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300 | A simplified fault currents analysis method considering transient of synchronous machine | Parameter estimation of synchronous generators has been a topic of interest of many investigators for several decades. Different ratings of synchronous machines have been used, and they vary from fractional to hundreds of megawatts. Several time-domain tests have been proposed, along with their implementation methodology, over the years. Those tests have had different impacts on the synchronous machine; some of them are applied when the machine is at a standstill, while others are applied when the machine is online. This paper deals with the application of a novel standstill time-domain test, which is based on the application of a sine cardinal perturbation, for estimating the parameters of the electrical d-q-axis equivalent circuits of a synchronous generator. The set of fundamental parameters for a 7-kVA 1800-r/min 60-Hz salient-pole wye-connected synchronous generator is obtained using a genetic algorithm, and the resulting model is validated against a sudden three-phase short-circuit test. | This paper presents a novel method to detect rotor faults in salient-pole synchronous machines by exploiting small constructional asymmetries in the machine. In order to unambiguously detect the faults, it is very important to identify a signal that is minimally sensitive to the abnormal operating conditions of the machine but highly sensitive to the fault. This paper shows that certain frequency components such as the 30, 90 Hz in the stator current of a 4-pole 60 Hz salient-pole synchronous machine (SM) are good candidates for detecting rotor faults. The paper presents the physical explanation behind these observed frequency components and shows them to be suitable candidates to detect broken damper bars and inter-turn faults in the field winding. | This paper develops and analyzes an online methodology to detect demagnetization faults in surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors. The proposed methodology, which takes into account the effect of the inverter that feeds the machine, is based on monitoring the zero-sequence voltage component of the stator phase voltages. The theoretical basis of the proposed method has been established. Attributes of the method presented here include simplicity, very low computational burden, and high sensibility. Since the proposed method requires access to the neutral point of the stator windings, it is especially useful when dealing with fault tolerant systems. A simple expression of the zero-sequence voltage component is deduced, which is proposed as a fault indicator parameter. Both simulation and experimental results presented in this paper show the potential of the proposed method to provide helpful and reliable data to carry out an online diagnosis of demagnetization failures in the rotor permanent magnets. | This paper presents the static eccentricity fault diagnosis using time stepping finite element (TSFE) method. In the previous publications on induction motor fault diagnosis by a finite-element method (FEM), steady-state analysis was proposed. White noise, large unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP), and even arc appear during the starting of a faulty induction motor. These phenomena particularly for large induction motor which have longer starting time are very important. In this paper, transient analysis of induction motor under fault is presented. In addition to the static eccentricity fault diagnosis, torque and speed due to the fault are also investigated. In order to show the significant effect of saturation on a faulty induction motor, simulations are carried out for a core with a constant permeability. The results of applying TSFE method and those obtained by application of winding function (WF) theory are compared. | Series-dc collection and transmission is suggested to be competitive for remote offshore wind farms. However, severe overcurrent, overvoltage, and other impacts that arise from faults cause challenges on system protection, which have not been fully studied yet. In this paper, simplified equivalent circuits are developed for fault analysis, based on which analytical models for fault transients are derived. The expressions can be used for stress estimation, as well as provide insight in understanding the mechanism of fault propagation. A cost-effective protection scheme characterized by a breakerless design is proposed. Parameter selection for stress mitigation is also discussed. Simulation results verify that the proposed fault protection and stress mitigation design is effective for such a series-dc system. | Active power differential protection has advantages in eliminating the influence of reactive power factors and identifying high-resistance faults, and the data self-synchronization method can eliminate the synchronization error. Power differential protection based on data self-synchronization method combines the advantages of both, but the protection speed needs to be improved. Based on phase space theory, this paper constructs the phase space of fault component instantaneous power and analyzes its characteristics. Longitudinal protection based on the phase trajectory of fault component instantaneous power is proposed, which identifies faults by the center position of the trajectory. The simulations of the IEEE 9-node system shows that the protection has a faster speed and can correctly identify faults in various synchronization exception scenarios. | This paper focuses on the experimental investigation of methods for the detection of stator faults in cage rotor induction machines fed by voltage source inverters (VSI). Three experimental investigations: unbalance in one stator phase, turn-to-turn fault in one phase and one stator phase open, have been performed to study the behavior of the electrical machine under these fault conditions. The work aims to provide further documentation for an advanced condition monitoring and detection system, by monitoring electrical quantities, in order to avoid undesirable operating conditions and to detect and diagnose electrical faults. A description of the measurement system including the data acquisition and processing is presented. Stator current signature, analysis of the space phasor of the stator current and of the instantaneous power as diagnostic techniques are considered |
INTRODUCTION
Modern electrical drive systems are very dependent on the control of induction motors. The pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques is one of the most known control techniques [1]. Thanks to the evolution of power electronics, the control mechanism of these motors has become simple and economical for performances similar to those of DC motors. However, the frequent use of induction motors in the automation process has also raised questions about their performance under fault conditions at different levels. Motors can be a part of basics drive systems [2,3] or more complex ones such as wind energy conversion systems [4]. They can be supplied by conventional inverters or matrix inverters [5].
Induction motor fault analysis is an important research focus for improving the reliability of variable speed drive systems. Several researchers [6,7], have mobilized their knowledge and skills and orientate their works on this research field. Diffrents types of faults have been studied, and some motor models are developed and dedicated for these faults' types. For example, bearing fault [8], open phase fault [9], broken bar fault [10], short-between turns fault, etc. These motors are known for their simplicity of construction, use and maintenance, its robustness and its low cost price. In most industrial applications, induction motors are variable speed based. They are powered by a combination of a rectifier, a DC-Link and an inverter; which requires a lot of attention to study the behavior of the motor in the presence of a fault in their supply system. These faults mainly concern IGBT's faults, control circuits or DC-link capacitor faults. These elements are the main components that constitute a variable speed system and wind energy conversion systems [11,12,4]. The induction motors performances in the presence of power electronics and semiconductor related faults are [13,14]. The faults probability mentioned above is already calculated taking into account several factors; a detailed study is presented in the following papers [12,14]. The Reliability Evaluation of Wind Turbine Systems' Components shows that the higher failure rate is at the level of the converters; which one the DC link is a part [15].
According to some researchers, the reliability of semiconductors has increased considerably. It perseveres with the fact that in the past, the possibility of control circuit's faults was 53.1% and it was only due to the less reliability and less sophistication of PWM chips compared to what we can have as modern controller technology today. Thus the risk of IGBT's faults is reduced. Since that, capacitors have been used in a large number of power electronics applications, including inverters and switching power supplies [12]. A research study [14] concluded that more than half of the faults in switching power supplies are related to the DC-Link capacitor faults. On the basis of this work's theory [14], a new research that has been developed on [12] deduces that the same hypothesis can also be applied to the DC-link capacitor of an inverter. This study also demonstrated that the estimated possibility of capacitor faults for different circuits is about 60% [12]. It further emphasized that the capacitor faults rates are high, that makes it very important for research work and should be taken into account for variable speed drives faults analysis.
In [16], a review on the DC-link capacitor reliability improvement in power electronic static converters is presented. Fault modes, their reasons, and capacitor lifetime models are clarified and summarized to understand the physics of failure and improve DC-link design. This paper highlights the importance of the DC-link monitoring. The DC-link short-circuit fault is materialized by a capacitor short-circuit. This kind of fault can mainly be caused by breaks in connectors [16]. The results show that the capacitor is vulnerable to defects. It is worth mentioning that the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor increases with time. In ordinary circuits, the problem does not arise, however when the capacitor is part of a switching circuit, the equivalent series resistance can combine with the switching frequency and possibly lead to self-heating; which can indirectly cause capacitor fault.
On this fact, another paper proposes a DC-link condition monitoring method for two-level AC/DC/AC converters. This method is based on the DC-link voltage measurement and DC-link current reconstruction. An online evaluation of the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the DC-link capacitor is done and the ESR increase is used as a fault indicator [17]. Many researchers have studied faults in drive systems. However, they focused on the diagnosis of IGBT's switches faults [18,19]. Most researches have cited the problem of DC-link capacitor faults in their work but have not systematically studied it extensively [11,20]. Other researchers [21] have commented on the voltage drop in the DC-link, but only for a transient moment.
In general, some researches were done on the DC-link short-circuit fault and its impact on the induction motor [22][23][24]. Recently, a study has presented a review of internal and external defects at different parts of a motor associated with an inverter [25]. However all this researches did not deal with its impact on the three-phase rectifier. This bibliographical synthesis reveals that most of the works in the field of fault analysis of induction motors variable speed based are related to the IGBT's switches fault analysis. However, the capacitor vulnerability prompts us to perform a thorough analysis of the behavior of the rectifier, the inverter and the induction motor in the presence of this type of fault.
In this paper work, an induction motor variable speed based is considered. A synthesis of a mathematical analysis of the short-circuit fault of the DC-link capacitor is presented. A simulation of the behavior of this drive system under this type of fault was developed to support the synthesis of the mathematical analysis. Its signature is studied and its impacts on the whole drive system (the rectifier, the inverter and the induction motor) are presented. The obtained results can help the researchers to design and improve a fault-tolerant system as well as an optimal protection system design.
DC-LINK CAPACITOR SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT ANALYSIS
This research highlights that DC-link short-circuit capacitor fault can damage the rectifier if the protection fuses are not well suited, and also stop the operation of the inverter and the induction motor immediately. Figure 1 shows a simplified representation of an electrical drive system and how to simulate a DC-link capacitor short-circuit fault. The studied electrical drive system is constructed of a combination of a rectifier, an inverter and an induction motor. The fault is simulated by the paralleling of an ideal switch K with the DC-link capacitor which will be closed at the moment of the fault application t=2s. Note that the sampling frequency is Fs=200 kHz. As shown in Figure 1, the DC-link capacitor short-circuit fault causes on both sides a short-circuit sharing a common branch of the DC-link; rectifier and power line side, inverter and induction motor side. In this part a global mathematical analysis for both cases has been synthesized. Figure 2 shows an equivalent electrical circuit of a combination of a rectifier, an inverter and an induction motor for a variable speed application. The three-phase voltages coming from the electrical network Va, Vb, and Vc are converted into DC voltage Vdc using a controlled three-phase rectifier. The DC voltage
Electrical network and the rectifier side fault analysis
This fault short-circuits the rectifier output voltage and consequently short-circuits the electrical network phases. To explain the phenomenon in a clear manner, we consider Figure 3. It is a simple circuit to represent the problem [22]. Suppose we are focused on the rectifier side and electrical network. The switch K is connected in parallel with the filter capacitor. The DC voltage source applies a DC voltage responsible for the charge of the capacitor. Vdc is a simplified representation of the output of the three-phase rectifier used in the simulation configuration of the electrical drive system. The resistor R is not shown since the short-circuit path contains a very low resistance. At the moment (t = 0-), before closing the switch K, the voltage across the capacitor is:
( =0−) = (1)
that is, the filter capacitor voltage is equal to rectifier output DC voltage. Therefore, when the capacitor voltage is equal to Vdc, the current is zero.
( =0−) = 0(2)
The presence of a single capacitor in the variable speed system construction at the DC-link level means that there is no other device to limit and stop the abrupt change in current. Therefore, at (t = 0), when the switch K is closed, the capacitor is short-circuited. Knowing that the resistance is almost zero. The source current increases exponentially.
( =0−) = /(3)
Since R tends to zero, (3) becomes:
( =0−) = ∞(4)
the circuit condition after the switch K is closed is the same as for an RC circuit, then:
= (− )(5)
After closing the switch K, the resistance R becomes almost zero; that is, if R = 0, the circuit generates a very strong current that tends to infinity. As a result, this fault can cause serious problems. It may damage the rectifier if the selected fuses are not properly rated.
Inverter and induction motor side fault analysis
Let's see the inverter and induction motor side. The electromotive force (EMF) is presented as a sinusoidal variable voltage source, and the motor winding parameters are represented as a series resistance and inductance for each of the three phases. The IGBT's function as switches so that they establish or break the DC-link connection with the induction motor; as shown in Figure 2 For example, consider a state where IGBTs K1, K4, and K6 are Passing (close) and IGBTs K2, K3, and K5 are non-passing (open). Figure 4 shows a simplified circuit representing the fault on the inverter and the induction motor side [23]. where: Vao is phase-A voltage relative to ground, Vz is the line impedance voltage drop, Eba is the induction motor EMF return for phase-A. So (7) becomes:
+ C K D 1 D 4 D 6 R L R L R L E a E b E c= . + ( / ) +(8)
after the DC-link capacitor short-circuit fault, the inverter output voltage becomes zero as indicated in [25]. As a result, (8) becomes:
− = . + ( / )(9)
at the moment (t = 0-), the current expression is given by:
( =0−) = ( =0−) = ( − )/(10)
at the moment (t = 0), the switch K is closed, thus creating a short circuit along DC voltage source. As a result, the voltage Vdc becomes zero. The the induction motor electromotive forces begin to fall over time. So (10) becomes:
( =0) = ( =0) = /(11)
as there is an inductance L in the mesh, it will oppose the current sudden, so it cannot change instantaneously. However, the current will follow the particular solution given below in (12).
= ( / )/ (1 − − ) (12)
The transient short-circuit current decreases indefinitely due to the winding resistor R presence. The time constant τ defines the time necessary to eliminate the stator current transient effects. During the steady state, the voltage applied to the motor becomes zero, which causes an immediate shutdown of the induction motor operation.
SIMULATION RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
T In this simulation, the induction motor is loaded at time t=1s with a load torque Cl=20N.m. The fault is simulated by closing the switch K at t=2s. It can be seen in Figure 5 that the DC-link voltage Vdc is maintained stable over its rated value in the healthy state. At the moment of the fault application, the voltage becomes almost zero. In Figure 6 a significant increases in three-phase currents on the rectifier and the electrical network side are noted. It can be seen in Figure 7 and Figure 8 that the inverter output voltages and the induction motor absorbed current fall to zero just after the fault is happen. Figure 9 shows the induction motor stator three-phase currents. Appearances of considerable transient currents are noted at the time of the fault application, and then they decrease to reach a zero value. Figure 10 shows that the induction motor was running at its nominal speed before the fault application. At the moment of the fault appearance, the speed gradually decreases until it becomes zero; that is, the induction motor starts to slow down slowly until it stops. It is observed in Figure 11 that when there is no applied load, the electromagnetic torque is zero. When the induction motor is loaded, it increases and reaches that load torque rated value .As soon as the fault appears, the electromagnetic torque immediately takes a very large negative value before becoming zero. DC-link capacitor fault can be a serious problem if the motor is running at high speed and has high inertia. Greater will be the inertia, longer will be the electromotive force return generation time. These electromotive forces decrease and cancel with the inverter output voltages creating large amplitude transient currents. On the rectifier and the electrical network side the short circuit makes the currents rise at very large amplitudes and consequently, the deterioration risks of the converter electronic power components are very present. The simulation results of our electrical drive system are given as shown in Figures 5-11.
CONCLUSION
This article mainly highlights the impact of the DC-link capacitor short-circuit fault on the electrical and mechanical behavior of an entire electrical drive system; composed of an induction motor powered by a variable speed system (a rectifier, a DC-link and an inverter). The theory and the mathematical analysis given are verified by simulations. This study allowed us to gather information on the behavior of the rectifier, the inverter and the induction motor during a Dc-link capacitor short-circuit fault. Detailed analysis certainly contributes to the diagnosis and design of good fault-tolerant systems as well as improving fault detection techniques.
Figure 1 .
1Short-circuit fault diagnosis of the DC-Link capacitor and its impact on… (Mohamed Amine Khelif) 2809 obtained is supplied to the DC-link and filtered using a capacitor C. The rectifier and the inverter outputs voltages are generated by the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The inverter output currents have a sinusoidal waveform. The stator currents of the induction motor are generally sinusoidal waveform. Representation of a DC-link capacitor short-circuit fault at the level of an electrical drive system
Figure 2 .
2Equivalent electrical circuit of a combination of a rectifier, an inverter and an induction motor
Figure 3 .
3Simplified scheme of an equivalent circuit of a capacitor short-circuit fault
2810
Figure 4 .
4Fault equivalent circuit on the inverter and the induction motor side under DC-link short capacitor short-circuit fault At this time, the phase-A current is equal to the sum of the currents of the phase-B and the phase-C as indicated in (6): = + (6) The current flows from phase-A which is connected to the positive terminal of the DC-link. The voltage equation for the phase is given in (Short-circuit fault diagnosis of the DC-Link capacitor and its impact on… (Mohamed Amine Khelif)
Figure 5 .Figure 7 .Figure 9 .Figure 10 .Figure 11 .
5791011DC-link-voltageFigure 6. Rectifier three-phase currents on the electrical network side Inverter output three-phase voltagesFigure 8. Inverter output three-phase currents Induction motor stator three-phase currents Induction motor Rotation speed Electromagnetic
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2807 -2814 2808 well presented in the literature
ISSN: 2088-8708
APPENDIXAll the parameters of the used induction motor are presented the followingTable 1.
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Theoretical and experimental analysis of inverter fed induction motor system under DC link capacitor failure. H A Sher, K E Addowesh, Z Khalid, Y Khan, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci. 292H.A. Sher, K.E. Addowesh, Z. Khalid, Y. Khan, "Theoretical and experimental analysis of inverter fed induction motor system under DC link capacitor failure," J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 103-111, 2017.
Review on external and internal faults of an association inverter-motor and their impact on the motor operation. B D E Cherif, A Bendiabdellah, M Bendjebbar, N Benouzza, M A Khelif, 2017 International Conference. GECSB. D. E. Cherif, A. Bendiabdellah, M. Bendjebbar, N. Benouzza, M. A. Khelif, "Review on external and internal faults of an association inverter-motor and their impact on the motor operation," Green Energy Conversion Systems (GECS), 2017 International Conference, 2017.
| 300 | The transient fault currents of a synchronous machine fault were mathematically analyzed by using the two-reaction theory, Clarke's components, etc. However, the methods were extremely complicated and the transient fault analysis of synchronous machine with a load was not carried out except for three-phase faults. This paper proposes a simplified fault currents analysis method considering synchronous machine transients. The method is based on the symmetrical components scheme. The advantages of the method are that the transient analysis is able to be accomplished more easily than the conventional method when the fault point is a synchronous machine terminal or a transmission line. The accuracy of the method is confirmed by comparing the analysis results with Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) digital simulations. | A comparison of the characteristic currents method with IEC, ANSI/IEEE, and dynamic simulation procedures for fault calculations | Analysis of Power System Faults by Phase Impedance matrix Method: II-Simultaneous Unbalances and Transient Analysis | For transmission lines with no shunt reactor,the magnitude and the angle of the recovery voltage of fault phase under permanent faults are quite different from that under transient faults.This paper analyzes characters of circuit under Single-phase fault in detail,counts out formulas of the recovery voltage quite exactly,and presents a novel method which is based on magnitude and angle of the recovery voltage to identify permanent faults.Simulative test show that this method can identify permanent faults correctly and reliably,and has high sensitivity. | A new fault analysis on RSA based on the fault of multiplier | An efficient faults calculation method taking into account mutually coupled lines of power systems | 2d analytical solution of magnetic field in axial flux permanent magnet machines for the inter-turn short-circuit stator fault case | Fault models of inverter-interfaced distributed generators: Experimental verification and application to fault analysis | Study on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Demagnetization Fault Performance |
301 | Need help (pc music software for Casio CTK-4200) | I have a Casio Privia px-150 digital piano and am looking to start making some recordings and saving them to my Mac. What kind of cable do I need? Will I need an adapter of sorts? I can't seem to find much help elsewhere. | Im using task manager so, it will start the software for me and foobar will play music right away | Hi there!
Trying to play Hitman: Codename 47 via Steam Proton. Game runs fine but music is not playing (all sounds are playing though). Has anyone faced such a problem? I can't play without genius music of Jasper Kyd.
Also tried to google it but as you can see my skills of english are not enough to find something for me. | I've tried to find tutorials but none work to well. I just wanna connect my guitar to my pc using my audio interface, go into reaper, and select a guitar amp sim and play it real time to mess around and practice. I have never used reaper at all before so im completely new. | Music Kit The Music Kit was a software package for the NeXT Computer system. First developed by David A. Jaffe and Julius O. Smith, it supported the Motorola 56001 DSP that was included on the NeXT Computer's motherboard. It was also the first architecture to unify the Music-N and MIDI paradigms. Thus it combined the generality of the former with the interactivity and performance capabilities of the latter. The Music Kit was integrated with the Sound Kit. First demonstrated in 1988 at Davies Symphony Hall, the 1.0 release shipped in 1989 with the NeXT computer and included an Objective-C library | Music Kit The Music Kit was a software package for the NeXT Computer system. First developed by David A. Jaffe and Julius O. Smith, it supported the Motorola 56001 DSP that was included on the NeXT Computer's motherboard. It was also the first architecture to unify the Music-N and MIDI paradigms. Thus it combined the generality of the former with the interactivity and performance capabilities of the latter. The Music Kit was integrated with the Sound Kit. First demonstrated in 1988 at Davies Symphony Hall, the 1.0 release shipped in 1989 with the NeXT computer and included an Objective-C library | Comparamos algunos reproductores multimedia Linux, incluyendo Banshee, Rhythmbox, Amarok y Songbird. | First one I received did not seem to work in any computer or headphone jack I plugged it into. I contacted the supplier and they promptly shipped me another one and it worked just fine. If you are looking for a quick, easy, cheap way( not the most professional) to record your guitar to your pc this just might be the ticket for you. Just make sure your microphone input jack is also recognized as a mic input. Overall pretty good for the price. | 301 | Hi there!
I'm looking to write and edit some music with my pc and my Casio keyboard CTK-4200, but I don't know which music program to use.
I already connected the keyboard via USB cable, but there are so many music softwares I don't even know where to start looking.
It's a secondary hobby, so I'd prefer a free or really cheap program.
First time redditor, so thank you so much for your time, patience and knowledge :D | Need piano software I can use with my midi Keyboard | Great tool for anyone interested in writing music via computer | What are some software out there to write music? | Best MIDI keyboard for use with FL studio? | Simplest programmable midi out? | Can I buy a midi keyboard without buying FL studio first | What is a good midi keyboard that can easily map to FL Studio? | Which midi keyboard should I get that works with Ableton |
302 | Applying of Concrete-cored DCM Pile in Thick Soft Soil Foundation at Northeast Segment of Circle Express Way,Nanjing | The pile foundation is a leading vertical support component for subway station with Cover-and-cut reverse method, Which the differential settlement is controlled strictly and the high quality is required. According to the actual construction situation of Wuhan metro 2 zhongnan Road Station, the original long straight pile scheme has been optimized for AM piles. The results show that under meet of the requirements of pile foundation design, shorten pile length, reducing cost, simple construction. It provides a feasible design and construction experience for similar projects. | Abstrcat Through the test of consolidating soft foundation by employing the cement agitated pile at Jianhu area of Jiangsu Province, core boring, static load test and the indoor test such as cement mixing ratio and gravity test are carried out. The effectiveness of cement agitated pile technique in foundation consolation of Jianhu area is demonstrated. | This paper presents the pile forming principle and technique of a new type pile,which is called dry bored composite pile under groundwater. Through field experiments, the bearing capacity and load transfer behaviour, the side resistance and failure characteristic of cement soil ring pile and the effect of strengthening by air for cement soil ring pile after boring of soil core have been described. | AbstractThe multi-pile composite ground with fully penetrated long rigid piles and partially penetrated impervious or pervious short piles is a new type of soft soil improvement technology. Based o... | Combined with engineering geology situation and foundation treating requirement,soft soil foundation was treated with cement injection pile,its design measures and construction attentions were illustrated.The construction effect evaluation result indicated that the engineering foundation treating effect satisfied designed requirement,therefore popularized cement injection pile application in soft foundation treatment. | The working mechanisms of cement injection pile and bag sandwell in soft soil foundation treatment are analyzed as well as their application scopes,advantages and disadvantages.The advantages of the combination of those two methods are further discussed,which has a certain references value in choosing the best treatment plan of soft soil foundation. | In the slag formation of a pile foundation engineering of Chengde,dry hole-forming operation could not be applied in extremely thick fill soil layer,double liquid grouting method was used first for consolidation and then dry hole-forming construction was made by rotary drilling rig.The practice shows that this method is feasible in the loose extremely thick fill soil consolidation with good treatment effect.In this case,the ratio and volume of solution are the key factors.The selfstable ability and the bearing capacity of the soil are improved by consolidation. | through the analysis of construction technique and quality inspection of wall-type CDM structure,the study provided that it is feasible to use CDM technique to improve soft soil foundation of the shore-connection structure of a high-pile wharf.With this technique,the former difficult problem of significant differential settlement in the shore-connection structure of a high-piled wharf can be effectively solved. | 302 | As a new reinforcing method of soft soil in express way,Concrete-cored DCM(Deep Cement Mixing) pile has preferable economic and social benefit for its bearing capacity outclass DCM pile with the same diameter,and its cost is lower than corresponding concrete pile.It avoids slop pollution and has extensive applying foreground.This paper introduced the structure,effect mechanism,quality control,test mesures of Concrete-cored DCM pile connected with RY-DB3 bid of the Northeast segment of circle express way,Nanjing. | Quality control of deep cement mix pile construction in soft foundation settlement | STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE ON IMPROVING THE STRENGTH AND ANTI-PERMEABILITY BY APPLYING SUPPER-DEEP CEMENT-SOIL MIXING PILE IN SOFT SOIL AREA | Application of Wall-Type CDM (Deep Cement-Mixing) in Shore-Connection Structure of High-Pile Wharf at Nanjiang Coal Terminal of Tianjin Port | The application of cement injection pile and bag sand-well in soft soil foundation treatment | Application of Sand-pile in Treatment of Soft Ground | Study on construction and technical measures of deep cement-mixed pile | Engineering geologic characteristic of soft soil in Guangzhou city and its effect on the pile foundation construction | BOTDR BASED DISTRIBUTED STRAIN TEST ON BORED PILE BURIED IN COMPLICATED GEOLOGICAL GROUND |
303 | Terrific Vegetarian Tale | Good reference. A great resource for people new to vegetarian cooking and experienced. Great book. | This book is hilarious. Even if you are not vegetarian you should try it out. Wonderful recipies explained in a very entertaining way. | This book is hilarious to read...a good gift for a vegan or cook with sense of humor and the recipes look really good as well! #Explicit | The Vegetarian is a dark glimpse into three different individual psyches. The backdrop is Korea but the dysfunctional characters could exist anywhere. When Yeong-hye proclaims her desire to forgo meat and follow a plant based diet, she sets her sister, brother-in-law and her marriage into disarray. This is an excellent novel but I don't recommend it to those seeking a fun-packed summer afternoon read. While it provides insight into some underlying issues of anorexia and its far reaching tentacles, the book is heavy going | Patricia has captured the true essence of the animals in her life and animals all around us. Her unique perspective, warm heart and gentle nature shines through in this book. The short stories make reading this book enjoyable and easy.
Tim Link - Author of Wagging Tales: Every Animal Has a Tale | Well researched , fascinating and very readable particularly given the significant amount of science involved. The author even exhibits a good sense of humor and is very even handed in his analysis of the likelihood and timing of success of clean meat. | This is a droll, fun, circular farm animal story told so well in rhyme! I love good books in rhyme, and this is one of them! Very clever! | Brand new to Vegetarian cooking and this book is perfect .... the ingredients are easy to find in my local grocery store, the recipes are simple and easy to follow, and most importantly, everything I've tried so far has been delicious. Haven't even missed the meat. Great explanations for things I'm not familiar with, like seitan. I knocked off one star because it would be nice to have nutritional information for each recipe. I chose this book based on the video review by Michelle Taylor and the price. I highly recommend this book. | 303 | Herb the Vegetarian Dragon by Jules Bass and Debbie Harter A perfect book for any youngster and one of the scarce delightful resources for vegetarian families to enjoy reading to their children. The story is the carnivorous dragons are a menace to a town where the people fear the dragons will get their princess. The lonely and friendly vegetarian dragon, Herb, saves the day by convincing the meat-eaters not to raid the town anymore menacing the people but to plant a garden instead. The illustrations are adorable. You'll enjoy this one with its far-reaching implications for the future of our planet earth. | what is the second book in the dragonkeeper series | who published the book the carnivorous plants in 1976 | For the money, probably the best anthology on vegetarianism | who wrote the book the dragon painter | when was dragonkeeper published in the uk | Really good book about a dragons | Short story about a Dragon whose Hoard is a library | Good book to expand your vegetarian menu |
304 | [Gas] Igniter Is working and gas ignites but only on for 8 seconds | My igniter was bad because through the cycle process it would not glow which helps ignite the gas. This igniter is a factory original part, is easy to install and works very good on my Maytag dryer | The igniter went out the first time I used it. I had to use a lighter for it to work. | The left burner does not ignite via the igniter. I'm having to use a manual lighter for that. I can't find anything in the manual as to how to fix this issue. Also, very difficult to clean after cooking food that has grease, such as hamburgers. The grease gets all over in the bottom and there's no way to take out the bottom tray and clean it. | Torch works fine. The igniter button only worked the first time. The manufacturer is sending another one. |
My two most used burners don't ignite with the sparking mechanism anymore. I have to get a match out to start the flame. Any way to figure out what's wrong so I can fix it? | After a few uses (10 total) the igniter doesn't work anymore, I have to use a match or a twig from the campfire to light it now. Other than that it works.
Update: Props to Etekcity customer service for sending out a replace unit. The new unit looks a bit different in terms of the igniter. the new unit/ design has worked each time i've used it. Only time will tell if this can stand up to the use, but hey it's better than using a twig to light this stove. | Now I can run off the big tank. As someone else posted you must hold down the igniter button a full 90 seconds before enough gas comes through to light, if not you'll go nuts. | Im not sure if anyone else has experienced this but I can't get gasoline canisters to lay down a trail to ignite? Usually it wouldn't be an issue since I don't use them but I am doing the career again and I am at the point where Trevor lights the O'Neils cook house on fire and well.. I cant. | 304 | I have a Thermal Zone Model GM072K12A-S Serial number GM0991153535
When I turn on the heat the fan comes on, then the igniter glows for several seconds, the gas comes on and is ignited but stays on for less than 10 seconds. It will then shut down and repeat the process. Sometimes the fan shuts down completely and I get no heat at all.
Any help is appreciated as I'm currently quarantining after being exposed to Covid-19. (No symptoms) | Horrible warranty/over heats and stops working | Is perfect fix my gmc sierra2004 a/c problem was blowing hot ... | Mega Zero 2.0 heating non stop without any command | Since mine caught fire from overheating it like an idiot | sent back, this heater don, t shut off ... | The Heater stopped running due to tip-over switch activated after ... | Team killed over 'Heat kill' | My USB Hub is heating up when connected to M1 MBP |
305 | where did they bury the hatchet in 1761 | the phrase "bury the hatchet". Article 13 reads, in part, "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States, and friendship re-established between the said states on the one part, and all the Cherokees on the other, shall be universal; and the contracting parties shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship re-established." The Burying the Hatchet ceremony happened in Nova Scotia on June 25, 1761. It ended more than seventy-five years of war between the British and the Mi'kmaq. Exactly 50 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, | Bubasteum the "Lady of Ankhtawy". Proper investigation of the site was begun in 1976 by Alain-Pierre Zivie and the first excavations began in 1980. In 1986, the Mission Archéologique Française du Bubasteion (MAFB), was founded, which has overseen all investigations of the site since then. In the second half of the 18th Dynasty, high dignitaries created rock-cut tombs for themselves in this area, which were later reused as cat-catacombs. To date, more than a hundred cat mummies and thousands of cat bones have been found. The cat cemetery developed in the second half of the first millennium BC became as important | Scar boat burial swiftly, as it was exposed and rapidly eroding. Historic Scotland put together a team led by Magnar Dalland to excavate the site, which took place over November and December 1991. The wood of the long and wide boat had rotted away, leaving more than 300 iron rivets. It was placed in a boat-shaped stone-lined enclosure which was packed with further stones. There were also stones forming a walled enclosure inside the boat itself, within which were found the remains of three bodies. Sand within the boat lining was found not to match known sand from Orkney, Shetland, or the Scottish | Jay's Grave Jay's Grave (or Kitty Jay's Grave) is supposedly the last resting place of a suicide victim who is thought to have died in the late 18th century. It has become a well-known landmark on Dartmoor, Devon, in South-West England, and is the subject of local folklore, and several ghost stories. The small burial mound is at the side of a minor road, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north west of Hound Tor, at the entrance to a green lane that leads to Natsworthy. Fresh flowers are regularly placed on the grave, although no-one admits to putting them there. | Jay's Grave Jay's Grave (or Kitty Jay's Grave) is supposedly the last resting place of a suicide victim who is thought to have died in the late 18th century. It has become a well-known landmark on Dartmoor, Devon, in South-West England, and is the subject of local folklore, and several ghost stories. The small burial mound is at the side of a minor road, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north west of Hound Tor, at the entrance to a green lane that leads to Natsworthy. Fresh flowers are regularly placed on the grave, although no-one admits to putting them there. | Knott family The Knott family of lighthouse keepers is credited with the longest period of continuous service in the history of manned lighthouses, commencing in 1730 at South Foreland, Kent, with William Knott and ending in 1906 at Skerries (Anglesey, Wales) with Henry Thomas Knott (son of George Knott – see below) who died in 1910 having retired to Crewe. There are three famous lighthouse-keeping families in England, the other two being the Darling (see: Grace Darling) and the Hall families. The three families are inter-related. Much of the contribution of the Knott family to lighthouse keeping was made at | last burial in the churchyard took place (the foundation itself unknowingly went through fifteen graves), with the churchyard itself becoming a parking lot nearly forty years after that; the churchyard was largely forgotten until PennDOT purchased the church property via eminent domain for construction of Interstate 279 and subsequently unearthed 727 graves. Some churchyards across the world are still used as graveyards today. For example, in Britain and Denmark churchyards are commonly used in most hamlets, towns and cities, while public cemeteries is primarily seen in major towns and cities. Churchyard In Christian countries a churchyard is a patch of | Newbattle commence on the new building, and on a clean site, until 1727. The design included making use of material from the old Church, where suitable, in the construction. In fact a considerable amount of stonework was transferred, to such an extent that all that remained of the old Church was the Crypt, which remained as the Burial Chamber for the Kerr/Lothian family. The completion year is generally accepted as 1729. At the beginning of the 18th century, the floor of a church consisted of earth, and, while the laird would erect a loft or seat, the majority of the congregation | 305 | the phrase "bury the hatchet". Article 13 reads, in part, "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States, and friendship re-established between the said states on the one part, and all the Cherokees on the other, shall be universal; and the contracting parties shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship re-established." The Burying the Hatchet ceremony happened in Nova Scotia on June 25, 1761. It ended more than seventy-five years of war between the British and the Mi'kmaq. Exactly 50 years after the Battle of Little Bighorn, | where was the burial of the hatchet held | where was william h. hatch buried | who buried the remains of the alamo heroes | what was the population of buryat in 1823 | what was the final action of the war of 1812, the coffin handbill | What year does hatchet take place in? | where is the largest confederate cemetery in georgia | the action of 25 september 1806 took place during which war |
306 | You can play music in the Bar/Club! | Limelight (club night) Limelight is a classical club night that takes place at the 100 Club, in Soho, London. The night aims to broaden the appeal of classical music by presenting artists in an intimate, "rock & roll" environment, undermining conventional notions that classical music needs to be heard in a formal concert hall to be enjoyed. Unlike at traditional concerts, artists are encouraged to speak to the audience about their music choices and stay for a drink and chat at the bar afterwards. The 100 Club was chosen for the night because of its rich history, with many of | Are there any bars in San Jose that will play the sound for games, at least on request if not all the time? | Im trying to find a club just to jam with people. The only music clubs seem to be dancing and like Indian music. | I been listening to PC music for quite some time but I been curious if there are any venues or clubs that play PC related music in Chicago, I kind of want to go out and have fun! | What are pubs and bars? | Any recommendations for bars (not nightclubs) which play techno in the daytime | I'm looking for a bar or restaurant (that serves alcohol) that plays good hip-hop/rap music. Sort of like a La Carnita or 416 Snack bar type of place. | The Matador Club The Matador Club was a country music venue in Toronto opened by Ann Dunn in 1964. The exterior of the club, complete with marquee signage, still exists today, though the building itself is currently vacant. The after-hours dance venue was a hot spot among Torontonians and tourists alike, and was said to be frequented by country notables like Johnny Cash and Loretta Lynn, as well as local celebrities like Leonard Cohen and Catherine O'Hara. While originally a country music venue, by the 1980s the Matador featured a wider variety of music including rock 'n' roll, blues, and | 306 | Ok, so Day 1 guardian here, and I was completely oblivious to the fact that you could play music in the bar located at the tower!
There must be others who haven't had the chance to jive to this futuristic music that gets all the guardians frisky.... right?!
Go up to the side wall in the bar, where the technician lady (who obviously doesn't know how to use technology) is fiddling a display in front of a large circular screen. Press square (on ps4) to play some music! There's a few different styles, so enjoy your dance party! | who does nigel lindsay play in a dance to the music of time | Lack of ambient music? (Valhalla) | Militant Event Gaming Music | Check out our soundtrack for our VR game, Starblazer. On Spotify now! | Great Resource: Experiencing Music Technology | Really wish EA would bring back the ability to use custom music, anyone else? | Fun Summer Class on Film and Video Game Music | [Suggestion] Can we have an option to continue playing menu music while in-game? |
307 | what is the title of the tv series based on the novels by phryne fisher | In this article, I examine Australian crime writer Kerry Greenwood's first 15 novels in the Phryne Fisher series, published between 1989 and 2005. Throughout this series, Greenwood clearly signals the interlocutory relationship between her novels and those of Agatha Christie. I therefore focus my study on how and to what end she 'rewrites' Christie. | I found Miss Phryne Fisher and Kerry Greenwood, though the tv series, currently playing on Netflix. It was enjoyable and the costuming and set designs were fabulous. I read good reviews about the books and had to give it a try. The novel was a quick, light read and good for a no-brainer kind of day. I love the character of Phyrne Fisher and really love the tv shows' Essie Davis' version.
