressed):
The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005
vt (form) → ableiten (from sth von etw), entlocken (from sb jdm)
Collins German Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 7th Edition 2005. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1980 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2007 | <urn:uuid:8ca01d4a-a068-4ac5-abe9-a1cab0bab68b> | {
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In Science Year 5 have been looking at the properties of materials, the children created their own experiments to investigate which materials would dissolve.
Today was home learning presentation day and as always the children did not disappoint, this afternoon we have had artwork, information sheets, posters, models, power point presentations and even a video! We can't wait until Wednesday when we get to see the remaining projects.
For his home learning Robertson created this amazing video about Climate Change, well done Robertson!
In class we have just finished our latest DT unit of work, designing and creating our own steady hand games. The children were great at using their Scientific understanding of electricity to create the circuits in order to make the game work. We had great fun trying each other's games out although some were definitely more challenging than others!
In Science we have been investigating the properties of different materials. Last week we carried out an experiment to find out which materials were the best thermal insulators.
In class we have been designing and making our own stuffed toys. The children have learnt how to use a blanket stitch and running stitch and have then used these skills to produce their toys. Well done Year 5, you impressed us all with your sewing and if a button falls off your uniform you will all know what to do now!
Well Being Wednesday In Year 5
Wednesday 3rd March 2021
On Wednesday 3rd March we had a Well Being day in class where we found ways to learn whilst also taking a break from the smartboard and our other devices and getting in touch with our creative side.
We had a challenge to see which team could make the highest tower using spaghetti and tape, the winners of this were Zac, Mohamad and Britallia with their tower which measured 62cm!
We then made sock animals using our spare odd socks from home.
The children at home also had enjoyed Well Being Wednesday and created some fantastic pieces of creative work, went outside and enjoyed the garden, took part in physical activities, baking and lots more.
Here a just a few photos of what we got up to in class.
Year 5 enjoying their Christmas Dinner and then party time!!! Covid 2020 style anyway!!!
In our History topic we learnt about the story of the worry dolls. After we had written our own version of the story we then made our own worry dolls.
This week in Year 5 we have concluded our Scientific Enquiry looking at the effect different drinks can have on eggshells (used to represent our teeth).
We were very surprised by the results but also very happy to finally get rid of the week old milk from our classroom.
In Year 5 the children have been learning about South America and the Amazon rainforest. As part of our Art work the children designed and made their own headdresses for the Rio de Janeiro carnival, we even had a dance in the classroom.
Linked to our topic on South America the children delivered their home learning projects which were fantastic. We had quite a few children this year bringing in food they had made at home, as you can imagine this was a resounding success with the rest of the class.
In Science we have been learning about Electricity, the children really enjoyed investigating different circuits and trying to make the bulb light.
To celebrate Bonfire night the children made some beautiful firework pictures using oil pastels. | <urn:uuid:d9556e37-1ae1-4a26-b74a-96e967f52b1b> | {
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Depression is often an unwelcome sidekick to diabetes. There is no physiological connection between type 2 diabetes and depression, but the rate of depression among people with diabetes is higher than in the general population.
Researchers now think that in many cases, the depression may be a result of the stress of being diagnosed with a chronic illness. It's called “diabetes distress,” which conveys it well, and they say it’s probably much more common than the medical community has realized.
“Because depression is measured with scales that are symptom-based and not tied to cause,” study author Lawrence Fisher said in a statement, “in many cases these symptoms may actually reflect the distress that people are having about their diabetes, and not a clinical diagnosis of depression.”
Fisher and his team had patients with diabetes fill out questionnaires to determine whether and to what degree they were distressed about having diabetes, and whether they had depressive symptoms in general. For those who did have both, the team randomly assigned them to one of three treatments that were all designed to reduce feelings of distress about the disease and to boost their confidence and knowledge about it. Therapy involved various combinations of online, in-person, snail mail, and phone contact.Many of the depressive symptoms reported by people with type 2 diabetes are really related to their diabetes, and don't have to be considered psychopathology.ADVERTISEMENT
At the end of the treatments, all three groups reported less distress about their diabetes and fewer symptoms of depression. There were no differences in how effective the three treatments were.
“What's important about this,” said Fisher, “is that many of the depressive symptoms reported by people with type 2 diabetes are really related to their diabetes, and don't have to be considered psychopathology. So they can be addressed as part of the spectrum of the experience of diabetes and dealt with by their diabetes care team.”
The results are especially encouraging since another long-term study found that the greater the depressive symptoms seen in people with type 1 diabetes, the higher the risk of mortality. This, the authors suggest, may be due to the link between depression and heart disease risk, although more research needs to be done to understand the connection more fully.
If you’ve been diagnosed with diabetes and are also experiencing symptoms of depression, don’t think it’s just the way it has to be. See your doctor or mental health professional about ways to manage it more effectively — and not just how to cope with the disease, but how to manage your feelings about the disease. Figuring that out will ultimately be much more therapeutic than simply treating the symptoms of depression alone. | <urn:uuid:14bbec8e-3b90-4e9d-9921-f66971950676> | {
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When you think about the world’s most cherished cultural and natural landmarks, your mind may wander to the dry-stone walls of Machu Picchu or the Great Pyramid of Giza or the temples at Angkor.
Turns out, there’s another big reason these marvels are irreplaceable: their biodiversity.
A new report from UNESCO and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reveals that 20 percent of all mapped species reside within World Heritage sites — an impressive figure given that they span just 1 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Using an analysis from Conservation International, the report found that World Heritage sites are home to 75,000 species of plants and encompass more than half of all known mammal, bird and hard coral species in the world.
“World Heritage sites preserve not only our cultural heritage, but our planet’s biodiversity heritage as well,” said Conservation International scientist Patrick Roehrdanz, who collaborated on the analysis. “I didn’t fully appreciate the degree to which that Venn diagram overlaps. This analysis gives us a fuller understanding for how important these areas are for global conservation.”
At a time when more than 1 million species are at risk of extinction and countries have agreed on a global goal to protect 30 percent of land and seas by 2030, understanding and accounting for the value of biodiversity is critical, Roehrdanz said.
This study offers the best view yet into the wildlife and plants contained within World Heritage sites. According to the research, the protections that come with UNESCO’s designation — such extensive management plans and reliable financial support — have proven fundamental to fending off species extinction.
For example, globally there are roughly 10 remaining Vaquitas, the world’s smallest cetacean; 60 remaining Javan Rhinos; and 200 remaining Pink Iguanas — and they all live in World Heritage sites (the Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California, Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia, and the Galápagos Islands, respectively).
The Komodo National Park in Indonesia is home to the last remaining Komodo dragons, the largest lizard on the planet. And the Galápagos are also home to the world’s only sea-going lizard, marine iguanas.
Using species range data from the IUCN Red List and Birdlife International, Conservation International researchers produced species-level statistics for each UNESCO site. Through an app, users can easily search each site, finding the species in each location within seconds.
Experts hope that coupling landmarks’ cultural significance with the value they represent for nature will inspire future conservation initiatives. As a next step, UNESCO is calling for World Heritage sites to be included the formal biodiversity action plans countries have devised to reach global targets for protecting nature.
“As the conservation movement looks to ramp up our ambition, it’ll be crucial that we fully account for — and map — Earth’s biodiversity,” Roehrdanz said. “We can use that context to take more informed, more rapid and more substantial action.” | <urn:uuid:34746704-50a0-4d8d-924e-0620e7ae0a1d> | {
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Many infectious diseases are caused by germs that are transmitted by contact with an inanimate object or a mosquito. Others can be spread through contaminated food and water. These diseases can also be transmitted from person to person through direct contact or through bodily fluids from sexual contact. Sometimes, a person can be infected without showing any signs of the disease.
Infectious diseases are caused by germs
Infectious diseases are diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses. They are highly contagious and can spread between humans or animals. Some are spread through the air, while others are transmitted by insects or tick bites. While most diseases are caused by germs, some are contagious only if they are in a person’s body for a prolonged period of time.
Bacteria are one-celled organisms that give off toxins that can make you sick. Viruses are tiny capsules of genetic material that invade cells to multiply. Some common viruses include the common cold and HIV/AIDS. Viruses and bacteria are not the only sources of infections; fungi are another source. The fungal infection known as athlete’s foot is caused by fungi. Parasites are also a common cause of infections.
Infections have plagued humans for centuries. The plagues of biblical times, the Black Death in the Middle Ages, and the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 are all examples of this. Each of these events shaped history. Some, such as the Spanish flu, killed more than 500,000 people in the United States and up to 50 million worldwide. This outbreak also contributed to the end of World War I.