If you're looking for something to read in-between the next novel and the next series, I suggest the Amelia Peabody Series by Elizabeth Peters. | I had started reading the Miss Fisher series after I watched the TV series. I really enjoyed the first few books, my library didn't have very many of her books, but this one they did. Can say I was really disappointed in this one. I understand Ms. Greenwoods need to show compassion towards the gay/lesbian community, but I could have done without the explicit love scenes, both heter and homosexual. Ms. Greenwood, I would suggest that if you wish to keep your readership you leave the erotica for a new series of books(perhaps under a pen name) and bring back the "Cozy Mystery" , "PG" rated version of Phyrne. | Nantucket series The Nantucket series (also known as the Nantucket trilogy or the Islander trilogy) is a set of alternate history novels written by S. M. Stirling. The novels focus on the island of Nantucket in Massachusetts which was transported back in time to 1250 BC due to something called "The Event". Shortly thereafter a conflict develops between the democratic Republic of Nantucket and a group of renegade Americans led by the ex–Coast Guard lieutenant William Walker. The series was nominated for the Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 2000. The series is closely related to Stirling's Emberverse with "The | Nantucket series The Nantucket series (also known as the Nantucket trilogy or the Islander trilogy) is a set of alternate history novels written by S. M. Stirling. The novels focus on the island of Nantucket in Massachusetts which was transported back in time to 1250 BC due to something called "The Event". Shortly thereafter a conflict develops between the democratic Republic of Nantucket and a group of renegade Americans led by the ex–Coast Guard lieutenant William Walker. The series was nominated for the Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 2000. The series is closely related to Stirling's Emberverse with "The | Cranford by Elizabeth Gaskell is one of my favorite books. I loved this version and think it is a more accurate re-telling of the book. Cranford, the book, is understated, and this version is understated. The "Cranford" TV series from 2007 is too emotional and sentimental, in my opinion, and I did not care for their combining two other Elizabeth Gaskell novels with Cranford in order to make one story. I own both DVDs and will be giving the 2007 version to a charity. | Unforgettable (U.S. TV series) and co-produced with Carl Beverly and Sarah Timberman for CBS, where it made its debut on September 20, 2011. The series is a co-production of CBS Television Studios and Sony Pictures Television. On October 25, 2011, CBS picked up the series for a full first season of 22 episodes. Serving as a consultant on the series is actress Marilu Henner who, like the series' lead character Carrie Wells, possesses hyperthymesia in real life. She had a guest spot in the episode "Golden Bird", as Wells' aunt, who is suffering from symptoms similar to that of Wells' mother's early-onset Alzheimer's disease. | This is actually a continuation of the Green Mountain series a name change to the Butler, Vermont Series this is book 1. All the characters from the Green Mountain series are still here the Abbot and Coleman families along with Molly, Lincoln (Linc), Elmer and Fred the Moose. This story is about Grayson who has returned home from Boston and single mother Emma and 9 year old daughter Simone. How you can believe this 2 male matchmaker Linc and Elmer can bring there love for each other to a HEA. The flow of the story of the diferent family members are all incorporated in sweet story lines that are believable. The scenery with snow included is vivid down to the snowman, the sleigh ride and Fred the Moose. I can't wait for further stories in this series another hit for Marie | 307 | Phryne Fisher "Murder on the Ballarat Train" as being a "private man with a doting family, who grew grevilleas and rare native orchids in his yard." Woman Police Constable Jones works for Detective Inspector Jack Robinson and is one of the few women in the police force. She frequently acts as a bait and decoy in investigations and has won a medal for Gallantry for baiting and capturing a suspect in a string of rapes. "Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries" is a television costume drama series based on the novels, starring Essie Davis in the title role. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Every | what is the spin off of miss fisher's modern mysteries | who plays peregrine in miss fisher's murder mysteries | Kerry Greenwood’s The Phryne Fisher Mystery Collection is formed by 19 novels set in 1928-1929 Australia and its main character is the Hon. Phryne Fisher, a young beautiful intelligent rich woman who works as a private detective. The seventh novel of this collection is Ruddy Gore (1995), which presents one of the most relevant characters in the series: Lin, and which includes a turning-point in the protagonist’s life.This article analyses the depiction of Miss Fisher as a postcolonial detective in the late 1920s Melbourne, and focuses on the constructs of gender and ethnicity in the creation of Miss Fisher and of Lin. This novel was adapted as a TV episode, aired by the Australia Broadcasting Corporation in 2012. This article also explores the way Phryne is depicted in the episode and how she interacts with some of the characters. The article aims to find out whether the adaptation creates a female detective as author Kerry Greenwood had envisioned, and whether this character breaks stereotypes or follows them. | Another sweet confection of mystery and murder from author Nancy Coco | Good murder mysteries or dark mysteries? | who is the author of the mystery mile | aunt agatha takes the count what episode | Jones cements herself as the queen of mystery and suspense! |
308 | Husband died and I need to get rid of this profile history | Death and the Internet setting is altered so that only confirmed friends can view the profile and search for it; contact information and status updates are removed; no one is able to log into the account in the future. Deletion of an account entails the complete removal of the deceased user's data from the online platform, however Facebook holds the legal right to sustain the user's credentials for up to 90 days after request of deletion. In order to memorialize a deceased person's account, a special contact form must be filled out. In this contact form, a proof of death must be provided, such | I am currently job searching, so I decided to search my full name on google. The second result that comes up is my Mormon.org profile! I made it almost six years ago, and a lot has changed since then. I no longer agree with the church's teachings and I want it removed.
Unfortunately, no matter what I try, I cannot find a login page for Mormon.org and I have no idea how to go about deleting the profile.
Does anyone have any helpful advice? Has anyone had success in deleting their Mormon.org profile?
Edit: I sent an email to [email protected], and they deleted my profile (and they took their sweet time). | I accidentally removed my primary home (due to a PC bug!), and then I immediately added back, it won't retrieve the full history, but only going forward.
Anywhere I can retrieve the history from the removed account? Or at least to manually type the balance? I do have a spreadsheet recorded the daily/monthly balance of my primary home value.
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Now my net worth looks messed up with a huge step up. | I have a really embarrassing photo of me from the 8th grade that for some reason is in the google search engine
It's on this thing called "radaris" that has personal phone records and social media accounts linked to the search engine
On radaris the account connected my old photo is an old email account I forgot the email and password to..
I emailed google about regaining access to the account so I could take it down about 3 weeks ago and heard absolutely nothing
What do I do ugh | Since Firefox released Lockwise there is no option to delete all login credentials at once.
Now I need to do such a thing and I really don't know how to remove all this data.
**EDIT**
Typo in the title: \**passwords* | Go to a free email service like Yahoo or Hotmail, set up a phony account, then go to these sites, set up a phony profile, and see if your spouse is there. Some will even let you browse without setting a profile. | I know he's a pedophile. I'm his victim. And now he's trying to delete his digital history. I met him on a defunct app, and all I know is his Discord ID. I don't want this monster to get away scot-free with nearly convincing me, at 14 years old, to meet up with him. And I know his intentions. He's asked for pictures before... Shit, he's gotten pictures before. I want to bring him to justice somehow. But with just a Discord ID, is that even possible? I don't know of any servers he could possibly be in, and his profile picture is a fucking anime character. | How do you delete your own orkut account? | 308 | My husband passed away and his profile was the main profile. It makes me so sad everytime I go into it. I just want to erase the history, all of the history. They won't let you delete the main account profile or assign another one (as far as I can tell) then delete it. We've been with netflix from the beginning and it would take days to delete everything one at a time. It's heart breaking and I'd really like to erase it. Does anybody know how I could get this off my account? | how can i delete history ? | is it possible to delete my account? | How do I delete my account? | How can you delete history of your google account? | How to delete account in KOF98 | How to erase My CRA account and switch back to everything by mail? | Delete Stategate Command Account | My dad found my SW twitter and is making me delete everything |
309 | How do I convince someone to start one piece! | I'm part of a Facebook called One Sentence Startup Pitches and the concept is exactly what it sounds like: give your best pitch in one sentence. They don't have to be serious, here are some examples from the group:
* Facebook for dogs
* Billie Eilish but she is a good guy
* Extremely large shoes to distribute your weight so that you may stand safely on ice as thin as nano-meters
* Everyone gets to become a god and create their own universe after they die
* Instead of bitcoin we just trade live crabs back and fourth for 8 years
Let's hear your best. If you like someone's idea let them know you'd fund it! | Beginning stages of planning a start up. I have 2 partners that I know I need to have to make this work; they have skills that I don't. Guy number 3 I have talked about creating this business with when it was just in the dreaming stage. He is a really close freind but one of those that I have a gut feeling that he might get flakey when it comes to getting this up and running.
How the hell do I tell him I can't risk my business on having him as a partner? | My best friend and I were involved in the startup of a gaming forum about a year ago and now it's evolved into its own small website with a good community of gamers and a decent amount of unique content.
However, the two of us aren't happy with the way the site's owner has approached the whole thing, and we haven't been for a while. We've stopped helping with the improvement of it, not intentionally, but because the owner stopped using anyone but his site designer for ideas/suggestions. We've been thinking that maybe we could do better ourselves. Actually, we're pretty sure we could.
I know there are a billion small sites out there devoted to gaming as a whole or a subset of it and honestly, I'm surprised that the site we were a part of got as many loyal members as it did. But even though the owner did such a poor job handling almost every aspect of the community, he only lost a few key members, and he got a lot of support from people trying to give suggestions on how to make it better.
Question(s): Do you think there are too many other sites out there to start a new one and have it not completely fail? If so, do you think it was a fluke that the other one was able to find people and gain traction, even with its flaws? | Think of it as a challenge, we work together for a week and see if we can get a start-up going. | What sorts of things do you guys do to spend time with your littles or pledges when they are starting out their initiation process. (Aside from all brojobs) | Hi I'm a 25 year old guy currently living with my parents. I've been "baby'ed" for most of my life by my parents and I'm trying to get my act together. I've also told them to stop it because it's my natural instant to let them do things for me (such as DIY) and similarly it's their natural instinct to do all house chores rather than letting me doing it.
When I've asked for help from them on anything they end up doing it for me rather than guiding me/facilitating the process in the background.
We've had a new patio installed in our garden and my mum wants an outdoor sofa. I said I'd like to attempt to make a sofa out of wooden pallets. I know they'll get too involved if they help so I want it to be my own individual project that I work on independently.
I can't imagine it'll be too difficult but I'm not sure if I'm being naive.
How hard is it for someone like me who isn't very practical with no experience?
Is there any guides with simple step by step instructions on how to make one out there?
Where do I buy the pallets and what tools do I need? | My 3 year old was very excited to do this one afternoon, as was I. But after trying to glue the pieces together she (we) soon lost interest. As another reviewer said, you have to be very patient for the glue to dry enough for it to hold before moving onto the next step. Would be ideal if there were strong adhesive tape or something that could be more immediate. Though we didn't finish the projects my daughter had a blast playing with the popsicle sticks... | Seriously. My Nparents feel like they need to decide everything for me, because they are “successful” whether it be the subject of the DukeTIP summer camp I worked 8 months for, or who I make friends with, they feel that they need to make their own inputs on my decisions . | 309 | ALRIGHT GUYS, I need ur best pitch for someone to start one piece, my friend is super hesitant and as much as I try to convey the beautiful series that is One Piece it’s too hard to describe something so great into words. Figured I would come to the One Piece reddit for help. | I Want to End this Debate Once and For All: In Your Opinion, Is One Piece Still a Good Series? | What's the funniest chapter of One Piece in your opinion? | Any recommended episodes for help worth making the final one or two cuts? | Anyone want to help start a new writing jam? | Thank you r/worldbuilding! With your help, I finished my first worldbuilding project: "The Order of Carmilla!" | About to write first novel, but could use a few more eyes to bounce ideas and workshop with. Willing to reciprocate! | Need help writing a campaign | Good Start for a debut author |
310 | Is CPUSA filled with FBI informants? | What shows up on an fbi check? | During the 3rd US presidential debate earlier this evening both candidates agreed that the US has 17 intelligence agencies. Some of them are listed here:
My questions are whether any of these agencies or their principals show up in the Wikileaks Podesta documents. I think we have been focusing on major players, such as Petraeus, but who are the other smaller players, and can we find emails pertinent to them, or to/from them. | In the search for criminals, the government has been scooping up data from thousands of Americans through their cellphones. Audie Cornish talks to Devlin Barrett, who broke this news in <em>The Wall Street Journal</em>. | Patriot Act, Title III, Subtitle B or agency who receives suspicious transaction reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies. The stated purposes of the BSA, Section 123(a) of Public Law 91-508 and Section 21(a) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act were amended to allow reports or records to be provided to agencies who conduct intelligence or counterintelligence activities, including analysis, in order to protect against international terrorism. The BSA was also amended to direct the Secretary of Treasury to make available reports to agencies, U.S. intelligence, or self-regulatory organizations that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission upon the request | How do you have a federal agent in mafia wars? | This report provides background information on key elements of the FBI terrorism investigative process, based on publicly available information. This report sets forth possible considerations for Congress as it executes its oversight role, including the extent to which intelligence has been integrated into FBI operations to support its counterterrorism mission and the progress the Bureau has made on its intelligence reform initiatives. | N-P-R's Eric Westervelt reports on testimony yesterday that a key witness in condemned murderer Mumia Abu Jamal's 1982 trial was a paid police informant. If the defense can find the purported informer and put her on the stand, Abu Jamal's conviction oculd be called into questions. Prosecutors, however, showed evidence they believe proves the informer is dead. | Why was the Central Intelligence Agency created in? | 310 | I've been thinking about officially joining CPUSA but I'd rather not have the government watch me or be put on some list that will affect future employment etc.
Do you think that the American government still closely watches the far left? Is a large percentage of CPUSA made up of FBI informants? I know that in the past under Hoover a large percentage of CPUSA was made up of fbi informants. I'm just curious about what everyone thinks | the monitor is a non-departmental public body of which government department | What examples are there of the CIA installing/disposing regimes/leaders in other nations? | Can certain agencies such as FBI, CIA track you down? | FBI: Death toll now at least 30 | ELI5: Why does the United States have so many intelligence agencies? | Academia, surveillance, and the FBI: A short history | Europe’s response to the NSA spying scandal has been a substantial overreaction | how many european leaders have spoken out against the nsa |
311 | which nickname was given to lucy ball in the 1940 film ‘i love | I Love Lucy character was also some work. One choice was actress Barbara Pepper, who was a close friend of Ball. The two had a long history together, as Pepper had been one of the Goldwyn Girls who came to Hollywood with Lucy in 1933. Pepper was favored by Lucy herself; however, CBS refused on the grounds that Pepper suffered from a drinking problem too, which was far more severe than Frawley's. Nonetheless Pepper did appear in several bit parts during the run of the show. Vivian Vance became a consideration on the recommendation of "Lucy" director Marc Daniels. Daniels had worked with | I Love Lucy I Love Lucy is a popular 1950s American television sitcom that originally ran on CBS from October 15, 1951, to May 6, 1957, with a total of 180 half-hour episodes spanning 6 seasons (including the 'lost' original pilot and Christmas episode). The show starred Lucille Ball, her real-life husband Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. It followed the life of Lucy Ricardo (Ball), a middle class housewife in New York City, who either concocted plans with her best friends (Vance & Frawley) to appear alongside her bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo (Arnaz) in his nightclub, or tried | audience, won five Emmy Awards and received numerous nominations and honors. It was the first show ever to feature an ensemble cast. It is often regarded as one of the greatest and most influential sitcoms in history. In 2012, it was voted the 'Best TV Show of All Time' in a survey conducted by ABC News and "People" magazine. Originally set in an apartment building in New York City, "I Love Lucy" centers on Lucy Ricardo (Lucille Ball) and her singer/bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo (Desi Arnaz), along with their best friends and landlords Fred Mertz (William Frawley) and Ethel Mertz | I Love Lucy the air). The episode in which Lucy gives birth, "Lucy Goes to the Hospital", first aired on January 19, 1953, which was the day before the inauguration of Dwight Eisenhower as President of the United States. To increase the publicity of this episode, the original air date was chosen to coincide with Lucille Ball's real-life delivery of Desi Jr. by Caesarean section. "Lucy Goes to the Hospital" was watched by more people than any other television program up to that time, with 71.7% of all American television sets tuned in, topping the 67.7 rating for the inauguration coverage the following | My Love', () is a 1940 Soviet comedy film directed by Vladimir Korsh.
Plot
The film tells about a nice girl who adopts a child, which as a result leads to various amusing situations.
Starring
Lidiya Smirnova as Shura
Ivan Pereverzev as Lyosha
Vladimir Chobur as Grisha
F. Chernousko
M. Klyuchareva
N. Krikunova
Aleksei Matov
Vladimir Shishkin
Maria Shlenskaya
Nikolai Sokolov
Nikolay Trofimov
References
External links
1940 comedy films
1940 films
Films scored by Isaak Dunayevsky
Remakes of Russian films
1940s Russian-language films
Soviet black-and-white films
Soviet comedy films
Soviet films | The Lucy Show appearance on "I Love Lucy" playing Cynthia Harcourt, a rich, haughty friend of Lucy Ricardo in the episode "Lucy Is Envious". In 1956, she returned to the series playing Evelyn Bigsby, a bewildered traveler seated next to Lucy on an airplane in the fifth season finale, "Return Home from Europe". During the 1950s, Croft also had occasional roles on "I Married Joan" and "Our Miss Brooks". She was also the voice of Cleo, the basset hound in the sitcom "The People's Choice". In 1957, Croft joined the cast of "I Love Lucy" during its final season playing Lucy Ricardo's new | Love on Wheels film was made at the Islington Studios of Gainsborough Pictures. Gainsborough was part of the larger Gaumont British empire, and specialised in making comedies during the 1930s. Hulbert became one of the studio's top stars during the early 1930s, often appearing with his wife Cicely Courtneidge. BFI Screenonline called the film a "sublime musical comedy." and "British Pictures" called it "one of those charmingly amateurish British musicals the 30s produced so well. It proclaims: we may not have dancers like Fred and Ginger, or songwriters like Gershwin or Berlin, or directors like Busby Berkeley, but when it comes to endearing | Love Is a Ball fallen for Janine. The novel was published in 1959. Rights were bought by Martin H. Poll of Gold Medal Enterprises; Poll owned Gold Medal Studios in the Bronx, facilities which were hired out to movie makers. He had decided to move into film production. The screenplay was originally written by the author of the novel. Blake Edwards was originally attached to direct. Glenn Ford and Hope Lange were signed to star early on. Eventually David Swift came in to write and direct. Ulla Jacobsson signed to make her American debut with the film. The film was shot on the French | 311 | I Love Lucy Goldwyn Studio and Columbia Pictures and then eventually at RKO Radio Pictures. It was at RKO that Ball received steady film work, first as an extra and bit player and eventually working her way up to co-starring roles in feature films and starring roles in second rate B pictures, collectively earning her the nickname "Queen of the B's". During her run at RKO, Ball gained the reputation for doing physical comedy and stunts that most other actresses avoided, keeping her steadily employed. In 1940, Lucy met Desi Arnaz, a Cuban bandleader who had just come off a successful run in | I STILL LOVE LUCILLE BALL | which character did desi arnaz play on i love lucy | who is the landlord in i love lucy | when did elsa maxwell first appear on i love lucy | who wrote the screenplay for i love lucy | when did lucille ball first appear in london | what nationality was ricky ricardo in i love lucy | Why was you love lucy so popular? |
312 | Arlo Baby disconnects randomly | Disconnects constantly. Even in midswipe. Trying every trick and still did not work. had to return. | Hi everyone. I just installed my Nest Hello about a week ago. Everything had been running smoothly until 2 days ago. I've been having intermittent WiFi connection drop outs every 5 minutes all day and all night. I've been doing my research and tried a lot of the options. Yes, I am on a Google WiFi network so I'm aware of the 2.4 vs. 5.0, so I can't switch to 2.4; setting up a guest network for the Nest Hello to connect to; delete Hello from the app and re\-add; transformer voltage not an issue; lowering quality of stream to lower the bandwidth... etc. etc. Nothing helps... So, I started to further troubleshoot.
During initial setup, I noticed that my Hello would connect through the Nest Connect from my Nest x Yale Lock and that's when I started to wonder. Entire setup is near the front of the door. Does the Connect play a role in the connection drop outs? Opening up my Google WiFi app, I can see that the Nest Connect is connected though the 2.4 GHz band and see that the Hello is connected to the 5.0 GHz band. I continue watching the connections through the app and notice when the Nest Hello drops out and reconnects, it immediately goes to the 2.4 band, switches to the 5.0 band, then drops out all within 5 minutes. I proceeded to remove my Connect from my account, factory reset it, and left it unplugged. Hello connected to the WiFi and had less of an intermittent drop out where spans of a good connection would be much longer. But, regardless, no steady connection. I reconnected the Connect and dropouts every 5 minutes began again. So this leads to my question and trying to find out more about why the connection issues... Is the Hello constantly switching connections between the Connect and the WiFi? Has anyone else had experience with this? | I'm stumped by this issue. A remote site has a bunch of Meraki AP's, and they all constantly loose connectivity (like clockwork). I'm honestly stumped why these things keep disconnecting like this :(
For the record - the last 2 times were at 3:30 am and 11:47 PM (when no one was in the office).
Just not sure what I should look at next. | Is there something that triggers the disconnect? I finished Silo Charlie, launched and fast traveled near my target, only to have the game crash and close out.
Is there something people are doing to avoid the crash/disconnect? | Intermittently my Eufycam indoor 2k camera are showing up as disconnected within the Home app but they work fine in the native Eufy app.
If I reboot the device it seems to come back online within the whole map. I recently installed an Aqara M2 hub with 20 Aqara contact sensors and it appears that my Home devices have had connection problems ever since. I am not sure if it’s related. Has anyone experienced something similar or have any thoughts? | I love so many things about this game and have been playing it all day with a friend. However, there's one thing that annoys the crap out of me whenever it happens.
The terrible disconnect-reconnect feature.
Sometime, small hiccups happens and the game I'm playing freeze for a moment. Happens a lot in many games and the worst it can do is get you killed if you're in the middle of a team fight.
But Hyper Universe is merciless when it comes to these hiccups. Sometime, it reconnects me right away and have me continue playing after the slight moment of lag. Most of the time?
"Disconnected from the game server. Please restart your game."
The 5 seconds of hiccup transitions into almost a whole minute of reconnecting which can be devastating thanks to the AI control taking over.
Any plan on fixing this soon? Why does the game have to nuke itself? This can even happen in the lobby. | I keep on disconnecting every 5 minutes or so in online, even when my connection is quite good. Anybody else experiencing this? | This has been going on for the last few weeks for me and my S8+. Every few minutes, my phone disconnects from WiFi and immediately reconnects. I haven't made any changes to my network and my wife's S8 works just fine. Any idea what's going on?
I've changed SSIDs and tested 5ghz and 2.4ghz separately and they both have issues, despite not being on congested changed.
Factory reset didn't work, either.
**Edit: Based on a lot of troubleshooting, this is not related to**
* Needing unique SSIDs | made them unique
* 5ghz vs. 2.4ghz (although it does seem to happen more frequently on 5ghz) | disabled each and tested
* Channel selection or width on either 5ghz or 2.4ghz | tried almost all
* Congestion | chose non-congested channels
* Band steering | disabled
* Router | Tried both an Asus RT-N66U and the Arris one that came with my internet, disabled one at a time when testing
* Resetting network settings
* Factory reset
**Possibly related to:**
* Some firewall setting. I don't seem to be having this issue with my 5ghz work wifi, which is an open network (although you have to register MAC address) | 312 | Been using the Arlo Baby monitor overnight streaming to an iPad, and twice it disconnected.
Both devices are plugged in.
The wife is not pleased.
Anybody have experience with this or how to mitigate it? | [Question] Does anyone else have a bug with wifi disconnecting? | Randomly disconnects Wi-Fi devices... | Connection isn't tight enough when plugged into iPad Air 2 but works in iPad Mini | Bug on iPad Air - HDMI Connection | the other has poor connections frequently with different devices | I'm experiencing two issues with this device. 1. ... | Remedy for pebble's disconnecting from Ios11 | Broke at ipad connection within 6 months. |
313 | Design of Bi-directional DC-DC converter | Steady-state characteristics of a novel DC-AC converter for fuel cells | In this paper, an extended averaged model is developed for a soft-switched bi-directional DC-DC converter for high-power applications. The proposed technique can be applied to other bi-directional DC-DC power converters with a high-frequency isolation transformer. Simulation results of Matlab/Simulink using the proposed average model are compared to those of detailed circuit simulation and experimental results to confirm the validity of this technique. | The mathematical models of the main parameters of LD converter design presented in this paper are established by analysing its design to draw LD converter design automaticly according to the relavent parameters.Hence computer programs are written.The general software of LD converter dcsign is obtained after necessary adjustment. Better effects are obtained following a number of operations. It is fundamental for CAD in steelmaking. | Abstract : A transistorized dc-to-dc converter has been designed using a camic transformer. This converter is particularly adaptable to equipment used in measuring magnetic fields. The ceramic transformer provides further advantages of reduced size and complexity over flyback type pulse and resonant rf transformers, which require the use of many turns of well insulated wire. A prototype model, built to convert 28 v dc to 2200 v dc at 20 microamperes, operates satisfactorily from -35 degrees centigrade to 75 degrees centigrade and shows no substantial change in output after continuous operation for 3600 hr. Included is a procedure for the design of a transverse transformer showing the voltage amplification to be a function of piezoelectric coefficients and transformer geometry. | In this article, a simulation model and concept of two switch bi-directional isolated DC/DC converter is presented. Converter is based on flyback converter type. Also control method for voltage regulation with bi-directional power transfer is presented. Target application of the proposed converter was selected to be a hybrid AC/DC distribution system concept of which was briefly described. The requirement of galvanic isolation in the hybrid AC/DC concept comes from use of shared neutral wire; DC current runs with unbalanced part of AC current in neutral wire. Without galvanic isolation grounded neutral would cause short circuit if DC/DC converter is connected to three phase rectifier or inverter. Simulation was carried out with PSCAD electromagnetic transient simulator. | In a review paper [1] (El Aroudi, et al., 2005), two stability conditions for DC-DC converters are presented. However, these two conditions were published years earlier at least in a journal paper [2] (Fang and Abed, 2001). In this note, the similar texts of [1] and [2] are compared. | In the last decades, the increasing use of the power electronic devices in space and military applications has led to the reliability analysis of DC-DC power converters. In this paper the design of a quadratic DC-DC converter has been performed in order to improve both reliability and efficiency. The design is performed by the minimization of objective functions using the GA heuristic algorithm, in order to identify the optimum values of the converter parameters that ensure the desired reliability. A complete reliability analysis of the quadratic converter has been done and the proposed design methodology has been demonstrated by simulation. | A wide range zero-voltage switching (ZVS) active-clamped L-L type current-fed isolated dc-dc converter is proposed for fuel cells to utility interface application. The proposed converter maintains ZVS of all switches from full load down to very light load condition for wide input voltage variation. Detailed operation, analysis, design, simulation and experimental results for the proposed converter are presented. The auxiliary active clamping circuit absorbs the turn-off voltage spike and also assists in achieving ZVS of main switches. The ZVS of auxiliary switches and main switches is achieved by the energy stored in the boost inductors and series inductor (aided by parallel inductor), respectively. Rectifier diodes operate with zero-current switching. An experimental converter rated at 200 W has been designed, built and tested in the laboratory to verify the analysis, design and performance of the proposed converter for wide variations in input voltage and load. | 313 | A bi-directional DC-DC converter is a dual-quadrant DC-DC converter, which is a typical "dual-use" in one device. The concept and application of bi-directional DC-DC converter are introduced in this paper. Hardware of the system mainly includes the main control circuit, sampling circuit, auxiliary power supply circuit, and the Buck/Boost chopper circuit. Software of the system includes the core control algorithm and the PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) algorithm. Experimental results are provided to realize the double closed-loop control of battery charging current and load voltage. | This paper proposes a single inductor dual output (SIDO) DC-DC Converter with exclusive control circuit. We propose two kinds of SIDO converter: a buck-buck and a boost-boost converter. We have simulated and experimented with exclusive control method. Dual voltage outputs are controlled exclusively, using error voltage feedback. This approach requires no current sensors and does not depend on the value of output voltage or output current. We describe circuit topologies, operation principles, simulation results and experimental results. Experimental self (load) regulation and cross regulation are 20mVpp in the buck-buck converter and 5mVpp in the boost-boost converter. | This paper presents the application of hysteresis current control to the bi-directional buck-boost type improved power quality (IPQC) ac-dc converter that employs power MOSFET based four quadrant switches (4QSWs). The converter, capable of buck and boost modes of operation, outputs variable bi-directional dc voltage and reversible current in both modes. The control strategy is evaluated for the bi-directional buck-boost IPQC by simulations implemented in the single-phase and three-phase topologies of the converter. The simulation results confirm the efficacy of the hysteresis control that renders operation of the converter in either mode in any of the four quadrants and at any power factor with almost sinusoidal current at the utility interface by appropriately modifying the switching pattern. Results of bilateral power transfer in both modes at almost unity power factor are presented. | Control and applications of double input DC-DC power electronic converters | Mode change method of bi-directional DC/DC converter for electric vehicle | Control Approach for a High Voltage Gain Dual Input Boost DC-DC Converter | Dc-dc Converter Circuit For High Input-to-output Voltage Conversion | Soft-switching interleaved bidirectional DC-DC converter for Advanced Vehicle Applications | Modelling and Control of Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter for Electric Vehicles Applications |
314 | Analysis of a regularized model for the isothermal two-component mixture with the diffuse interface | For the case of a binary mixture it is shown that it is possible to formulate the calculation of the coefficients of viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and diffusion in terms of variational principles. These are such that a first‐order error in the trial function representing the departure of the distribution functions from their local thermal equilibrium values leads to a second‐order error in the transport coefficients. For those coefficients which are intrinsically positive the variational method reduces to an absolute maximum principle. | Mixing of fluids inside a cavity under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions is studied with a two-fluid model. This model involves the solution of separate transport equations for zone-averaged variables of each fluid with allowance for interface transport of momentum and energy. The effects of solutal Grashof number, thermal Grashof number, buoyancy ratio and Prandtl number on the flow field, interface behavior and temporal evolution are considered. The calculations are performed over the parameter range: 1 {le} Gr{sub s} {le} 3.7 {times} 10{sup 5}, 0 {le} Gr{sub T} {le} 7.4 {times} 10{sup 6}, 0 {le} N {le} {proportional_to} and 1 {le} Pr {le} 1,000. The material interface is represented by the contour of volume fraction separating the fluids. Solutal buoyancy predominates over thermal buoyancy for comparable Grashof numbers. The system exhibits asymmetric behavior at low buoyancy ratio and low Prandtl number. | The radial distribution functions for pairs in a fluid mixture can be closely approximated from known data on pair distribution functions pure components evaluated at a mean density determined by a properly defined average of molecular interaction parameters in the mixtures. This approximation has been used to replace the assumption about structure in mixtures inherent in the traditional regular solution theory. The result is a modified regular solution theory which gives an improvement in predicting excess thermodynamic functions and activity coefficients in mixtures involving appreciable differences in molecular size and shape. | The problem of mathematical modeling of flows of multicomponent mixtures with phase transitions has been considered. The free energy of a mixture is given as a functional containing squared density gradients of the components. This permits continuous description of multiphase mixtures without discontinuities at the interfaces. Numerical solutions for the flows of two-phase mixtures in capillaries with different wall wettability conditions have been obtained. | In one‐component fluids Rayleigh–Brillouin light scattering can be used to determine the equation of state of the fluid: A combination of the Brillouin shift and the Landau–Placzek ratio yields the isothermal compressibility. The same technique has been applied to multicomponent mixtures. We derive an expression for the Landau–Placzek ratio in a multicomponent mixture and show that it contains additional terms compared to the one‐component case due to concentration fluctuations in the mixture. When we apply the expression to recent experiments on a five‐component mixture of hydrocarbons, we show that the additional contribution cannot be neglected. | The quasi-chemical approximation in the theory of strictly regular mixtures is examined, its convergence is proved formally, and the behaviour of the lower approximations is discussed. An alternative generalization of the quasi-chemical approximation for pairs is proposed and found to be equivalent to an approximation developed by Kikuchi. The implications of this alternative approximation are discussed. |
Multicomponent diffusion plays a crucial role in various natural and industrial processes involving mass transfer. [1][2][3] Liquids appearing in nature and technical applications are essentially multicomponent. However, only data on binary diffusion coef-cients are relatively abundant because the diffusion behavior of ternary and higher mixtures is much more complex. 4,5 Describing the isothermal-isobaric diffusion of a ternary mixture by Fick's law requires four different diffusion coefficients that are composition dependent. The presence of cross diffusion coefficients aggravates the interpretation and data processing in experimental work, resulting in large uncertainties. 6,7 Thus, efforts are being made to develop new methods for analysis of multicomponent diffusion explicitly addressing various degrees of complexity. [8][9][10] Predictive equations for multicomponent diffusion of liquids mostly rely on extensions of the Darken relation, [11][12][13] which is only valid for ideal mixtures. 14 The underlying physical phenomena in non-ideal mixtures are not well understood and the lack of experimental data impedes the development and verication of new predictive equations.
The objective of this study was not only to measure and predict the Fick diffusion coefficient matrix for a series of ternary liquid mixtures, rather, the emphasis lied on understanding common features and whether they can be related to the behavior of the pure components and binary subsystems. Three ternary mixtures that are composed of organic compounds were selected, i.e. an aromatic, a ketone and an alcohol. Throughout, the rst two components were benzene (1) and acetone (2) and the third component was one of the alcohols, methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol. For each mixture, nine state points along a composition path with a constant content of benzene, x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 , were studied under ambient conditions (298.15 K and 0.1 MPa). Seven of the state points were ternary mixtures and two were binary subsystems. To obtain reliable results for the Fick diffusion coefficient matrix, two complementary approaches were used, i.e. experiments and predictive molecular simulations. This combination allows for a critical analysis and leads to a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena. 14,15 The Taylor dispersion technique was utilized for the experiments. 16,17 In this method, a small quantity of mixture with a slightly different composition is injected into a laminar stream. It disperses due to convection and diffusion while owing through a capillary tube and the refractive index is measured at its end to sample the concentration distribution. We have used the same apparatus as in previous works. 6,7 The Fick diffusion matrix is obtained by tting working equations to the measured signal, i.e. the Taylor peak. The mathematical model of the Taylor dispersion technique was originally developed on the basis of Fick's law in the volume reference frame. In a ternary mixture, two molar uxes J v i relative to a volume averaged velocity are related to gradients of molar concentration VC i with four diffusion coefficients D v ij . Alternatively, uxes expressed in the molar reference frame J i are relative to a molar averaged velocity and the mole fraction gradients Vx i act as a driving force
J 1 =r ¼ ÀD 11 Vx 1 À D 12 Vx 2 ; J 2 =r ¼ ÀD 21 Vx 1 À D 22 Vx 2 ;(1)
with molar density r. The uxes of all three components are constrained by SJ i ¼ 0. The main diffusion coefficients D 11 and D 22 relate the ux of one component to its own mole fraction gradient and the cross diffusion coefficients D 12 and D 21 describe the coupling of the ux of one component with the gradient of the other. The third component does not appear in eqn (1) explicitly, but in general it affects all four diffusion coefficients. The transformation of experimental data from the volume to the molar reference frame (D v ij to D ij ) could be done here on the basis of the pure component volumes (see the ESI †).
Equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed in this work, allowing for examination at the microscopic scale. The underlying molecular models were rigid, nonpolarizable force elds of united atom type, consisting of a varying number of Lennard-Jones, point charge, dipole and quadrupole sites (see the ESI †). Note that the force eld parameters were adjusted to pure uid properties only so that all simulation results for the mixtures are strictly predictive. Diffusion coefficients were sampled with the Green-Kubo formalism, based on integrated correlation functions of net velocities of the contained species. 11,15 Thereby, phenomenological coefficients D ij were obtained, associating the diffusive uxes with the chemical potential gradients Vm i
J 1 =r ¼ ÀD 11 x 1 RT Vm 1 À D 12 x 2 RT Vm 2 ; J 2 =r ¼ ÀD 21 x 1 RT Vm 1 À D 22 x 2 RT Vm 2 ;(2)
with gas constant R and temperature T. Fluxes J i correspond to the molar reference frame as in eqn (1). The diffusion coefficients from experiment and simulation are related to different driving forces so that the chemical potential gradients have to be transformed to the mole fraction gradients for their comparison. 18 This transformation is contained in the thermodynamic factor matrix G " D 11 D 12
D 21 D 22 # ¼ " D 11 D 12 D 21 D 22 # Â " G 11 G 12 G 21 G 22 # ; G ij ¼ d ij þ x i vln g i vx j T;p;x ksj¼1.NÀ1(3)
with the activity coefficient of species i being g i , which expresses the non-ideality of a mixture with respect to the composition. This relationship shows that the Fick diffusion coefficients are actually the product of two contributions, a kinetic D ij and a thermodynamic G ij . The separate observation of these two contributions promotes understanding of the underlying physical phenomena. In the present study, the thermodynamic factor was calculated using the Wilson excess Gibbs energy (g E ) model, using parameters tted to experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the binary subsystems (see the ESI †). This combination of MD simulation results with a g E model was successfully used in previous work to predict Fick diffusion coefficients, including several binary subsystems of the ternary mixtures studied here. 19 The four elements of the Fick diffusion coefficient matrix were determined for the three ternary mixtures, benzene + acetone + methanol/ethanol/2-propanol, for nine different compositions, each at ambient temperature and pressure.
Results for the rst main element of the diffusion matrix D 11 , which relates the ux of benzene to its own mole fraction gradient, are shown in Fig. 1(a). The experimental data agree quantitatively with the molecular simulation data. D 11 increases with the acetone content in the ternary mixture. Since mixtures with a constant mole fraction of benzene (x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 ) were studied throughout, the le edge of Fig. 1(a) corresponds to the binary limit of benzene + alcohol, while the right edge corresponds to that of benzene + acetone. Analysis of the ternary diffusive uxes implies the following asymptotic behavior of the diffusion coefficients towards the binary limits: 7 (i) at the innite dilution limit, x 2 / 0, the ternary coefficient D 11 tends to the binary Fick diffusion coefficient of benzene + alcohol; (ii) at the other limit, Fig. 1 Top: The main Fick diffusion coefficient (molar reference frame) of benzene D 11 in the three ternary mixtures benzene (1) + acetone (2) + alcohol (3) at a constant benzene mole fraction x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 from experiment (triangles) and MD simulation combined with the Wilson g E model (circles). Both data sets were sampled at the same compositions, but are slightly shifted in the plot for visibility reasons. The symbols at the edges of this plot are the binary diffusion coefficients of benzene + alcohol (x 2 / 0) and of benzene + acetone (x 3 / 0). Bottom: The binary Fick diffusion coefficient of the subsystems benzene + alcohol and benzene + acetone. Most of the binary experimental data were taken from the literature. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] (benzene + acetone) should hold. The present experimental and simulation results for D 11 are consistent with these asymptotic limits.
x 3 / 0, D 11 À D 12 ¼ D 22 À D 21 / D bin
An inspection of Fig. 1(a) provides an unexpected nding: the main element D 11 is almost identical for all three mixtures along the examined composition path, i.e. it is independent of the contained type of alcohol. To explain this intriguing behavior of D 11 , the properties of the pure components are considered rst (see Table 1).
All ve components are liquid under ambient conditions so that their self-diffusion coefficients are of the same order of magnitude. Molar masses M and molar densities r, indicating the differences in mass and size of the molecules, give an introductory idea of their diffusion behavior. Benzene molecules are heavier and larger than acetone molecules, resulting in a self-diffusion coefficient D 0 that is only about half that of acetone. The three alcohols are characterized by increasing mass and size in the order: methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol. Although the methanol molecules are the smallest, due to hydrogen bonding interactions, their self-diffusion coefficient is similar to that of benzene. Molecules associated by hydrogen bonds propagate as an assembly, which signicantly slows down their mobility. This is not only the case for methanol, but also for ethanol and 2-propanol. Because these molecules are larger, the bonded clusters are also larger and thus even slower. This hydrogen bonding behavior of the alcohol molecules causes micro-heterogeneity and cluster formation in mixtures with other uids, 28,29 which inuences their kinetic and thermodynamic behavior.
Next, the binary subsystems of the ternary systems with different types of alcohol were examined. The Fick diffusion coefficient of the three binary benzene + alcohol mixtures and that of benzene + acetone is shown in Fig. 1(b). The benzene mole fraction, x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 , which was constant along the ternary composition path, is marked in the plot by a dashed vertical line. The binary Fick diffusion coefficient of all three benzene + alcohol mixtures has almost the same value in the concentration range around equimolar composition. However, at both innite dilution limits (x 1 / 0 and x 1 / 1), the benzene + methanol system has a higher Fick diffusion coefficient than the benzene + ethanol or benzene + 2-propanol systems. The open question is why the Fick diffusion coefficients are similar in a wide composition range. Although these binary data are available in the literature, to the best of our knowledge, they have never been discussed from this point of view.
In a binary mixture there is only a single Fick diffusion coefficient and eqn (3) reduces to
D ¼ D -G,(4)
where Đ is the Maxwell-Stefan (MS) diffusion coefficient. Đ represents the kinetic contribution to the diffusion behavior, which was sampled here using MD simulations from net velocity correlation functions, while G corresponds to the thermodynamic non-ideality, which was calculated using the Wilson g E model. Both contributions are separately shown in Fig. 2(a) and (c) for the three binary benzene + alcohol mixtures. The largest kinetic contribution, i.e. the MS diffusion coefficient, appears for benzene + methanol, followed by benzene + ethanol, which is also slightly larger than that of benzene + 2propanol (see Fig. 2(a)). The same order was observed for the self-diffusion coefficient of the pure alcohols, which also decreases from methanol over ethanol to 2-propanol. The nonideal composition dependence of the MS diffusion coefficient is a consequence of the hydrogen bonding behavior of the alcohols. The formation of clusters causes a correlated propagation of molecules. This leads to signicant contributions of velocity correlations between unlike molecules, 12,14,30 which are considered MS diffusion coefficient sampling (see the ESI †). The thermodynamic factor exhibits the converse order: benzene mixed with methanol is the most non-ideal with the smallest thermodynamic factor, followed by ethanol and 2-propanol. Multiplying these two contributions leads to a similar Fick diffusion coefficient over a wide composition range of the three binary mixtures. Building on this understanding, we further demonstrate that a similar interplay between kinetic and thermodynamic Paper contributions is responsible for the independence of D 11 of the alcohol type for ternary mixtures of benzene and acetone with methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol. It follows from eqn (3) that D 11 ¼ D 11 G 11 + D 12 G 21 . Molecular simulation data show that the rst term dominates the sum, while the second term is negligibly small. The kinetic D 11 and thermodynamic G 11 contributions of the rst term are depicted in Fig. 2(b) and (d). Indeed, as in the binary case, methanol exhibits the highest kinetic and the lowest thermodynamic contribution, providing that the product D 11 G 11 is the same for all considered types of alcohol. It can thus be concluded that the interplay between kinetics and thermodynamics leads to similar binary and ternary diffusion coefficients for mixtures of benzene and acetone with methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol. To examine the clustering behavior of the alcohols in the ternary mixtures, hydrogen bonding statistics were sampled using molecular simulations on the basis of geometric criteria 31 (see Fig. 3). Most of the alcohol molecules are bonded to dimers and trimers within the ternary mixtures. The fractions of monomers, dimers, trimers and tetramers are almost identical for all three alcohols. An important remaining question is whether the quantitative similarity of the binary and ternary diffusion coefficients can also relate to the second main Fick diffusion coefficient of the studied ternary mixtures. The diffusion coefficient D 22 , characterizing the diffusive ux of acetone under its own mole fraction gradient, is shown in Fig. 4(a). The presence of benzene affects D 22 , resulting in a less steep increase of that coefficient with higher acetone content. On average, D 22 is 1.5 to 2 times larger than D 11 , which is in agreement with the twice as large self-diffusion coefficient of acetone compared to that of benzene. D 22 is fairly similar for ethanol and 2-propanol and noticeably higher for methanol. The binary diffusion coefficient of acetone + alcohol, shown in Fig. 3(b), resembles the behavior of D 22 in the ternary mixtures. As in the preceding discussion of D 11 and the corresponding binary subsystems, we decomposed the diffusion coefficient D 22 ¼ D 21 G 12 + D 22 G 22 into its kinetic and thermodynamic contributions. Molecular simulation data show that the cross term D 21 G 12 is again negligibly small. The kinetic contributions for the ternary D 22 as well as for the binary Đ (acetone + alcohol) mixtures are identical in the case of ethanol and 2-propanol, but much larger in the case of methanol. However, here the thermodynamic contributions for mixtures with methanol (G 22 and G) cannot compensate for the large kinetic values. Separate analysis of kinetics and thermodynamics is a novel way for understanding diffusion.
We may thus draw the conclusion that for the liquid ternary mixtures benzene + acetone + alcohol, the qualitative behavior of the main coefficients D 11 and D 22 can directly be related to the binary subsystems, including the inuence of contained alcohols on the composition dependent diffusion coefficients.
An important feature of ternary diffusion are the cross effects that cannot be related to binary behavior. As is oen the case, the two cross coefficients of the studied ternary mixtures are signicantly smaller than the main ones. The cross coefficient (2) +alcohol (3) at a constant benzene mole fraction x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 from experiment (triangles) and MD simulation combined with the Wilson g E model (circles). Both data sets were sampled at the same compositions, but are slightly shifted in the plot for visibility reasons. Bottom: The binary Fick diffusion coefficient of the subsystems acetone + alcohol and acetone + benzene. Most of the binary experimental data were taken from the literature. 20,24,25 of benzene D 12 , relating the ux of benzene to the mole fraction gradient of acetone, has mostly small negative values for all three ternary mixtures, except for small alcohol concentrations in the mixture with methanol, where it is positive. The second cross coefficient of acetone D 21 must be zero at the limit x 2 / 0, which is conrmed by the trend of the data. At the other limit x 3 / 0, the coefficients are positive and increasing towards the limit of diluted alcohol, with the highest values in the mixture with methanol and the lowest for 2-propanol.
In contrast to the individual elements of the Fick diffusion coefficient matrix, the eigenvalues of the matrix do not depend on the reference frame or on the order of components. Furthermore, a constraint imposed by the second law of thermodynamics is that the eigenvalues of the Fick diffusion coef-cient matrix must be real and positive for a thermodynamically stable mixture. The eigenvalues of the diffusion matrix obtained by experiment and simulation full these specications. They show the same variation with composition and dependence on the type of alcohol, which was already observed for the main elements of the diffusion matrix (see Fig. 5). The larger eigenvalue D 1 increases with acetone content and shows higher values in the ternary mixture with methanol, while it is slightly lower for ethanol and 2-propanol. This correlates with the behavior of D 22 . The smaller eigenvalue D 2 , like the main coef-cient D 11 , is independent of the type of alcohol for the three studied ternary mixtures.
Fick diffusion coefficients of three different ternary mixtures, i.e. benzene + acetone + methanol/ethanol/2propanol, were analyzed. Two complementary approaches were utilized to obtain reliable data, experiments and molecular simulation. We identied an important feature of this class of mixture (an aromatic, a ketone and an alcohol): namely that one of the main diffusion coefficients D 11 , where D 11 < D 22 , and the smaller eigenvalue D 2 are independent of the alcohol type along the studied composition path. This insight was reected in another nding that the Fick diffusion coefficient of the binary benzene + alcohol subsystems also does not depend on the alcohol type. The underlying mechanism of this unusual behavior was explained by separately considering the kinetic and thermodynamic contributions to the diffusion coefficients. The results presented here provide a promising framework for future systematic investigations into the important and challenging problem of diffusion in multicomponent liquid mixtures. In order to provide a more substantial understanding of phenomena occurring in multicomponent mixtures, the present study can be continued and extended by replacing one main component of the ternary mixture, e.g. benzene, with another aromatic substance, e.g. toluene.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conicts to declare.
Fig. 2
2(a) The Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficient Đ of the three binary mixtures benzene + alcohol, (b) the phenomenological coefficient D 11 of the ternary mixtures from MD simulation, (c) the thermodynamic factor G of the three binary mixtures and (d) the thermodynamic factor G 11 of the ternary mixtures from the Wilson g E model. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 RSC Adv., 2018, 8, 10017-10022 | 10019
Fig. 3
3Hydrogen bonding statistics obtained from MD simulation in the three ternary mixtures benzene + acetone + alcohol, i.e. methanol (red), ethanol (blue) and 2-propanol (green), at a constant benzene mole fraction x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 .
Fig. 4
4Top: The main Fick diffusion coefficient (molar reference frame) of acetone D 22 in the three ternary mixtures benzene (1) + acetone
Fig. 5
5Eigenvalues of the Fick diffusion coefficient matrix of the three ternary mixtures benzene (1) + acetone (2) + alcohol (3) at a constant benzene mole fraction x 1 ¼ 0.33 mol mol À1 from experiment (triangles) and MD simulation combined with the Wilson g E model (circles).
Table 1
1Pure component properties. The density and self-diffusion coefficient were obtained from MD simulation at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The number in parentheses indicates the statistical uncertainty in the last digit M (g mol À1 ) r (mol l À1 ) r m (g l À1 ) D 0 10 À9 (m 2 s À1 )Benzene
78.11
11.147 (2)
870.6 (1)
2.226 (4)
Acetone
58.08
13.536 (3)
786.2 (2)
4.538 (8)
Methanol
32.04
24.541 (6)
786.3 (2)
2.449 (6)
Ethanol
46.07
17.132 (4)
789.3 (2)
0.974 (3)
2-Propanol 60.10
12.803 (1)
769.5 (1)
0.604 (7)
AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge nancial support from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinscha (grant VR 6/11-1) and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (PRODEX program). The simulations were carried out on the national supercomputer Hazel Hen at the High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart within the project MMHBF2.
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| General method for prediction of thermal conductivity for well-characterized hydrocarbon mixtures and fuels up to extreme conditions using entropy scaling | 314 | Abstract A regularized system of equations describing a flow of isothermal two-component mixture with diffuse interface is studied. The equation of energy balance and its corollary, i.e., the law of non-increasing of the total energy are derived under general assumptions on the Helmholtz free energy of the mixture. Necessary and sufficient conditions for linearized stability of constant solutions are obtained (in particular case). A difference approximation of the problem is constructed in the two-dimensional periodic case on a nonuniform rectangular grid. The results of numerical experiments demonstrate a qualitative well-posedness of the problem and the applicability of the criterion of linearized stabilization in the original nonlinear formulation. | We study the weak solvability of a nonlinearly coupled system of parabolic and pseudo-parabolic equations describing the interplay between mechanics, chemical reactions, diffusion and flow in a mixture theory framework. Our approach relies on suitable discrete-in-time energy-like estimates and discrete Gronwall inequalities. In selected parameter regimes, these estimates ensure the convergence of the Rothe method for the discretized partial differential equations. | We present and analyze a discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical modelling of the non-linear fully-coupled thermo-poroelastic problem. For the spatial discretization, we design a high-order discontinuous Galerkin method on polygonal and polyhedral grids based on a novel four-field formulation of the problem. To handle the non-linear convective transport term in the energy conservation equation we adopt a fixed-point linearization strategy. We perform a robust stability analysis for the linearized semi-discrete problem under mild requirements on the problem data. A priori hp-version error estimates in suitable energy norms are also derived. A complete set of numerical simulations is presented in order to validate the theoretical analysis, to inspect numerically the robustness properties, and to test the capability of the proposed method in a practical scenario inspired by a geothermal problem. | This paper deals with the linear theory of isotropic micropolar thermoviscoelastic materials. When the dissipation is positive definite, we present two uniqueness theorems. The first one requires the extra assumption that some coupling terms vanish; in this case, the instability of solutions is also proved. When the internal energy and the dissipation are both positive definite, we prove the well-posedness of the problem and the analyticity of the solutions. Exponential decay and impossibility of localization are corollaries of the analyticity. | This paper develops an input-to-state stability (ISS) analysis of the Stefan problem with respect to an unknown heat loss. The Stefan problem represents a liquid-solid phase change phenomenon which describes the time evolution of a material's temperature profile and the liquid-solid interface position. First, we introduce the one-phase Stefan problem with a heat loss at the interface by modeling the dynamics of the liquid temperature and the interface position. We focus on the closed-loop system under the control law proposed in [16] that is designed to stabilize the interface position at a desired position for the one-phase Stefan problem without the heat loss. The problem is modeled by a 1-D diffusion Partial Differential Equation (PDE) defined on a time-varying spatial domain described by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) with a time-varying disturbance. The well-posedness and some positivity conditions of the closed-loop system are proved based on an open-loop analysis. The closed-loop system with the designed control law satisfies an estimate of L 2 norm in a sense of ISS with respect to the unknown heat loss. The similar manner is employed to the two-phase Stefan problem with the heat loss at the boundary of the solid phase under the control law proposed in[25], from which we deduce an analogous result for ISS analysis. | A Theory of Fluid Mixtures with Dynamic Interaction : 1. Basic Equations in Conservative Cases | A Thermodynamic Description of Coupled Flow and Diffusion in a Viscoelastic Binary Mixture | The steady heat-conduction differential simultaneous equations of multicomposite plate with nonuniform generation are solved by the superposition principle.The temperature distribution and the heat-flow rate distribution have been obtained in this paper. | Approach the relation of vapour-liquid equilibrium of two components homogeneous mixtures on distillation |
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We don’t have many expectations for you! We’re excited to explore this online world together. 22M will be managing all communication at first. Reddit chat preferred. Message us your favorite season and why to let us know you’ve read our entire post. | 315 | Ha. So you made it in here. Guess I'll tell you what I want then. I'm looking for a woman that's willing to trade some photos back and forth, I'm open for a rp, and maybe if your awesome a special request? About me, I'm 23, scandinavian and quite fit/athletic; I love music, sports, hiking. . Generally an active guy. I'd love if we connected over something other then a dick, but hey I'm flexible ... Up for both short and long term. . Come say hello? Kik is mhmm_21 | [28][M4F][kik][serious][NSFW][lavendersofa] Large Dragon looking for any girls wanting a gym partner | [18][MM4M][Casual][cjnhgcyhg1][Kik]Looking for a guy to rp as a delivery boy for me and my new mate ^^ | 20 [KIK] Looking For a Long-term Jerking Partner on Kik! | 21[F4F] [Melbourne/Online] shy, inexperienced sub looking for a dominant woman to explore kinks with | (NSFW) (18+) Looking for female or male long term writing partner! | Seeking female in 209 for a gangbang guys are ready | 25 [F4M] Looking for only real fit muscular guy face and sex cam on Skype | [21][H4F/FB][Casual][NSFW][kik: ThickCowMomma] Bovine/centaur herm looking for ladies that went to be bred, inflated and knocked up~ Possibly find a mate too |
316 | Quality‐oriented teamwork resolves aerospace manufacturer's critical path tooling crisis | Let’s say you’re a rank and file engineer in a particular department at a manufacturing company. You have regular and intricate processes that require input from several groups before the process can be completed (new product introductions, hand off from design to manufacturing, new manufacturing tools, etc). Here’s the rub, the departments are extremely silo’ed, and your worksite does not have the budget to purchase an out of the box BPM suite. And you currently communicate with members of other departments only through email, Skype, etc. And the number of meetings to address typical manufacturing issues is increasing which is taking time away from everyone’s ability to work. If you could, what methodologies or systems would you try to implement to resolve the communications problems? | This study presents an analysis of the benefits of two team structures - quality circles and self-managing work groups - for Australian work organizations utilizing the Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey for 1995. The analysis indicates that firms with team structures have higher labor productivity, a flatter management structure and reduced employee turnover. The presence of team structures in Australian firms indicates a decrease in industrial harmony. The findings were inconclusive regarding absenteeism and profitability. | Reports on the Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) Conference of April 1994. Manchester United is cited as a model for team building and CQI. The practice of teamwork, with commitment from top management, was a recurring theme. CQI means keeping fresh, investing new concepts and new methods of quality systems. It requires total commitment from the entire organization and putting trust in the workforce. | Critical Success Factors for Implementing Quality Engineering Tools and Techniques in Malaysian’s and Indonesian’s Automotive Industries: An Exploratory Study | Design teams are becoming increasingly prominent because of the increasing complexity of urban planning and development. The team should be tailored to the special problems of each project and each community. The team may include civil engieers, planners, architects, attorneys, sociologists, ecologists, landscape architects, demographers, and others. Systems analysis and the multidisciplinary design team approach show promise of optimizing decision-making. Civil engineers know their own discipline well. More intensive effort is needed to understand the broader problems, the skills and techniques of others, and the interrelationship of the team members. The extent to which civil engineers understand and contribute to the solution of the human problems in the creation of urban facilities, is the extent to which they will be leaders in the revitalization of our cities. | Critical Chain Project Management Improves Project Performance | Current literature on flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) shows that FMS can facilitate the progress toward enterprise integration. It has been reported in many studies that FMS makes the transition to agility faster and easier. In addition, FMS can impact almost every process at the operational level. In this paper, we examine how the intensity of FMS affects some aspects of quality management, an issue that has not been fully addressed in the literature. The data used for this study were collected from five industries in the USA. These are: aerospace; electronics; industrial and farm equipment; metal product; and motor vehicle and parts. The findings of this study indicate that FMS users differ in most of their quality management practices from the non-users. The implications of this study are useful for both academics and practitioners. | Argues, with evidence from a number of related studies, that in order to effectively manage quality in the construction project environment, firms need two things. First, externally orientated, flexible, quality improvement systems are required. Second, firms need a targeted approach to investing in key stable relationships in the supply network of which they are a part. | 316 | Faced with the loss of a supply of essential aircraft parts, an aerospace manufacturer took rapid steps to clarify and communicate the problem and organize a cross-functional team of experts to address it. Working within a quality-focused framework, they brainstormed a number of viable options and then systematically reviewed each to identify the one that would meet all production, cost, scheduling, and customer service requirements, while keeping all stakeholders abreast of developments. In the end, they redesigned critical processes so that the parts supply operation could be transferred to a local site at modest cost, thus ensuring uninterrupted production and the attainment of the company's financial and quality objectives. For its efforts, the team earned an International Team Excellence silver-level award from the American Society for Quality in 2010. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | Lean assemble-to-order manufacturing at Ericsson | This is a case study that investigates the extent to which the seven basic quality tools are used to effect improvements in quality and production processes at a battery manufacturing company in Southern Africa, hereafter referred to as Company B. The company manufactures lead acid batteries for the manufacturing, mining and automotive sector. The study is a case study conducted at one of the branches of the company and it analysesdepartments and processes where these tools find application. It also looks at the scope of application and the logical approach followed in identifying the causes of quality problems. Quality and process improvements derived from the use of the tools were discussed. The study revealed that the tools are applied throughout the company from sourcing of raw materials to the delivery of finished products. Benefits enjoyed by Company B include low rejects and reworks, better customer/supplier relationships and teamwork within the company workers. Although Company B enjoys these benefits, it experiences challenges in applying the tools in a structured manner. | OLPC parts shortage manageable, says maker | Quality construction and materials. | Changing Distribution of American Motor-Vehicle-Parts Suppliers | Production planners today must simultaneously face with the time and quality demands of various goods externally and meet limited capacity internally. This study presents a two-stage delayed-differentiation multiproduct model that considers the outsourcing options for common parts, overtime strategy for end products, and quality reassurance to assist in making fabrication runtime decisions that are cost-effective. Stage one produces all necessary common intermediate components for end products. To reduce stage one's utilization/uptime, this study adopts a partial outsourcing option. Stage two uses an overtime strategy to fabricate end products that further shorten the uptime. The production processes in both phases are assumed to be imperfect. This study employs the reworking/scrapping of random faulty items to reassure product quality. The researchers build a model to depict the proposed problem's characteristics and used the mathematical modeling, analysis, and optimization approach to determine the best rotation cycle length that minimizes the system's expenses. Further, in this study, the researchers provide sensitivity analyses and a numerical illustration, which validate the result's applicability and exhibit its capability. This result contributes to practical multiproduct-fabrication by (1) deriving the optimal manufacturing policy for a delayed-differentiation multiproduct system with dual uptime reduction policies and quality reassurance; and (2) offering a decisional model that allows production planners to explore the collective/separate effect of a quality-ensured and dual uptime reduction strategy on a problem's operating policy and crucial system performance indicators, which assists in cost-effective decision-making. 144 environments. Seth and Panigrahi (2015) used a case study to investigate the effect of packaging postponement policy on response time reduction in supply chains. Their results demonstrated that the strategy of packaging postponement could improve product proliferation, order response time, and competitive advantage through empirical evaluation of real data. Additional works (Jabbarzadeh et al., 2019;Cerdá et al., 2020;Chakraborty et al., 2020;Chiu et al., 2020a)explored the influence of diverse delayed-differentiation or postponement strategies on manufacturing firms, corporation management, and various supply-chain systems. To produce nonconforming products is inevitable in real manufacturing environments. Production managers are responsible for identifying and reworking/scrapping these faulty items to reassure the client's expected quality. Kim et al. (2000) examined a repairable-item multi-echelon system with spares. The researchers proposed an optimal algorithm to determine the spare stock level for the proposed problem and demonstrated their algorithm with several examples that have various sizes. Roy et al.(2009)considered a deterministic single-product fabricationremanufacturing system in a fuzzy environment. Both used-products from the clients and the defective-items from the fabrication process are collected and remanufactured. Upon accomplished the remanufactured items, they are treated as acceptable/ fresh stocks to meet the client's requirements. The fuzzy defective production function was assumed and analyzed to derive the total profit of the problem. A few particular situations were examined to validate the results. Sonntag and Kiesmüller (2018) examined a stochastic-demand stock replenishing system with random yield and reworking/disposing of the faulty products. To cope with the stochastic client orders, the authors proposed an optimization model to facilitate production planners' decision making on rework or disposal of the defective items. Additional works(Arun et al., 2019;Larkin & Privalov, 2019; Jimmy et al., 2020; Mabude et al., 2020; Uniyal et al., 2020) also investigated the impact of various product quality issues on manufacturing systems, fabrication planning, and supply-chain systems.To effectively reduce stage one's uptime/utilization for the common components effectively, this study adopts a partial outsourcing option. Kamien et al. (1989) proposed a two-stage game approach to explore the impact of outsourcing production on the rival's competition for a contract or a market. In stage one, the researchers studied the battle of a contract/market price. In stage two, they examine the effect of situations of possible subcontracting of each other's production on their competition. Different scenarios of winner and loser in-between stages were assumed and investigated to obtain the managerial insights on the subcontracting and bargaining influence on the firms. Van Mieghem (1999) analyzed a competitive investment game considering outsourcing to improve a firm's financial performance and enhance its system coordination. Two parties, namely the producer and outsourcer, were involved in meeting their uncertain demands, fabrication, and sales with their capacity investments levels. The authors examined three distinct subcontracting scenarios in terms of price and variable contractcontents to explore the effect of variations in subcontracting investment scenarios on a manufacturer's cost, production, and profit. Nachiappan et al. (2008) examined a single-producer multi-customers vendor-managed stock system considering outsourcing, focusing on the effect of customers' selling price and producer's offering prices on the proposed supply-chain system. The authors used a mathematical model and a genetic algorithm to resolve this mixed-integer nonlinear problem's optimal sales that maximize the overall profits. Kenyon et al. (2016) studied outsourcing fabrication's impact on a company's production cycle length, lead times, shipment, machine operating effectiveness, client loyalty, and overall performance. The authors analyzed data from various industries' manufacturers to explore the effect of subcontracting fabrication on the firms' operational performance. Their results indicated that fabrication subcontracting decreases substantially on-time delivery and operating machine effectiveness, but it negatively impacts client loyalty. Chiu et al.(2021)built a decision model and employed differential calculus to derive the optimal rotation cycle for a batch multi-item manufacturing problem with delayeddifferentiation, quality assurance, and outsourcing. Recent works(Akkermans et al., 2019;Chiu et al., 2019a,b; Hamers et al., 2019; Chiu et al., 2020b,c; Jha et al., 2020) also studied the impact of different outsourcing strategies on manufacturing firms, corporation management, and various supply-chain systems. Furthermore, this study adopts an overtime strategy to increase stage two's output rate and reduce uptime for fabricating end products. Dellaer and Melo (1998) studied a make-to-order single-product lot-size problem considering stochastic demand, promised order delivery date, backordering, and overtime plan. Four distinct strategies, including three relating to (s, S) and (R, S) policies, were examined for these make-to-stock problems to decide each lot-size discipline's performance. Jirjahn (2008) conducted empirical evaluations from German manufacturers' data to explore the elements of overtime and shift work and overtime. The findings of important determinates included (1) the type of tasks, (2) technology, (3) managerial environment, (4) industrial relations, and (5) workforce structure. The researcher concluded that although the similarities exist in most manufacturers' determinants, the differences between shift work and overtime estimations remain. Jaramillo and Erkoc (2017) examined single-resource finite-number-jobs operations under due dates, a regular preempted mode, and limited overtime capacity to minimize their average tardiness and overall overtime costs. A three-stage approach was proposed to achieve the objective. First, the researchers considered a heuristic according to priority discipline and without overtime usage. The second stage incurred overtime option to reduce workload but keep jobs' tardiness unchanged. The last stage considered overtime minimization with possible changing the jobs' tardiness. The researchers compared their heuristics' performance and validated their approach's efficiency with the mixed-integer programming method. Recent works(Aouam & Kumar, 2019;Lin et al., 2019; Mojeed et al., 2019; Kikuchi et al., 2020; Ouaddi et al., 2020) also investigated the effect of various overtime strategies on corporation management, manufacturing firms, and different supply-chain systems. This study extends Chiu et al.'s (2021) work by implementing an overtime strategy for end product fabrication to reduce stage two's manufacturing uptime further. Since few past research has relating to building a decision model to explicitly explore the impact of dual uptime-reduction strategy and quality reassurance on a delayed-differentiation multiproduct manufacturing system, we would like to fill the research gap. . Minimizing total weighted tardiness and overtime costs for single machine preemptive scheduling. | Good Manufacturing Practices—Steps to Improve Quality | Examination the Impact of Total Quality Management Practices in Achieving Strategic Agility: Applied Study on the Jordanian Private Hospitals |
317 | Roscato Rosso Dolce vs Gold? | Have the coins to do Moments Socratis. Is he any better than TOTS Zlatan?
Statwise they are quite similar. Also same hight more or less. 1 million coins difference worth it? | Recently got a niangolan, is he better than any of the 3 mentioned above? ( probably better than asensio but I like him anyways ) | He is one of the best strikers! Maybe he will win the Golden ball if he has luck but it would be a big race... | Hi guys!
I have one gold player for 3 times. For who should I go? Do I need other RB as I already have Nacho/Vrsaljko/Cancelo? I was thinking about Carvajal. Thanks! | So I've been trying out Tots Barzagli and I really don't like him...I'm thinking of getting iMotm Bonucci. Anyone used both? How would you rate em? | have RAMOS, KOULIBALI, MARQUINOS, CHIELLINI, BARESI and UMTITI. Who should I pair? | Di Stefano is at his highest Point of his career. His rendition of the role has a lirico-spinto approach with some dramatic accents. Compared with other Enzo Grimaldo on DECCA ,Di Stefano is much better than Del monaco(too much othello-style) and Bergonzi. | once polanco gets called up, would you rather own him or tavares for this year only? | 317 | Has anyone tried the two? Just found the Gold and wondering how they compare | MUCH better than the gold version (and after some research I ... | The gold charm is good. For a graduate who has nothing to compare ... | Good flavor excruciating heat i will definitely buy the gold ... | these work very well together. recomend for gold prospecting ... | what is the gold equivalent of spdr gold | Is it worth getting doomfists gold fist now? | The only Gold ABS I have seen that looks good and won't break the bank too much is the ... | I bought the Rose Gold and was very happy with it at first |
318 | on which label did thelonious monk work | Thelonious Monk combined a highly percussive attack with abrupt, dramatic use of switched key releases, silences, and hesitations. His style was not universally appreciated; the poet and jazz critic Philip Larkin dismissed him as "the elephant on the keyboard". Monk was renowned for a distinct look which included suits, hats, and sunglasses. He was also noted for an idiosyncratic habit during performances: while other musicians continued playing, Monk stopped, stood up, and danced for a few moments before returning to the piano. Monk is one of five jazz musicians to have been featured on the cover of "Time" magazine. The others are | Monkonosaurus Monkonosaurus (meaning "Monkon lizard") is a dubious genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian stage, around 150-155 million years ago) of Tibet (and the cretaceous Lura Formation in China). Other sources place it to Oxfordian - Albian stages (163 - 100 mya). The genus was formalized by Zhao Xijin in 1986. The generic name refers to Markam County, also known as "Monko". Zhao at the time gave neither a description, meaning the name remained a "nomen nudum", nor a specific name. The latter was provided in 1986 when the type species "Monkonosaurus lawulacus" was named, the | New Monkees New Monkees was the name of both a U.S. pop rock music group, and a 1987 syndicated television show featuring the group. The 20th anniversary of "The Monkees" in 1986 generated enough interest that "New Monkees" was conceived later that year, and launched the following year. The show, a remake of "The Monkees", was produced by Columbia Pictures Television and distributed by Coca-Cola Telecommunications (both are now Sony Pictures Television). Straybert Productions, headed by Steve Blauner (a former partner of original Monkees producers Robert Rafelson and Bert Schneider), served as the project's producers. The group's members were Jared | The Monkees the Artful Dodger in the Broadway theatre show "Oliver!", which debuted on December 17, 1962, and his performance was later seen on "The Ed Sullivan Show" the same night as the Beatles' first appearance on that show, February 9, 1964. He was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical in 1963. In September 1964 he was signed to a long-term contract to appear in TV programs for Screen Gems, make feature films for Columbia Pictures and to record music for the Colpix label. Rafelson and Schneider already had him in mind for their project after | Frederick Monk may refer to:
Frederick Arthur Monk (1884–1954), Quebec politician
Frederick Debartzch Monk (1856–1914), Canadian lawyer and politician | Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album) playing they felt was out of place with the quartet. The album was remastered and reissued in 1989 and 2012 by Original Jazz Classics, and has since received retrospective acclaim from critics, some of whom viewed Griffin's playing as the record's highlight. In 1951, Thelonious Monk was convicted of narcotics possession after refusing to betray his friend and pianist Bud Powell to the police; a police search of the car belonging to Powell's female companion had discovered his glassine envelope of heroin laying beside Monk's feet. The conviction resulted in the suspension of Monk's cabaret card, the permit required by | the mixing of the Monkees' pop music with the Goodtimers' R&B approach. Toward the end of the tour, some dates were canceled due to poor ticket sales, and the tour failed to re-establish the band commercially, with no single entering the Top 40 in 1969. Dolenz remarked that the tour "was like kicking a dead horse. The phenomenon had peaked." On April 14, 1970, Nesmith joined Dolenz and Jones for the last time as part of the original incarnation of the Monkees to film a Kool-Aid commercial (with the then-newly introduced Nerf balls, thrown around a mock living room by | Raybert Productions get the chance to produce a pilot episode for a television series. Adapting what they saw in the Beatles' movies "A Hard Day's Night" and "Help!", and throwing in ideas of their own, Schneider and Rafelson developed "The Monkees" as the misadventures of an as-yet undiscovered rock band, with songs by the (originally) fictional band as soundtrack music, and as a tie-in for promotion and merchandising. The original edit of their pilot episode (filmed late in 1965, with music provided by Boyce and Hart) rated poorly with a test audience, but a re-edit scored one of the highest ratings ever, | 318 | Thelonious Monk Trio Thelonious Monk Trio is an album by American jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk. It was originally released in 1954 as Monk's first proper studio album and has been re-released numerous times, occasionally under the title Monk's Moods and with different track orders. The album features his earliest recordings for the Prestige label performed with bassist Gary Mapp (originally credited as "Gerry Mapp"), either Art Blakey or Max Roach on drums, and one track with Percy Heath replacing Mapp. It also contains the earliest recorded versions of the jazz standards "Blue Monk" and "Bemsha Swing". "Thelonious Monk | what style of jazz did thelonious monk play | Thelonious Monk Trio | what was the name of thelonious monk's 1968 album | where did thelonious monk and john coltrane meet in 1957 | when did thelonious monk first play with john coltrane | who produced thelonious monk quartet at carnegie hall | who played guitar solo on the monkees theme song | when did the soundtrack for monk come out |
319 | What units to prioritize when magnetizing? | When we measure any quantity it is important to define the units that we use. If other workers are to use the results of our measurements it is essential that they know how to convert our units into their preferred units. It is convenient if they use the same units, especially if everyone uses the same set of units, universally defined and agreed. This is not the case in magnetism as, for example, the two feature articles in this issue of Physics World illustrate. The article on giant magnetoresistance (p34) uses oersteds for the magnetic field, whilst the author writing about nanocrystalline magnets prefers tesla (p40). | Why is it better to focus on a certain composition of units when we could possibly have an equal amount of each? I don’t really understand the reasoning behind the focus. | The strength of an electromagnet is measured using whtat units? | The strength of an electromagnet is measured using whtat units? | What units do you use for magnitude? | Where on magnet is magnetic field the strongest? | What are the units used for a triple-beam balance? | instance, a higher number does not necessarily indicate a stronger magnet.) These classification numbers, while still in use, have been deprecated in favor of a new system by the MMPA, which designates Alnico magnets based on maximum energy product in megagauss-oersteds and intrinsic coercive force as kilooersteds, as well as an IEC classification system. Alnico magnets are produced by casting or sintering processes. Anisotropic alnico magnets are oriented by heating above a critical temperature and cooling in the presence of a magnetic field. Both isotropic and anisotropic alnico require proper heat treatment to develop optimal magnetic properties—without it alnico's coercivity | 319 | Hi!
Just took my first step into WH40K and picked up a Start Collecting Craftworlds box.
Read about magnetizing and had already went and magnetized the 5x wraith guards and halfway through the magnetizing of the wraithlord.
However, I found that some weapons (especially the wrist mounted ones) do not look very good with magnets drilled into them.
Do you guys have any units that you would magnetize due to the frequency of changing their loadouts? Or are there any units that will almost always be running a certain loadout?
I'm looking at:
Wraith Guards
Wraithlords
Warwalker
I might be purchasing a couple of wave serpents and dire avengers in the near future.
Thanks for the help! | Wraithguard... What a pain to magnetize! | WTB black mech mod with magnets. | Best gems for the Whirligig? | The Gyrm Great Hammer and Strength Weapons | In honor of Half Life Alyx's release, I'm trying to find out what guns would work best for a Half Life loadout. Are there any that you guys recommend? | I don't have any experience with magnets. Can anyone help me size something that will have enough pull? | This is a pretty set and I'm hoping the magnet will help | May be a day late, but use Void Reduction armor when doing Black Spindle. And an exotic solar sword. |
320 | [QUESTION] can't hear the sound when hammering on a note while playing a chord | My buddy and I were playing and he pulled out the chainsaw, but when he put it away the noise persisted. Whenever I walked by him it was almost ear rape. Even after he put it in a chest or gave it to me it did not solve the issue. This bug also effects the Auger. | I'm a college student living in a rented house, and while it is in very good condition, there is one problem I have with it. While any of the "main water users" (toilets and showers mainly) are running, I hear this constant rhythmic hammering right above the water valve (I live a basement room). | Does anyone else hear a slight high pitch noise coming from the vibration motors in the C40? I can hear it if I listen closely. | The buzzing sounds so bad. It is making me so up set. I am probable going to return it. I can't even play a c chord. N | I'm hearing metallic popping sound coming from the bottom bracket while pedaling and also feeling a click in the pedal as well. It happens on both sides and I've been able to replicate the sound by applying downward pressure on the pedal while the bike is stationary.
It doesn't look like anything is cracked, nor does it really affect the ride but something is definitely up. Any ideas? | Why do your finger make a cracking noise? | I just bought my first upright bass used. I've been having a great time learning to play, but I've noticed that certain notes will buzz. Is this an issue with technique or does it just need a setup?
The buzzing only happens when I'm playing pizz. and not when I'm bowing. | So, I have a Marquis JM 60]( that my grandfather gave to me 16 years ago. Last night, as I was playing, it started to sound ... well... like it was randomly losing volume. Like someone reached up, turned the volume down, and then back up. I was running the guitar through [a metal]( and a [loop pedal. I've never had this happen before... and don't really know what to make of it.