There are several ways to prevent infections and prevent them from spreading. People should wash their hands frequently and cover their mouths when coughing or sneezing. They should also avoid drinking contaminated water. Furthermore, they should wear masks when around others. Lastly, they should use condoms during sexual intercourse to avoid any spread of infections.
Although most infections are harmless to adults, some can cause severe harm to children. Infected children may develop bacterial infections that damage their organs or kill them. Some may also carry herpesviruses for life. Children may also contract a form of shingles. Infections caused by germs are extremely common around the world.
Fortunately, there are antibiotics available to treat many infectious diseases. These drugs can help to treat a wide range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Some infections, however, are resistant to drugs.
They can be transmitted by touching an inanimate object
STEMIALLISM is a contagious disease that can be transmitted by touching an inanimate object. The disease is often transmitted by contact with an inanimate object known as a fomite, which can be anything that has come into contact with infectious agents. For example, a fountain in a park serves as a fomite: a person who has touched it can transmit the infection to anyone who drinks from it. Other objects, including stethoscopes, can be fomites if they are not properly disinfected. According to a 2009 study, 15% of stethoscopes were found to have MRSA contamination, so healthcare workers need to be careful to clean their instruments.
They can be transmitted by touching a mosquito
In New York State, mosquitoes are active from early summer until late fall. During the winter, mosquitoes remain dormant and only bite during the early morning hours. Many diseases are transmitted by these insects, including West Nile virus and eastern equine encephalitis. Because of this, New Yorkers should take precautions when spending time outdoors.
Adult mosquitoes exhibit a series of behavioural processes that help them find a host. Each step is mediated by a different chemical signal produced by a potential host. The chemical cues prime the adult mosquito for activity and trigger it to initiate flight.
Mosquitoes can be attracted to CO2 gas. They can also pick up other cues from the environment, such as odor or body heat. The female mosquito has three or four times more antennal sensilla than the male mosquito. This means that the female mosquito can pick up on different odour cues that help determine the location of a host. However, further studies are necessary to clarify how sexual dimorphism plays a role in the olfactory apparatus of mosquitoes. These studies may lead to new discoveries about the function of these cues in the mosquito.
Mosquitoes respond to a variety of different volatile compounds in the human skin. These chemicals vary in composition between individuals and can help mosquitoes differentiate between their preferred hosts. This has been proven to be true for certain species. Furthermore, the chemical profiles of human skin secretions play an important role in determining whether a mosquito will be attracted to a specific human host. In addition, it is possible that different mosquito species respond to different odour sources. | <urn:uuid:7aa924ac-dee5-42a5-9135-0fa5437f11cd> | {
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- LLERENA, city in W. Spain, near the Andalusian border. Jews lived in Llerena throughout the 13th–15th centuries, up to the expulsion in 1492. In 1391, it was the only community that was attacked in the region of Extremadura. In 1474 the annual tax paid by the community amounted to 3,500 maravedis. It increased to 35,820 maravedis in 1491, probably because Jews recently expelled from Andalusia had settled in the city. A Jew of Llerena, Gabriel-Israel, served as interpreter to Ferdinand and Isabella during the war with Granada, and won the king's esteem. There were also Conversos living in Llerena. Toward the end of the 16th century a permanent tribunal of the Inquisition was established there which became one of the most active in Spain. david reuveni was imprisoned in the inquisitional dungeons in Llerena from 1532, and from 1631 onward a large group of fugitives from Badajoz was tried by the Llerena tribunal with tragic results. As late as 1652 six fugitive Judaizers were burned in effigy, at an auto-da-fé in Llerena, together with the bones of a woman who had died in prison. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: Baer, Spain, 317; Baer, Urkunden, 2 (1936), 233, 349, 398; H.C. Lea, History of the Inquisition in Spain, 1 (1906), 549–50; Suárez Fernández, Documentos, 36, 68, 81, 256, 257. (Haim Beinart)
Encyclopedia Judaica. 1971. | <urn:uuid:b9350250-5fc3-4a1f-815f-89188c591262> | {
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Research chemicals are the types of chemicals that are designed for chemists and scientists. It is used for analysis and testing purposes in laboratories. These are very important for the improvement of the medical and pharmaceutical field. For the discovery of new medications and for treating new diseases these chemicals are used. It is sold online by reputed sellers. These are sometimes called as designer drugs and are used by people to get some benefits.
Research chemicals are more popular among the chemists. Most of the chemicals are sold legally on various websites. When coming to the properties, it is similar in molecular structure to illicit drugs like MDMA, opium and cocaine. These are said to be risky and dangerous to ingest. These chemicals are not taken by many people and have only little history and few usage reports. It can produce many serious negative effects if ingest in high dose. It include increased blood pressure, increased swearing, confusion, loss of consciousness, neurotoxity etc. However research chemicals like 3-meo-pcp can cause positive effects when used in low or medium dose.
Some people said that the research chemicals are sold with other ingredients. This varied level of impurities can cause severe reactions. It is advised to take serious care when handling them. Experimental research chemicals are often purchased from online stores. Check the key scale factor of purity in the chemicals. Obtaining these drugs from online stores include some risks when not purchased for the research purposes. For testing purposes you can buy them at cheap cost. Find the pure form of chemicals online from the trusted vendors. Choose good chemicals which can give positive effects like euphoria, alertness etc. These drugs can be ingested as a pill or powder at low dosage. Experience the effects and give feedback to generate new usage reports. | <urn:uuid:bde695f4-2d73-4dae-ab91-896b930dcdb8> | {
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Autism Spectrum Disorder is now recognised as a relatively common neurodevelopmental disorder. It is commonly diagnosed in a child’s early years, although its cause is yet to be determined.
The level at which this brain-based condition may affect a child varies; hence why it is called a “spectrum disorder”. While some children with Autism Spectrum Disorder may function well with very minor limitations in day to day life, other children experience severe limitations in most areas of daily living.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder can be diagnosed as early as three years of age. They typically exhibit difficulties in a number of key areas. A child that exhibits the following characteristics may very well have an Autism Spectrum Disorder.
■ Communication and Language: Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder usually have disordered expressive and receptive language. They find it difficult to comprehend what others are saying, following simple instructions, and expressing themselves using words. Some may have good language skills, but exhibit behaviours like: categorising things around them, limited desire to communicate with others, and rarely using non-verbal gestures to communicate.
■ Social Interaction and Relationships: Most children with Autism Spectrum Disorder rarely socialise with others. They seldom respond to gestures from others and make eye contact. They are generally uninterested in socialising.
■ Repetitive Behaviour and Routines: At a very young age, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder often demonstrate extreme resistance to changes in daily routine. They often require routine to cope and continuously want everything to follow the same pattern around them. They often engage in repetitive behaviours such as hand flapping, spinning of objects or repeatedly saying the same phrases (echolalia). They often have restricted and obsessive interests. | <urn:uuid:3c35e179-fc06-48a4-92c7-5f4da65c68b1> | {
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After William Henry Harrison’s death from pneumonia, after only 32 days in office, John Tyler became the first Vice-President to assume the presidency after the death of a President. Tyler did not receive a formal inaugural ceremony nor did he give an official inaugural speech. Rather, the tenth President was sworn in at Brown’s Hotel in Washington, D.C. On April 9th 1841, Tyler delivered an address discussing his assumption of the presidency.
In the hopes that he would entice states’ rights Southerners, Tyler was nominated for Vice President by the Whig party for the 1840 election. After Harrison’s death, Tyler insisted to take on the full responsibilities of the presidency, to the dismay of the Whigs. Tyler vetoed fellow Whig party member Henry Clay’s bill to establish a National Bank that would have branches in a number of states. His stance was that the bill infringed on states’ rights. The strict constructionist was soon alienated by the party that had given him the platform that rose him to the presidency. Now referring to him as “His Accidency,” the Whigs expelled him from their party and his entire cabinet soon resigned, with an impeachment resolution filed a year later, after he had vetoed a tariff bill. In spite of their disagreements, Tyler and the Whig majority Congress succeeded in passing legislation for the good of the nation. Tyler passed the “Log Cabin” bill, which allowed “a settler to claim 160 acres of land before it was publicly for sale, and later pay $1.25 an acre for it.” In addition, he eventually signed a tariff bill in 1842 that gave protection to northern manufacturers. Tyler also ended up spending the last two years of his term dedicated to the annexation of Texas. With his decline in popularity, and dearth of support from Democrats and Whigs, Tyler did not seek reelection in 1845.