Any advice? | 320 | So when I am playing my acoustic guitar and play a song that uses an open chord as well as hammering at the same time I notice that I can barely hear the sound when I am hammering on the note.
Is there a way to make it sound louder or is it because of my guitar | Is there any way to make the sound of your own guns louder? | Is there any way to make myself louder on Xbox? | Why don't punches make sound? | hammering near someone's thumper is BM? | How do I get more control over my sound? | Do loud sounds travel farther than soft ones? | Louder than filter that came with compressor | Is there a way/technique to mute this rubbing sound of the strings when I move my fingers? (acoustic western guitar) |
321 | when was waterford kamhlaba established in swaziland | Mwambutsa IV Bangiricenge (6 May 1912 – 26 March 1977) was king (mwami) of Burundi who ruled between 1915 and 1966. He succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Mutaga IV Mbikije (reigned 1908–15). Born while Burundi was under German colonial rule, Mwambutsa's reign mostly coincided with Belgian colonial rule (1916–62). The Belgians retained the monarchs of both Rwanda and Burundi under the policy of indirect rule.
Early life and regency
Mwambutsa IV was born Prince Bangiricenge in at Nyabiyogi, chiefdom of Buyenzi, Ruanda-Urundi. He was one of two sons of Mwami (king) Mutaga IV and Ngenzahayo. Like other Burundian kings, he was an ethnic Ganwa. He became king, taking the regnal name Mwambutsa, on 16 December 1915 when he was still an infant following the death of his father in a family dispute. Because of his age, a regency was declared. Several family members, including Queen Mother Ririkumutima, served as regent. At the time of his coronation, Burundi was part of German East Africa but was captured by Belgium in 1916 during the East African campaign in World War I. In 1925, a full regency council was established with Belgian approval.
Mwambutsa underwent a traditional Burundian education until he was about the age of 13. In 1925 the Belgians opened a primary school in Muramvya so he could attend it. Two years later a Roman Catholic mission was established in Bukeye with the goal of further educating the prince and one day converting him to Catholicism. Mwambutsa performance in school was undistinguished and he never converted.
Colonial reign
Mwambutsa became a ruler in his own right on 28 August 1929, when the regency council declared he was of-age for the throne. On 24 December 1930 he married Thérèse Kanyonga, a Tutsi of the Abasine clan. He married her because she was Catholic.
Mwambutsa actively distanced himself from partisan politics, saying on 8 February 1960, "I do not belong to any political party...I do not authorize anyone and no party to claim exclusivity of my patronage or to discredit, in my name, any other party having as its goal the interest of the Barundi." In June 1962, shortly before Urundi's independence, he went on a tour of villages throughout the country to present a speech appealing to residents to commit to hard work and to respect law and order.
Post-independence rule and exile
Urundi became independent as the Kingdom of Burundi on 1 July 1962. Mwambutsa attended ceremonies in Bujumbura to mark the occasion, reviewing troops of the Burundian National Army. He delivered a speech in which he asked Burundians and foreign technicians to "work together in a common effort to make this Burundi a peaceful, hard-working, prosperous, and perfectly happy country."
On 15 December Mwambutsa was made a member of the Order of Pope Pius IX. He met with Pope John XXIII at Vatican City the following day.
On the independence of Burundi, Mwambutsa IV became the head of state of Burundi with far reaching political power. In Rwanda, the monarchy had been overthrown between 1959–62. He attempted to balance ethnic tensions between ethnic Hutu and Tutsi subjects by choosing his Prime Ministers from each ethnic group alternately. In October 1965, Hutu officers attempted a coup d'état against the monarchy. Despite their failure to take power, Mwambutsa fled into exile in the Republic of the Congo, eventually moving to Switzerland. In March 1966 he designated his only surviving son to exercise his powers in the country. Still in exile, Mwambutsa was officially deposed in a second coup d'état and brought his son to power as Ntare V on 8 July 1966. The monarchy was finally abolished altogether in a third coup in November 1966 and its leader, Michel Micombero, came to power as president and dictator. Mwambutsa spent the rest of his life in Switzerland where he died in 1977.
Exhumation
Mwambutsa's remains were exhumed from their burial site in Switzerland in 2012 with a view to repatriating them to Burundi for a state funeral. After a legal battle, however, the remains were re-interred in Switzerland in 2016 in accordance with his family's wishes.
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1912 births
1977 deaths
Burundian kings
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Leaders ousted by a coup
Burundian expatriates in Switzerland
People from Muramvya Province | capital of the kingdom was at Nyanza, in the south of the country. The city of Kigali was founded in 1907 by German administrator and explorer Richard Kandt. Rwanda and neighbouring Burundi had been assigned to Germany by the Berlin Conference of 1884, and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king, Yuhi V Musinga. Kandt arrived in 1899, exploring Lake Kivu and searching for the source of the Nile. When Germany decided in 1907 to separate the administration of Rwanda from that of Burundi, Kandt was appointed as the | Rieschweiler-Mühlbach is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.
References
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Südwestpfalz | Mwaro is a city located in central Burundi. It is the capital city of Mwaro Province.
Populated places in Burundi | Karatara is a town in Knysna Local Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa.
Settlement and forestry station on the Karatara River which flows southwards into Swartvlei. It is situated 5 km west of Barrington and some 40 km northwest of Knysna. It was founded in 1941. The name is of Khoekhoen origin and probably means 'horse hill', after a hillock to the north. Previously the Karatara River was known as the Tsao or Witterivier.
References
Populated places in the Knysna Local Municipality | African military government administered South West Africa. It was assigned to the United Kingdom as a mandate territory by the newly formed League of Nations, and South Africa administered it. Development of the city of Windhoek and the nation later to be known as Namibia came to a virtual standstill. After World War II, Windhoek's development gradually gained momentum, as more capital became available to improve the area's economy. After 1955, large public projects were undertaken, such as the building of new schools and hospitals, tarring of the city's roads (a project begun in 1928 with Kaiser Street), and the | Shalu Monastery Shalu Monastery () is small monastery south of Shigatse in Tibet. Founded in 1040 by Chetsun Sherab Jungnay, for centuries it was renowned as a centre of scholarly learning and psychic training and its mural paintings were considered to be the most ancient and beautiful in Tibet. Shalu was the first of the major monasteries to be built by noble families of the Tsangpa during Tibet's great revival of Buddhism, and was an important center of the Sakya tradition. In 1329 a devastating earthquake demolished the temple of Shalu but was later rebuilt in 1333 by local lords | Raszowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubin, within Lubin County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
History
The village was first mentioned in Old Polish as Rasowa in a 1267 deed, when it was part of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland.
During World War II, the Germans operated a forced labor subcamp of the Stalag VIII-A prisoner-of-war camp in the village.
From 1975–1998 it was located in the former Legnica Voivodeship.
References
Raszowa | 321 | Waterford Kamhlaba founded by a group of teachers, led by the young British teacher Michael Stern, as a multi-racial school in opposition to South Africa's apartheid policies. Stern had previously been head of a school in Johannesburg, but the educational policies of the apartheid government in South Africa drove him from the country to Swaziland where he was determined to create a new school in which students of all races could study together and cooperate in community service. The school was founded in 1963. Land on a hillside near Mbabane had been obtained through a grant from the King of Swaziland, and | who founded waterford kamhlaba school in south africa | who was the founder of strathallan boarding school | when did sam rayburn high school change their mascot | when is the board of asha for education elected | who was the founder of barnard castle school | where did the kampung boy go to boarding school | when did lakeside high school open in de kalb county ga | when was capital high school in bhubaneswar founded |
322 | What works better to lower the freezing point of water? | What is something that can be used to lower the freezing point of water? | Why does sea water has lower freezing point than freshwater? | How can you keep your horses water trough from freezing? | When the air pressure is low does the freezing point decrease? | Do freezing water is endothermic? | Would hot water freeze faster than cold water? | Will frozen salt water freeze faster than fresh water? | What are the freezing and the boiling points for water? | 322 | Which solution would lower the freezing point of water the? | What solution will lower the freezing point of water the most? | Freezing point of chlorine water solution? | does the amount of matter affect the freezing point of water? | Is there anything you can add to water that would raise it's freezing temperature? | What will the presence of a nonvolatile solute to do to the freezing point? | What happens to the level of molecules as water freezes? | What freezes first hot or cold water research? | What will turn to ice faster, warm or cold water? |
323 | [Mod-Post] House Targaryen and Faith Applications | Powerful and hopeful, with a message that calls us to humble, honest reflection. Definitely worth using for Lent or a retreat focused on our call as Christians to live our our faith. | : Congar's Tradition and Traditions is a profound and joyous account of tradition which succeeds in considering tradition as a theological and ecclesial reality. Until the Gregorian reform, on Congar's telling, tradition was understood as an aspect of salvation history, bound up with both scripture and church, and so as a living voice. The relegation of tradition to the maintenance of things once spoken has its final working out in the Reformation, but began earlier. Congar wishes to return to the earlier position, and so argues passionately for a recovery of proper relationships between scripture, tradition and church. Congar's points are profound and important, but a Reformed response, whilst appreciating much good in what he says, will be forced to ask some questions also, notably insisting that in affirming the church's relatedness to Christ, and tradition's relatedness to scripture, the freedom and Lordship of Christ and the freedom and authority of scripture should not be lost. | In this contribution, the nature of ‘Biblical Spirituality’ as an academic discipline is reviewed from a methodological perspective. Two core aspects are indicated: the importance of ancient expressions of faith (spiritualities) in the Bible, and the importance of modern expressions of faith (spiritualities) as they draw on the Bible. Based on this framework, as a first application of such a nature within the field of Biblical Spirituality, the relevant publications of an Old Testament scholar are evaluated; in this case, those of J.H. Eaton. Such an analysis opens an arena for discussion on whether this model of Biblical Spirituality holds promise for wider application. | Pinnock presents an excellent theological work related to the person of the Holy Spirit. His apporoach is clear and mentions the perspective of the early church writters with an interesting point of view. | L'A. critique un ouvrage recent de Jean Porter (Natural and Divine Law : Reclaiming the Tradition for Christian ethics) consacre a la question de la loi naturelle. Porter semble deja pecher dans sa presentation des theories medievales de la loi naturelle, les declarant cavalierement depassees, puis introduit dans l'etude des problemes contemporain (ethique sexuelle) qu'elle entend examiner une dose de relativisme nietzscheen que son critique, thomiste convaincu, ne peut gouter. | This article is part of a research project, Conversations after God . The focus of this article is to reflect on the theory and methodology of practical theology in a post-metaphysical (After God) context. It will be suggested that practical theology can redefine itself as public theology, but specifically as Christology by engaging the public texts within their contexts, but from a Christ-science hermeneutical approach. The proposed approach is a hermeneutical approach where the Christ- Ereignis guides the inner- and inter-textual reading of texts within contexts. This Christ- Ereignis cannot be translated into a science or even a definable philosophy and therefore the logos is crossed out. Christology, as public theology is done from the margins of the dominant discourses and therefore it could be seen as a Christology from the margins of the market to create spaces of kingdom life: life in fullness. | author: fj2010]( (**1 years**) ``|`` author karma: **91**/**3315** ``|`` [original story's comments]( ``|`` [flag
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What's going on here?
These are photocopies my son brought home for homework. Thought I'd see if anyone else here is aware of Christian-ish homework books that get sneaked into secular schools. Please note this is regular homework, **not** part of the religious instruction some schools (are forced to) offer.
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*Met criteria: ups>4 and score>3* | Hey guys, I have an idea that others may benefit from as well (mods, let me know if you have any issues with this). I have been writing some “open letters” to people or systems that contributed to my religious trauma and plan to post some of them here. I’d like to invite you to post yours here as well, as I think speaking up for ourselves may be really healing (and cathartic). We don’t have to send the letters and we can disguise details for anonymity. If you just give your post a title “Open letter to…” they will be easy for people to find. The first one I’ll post will be to Lysa TerKeurst, who played a horrifically powerful role in my identity development. Then, I’ll probably post a letter to my former youth pastor. Feel free to write your own and/or ask questions. Let me know your thoughts - would you guys like to do this? | 323 | First, the mod team would like to thank /u/Rammy_Yawn and /u/GochCymru for their times as House Targaryen and The Faith. We wish you two the best in whatever you decide to do next!
We are now accepting applications for House Targaryen of Dragonstone and the Faith!
Applications will remain open for at least 48 hours. As a reminder, placeholder comments and any joke/non-application comments will be removed.
Please answer the following questions in your application:
* What inspires/interests you about this claim?
* What qualifies you as a player to lead a kingdom in this game?
* How equipped are you to take a leadership role not only in-character, but also in the community and the specific region, and what will you do to improve the environment there?
* Sample lore of the House is optional | Need help with organizing my Kingdom | Starting a new ministry: input please. | Blueprint for youth ministry! | Advice for Dragons of Tarkir Draft for a Newbie? | Everything you need to get started with tarot and more | What Would You Do? Lich Edition | Advice for starting Christian Fellowship Club at my school? | How do i get my heir elected in another kingdom? |
324 | Question re: "Warcry" - Does it also buff you or just your team mates? | Tl;dr do you think blizzard will make changes to disable any world buffs, or will WarcraftLogs decide?
Assuming blizzard does few changes for TBC, there are still a few world buffs available to players (though much less impactful compared to now)— to my knowledge the world buff removal in raids is custom to some private servers but there’s conflicting information about this.
To name a few: Hellscream’s Warsong, Songflower (tho more tedious), Darkmoon Faire, Silithyst, and a few TBC/Classic mind control buffs
I don’t see the culture changing of people wanting to get the most out of their character. If Blizzard don’t disable all of these in raids, another possible outcome is WarcraftLogs invalidating any run posted with these buffs (which they did recently with Silithyst).
What do you think will happen?
*edit: To be clear, I’m referring to world buffs *other than* Rallying Cry, ZG, and DMT which were patched during TBC to not work for level 70s. | Tactical captain of a battlecruiser here,
Recently I decided to branch out for fun (and because I just finished voyager, wanted an intrepid bad) and I was having fun with my first science ship. Decided to run TFO and realised "WOW, my damage is tribble droppings!" so I decided to refocus my new sci-ship into a buff/repair boat. I got too into it and pretty much forgot to actually shoot anything while trying to keep up with faster than light escort vessels. Come to the end and realise I got an afk ban. I found out you get afk'ed if you don't do a minimum percentage of damage, which is kinda making me regret grabbing the intrepid. My question is does this happen often to buff-focused captains or do I just need to adapt to my first sci-ship? | Sven wins out in stat gain and armor. Sven stun is aoe vs single target and also gets greater benefits from coodown talents, dispel talents, and aghs upgrade. Svens farming steroid has 100% uptime vs WKs 2-3 minute cool down as skeletons stacks are replenished. WKs skeletons might also go in the wrong direction and be totally useless or stutter step between camps resulting in inefficiency. Warcry can contribute more sustain and kill potential than vampiric aura. Sven doesn’t need a second life when he has the ability to kill the enemy in a few hits. I’m not saying that WK needs buffs but Sven is probably way too strong. | After playing a few days I have some questions:
(I am playing with sisters just incase it matters)
1) How do you kill a Rat Ogre? Apart from tanking it with your own impressive and hope rest of the team can swarm it without getting stopped by rest of the rat units.
2) What decides if opposing faction gets an impressive in their warband? Is it like if you have an impressive unit, the enemy will also have it? Or completely random? Then again if it is completely random how can you beat an enemy warband with impressive while you dont have one?
(Please discard BUG abusing here, like the unit gets stucked somewhere etc. )
3) Map definition says one team gathers around its cart while other deploys patrols etc. Is it random? How do we decide which team deploys around cart, and which one is divided all around map?
4) This one is related to "Comet of sigmar". Will that always deal ~16-21 or so damage? Even with high intellect the damage did not scale that well at all. I guess it does not scale up with your weapon quality hence it will eventually lack behind melee / ranged attacks? Is there any item that increases the spell damage? Just like better weapons increasing melee damage...
5) I have used the comet may be 200 times till now, with a purifier with maxed accuracy ( I thought crit comet = Good idea) BUT i have never seen a yellow crit damage from it. Spells can not crit? :(
6) What is a "miss". As far i see, when a tank build dude dodges or parries The GUI informs about it ("Dodge" or "parry fail" etc). But what decides the "miss"? I have novices with prayer of swiftness + side step, so I can understand the chain dodges but why in earth enemies mostly "miss" them instead of dodges? | Apologies if this has been asked, I've googled it and can't find an answer. I'm playing as a Heavy in Horde at the moment but deciding on my best class skills is pretty tough.
Does anyone know if the marked damage card is effective if you mark the enemies yourself, or does it only come into effect if a team mate marks them for you?
Cheers in advance for any help guys! | Does Stoneborn Pact only heal if you hit a marked enemy with an autoattack or do damaging abilities heal too?
How about masteries/items? | 1. So I'm pretty well stuck into Cyber Sleuth and am wondering if any stat impacts buffs or are they a flat 10% no matter what?
2. Does a buff combo take it to 20% (or 30% with triple combo) or some other random % increase?
Thanks! | if i say have a piece of gear that has +phys damage or +phys% damage will that benefit mypets or ONLY will buffs effect them and only the stat "bonus to all pets"? | 324 | The wording of the "Warcry" ability isn't entirely clear to me, so I ask. Does it buff you and your team mates, or just your team mates? | Does the soldier skill where you receive no dura loss during warcry also work if someone else activates warcry? | Activate Warcries/Bloodthirst | Do you think TLW need a buff? | what is the clinical term for a wart | The Slinger Capacity buff is a gamechanger. You can use flinch shot from stones thrice with one pick up. | How does a weapon defense buff work? | Which units can Ushabti be used as proxy for in Warcry? | AOS Warscrolls for Warcry Units up |
325 | [Manga] The Promised Neverland Chapter 149 Fan Scans - Links and Discussion | Vinland Saga (manga) Danish encampment at Gainsborough. Canute, who is found to be girlish in appearance, is incapable of speaking in public and heavily dependent on his caretaker Ragnar. This deeply disappoints Askeladd, who changes his initial plan of backing the prince as future king to a less ambitious plan of ransoming him back to his father, King Sweyn. A sudden attack by Thorkell's brigade force Askeladd to change his mind, and he murders Ragnar in a last-ditch effort to force the Prince to become independent. The plan is a success, and Canute's previous timidity is replaced with a strong kingly spirit. The | Vinland Saga (manga) Danish encampment at Gainsborough. Canute, who is found to be girlish in appearance, is incapable of speaking in public and heavily dependent on his caretaker Ragnar. This deeply disappoints Askeladd, who changes his initial plan of backing the prince as future king to a less ambitious plan of ransoming him back to his father, King Sweyn. A sudden attack by Thorkell's brigade force Askeladd to change his mind, and he murders Ragnar in a last-ditch effort to force the Prince to become independent. The plan is a success, and Canute's previous timidity is replaced with a strong kingly spirit. The | I just watched The Promised Neverland after missing out on it when it aired in the winter. (I can only watch so many ongoing anime at once, and I already had Kaguya, Mob, and JoJo. God damn was that season stacked.) Not since Steins;Gate have I seen a show that gripped me that hard, and I watched the whole thing in three days, including six episodes on the last day. I just had to know what the fuck was going on with that house, and how (or if) the kids were going to escape.
And once I finished, I realized-- The Promised Neverland is actually incredibly similar to a genre of books I enjoyed as a kid. In these books, kids or young teens use their wits and knowledge of obscure trivia to overcome seemingly insurmountable odds imposed upon them by adults, all while solving some kind of mystery and learning more about the world around them. A Series of Unfortunate Events is probably the best example I can think of of this, but The Mysterious Benedict Society and even the earlier Harry Potter books also fit.
That being said, The Promised Neverland can get pretty tonally different from most of those books, which usually never go towards outright psychological horror and going into great detail about the characters' suffering and dread. But other parts of this show match the genre perfectly-- the scene that gave me these vibes the strongest was when Emma reveals William Minerva's hidden messages in books to Norman and Ray. That is *exactly* the kind of thing these books would do, right down to beating you over the head with the "reading books will set you free" message. But all the scenes where the kids work together to gather information and engineer to escape have a similar vibe.
Basically what I'm saying is I could easily see The Promised Neverland as having been a childrens' book series in the mid-2000s.
Unfortunately I hear currently unadapted arcs aren't really like the first one and instead remind you why the manga is being published in Shonen Jump. Do you know any anime (preferably completed, I'd like to actually see the conclusion to these mysteries) that contain similar elements of solving a mystery and making plans, with lots of foreshadowing and plot twists? It doesn't have to have kids as the main characters. | Please keep all spoilers, leaked scans and discussion about the upcoming chapter in this thread. Posts containing leaked details will be removed without warning and a temporary ban will be given, based on content and if it's intentionally trying to spoil other users.
Official Release: August 2nd @ 12AM JST.
Please upvote comments with actual leaks and summaries and try to keep opinions/theories/jokes as replies to those in order to not bury details about the upcoming chapter.
**REMINDER:** No links to illegal content are allowed, which includes, but not limited to, Scanlation releases, blogs with leaks and Korean scans! Direct images or Twitter links only! | Please keep all spoilers, leaked scans and discussion about the upcoming chapter in this thread. Posts containing leaked details will be removed without warning and a temporary ban will be given, based on content and if it's intentionally trying to spoil other users.
Official Release: October 16th @ 12AM JST.
Please upvote comments with actual leaks and summaries and try to keep opinions/theories/jokes as replies to those in order to not bury details about the upcoming chapter.
**REMINDER:** No links to illegal content are allowed, which includes, but not limited to, Scanlation releases, blogs with leaks and Korean scans! Direct images or Twitter links only! | I don't know if Kyle is actually reading or if he's listening to audio books, but it sounds like Taylor is actually physically reading, so he might as well check out some comics and manga. He'd definitely like Berserk based on how much he likes LotR and GoT/ASoIaF. | In just under a month I've read the whole manga and seen the most recent movies, now everything I watch/read kinda feels empty. thank u Oda I guess | I asked the translator of first chapter but he/she didn't answer my offer yet. I want to read this masterpiece and i'm sure that there are people like me wondering about that manga. I'm gonna redraw,cleaning and other stuffs so i only need the japanase to english translator. If you willing to help me just pm me.
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| 325 | ##Chapter 149
###You can find the chapter at these locations. Please support the official release!
Source | Status
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Jaimini's Box | Online
MangaStream | Online
***
####Please use this thread to discuss the manga. Any other posts regarding this chapter during the next 24 hours will be removed!
####Join us on Discord! | [Manga] Chapter 162 Release Thread | Reminder! No Naruto manga chapter this week (9/29). | Where can you read the manga kuroshitsuji chapter 56 at? | [MANGA SPOILERS] Need the Japanese scan of this panel | [MANGA SPOILERS] Chapter 124 is definitely not going to be... | Live stream for the remaining manga chapters? | Fire Force manga - Chapter 269 | Naruto Colored Manga Chapter 173 [English Digital Comics] |
326 | What process changes mRNA to a protein? | What is the processof translating mrna into protiens called? | What role does mRNA play in the making of proteins? | Initiation of translation starts when binds to an mRNA? | What produces protein in the ribosomes? | Do ribosome make proteins? | RNA message to make a protein is called? | Translation (biology) In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained | Changes to a protein's amino acid can change its? | 326 | What is the process in which mRNA is decoded to form a protein? | What is the process of decoding mRNA? | What is the process in mrna is used to produce protien molecules? | what process produces mrna transcript isoforms | What is the conversion of a mrna strand into a amino acid sequence? | What is the rna that carries the code from the dna to the site where protein is assembled? | what is the process of moving information from rna into the language of amino acids called | What type of RNA is for protein synthesis? | What is the assembly of amino acids according to the imformation carried by the mRNA? |
327 | Frequency of chronic headaches in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis : with special reference to opticospinal and common forms of multiple sclerosis | Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of headache in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We studied data from our department’s day clinic files of MS patients. The associations between headache characteristics and clinical features of MS were investigated. | The prevalence of primary headache (PH) in a multiple sclerosis (MS) sample vs. control healthy subjects was investigated at a neurological clinic in 2004–2005: 122 of 238 (51%) MS patients and 57 of 238 (23%) controls proved to be affected by headache. The groups did not differ for the rates of PH types. Headache types of MS patients were comparable to those of PH patients that were observed at the same institute in a case-control comparison. First symptoms of headache preceded those of MS in two thirds of cases. Headache features did not significantly change after MS onset. Comorbidity of MS and PH could be explained by some common clinical and biological traits. | The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess relative frequency of migraine in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using the validated self-administered diagnostic questionnaire, and to compare the migraine rates in MS outpatients to age- and gender-matched historical population controls; (2) to compare clinical and radiographic characteristics in MS patients with migraine and headache-free MS patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the demographic profiles, headache features and clinical characteristics of MS patients attending a MS clinic using a questionnaire based on the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. We compared the relative frequency of migraine in MS clinic patients and AMPP cohort. We also compared clinical and radiographic features in MS patients with migraine to an MS control group without headache. Among 204 MS patients, the relative frequency of migraine was threefold higher than in population controls both for women [55.7 vs. 17.1%; prevalence ratio (PR) = 3.26, p < 0.001] and men (18.4 vs. 5.6%; PR = 3.29, p < 0.001). In a series of logistic regression models that controlled for age, gender, disease duration, β-interferon use, and depression, migraine in MS patients was significantly associated (p < 0.01) with trigeminal and occipital neuralgia, facial pain, Lhermitte’s sign, temporomandibular joint pain, non-headache pain and a past history of depression. Migraine status was not significantly associated with disability on patient-derived disability steps scale or T2 lesion burden on brain MRI. Migraine is three-times more common in MS clinic patients than in general population. MS–migraine group was more symptomatic than the MS–no headache group. |
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. Signs and symptoms can vary widely throughout the disease course. While sensitive, optic and motor symptoms predominate, other symptomatology can include urinary tract and bowel dysfunction, pain, fatigue, cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders (Samkoff and Goodman, 2011).
Several case-control studies have established a higher rate of headache in MS population compared to the healthy individuals (HIs) (Kister et al., 2010;Nicoletti et al., 2008;Vacca et al., 2007;Watkins and Espir, 1969;Zorzon et al., 2003). The potential link between MS and migraine has been hypothesized for over 40 years (Elliott, 2007;Watkins and Espir, 1969). It has been recently shown that MS patients had a threefold higher frequency of migraine compared to the HIs (Kister et al., 2010). Another most recent meta-analysis found that migraine was more common in 1864 MS patients compared to the 261,563 control subjects, with an odds ratio of 2.6, however there was a heterogeneity between the examined studies (Pakpoor et al., 2012). On the contrary, another German study did not find a higher prevalence of headache or migraine in 491 MS patients compared to 447 controls (Putzki et al., 2009).
While the literature supports the idea that MS and migraine are related, the exact mechanism(s) of this association is not well understood (Kister et al., 2010;Nicoletti et al., 2008;Pakpoor et al., 2012;Vacca et al., 2007;Watkins and Espir, 1969;Zorzon et al., 2003). Is migraine simply a comorbidity of MS? Can it signal the onset of MS? If so, what is the underlying pathology? Is it increased frequency related to use of disease-modifying treatment (DMT)? These questions have important implications for diagnosis and treatment of MS and need to be addressed in the future studies. Several studies investigated frequency of migraine in relation to the clinical course of MS and determined that the migraine frequency is increased in patients with relapsingremitting (RR) MS, whereas the tension-type headache is more frequent in patients with chronic progressive MS (D3Amico et al., 2004;Ergun et al., 2009;Moisset et al., 2013;Villani et al., 2008). A recent case report illustrated a young woman whose initial presentation was that of status migrainosus, after which she developed MS within 2 years (Alroughani et al., 2015). The term radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) has been recently proposed to describe patients with atypical symptoms of MS who present with MRI features suggestive of underlying demyelinating pathology (Okuda et al., 2009). One of the most common complaints in RIS subjects which led to performance of the MRI examination was migraine type headache (Lebrun et al., 2008;Okuda et al., 2009). This suggests that migraine can be prominent symptom at early onset of the disease, in addition to have increased comorbidity frequency in RRMS patients.
It has been recently reported in a case study that a patient who had a history of migraine, experienced worsening of migraine-headache symptoms as the initial manifestation of MS, and showed concomitant asymptomatic contrast enhancing (CE) lesions on T1-weighted MRI after gadolinium (Gd) contrast injection (Lin et al., 2013). This case report raises question, as to the role of CE lesions in the presentation of migraine in MS patients. Our own clinical routine observations prompted us to investigate whether the number and volume of CE lesions are associated to increased frequency of migraine in MS patients. In addition, we aimed to determine if there is relationship between migraine and the presence of other lesion and global and tissue specific brain volume measures in patients with MS.
Methods
Subjects
This study used data from an ongoing prospective study of cardiovascular, genetic and environmental risk factors in MS that enrolled over 1000 patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), MS, other neurological diseases and HIs (Kappus et al., 2015;O3Connor et al., 2012;Zivadinov et al., 2011). The inclusion criteria for this sub-study of migraine in MS were as follows: a) age 18-75 years old, b) having CIS or MS, or being HI and c) MRI examination performed at the time of the clinical visit (±30 days) with standardized 3 T MRI protocol. The exclusion criteria were as follows: a) the presence of a relapse or steroid treatment within 30 days preceding study entry for MS and CIS patients, b) presence of acute headache attack at the time of MRI, c) pre-existing medical conditions known to be associated with brain pathology and d) pregnancy.
Subjects were assessed with structured environmental questionnaire followed by physical and neurological examination. Migraine data were collected from participants in an in-person interview by a trained interviewer, as well as by examination of the patients3 medical records (Dolic et al., 2011). Migraine was defined according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-2) guidelines (Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society, 2004). Subjects who had at least 5 headache attacks in the past that lasted 4-72 h, had at least two of the following characteristics (unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate or severe pain intensity, aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity), presence of nausea/vomiting, and were not better accounted by another disorder were classified as migraine headache.
HIs were recruited from hospital personnel, spouses of MS patients or were respondents of local advertisements. By definition HIs were required to have a normal neurological examination and have a normal MRI health screen. Race/ethnicity was determined according to the US Census Bureau definitions.
The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and all participants gave their written informed consent.
MRI acquisition and analysis
All subjects were examined on a 3T GE Signa Excite HD 12.0 Twin Speed 8-channel scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI). MRI sequences included the axial dual fast spin-echo (FSE) T2/PD-weighted image (WI), 3D-spoiled-gradient recalled (SPGR) T1-WI, spin echo (SE) T1-WI pre-and post-contrast, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans. Pulse sequence characteristics for 3 T MRI were as follows: all scans were acquired with a 256 × 256 matrix and a 25.6 cm field of view (FOV) for an in-plane resolution of 1 × 1 mm 2 with a phase FOV of 75% and one average. Sequence specific parameters were as follows: for the T2/PD-WI: 3-mm-thick slices with no gap, TE1/TE2/ TR = 12/95/3000 ms, echo train length = 14, flip angle = 90°; for the FLAIR scans, 3-mm thick slices with no gap, TE/TI/TR = 120/2100/ 8500 ms, flip angle = 90°; for 3D T1-WI, 1-mm thick slices with no gap, TE/TI/TR = 2.8/900/5.9 ms, flip angle = 10°and for SE T1-WI, 3-mm thick slices with no gap, TE/TR = 16/600 ms, flip angle = 90°. The SE T1-WI sequence was obtained after injection of a single dose intravenous bolus (0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-DTPA) 5 min after administration of contrast agent only in MS and CIS patients (Kappus et al., 2015;Zivadinov et al., 2012).
The following MRI measures were collected: CE, T1 and T2 lesion number and lesion volumes (LVs), assessed by a semi-automated edge detection contouring/thresholding technique, as previously reported (Zivadinov et al., 2012). Measures of brain atrophy included normalized brain volume, normalized gray matter (GM) volume, normalized white matter (WM) volume, normalized cortical volume and normalized lateral ventricle volume (Kappus et al., 2015;Zivadinov et al., 2012), assessed by the SIENAX 2.6 cross-sectional software tool (Smith et al., 2002).
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY). The data were analyzed both by disease group (MS, CIS and HIs) and by MS disease subtype (RR, SP and PP). Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between subjects with and without migraine were analyzed using chi-square test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), as appropriate. In the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), MRI outcomes were input as the dependent variables, and disease group or MS disease subtype, as the grouping measure with age, gender and DMT status selected as covariates. Given the colinearity between age and disease duration, the latter was not used as covariate.
Additionally, the data were also analyzed using a negative binomial regression given the non-normally distributed lesion data. The inputs into the model included the number of CELs as the dependent measure and migraine status, age, gender and DMT status as the independent variables. Regression analysis was applied to both the disease groups and MS subtypes. The Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used to control the false discovery rate and p-values b 0.05 were considered significant using two-tailed testing (Benjamini et al., 2001).
Results
Demographic and clinical characteristics
A total of 826 subjects who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this substudy of migraine and MRI. These included 320 patients with RRMS, 124 patients with secondary-progressive (SP) MS, 36 patients with primary-progressive (PP) MS, 64 patients with CIS and 251 HIs. As expected MS patients had higher age, longer disease duration and more advanced disability compared to CIS patients.
Tables 1 and 2 show the differences in the study groups between the subjects with or without migraine. In the MS group there was significantly more females with migraine (p = 0.01). The age of the MS patients with migraine was younger (p = 0.001) and disease duration was shorter (p = 0.024). In the MS disease subtype analyses, the SPMS patients with migraine were younger (p = 0.015), while the PPMS patients with migraine were younger (p = 0.032) and had lower disease duration (p = 0.039). The CIS patients with migraine were younger compared to those without migraine (p = 0.001).
0 (0) 0 (0) Mycophenolate mofetil 6 (2.1) 1 (1.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) Intravenous immunoglobulin 5 (1.8) 2 (2.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) Azathioprine 3 (1.1) 1 (1.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) Mitoxantrone 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) EDSS,2 (3.8) 0 (0) Asian 8 (3.7) 0 (0) 2 (0.5) 0 (0) 1 (1.9) 0 (0) American Indian/Alaska native 0 (0) 1 (2.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Other 5 (2.3) 0 (0) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.9) 0 (0) 0 (0)
HIs-healthy individuals; MS-multiple sclerosis; CIS-clinically isolated syndrome; SD-standard deviation; EDSS-Expanded Disability Status Scale; DMT-disease modifying therapy; NA-not available; BMI-body mass index; IQR-interquartile range.
The comparison between the migraine and non-migraine subjects was performed using chi-square test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test and one-way analysis of variance. p-Values b 0.05 were considered significant (highlighted in bold).
Table 2
Characteristics of subjects with and without migraine in patients with relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive and primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. The comparison between the migraine and non-migraine groups was performed using chi-square test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test and one-way analysis of variance. p-Values b 0.05 were considered significant (highlighted in bold).
RRMS
Frequency of migraine
Hundred and thirteen (22.2%) MS patients, 11 (17.2%) of CIS patients and 37 (14.7%) of HIs had migraine (p = 0.067). In the MS disease subtype analyses, patients with RRMS had the highest rate of migraine (24.7%), followed by PPMS (16.7%) and SPMS (16.1%) (p = 0.108). Table 3 and Fig. 1 show within disease group differences in subjects with and without migraine. More MS patients with migraine presented with CE lesions compared to those without (35.4% vs. 23.7%, p = 0.013). The mean number of CE lesions in MS patients with migraine was increased respect to those without (0.91 vs. 0.21, p = 0.019). The mean CE-LV was also increased in subjects with migraine respect to those without (125.3 vs. 31.2 mm 3 , p = 0.022). No other MRI lesion and brain volume MRI outcome differences were found in subjects with and without migraine within specific disease groups. Table 4 shows within MS disease subtype study MRI outcome differences in subjects with and without migraine. More RRMS patients with migraine presented with CE lesions compared to those without (41.8% vs. 28.2%, p = 0.035). RRMS patients with migraine had increased mean number of CE lesions (1.19 vs. 0.27, p = 0.023) and CE-LV (164.4 vs. 41.1 mm 3 , p = 0.02) compared to those without. No other MRI lesion and brain volume outcome differences were found in subjects with and without migraine within MS disease subtypes.
MRI differences in subjects with and without migraine
Regression analysis
Given the non-normally distributed lesion data, we used negative binomial regression to validate the ANCOVA results. MS patients with migraine had increased number of CE lesions (B = 1.242, p = 0.001), but not CE-LV (B = 1.320, p = 0.133) compared to those without migraine. RRMS patients with migraine had increased number of CE lesions (B = 1.377, p = 0.001), but not CE-LV (B = 1.490, p = 0.098) compared to those without migraine.
Discussion
This is the largest case-control study to date that investigated the association between migraine and MRI outcomes in MS patients. We found that there is an increased frequency of CE lesions in MS patients with migraine, specifically within the RRMS disease subtype. Given that our clinical/MRI assessments were performed on MS patients with a stable clinical status and in absence of acute headache attack prior to MRI examination, the current findings suggest that having migraine comorbidity may increase level of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption in RRMS patients.
Presence of CE lesions is an indicator of inflammation and breakdown of the BBB, and MRI hallmark for diagnosis and monitoring of MS.
Migraine is a disorder characterized by a strong vascular component in which vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation, mediated by underlying inflammatory cytokines and/or neuropeptides (Silberstein, 2004). On the other hand, cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight/obesity, diabetes and heart disease are associated with MS (Kappus et al., 2015;Karmon et al., 2012). The pathophysiology of migraine is complex and variety of mediating mechanisms have been proposed including changes in levels of magnesium, calcium and glutamate, as well 5-HT, which stimulates the release of substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (Silberstein, 2004). While our study did not assess any one of these factors, our findings do suggest that alterations of the BBB may compromise the microenvironmental vascular regulation. Indeed, previous studies suggested that the pathogenesis of migraine includes an inflammatory component (Longoni and Ferrarese, 2006). The inflammation of the meninges is an accepted component of the migraine process with release of vasogenic substances such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neurokinin A, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nitric oxide (Buzzi et al., 1991). In the last decade, it has been established that highly inflammatory cortical demyelination is also present and common in early MS, topographically associated with prominent meningeal inflammation and may even precede the appearance of classic WM plaques in some MS patients (Lucchinetti et al., 2011). Therefore, future work should explore the association between meningeal inflammation and BBB in MS patients with and without migraine.
In line with previous studies, we found that migraine is present at higher rates in patients with RRMS, compared to those with chronic progressive MS disease subtype (D3Amico et al., 2004;Ergun et al., 2009;Moisset et al., 2013;Villani et al., 2008). These findings are of interest in the context of our results that showed that only RRMS patients had increased number and volume of CE lesions. This may suggest that increased inflammatory component of the disease, usually present in earlier disease stages, may contribute to the development of migraine. HIs-healthy individuals; MS-multiple sclerosis; CIS-clinically isolated syndrome; CE-contrast enhancing; LV-lesion volume; NA-not available; NBV-normalized brain volume; NGMV-normalized gray matter volume; NWMV-normalized white matter volume; NLVV-normalized lateral ventricular volume; NCV-normalized neocortical volume. All data are presented as mean and standard deviations. The presence of CE is reported as the number and percentage. Volumetric measures are presented in cubic millimeters (mm 3 ) for LV and in cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) for brain volumes. The comparison between HIs, MS and CIS groups was performed using analysis of covariance with age, gender and disease-modifying treatment, as covariates. p-Values b 0.05 were considered significant (highlighted in bold) after correction for multiple comparisons.
However, the present study was not designed to collect information on the temporal relationship between onset of migraine and MS onset. The fact that no association of CE lesions and migraine was found in CIS patients and that frequency of migraine was higher in RRMS vs. CIS in the present study, indicates that migraine may be, at least in part, a comorbidity of MS disease process which is related to more severe BBB damage. A meta-analysis study demonstrated that the number of CE lesions over the first 6 months of follow-up increased the relative risk of relapse occurrence in the subsequent year (Kappos et al., 1999). It has been shown that patients in the relapsing phase have significantly more migraine attacks than those in the remitting phase (Ergun et al., 2009). Indeed, there were no differences in CE lesions in patients with SP and PPMS with and without migraine in the present study. However, it has to be underlined that PPMS patient did not present any CE lesions.
While the present study was cross-sectional in design, it will be interesting to monitor the occurrence of CE lesions and migraine attacks in future longitudinal prospective studies using serial MRI. Several previous MRI studies aimed to establish whether a specific locations of lesions in MS patients is associated with the presence of migraine. One study showed that MS patients with migraine had more lesions in red nucleus, substantia nigra and periaqueductal GM compared to MS patients without migraine (Tortorella et al., 2006). Another study confirmed that MS patients who have midbrain plaques, in close proximity to the periaqueductal GM have a four-fold increase in migraines compared to MS patients without plaques (Gee et al., 2005). These studies aimed to explain the onset of migraine symptoms by interruption of circuits involved in modulating pain pathways. As CE lesions rarely form in those brain areas, the present study poses an alternative hypothesis as to the presence of migraine in MS, by demonstrating that the underlying widespread inflammatory process may be also an initial trigger in some of the MS patients. It is also possible that these findings are not mutually exclusive, and that both the lesion location and the inflammatory process contribute to pain and migraine onset. In line with a previous study (Kamson et al., 2012), we did not find that MS patients or HIs with and without migraine differed significantly in T2 or T1 lesion burden, although the RRMS patients with migraine in the present study showed somewhat greater T2-and T1-LVs despite shorter disease duration compared to those without migraine.
Past studies have suggested that migraine is associated with GM pathology (Rocca et al., 2006), although these findings were based on a small number of subjects and there were other studies showing conflicting results (Matharu et al., 2003). It has been demonstrated that migraine subjects do not present with cortical lesions (Absinta et al., 2012). Brain volumetry findings from the current study suggest that there is no significant difference in the GM and WM in HIs, MS and CIS groups between migraine and non-migraine subjects. Furthermore we did not find a significant difference in GM volumes by MS disease subtype. In terms of overall impact on MS severity, previous studies have found no significant correlation between level of disability and the presence of headache (D3Amico et al., 2004), which was confirmed in the current study.
It has been shown that treatment of MS with interferon-beta is associated with higher rate of migraine, but this increase is mainly due to the exacerbation of preexisting migraine and is less commonly associated with the new onset (Khromov et al., 2005;Villani et al., 2008;Villani et al., 2012). This is further supported by the fact that patients receiving interferon-beta may experience exacerbation of their migraine symptoms. As migraine may be iatrogenically triggered by use of DMT, we used treatment status, as a covariate in all our analyses. We further explored the differences between interferon-beta and other DMTs in MS patients with and without migraine (data not shown) and found no associations.
In addition, neuropathic pain is frequent in patients with MS and can be concomitantly present with migraine (Moisset et al., 2013). In a recent study, 32% of the MS patients who presented both with migraine and neuropathic pain, had more severe pain and lower health-related quality of life than MS patients with either migraine or neuropathic pain alone (Moisset et al., 2013). The pain intensity in MS patients with migraine was higher (6.0 ± 0.1) than that of neuropathic pain (4.9 ± 0.1). Moreover, in agreement with the present study, the migraine MS patients were younger and had more likely RRMS. This indicates that neuropathic pain and migraine pain may be mediated by different mechanisms and that optimal treatment for management of the migraine pain needs more attention at individual patient level.
There are several limitations to this study which warrant consideration. Firstly, the timeline between the presentation of migraine and imaging was not well established, therefore it was not possible to assess the correlation between MRI outcomes and frequency of migraine attacks or migraine onset. This study utilized data from an ongoing prospective study of cardiovascular, environmental and genetic risk factors in clinically stable MS patients who performed their MRI within 30 days of entering the study. However, the proximity of the MRI to the manifestation of migraine symptoms was consistent on an individual basis, as we excluded MS patients with acute headache attack at the time of MRI. Secondly, because subtype of migraine (migraine with aura, etc) is difficult to distinguish, and number of migraine attacks is difficult to capture retrospectively outside of specialty headache clinic, we focused only on collecting information about diagnosis of migraine. In addition, we did not apply most recent ICHD-3, which was not available at the time when this study was designed (Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society, 2013). Thirdly, the association of increased CE lesion activity in MS patients with migraine does not prove causation, especially because we were not able to apply a contrast agent to the HIs in this study, which prevented us to understand whether migraine subjects without MS may show signs of BBB disruption. Nevertheless, findings from current study should encourage further research using longitudinal design, to explore the occurrence of CE lesion activity in active and chronic migraine MS, CIS and RIS subjects. Fourthly, the present study did not investigate the onset of migraine symptoms by location of CE lesions and future studies should investigate this topic. Finally, we did not investigate the onset of MS-multiple sclerosis; RRMS-relapsing-remitting; SPMS-secondary-progressive; PPMS-primary-progressive; SD-standard deviation; CE-contrast enhancing; LV-lesion volume; NA-not available; NBV-normalized brain volume; NGMV-normalized gray matter volume; NWMV-normalized white matter volume; NLVV-normalized lateral ventricular volume; NCV-normalized neocortical volume. All data are presented as mean and standard deviations. The presence of CE is reported as the number and percentage. Volumetric calculations are presented in cubic millimeters (mm 3 ) for LV and in cubic centimeters (cm 3 ) for brain volumes. The comparison between RRMS, SPMS and PPMS groups was performed using analysis of covariance with age, gender and disease-modifying treatment, as covariates. p-Values b 0.05 were considered significant (highlighted in bold) after correction for multiple comparisons.
migraine symptoms by location of CE lesions and future studies should investigate this topic.
In conclusion, MS patients with migraine had a greater CE lesion activity and this was specifically manifested in RRMS patients. Our findings suggest an increased inflammatory pathobiology in MS patients with migraine headaches requiring possibly more frequent MRIs and also more efficient anti-inflammatory treatment.
multiple sclerosis; RRMS-relapsing-remitting; SPMS-secondary-progressive; PPMS-primary-progressive; SD-standard deviation; EDSS-Expanded Disability Status Scale; DMT-disease modifying therapy; NA-not available; BMI-body mass index; IQR-interquartile range.
Fig. 1 .
1Representative MRI images of a 32 years old female relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patient with disease duration of 11 and 9 years history of migraine. On the left are displayed T1-weighted spin echo post-contrast images (after 5 min delay), in the middle are shown T1-weighted spin echo pre-contrast images and on the right are displayed representative fluid attenuation inversion recovery images. There are 3 visible contrast enhancing lesions (white arrows) in different brain lobes and hemispheres.
Table 1
1Characteristics of subjects with and without migraine in patients with multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome, and in healthy individuals.HIs
(n = 251)
MS
(n = 509)
CIS
(n = 64)
W/o migraine
(n = 214)
Migraine
(n = 37)
p-Value
W/o migraine
(n = 396)
Migraine
(n = 113)
p-Value
W/o migraine
(n = 53)
Migraine
(n = 11)
p-Value
Female, n (%)
136 (63.6)
28 (75.7)
0.135
266 (67.2)
95 (84.1)
0.01
38 (71.7)
10 (90.1)
0.181
Age in years, mean (SD)
43.0 (17.4)
43.6 (13.9)
0.852
46.9 (12.4)
42.4 (13.0)
0.001
39.9 (11.3)
38.3 (9.9)
0.001
Age at onset in years, mean (SD)
NA
NA
NA
32 (10.7)
29.8 (10.5)
0.066
36.0 (11.1)
31.9 (10.5)
0.266
Disease duration in years, mean (SD)
NA
NA
NA
15 (10.7)
12.4 (9.6)
0.024
1.3 (2.1)
1.4 (2.2)
0.115
BMI, mean (SD)
26.8 (5.5)
26.9 (5.5)
0.95
26.7 (5.5)
26.5 (5.9)
0.745
27.2 (6)
26.5 (5.5)
0.734
Presence of DMT, n (%)
NA
NA
NA
284 (71.7)
83 (73.5)
0.884
26 (49.1)
4 (36.3)
0.634
Interferon-beta 1a
140 (49.3)
34 (41)
20 (76.9)
3 (75)
Glatiramer acetate
73 (25.7)
27 (32.5)
6 (23.1)
1 (25)
Natalizumab
56 (19.7)
18 (21.7)
Table 3
3Within study group MRI comparisons between subjects with and without migraine.HIs
(n = 251)
MS
(n = 509)
CIS
(n = 64)
W/o migraine
(n = 214)
Migraine
(n = 37)
p-Value
W/o migraine
(n = 396)
Migraine
(n = 113)
p-Value
W/o migraine
(n = 53)
Migraine
(n = 11)
p-Value
Presence of CE lesions
NA
NA
NA
94 (23.7)
40 (35.4)
0.013
9 (17)
2 (18.2)
0.923
Number of CE lesions
NA
NA
NA
0.21 (0.74)
0.91 (4.36)
0.019
0.45 (1.25)
0.10 (0.32)
0.380
CE-LV
NA
NA
NA
31.2 (134.4)
125.3 (572.6)
0.022
65.8 (196.5)
5.4 (17.1)
0.326
Number of T2 lesions
2.7 (6.82)
2.03 (4.5)
0.505
29 (20)
27.8 (19.8)
0.401
22.2 (25.8)
11 (6.9)
0.170
T2-LV
277.1 (1200)
113.5 (241.1)
0.402
13,901.7 (16,530.2)
13,546.2 (15,966.2)
0.829
4406.7 (6111.7)
1960.9 (1794.3)
0.183
Number of T1 lesions
NA
NA
NA
11.21 (11.52)
10.12 (12.33)
0.412
4.14 (7.83)
2.70 (4.88)
0.469
T1-LV
NA
NA
NA
3021.6 (5528.6)
3082.4 (7479.1)
0.832
423.6 (731.8)
369.3 (957.9)
0.706
NBV
1533.8 (95.3)
1551.9 (83)
0.089
1474.5 (99.1)
1484.9 (95.6)
0.278
1543.4 (63.7)
1580 (81.3)
0.157
NGMV
780.2 (67.2)
789.9 (52.7)
0.191
734.4 (71.9)
747.4 (68.2)
0.651
784 (49)
802.3 (59.9)
0.444
NWMV
753.6 (44.1)
762.1 (44.1)
0.156
740.1 (66.8)
737.5 (65)
0.332
759.4 (44.1)
777.7 (70.6)
0.278
NLVV
34.3 (15.5)
30.2 (9.2)
0.107
49.6 (22.6)
46 (22.1)
0.954
35.2 (12.7)
33.9 (19.2)
0.999
NCV
636.1 (57.4)
644.3 (46.3)
0.231
594.3 (60.7)
607.1 (56.9)
0.819
633.4 (40.5)
658.6 (47.7)
0.115
Table 4
4Within disease course MRI comparisons between subjects with and without migraine.RRMS
(n = 320)
SPMS
(n = 124)
PPMS
(n = 36)
W/o migraine
(n = 241)
Migraine
(n = 79)
p-Value W/o migraine
(n = 104)
Migraine
(n = 20)
p-Value W/o migraine
(n=30)
Migraine
(n = 6)
p-Value
Presence of CE
lesions
68 (28.2)
33 (41.8)
0.035
26 (25)
7 (35)
0.354
0 (0)
0 (0)
NA
Number of CE
lesions
0.3 (0.84)
1.19 (4.9)
0.023
0.07 (.3)
0 (0)
0.224
0 (0)
0 (0)
0.806
CE-LV
41.1 (144.4)
164.4 (651.9)
0.02
6.1 (28.6)
0 (0)
0.324
1.6 (8.5)
0 (0)
0.806
Number of T2
lesions
27.1 (19.3)
28.2 (17.9)
0.951
33.8 (19.7)
29.4 (24.1)
0.241
31.8 (24.4)
15.3 (11.7)
0.081
T2-LV
11,421.3 (14,030.7) 12,163.3 (14,300) 0.732
19,357.2 (17,541.4) 19,850.3 (20,378.2) 0.701
17,256.3 (19,859.5) 10,457.4 (12,508.5) 0.413
Number of T1
lesions
10.1 (10.8)
9.7 (11.9)
0.638
15.1 (12.3)
12.4 (14.1)
0.352
11.6 (12.7)
11.3 (10.4)
0.98
T1-LV
2424.2 (4769.6)
3020.2 (8106.5) 0.417
5050.6 (7378.7)
4338.9 (6419.1)
0.580
2236.3 (2554.0)
2015.9 (2725.2)
0.850
NBV
1492.8 (88.5)
1488.8 (96.5)
0.187
1414.7 (77.4)
1428.5 (70.7)
0.832
1430.9 (93.9)
1485.9 (60.8)
0.688
NGMV
742.5 (66.3)
748.9 (64.7)
0.747
697.5 (58.9)
710 (54.5)
0.59
715.7 (48.4)
732.3 (57.5)
0.521
NWMV
750.3 (60.9)
740 (67.2)
0.144
717.2 (71.6)
718.6 (61.2)
0.825
715.3 (71.3)
753.6 (76.2)
0.423
NLVV
45.8 (20.1)
45.6 (22.8)
0.402
60.3 (22.7)
54.2 (23.6)
0.353
57 (26.8)
43 (8.8)
0.494
NCV
600.1 (55.5)
609.8 (52.7)
0.822
564.6 (50.9)
570 (41.8)
0.903
580.4 (41.9)
593.4 (55.3)
0.619
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Predictive value of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for relapse rate and changes in disability or impairment in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Gadolinium MRI Meta-analysis Group. L Kappos, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03053-010459905Lancet. 3539157Kappos, L., et al., 1999. Predictive value of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance im- aging for relapse rate and changes in disability or impairment in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Gadolinium MRI Meta-analysis Group. Lancet 353 (9157), 964-969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(98)03053-010459905.
Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased lesion burden and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. N Kappus, 10.1136/jnnp-2014-31005125722366J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. Kappus, N., et al., 2015. Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with increased lesion burden and brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-31005125722366.
Arterial, venous and other vascular risk factors in multiple sclerosis. Y Karmon, 10.1179/1743132812Y.0000000077Neurol. Res. 348Karmon, Y., et al., 2012. Arterial, venous and other vascular risk factors in multiple sclero- sis. Neurol. Res. 34 (8), 754-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743132812Y. 000000007722971465.
Migraines linked to interferon-beta treatment of multiple sclerosis. A Khromov, 10.1097/01.phm.0000171012.86932.10Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 848Khromov, A., et al., 2005. Migraines linked to interferon-beta treatment of multiple scle- rosis. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 84 (8), 644-647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.phm. 0000171012.86932.1016034235.
Migraine is comorbid with multiple sclerosis and associated with a more symptomatic MS course. I Kister, 10.1007/s10194-010-0237-9J. Headache Pain. 115Kister, I., et al., 2010. Migraine is comorbid with multiple sclerosis and associated with a more symptomatic MS course. J. Headache Pain 11 (5), 417-425. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1007/s10194-010-0237-920625916.
Unexpected multiple sclerosis: follow-up of 30 patients with magnetic resonance imaging and clinical conversion profile. C Lebrun, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.10827418202208J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 792Lebrun, C., et al., 2008. Unexpected multiple sclerosis: follow-up of 30 patients with mag- netic resonance imaging and clinical conversion profile. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychi- atry 79 (2), 195-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.10827418202208.
Multiple sclerosis presenting initially with a worsening of migraine symptoms. G Y Lin, 10.1186/1129-2377-14-70J. Headache Pain. 14Lin, G.Y., et al., 2013. Multiple sclerosis presenting initially with a worsening of migraine symptoms. J. Headache Pain 14, 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1129-2377-14- 7023937696.
Inflammation and excitotoxicity: role in migraine pathogenesis. M Longoni, C Ferrarese, 10.1007/s10072-006-0582-2Neurol. Sci. 27Suppl. 2Longoni, M., Ferrarese, C., 2006. Inflammation and excitotoxicity: role in migraine patho- genesis. Neurol. Sci. 27 (Suppl. 2), S107-S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072- 006-0582-216688611.
Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. C F Lucchinetti, 10.1056/NEJMoa1100648N. Engl. J. Med. 36523Lucchinetti, C.F., et al., 2011. Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365 (23), 2188-2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa110064822150037.
No change in the structure of the brain in migraine: a voxelbased morphometric study. M S Matharu, 10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00510.xEur. J. Neurol. 101Matharu, M.S., et al., 2003. No change in the structure of the brain in migraine: a voxel- based morphometric study. Eur. J. Neurol. 10 (1), 53-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/ j.1468-1331.2003.00510.x12534993.
Migraine headaches and pain with neuropathic characteristics: comorbid conditions in patients with multiple sclerosis. X Moisset, 10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.05023911697Pain. 15412Moisset, X., et al., 2013. Migraine headaches and pain with neuropathic characteristics: comorbid conditions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Pain 154 (12), 2691-2699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.05023911697.
Headache and multiple sclerosis: a population-based casecontrol study in Catania. A Nicoletti, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01662.x18727645Sicily. Cephalalgia. 2811Nicoletti, A., et al., 2008. Headache and multiple sclerosis: a population-based case- control study in Catania, Sicily. Cephalalgia 28 (11), 1163-1169. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01662.x18727645.
Patterns of dietary and herbal supplement use by multiple sclerosis patients. K O3connor, 10.1007/s00415-011-6226-3J. Neurol. 2594O3Connor, K., et al., 2012. Patterns of dietary and herbal supplement use by multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neurol. 259 (4), 637-644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415- 011-6226-321898138.
Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the radiologically isolated syndrome. D T Okuda, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000335764.14513.1aNeurology. 729Okuda, D.T., et al., 2009. Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: the ra- diologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 72 (9), 800-805. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1212/01.wnl.0000335764.14513.1a19073949.
Meta-analysis of the relationship between multiple sclerosis and migraine. J Pakpoor, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045295PLOS One. 79Pakpoor, J., et al., 2012. Meta-analysis of the relationship between multiple sclerosis and migraine. PLOS One 7 (9), e45295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 004529523024814.
Prevalence of migraine, tension-type headache and trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis. N Putzki, 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02406.xEur. J. Neurol. 162Putzki, N., et al., 2009. Prevalence of migraine, tension-type headache and trigeminal neu- ralgia in multiple sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurol. 16 (2), 262-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ j.1468-1331.2008.02406.x19138330.
Brain gray matter changes in migraine patients with T2-visible lesions: a 3-T MRI study. M A Rocca, 10.1161/01.STR.0000226589.00599.4dSTR.0000226589.00599.4d16728687Stroke. 377Rocca, M.A., et al., 2006. Brain gray matter changes in migraine patients with T2-visible lesions: a 3-T MRI study. Stroke 37 (7), 1765-1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01. STR.0000226589.00599.4d16728687.
Symptomatic management in multiple sclerosis. L M Samkoff, A D Goodman, 10.1016/j.ncl.2011.01.00821439453Neurol. Clin. 292Samkoff, L.M., Goodman, A.D., 2011. Symptomatic management in multiple sclerosis. Neurol. Clin. 29 (2), 449-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2011.01.00821439453.
Migraine pathophysiology and its clinical implications. S D Silberstein, 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00892.x15595988Cephalalgia. 24Suppl. 2Silberstein, S.D., 2004. Migraine pathophysiology and its clinical implications. Cephalalgia 24 (Suppl. 2), 2-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00892.x15595988.
Accurate, robust, and automated longitudinal and cross-sectional brain change analysis. S M Smith, 10.1006/nimg.2002.1040Neuroimage. 171Smith, S.M., et al., 2002. Accurate, robust, and automated longitudinal and cross-sectional brain change analysis. Neuroimage 17 (1), 479-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nimg. 2002.104012482100.
Assessment of MRI abnormalities of the brainstem from patients with migraine and multiple sclerosis. P Tortorella, 10.1016/j.jns.2006.01.01516530789J. Neurol. Sci. 2441-2Tortorella, P., et al., 2006. Assessment of MRI abnormalities of the brainstem from patients with migraine and multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 244 (1-2), 137-141. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jns.2006.01.01516530789.
Multiple sclerosis and headache co-morbidity. A case-control study. G Vacca, 10.1007/s10072-007-0805-117603764Neurol. Sci. 283Vacca, G., et al., 2007. Multiple sclerosis and headache co-morbidity. A case-control study. Neurol. Sci. 28 (3), 133-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-007-0805-117603764.
Primary headache and multiple sclerosis: preliminary results of a prospective study. V Villani, 10.1007/s10072-008-0908-3Neurol. Sci. 29Suppl. 1Villani, V., et al., 2008. Primary headache and multiple sclerosis: preliminary results of a prospective study. Neurol. Sci. 29 (Suppl. 1), S146-S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10072-008-0908-318545918.
The impact of interferon beta and natalizumab on comorbid migraine in multiple sclerosis. V Villani, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02146.xHeadache. 527Villani, V., et al., 2012. The impact of interferon beta and natalizumab on comorbid migraine in multiple sclerosis. Headache 52 (7), 1130-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02146.x22486199.
Migraine and multiple sclerosis. S M Watkins, M Espir, 10.1136/jnnp.32.1.355774132J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 321Watkins, S.M., Espir, M., 1969. Migraine and multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 32 (1), 35-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.32.1.355774132.
Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. R Zivadinov, 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212a901Neurol. 772Zivadinov, R., et al., 2011. Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. Neurol. 77 (2), 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL. 0b013e318212a90121490322.
Abnormal subcortical deep-gray matter susceptibility-weighted imaging filtered phase measurements in patients with multiple sclerosis: a casecontrol study. R Zivadinov, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.045Neuroimage. 591Zivadinov, R., et al., 2012. Abnormal subcortical deep-gray matter susceptibility-weighted imaging filtered phase measurements in patients with multiple sclerosis: a case- control study. Neuroimage 59 (1), 331-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage. 2011.07.04521820063.
Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. M Zorzon, 10.1007/s10072-003-0147-614658040Neurol. Sci. 244Zorzon, M., et al., 2003. Risk factors of multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurol. Sci. 24 (4), 242-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-003-0147-614658040.
| A 60-year follow-up of the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Hordaland County, Western Norway | Chronic Daily Headache and Medication Overuse Headache in First-Visit Headache Patients in Korea: A Multicenter Clinic-Based Study | The titel pretty much explains it. I have not one single time in my entire life had a single headache and I do not really have a clue how it feels.
I know no one besides me who is in that position. Anybody on Reddit? | Modulation of visual cortical excitability in migraine with aura: effects of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation | 327 | Headache in relapse and remission phases of multiple sclerosis: A case-control study | Headache as a symptom of Multiple Sclerosis | Multiple Sclerosis: Relapses and Timing of Remissions | The onset location of multiple sclerosis predicts the location of subsequent relapses | Chronic headaches please help | Simple Dysphasic Seizures as the Sole Manifestation of Relapse in Multiple Sclerosis | Assessment and Treatment Strategies for a Multiple Sclerosis Relapse. | [Management of chronic headache]. | [Multiple sclerosis--symptoms, diagnosis and treatment]. |
328 | Great Read for Scots-Irish Family Historians | An amazing read about this colorful author's journey in life to find his Celtic roots. This book is a must for anyone who is Irish, Scots-Irish, or simply wanting to know more about DNA testing and genetic geneaolgy. Not only was I entertained by this author, who seemed like an old friend, but I learned quite a bit about history and genealogy. Additionally, the last chapter was delightfully unexpected! | I have been interested in the Fitzgerald's for over 20 years. I live in Kildare, quite close to kilkea castle and stayed at carton about 4 years ago. The Fitzgerald's were Norman invaders, but as the saying goes "became more Irish than the Irish themselves". Unlike many of their class who were absentee landlords, the Fitzgerald's, like the Burke's of Westport , has a true connection to ireland . They were known throughout Ireland as " the good family". This book provides a lot of new detail on the family and how one black sheep can destroy a heritage going back centuries. a very good read. | This book is a good over view of Irish history but it does jump back & forth some between time periods which got confusing at times. All & all worth reading. I learned things I didn't know before. | ‘Somewhere beyond England and Ireland’: narratives of ‘home’ in second-generation Irish autobiography | With the advent of DNA testing, this classic research work is a must for pinpointing the various Irish and Anglo-Irish branches on a family tree with Irish roots. | Simply put, this book was written for Americans. It does not convey the hardships the Irish endured as they happened. The authors storytelling is repetitive babble, but the storyline was okay. However, if you want to read a good Irish book choose something written by an author who still lives and always has live in Ireland. There are many other great Irish literature works. | Short but a good read, got it for my extremely proud to be Irish mom and she loved it, wish he would write more like this | Excellent read, easy to follow history, and most Irish histories are NOT easy to follow. This book did it just right, though, interesting and factual and very interesting. Liked the interweaving of historical places/peoples with current historian viewpoints. Solid work!!! | 328 | I've started researching my own paternal family history, which is Scots-Irish. I picked the book up based on other reviews to get a primer on how both traditional and genetic genealogy helped the author trace his paternal line across the pond. I was prepared for a dry read, but was very glad to find both detailed information that could guide my own research coupled with an engaging, page-turning (often funny) travelogue. The author has a compelling voice that draws you in to the story and gives life to Ireland and his ancestors. It made me thirsty for a pint of Guinness and chats with distant cousins with brogues. I recommend it. | Must have book if you are tracing your family tree to Ireland | Writing the Biography of an Irish Protestant and New Zealand Working Class Family | Perfect Guide for Discovering the Real (and Ancient) Ireland | Can anyone recommend a good book on Irish history? | Great story of Irish Immigrant family! | Excellent book for understanding the workings of Irish and its dialects. | Help from fellow Irish men and women?
In college and need 100 plus respondents. | One of the best Irish memoirs I've read in years |
329 | Semiconductor optical amplifier-based all-optical gates for high-speed optical processing | High-speed all-optical logic circuits have attracted much attention because of their important roles in signal processing in next-generation optical networks. We demonstrate an all-optical two bit comparator using an optical gate architecture based on semiconductor optical amplifiers. The scheme, able to process input signals at the same or different wavelengths, is characterized using return-to-zero modulated signals at 10 Gb/s. Clear open eye patterns and correct logic bit sequences with extinction ratios exceeding 9 dB are achieved. Potential for integration and simple structure makes this architecture an interesting approach in optical signal processing and photonic computing. | This paper reviews recent progress on high-speed all-optical signal processing technologies including switching and regeneration for optical transmission systems. | High-speed all-optical logic circuits have attracted much attention because of their important roles in signal processing in next-generation optical networks. The digital encoder is widely used in binary calculation, multiplexing, demultiplexing, address recognition and data encryption. A priority encoder allows the existence of multiple valid inputs simultaneously, identifies the priority of the request signals and encodes the priority. We propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-optical 4-bit priority encoder for return-to-zero signals at 40 Gbit/s based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers. Detuning filters after semiconductor optical amplifiers are employed to improve the output performance. Correct logic bit sequences and clear open eye patterns with extinction ratios exceeding 10 dB are achieved. | Abstract All optical reversible logic gates have significant applications in the field of optics and optoelectronics for developing different sequential and combinational circuits of optical computing, optical signal processing and in multi-valued logic operations and quantum computing. Here the author proposes a method for developing all optical three-input–output Fredkin gate and modified Fredkin gate using frequency encoded data. For this purpose the author has exploited the properties of efficient frequency conversion and faster switching speed of semiconductor optical amplifiers. Simulation results of the three input–output Fredkin gate testifies to the feasibility of the proposed scheme. These Fredkin gates are universal logic gates, and can be used to develop different all-optical logic and data processors in communication network. | Conservative and reversible logic gates are widely known to be compatible with revolutionary computing paradigms such as low-power CMOS, nanotechnology, optical and quantum computing. A conservative reversible logic gate is the Peres Gate (PG). This gate is also known as New Toffoli Gate (NTG), combining Toffloi Gate and Feynman Gate. This paper presents an optical circuit for realization of Peres Gate in all-optical domain. Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) can play a significant role in this field of ultra fast all optical signal processing. | We demonstrate optical binary threshold logic by using an optoelectronic circuit. This threshold gate is in itself a logical complete set owing to the availability of both positive and negative weights and threshold. Furthermore, the weights and the threshold are optically addressed, thereby providing real-time operation. Experimental results demonstrate AND, OR, and MAJORITY functions and three other arbitrary logic functions for three input signals with a single gate. Applications in neural computing and two-dimensional parallel logic processing are discussed. | An all-optical counter is presented using cascaded stages composed by SOA fiber laser based optical flip-flops and SOA four wave mixing AND logic gates. Two-bit all-optical pulse counting and optical frequency division are demonstrated. | All-optical 5-bit binary coded decimal (BCD) to binary converter has been designed with the help of Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) — assisted Sagnac switches. Binary is handy because we can easily use something physical to represent numbers. We use laser source for incoming pulse and input data. When it is on, it means 1-state and when it is off, it means 0-state. The paper describes all-optical conversion scheme using a set of all-optical NOT and AND gates. The circuit can perform the conversion at very high speed. The operations of the circuit are studied theoretically. We also make the simulation of this proposed circuit. | 329 | Semiconductor optical amplifiers are useful building blocks for all-optical gates as wavelength converters and OTDM demultiplexers. The paper reviews the progress from simple gates using cross-gain modulation and four-wave mixing to the integrated interferometric gates using cross-phase modulation. These gates are very efficient for high-speed signal processing and open up interesting new areas, such as all-optical regeneration and high-speed all-optical logic functions. | Comprehensive analysis of two cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers for all-optical switching operation | All-optical time-division-multiplexing of 100 Gbit/s signal based on four-wave mixing in a travelling-wave semiconductor laser amplifier | All-optical reversible logic gate via adiabatic population transfer | 40-Gb/s all-optical digital 4-bit priority encoder employing cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers | All-optical wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in silicon waveguides | Very low coupling loss, hybrid-integrated all-optical regenerator with passive assembly | An optical gate for simultaneous fusion of four photonic W or Bell states | Room-temperature single-wavelength optical latching circuits using GaAs bistable devices as logic gates |
330 | Small price to pay for clean air. | I am very pleased to report that my air is cleaner in my home. This is a great value. You can't beat this price either. | This was a waste of money for me. Do not feel it cleans the air where I live in northern Texas that is a dusty climate. | Great price. In Williston ND it tends to be kind of dusty. These filters really helps knoock the dust down in my home. | Best air cleaner ever. I change out the charcoal filters four times a year. They are always loaded with foreign air particles. The system works quietly, Low at night and set high during the day. When it wears out, I'll buy the model again. I ordered the filters through Amazon. They're a little cheaper. | Pretty cheap, and really terrible. These were nearly impossible to blow up completely since the seal doesn't seal when you stop adding air. | This is a very good air cleaner for small rooms, it cleans and circulates the air five times in a hour. A powerful but quite fan returns cleaner fresher air into the room. | I just googled for an hour and I'm still unsure. I started with a simple question. How much would it cost to breathe clean air out of a tank for 50 hours per month?
I found this
But I don't want to spend another hour trying to get answers to basic questions like: can you cheaply re-fill an oxygen tank from somewhere, like you can with propane? Or do you have to buy a new oxygen tank every time? Is cpr-savers.com really the cheapest way to get what I need? Is there some other reason why this is stupid, that I'm not even realizing?
Why can't I find more products that sell portable clean air? Don't asthmatics and allergy sufferers want such a product? And people like me who don't want to age their brain by inhaling traffic exhaust and air pollution?
Thanks for any help. | This product is a very good personal air purifier or ionizer whatever you may wish to call it. It sends negative ions out and wipes out all the allergens and dust in the air that has been bugging me for so long. i think it's a good price too.
I think it was excellent that i got what i wanted on time, although i live in the United Kingdom and the were some extra shipping tax on the product which i never got told about until after i had recieved the product- it was okay because it wasn't too much, but Ace hardware store must say this before someone from the UK buys the product. | 330 | works great. quietest on the lowest mode for sleeping. noticeably different air in the rooms where we use it. not cheap to run (filter costs) but small price to pay for healthy air in oft-times air polluted Salt Lake City. | It works great and is pretty quiet | It works great. The 'breeze' and 'sleep' modes are the dumbest ... | Works great and the soothing sounds keep my children asleep all ... | It does work super quietly but with the strong and steady cool air ... | works great and is so quiet | I think this is an excellent air pump It's relatively quiet and the features on ... | It works great, is quiet | Works great. Not terribly noisy. Electric bill increased. |
331 | who ranked harry james the jazz musician of the 1970s | association with the Jazz Museum in New York. With Jackie Byard With Sonny Stitt Web sites with more information on J. R. Mitchell: J. R. Mitchell James Roland "J. R." Mitchell (April 13, 1937 – January 25, 2004) was a jazz drummer and educator who sought to promote awareness of the African American music experience. In the early 1980s, jazz journalist and Washington Post music critic W. Royal Stokes wrote, "J. R. Mitchell is the renaissance man of jazz." J. R. Mitchell was born April 13, 1937 to a family of five in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 15, Mitchell began | Jazz guitarist an album of acoustic jazz in the early 1980s with guitarists Paco de Lucia and Al Di Meola. English guitarist Allan Holdsworth played jazz rock in the 1980s that as inspired by John Coltrane. Lee Ritenour is among the most popular jazz fusion guitarists. He established his name in the 1970s as a busy studio musician who recorded with acts in many genres. The hammer-on is a common technique in guitar, but in the 1980s Stanley Jordan was the first to extend the technique into his entire playing style. Jordan taps the fretboard with the fingertips of both hands, playing | John James (guitarist) Stefan Grossman, James's compositions were written in musical form without the aid of the guitar, enabling him to develop ideas without being limited by his technique. With a career spanning over four decades, James has recorded over 15 albums and toured extensively, playing with Jools Holland, Ralph McTell, John Martyn, Led Zeppelin Happy Traum, Eddie Walker and Dick Heckstall-Smith famed for playing in the jazz rock band Colosseum, John Mayall, and Jack Bruce. He was a guest on the last tour by Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry of the UK in 1976. He has performed at Royal Albert Hall, Paris | The New James is a studio album by American trumpeter Harry James with The Harry James Orchestra. The album was recorded April 1–3, 1958 and released by Capitol Records on stereo LP (ST-1037), mono LP (T-1037), and a series of three EPs (EAP 1-1037, EAP 2-1037 and EAP 3-1037).
After coasting through the mid-1950s, James made a complete reevaluation of where he was heading in his musical career. Count Basie provided the impetus by making a significant comeback with his newly formed "16 Men Swinging" band, and James wanted a band with a decided Basie flavor. This album is the second of several released on Capitol representative of the Basie style that James adopted during this period, with some of the arrangements provided by former Basie saxophonist and arranger Ernie Wilkins, whom James hired for his own band.