Tyler’s Address Upon Assuming the Presidency, April 9, 1841
Fellow citizens, before my arrival at the seat of Government the painful communication was made to you by the officers presiding over the several Departments of the deeply regretted death of William Henry Harrison, late President of the United States. Upon him you had conferred your suffrages for the first office in your gift, and had selected him as your chosen instrument to correct and reform all such errors and abuses as had manifested themselves from time to time in the practical operation of the Government. While standing at the threshold of this great work he has by the dispensation of an all-wise Providence been removed from amongst us, and by the provisions of the Constitution the efforts to be directed to the accomplishing of this vitally important task have devolved upon myself. This same occurrence has subjected the wisdom and sufficiency of our institutions to a new test. For the first time in our history the person elected to the Vice-Presidency of the United States, by the happening of a contingency provided for in the Constitution, has had devolved upon him the Presidential office. The spirit of faction, which is directly opposed to the spirit of a lofty patriotism, may find in this occasion for assaults upon my Administration; and in succeeding, under circumstances so sudden and unexpected and to responsibilities so greatly augmented, to the administration of public affairs I shall place in the intelligence and patriotism of the people my only sure reliance. My earnest prayer shall be constantly addressed to the all-wise and all-powerful Being who made me, and by whose dispensation I am called to the high office of President of this Confederacy, understandingly to carry out the principles of that Constitution which I have sworn “to protect, preserve, and defend.”
The usual opportunity which is afforded to a Chief Magistrate upon his induction to office of presenting to his countrymen an exposition of the policy which would guide his Administration, in the form of an inaugural address, not having, under the peculiar circumstances which have brought me to the discharge of the high duties of President of the United States, been afforded to me, a brief exposition of the principles which will govern me in the general course of my administration of public affairs would seem to be due as well to myself as to you.
In regard to foreign nations, the groundwork of my policy will be justice on our part to all, submitting to injustice from none. While I shall sedulously cultivate the relations of peace and amity with one and all, it will be my most imperative duty to see that the honor of the country shall sustain no blemish. With a view to this, the condition of our military defenses will become a matter of anxious solicitude. The Army, which has in other days covered itself with renown, and the Navy, not inappropriately termed the right arm of the public defense, which has spread a light of glory over the American standard in all the waters of the earth, should be rendered replete with efficiency.
In view of the fact, well avouched by history, that the tendency of all human institutions is to concentrate power in the hands of a single man, and that their ultimate downfall has proceeded from this cause, I deem it of the most essential importance that a complete separation should take place between the sword and the purse. No matter where or how the public moneys shall be deposited, so long as the President can exert the power of appointing and removing at his pleasure the agents selected for their custody the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy is in fact the treasurer. A permanent and radical change should therefore be decreed. The patronage incident to the Presidential office, already great, is constantly increasing. Such increase is destined to keep pace with the growth of our population, until, without a figure of speech, an army of officeholders may be spread over the land. The unrestrained power exerted by a selfishly ambitious man in order either to perpetuate his authority or to hand it over to some favorite as his successor may lead to the employment of all the means within his control to accomplish his object. The right to remove from office, while subjected to no just restraint, is inevitably destined to produce a spirit of crouching servility with the official corps, which, in order to uphold the hand which feeds them, would lead to direct and active interference in the elections, both State and Federal, thereby subjecting the course of State legislation to the dictation of the chief executive officer and making the will of that officer absolute and supreme. I will at a proper time invoke the action of Congress upon this subject, and shall readily acquiesce in the adoption of all proper measures which are calculated to arrest these evils, so full of danger in their tendency. I will remove no incumbent from office who has faithfully and honestly acquitted himself of the duties of his office, except in such cases where such officer has been guilty of an active partisanship or by secret means–the less manly, and therefore the more objectionable has given his official influence to the purposes of party, thereby bringing the patronage of the Government in conflict with the freedom of elections. Numerous removals may become necessary under this rule. These will be made by me through no acerbity of feeling–I have had no cause to cherish or indulge unkind feelings toward any–but my conduct will be regulated by a profound sense of what is due to the country and its institutions; nor shall I neglect to apply the same unbending rule to those of my own appointment. Freedom of opinion will be tolerated, the full enjoyment of the right of suffrage will be maintained as the birthright of every American citizen; but I say emphatically to the official corps, “Thus far and no farther.” I have dwelt the longer upon this subject because removals from office are likely often to arise, and I would have my countrymen to understand the principle of the Executive action.
In all public expenditures the most rigid economy should be resorted to, and, as one of its results, a public debt in time of peace be sedulously avoided. A wise and patriotic constituency will never object to the imposition of necessary burdens for useful ends, and true wisdom dictates the resort to such means in order to supply deficiencies in the revenue, rather than to those doubtful expedients which, ultimating in a public debt, serve to embarrass the resources of the country and to lessen its ability to meet any great emergency which may arise. All sinecures should be abolished. The appropriations should be direct and explicit, so as to leave as limited a share of discretion to the disbursing agents as may be found compatible with the public service. A strict responsibility on the part of all the agents of the Government should be maintained and peculation or defalcation visited with immediate expulsion from office and the most condign punishment.
The public interest also demands that if any war has existed between the Government and the currency it shall cease. Measures of a financial character now having the sanction of legal enactment shall be faithfully enforced until repealed by the legislative authority. But I owe it to myself to declare that I regard existing enactments as unwise and impolitic and in a high degree oppressive. I shall promptly give my sanction to any constitutional measure which, originating in Congress, shall have for its object the restoration of a sound circulating medium, so essentially necessary to give confidence in all the transactions of life, to secure to industry its just and adequate rewards, and to reestablish the public prosperity. In deciding upon the adaptation of any such measure to the end proposed, as well as its conformity to the Constitution, I shall resort to the fathers of the great republican school for advice and instruction, to be drawn from their sage views of our system of government and the light of their ever-glorious example.
The institutions under which we live, my countrymen, secure each person in the perfect enjoyment of all his rights. The spectacle is exhibited to the world of a government deriving its powers from the consent of the governed and having imparted to it only so much power as is necessary for its successful operation. Those who are charged with its administration should carefully abstain from all attempts to enlarge the range of powers thus granted to the several departments of the Government other than by an appeal to the people for additional grants, lest by so doing they disturb that balance which the patriots and statesmen who framed the Constitution designed to establish between the Federal Government and the States composing the Union. The observance of these rules is enjoined upon us by that feeling of reverence and affection which finds a place in the heart of every patriot for the preservation of union and the blessings of union–for the good of our children and our children’ s children through countless generations. An opposite course could not fail to generate factions intent upon the gratification of their selfish ends, to give birth to local and sectional jealousies, and to ultimate either in breaking asunder the bonds of union or in building up a central system which would inevitably end in a bloody scepter and an iron crown.
In conclusion I beg you to be assured that I shall exert myself to carry the foregoing principles into practice during my administration of the Government, and, confiding in the protecting care of an everwatchful and overruling Providence, it shall be my first and highest duty to preserve unimpaired the free institutions under which we live and transmit them to those who shall succeed me in their full force and vigor.
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Cassandra facts for kids
Cassandra (Greek: Κασσάνδρα also Κασάνδρα), also known as Alexandra or Kassandra, was a daughter of King Priam and of Queen Hecuba of Troy. In modern usage her name is employed as a rhetorical device to indicate someone whose prophesies are not believed by those around them.
A common version of her story relates how, in an effort to seduce her, Apollo gave her the power of prophecy—but when she refused him, he spat into her mouth to inflict a curse that nobody would ever believe her prophecies. In an alternative version, she fell asleep in a temple, and snakes licked (or whispered in) her ears so that she could hear the future. (A snake as a source of knowledge is a recurring theme in Greek mythology, though sometimes the snake brings understanding of the language of animals rather than an ability to know the future. Likewise, prophets without honor in their own country reflect a standard narrative trope.)
Cassandra became a figure of epic tradition and of tragedy.
Fall of Troy and aftermath
Cassandra foresaw the destruction of Troy. She warned the Trojans about the Greeks hiding inside the Trojan Horse, Agamemnon’s death and her own demise at the hands of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra, her mother Hecuba's fate, Odysseus’s ten year wanderings before returning to his home, and the murder of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra by her children Electra and Orestes. Cassandra predicted that her cousin Aeneas would escape during the fall of Troy and found a new nation in Rome. However, she was unable to do anything to forestall these tragedies since no one believed her.
Coroebus and Othronus came to the aid of Troy during the Trojan War out of love for Cassandra in exchange for her hand in marriage. Priam decided to betroth Cassandra to Telephus’s son Eurypyplus after Telephus had reinforced the Trojans by sending them an army of Mysians to come to defend Troy for them. Cassandra was also the first to see the body of her brother Hector being brought back to the city.