Track listing
Personnel
Leader, Trumpet – Harry James
Saxophone – Willie Smith, Ernest Small, Herb Lorden, Bob Poland, Sam Firmature
Trumpet – Robert (Bob) Rolfe, Nick Buono, Ollie Mitchell
Trombone – Robert (Bob) Edmondson, Ernie Tack, Ray Sims
Piano – Jack Perciful
Guitar – Dennis Budimir
Bass – Russ Phillips
Drums - Jackie Mills
References
Jazz albums by American artists
1958 albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums arranged by Ernie Wilkins
Big band albums | Was in my view the most under-rated of ALL of the big band musicians of the swing era, from the mid 30's to the late 40's; he was an outstanding soloist who excelled on both clarinet and alto-sax, who could hold his own with the giants of the swing era, bar none! | for being one of the early jazz bassists to play Bebop solos in arco (bowed) style. The first player known to do that was Slam Stewart, who would scat in octaves with his bowed bass in his solos, good examples of which can be found on the trio recordings he made with Art Tatum and Tiny Grimes. Ron Carter (another bassist who worked with Miles Davis in his second great quintet), is credited as a key figure of the modern school of jazz bass playing.He is one of the most-recorded bassists in jazz. Free jazz was influenced by the composer/bassist | Modern Jazz Quartet The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm section of Dizzy Gillespie's big band from 1946 to 1948, which consisted of Lewis and Jackson along with bassist Ray Brown and drummer Kenny Clarke. They recorded as the Milt Jackson Quartet in 1951 and Brown left the group, being replaced as bassist by | Modern Jazz Quartet The Modern Jazz Quartet (MJQ) was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played music influenced by classical, cool jazz, blues and bebop. For most of its history the Quartet consisted of John Lewis (piano), Milt Jackson (vibraphone), Percy Heath (double bass), and Connie Kay (drums). The group grew out of the rhythm section of Dizzy Gillespie's big band from 1946 to 1948, which consisted of Lewis and Jackson along with bassist Ray Brown and drummer Kenny Clarke. They recorded as the Milt Jackson Quartet in 1951 and Brown left the group, being replaced as bassist by | 331 | other musicians. James released over 200 singles during his career, with nine songs reaching number one, 32 in the top ten, and 70 in the top 100 on the U.S. pop charts, as well as seven charting on the U.S. R&B chart. As of 2016, two recordings of Harry James had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance." Metronome magazine conducted annual readers' polls ranking the top jazz musician on each instrument. The winners were | how many people watched the 53rd annual grammys on cbs | how many hit records did eddie gordon promote into the top 40 hit records chart | where did made in brooklyn rank on the billboard 200 | how many grammy awards has there been for best new artist | when did the grammy award for best folk album start | what song did the sound win a grammy for | when did the grammy awards change to 78 categories | how many times has the very best been in the charts |
332 | Reversible Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Decay in Solid Solutions | Factors influencing fluorescence decay will be examined in a general way. Complicating effects which cause systems to depart from simple kinetics will be discussed including diffusion control, ground-state complexing, exciplex and excimer főrmation and Forster transfer. Basic equations will be derived or discussed. | Simulation of fluorescence quenching due to electron transfer from a photoexcited donor to an acceptor, in a rigid matrix has been performed. The model assumes competition between processes of the electron transfer and the resonant excitation energy transfer among donors. Electron and energy transfers are described in terms of the Marcus and the Forster theories, respectively. Dependence of the fluorescence quenching on the donor concentration and on the parameters of the Marcus and Forster equations has been investigated at a fixed acceptor concentration. Fluorescence decay curves calculated for various concentrations of donors have been compared with experimental decays. | We extend the theory of diffusing-wave spectroscopy using a random-walk approach and the radiative transfer equation. The transition between the transport regimes, observed experimentally, is well reproduced, increasing its potential for biological imaging. | The excited-state reversible reaction of a neutral particle and a charged particle in an external electric field is studied in three dimensions. This work extends the previous investigation for the ground-statereaction [S. Y. Reigh et al., J. Chem. Phys.129, 234501 (2008)] to the excited-statereaction with two different lifetimes and quenching. The analytic series solutions for all the fundamental probability density functions are obtained with the help of the diagonal approximation. They are found to be in excellent agreement with the exact numerical solutions of anisotropic diffusion-reaction equations. The analytical solutions for reaction rates and survival probabilities are also obtained. We find that the long-time kinetic transition from a power-law decrease to an exponential increase can be controlled by the external field strength or excited-state decay rates or both. | This lecture is concerned very briefly with the fundamentals of absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation through electric dipole transitions, and where appropriate factors determining the rate of depopulation of excited electronic states through non-radiative decay paths. Discussion is concentrated upon radiative decay, since the study of luminescence of molecules in biological systems is of both fundamental and applied importance. | — The decays of hydrated electrons generated by 265 nm laser flash photolysis of aqueous I-, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysozyrne. and ribonuclease have been analyzed by numerical computing. Homogeneous reactions do not explain the data without e-aq—radical back reactions significantly faster than diffusion limited. The results are explained by postulating pairwise recombination persists at times where conventional diffusion theory predicts randomization, particularly at low intensities and in the absence of effective e-aq scavengers. The physical mechanisms responsible for these effects are considered. | Dynamic behaviors of the weak electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex in its lowest excited singlet state have been investigated by the nsec flash photolysis method and measurements of fluorescence and transient photocurrent. In polar solvents the weak EDA complex in its lowest excited singlet state dissociates spontaneously into ions. The dynamic behaviors of s-tetracyanobenzene(TCNB)-benzene and TCNB-toluene complexes were studied in some solvents and the existence of the direct radiationless process at the excited Franck-Condon (FC) state as well as in the course of relaxation process from the excited FC state to the fluorescent state has been confirmed in the case of 1,2-dichloroethane solution. The nature of the intra-complex radiationless processes was discussed on the basis of this result. It has been pointed out that the lifetime of excited states is of crucial importance for understanding the dynamic behaviors of excited weak EDA complexes. | When the equilibrium of a reversible association–dissociation reaction, A+B⇄C, is perturbed by photolyzing C molecules, its relaxation kinetics cannot be described by conventional theories. Not only are the concentrations of reactant species displaced from equilibrium, but also the recombination dynamics of A and B molecules becomes quite different from the equilibrium bimolecular reaction. In particular, geminate pairs of A and B molecules photolytically produced in a viscous solution would give an almost singular contribution to the recombination dynamics at short times. Their dynamics needs to be treated distinctively from the recombination dynamics of thermally dissociated molecules. In the present paper, we develop a relaxation kinetic theory that takes account of these features of the reaction system in a unified manner. While most of previous theories are applicable only to the system of an isolated pair of geminate A and B molecules or to the pseudo-first-order case, the present theory is applicab... | 332 | Abstract The article deals with the influence of reversible excitation energy transfer on the fluorescence decay in systems with random distribution of molecules. On the basis of a hopping model, we have obtained an expression for the Laplace transform of the decay function and an expression for the average decay time. The case of dipole-dipole interaction is discussed in detail. | Kinetics of Fluorescence Decay: An Overview | Abstract Excitation energy transfer between donor (trypaflavine) and acceptor (rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G and cresyl violet) molecules randomly distributed in condensed phases is investigated using a time correlated single photon counting technique. The influence of excitation migration and translational diffusion is experimentally observed. The donor decay data demonstrate that fast diffusion/migration governs the decay kinetics in low viscosity solutions — the donor fluorescence decay being single exponential. The value of the diffusion coefficient calculated from decay curve analysis is almost a factor of five larger than the spatial diffusion constant and two orders of magnitude faster than the excitation migration transport constant. In high viscosity solvents efficient energy transfer follows the Forster dipole—dipole model. | Free energy gap laws for the pulse-induced and stationary fluorescence quenching by reversible charge transfer in polar solutions. | Quenching and reversible energy transfer kinetics involving two excited donor states | Dynamics of excited-state absorbers: an analytical approach | FLUORESCENCE DECAYS IN AROMATIC POLYMERS : ANALYSIS OF KINETIC MODELS AND THEIR IDENTIFIABILITY AND DISTINGUISHABILITY | Abstract Fluorescence quenching by electron transfer was studied theoretically in the case where diffusion of fluorescence and quencher molecules can be neglected. Starting from an exact expression, a simple equation was derived on the basis of physically reasonable assumptions which is similar to the Perrin equation but refines it. This equation closely follows the exact one. By using this equation, the parameters of fluorescence quenching can be obtained from experiment with reasonable accuracy. | Generalized Haken-Strobl-Reineker model of excitation transfer |
333 | good sealing against noise and easy tiny pouch bag | Quality sealing bags. Good delivery product as advertised | This product is pure genius! Wish I had thought of it! These low profile clips seal bags completely AIR TIGHT! Keeps everything fresh longer. I've ordered three packages of them now. USE THEM FOR EVERYTHING (different sizes that it). LOVE, LOVE, LOVE! Kudos to the inventors of this amazing, green product. | I have some Cuben Fiber and waterproof zipper and want to make a small pouch to store my crampons in, any good tutorials to check out? | I really should have looked closer at the bag, they work well for small stuff that do not require a lot of durability. Good product, just not what I needed | Sure would be nice if Purina added self sealing bags to help to keep this largerr bag fresh, but arrived very quickly. | These little guys work very well. They keep our chips fresh far longer than the clothes-pin type of bag sealers we've used in the past. I highly recommend them if you're storing opened bags of chips for more than a few days. | Great smelling bags that are thick enough that you don't risk poking a hole by accident. Best bags to have! | Great bags for the money will be buying again. Seals well on my inexpensive sealer . | 333 | a little wick base frequency, good sealing against noise and easy tiny pouch bag. | Whats in the bag other than the obvious? | A relatively small package that fits the food processor parts ... | Quiet, compact, solid, high quality, works ... | Light, handy and works in a crunch. The ... | A nice little humidifier, no complaints... until 9 months later | How to know which item to use in Brogue? | A nice and a durable heat gun. | This item is a definite must if you have any ... |
334 | Merrell vapor glove 3 and 4, which size is for me? i wear vibram kso evo 44 eu/10.5-11 us/27.5cm | These fit a little small. My hands are only 3.75 so I got the large, but they feel very restrictive. I don't like it. It does the job, but I like gym paws much better | I'm currently using a zowie FK2 and I've been in love with it for quite some time, I wouldn't say my hands are small but they're not large either. I believe they're 18.5cm/9.5cm. I do like the FK2, but I'm looking for something a little bigger, and I know I could just get an fk1 but the ZA series looks interesting to me because I have more of a hybrid grip, and sometimes the FK2 can be hard to grip or it just plain feels too small.
So I guess my question would be, if I were to get either a 12 or a 13, which would you guys recommend? I want to get something a little bigger than the FK2, but I've hear people say that even though the ZA13 is the same size, it "feels" bigger because of the hump placement. Would that "feel" be good enough or should I just settle for a ZA12? | I have purchased similar gloves in the past, from Ekogrips, and others, just checking them out, and the Ekogrips were by far my favorite. So then I find these gloves that I can get in different sizes. I am hooked! The big issue with the smaller ones is getting the things off my hands, these properly sized babies work Great. They fit Man sized hands and come off without dislocating a finger.
Highly recommend this product. | Ordered the x-small. It fits perfect!! Small asian hands lol. Very comfortable fit! | I am changing my product rating from 3 stars to 5 stars. iSPORT has bent over backwards to try and satisfy my exercise glove fitment issue. I rated the gloves a 3 not because they were not well made but because for my hands they didn't fit and hurt my hands. I have had this issue with gloves before. iSPORT contacted me and wanted to see if a different size would work or a refund or whatever would make me as a customer happy. Not all products work for all people and in my case that was the situation with the gloves. However iSPORT provided excellent customer service to me in a very timely manner and I would have no issue purchasing products from them in the future given this experience. I recommend then as a seller on Amazon... | Hello guys, I got pretty small hands and size S gloves don't fit my hands, they're too big and I'm slipping around in them.
I can't find any tactical olive green gloves in XS (fitting for 17.5cm / 6.8in long hand circumference). I'm giving up on hoping I could find some.
I'm horrible at sewing, so please leave this option out if possible.
I'm considering to get and bleach out black gloves, then re-dye them, but I don't know if that's going to end well, because I've never tried dyeing before.
Note: If you have links to purchase-sites, make sure they ship to Switzerland or Germany!
I'm grateful for every help I can get from you! | Product fits great and gives me a great amount of grip from the shooting range to changing my oil for my vehicle. These gloves are great overall for multi-purpose use. | According to the size chart given on the website. My size was XL but its a bit loose on the palm. Will take some time to settle but not the best fit in the market. | 334 | Dont have the option of testing the merrell out in a store, i currently have a pair of vibram kso evo which are size 44 eu/10.5-11 us/27.5cm which fit me just right. My actual foot length measured with a foot measuring plastic device i bought from aliexpress is around 27.6 cm long (i get around the same results measuring with a paper and pencil).
The Merrell vapor glove sizing chart state than a size 9.5 us is 27.5 JPN (cm), but im not sure thats the same thing as actual foot length (and if it is maybe the merrell arnt true to that size).
Does anyone else own a vibram five finger and a merrell vapor glove? what size do you have in each? What is your foot length heel to toe (and how you measured it - device or just paper and pencil)?
Curently looking to buy either a vapor glove 3 or 4, so any sizing info about either would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! | Transitioning from Nike to Merrel, can't test the shoe, need help with size. | Merrell versus Altra shoe sizing? | Merrell Trail Gloves for average/slightly wide feet? | Finding the right size for Aerosoles shoes is difficult! | I own another pair of Merrell shoes and I liked them because I have wide feet | Double check the shoe tongues for correct size | Double check the shoe tongues for correct size | Am disappointed as Merrell shoes are always my brand of choice |
335 | Human experience of time exhibits systematic, context-dependent deviations from clock time; for example, time is experienced differently at work than on holiday. Here we test the proposal that differences from clock time in subjective experience of time arise because time estimates are constructed by accumulating the same quantity that guides perception: salient events. Healthy human participants watched naturalistic, silent videos of up to 24 seconds in duration and estimated their duration while fMRI was acquired. We were able to reconstruct trial-by-trial biases in participants' duration reports, which reflect subjective experience of duration, purely from salient events in their visual cortex BOLD activity. By contrast, salient events in neither of two control regions-auditory and somatosensory cortex-were predictive of duration biases. These results held despite being able to (trivially) predict clock time from all three brain areas. Our results reveal that the information arising during perceptual processing of a dynamic environment provides a sufficient basis for reconstructing human subjective time duration.Author summaryOur perception of time isn't like a clock; it varies depending on other aspects of experience, such as what we see and hear in that moment. Previous studies have shown that differences in simple features, such as an image being larger or smaller, or brighter or dimmer, can change how we perceive time for those experiences. But in everyday life, the properties of these simple features can change frequently, presenting a challenge to understanding real-world time perception based on simple lab experiments. To overcome this problem, we developed a computational model of human time perception based on tracking changes in neural activity across brain regions involved in sensory processing (using non-invasive brain imaging). By measuring changes in brain activity patterns across these regions, our approach accommodates the different and changing feature combinations present in natural scenarios, such as walking on a busy street. Our model reproducesPLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGYPLOS Computational Biology | https://doi.Data Availability Statement:Data and materials availability: The pre-registration document, along with all data and analysis code are freely available to download at osf.io/2zqfu. people's duration reports for natural videos (up to almost half a minute long) and, most importantly, predicts whether a person reports a scene as relatively shorter or longer-the biases in time perception that reflect how natural experience of time deviates from clock time.Predictions of subjective time from human BOLD PLOS Computational Biology | https://doi.Fig 1. Trial sequence and human behavioral results. (A) Participants viewed naturalistic videos (8-24 seconds in duration, 1 video per trial) of walking around a busy city or sitting in a quiet office while in the MRI scanner and reported the duration using a visual analogue scale. (B) Participant-wise relationship between report and duration (colored lines), mean relationship (solid black line), and the line of unity (dashed line). (C) Relative under-/over-estimation of duration by human participants for office/city videos. Error bars represent +/-within-subject SEM. |
Introduction
Interval timing is an essential part of survival for organisms living in an environment with rich temporal dynamics. Biologically relevant behaviors often require precise calibration and execution of timed output on multiple levels of organization in the nervous system (Cisek and Kalaska, 2010). For example, central pattern generators produce basic locomotion in many organisms and yield balanced, rhythmic motor output via the oscillatory properties of inhibitory interneurons (Guertin, 2009). At greater levels of complexity, many behaviors rely on the explicit awareness of time (Buhusi and Meck, 2005). Subjective time is not always veridical, however; in fact, across many organisms, it is subject to distortion (Malapani and Fairhurst, 2002). As described by Matthews and Meck, 2016, temporal distortions can arise from changes in perception, attention, and memory processes, and are proposed to be directly related to the vividness and ease of representation of a timed event. Interestingly, action properties can also influence perceived time. For example, it has been shown that subjective time on the scale of milliseconds to seconds is influenced by movement duration (Yon et al., 2017), speed (Yokosaka et al., 2015), and direction (Tomassini and Morrone, 2016). More specifically, timed events accompanied by arm movements that are short (Yon et al., 2017), rapid (Yokosaka et al., 2015), or directed toward the body (Tomassini and Morrone, 2016) undergo compression.
These studies grant insight into the importance of action in the context of timing, but they are limited by focusing solely on volitional modulation of movement parameters. Often, organisms encounter changes in the environment that dramatically affect the way motor plans are executed. When these perturbations are encountered, organisms use feedback information to update current and future movement plans (Shadmehr et al., 2010). In the following experiments, we sought to modulate the parameters of movement distance and speed by introducing changes in the movement environment itself rather than through instruction or task demands. Participants were required to time auditory tone intervals while moving a robotic arm manipulandum through environments with varying degrees of viscosity. This was tested first in a temporal categorization task, then in a temporal reproduction task with a new group of participants. If it is the case that time perception is biased by movement distance then limiting movement by applying viscosity should lead to underestimation of intervals. In our previous work , we utilized a very similar free-movement categorization paradigm to study the effect of movement on time perception. Unlike the current study, this paradigm had no viscosity factor, but rather tested whether participants that were allowed to move during timed intervals differed in performance from participants that were not allowed to move. Allowance of movement enhanced temporal perception by reducing variability (i.e. lower coefficient of variation). However, results observed in this study were mechanistically ambiguous. That is, we observed that temporal judgments were more precise with movement, but it was unclear whether this effect was driven by perceptual changes or modulation of decision properties ( Figure 1a). Thus, in the current study, we sought to provide a more mechanistic explanation of our observed results by disentangling perceptual effects and ensuing downstream processes (choice selection in the categorization experiment, and measurement and estimation in the reproduction experiment). In the categorization experiment, we demonstrate that viscosity successfully decreased movement distance, and that this decrease was associated with underestimation of time intervals. We verified that this modulation was a result of interval timing and not a decision-related bias by applying a recently developed drift-diffusion model of timing (Balcı and Simen, 2014). In the reproduction experiment, all participants tended to overestimate durations, but viscosity was related to decreased overestimation and greater central tendency. We utilized a Bayesian Observer Model (Jazayeri and Shadlen, 2010;Remington et al., 2018) to verify that this effect was a result of perceptual bias rather than increased noise in the measurement and production processes. Overall, these results suggest that movement distance has a direct influence on perceived interval length, regardless of whether this parameter is modulated by volitional or environmental factors.
Results
Experiment 1 -temporal categorization
In our first experiment, 28 human subjects engaged in an auditory temporal categorization task using supra-second intervals between 1 and 4s. Subjects were required to classify each interval as 'long' or 'short', compared to the running average of all previously experienced intervals. To classify each interval, subjects were required to move the arm of a robotic manipulandum to one of two response locations, counterbalanced between subjects. Prior to tone onset, subjects were allowed a 2s 'warm-up' period, in which they were free to move the cursor around and explore the environment. During this period, the resistive force (f) against the manipulandum was gradually increased to reach a peak viscosity (v) of four possible levels (0, 12, 24, or 36 Ns/m 2 ; see Materials and methods); the viscosity remained at this level for the remainder of the trial (Figure 1b). Entry into the response location prior to the tone offset was penalized by restarting the trial, and so the optimal strategy was to move the cursor closer to the 'short' location, and then gradually move to the 'long' location as the tone elapses . Consistent with this strategy, we found that the relative location of the hand at interval offset was closer to the short target for intervals at or under the middle of the stimulus set, but rapidly moved closer to the long target for longer intervals [F(6,162) =4.791, p < 0.001, h 2 p =0.151] (Figure 1-figure supplement 1A). However, no impact of viscosity was observed on relative hand position [F(3,81) =1.595, p=0.197], suggesting that movement had little impact on the ability of subjects to employ this strategy. One possible explanation for this lack of an effect is that the introduction of viscosity altered the optimal positional strategy across participants; indeed, external movement perturbation on choice reaching tasks similar to this one reveal that movement strategies change in response to additional effort (Burk et al., 2014). We further note that, in this task the position at offset did not guarantee that subjects would choose the closer response location. We further verified that our viscosity manipulation worked by observing a decrease in movement distances [F(3,81) Analysis of choice responses proceeded by constructing psychometric curves from the mean proportion of 'long' response choices for each interval/viscosity combination, and chronometric curves from the mean reaction time (RT) as well (Figure 2a and Figure 1-figure supplement 1). Psychometric curves were additionally fit with cumulative Gumbel distributions, from which the bisection point (BP) was determined as the 0.5 probability of classifying an interval as long. Analysis of the BP values across all four viscosities with a repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of viscosity [F(3,81) Figure 1. Hypothesis and design of Experiment 1. (A) Potential pathways in which movement (f) could influence timing. The first possibility is that f specifically alters the sensory layer, in which a stimulus presented for an amount of time (t) is perceived with noise as a temporal estimate (t m ); here, f could specifically alter the measurement process, either by shifting the way that estimate is perceived or by altering the level of noise. The second possibility is that f shifts the decision layer, such that decisions about time (d) are biased to one choice or another (e.g. more likely to choose 'long'). (B) Task schematic of Experiment 1. Participants began each trial with the robotic handle locked in a centralized location. The trial was initiated by a warmup phase in which the hold was released and viscosity was applied in a ramping fashion until the target viscosity was reached. Participants were allowed to move throughout the workspace during warm-up and tone presentation, and reach to one of two choice targets to indicate their response (Hand y data shows hypothetical paths to the chosen target). (C) Example trajectory data; each row displays sample trajectories from two subjects. The trajectories include movement during the tone for the seven possible tone durations for each of the four viscosities. The online version of this article includes the following figure supplement(s) for figure 1: (Balcı and Simen, 2014;Wiener and Thompson, 2015;Wiener et al., 2019). This pattern is thought to reflect increased decision certainty associated with longer intervals; once an elapsed interval crosses the categorical boundary, subjects shift from preparing a 'short' choice to a 'long' choice, with increased preparation for longer durations. Additionally, a significant effect of viscosity was observed [F(3,81)=14.684, p < 0.001, h 2 p = 0.352]; however, the effect was variable across viscosities, with faster RTs for mid-range viscosities. No effect of viscosity was observed on the CV [F(3,81)=0.377, p=0.77; BF 10 =0.073] (Figure 1-figure supplement 1).
Influence of movement parameters
We further examined the impact of individual differences in movement parameters on the observed behavioral findings. As noted above, movement distance was successfully manipulated by imposing different environmental viscosities. However, we observed large inter-individual differences in the average distances moved by different subjects. That is, some subjects moved a lot, whereas some moved very little; notably, subjects were largely consistent in their movement distances across viscosity conditions (Figure 1-figure supplement 2A). Similarly, subjects who moved more also exerted more force in doing so; we further observed that the effect of viscosity on movement distance and force were correlated between subjects [Pearson r = À0.73, p<0.001; Spearman r = À0.88, p<0.001]. We further examined if the effect of viscosity on time perception was modified by individual differences in movement distance. Here, we found only a weak correlation between the effect of viscosity on movement distance and the bisection point [Pearson r = À0.286, p=0.1395; Spearman r = À0.35, p=0.067]. Similarly, the correlation between the effect of viscosity on force was also very weak [Pearson r = 0.147, p=0.45; Spearman r = 0.221, p=0.25], suggesting that the effect of viscosity did not covary with individual differences in movement distance or force.
While the above results suggested no between-subject difference in the magnitude of the effect, this does not preclude a within-subject influence. In our previous report , we observed that subjects performing this task exhibited a more precise perception of time (lower CV) compared to subjects who performed a different version where the robotic arm was fixed at the starting point for the duration of the interval. Although the present study allowed all subjects to move freely during the interval, we hypothesized that movement during the interval would interact with precision within-subject. To test this possibility, we performed a within-subject median split of the movement distance for each interval/viscosity combination and re-analyzed the psychometric curves for each viscosity condition. For the BP, we again observed an increase with viscosity (Figure 3b), and not for any other viscosity (all p>0.05). This indicates that precision again improved with greater movement, but only when no impediments from a viscous movement environment existed.
Drift diffusion modeling
The results of this Experiment appeared to support the hypothesis that increasing viscosity while judging an auditory interval led to a shorter perception of that interval. However, as stated in the Introduction, a shift resulting from increased viscosity could have either altered perception or biased subjects to classify intervals as 'short'; both outcomes could explain our results, as our task inherently involves a directional judgment (Yates et al., 2012;Schneider and Komlos, 2008). To further tease apart these two possibilities, we decomposed choice and RT data using a drift diffusion model (DDM) of perception and decision making. We employed hierarchical DDM (HDDM; Wiecki et al., 2013) in order to constrain fitted parameters for individual subjects by the group mean (see Materials and methods). Under this framework, evidence is accumulated over time towards a 'long' or 'short' decision boundary. A shift in the drift rate towards one of these boundaries is interpreted as evidence in favor of a shift in the perceptual evidence, whereas a change in the threshold boundary could be interpreted as a change in the decision layer (Voss et al., 2004;Hagura et al., 2017;Bogacz et al., 2006). In constructing our model, we relied on a previously-formulated DDM for describing behavior in temporal categorization tasks (Balcı and Simen, 2014). Under this framework, categorization is described as a two-stage process, in which elapsed time is measured during an initial processing stage, which then sets the parameters for a second-stage decision process. Specifically, the firststage is conceived as a single drift process with a variable drift rate, akin to pacemaker-accumulator models of time perception (Allman et al., 2014). At interval offset, the second-stage process begins, in which another drift process is engaged towards either an upper or lower decision boundary for classifying intervals as 'long' or 'short' (Wiener et al., 2018). Critically, the starting point (z) and drift rate (v) of the second stage process are determined by the accumulated value at the end of the firststage process; shorter or longer intervals in the stimulus set lead to starting points closer to the short or long boundaries, respectively and faster drift rates. In this way, the starting point and drift rate are linked, with both parameters set by the perception of the timed interval.
However, the low trial count in our study precluded us from building a DDM that could simultaneously account for both increasing duration and viscosity. To address this, and ensure that our findings accorded with the predictions of the Balcı and Simen, 2014 model, we constructed two separate DDMs, one for each factor, termed the Duration Model and Viscosity Model (see Materials and methods). For the Viscosity Model, we initially observed that having all four parameters vary by viscosity was not warranted; critically, this was driven by inclusion of the starting point, suggesting that changes in the starting point with viscosity did not improve the model fit [Full model DIC = 15245.36;v,a,t model DIC = 15213.62; v,a model DIC = 15747.6833; v model DIC = 15792.24; empty model DIC = 15678]. However, given our a-priori assumption that all four parameters could vary, and the inclusion of the starting point in the Balcı and Simen, 2014 model, we report results here for the full model, noting the inclusion of the starting point does not change these findings. In our analysis of the fitted DDM parameters for the Viscosity Model, we observed first a significant shift in the drift rate (v) (Figure 4b). In both cases for the threshold and starting point, the dominant pattern was for these values to drop for viscosities above zero, but show little variation beyond that. We additionally note that this pattern can explain the RT findings observed with viscosity; specifically, a lower threshold should be associated with faster RTs. With higher viscosity, and so higher effort, subjects may have placed greater emphasis on speed for their responses, and so lowered the necessary threshold for evidence (Burk et al., 2014; Evidence accumulation drifts at particular rate (v) that can be positive or negative, depending on the direction of the drift to a particular boundary. The drift rate is additionally delayed by non-decision time (t) and may be biased toward one of the boundaries by a certain amount (z). Viscosity was specifically found to influence the drift rate, in which higher viscosities were associated with a shift in drift from the long to short decision boundary (presented traces represent example simulations). (B) Top Panels: Posterior predictive checks for the Viscosity Model, displaying simulated data (bars) against average subject data for choice (left) and reaction time (right). Bottom Panel: Psychometric curves from simulations of the 'Full' Model, combining Viscosity and Duration; inset displays a shift in Viscosity in choosing 'long' (C) Fitted Viscosity Model results for all four parameters (left panels), showing that viscosity linearly shifted the drift rate, but also modulated threshold and bias parameters in a nonlinear (stepwise) manner. Right panels demonstrate the correlation between the slope of the viscosity effect on each parameter and the slope of the viscosity effect on behavior; only drift rate exhibited a significant correlation (see also Table 1 for Fisher Z comparisons between correlations). The online version of this article includes the following figure supplement(s) for figure 4: Hagura et al., 2017). However, we note that this effect dropped off with higher viscosities, further suggesting that the greater effort needed to employ this strategy reduced its effectiveness. Given the linear pattern observed for changes in the drift rate, we further explored whether this parameter could exclusively explain the shift in the BP. To test this, we calculated the slope of a linear regression for each parameter against viscosity for each subject, and correlated these with the slope values for BP against viscosity. Here, the only significant correlation observed was for the drift rate [Pearson r = À0.5132, p=0.0052; Spearman r = À0.7865, p<0.001], and not for any other parameter (all p>0.05). A Fisher's Z-test comparing this correlation confirmed that it was significantly greater than for all other parameters (see Table 1). We additionally confirmed this correlation was correct when using a non-hierarchical method for fitting the Viscosity Model, to confirm that the results were not driven by potential shrinkage resulting from the hierarchical method (
Experiment 2 -temporal reproduction
The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that increased resistive force while subjects made temporal judgments about auditory durations led to shorter reported lengths of those durations Computational modeling using a DDM further suggested that this shift was due to viscosity altering the perceived duration, rather than altering decision bias. However, in this experiment, decision-making and perception are intertwined, such that subjects must simultaneously measure the interval duration while classifying it. Indeed, previous research has suggested that, once the categorical boundary (here, the BP) has been crossed, subjects may stop accumulating temporal information altogether (Wiener and Thompson, 2015).
To further disentangle whether viscosity impacts perception or decision layers, we had a new set of subjects (n = 18) perform a temporal reproduction task, in which they moved the robotic arm while listening to auditory tone intervals and encoding their duration ( Figure 5). As a critical difference from Experiment 1, in Experiment 2 subjects were required to move throughout the intervalany halts in movement were penalized by re-starting the trial. This was done following our observation in Experiment one that some subjects chose to move very little. Following the encoding phase, the arm was locked in place and subjects reproduced the duration via a button-press attached to the handle (see Materials and methods). Viscosity was again randomized across the same four levels during the encoding phase; in this way, the impact of resistive force was applied only while subjects were actively perceiving duration, without any deliberative process.
We initially confirmed again that our viscosity manipulation was effective, with reduced move- More specifically, we observed that reproduced durations generally were overestimated compared to the presented sample durations (t s ), and this effect was quantified by measuring the offset for each reproduced duration compared to the presented one, also known as the Constant Error; here, we additionally observed an effect of viscosity, with less overestimation Figure 2B). We additionally observed an increase in the so-called central tendency effect, in which reproduced durations gravitate to the mean of the stimulus set, with greater viscosities; this effect was quantified by a change in slope values of a simple linear regression [F(3,51)=3.473, p = 0.023, h 2 p = 0.17].
Influence of movement parameters
Similar to Experiment 1, we examined the potential influence of individual differences in movement parameters on the experimental findings. Unlike Experiment 1, subjects were required to continue moving at all times during the interval, and so we predicted less heterogeneity in subject performance. As expected, we observed a close link between movement distance and force exerted, yet with a narrower range for each than in Experiment 1 (Figure 1-figure supplement 1B). Unlike Experiment 1, we found no correlation between the effects of viscosity on Movement Distance and Force [Pearson r = À0.16, p=0.52; Spearman r = À0.14, p=0.55], suggesting the correlation observed in Experiment 1 was primarily driven by some subjects moving very little. Additionally, we observed no between-subject correlation between the effects of viscosity on movement distance and duration reproduction
Bayesian observer model
The results of Experiment 2 revealed that, with increasing viscosity while encoding a time interval, the reproduced interval was increasingly, relatively, shorter in length. Again, this finding is consistent with reduced movement altering the perception of temporal intervals. We note that the temporal reproduction task as designed does not share the overlap with decision-making as in the temporal categorization task, as viscosity was only manipulated while subjects estimated the interval, and was not included during reproduction. However, we also note that the behavioral data alone are somewhat ambiguous to how viscosity impacts time estimation, as we observed both a shift in time intervals, as well as an increase in central tendency with greater viscosities. Changes in central tendency may be ascribed to a shift in uncertainty while estimating intervals, and although the CV did not change across viscosities, it remains possible that viscosity led to greater uncertainty, which would explain the observed shifts.
To tease these two possibilities apart, we employed a Bayesian Observer-Actor Model previously described by Remington and colleagues (Remington et al., 2018;Jazayeri and Shadlen, 2010) (see Materials and methods). In this model, sample durations (t s ) are inferred as draws from noisy measurement distributions (t m ) that scale in width according to the length of the presented interval. These measurements, when perceived, may be offset from veridical estimates as a result of perceptual bias or other outside forces (b). Due to the noise in the measurement process, the brain combines the perceived measurement with the prior distribution of presented intervals in a statistically optimal manner to produce a posterior estimate of time. The mean of the posterior distribution is then, in turn, used to guide the reproduced interval (t p ), corrupted by production noise (p) (Figure 6a). The resulting fits to this model thus produce an estimate of the measurement noise (m), the production noise (p), and the offset shift in perceived duration (b). Note that the offset term is also similar to that employed for other reproduction tasks as a shift parameter (Petzschner and Glasauer, 2011).
The result of the model fitting first demonstrated a significant effect on the width of the production noise (p) [F(3,51)=3.548, p = 0.021, h 2 p = 0.173] (Figure 6b). More specifically, production noise was found to decrease with higher viscosities; however, this effect was not linear, with the only difference being for zero viscosity estimates higher than all others. We note that this effect is similar in form to the shift in the threshold parameter (a) from the Viscosity-DDM of Experiment 1, and so may reflect a change in strategy from higher viscosity. That is, in response to the greater effort during measurement, subjects attempt to compensate by increasing motor precision during production (Remington et al., 2018). Again, a Fisher's Z-test comparing this correlation confirmed that it was significantly greater than for all other parameters (see Table 1).
In order to extend the modeling results further, we sought to compare these findings to alternative version of the Bayesian model. We therefore constructed a second model in which the offset term (b) was moved from occurring at the measurement stage to the production stage ( Figure 7A). This second model, termed the Viscosity Production Model, was fit to subject data and compared to the first model, termed the Viscosity Perception Model. For comparison, we conducted predictive checks by simulating data from both models and plotting these simulations against the observed subject data ( Figure 7B). Here, we observed that while the Viscosity Perception Model provided a good fit and description of the data, including a replication of the linear effect of viscosity on constant error, the Viscosity Production Model failed to do so. This observation was confirmed by comparing Negative Log-Likelihood estimates of model fits across subjects and viscosities, in which the Perception Model provided a significantly better fit [F(1,17)=21.686, p<0.001, h 2 p = 0.561] (Figure 7). We further note that, for the Production Model, the effect of viscosity was not significant [F (3,51)=0.871, p=0.462], suggesting that the model was not simply shifted from the true response.
Notably, the Production Model was still able to capture the effect of production noise we observed in the Perception Model [F(1,17)=3.211, p=0.031, h 2 p = 0.159].
Discussion
The above experiments demonstrate that systematically impeding movement during interval timing leads to a subsequent compression of perceived duration. These findings complement previous work showing that time perception is highly sensitive to movement (Yon et al., 2017;Yokosaka et al., 2015;Tomassini and Morrone, 2016), and here we confirm a case in which movement parameters (e.g., length and duration) did not have to be self-modulated to induce these distortions. The movement restrictions we implemented (i.e. moving in environments with different manipulations of viscosity) tended to shift the BP later in time in a temporal categorization task, and subsequently shortened perceived intervals in a temporal reproduction task. In the temporal categorization task, we found that increased viscosity, on average, shifted the BP such that subjects responded 'long' less often. We then applied a drift-diffusion model to isolate the cognitive mechanisms contributing to this effect (i.e. whether it was a function of decision bias, speed-accuracy trade-off calibration, non-decision time, or the rate of evidence accumulation; Ratcliff, 1978). The only significant contributor was the drift rate parameter, which linearly shifted from the 'long' to the 'short' boundary with increasing viscosity. While this was evidence for a purely On a given trial, a presented duration is drawn from a likelihood distribution with scalar variance leading to a measurement estimate (m) that is shifted by an offset parameter (b). The measurement estimate is combined with a uniform prior distribution of presented durations, and then finally affected by production noise (p). Viscosity was found to specifically shift b in a linear manner, with greater viscosities associated with shorter perceived durations. Middle panels: Fitted results for all three parameters, demonstrating a linear effect of offset, no effect of measurement noise, and a nonlinear (stepwise) shift in production noise with greater viscosities. Bottom panels display correlations with the behavioral effect of viscosity; only the offset parameters exhibited a significant effect (see Table 1 for Fisher Z comparisons). Right panel was additionally significant after outlier removal.
perceptual effect of viscosity on perceived time, we further investigated this effect by administering a temporal reproduction task in Experiment 2. Eliminating the decision process ensured that recorded responses were more representative of timing distortions via perceptual modulation. Here, participants made temporal estimations during movement, and reproduced these via button press. Although in the temporal categorization task the degree of movement between participants was self-selected and highly variable, we attempted to reduce this variability by requiring participants to move continuously during trials in the temporal reproduction task. We also controlled for performance variability due to familiarization by including a brief training session. Participants exhibited an overestimation bias when reproducing the interval duration, a result previously shown in motor reproduction of auditory intervals (Shi et al., 2013). However, the degree of overestimation decreased as a function of viscosity, confirming the compression effect seen in the temporal categorization task. Using a Bayesian observer model (Jazayeri and Shadlen, 2010;Remington et al., 2018), we observed a linear shift in perceptual bias as a function of viscosity, further supporting a purely perceptual effect of movement slowing on timing.
The results between experiments converge on the finding that viscosity manipulation leads to interval underestimation (reflected in the bias parameters). Further, timing precision was generally unaffected by our manipulations. In the temporal categorization task, the CV remained constant across viscosities; the only notable CV effect was revealed by the median split analysis, in which trials with greater movement led to greater precision for the zero viscosity condition. This was in agreement with our previous study demonstrating a movement-related enhancement in temporal precision estimates , and suggests that free movement can improve timing precision only in unrestricted movement environments. The temporal reproduction task also showed that viscosity did not affect the variability of estimation (CV), but interestingly, may have been associated with greater uncertainty as indicated by increased central tendency of reproduction slopes.
In addition to the paradigm difference in Experiments 1 and 2, it is worthwhile to consider the methodological differences that may have influenced these results. As mentioned above, in our first experiment we allowed movement, while in the second experiment we required it. Additionally, movement in the temporal categorization task had utilitarian value; participants could strategically approach candidate targets, and thus movement offered the potential to improve performance by shortening RTs. Movement in the temporal reproduction task did not provide this decision-making advantage, but notably the perceptual biases due to viscosity maintained the same directionality across experiments. That is, in response to viscosity, the BP parameter in Experiment one and the perceptual bias parameter in Experiment 2 shifted upwards and downwards respectively, in accordance with temporal compression. This suggests that movement influenced similar temporal estimation mechanisms, and despite methodological differences, the biasing effect of viscous environments was robust under different task demands. One additional note regarding this work is that subjects were not required to time their movements but were rather using their movements for timing. We believe the distinction here is important, as the ancillary movement patterns nevertheless influenced the perceived timing.
Our results parallel prior work investigating temporal distortions as a function of movement parameters. (Press et al., 2014) presented tactile stimulation to participants' fingers during movement or while stationary as they viewed congruent or incongruent hand avatars displayed on a screen. The duration of the tactile stimulus was perceived as longer when the avatar was congruent to concurrent movement. (Yon et al., 2017) similarly found that when participants executed finger movements of a pre-specified duration and listened to an auditory stimulus with an independently selected duration, judgments were biased towards the duration of the movement. They followed this with a separate experiment focused on manipulating movement distance as a proxy for movement duration (with the knowledge that farther reaches typically take longer); participants reached towards targets along a flat workspace with variable distances while a concurrent auditory duration was presented. Durations presented during 'far' reaches were again perceived as longer. This bears similarity to our experiments here, with a few key distinctions: in our experiments, movements were scaled exclusively in the spatial, but not temporal domain as a function of viscosity (i.e. movement distance, but not movement duration, scaled with viscosity). Additionally, the Yon experiments relied on volitional modulation for task success (e.g. being trained to make 'short' and 'long' movements or reach 'near' and 'far'). Our manipulation affected movement distance without any change in task demands; that is, the manipulated sensory feedback (via the somatosensory system) offered no explicit benefit or detriment to completing the task. Participants certainly reacted to these perturbations by increasing applied force, but self-modulation and monitoring in response to the manipulation was not required as in Yon et al., 2017. We believe this is a critical insight given by our study; even though participants knew that demands did not change with viscosity, the manipulation still induced temporal biases -presumably without conscious awareness. Taken together, these findings suggest complementary mechanisms of temporal biasing by movement distance and duration that are often conflated due to distance-duration correlations.
In contrast, some prior accounts do not align with our results. For example, Yokosaka et al., 2015 found that visual intervals demarcated by pairs of visual flashes were compressed during fast hand movement, whereas in our experiment we show that slowing down movement leads to compression. Additionally, Tomassini and colleagues (Tomassini et al., 2014) reported that tactile intervals were compressed during hand movement. Considering these examples, a crucial note-as highlighted in Iwasaki et al., 2017-is that many of the distortive effects of movement can be linked to whether an interval is filled or unfilled. Indeed, while we utilized filled auditory intervals in our tasks, the studies with contrasting effects utilized unfilled intervals. Also of interest is the type of movement in the listed studies and the interval ranges used. Movements were typically stereotyped across trials, and intervals were tested in the subsecond range. Here, we allowed participants to move freely along a two-dimensional plane and there were considerable individual differences in selected trajectories. Most notably, it was the externally imposed restriction of movement that turned out to be more influential on temporal perception than self-modulated movement characteristics.
In future movement-timing experiments it may be fitting to look beyond simple movement parameters (e.g. speed and distance) and focus on higher-order parameters such as biological versus non-biological motion. Specialized detection systems in the brain can identify movement from other organisms that adhere to physical principles such as natural acceleration and deceleration patterns, and are studied in laboratories from using simple stimuli (e.g. moving dot displays; Gavazzi et al., 2013) to complex light-point representations of locomotion (Wang and Jiang, 2012). When timing the duration of a dot moving across a screen with different movement profiles, biological motion (compared to constant motion) is timed more precisely for sub-and supra-second intervals, and more accurately for sub-second intervals (Gavazzi et al., 2013). Wang and Jiang, 2012 found that the perceived duration of a human light-point display was expanded compared to a static or nonbiological motion display, and this effect persisted when the dot positions were scrambled but retained local kinematics. However, studying motor production of biological motion during timing is a fairly new concept. Carlini and French, 2014 asked participants to time a dot stimulus moving across a screen that they either tracked with their finger, or viewed passively. Hand tracking overall improved accuracy and precision, but the improvement occurred irrespective of the movement type (biological motion, constant velocity, or sharp 'triangular' velocity profile). Additionally, biological motion was timed most accurately and precisely with or without manual tracking. This highlights a benefit of concurrent movement that can increase the accuracy of non-biological motion timing to biological motion levels. A natural question that follows concerns the degree to which these different motion types are biased from external factors. For example, would the compressing effect of viscosity occur more strongly for non-biological motion because it is more susceptible to motor influences? If we were to administer a similar manual tracking task, we predict that this would be the case. This design would also allow us to examine the separate contributions of force and movement distance; to examine movement distance we would scale the cursor speed down with viscosity (thereby requiring the same amount of cumulative force between viscosities), and to examine force we would keep the speed constant (requiring a compensatory force increase with viscosity).
This novel contribution to the existing body of research highlights the importance of sensory feedback in timing, whereas the study of movement-induced time distortions has focused primarily on feedforward effects. These complementary accounts enrich the current understanding of the coupling of movement and time perception, and support the longstanding notion that interval timing in the brain utilizes multiple streams of sensory information and distributed timing circuits to form a unified percept of duration (Chen and Vroomen, 2013;Bausenhart et al., 2014;Wiener et al., 2011). Understanding the integration of these signals is an important problem in modern neuroscience, and here we have presented a strong case for greater investigation into the role of movement perturbations in time perception. More specifically, they point to an intrinsic role of the motor system in time perception. As described above, previous research has shown motor system involvement in time perception, even when no timed motor response is required (Nani et al., 2019). Further, temporal categorization, as employed here has been linked to motor system processing and neural populations within the supplementary motor area (SMA), a region highly implicated in timing (Schwartze et al., 2012;Mendoza et al., 2018;Méndez et al., 2014).
Most saliently, our results align with A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM), an account outlining common neural circuitry between spatial, temporal, and numerosity representations in the brain (Walsh, 2003). The manipulation we introduced scaled spatial characteristics of movement, and subsequently led to a scaling down of perceived duration. A relevant consideration here is that viscosity was introduced via sensorimotor channels but had a cross-modal effect on auditory timing. This highlights an issue not originally included in ATOM: the role of simultaneous temporal measurements from different sensory channels. Our results suggest that the two channels of temporal processing were not redundant; if this had been the case, there would have been no effect of movement on the separate auditory estimate. We propose that these effects can be approached from a perspective of optimal cue combination (Ball et al., 2017). In a previous study , we found that movement (versus no movement) enhanced temporal precision. Combined with the knowledge that movement can also bias timing, we suggest that noisy auditory estimates in our experiments reaped a benefit from integrating motor information with higher precision, at the cost of a slight bias. To more thoroughly understand how motor and sensory time estimates interact, it is essential to examine the weighting of separate sensory pathways according to their usefulness and their reliability. Although the current study is not equipped to dissociate motor and auditory contributions, we strongly recommend this principle as a productive area of focus for future work.
Beyond understanding basic mechanisms of temporal processing and movement, these approaches may be of interest in order to study clinical disorders for which timing and movement are disrupted. Notable work in recent years has strongly suggested that motor control is an extension of ongoing cognitive computations (Lepora and Pezzulo, 2015;Resulaj et al., 2009), and adopting an integrated view of cognition-action pathways is a promising avenue for understanding these disorders and developing therapies that exploit these links. For example, in the case of Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's Diseases (HD), core timing networks in the brain overlap substantially with the motor circuitry targeted by neural degeneration, such as the basal ganglia (Obeso et al., 2000;Obeso et al., 2014;Browne et al., 1997). Motor deficits in these diseases are often accompanied by timing deficits (Avanzino et al., 2016) and other cognitive abnormalities (Robbins and Cools, 2014;Paulsen, 2011). The shared neural circuitry combined with these parallel deficits provide a basis for incorporating movement into cognitive training and vice versa.
In contrast, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders are usually discussed in terms of cognitive deficits despite exhibiting motor idiosyncrasies. Although embodied cognition has gained traction in basic science research, there are fewer approaches in clinical research that consider cognitive and motor symptoms in relation to one another. One example is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The excessive motoric activity (i.e. hyperactivity) associated with the disorder is typically seen as disruptive, but interestingly, some studies have shown that it can boost cognitive control performance (Rapport et al., 2009;Hartanto et al., 2016). In light of the timing deficits present in ADHD (Plummer and Humphrey, 2009), it would be interesting to explore the extent movement can provide a similar benefit to timing performance. The coupling of timing and motor functions taken together with the supramodal nature of core timing circuits provides an excellent opportunity to probe cognition-action pathways in various clinical disorders. On the one hand, movement can sharpen certain perceptual and cognitive processes, and on the other hand, it can introduce biasing effects on timing and on other perceptual judgments (Moher and Song, 2014), including when movement perturbations are applied (Hagura et al., 2017). Therefore, further investigation is warranted to better understand how these effects can be exploited to improve outcomes for patients.
In summary, we tested participants' ability to time intervals while moving, and in two separate timing paradigms demonstrated that imposing restrictions on movement subsequently shortened perceived time. Computational modeling confirmed that these effects arose from perceptual differences rather than downstream cognitive processes. The influence of motor activity on sensory processing is well studied-motor activity can modulate sensory processing across modalities, as early as in primary sensory cortices (for review, see Parker et al., 2020). For example, locomotion can modulate gain in rodent visual and auditory cortices (Niell and Stryker, 2010;Zhou et al., 2014), and in humans, orientation change detection is improved when preparing to make a grasping motion aligned with the original orientation (Gutteling et al., 2011). Recent reports have shown that timing, through a neurally distributed system, is also modulated by and can even be improved by movement Carlini and French, 2014;Manning and Schutz, 2013). Our work confirms that time is subject to distortion by externally imposed movement constraints and allowances, at least in the auditory modality and within the suprasecond range. It is important to note that timing distortions can be modality-specific (Bueti, 2011), and as stated above, differ when intervals are filled versus unfilled (Iwasaki et al., 2017). These are natural considerations regarding our results, and could form the basis for future work to investigate different modalities, temporal ranges, and interval presentation styles. Another consideration is that in our experiments, viscosity was fixed throughout each trial; in followup experiments, it would be interesting to calibrate the nature and degree of movement perturbations to observe the resulting effects on timing. For example, experimenters could introduce dynamic perturbations or alter visual feedback much like in motor adaptation experiments (Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi, 1994;Krakauer et al., 2000;Alhussein et al., 2019;McKenna et al., 2017;Zhou et al., 2017).
Materials and methods Participants
A total of 28 participants took part in Experiment 1 (18 female, 10 male, M age = 23.5 (7.0)) and 18 separate participants took part in Experiment 2 (7 female, 11 male, M age = 21.5 (4.1)) for $15 per hour in gift card credit. These sample sizes were chosen to accord with our previous report . All participants were right-handed as measured by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971). All protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Davis.
Apparatus
Both experiments utilized a robotic arm manipulandum (KINARM End-Point Lab, BKIN Technologies; Nguyen et al., 2019;Hosseini et al., 2017). Here, the participants manipulated the right arm on a planar workspace to perform the tasks and were blocked from viewing their arm directly by a horizontal screen display. A downward-facing LCD monitor reflected by an upward-facing mirror allowed viewing of experiment start locations and targets, demarcated by small circles. Participants were seated in an adjustable chair so that they could comfortably view the mirrored display. In Experiment 1, a cursor on the screen projected their current arm position during each trial, whereas in Experiment 2 no cursor was present. The manipulandum sampled motor output at 1000 Hz.
Procedure
Experiment 1
In the first experiment, participants performed an auditory temporal categorization procedure (Kopec and Brody, 2010) with intervals of 1000,1260,1580,2000,2520,3170, and 4000 ms with a 440 Hz tone. A total of 280 trials were segmented into five blocks with the option for a short (1-2 min) break between each block. Participants were instructed to start each trial in a central target location, where the manipulandum locked the arm in place for 1000 ms. A warm-up phase began as the hold was released and the words 'Get Ready' were displayed on the screen. Participants were encouraged during instruction to move freely throughout the workspace during each trial, and respond as quickly and accurately as possible. During the warm-up phase, viscosity was applied in a linearly ramping fashion, reaching one of four viscosity values (0, 12, 24, or 36 Ns/m 2 ) in 2000 ms. Simultaneously, two response targets appeared at 105˚and 75˚, equidistant from the starting location. Target assignment was counterbalanced between participants. Once the desired viscosity was reached, the tone began to play and participants were required to determine whether the tone was short or long compared to all tones they had heard so far (reference-free categorization) by moving the cursor to the corresponding target location on the right or left. If a response was made before the tone had elapsed, the trial was discarded and they were required to repeat the trial. No feedback was given. Viscosity and duration values were randomized across trials with equal representation in each block.
Experiment 2 (temporal reproduction)
In the second experiment, a separate group of participants performed a temporal reproduction task with tone intervals of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, and 4000 ms. Because the task had higher attentional demands and was more likely to cause fatigue, the 280 trials were segmented into 10 instead of five blocks. In this task, the manipulandum moved the participant's arm (1000 ms) to the one of 16 encoding start locations in a grid-like configuration, and locked in place for 1000 ms until a green 'go' cue appeared in the start location. Upon seeing the cue, participants were required to start moving. Moreover, the tone onset was contingent upon movement, and the trial was discarded and repeated if movement stopped before tone offset. After tone offset, a linearly ramping 'brake' was applied to discourage further movement. Once movement stopped, the manipulandum moved to a central location for the reproduction phase. After seeing a green cue, participants reproduced the encoded interval by holding and releasing a button attached to the manipulandum. No auditory or performance feedback was given. As in Experiment 1, duration and viscosity were randomized and equally represented in each block.
Analysis
In Experiments 1 and 2, movement distance and force measures were taken for each trial. Movement distance was defined as the summed distance traveled (point-by-point Euclidean distance between each millisecond time frame) during the stimulus tone. Force was similarly defined as the summed instantaneous force during the stimulus tone. In Experiment 1, RT was defined as the time elapsed between tone offset and reaching one of the two choice targets. Outlier trials were excluded for RT values greater than three standard deviations away from the mean of a participant's log-transformed RT distribution (Ratcliff, 1993). For each participant we plotted duration by proportion of 'long' responses. From here, we used the psignifit 4.0 software package to estimate individual BP and coefficients of variation (CV) for all four viscosity values (Schütt et al., 2016); all curves were fit with a cumulative Gumbel distribution to account for the log-spaced nature of tested intervals (Wiener et al., 2018;Wiener et al., 2019). The BP was defined as the 0.5 probability point on the psychometric function for categorizing intervals as 'long'; the CV was defined as half the difference between 0.75 and 0.25 points on the function divided by the BP.
In Experiment 2, we plotted true duration by estimated duration for each participant to find individual slope and intercept values. We also computed individual CV values for duration and viscosity conditions via the ratio of estimation standard deviation to estimated mean . We excluded trials if the reproduction time fell outside three standard deviations from the mean. Additionally, we calculated the constant error, defined as the difference between the reproduced interval and the presented one.
For statistical analyses, we report the results of repeated measures ANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests where appropriate, along with effect sizes. For all correlations, we report the value of both Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. Additionally, for effects deemed non-significant by standard null-hypothesis statistical tests, we report Bayes Factors as calculated by the software package JASP (http://www.jasp-stats.org).
Drift diffusion modeling
To better dissect the results of Experiment 1, we decomposed choice and RT data using a drift diffusion model (DDM; Ratcliff, 1978;Wiecki et al., 2013;Tipples, 2015). Due to the low number of trials available per condition, we opted to use hierarchical DDM (HDDM) as employed by the HDDM package for Python (http://ski.clps.brown.edu/hddm_docs/allinone.html). In this package, individual subjects are pooled into a single aggregate, which is used to derive fitted parameters by repetitive sampling from a hypothetical posterior distribution via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. From here, the mean overall parameters are used to constrain estimates of individual-subject estimates. HDDM has been demonstrated as effective as recovering parameters from experiments with a low number of trials (Wiecki et al., 2013).
In our approach to modeling, we opted for a DDM in which four parameters were set to vary: the threshold difference for evidence accumulation (a), the drift rate towards each boundary (v), the starting point, or bias toward a particular boundary (z), and the non-decision time (t), accounting for remaining variance due to non-specific processes (e.g. perceptual, motor latencies). Our choice to include these four parameters was driven a priori by earlier modeling efforts for studies of timing and time perception (Tipples, 2015;Balcı and Simen, 2014;Wiener et al., 2018). Nevertheless, we compared fits of models of varying complexity via the Deviance Information Criterion, in which parameters added in the following manner: null -> v -> va -> vat -> vatz. A reduction in DIC of 10 or greater was considered as evidence for a better fit. We additionally include between-trial variability in the starting point (sz) to account for trial-to-trial fluctuations.
For model construction, we relied on the model of Balcı and Simen, 2014 as a guide, as in our previous work (Wiener et al., 2018;Bader et al., 2019). In this model, performance on a temporal categorization task is conceived as a two-stage process. In the first stage, evidence accumulates monotonically during the interval, serving as a measure of elapsed time. At interval offset, the second stage initiates another drift-diffusion process, in which evidence accumulates towards one of two decision bounds, associated with 'short' and 'long' categorizations. Notably, the starting point (z) of the second stage process is determined by the level of accumulation from the first stage at offset; shorter intervals lead to a starting point closer to the 'short' categorization boundary, whereas longer intervals are closer to the 'long' boundary. Further, the proximity to each of the boundaries also determines the drift-rate (z) of the second stage process, with higher drift rates for closer proximity. Thus, the drift rate and the starting point are linked in this model.
Following our previous work, we chose to model only the second-stage process. This choice comes from previous studies as well as Balci and Simen (2014; supplementary material) who demonstrated that modeling the second-stage alone is sufficient at capturing all of the predicted effects. However, in designing the model, we note that there was an insufficient number of trials to account for both duration and viscosity, as the number of trials for each combination was lower than recommended by HDDM ( 10). As such, in order to demonstrate that this model could account for the behavioral data, we built two DDMs -one in which the included parameters varied as a function of duration, and one in which they varied as a function of viscosity.
Model construction was accomplished using the HDDMStimCoding class for HDDM, in which the starting point was split between both short and long response boundaries. Unlike the behavioral analysis, we included all trials here, and chose to model the probability of outliers using the p_outlier option, in which outliers were assumed to come from a uniform distribution at the right tail of the full RT distribution (Ratcliff and Tuerlinckx, 2002). This was done to avoid differential weighting of RTs from individual subjects in the full distribution; the probability was set to 0.05. Model sampling was conducted using 10,000 MCMC samples, with a burn-in of 1000 samples and a thinning (retention) of every 5th sample. Individual model fits were assessed by visual inspection of the chains and the MC_err statistic; all chains exhibited low autocorrelation levels and symmetrical traces. We additionally sampled five further chains of 5000 iterations (200 burn-in) of the 'winning' models and compared the Gelman-Rubin Statistic (Gelman and Rubin, 1992) revealing a value of 1.011 ± 0.082 (SD) for the Viscosity model, and 1.04 ± 0.093 (SD) for the Duration model, indicating good chain stability. In addition, we conducted posterior predictive checks for both models, in which 500 samples from the posterior distributions of each parameter were randomly drawn and used to generate a new dataset. The resulting choice and RT data were analyzed and compared to behavior for both duration and viscosity models.
Once model fits were accomplished and compared to behavioral data, we sought to demonstrate that a 'full' model -one in which duration and viscosity varied -could account for the behavioral findings. To accomplish this, we combined both models by first conducting a posterior predictive check for the Duration model, and then shifting each drawn sample from the posterior by an amount determined by the Viscosity model for each of the four levels of viscosity. For example, the drift rate (v) drawn from the posterior of the duration model would be averaged with the drift rate from the Viscosity model; a new dataset would then be generated using these values. In this way, four separate datasets from the Duration model were simulated, one for each viscosity. Choice and RT data were then averaged in these datasets to see if they recapitulated the original findings.
Finally, we also performed a non-hierarchical fit to subject data. This was done to confirm that the hierarchical results and their correlation with behavior were not unduly influenced by shrinkage of parameter estimates to the group mean. To accomplish this, individual subject data were fit using the HDDM.Optimize() function, in which results were fit via a Maximum Likelihood procedure (Ratcliff and Tuerlinckx, 2002). Individual parameter estimates were compared to the hierarchical ones, and the same correlations with behavior were conducted. This comparison was only carried out for the Viscosity model, where correlations with behavior were conducted.
Bayesian observer model
To model data from the reproduction task, we employed a Bayesian Observer Model, as developed by Jazayeri and colleagues (Jazayeri and Shadlen, 2010;Remington et al., 2018). In this model, sensory experiences of duration are treated as noisy estimates from a Gaussian distribution with scalar variability that grows linearly with the base interval, termed the measurement noise (m). Once drawn, these estimates are combined with the prior distribution of previously-experienced intervals; in this case, the prior was modeled as a uniform distribution with an upper and lower boundary corresponding to the presented intervals in the task. The mean of the resulting posterior distribution of an interval is thus drawn to the mean of the prior, thus accounting for the central tendency effect observed. Further, this effect also accounts for a trade-off in the precision of estimates; increased reliance on the prior, while increasing bias to the mean, also reduces variability, thus decreasing the CV (Cicchini et al., 2012). Following the posterior estimate, the produced movement is additionally corrupted by movement noise (p), again drawn from a Gaussian distribution. As an additional parameter, measurement bias is also included (b), also termed the estimation 'offset' (Remington et al., 2018), in which the noisy estimate is shifted away from the true duration. Note here that b is specifically included as a shift in perception, rather than production bias, and so we refer to this as the Perception Model.
We additionally constructed a second, alternative version of this model, in which the offset parameter was instead shifted to the production stage. Specifically, the offset term was changed in this model to be added during production, following movement noise, referred to as the Production Model. Model parameters (m, p, b) for each model were fit by minimizing the negative log-likelihood of individual subjects' single trial responses, using modified code provided at (https://jazlab.org/ resources/). Minimization was accomplished using the fminsearch function for Matlab, using numerical integration over the posterior distribution. Model fits were repeated using different initialization values and a fitting maximum of 3000 iterations; inspection of fitted parameters indicated good convergence of results. Model comparison was conducted by comparing negative log-likelihood values across each of the four viscosity conditions. Lastly, we conducted predictive checks by taking the average parameter estimates across subjects and simulating two datasets (40 trials per condition). These datasets were then analyzed in a similar manner to the behavioral data and compared to average subject data. Separate simulations were conducted for the Perception and Production Models.
=21.05, p < 0.001, h 2 p = 0.438] and an increase in force applied to the arm with higher viscosities [F(3,81)=22.736, p < 0.001, h 2 p = 0.457] (Figure 1-figure supplement 1A).
Figure supplement 1 .
1Additional effects for categorization and reproduction tasks.
Figure supplement 2 .
2Individual differences in movement parameters for categorization and reproduction tasks.
Figure 2 .
2Viscosity shifts time responses. (A) Results from Experiment 1 (Temporal Categorization). Left panel: psychometric curves fit to response proportions for a representative subject exhibiting a rightward shift with increasing viscosity; vertical lines indicate the Bisection Point (0.5 probability of classifying 'long'). Middle panel: Bisection points for all subjects across viscosities; gray lines represent best fitting linear regressions. Right panels: boxplots and kernel densities of slope values for linear regressions, along with bootstrapped distributions of the mean slope (rightmost panel) with 95% confidence intervals. (B) Results from Experiment 2 (Temporal Reproduction). Left panel: Reproduction performance for a representative subject exhibiting progressively shorter reproduced time estimates with higher viscosities; faded points represent single trials, solid points represent means, lines represent best fitting linear regressions. Middle panel: Mean Constant Error (difference between reproduced and presented interval) for all subjects across viscosities; gray lines represent best fitting linear regressions. Right panels: boxplots and kernel densities of slope values for linear regressions, along with bootstrapped distributions of the mean slope (rightmost panel) with 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 3 .
3Movement speed does not change viscosity effects, but does influence precision. (a) Mean bisection points and (b) coefficients of variation for participant trials divided into high and low movement via a median split. Viscosity shifted the bisection point across both movement types (left); however, precision was influenced by movement, but only when no viscosity existed.
For each model, comparisons of model complexity were conducted by comparing DIC values, as well as posterior predictive checks. For the Duration Model, we initially observed that a model which included all four DDM parameters varying with duration (v,a,t,z) was best able to account for subject data [Full model DIC = 6967.01; v,a,t model DIC = 7350.09; v,a model DIC = 8076.33; v model DIC = 9514.65; empty model DIC = 15677.96]. Posterior predictive checks of the data additionally demonstrated that the Duration Model was able to produce a similar pattern to subject data for both choice and RT (Figure 4-figure supplement 2A). For individual parameters, we additionally observed patterns that matched those reported by Balci and Simen (2014; see also Wiener et al., 2018 for a replication of these patterns). These included a change in drift rate from the short to long duration boundary with increasing duration length and a linear increase in the starting point from the short to long. Additional patterns from Balci and Simen (2014) were also observed, including U-shape and inverted U-shape patterns for threshold and non-decision time, respectively (Figure 4-figure supplement 2B). Finally, we observed the predicted linkage between starting point and drift rate, with a strong correlation between them [Pearson r = 0.664, p<0.001; Spearman r = 0.618, p<0.001] (Figure 4-figure supplement 2C).
Figure 4 .
4Drift diffusion modeling of categorization performance and viscosity. (A) Example Viscosity DDM model, in which evidence is accumulated to one of two decision bounds ('long' and 'short'), separated by a.
Figure supplement 1 .
1Comparison of hierarchical and non-hierarchical fits for Experiment 1.
Figure supplement 2 .
2Parameters and simulations of the Duration Model for Experiment 1.
Figure 4
4
871] observed with greater viscosities (Figure 1-figure supplement 1B). For behavioral results, we initially measured the reproduced durations (t p ), finding both a main effect of viscosity [F(3,51)=5.5, p = 0.002, h 2 p = 0.244] and an interaction with the presented duration [F(3,51) =1.814, p = 0.023, h 2 p = 0.096]. No impact on the variance of reproduced estimates was observed, with the CV remaining stable across all viscosities [F(3,51)=0.691, p = 0.562; BF 10 =0.016] (Figure 1figure supplement 1B).
[Figure 5 .
5Pearson r = 0.07, p=0.75; Spearman r = 0.19, p=0.44], nor on force and duration reproduction [Pearson r = 0.008, p=0.97; Spearman r = À0.23, p=0.34] (Figure 1-figure supplement 1B). Task schematic of Experiment 2. (A) Participants began each trial at a randomized start location and were required to initiate movement in order for the test duration to play (encoding phase). Unlike Experiment 1, the desired viscosity was applied immediately rather than in a ramping fashion. Then, the handle was brought to a central location where participants reproduced the duration by holding and releasing a button attached to the handle. (B) Timeline for each of the seven tested intervals. (C) As in Experiment 1, each row displays sample trajectories from two subjects for the seven possible tone durations, with separate lines indicating different viscosities.
For the offset shift (b), we observed a significant effect of viscosity [F(3,51)=3.72, p = 0.017, h 2 p = 0.18] that was linear in nature, with a reduction in values with increasing viscosity. No effect of viscosity was observed on the measurement noise parameter (m) [F(3,51)=1.212, p = 0.315]. As with the DDM results of Experiment 1, we further explored whether the linear nature of the shift in b could best explain the observed underestimation of duration by calculating the slope of a regression line for each parameter against viscosity and compared that to the change in reproduced duration. Only the offset term significantly correlated with the underestimation effect [Pearson = 0.7332, p < 0.001; Spearman = 0.709, p<0.001].
Figure 6 .
6Viscosity shifts time reproduction. Top: Bayesian Observer Model.
Figure 7 .
7Bayesian observer model of reproduction performance and viscosity. (A) Schematics for separate Bayesian models, in which the offset term could occur at either measurement level (Perception Model) or the production level (Production Model). (B) Predictive checks for both models, in which model simulations are presented with average subject data for Perception Model (top) and Production Model (bottom). (C) Average Constant Error for Perception (top) and Production (bottom) model simulations. (D) Comparison of Negative Log-Likelihood values for model fits for each model; individual data points represent single subjects, with each color representing a different viscosity. Dashed line represents the identity.
=3.774, p=0.014, h 2 p = 0.123]. A further examination revealed this to be a linear effect, with BP values generally increasing with viscosity, indicating a greater tendency to classify intervals as 'short' [F(1,27)=5.439, p = 0.027, h 2 p = 0.168]; we further note that examination of a quadratic contrast did not reveal a significant effect [F(1,27)=1.209, p=0.281]. To further confirm this effect, we calculated slope values of a simple linear regression of the BP against viscosity across-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.3
Vertical Position (m)
1000 ms
1260 ms
1580 ms
Horizontal Position (m)
2000 ms
2520 ms
3170 ms
4000 ms
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.3
Vertical Position (m)
1000 ms
1260 ms
1580 ms
Horizontal Position (m)
2000 ms
2520 ms
3170 ms
4000 ms
0.2
0.25
0.3
Vertical Position (m)
t m
d
Sensory Layer
Decision Layer
f
t
Viscosity
Table 1 .
1Correlation coefficients and Fisher Z comparisons between fitted parameters and behavioral effects. De Kock et al. eLife 2021;10:e63607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63607Experiment 1 -Correlation with Viscosity Effect
Experiment 2 -Correlation with Viscosity Effect
drift (v)
threshold (a)
starting point (z)
non decision time (t)
offset (b)
production (p)
measurement (m)
Pearson
*0.5132
0.1211
0.0196
0.0926
Pearson
*0.7332
0.0626
0.0509
Spearman
*0.7865
0.168
0.0252
0.0733
Spearman
*0.709
-0.1022
-0.0299
Fisher Z compare
Pearson with drift
-3.491
-1.588
-2.424
Fisher Z compare
Pearson with drift
2.508
2.545
Fisher Z compare
Spearman with drift
-5.312
-3.242
-3.886
Fisher Z compare
Spearman with drift
2.711
2.263
Decision letter and Author response Decision letter https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63607.sa1 Author response https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.63607.sa2 Additional files Supplementary files . Transparent reporting form Data availability All source data have been deposited in Dryad. Located at https://doi.org/10.25338/B8S913. The following dataset was generated:Author(s)
Year Dataset title
Dataset URL
Database and
Identifier
Kock R, Zhou W,
Joiner WM, Wiener
M
2021 Slowing the Body slows down Time
(Perception)
https://doi.org/10.25338/
B8S913
Dryad Digital
Repository, 10.25338/
B8S913
Research articleNeuroscience
AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation (1849067), awarded to MW and WMJ. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.Additional informationAuthor contributionsEthicsHuman subjects: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. All protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Davis (IRB Protocol # 1336438-6).
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Introduction
A basic distinction can be made between two ways in which time features in people's mental lives: as a dimension of things that unfold in time, and as a framework within which those things can be located. Psychological studies of the former focus on people's ability to process and represent information about the amount of time that events last for. However, events do not just have specific durations, they also have temporal locations, just as objects do not only have spatial extent, they also have spatial locations. Thus, we can talk about temporal frameworkssystems for representing temporal locations -in the same way as we can talk about spatial frameworks (McCormack & Hoerl, 1999). The most familiar temporal framework that we operate with is the conventional clock and calendar system. However, the clock and calendar system is mastered relatively late in development, meaning that in characterizing the acquisition of mature temporal cognition, we need to consider how children represent temporal locations before they master this system. Much existing developmental research on time has focused on children's ability to process and represent duration information. In this paper, we will instead focus primarily on the development of the ability to locate events in time, and we make a preliminary attempt to provide a model of developmental changes in this ability. Before doing so, we briefly summarize some existing work on time in children.
Time as a Dimension: Processing Duration
It is clear that children, from an early age, are sensitive to how long events last for. A series of innovative studies of timing in infancy have demonstrated infants' sensitivity to the duration of events and the developmental continuity of the processes involved in time perception (e.g., Brannon et al., 2004;Colombo & Richman, 2002;VanMarle & Wynn, 2006). Moreover, research with older children, much of which has been conducted by Sylvie Droit-Volet, has carefully charted developmental improvements in sensitivity to duration and also identified some of the mechanisms that contribute to such improvements (see Droit-Volet, 2013. However, as Droit-Volet has also argued, being sensitive to the duration of events, which is present even in infancy, is not the same thing as understanding that events have particular durations (Droit-Volet & Rattat, 1999;Rattat & Droit-Volet, 2007). Sensitivity to durations can be manifested by children adjusting their behavior appropriately to the durations of events that they perceive and process. However, children can adjust their behavior appropriately to event duration without an explicit grasp of the idea that events have durations. Thus, we can ask when children possess the concept of duration itself.
Historically, research on this issue was conducted within the Piagetian tradition (stemming from Piaget, 1969). Research in this tradition takes as its starting point the idea that having a notion of temporal duration is a matter of being able to coordinate the relations between the dimensions of time, speed, and distance in the movement of objects (what Piaget thought of as the Newtonian notion of time). Empirical work primarily focused on the nature of the errors children made in their duration judgments that suggested a conflation of these dimensions. While this work undoubtedly highlighted some striking errors in children's timing judgments, this tradition has generated little research interest since the 1980s. This is largely because researchers have come to reject some of the central tenets of this approach. Fully coordinating the dimensions of speed, distance, and time is a complex achievement, and even 8-to 12-year-olds can struggle to make accurate judgments of duration when these dimensions are confounded (Richards, 1982;Siegler & Richards, 1979). It has therefore been argued that there must be more basic aspects of the mature notion of time that this approach neglects (Levin, 1982(Levin, , 1992Weist, 1989;Wilkening, 1982). Moreover, the idea that we can measure children's notion of time primarily by looking at the accuracy of their duration judgments, as is assumed in the Piagetian approach, also faces the problem that even the duration judgments of adults can be affected by irrelevant stimulus dimensions (see Matthews & Meck, 2016, for a recent review), whilst, at the same time, even relatively young children can make some judgments of duration, arguably without relying on the sort of complex inferential processes highlighted within the Piagetian tradition (Droit-Volet, 2002, 2013Droit-Volet & Coull, 2016). Weist (1989) has spoken of a Piagetian void' that this approach leaves, even setting aside other problems it faces, because it has little to say about early childhood. It is this void that we hope to make some initial steps to fill, and we think the void is not just one regarding the early years, but also a void regarding central aspects of temporal cognition and their development. The Piagetian tradition focuses on time as a dimension of events -i.e., as lasting for a duration of a specific magnitude -with this approach trying to identify when children can separate out this dimension from other stimulus dimensions. Although the Piagetian approach has largely been discarded, recent research has retained this focus on time as a dimension. For instance, a central question in recent research on temporal representation has been whether children can make systematic mappings between temporal duration and other dimensions (Lourenco & Longo, 2010;Srinivasan & Carey, 2010). And, as mentioned above, most of the developmental research on time has continued to concentrate on changes in the accuracy with which children make judgments about duration. While these issues are clearly fundamental ones, here we want to emphasize the other, equally important, way in which time features in cognition. As we have already pointed out, time is also used as a framework insofar as events are located within time (McCormack & Hoerl, 1999): adults think of events as positioned somewhere in the past, present, or future and also as having locations in time relative to each other, with there being systematic before-and-after relations between these locations. We take it to be a crucial, but underexplored, developmental question whether children operate with the same sort of temporal framework as adults, or whether there are more developmentally basic ways of representing the locations of events.
While we will be focusing on children's temporal frameworks, we also acknowledge that the question framed above and addressed by Piaget -i.e., when do children have a concept of duration -remains an important question. Moreover, introducing the issue of the acquisition of a mature temporal framework raises a further question of how this developmental process is linked to the acquisition of a concept of duration. Are these separable developmental achievements, or are they linked in important ways? Part of the power of our conventional temporal framework, the clock and calendar system, is that it deals both with duration and with temporal location: e.g., days, weeks, and years last for a certain duration, but, by assigning a time and date to an event, its time of occurrence is also located relative to other times. Thus, mature temporal cognition integrates both these aspects of time. We will return to the issue of how this is achieved developmentally towards the end of the paper.
What are the Properties of Mature Temporal Cognition?
There are some fundamental questions about the way children think about time that we do not as yet have the answers for. For example, we do not know whether in locating events in time, children make use of the basic distinction between past, present, and future that adults operate with. This lack of knowledge stems from both a methodological and a theoretical gap in the literature on cognitive development. With regard to methodology, unlike in some areas of developmental psychology, there is no agreed set of tasks that are used to tap children's temporal concepts. This methodological gap stems at least in part from the theoretical gap: there is no agreed theoretical approach that actually specifies the core features of mature temporal understanding from which such tasks might be derived. For this reason, we start by outlining three core features of adults' mature concept of time that will shape our discussion of the developmental issues.
(i) Time is represented as linear and unidirectional. A mature temporal framework locates events on a time line stretching back into the past and forward into the future, with each location on the line being unique and non-reoccurring. This time line has a direction in so far as events successively become present in the future direction, as expressed in the idea of the 'flow' or 'passage' of time.
(ii) Time is unified. A single time line is used to represent temporal locations, and, as a result of this, every point in time stands in a systematic before/after relation to every other point in time. Transitivity holds between these relations: if a point in time A is before B and B is before C, then A is also before C.
(iii) Time is event independent. Although time is populated by events, adults are able to think of points in time independently of the particular events that occur at them. Being able to distinguish between a point in time and any events that might occur at that point is an important aspect of mature temporal cognition. This aspect of temporal cognition is most clearly embodied in the clock and calendar system, which can be used to specify any point in time without making reference to any events that have occurred or might occur at that temporal location. However, we are not claiming that children only have this way of thinking about time once they have mastered the clock and calendar system. Rather this way of thinking about time is likely to be a developmental prerequisite to being able to begin to learn such a system, and may be intact long before children master it (which they only do relatively late in development).
Note that our aim here is to characterize features of everyday thinking about time. Science, e.g., in the form of the theory of relativity, provides a somewhat more complex picture of the nature of reality itself, which reveals some of the assumptions listed above to be in need of qualification. Similarly, some philosophers working on the metaphysics of time question the extent to which some of the assumptions we have listed correctly reflect the nature of time itself, or are ultimately illusory. (On both of these issues, see, e.g., Dainton, 2010.) However, we take it as fairly uncontroversial that the descriptions given above capture three core features of the way in which we do in fact think of or speak about time in ordinary, everyday contexts. The purpose of specifying these core features is to provide a template against which to compare children's ways of thinking about and representing time: we can ask at what point in development children possess a notion of time that has these features, and raise the possibility that early in development the way in which children represent time may lack one or more of them. That is, it is possible that young children do not think of time as linear and unidirectional, do not have a unified way of representing the temporal locations of events, and cannot think of time in an event-independent way.
Temporal Perspective-Taking: A Hallmark of Mature Temporal Cognition
Before describing our developmental model, we want to further elaborate the properties of the type of mature temporal cognition that we take to be the endpoint of development. In the previous section, we outlined the features of the notion of time that we wish to focus on. Here, we want to stress that a hallmark of possessing such a notion is the ability to engage in what can be termed temporal perspective taking, an ability that we will now describe.