In The Fall of Troy told by Quintus Smyrnaeus, Cassandra had attempted to warn the Trojan people that she had foreseen the Greek warriors hiding in the Trojan Horse while they were celebrating their victory over the Greeks with feasting. They disbelieved her, calling her names and degrading her with insults. She grabbed an axe in one hand and a burning torch in her other, and ran towards the Trojan Horse, intent on destroying it herself to stop the Greeks from destroying Troy. The Trojan people stopped her before she could do so. The Greeks hiding inside the Trojan Horse were relieved that the Trojans had stopped Cassandra from destroying it, but they were surprised by how well she had known of their plan to defeat Troy.
At the fall of Troy, Cassandra sought shelter in the temple of Athena and there she embraced the wooden statue of Athena in supplication for her protection, where she was abducted by Ajax the Lesser. Cassandra was clinging so tightly to the statue of the goddess that Ajax knocked it over from its stand as he dragged her away. One account claimed that even Athena, who had worked hard to help the Greeks destroy Troy, was not able to restrain her tears and her cheeks burned with anger. Ajax's actions were a sacrilege because Cassandra was a supplicant of Athena and supplicants were untouchable in the sanctuary of a god, under the protection of that god. The Locrians had to atone for Ajax's great sacrilege against Cassandra in Athena's temple by sending two maidens to Troy every year for a thousand years to serve as slaves in Athena's temple—but if they were caught by the inhabitants before they reached the temple they were executed.
Cassandra was sent to the Elysian Fields after her death, as her soul was judged worthy because of her dedication to the gods and her religious nature during her life.
Cassandra was buried either at Amyclae or Mycenae for the two towns disputed the possession of it. She had been buried most likely in Mycenae. Heinrich Schliemann was certain that he had discovered Cassandra’s tomb when he had excavated Mycenae since he had found the remains of a woman and two infants in one of the circle graves at Mycenae.
Cassandra Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:abbcdcf7-b66e-4c39-aa94-05e13bd9e7d5> | {
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Find Printable Sudoku Puzzles – Sudoku is a popular Japanese puzzle that is currently readily available in different stores throughout the world. In numerous posts, (again, just excessive to place in one short article), will certainly tell you how to play Sudoku, a difficult sort of puzzle. In this article, you’ll find out the crucial behind Sudoku, its solving method, and also its benefits for psychological fitness. When the obstacle becomes harder, try analysis on Sudoku Tips to boost your psychological skills.
In Sudoku, there are ninety-nine rows and also 9 columns. To do resolve Sudoku puzzles, a player needs to determine the pattern where these nine cells are arranged. The patterns can be any kind of square form or setup, which can be in straight or vertical layout. It can also be a partial circle, quadratic formulas or any other Sudoku plans.
For every single Sudoku puzzles video game, the first thing a gamer does is to choose a problem degree. The greater the degree, the more difficult the puzzle is. There are two means to get in a problem degree – by presuming it or by in fact playing a puzzle and also assessing its option. Numerous websites use aid apply for each video game, and these are excellent sources for Sudoku puzzle fixing ideas as well as methods.
The very first suggestion is to play the game on simple if you desire to recognize just how to resolve Sudoku puzzles. The reason is that a lot of innovative steps and also estimations are called for to address the puzzle without unfaithful. If you are not going to use it, there is no factor in learning exactly how to fix puzzles. This is not the website for you if you want to spend hours attempting to address complex puzzles.
The second suggestion for learning how to play Sudoku puzzles is to play the games in the original pattern. Even if you have resolved it in another pattern, it is still more fun to fix a resolved puzzle in its initial form. When you play Sudoku online, there is no requirement to try to address a puzzle using formulas, due to the fact that this is nearly impossible to do.
Resolve Sudoku puzzles in the original Japanese design. Sudoku is generally a Japanese puzzle, however as a matter of fact, the Japanese lay more emphasis on pattern and also plan than real logic. It is vital to learn how to solve Sudoku puzzles in its conventional type. Keep in mind, the grids of the puzzle are based upon Japanese patterns, and the numbers you see in the puzzle columns are Japanese letters that match with the numbers you see in the puzzle rows. | <urn:uuid:2c2ea2ff-0b7a-4591-baca-de62b3e60162> | {
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These are documents that describes the work to be performed and the contractual requirements under which construction and contract administration should be accomplished. .
They can also be described as the working drawings and specifications developed by the architects or designer, Quantity Surveyor, Engineer and/or Client that define the scope of the building project and become part of the contract signed by the owner and builder. .
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION .
The preparation of drawings and specifications, that set forth the detailed requirements for the construction of a building project. Drawings represent the illustrative dimensions of construction documentation, while specifications represent the written. (Grigsby & AIA, 2000) These are documents that are prepared for shopping for construction services and materials and to facilitate contracts clearly outlining the specifications for the work to be done. .
The differentiating factor between contract documents and construction documentation lies in the fact that the contract documents are the complete instruction guide that stipulate how the project should be manifested and the contractual arrangements under which it should be achieved, while the construction documentation process is the preparation of these documents. .
PROJECT CYCLE .
The project cycle is the predictable pattern of development of any project. The basic stages can occur sequentially or can overlap to varying degrees. (Barrie and Paulson, 1992) It is the unique amalgamation of the tender phase as it makes the assumption that the final design is finalized. .
Phases of a Project Cycle .
Phase 1 - Concept and Feasibility Studies .
(Includes: Owner, Architect, Land Surveyor, Quantity Surveyor and Consultants) .
Phase 2 – Design .
(Includes: Structural Engineer and Architect, Quantity Surveyor) .
Phase 3 – Procurement .
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The World Bank said in May 2018 that South Africa remains the most economically unequal country in the world. Poverty levels are highest among black people. Whites make up the majority of the elite or top 5% of the population. Hence the stubbornness of spatial segregation.
Why South Africa is still segregated?
For decades, South Africa was under apartheid: A series of laws divided people by race. Then, in the 1990s, those laws were dismantled. But many of the barriers they created continue to divide South Africans by skin color — determining their quality of life, access to jobs, and wealth.
When did South Africa stop being segregated?
Apartheid, the Afrikaans name given by the white-ruled South Africa’s Nationalist Party in 1948 to the country’s harsh, institutionalized system of racial segregation, came to an end in the early 1990s in a series of steps that led to the formation of a democratic government in 1994.
What is segregation called in South Africa?
Apartheid legislation. Racial segregation, sanctioned by law, was widely practiced in South Africa before 1948. But when the National Party, led by Daniel F. Malan, gained office that year, it extended the policy and gave it the name apartheid.
How has apartheid affected South Africa today?
Apartheid has negatively affected the lives of all South African children but its effects have been particularly devastating for black children. The consequences of poverty, racism and violence have resulted in psychological disorders, and a generation of maladjusted children may be the result.
Is South Africa poor?
South Africa is one of the most unequal societies in the world. More than 50% of the population live in poverty. Despite notable gains in poverty reduction post-apartheid, poverty levels have remained consistently highest among women, black South Africans, people with disabilities, and those living in rural areas.
Who started apartheid in South Africa?
Called the ‘Architect of the Apartheid’ Hendrik Verwoerd was Prime Minister as leader of the National Party from 1958-66 and was key in shaping the implementation of apartheid policy.
Who ended apartheid in South Africa?
The apartheid system in South Africa was ended through a series of negotiations between 1990 and 1993 and through unilateral steps by the de Klerk government. These negotiations took place between the governing National Party, the African National Congress, and a wide variety of other political organisations.
Is South Africa safe for white tourists?
South Africa overall is very safe to travel to and explore. The country has so much natural beauty. There are many big cities within South Africa such as Johannesburg, Capetown, Durban, and many others that offer something different and special.
How did Nelson Mandela end apartheid?
Amid growing domestic and international pressure and fears of racial civil war, President F. W. … Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became president.
How long did apartheid last?
“separateness”, lit. “aparthood”) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 until the early 1990s.
How was South Africa before apartheid?
In the prelude to the formal implementation of apartheid, the largest groups in South Africa redefined themselves. Black South Africans set aside ethnic divisions, forming national organizations to oppose oppression. … Between union in 1910 and 1948, a variety of whites-only political parties governed South Africa.
Why do townships still exist?
The most common governmental responsibilities of townships include oversight of such things as road maintenance, land-use planning, and trash collection. Many townships in Ohio, Michigan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania provide police and fire protection, similar to what an incorporated city would provide.
What year did apartheid end?
South Africa is considered both a third and first world country. … These regions put SA in the third world country category, because of extreme poverty, insufficient basic amenities, and other unpleasant factors. | <urn:uuid:c158c919-b49f-4ea4-840b-51a7170134b1> | {
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Learn about the benefits of planting trees.
Trees help clean the air we breathe, then filter the water we consume, and supply habitat to over 80 percent of the planet’s terrestrial biodiversity. Forests supply jobs to over 1.6 billion people, consume damaging carbon in the air, and are crucial ingredients in 25 percent of medicines. Listed below are the six columns which explain why trees are so crucial.
Trees are like the vacuums of the planet. During their leaves and bark, they suck harmful pollutants and discharge fresh oxygen for us to breathe. In urban environments, trees consume pollutant gases like nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide, and sweep up allergens like dust and smoke. Increasing amounts of carbon dioxide caused by deforestation and fossil fuel combustion trap heat in the atmosphere. Healthy, strong trees act as carbon sinks; absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and reducing the effects of climate change.
Trees are like the langs of our planet. Their leaves and bark, absorb harmful pollutants and release fresh oxygen for us to breathe. In urban environments, trees consume pollution, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide, and reduce allergens like dust and smoke. Healthy, strong trees absorb carbon, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide and the effects of climate change.
Trees play an integral part in capturing rainwater and diminishing the chance of natural disasters such as floods and landslides. Their complex root systems behave like filters, eliminating pollutants and slowing the water absorption into the ground. This procedure prevents damaging waterside erosion and lessens the threat of over-saturation along with flooding.
A single tree could be home to countless species of fungi, insect, moss, creatures, and plants. Based on the sort of shelter and food they need, distinct woods animals need several kinds of habitat. Without trees, woods creatures could have nowhere to call home.
From loggers to research workers, the job opportunities offered by the forestry sector are endless. Not only we rely on trees to work, renewable tree farming offers wood to construction material and wood to burn for cooking and warmth. Food-producing trees offer fruit, berries, nuts, also leaves for consumption by both humans and animals and provide nutrition.
Did you know that hospital patients who have rooms overlooking trees recover quicker than people without the same view? It is not possible to dismiss the sense of happiness you feel when strolling through a tranquil forest. Trees help decrease stress and let us reconnect with nature. Additionally, shade supplied by shrub policy helps protect skin from your ever-increasing heat of sunlight.
Trees help cool our planet, Earth, by absorbing damaging greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, to their trunks, branches, and leaves, and also releasing oxygen back into the air. In towns, trees can decrease overall temperatures by approximately eight degrees Celsius. With over 50 percent of the planet’s population residing in towns, a number expected to rise to 66 percent from the year 2050, polution and overheating have become a true threat. Luckily, trees can consume up to 150 kg of carbon dioxide each year, creating a much healthier enviroment for cities. | <urn:uuid:2c471d61-ee6f-434c-877c-17ca772c464a> | {
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The full form of WHO is World Health Organization, WHO is an organization that works for mutual cooperation and development of remedies on health related problems of all the countries of the world. The main task of WHO is to promote and strengthen better health to all the people of the whole world. What is WHO?
What is WHO
The World Health Organization is fully responsible for the health of the whole world. Meaning if you have any health related problem then WHO is responsible for it. WHO has an important role in running any country. If you want to open a company and your product is related to health. So WHO will check the quality of that product before starting the company. And only after everything goes well, that company will be certified, and then the company will be able to sell its product in the market.
And if a new disease comes, it is the job of WHO to find a cure for that disease. And informing every country about it and making its medicine and as far as possible. The facility available from WHO is free or very low cost. Every day some or the other disease or Viruses keep coming like HIV, AIDS, Polio, Cholera, Epidemics like Covid etc. And if any disease comes in this way, WHO gives all the information about that disease to the whole country. And also tells the symptoms of that disease and the measures to avoid it and its treatment.
Anything related to health is done under the guidance of WHO. Because WHO is responsible for everything that is related to health and if any disease is going on now. And if its cure is not found yet, then the work of WHO is to research about that disease and find a cure to eradicate that disease from the root and help the world with that.
The head office of WHO is in the city of Geneva, Switzerland. It is from there that WHO is run and health-related monitoring is done on every country.
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External Web sites
Britannica Web sites
Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
- Madame Roland - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
(1754-93). The wife of a French politician during the French Revolution, Madame Roland greatly influenced the policies of the moderate Girondist faction of the revolutionaries. The Girondists professed moderate republican views and opposed the excesses of the more radical party. | <urn:uuid:67f8896a-5f75-43b6-8de6-85dd06456513> | {
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Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who ruled during the 18th dynasty, from approximately 1332 BC to 1323 BC. Despite his relatively short reign, Tutankhamun remains one of the most well-known and celebrated pharaohs of ancient Egypt, due in large part to the discovery of his tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922 by archaeologist Howard Carter. Along with a wealth of other treasures, the tomb contained several sculptures of Tutankhamun, which offer valuable insights into the art and culture of ancient Egypt.
One of the most famous sculptures of Tutankhamun is the gold mask that covered his face in his sarcophagus. The mask is made of solid gold and is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of ancient Egyptian art. The mask is highly detailed and features intricate designs and hieroglyphics. It is a testament to the skill and craftsmanship of ancient Egyptian artists and their ability to work with gold, which was considered a divine metal.
Another notable sculpture of Tutankhamun is a small statue of the king that was found in his tomb. The statue is made of wood and covered in gold leaf and depicts Tutankhamun seated on a throne with his wife, Ankhesenamun, at his side. The statue is highly detailed, with the king's features and clothing carefully carved and painted. It is a remarkable example of the realism and attention to detail that ancient Egyptian artists were capable of.
In addition to these famous sculptures, Tutankhamun was also depicted in other forms of art, such as wall paintings and relief carvings. These artworks often portrayed the king in various poses and activities, such as hunting, fighting, or performing religious rituals. These depictions offer valuable insights into the life and beliefs of ancient Egyptians and provide important historical context for Tutankhamun's reign.
Overall, the sculptures of Tutankhamun are a testament to the skill and creativity of ancient Egyptian artists, as well as the wealth and power of the pharaohs they depicted. They offer valuable insights into the art, culture, and history of ancient Egypt, and continue to captivate and inspire people around the world today. | <urn:uuid:19587c8d-aabf-4162-b6e5-0baf416ed79e> | {
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ⓘ Chooz (experiment)
Chooz was a short baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Chooz, France. Its major result was setting limits on the neutrino oscillation parameters responsible for changing electron neutrinos into other neutrinos. Specifically, it found that sin 2 < 0.17 for large δm 2 and δm 2 > 8 × 10 −4 eV 2 for maximal mixing. Results were published in 1999.
The Double Chooz experiment continues to take data using the same lab space.
1. Neutrino source
Chooz used neutrinos from two pressurized water reactors, which provide a > 99.999% ν e source. The average neutrino energy was approximately 3 MeV, and the detector was roughly 1000 m from the reactor. The intensity was measured using both the heat balance and neutron output of the reactor, and was known to better than 2%. Detailed modeling of the reactor cores was used to predict both the intensity and energy spectrum of the neutrinos as a function of time. Neutrinos were observed via the inverse beta decay reaction p + ν e → n + e +.
The Chooz detector was underground, with a 300 meter water equivalent overburden to reduce cosmic ray backgrounds. The detector itself was a cylinder 5.5 m in diameter and 5.5 m tall. The detector was composed of three regions. The innermost region I contained 5 tons of scintillator doped with gadolinium in a Plexiglas container. The gadolinium quickly captured the neutrons produced in the inverse beta decay. The second region II contained 17 tons of undoped scintillator to capture the electromagnetic energy from the inverse beta decay ≈99% and the photons from the neutron capture in the Gd > 95%. The outer surface of region II contained 192 inward facing photomultiplier tubes PMT held in an opaque plastic structure.
The outermost region III contained ninety tons of the same undoped scintillator as region II and vetoed cosmic ray events using 48 PMTs.
The Plexiglas layer between regions I and II was clear, to allow scintillation light from region I to be observed by the PMTs in region II. The inner surface of the region II container was painted black to avoid reflections, which would degrade position measurements. The outer surface of the region II container and the inner surface of the region III container were painted white to maximize the veto signals.
3. Data sample
Chooz collected data for a total of 8210 hours: 3420 hours with neither reactor running, 3250 hours with one reactor running, and 1540 hours with both reactors running. A total of 2991 neutrino candidates were observed during this period, with 287 of the candidates occurring during the reactor off periods. The correlated background was 1.01 events per day, and the uncorrelated background was 0.42 events per day. The neutrino yield was also studied as a function of reactor power, fuel burnup, and for each reactor separately.
The energy spectrum of the positrons and the calculated direction of the incoming neutrino were also calculated. All distributions agreed with predictions.
4. Neutrino oscillation searches
Three analysis techniques were used to search for neutrino oscillations. The most powerful method used a global χ 2 fit of seven positron energy bins for each reactor, for a total of fourteen bins. The χ 2 was calculated for various θ, δm 2 combinations. The full 14 × 14 covariance matrix was used to account for correlations among the bins. The χ 2 statistic also includes a term for the overall neutrino normalization with an uncertainty of 2.7% and a term for the energy calibration with an uncertainty of 1.1%. The global minimum, with a χ 2 probability of 96%, corresponds to sin 2 θ = 0.23, δm 2 = 8.1 × 10 −4 eV 2, overall neutrino normalization = 1.012, and energy scale = 1.006. The no-oscillation hypothesis is also has a high χ 2 probability of 93%, corresponding to an overall neutrino normalization = 1.008 and energy scale = 1.011.
5. Interpretation of results
The Chooz results place limits on the PMNS matrix element U e3 2. Two possibilities exist, U e3 2 < 0.03 or U e3 2 > 0.97. The solar neutrino problem excludes the second inequality, therefore U e3 2 is restricted to small values. The CHOOZ data also indicate a strong preference for the ν μ → ν τ maximum mixing hypothesis.
6. Note on naming
The Chooz collaboration is not consistent in its capitalization. The experiment sometimes appears as Chooz and sometimes as CHOOZ. However, it is not an acronym.
no need to download or install
Pino - logical board game which is based on tactics and strategy. In general this is a remix of chess, checkers and corners. The game develops imagination, concentration, teaches how to solve tasks, plan their own actions and of course to think logically. It does not matter how much pieces you have, the main thing is how they are placement!online intellectual game → | <urn:uuid:b4eefa47-2ef7-492b-aec0-f5085f115586> | {
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The 1930s were the second half of what is commonly known as the Golden Age of Aviation. As in the 1920s, rapid developments in technology and investment in aviation that didn’t stop even during the Great Depression made air travel more common. However, what was it like to get on a plane in the 1930s?
Table of Contents
In many ways, air travel in the 1930s was similar to flying in the 1920s: planes were prone to turbulence and couldn’t travel long distances. However, technology made the cabin experience more comfortable. For those who could afford to fly, air travel became a true luxury experience.
Here is what it would have been like to travel by air in the 1930s.
The 1930s Aircraft
The 1930s saw great advances in airplane technology. Planes were now made entirely of metal instead of the wood, metal, and fabric combos of previous decades. The monoplane also became more popular as the biplane was consigned to the trash bin of history.
These changes in construction had tangible impacts on how airplanes could travel. By the middle of the decade, planes could fly at a maximum speed of 200 mph, which was double what was possible just a few years prior. They could also fly by night, which revolutionized international travel.
One of the most important models of the decade was the Douglas DC-3. By the end of the 1930s, this lightweight, speedy model made up the bulk of the fleet for most airlines. Other companies that revolutionized aircraft design were Fokker, Curtiss, and several others.
As in the 1920s, airplanes were not the only option for air travel. The 1930s saw the Golden Age of Zeppelins as well. Although airships never caught on for mass travel, they were a luxurious experience for the wealthy and often more comfortable than airplanes.
However, after the Hindenburg Disaster of 1937 killed 36 people, passengers realized that traveling via a blimp powered by flammable gasses wasn’t worth it. It didn’t help that airships were associated with Germany due to the revolutionary design of Zeppelins coming out of that country, and Nazism was growing and growing in power during this decade.
Where Could People Travel by Air?
While air travel was only possible between nearby cities in the 1920s, horizons really expanded in the 1930s thanks to growing technology. It was possible to travel across the continent, across the ocean, and even around the world.
One of the airlines that pioneered international long-haul travel was Imperial Airways. This British airline connected the British Empire, which was still in its heyday. In fact, the government heavily subsidized its development to maintain control over its empire and easily transport people and mail.
However, just because long-distance international travel was possible does not mean that it was comfortable or accessible. Traveling around the world was still a test of endurance. Going from London to Australia took twelve days and required stopping at least twice a day along the way.
These multi-day jaunts were still faster than traveling by ship, which could take several weeks or even months. Plus, airlines incentivized passengers to take these trips by promising luxurious accommodations and adventure along the way.
Who Got to Travel?
In the 1920s, air travel was becoming more prevalent, but it was still inaccessible to the average person. Flying was just for wealthy people with a taste for adventure, while most people traveled by train, ship, or even car.
Flying in the 1930s was still somewhat expensive, particularly as people struggled during the Great Depression, but it was becoming much more accessible and popular. Between 1930 and 1939, the number of passengers traveling by air grew several hundred times. In the United States alone, the end of the decade saw over 1 million passengers a year—a far cry from the several thousand passengers a year at the beginning of the decade.
There are a few reasons why more people traveled by air during this time. Better technology meant flying was faster and more comfortable, giving the industry an advantage over other modes of transportation. Tickets were slightly more affordable. However, air travel was still an inaccessible luxury for most people who weren’t wealthy or upper middle class.
What It Was Like Inside a 1930s Airplane
One of the biggest changes in air travel in the 1930s was the experience for passengers. From an endurance trip, air travel became a true luxury.
The biggest changes in passenger comfort happened due to adjustments in plane technology. New metal bodies meant that passengers experienced less noise and temperature disruptions because the insulation was better. For the first time, airlines introduced in-air heating and cooling systems to help passengers stay at a comfortable temperature.
Another aspect that made air travel such a luxury was the accommodation offered to passengers. Early planes had uncomfortable wicker seats with not that much legroom. In the 1930s, planes had upholstered seats, couches, reclining seats, and even swivel seats, so passengers could turn around and talk to each other or play cards.
On overnight flights, passengers had berths that could create comfortable beds where people could safely sleep at night. Many passengers today would complain that air travel is much less comfortable now when passengers get packed in like sardines!
Other adjustments to the in-flight experience added to the luxurious atmosphere surrounding air travel. One of the main changes was service. While first stewards had a function that purely served passenger safety, now the experience approached service you would find in fancy hotels. Flight attendants (including some of the first women) would make up your bed, serve meals at tables covered in white tablecloths, and even bring breakfast in bed to passengers in their berths.
Flights were long, but passengers had plenty to keep themselves entertained. In-flight entertainment included organized movie projections and live radio broadcasts. Passengers also had lounge areas where they could comfortably interact with others on their flight.
Negative Aspects of Air Travel in the 1930s
Although air travel had an air of glamour around it in the 1930s, that doesn’t mean it was entirely comfortable. Flights were still long and tedious, making them inaccessible to most people who had to work, and no smart advertising or promises of adventure could make up for the less comfy realities of air travel at the time.
Besides berths and more comfortable seating, airliners of the time came with another mandatory feature—air sickness bowls. Turbulences were very common and not just mild bumps—planes would drop hundreds of feet with no warning. Passengers had to be prepared with nerves (and stomachs) of steel.
Another feature that was common when flying in the 1930s was an oxygen tank at every seat. Cabins were not pressurized yet, so it was common for cabins to lose oxygen as planes changed altitude. Airlines took precautions to prevent people from getting altitude sickness, so thankfully, severe cases of illness were rare, but it was still unpleasant.
Air travel was also less safe than it is today, although it was a far cry from how dangerous it was in the early decades. Sadly, crashes were still common, and some passengers did not survive their glamorous flights. | <urn:uuid:e0e145be-ba60-472f-8f45-00bf6bc3710d> | {
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In my experience, delving into the Mark Twain family tree was like navigating a personal Mississippi of discovery.
As an expert in genealogical studies, I believe the roots and branches of Samuel Clemens' lineage offer rich insights into the American literary canon.
Unraveling the Clemens family ties, I felt a connection to Twain's legacy through stories of his parents, siblings, and his daughter Clara.
This journey wasn't just about charting a family; it was about understanding how Twain's heritage shaped his storytelling and, in turn, American culture.
My expertise allowed me to appreciate the depth of Twain's familial influences on his work.
- Twain's immediate family, including his parents, siblings, and brother's wife, played significant roles in shaping his life and work.
- Twain had five children, each with their own stories, adding depth to his life and works.
- Twain's granddaughter, Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch, continued the family's creative legacy in music.
- Twain's extended kinship ties, particularly with his brother Orion and sister Pamela, had a profound influence on his life and career.
Twain's Immediate Ancestry
You'll find that Mark Twain's immediate ancestry includes his parents, John Marshall Clemens and Jane Lampton Clemens, who provided a foundation of intellect and independence that greatly influenced his writing.
As you delve into the Clemens family tree, you'll see that Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, emerged from this nurturing environment to become a literary giant. His father, Marshall Clemens, was a judge and attorney, which likely instilled in him a respect for the law and language.
His mother, Lampton Clemens, was a vibrant source of encouragement, fostering curiosity. Twain's brother Orion and his wife Olivia Langdon were also significant figures, shaping his experiences and perspectives.
This rich tapestry of relatives contributed to the depth and humor so characteristic of Twain's work.
Samuel Clemens' Offspring
Exploring Mark Twain's lineage, you'll find he fathered four children, each with their own poignant stories within the Clemens family narrative. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, best known as Mark Twain, had offspring who, despite not reaching the same fame as the characters from "Tom Sawyer and Adventures" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," remain an integral part of American literature's family tree.
Here's a snapshot of Twain's children within the Clemens family chronicle:
|Olivia Susan Clemens
|1872 – 1890
|1870 – 1871
|Clara Langdon Clemens
|1874 – 1962
|Henry Hank Langdon Clemens
|1878 – 1882
Each child's story weaves through the fabric of Twain's writing career, adding depth to our understanding of his life and works.
Prominent Descendants' Contributions
Often, you've likely heard of Mark Twain's literary genius, but his descendants, particularly his granddaughter Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch, also made significant artistic contributions.
While Twain, famed for 'Adventures of Tom Sawyer,' captivated readers in the United States and beyond, his family's talent didn't end with him. Nina, related to Mark through his only surviving child, Clara, was a prominent descendant who carried the torch in the realm of music.
Despite the tragedy that befell the family when Henry, Twain's younger brother, was killed as a river pilot, Nina's achievements in composing and performing music added a rich, cultural layer to the Clemens legacy, ensuring the family's creative spirit continued to resonate through the generations.
Twain's Extended Kinship Ties
Beyond his immediate household, you'll find that Mark Twain's extended family tree reveals a web of kinship ties stretching across generations and professions. Twain's brother Orion played a pivotal role in his life, working on the Hannibal Journal where Twain got his start as a printer's apprentice. This experience laid the foundation for works like "Life on the Mississippi". Orion's own journey took him to New York City and beyond, mirroring Twain's expansive reach.
Twain's ascent to national fame through works like "Innocents Abroad" coincided with the tumultuous era of the Civil War, a time when his family connections remained a grounding force. Here's a glimpse at Twain's kinship ties and their significance:
|Brother, editor, and influence
|Father, a figure of perseverance
|Brother, Civil War casualty
|Sister, literary influence
Preserving Twain's Familial Legacy
Mark Twain's legacy extends beyond his literary masterpieces, as you delve into his family tree to uncover the roots that shaped his life and work.
Born by the Mississippi River, Twain's early experiences would later permeate his writings. When his father died, he worked as a printer in New York, learning the trade that would lay the groundwork for his storytelling prowess.
Three years later, Twain returned to the river, finding inspiration for his future novels. Eventually, Twain became a steamboat pilot, navigating the winding Mississippi all the way to New Orleans.
His adventures culminated in the memoir 'Life on the Mississippi' and his celebrated 'History of a Campaign That Failed,' ensuring that Twain's familial legacy would forever be intertwined with the great river that fueled his imagination.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are There Any Living Descendants of Mark Twain?
You're asking about Mark Twain's living descendants. As of now, it's believed that there are no direct living descendants of Twain following the death of his last known descendant, Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch, in 1966.
What Was Mark Twain's Lineage?
You're exploring Mark Twain's ancestry, which traces back to his parents, John and Jane Clemens, and includes siblings Orion, Henry, and Pamela, along with notable relatives like his father, an attorney and judge.
Who Were Mark Twain's Family Members?
You're wondering about Mark Twain's family? He had three siblings—Orion, Henry, and Pamela—who reached adulthood. His own kids were Olivia Susan, Langdon, Clara, and Henry, but only Clara outlived him and his wife.
Did Mark Twain Have a Child?
Yes, you're right to ask; Mark Twain had children. Specifically, he had a daughter who outlived him, Clara Langdon Clemens, a musician who took care of her father later in life.
You've journeyed through the branches of Mark Twain's lineage, uncovering the roots of his ancestry and the fruits of his progeny. His family's narrative intertwines with his storied life, each descendant weaving their own thread into the rich tapestry.
Keep the spirit of Twain's legacy alive by exploring and sharing these familial tales. Your connection to his story doesn't end here—it's a legacy you're now a part of, ready to be passed down through generations.
Elizabeth Miller is a seasoned family tree researcher with over 16 years of expertise in tracing the genealogies of historical, celebrity, and well-known individuals. Holding relevant qualifications, they actively contribute to genealogy communities and have authored articles for prominent publications, establishing their authority in the field. Elizabeth Miller is dedicated to unraveling the intricate family histories of notable figures, helping clients discover their historical roots. Satisfied clients attest to their trustworthiness and the enriching experience of working with them. As a dedicated storyteller who brings history to life through genealogy, Elizabeth Miller is a reliable and authoritative source for those seeking to explore the family trees of historical, celebrity, and well-known personalities. | <urn:uuid:3ee27d0d-c9ae-4345-9eb2-07e875efe371> | {
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Any type of cancer, a group of more than 100 diseases, starts because abnormal cells grow out of control in a certain part of the body.
Cells are the building blocks of your body, which is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way; instructed to do so by our biological blueprint, DNA.
Cancer occurs when this blueprint is damaged by a chemical or environmental carcinogen, hereditary condition, or other unexplained cause. From this, some cells begin to ignore the body’s instructions to die and continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells.
Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can cluster to form tumors. Depending on their makeup, these cells remain localized in particular parts of the body, or they can mestasize and invade other tissues, harming other cells and consuming the body’s resources in the process.
Information comes courtesy of Cancer.org
Kyphoplasty is a procedure used to treat painful compression fractures in the spine where the vertebrae has collapsed due to physical trauma or long-term conditions including multiple myeloma cancer. The treatment entails placing a needle into the fractured vertebral section of the patient’s spine, using real time X-ray imaging to guide the physician to the correct area. A balloon is then inflated within the spine to expand the vertebral space before placing methylmethacrylate, a type of bone cement, into the area to stabilize it.
An intrathecal pump is a method of inserting medication directly into the subarachnoid or intrathecal space of a patient’s spinal cord, where the cerebrospinal fluid is stored, to quickly and effectively treat chronic pain resulting from conditions including failed back surgery syndrome, cancer pain and chronic pancreatitis. The pump can also alleviate muscle rigidity and spasms arising from Cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or damage to the brain and neck. In this procedure, a small pump is surgically placed under the skin of a patient’s abdomen, delivering a pain relieving drug solution through a catheter to the targeted area in the spinal cord. The implantation of an intrathecal pump comprises three stages. The first is a psychological evaluation, which is required by the insurance provider to resolve any psychological contraindications to the procedure beforehand. The second stage is a trial phase where the medication that will be transmitted via the intrathecal pump is injected directly into the patient’s spine. The patient is then admitted to the hospital for a 24 hour observation to monitor any reduced pain or negative side effects. If the trial is successful, a surgical procedure is scheduled to have the intrathecal pump installed, which is the third phase. For more information visit http://www.medtronic.com/patients/chronic-pain/living-with/index.htm
Celiac Plexus Block
The celiac plexus is a group of nerves on the front of the spine at the L1 vertebra (lower body) area that innervate the stomach and are typically associated with mid-upper gastric pain, chronic pancreatitis and other variations of chronic abdominal pain. To perform this procedure, a needle is guided, using fluoroscopic imaging for guidance, down to the front of the spine at L1 where local anesthetic and steroids are then injected in the area. Patients are monitored throughout the process with an EKG, blood pressure cuff and oxygen monitor. For the longer term treatment of pain emitting from celiac plexus nerves, patients with cancer and other types of chronic pain, can have their nerves destroyed with alcohol, phenol or radiofrequency ablation, to remove pain sensations until the nerve fully regenerates.
Chronic Pain Management
Chronic pain refers to any pain lasting in excess of six months. There is no clear cause, as the term applies to any long-term discomfort arising from an initial injury. Chronic pain can occur in virtually any part of the human body and often contributes to other residual health problems including fatigue, decreased appetite, mood swings, and a lack of mobility. These difficulties negatively affect a person’s ability to lead a comfortable lifestyle. Many advances in modern medicine are helping people to manage their chronic pain more effectively to reduce suffering and enhance a patient’s quality of life and functionality. We will fully evaluate your condition and design a holistic, individually tailored plan to help you return to your life. | <urn:uuid:2b7cc79a-138f-470a-983d-ebbd3a91b203> | {
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Constant evaluation is the process of computing the result of expressions during compilation. Only a subset of all expressions can be evaluated at compile-time.
Certain types of expressions can be evaluated at compile time. These are called
constant expressions and are required in const contexts. In
other places, such as in
constant expressions may be evaluated at compile time. If errors, such as out
of bounds array indexing or overflow occurs,
then it is a compiler error if the value must be evaluated at compile time,
otherwise it is just a warning, but the code will most likely panic when run.
The following expressions are constant expressions, so long as any operands are
also constant expressions and do not cause any
to be ran.
- Paths to functions and constants. Recursively defining constants is not allowed.
- Tuple expressions.
- Array expressions.
- Struct expressions.
- Enum variant expressions.
- Block expressions, including
unsafeblocks, which only contain items and possibly a constant tail expression.
- Field expressions.
- Index expressions, array indexing or slice with a
- Range expressions.
- Closure expressions which don't capture variables from the environment.
- Built in negation, arithmetic, logical, comparison or lazy boolean
operators used on integer and floating point types,
- Shared borrows, except if applied to a type with interior mutability.
- The dereference operator.
- Grouped expressions.
- Cast expressions, except pointer to address and function pointer to address casts.
- Calls of const functions and const methods
A const context is one of the following: | <urn:uuid:08df0d3a-c2d5-4f65-bc9e-de4339a139d7> | {
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Gladis Zinati, Ph.D.1,* and Lavanya Reddivari, Ph.D. 2
1Director of the Vegetable Systems Trial, Rodale Institute, 611 Siegfriedale Road, Kutztown, PA 19530;
2Assistant Professor, Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907;
*Corresponding author, Email: [email protected]
Find a downloadable PDF of this article by scrolling down to the “Resources” section.
Potato ranks as the fourth top crop contributing to the world’s food security, next to wheat, corn, and rice . According to 2019 FAOSTAT, 388 million metric tons of potatoes were produced worldwide on 19 million hectares of land . In the U.S. potato is grown on about 1 million acres with a value of $4.6 billion. In Pennsylvania (PA), potatoes are produced on over 5,300 acres, annually providing a market value of $18 million.
Potato is an important source of minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium as well as carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins B, C and E [4,5]. Potatoes contain several phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, and carotenoids, which are proven to have human health benefits.
Polyphenols, naturally occurring organic compounds found largely in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages , have become an emerging field of interest for nutritionists and consumers in recent decades. They are a large group of phytochemicals, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. Research has shown that regular consumption of foods rich in polyphenols decreases the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases .
Although white and pale-yellow flesh potato cultivars such as Lehigh are popular, more colored cultivars such as purple- and red-fleshed potatoes are becoming popular among consumers.
Biosynthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in potatoes and other plant tissues occur naturally to protect plants against mechanical bruising and injury by predators and may vary with cultivars , growing conditions and nutrient supply . For instance. lower nitrogen availability to potato plant may result in an increased content of phenolic compounds, enhancing plant’s resistance to pests and diseases . Moschella et al. suggested that the greater accumulation of phenolic compounds in organically grown plants might be due to stronger ‘pathogenic pressure’.
The health-related properties of potatoes stimulate the search for potato cultivars and cropping strategies that can increase the content of phenolic compounds.
In this article, we are reporting total polyphenols (TP) in Lehigh and Purple Majesty potato cultivars grown in the Vegetable Systems Trial (VST) at Rodale Institute, PA, under organic (ORG) and conventional (CNV) cropping systems with two management practices in 2019 and 2020. Lehigh potato cultivar has tan skin color and pale to yellow flesh color whereas the Purple Majesty potato cultivar has purple skin and flesh. The management practices included a) chisel plowing referred to as reduced tillage (RT), and b) moldboard plowing covered with black plastic mulch referred to as intensive tillage (BP).
At harvest, potato cultivars were sampled from each treatment and assessed for yield and nutrient quality. Ground freeze-dried potato samples were assessed for TP at Dr. Reddivari’s Lab, Purdue University. Total polyphenol concentration was determined using the modified Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method . The total phenols were evaluated in all tubers and expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents /g of dry weight (mg GAE/g of DW).
Our results showed that TPs did not change with management practices (BP or RT) averaging 3.2 mg GAE/g DW in 2019 and 2.4 mg GAE/g DW in 2020. However, potato cultivars differed in TPs concentration (Figure 1). Total phenol concentrations were 2 to 3 times greater in Purple Majesty than in Lehigh in 2020 and 2019, respectively. These findings corroborate with Lewis et al who documented phenolic compounds can be 3 to 4 times greater in purple- or red-flesh potato cultivars when compared to white-fleshed cultivars.
Moreover, year to year variations in TPs was observed only in Purple Majesty, averaging 2.5 mg GAE/g in 2020 and 3.2 mg GAE/g in 2019. Our findings also agree with the findings of Brazinskiene et al. who showed that phenolic compounds in potato tubers significantly vary from year to year and among cultivars.
Total phenol concentration in tested potato cultivars did not vary with cropping systems in 2019, averaging 1.7 mg GAE/g DW in Lehigh and 4.9 mg GAE/g DW in Purple Majesty.
However, in 2020, total phenol concentrations were significantly greater in Purple Majesty cultivar grown in the organic system than in the conventional system (Figure 2) and no significant difference in TPs was observed in Lehigh between organic and conventional systems.
In contrast to Brazinskiene et al. , who found that the farming system had no significant effect on phenolic acids, our results showed that certain potato cultivars can be more sensitive than others and may vary in TPs concentration with cropping systems as in the case of Purple Majesty.
In summary, our two-year data showed that total phenols varied in potato cultivars. Lehigh potato, pale-yellow flesh cultivar, had a lower total phenol concentration than Purple Majesty (purple-colored flesh cultivar). Tillage did not have any significant impact on TPs concentration of potato cultivars. Purple Majesty exhibited greater polyphenol content in organic vs. conventional system in one out of two experiment years while TPs of Lehigh potato was not affected by cropping system. Our results corroborate with other researchers who documented that purple-flesh potato cultivars have greater polyphenols than white-fleshed cultivars , which vary by farming systems , and year .
Potato growers in Pennsylvania and other locations may benefit economically by investing in growing colored flesh potato cultivars that are rich in polyphenols, in addition to those commonly produced, white and pale-yellow cultivars. Similarly, consumers may enhance their health benefits by consuming potatoes rich in polyphenols, such as Purple Majesty.
1. Ezekiel, R.; Singh, N.; Sharma, S.; Kaur, A. 2013. Beneficial phytochemicals in potato—A review. Food Res. Int. 50: 487–496.
2. FAOSTAT, 2019. World Potato Production. https://www.potatopro.com/world/potato-statistics
3. King, J. C.; Slavin, J. L. 2013. White Potatoes, Human Health, and Dietary Guidance. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal. 4(3): 393S–401S. doi:10.3945/an.112.003525
4. Camire, M.E.; Kubow, S.; Donnelly, D.J. 2009. Potatoes and human health. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 49: 823–840.
5. Calliope, S.R.; Lobo, M.O.; Sammán, N.C. 2018. Biodiversity of Andean potatoes: Morphological, nutritional and functional characterization. Food Chem. 238: 42–50.
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7. Cory, H.; Passarelli, S.; Szeto, J.; Tamez, M.; Mattei, J. 2018. The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5:87. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00087
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13. Singleton, V. L.; Orthofer, R.; Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in Enzymology; Lester, P., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, Vol. 299, pp 152_178
14. Brazinskiene, V.; Asakaviciute, R.; Miezeliene, A.; Alencikiene, G.; Ivanauskas, L.; Jakstas, V.; Viskelis, P.; Razukas, A. 2014. Effect of farming systems on the yield, quality parameters and sensory properties of conventionally and organically grown potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. Food Chem. 2014; 145: 903–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foodchem.2013.09.011 | <urn:uuid:3fa23555-0e11-4ed6-96b2-285115940896> | {
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One way to test the reliability of a test is to repeat the test. This is not always possible. Another approach, which is applicable to questionnaires, is to divide the test into even and odd questions and compare the results.
Example 1: 12 students take a test with 50 questions. For each student the total score is recorded along with the sum of the scores for the even questions and the sum of the scores for the odd question as shown in Figure 1. Determine whether the test is reliable by using the split-half methodology.
The statistical test consists of looking at the correlation coefficient (cell G3 of Figure 1). If it is high then the questionnaire is considered to be reliable.
r = CORREL(C4:C15,D4:D15) = 0.667277
One problem with the split-half reliability coefficient is that since only half the number of items is used the reliability coefficient is reduced. To get a better estimate of the reliability of the full test, we apply the Spearman-Brown correction, namely:
This result shows that the test is quite reliable.
Real Statistics Function: The Real Statistics Resource Pack contains the following supplemental function:
SPLIT_HALF(R1, R2) = split half coefficient (after Spearman-Brown correction) for data in ranges R1 and R2
Observation: This function ignores any empty cells and cells with non-numeric values.
Observation: For Example 1, SPLIT_HALF(C4:C15, D4:D15) = .800439. | <urn:uuid:05effd49-24b6-4b85-827c-531e38a594b4> | {
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"score": 3.484375,
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} |
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