Part of what it is to possess a linear and unidirectional notion of time is to understand that what points in time are in the past, present, and future is not fixed. Rather, it changes systematically as time goes on. That is, for any ordered set of times A, B, and C that have now passed, there was a point in time at which what was to happen at A, B, and C was still in the future. Similarly, from the perspective in time at which A has just passed, A is in the past, whereas B and C are still in the future and so on. One way to describe this is to say that a mature notion of time supports a type of temporal perspective-taking that allows one to consider which times are in the past and which in the future from points in time other than the point one currently occupies (e.g., from the temporal perspective of yesterday, today was still in the future, but today will be in the past from the temporal perspective of tomorrow).
The idea that temporal perspective-taking is a hallmark of a mature notion of time is not new, and has been put forward by other theorists (Cromer, 1971;Harner, 1982;Weist, 1989; see also McCormack, 2014;McCormack & Hoerl, 1999), but we want to emphasize here a particularly crucial aspect of temporal perspectivetaking, namely that because time is understood as unidirectional, temporal perspective-taking must be grounded in a grasp of the asymmetry between past and future times. In people's everyday understanding of time, there is a basic asymmetry between the past and the future: thinking about times as being 'in the past' involves thinking of them in a quite different way than thinking about them as being 'in the future' does. One way to capture this asymmetry in the everyday understanding of time is in terms of the idea that facts about what happened in the past are not alterable, whereas facts about what will happen in the future are at least potentially alterable.1 We argue that mature temporal perspective-taking must involve putting to work this idea, and it is only because it has this element that it embodies a grasp of the unique directionality of time.
To make this clear, it is worth considering what is distinctive about temporal perspective-taking that makes it a quite different sort of cognitive achievement from spatial perspective-taking. In spatial perspective-taking, one may have to grasp that, for example, from this perspective in space the table is in front and the chair is behind one, whereas from another perspective both of these are behind one. In doing so, of course, one must be able to distinguish in some way between 'in front' and 'behind' . However, although whether something is in front of or behind one has implications for one's actions, there is nothing inherently different about the nature of those actual locations in space and indeed one could change whether something is in front of or behind one freely by moving to a different place. The temporal case is quite different. Whether something is in the past or in the future is not something that is in our power to determine, and which of two temporal locations is in the past and which is in the future is not something that can be reversed: we might say that in the everyday understanding of time there is something ontologically different about locations in the past and the future. Our suggestion is that temporal perspective-taking underpinned by a mature grasp of time must involve understanding this, which is why we describe it as perspectivetaking that involves putting to work the idea that facts about what happened in the past are unalterable whereas facts about what will happen in the future are still potentially alterable. An important developmental question, therefore, is when children can engage in this sort of perspective-taking. 1 We will be using this way of talking to characterize the kind of idea of the future as 'open' expressed in sentences like: "I was going to go to the cinema this evening, but now I think I might stay at home." Again, note that this is meant to capture an aspect of our everyday thinking about time and events in time. Whether the future is genuinely different from the past in reality is a question on which there is a great deal of debate in philosophy, because it is of course equally as true of future times as of past ones that they can only ever contain one of these types of event or the other. (I either will go to the cinema, or I will stay at home).
We will finish this sub-section by making it clear exactly why we think this sort of temporal perspective-taking involves event-independent thought about time. Consider the case again of an ordered series of times A, B, and C that are now in the past. Someone capable of temporal perspective-taking understands that from the perspective of A, facts about events at B and C, which have now already taken place, were in fact still potentially alterable. Grasping this means that they understand that, from that perspective, it was still possible for things to unfold differently to how they actually did unfold. That is, they understand that B and C are slots in time that could have been filled with different events than the events that actually did happen. Grasping this means thinking about B and C in an eventindependent way: as times that are separable from the events that actually did happen. Note that in spelling things out in this way, we are making a strong connection between being able to think counterfactually and a mature notion of time. Moreover, someone who can think in this way can also understand that there may be events that happened at A that have left no observable traces in the present, sometimes taken to be crucial element of a proper understanding what it is for an event to be in the past (Hoerl, 2007). This is because they understand that while what happened at A may have left its traces on how things were at a subsequent time B, facts about what would happen subsequent to B were still alterable when B was present, so that things happening at or after B may have removed any such traces again.
Culture and Notions of Time
In proposing a developmental model of the acquisition of a notion of time that has the features we have emphasized, we need to briefly consider to what extent such a model is likely to capture something universal, rather than culture-specific. That is to say, are there cultures in which the features of mature temporal cognition that we have outlined are not in fact found? Probably the key controversial issue here is whether all cultures operate with a linear notion of time. We note that a linear notion of time, according to which temporal locations are represented as unique and non-recurring, could be instantiated in a number of different ways in the spatialized representations of time that are often referred to as 'mental time lines' (Bender & Beller, 2014). In a number of cultures, including English-speaking Western cultures, time lines seem to have particular axes: time is spatialized either on the sagittal axis, with the past behind and the future in front relative to the body, or the transversal axis with the past to the left and future to the right. As is now well-established, other cultures spatialize times in different ways. In some instances, this involves a reversal of the assignment of past/future to portions of the sagittal or transversal axes (Fuhrman & Boroditsky, 2010;Núñez & Sweetser, 2006) but it may involve use of a different axis or another spatial framework: Mandarin speakers make use of a vertical axis (Boroditsky et al., 2011), and Boroditsky and Gaby (2010) describe an Aboriginal tribe that represent time as running East to West.
Despite these cross-cultural differences, all of these ways of spatializing time can be interpreted just as different ways of spatially instantiating a linear notion of time; what varies is the nature of the instantiation or in some instances the type of spatial metaphor used (e.g., the course of a river or the inclination of a landscape; see Bender & Beller, 2014). The trickier question is whether there are any cultures in which the notion of linearity itself is entirely absent. That is, are there any cultures in which people do not think of times as unique and non-recurrent? A culture that represented times only in a cyclical or repeating temporal framework would be of this sort. While some existing or past cultures clearly do/did emphasize cyclical or repeating patterns in time more than others (Aveni, 2000;Le Guen et al., 2012;Sinha & Gärdenfors, 2014), what is highly controversial is whether this is/was the only notion of time available to them (Gell, 1992;Hassig, 2001). It is beyond the scope of this paper to properly address this question, though we note that looking at the characteristics of culturally specific spatial metaphors of time or calendar systems is not the only way to examine this issue. For example, Campbell (1997) has argued that a notion of time as linear is typically employed in constructing autobiographical narratives to describe events in one's life (see also ; if he is correct, then it seems unlikely that there is a culture that entirely lacks this mode of thinking about time (see McCormack, 2015, for further discussion,).
A Developmental Model of the Acquisition of Temporal Concepts
In this section, we propose a model of children's acquisition of the notion of time we have described in Section 1.2, i.e., the notion of time that underpins the temporal framework used by adults to locate events. This model does not address all aspects of the acquisition of temporal concepts; most notably it does not consider the acquisition of a concept of duration. The developmental endpoint that the model aims to capture is the notion of time that has the properties described in the previous subsection. Thus, the model holds that more developmentally primitive ways of thinking about time lack some of the core features of mature temporal cognition we have outlined, and that younger children are not capable of the type of temporal perspective-taking described in Section 1.3.
One difficulty in proposing any comprehensive developmental model in this area is the lack of data from studies that have directly addressed key issues about children's notion of time. In putting together our model, we have drawn on existing data from a variety of sources, including research on developmental psycholinguistics, studies of children's memory, planning, and future thinking, and experiments specifically addressing particular aspects of children's reasoning about time and about causation. It should be emphasized that we have used the principle of assuming only the minimal level of understanding necessary to explain what is currently known about children's cognition at a specific age; this model is thus conservative in what abilities it ascribes to young children, and perhaps may prove to be unnecessarily conservative. Moreover, we recognize that there is still a large empirical gap to be filled; the account we provide is speculative and can only act as a springboard for further research in this area. Figure 1 shows diagrammatically the different developmental stages that we are proposing. The figure shows how children represent events or times that (objectively) are in the past and the future at each of four stages. Before describing
Yet to come Completed Current location in time e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 Not alterable A lterable a) b) c) d) t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 Past Future t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
Past Future
Representations of repeated event sequences (< 24 months)
Event-based time (2-3 years)
Linear eventindependent time (4-5 years)
Abstract time (> 5 years) each stage in detail, some general points can be made about the developmental shifts that the model tries to capture. First, children are assumed to shift from only being able to represent events [Stages (a) and (b)] to being able to represent points in time [Stages (c) and (d)]. That is, we are assuming that there is a shift from event-dependent to event-independent thought about time; our suggestion is also that whether thought about time is event-independent is a matter of degree and that the model documents a series of changes towards fully event-independent thought about time. Second, it is only Stages (c) and (d) that children are assumed to be able to think about the past and the future per se; at the early stages children treat past events differently compared to those in the future, but are not thinking of these events as located in a different time period, conceived of as such. Third, in Stages (a) and (b), time is not represented linearly and it is not assumed that children grasp the transitivity of the before-and-after relations between events. Thus, at the early stages of development, children's notions of time lack the core features that we have emphasized as characteristic of mature temporal concepts. This model is intended to capture key changes in the way children think about time that affect how they temporally locate events. Broadly speaking, children change from only being able to represent where in time an event is in terms of its position within an ordered repeated sequence of familiar events, to being able to assign events unique locations in time, and being able to think about whether those locations are currently in the past, present, or future. This emerging understanding then allows children to begin to acquire the conventional clock and calendar system. The first stage of our model begins when children are toddlers, starting to demonstrate in their actions that they are representing certain behavioral routines, and beginning to acquire language. Note that we do not discuss here how younger infants temporally locate events. Very young infants are sensitive to some temporal features of stimuli such as duration and rhythm, and this extends even to neonates (de Hevia et al., 2014;Nazzi et al., 1998), but it is extremely difficult to examine how they locate events in time.
Stage (a): Representations of Repeated Event Sequences (18-24 months)
A basic distinction that can be made between different types of ways of being oriented in time is in terms of whether they involve representations of repeatedly occurring cycles/sequences of events or representations of particular unique times (Campbell, 1995). Recurring event cycles or event sequences of various lengths are ubiquitous in everyday life, and there are reliable temporal relations between locations in such event cycles/sequences. For example, brushing of teeth happens after supper but before bedtime in the evening routine, Tuesday happens before Wednesday but after Monday in the weekly cycle of days, and summer happens after spring but before winter in the annual cycle. Recognizing where events happen within such repeated cycles or event sequences is very important, because it allows actions (e.g., the bedtime routine) to be carried out in the appropriate order and supports reliable prediction of what is going to happen next. Notably, though, mature thinkers can not only represent locations within such repeating event cycles/sequences in the right order, they can also think of any given occurrence of an event within a particular cycle or sequence as having a unique temporal location. To give two examples, although the action sequence in the bedtime routine is the same every day, today's tooth brushing occurs at a particular time that is never revisited; similarly, Tuesday always comes before Wednesday but Tuesday 23rd August 2016 is also a unique point in time and in that respect differs from every other Tuesday. Mature thinkers can represent both these unique temporal locations alongside understanding where in repeated event cycle/sequence that type of event happens with respect to other events in the cycle/sequence.
An assumption underpinning our model is that representing locations within repeated event cycles/sequences is more primitive than representing particular times. In fact, we believe that it is more primitive both ontogenetically and phylogenetically; specifically, we have argued elsewhere that there is no reason to assume that animals can think about particular times (Hoerl, 2008;McCormack, 2001;McCormack & Hoerl, 2011; see also Campbell, 1995). Part of this argument hinges on what the function is of representing temporal locations as particular times; for many types of behavior what matters is knowing the appropriate order in which to carry out an action sequence, and knowing what to expect at any given point in a repeated event cycle/sequence. In fact, it is by no means straightforward to identify non-linguistic behavior that depends upon on a concept of times as unique and unrepeatable (Bennett, 1989;Campbell, 1995Campbell, , 2006McCormack & Hoerl, 2011).
It is evident from relatively early in development that children are adept at learning repeated event sequences (reviewed by Nelson, 1996). Toddlers rapidly acquire behavioral expectations regarding repeated sequences (e.g., expecting to have a bath before sleep time), and parents typically try to shape toddlers' behavior so that they will learn to carry out some action sequences in the appropriate order (e.g., we put on our socks before our shoes). In our model, we characterize this sensitivity as Stage (a), with the oval around the events intended to indicate the repeating nature of the sequences, thus represented, in contrast to the way mature thinkers represent events as happening at unique, non-reoccurring locations on a time line.
There are three important things to stress about the limitations we assume at this stage. First, we see no reason to posit that very young children who can represent locations with respect to repeated event sequences can think about those locations in an event independent way. For example, with respect to the bedtime routine, although there is a sense in which children know 'when' their bath happens (after supper and before bed), there is nothing about this that compels us to assume that they can think about that temporal location as anything other than the point at which bath time happens. In this sense, very young children need not be thinking about times per se, but rather their thought is restricted to events that fill time. It is in this strong sense that we assume that earliest notions of time are event-dependent. Second, if all that very young children are able to do is represent and orient themselves within repeated event sequences, there is no reason to believe that they can think about events as located in the past or in the future. A key part of what it is to represent an event as in the past is to represent it as happening at a particular time that can never be revisited. By definition, if children can only represent repeated event sequences, they will not be able to represent events as having happened at a time that can never be revisited. They will have no way of thinking of yesterday's bath time as different from today's or tomorrow's bath time: in all these instances, bath time is represented just in terms of where it falls relative to other events in the bedtime event sequence.
Although we believe this is the case, it should be stressed that in order for children to make use of representations of repeated event sequences, they need to be able to know where they are within an unfolding sequence. That is, they need to be able to use their representation to orient themselves in some way so that they have expectations about what will happen next (e.g., putting on of pyjamas happens next), and can assume that events that have already happened are now over (e.g., once pyjamas are on, it would be very surprising to be given a bath). One way of capturing this is by saying that, at this stage, children need to be capable of representing some events as 'completed' and some events as 'yet to come' . Importantly, though, orienting themselves with respect to events in this way is not the same thing as thinking of events as being located in a past or future time period: in thinking in this way, children are thinking about the status of events (completed/ not completed) rather than the location of points in time (past/future).
Finally, it should be pointed out that if children orient themselves only with respect to repeated event sequences, there is no reason to assume that they have what we have termed a unified way of representing time. That is, they have no single way of representing any given location in time. For example, they may be sensitive to the fact that having a bath happens before going to bed, or that they get into the car before arriving at nursery, but may have no way of thinking about how the daily event of getting into the car is related to the event of having a bath. Thus, although Fig. 1a shows an ordered sequence of events, this should be interpreted as representing a single type of event sequence; there is no reason to assume that very young children can systematically relate ordered sequences to each other.
We speculate that Stage (a) describes children's temporal representations for approximately the first 18-24 months of life. It should be noted, though, that toward the end of this period some children begin to use the past tense for the first time (for examples, see Shirai & Andersen, 1995;Shirai & Miyata, 2006;Weist, 1989). The issue then, is how we should interpret early use of the past tense, and whether this early use suggests that very young children do not have the conceptual limitations that we are proposing here. Historically, this has been a highly controversial issue (Antinucci & Miller, 1976;Bronckart & Sinclair, 1973;Weist, 1989Weist, , 2014, and it is beyond the scope of this paper to summarize the developmental psycholinguistics debate. Detailed analyses suggest that children's first uses of the past tense (Sachs, 1983;Shirai & Miyata, 2006) are to the immediate rather than the remote past, consistent with the idea that very young children's first use of the past tense is to mark something about the nature of the events themselves (i.e., that they are completed).2 In suggesting this, we are not claiming that these very young children cannot represent anything except the here-and-now. We are assuming that young children have the sort of representational capacities widely attributed to them in the post-Piagetian era of cognitive developmental psychology, as demonstrated, e.g., by studies of deferred imitation of event sequences (Bauer & Wewerka, 1995;Bauer et al., 1994;Meltzoff, 1995) or by the fact that children of this age will refer to absent objects or people (Sachs, 1983). These capacities, though, do not demonstrate that they can think of events as being non-current, but located at another time, in the past.
Stage (b): Event-Based Time (2-3 years)
At this next stage, we assume that children can do more than simply represent locations with respect to repeated event sequences. Between two and three years of age, children typically use both past and future tense and start to use temporal adverbs to make reference to temporally distant events. Studies of children's autobiographical memory consistently suggest that children of this age can provide at least some details of remote past events, and can use the past tense to do so (e.g., Peterson, 2002;Peterson & Rideout, 1998;Weist & Zevenbergen, 2008). By the time children are three, they can provide (albeit often sparse) information about events due to occur at some point in the future using the appropriate tense (e.g., Hayne et al., 2011;Quon & Atance, 2010). Even if children's descriptions of past and future events are often both highly scaffolded by adults' questioning and piecemeal in nature , these findings suggest that children in this age range can do more than simply think about the locations of events in repeated event sequences, meaning that their temporal cognition differs fundamentally from that of younger children.
However, we believe that there may still be important limitations in children's grasp of temporal concepts at this stage. As can be seen in Fig. 1b, our suggestion is that children of this age may still be thinking about events rather than points in time even when considering things that have happened outside the immediate past or present. Moreover, we have characterized them as not having a linear notion of time that would allow them to systematically represent the before-and-after relations between events. And because children are assumed not to be representing the same domain of times as mature thinkers, we do not assume that they have full-blown concepts of the past and future either. Children of this age use tense appropriately, indicating that they draw an important distinction between two categories of events. However, what is at issue is whether these two categories map on to the notions of past and future, as they are usually understood. In our model, we suggest that although children of this age draw a clear distinction between past and future events, it need only be assumed that they think of these events as having different statuses, rather than occurring on different parts of a time line that centres on the present. It is because of this that we still consider thought about time to be event-dependent at this age.
We pointed out in Section 1.3 that in adults' everyday understanding of time, there is an asymmetry between the past and the future, and that part of this asymmetry is that things in the past are unalterable, whereas things in the future are yet to be decided. Our suggestion is that children's earliest grasp of the difference between the past and future may consist primarily in them categorizing past and future events differently, i.e., they think of facts about past events as unalterable and facts about future events as (at least potentially) alterable, and it is this sense that the events fall into two different categories. Using these two categories appropriately is very important -for example, so as not to miss out on the opportunity to change things that still can be changed by dwelling too much on things that can no longer be changed -but in itself falls short of fully grasping the distinction between past and future times. The suggestion is that children may operate with this categorical distinction between events without having a linear, unified, eventindependent notion of time.
In suggesting these limitations in two-to three-year-olds' notion of time, one key consideration is whether children have any grasp of how temporally distant events are related to each other. What is undoubtedly true is that children of this age can sometimes provide temporally ordered descriptions of an event sequence that has occurred in the past. For example, Nelson (1996) Gerhardt (1989). Emily seems to have a temporally structured representation for an event sequence that happened previously, so she knows when individual components of that event sequence happened relative to each other. However, as discussed above, a mature linear and unified notion of time allows for more than this: it is underpinned by a grasp of the fact that systematic relations exist between any two points in time, even between entirely unrelated events. As mentioned above, these systematic relations have an important property, namely that of transitivity. What we are suggesting is that there is currently no convincing evidence that two-to three-year-olds can think about temporal relations in this way.
One challenge to how we have characterized the temporal abilities of children of this age, particularly in terms of assuming that they can only think of time in an event-dependent way, might be thought to come from psycholinguistic studies. Children aged two to three years learn to use temporal adverbs, such as 'now' , 'already' , 'later' , 'when' , and 'soon' (Weist, 2014;Weist & Buczowska 1987;Weist & Zevenbergen, 2008). They will also use terms such as 'yesterday' and 'tomorrow' (Pawlak et al., 2006;Weist & Buczowska 1987), although not necessarily accurately. One important issue is whether this indicates that children are using these terms to single out points in time per se, rather than events. If they were, this would suggest that they are not event-dependent in their temporal thinking in the way that we have argued. One way to put this point would be to say that children using these terms may be introducing a temporal context in which to describe events, and, thus, that they are not simply describing the events themselves.
While we agree that the use of these types of terms signals that children's abilities go well beyond those captured in Stage (a), we believe that it does not tell us whether children are actually picking out an event-independent point in time.
That is, what these adverbs mean for children when they first start using them might potentially actually be cashed out purely with reference to events themselves, rather than with reference to times as such. So, for example, 'later' could potentially mean 'once certain events have finished' , and 'when' might always mean 'simultaneous with a certain event' rather than 'at the point in time at which' , and so on. In other words, children may be introducing an event context rather than a temporal context. Nelson (1996) argues for this sort of interpretation of early use of temporal adverbs stating that "the child uses knowledge of event structure as a framework for acquiring and eventually interpreting words coding temporal rela-tions…" (p. 286). Here, what she means is that children learn to use these words in the context of their event representations, and it is only later that the terms acquire their full meaning. She suggests that even terms such as 'yesterday' or 'tomorrow' might initially only be understood in relation to certain events, rather than understood as referring to periods of time in the past and future.
Children's limitations also become clearer by considering that there is no evidence that children of this age are capable of the sort of temporal perspectivetaking that we described in detail in Section 1.3. That is, children may indeed categorize some facts about events as unalterable and some as (at least potentially) alterable [Stage (b)], but may not yet be capable of the sort of temporal perspective-taking that a mature notion of time allows. As far as we are aware, there is no evidence to suggest that children of this age can appreciate that the status of events as unalterable or alterable changes systematically as time passes, and that at different points in time facts about events that were once alterable became no longer so. That is, we do not believe that children of this age are capable of the sort of flexible thinking about time that is underpinned by a linear and unidirectional notion of time. We argued in Section 1.3 that such an ability is a hallmark of a mature notion of time, not only because it involves representing the domain of times as linear and unidirectional, but because it involves representing times in an event-independent way. Thinking of a past event as 'once potentially alterable' involves a grasp of the fact that the time the event occurred could have been filled with different possible events; i.e., it involves being able to think about points of time independently of the events that occupy those points in time. Although children of this age are able to talk about some events in the past and future, can use tensed forms appropriately, and use some temporal adverbs, we would argue that this is not sufficient evidence of the understanding we have described.
Stage (c): Linear Event-Independent Time (4-5 years)
In our model, we are suggesting that sometime around four to five years, there is an important shift in how children can think about time, when children start to represent time in a linear and unified way, and become capable of eventindependent thought about times. Children now grasp that there are systematic relations between points in time and realize that as time unfolds things due to happen in the future will become present and then move to the past.
One good reason for assuming that children of this age start to grasp the relations between times comes from studies that ask children about the temporal relations between different events that happened at quite distinct points in time and were not part of a connected sequence. For example, Friedman (1991) showed that four-year-olds can judge the relative order of two unrelated events that occurred in their schools six weeks apart (a lesson on tooth brushing and a demo of how video cameras work). A number of other studies have also shown that fourand five-year-olds make some judgments about the order of unrelated events over extended time periods (Friedman, 2000;Friedman & Kemp, 1998;Friedman et al., 1995;Hudson & Mayhew, 2011;McCormack & Hanley, 2011), although children find it easier to order past than future events (Busby-Grant & Suddendorf, 2009;McCormack & Hanley, 2011). Some of these studies used a time line procedure whereby children had to place events at locations on a line stretching back into the past or forward into the future, and although children of this age are not perfect at this task, their above-chance performance suggests that they understood this format (Friedman & Kemp, 1998;Hudson & Mayhew, 2011;though see Droit-Volet & Coull, 2015).
A recent study by Tillman and colleagues (2017) provided the most extensive study to date of children's ability to use such a time line. In their study, children were shown a horizontal line, with a vertical line in the middle that marked 'right now' , and were asked to mark in the locations of some past (e.g., eating breakfast that morning) and future events (their next birthday), as well as some locations corresponding to deictic time words (such as yesterday or next week). By four to five years, but not before, children were able to appropriately place locations in the side of the time line representing the past versus the future, and they also were above chance in ordering the locations appropriately on the time line (e.g., that 'yesterday' is before 'this morning'). Notably, the ability to appropriately locate times in the past versus the future was closely linked to the ability to order locations in time, suggesting that children of this age have developed a coherent linear and unidirectional representation of the domain of time that underpinned both abilities. In summary, findings from a number of different studies including the recent one by Tillman et al. (2017) indicate that, at this age, children understand something important about the relations between points in time.
We have also suggested that event-independent thought about time might be closely linked to counterfactual thought, because thinking counterfactually about a past event indicates that children understand that there is a distinction between the point in time at which an event occurred and the event itself (i.e., something different could have happened, because the point in time at which the event occurred was once in the future and hence still potentially alterable). In fact, there is considerable disagreement amongst cognitive developmental psychologists over when children can think counterfactually (Beck & Riggs, 2014;Rafetseder & Perner, 2014). Much of this debate hinges on whether children may be able to answer some types of counterfactual questions without actually engaging in counterfactual thought (Beck, 2016;Rafetseder et al., 2010Rafetseder et al., , 2013. Beck et al.'s (2006) study examined children's ability to think about both future possibility and counterfactual possibility in a novel way. In their task, children watched as a toy mouse was dropped down into a chute that branched off into two sides. Beck et al. asked children a specific type of counterfactual question: children were asked, after the mouse had fallen down one branch of the chute, whether it could have gone anywhere else (a so-called open counterfactual question). Threeto four-year-olds had difficulties answering this question, but five-to six-year-olds were able to do so. Beck et al. (p. 424) suggest that answering correctly requires that "one appreciates that there was a point in time when either the actual or counterfactual event could have happened". Furthermore, in order to assess the idea that children would consider that different possible outcomes could occur in the future, before dropping the mouse they asked children to put cotton wool mats out to catch it. Children could either put out a single mat or two mats, one for each branch of the chute. Beck et al. argued that if children understood that there could be more than one possible outcome, they should put out mats under both branches. Three-and four-year-olds typically put out only a single mat, and it was not until children were around five years old that they were likely to put out two mats. Given the findings of both these tasks, Beck et al. conclude that it is not until around five years that children can think both about the future and about the present as locations in time at which multiple possible events could occur or have occurred. These findings are consistent with the sort of shift in children's understanding of time that we have outlined here.
Being able to think about time in an event-independent way is also important for everyday activities such as some types of planning. Typically, when one is planning, one thinks about not just which actions one might engage in, but also the order in which one should engage in them. One may mentally shuffle these actions about or replace them with other actions in order to try to figure out what the optimal sequence would be. Thus, just as planning a spatial layout may involve an object-independent way of thinking about space -e.g., mentally moving furniture around so that the table goes there and the lamp goes here -so planning may typically involve an event-independent way of thinking about time in which one mentally moves around events to figure out how to obtain the outcome one wants. In their review paper of the research on young children's planning, McCormack and Atance (2011) have argued that there are distinctive developmental changes in children's ability to plan for the future that occur around four to five years. In particular, children start to be able to plan on a variety of different tasks that have in common the requirement to be able to flexibly reason about the temporal relations between steps in a sequence of actions, mentally trying out different possible actions at different steps (e.g., Gauvain & Rogoff, 1989;Kaller et al., 2008;McColgan & McCormack, 2008).
Some of these studies can also be interpreted as involving temporal perspective-taking. For example, in McColgan and McCormack's (2008) study, children were told about a character who was visiting a zoo, and wanted to take a picture of a kangaroo. Children had to choose where to leave the character's camera so that she could ensure that she had the camera by the time she got to the kangaroo's cage. Some of the locations were on the path before the kangaroo's cage, and some after. One way of characterizing what children have to do in this task is that they have to realize that by the time the character reaches the cage, the event of picking up the camera, which is now in the future, must be in the past, i.e., they have to be able to reason appropriately about before-and-after relations between points in time and engage in temporal perspective-taking.
We want to emphasize here that this requires an understanding of how causality operates in time. Mature thinkers understand that the passage of time leads to the unfolding of causally linked states of affairs: in terms of an ordered set of points of time in the past A, B, and C, they can think of the events at A as causally determining a certain outcome at B, and events at B as potentially changing that outcome, leading to a different outcome at C, and they grasp that these causal relations are not reversible. Elsewhere we have termed this sort of reasoning that involves appreciating the causal significance of temporal order as temporalcausal reasoning (McColgan & McCormack, 2008;, 2007. Note that being able to engage in this form of reasoning goes beyond being able to produce a sequence of causally linked actions to achieve a goal, which children can do from an early age. Rather, it requires a reflective ability to reason about temporal-causal relations themselves.
Some studies have directly looked at young children's ability to engage in this sort of reasoning about causality in time, and the general conclusion is that this ability emerges somewhere around four to five years. In examining this ability, it is crucial to distinguish between judgments that involve simply updating one's model of the world sequentially as states of affairs unfold, and actually reasoning about causal relations in time. Updating can allow one to have a model of the world that is sensitive to how the unfolding of a sequence of events has impacted on how things are: it is simply a matter of changing one's representations of how things are systematically as one sequentially acquires pieces of information about states of the world. For example, if a sequence of events A, B, and C occurs, updating simply involves changing one's representation of how things are initially following A, then following B, and then following C. This does not involve reasoning about event order per se. Temporal-causal reasoning is more sophisticated than this, because it involves actually reasoning about how the sequence in which events happened has yielded one outcome rather than another: for example, reasoning that if A happened and then B, this would have led to outcome X but if B happened and then A, this would have led to outcome Y. Distinguishing between simple updating and temporal-causal reasoning is not straightforward: it involves decoupling the order in which children find out about events from the order in which the events actually happen, because if children find out about events in the same order in which they actually happen they could well use updating to correctly judge the current state of the world.
The first study to use this approach was that of Povinelli and colleagues (1999). These authors showed children two video clips of a toy being hidden in a box behind their back while they had been playing a game (i.e., children had not seen the hiding events when they occurred). In each video, the child was playing a different game, and the toy was being hidden in a different one of two boxes. The children were shown the two videos together, after they had played both games, but crucially some children were shown the clips in a different temporal order from the one in which the two filmed episodes had actually occurred. Thus, those children had to use their knowledge of the order in which they had played the two games to reason that the toy was now in the location shown in the first video they saw rather than in the second video. It was not until children were five that they were able to do this.
Two subsequent studies by Hoerl (2005, 2007) also decoupled the order in which children found out about events from actual event order, but did not use a video clip method. In one study (McCormack & Hoerl, 2007), children were told that two boy dolls always acted in a specific order. The boys then went into a room in a dolls' house that had a red cupboard and a blue cupboard and the door was closed so that children could not see the subsequent events.
The experimenter narrated to children what was happening, which was that the doll who always went first put a hairbrush in one cupboard (without naming the color), and the other doll got the hairbrush out and put it in a different cupboard. The door to the room was then opened, and the dolls were standing beside the cupboards that they had put the hairbrush in. Children had to use their knowledge about the order in which the dolls acted in order to figure out where the hairbrush was. As in Povinelli et al.'s (1997) study, it was not until children were around five years that they could do this. Using a different procedure, McCormack and Hoerl (2005) found a similar pattern of age effects.
Interestingly, another context in which the order in which children find out about events differs from actual event order is in the context of some types of sentence constructions involving the terms 'before' and 'after' . These terms allow the speaker to decouple order in exactly this way: for example, in the sentence 'Before the girl took off her hat, she took off her coat.' , the taking off of the hat happens after the taking off of the coat but is mentioned first. A number of studies have suggested that three-to four-year-olds tend to use an order-of-mention strategy to understand sentences involving 'before' and 'after' , meaning that they will typically have difficulty with sentences in which order of mention does not match event order (Blything et al., 2015;French & Brown, 1977;McCormack & Hanley, 2011;Trosborg, 1982). One possibility is that children's ability to understand such non-chronological sentences is primarily constrained by their working memory skills (Blything et al., 2015), because of the need to mentally manipulate the sentence content. Alternatively, it could be that young children's comprehension difficulties are part of a larger problem in reasoning about event order. One piece of evidence in favor of the latter possibility is that children's comprehension on such non-chronological sentences is correlated with performance on tasks that involve making judgments or reasoning about event order (McCormack & Hanley, 2011).
Taken together, these findings suggest that at around four to five years children are able to reason in a new way about how causality operates in time. However, there are only a limited number of studies that have looked at this issue and, moreover, they have all looked at children's reasoning about just two events that occurred over a relatively short time scale of a few seconds to minutes. We believe there is considerable scope to look in more detail at young children's understanding of how causality operates in time, and perhaps to examine how this may be linked to other achievements we have mentioned in this section, such as children's planning abilities, their ability to think counterfactually, their comprehension of temporal terms such as 'before' and 'after' and their ability to make judgments about the order of unrelated temporally distant events. More generally, developmental studies have not directly addressed when children first understand that facts about events in the past are unalterable but that facts about what will happen in the future are potentially alterable (though see Busby Grant & Suddendorf, 2010) -which we suggest children may grasp at Stage (b) -or addressed when children grasp that what is alterable and non-alterable changes as one moves through time and differs from different temporal perspectives, which we suggest is a further developmental achievement.
Stage (d): Abstract Time (>5 years)
We have put in a final stage in our model, which is a stage at which time is assumed to be understood in a completely event-independent way. We are less confident that this constitutes an entirely new stage in children's comprehension of time, but we include this stage to capture the idea that once children master the conventional clock and calendar system, they have a way of describing and thinking about times that makes no reference to events at all.3 We suspect that until children have some mastery of such a system, they will inevitably think of times in a way that involves at least considering the events located at those times, even if children can distinguish mentally been an event and its time of occurrence. Moreover, it is likely that learning this system makes the nature of time itself more transparent: as Campbell (2006) argues "When the introduction of a calendar and clock system makes linearity explicit, this is a bold, simple stroke that clarifies our thinking about time." (p. 11). The clock and calendar system provides a powerful new way of singling out temporal locations, and part of its power lies in the fact that it captures both repeated cycles (days, weeks, and years) and particular unique times. Clearly, mastery of this system is only achieved within the context of extensive socialization and typically as a result of direct teaching. Nevertheless, once children acquire this system they arguably possess a way of thinking about time itself that they did not have before.
In fact, full mastery of a clock and calendar system is a very slow developmental achievement (e.g., Friedman, 1977Friedman, , 1986Friedman, , 1991Friedman, , 2000see Friedman, 1982see Friedman, , 1989McCormack, 2015, for reviews). Although by age 6 to 7, children can often report on what day of the week it is and can list the seasons in correct order (Friedman, 1977(Friedman, , 1982(Friedman, , 1986(Friedman, , 1991, they can struggle with the cyclical aspect of the system (for example, although they recognize that spring-summer-autumn-winter is the correct order, they may have difficulty judging that autumn-winter-springsummer is also a correct order). Children of 8 to 10 will typically have learnt the correct order of the months of the year, but still have less flexibility than adults in how they make use of the system, and can struggle to make judgments about, for example, which annual holiday or month comes next from the perspective of a different point in the year (Friedman, 1986(Friedman, , 2000. In fact, Friedman (1982Friedman ( , 1986Friedman ( , 1989 has argued that there is a qualitative shift in adolescence in how conventional time is represented. His argument is that children's difficulties using the system flexibly stem from the fact that they initially represent only verbal lists of days and months, which are intrinsically directional and thus cause difficulties when making flexible judgments (e.g., those that involve thinking retrospectively). He suggests that it is only in adolescence that individuals start to use spatialized mental images of conventional time that support more flexible judgments.
Explaining Developmental Change
As yet, we have said nothing about the nature of the developmental process, and in particular we have not made any claims about how children move from stage to stage. Moreover, we have not considered how the changes in the notion of time described here might be related to any changes in children's acquisition of a concept of duration -the question raised at the start of this paper. There is very little in the way of empirical evidence that can help us address either of these issues, but in this final section we make some remarks about them.
Developmental Change, Language, and Social Interaction
To what extent are children's emerging notions of time dependent on social experience and on language acquisition in particular? Historically, the idea that linguistic experience shapes the conceptualization of time has been a well-known and controversial one, not least because of Whorf's (1941) influential analysis of time in Hopi language. Clearly, the conventional systems for measuring time and locating events in time are culturally specific and are only acquired by children as a result of extensive direct teaching. We take the more difficult issue to be whether acquiring the more basic notions of time that we have highlighted in Stages (a)-(c) of our model is dependent on language and social experience. The most extensive discussion of this issue is provided by Nelson (1996). She argues that through their own experiences, children come to represent familiar event sequences. However, notions of time are only implicit in these representations, and it is only through acquisition of language that these implicit notions become explicit. Moreover, she claims that children's first uses of temporal terms and language are bound up with their event representations and as a result do not have the same meaning as those of adults; it is only gradually through shared discourse with adults about events that children acquire mature temporal notions. Notably, she believes that this is true not only with regard to the acquisition of conventional time systems (such as the clock and calendar system), but also with regard to more fundamental aspects of a notion of time, including the distinction between past, present, and future: "[L]anguage may make salient a type of relation that was not previously apparent in the child's non-linguistic conceptual representations. Present evidence suggests that this may be the case for the tense system, bringing out the distinction between past, present, and future. Prior to acquiring this system children may distinguish only between the now and the not-now, or attend only to action relations in the here and how, the living present. In this case, the relation that must be expressed grammatically attunes the child to a relation to which she had previously been indifferent" (p. 289).
The central difficulty in assessing this argument empirically, and other claims about the role of language and social experience in children's acquisition of temporal concepts, is that is extremely difficult to know what sort of concept children have of time without examining their speech or using tasks that require language. Thus, it is difficult if not impossible to contrast what children understand about time before they acquire language with their subsequent understanding. Empirical evidence to support suggestions such as Nelson's takes the form of trying to establish that when children first use (in this instance) tense, they do not seem to use it to mark the same distinctions as adults; this is then interpreted as indicating that they initially lack the distinction between past, present, and future that underpins the adult use of the tensed system. Indeed, we considered some evidence of this sort in Section 2.2.
While we do not necessarily agree with all aspects of Nelson's (1996) account, we suspect that she may be correct in assuming that acquiring fundamental temporal notions may be something that hinges on acquiring language and engaging in shared discourse. Elsewhere, we have argued that engaging in shared reminiscence about the past (and shared discussion about the future) with adults may be critical in children acquiring a linear, unidirectional notion of time that is underpinned by a grasp of how causation operates in time (Hoerl, 2007;McCormack, 2015; see also Welch-Ross, 2001). The suggestion is that when parents and caregivers engage in talk about events at other times with children, they are essentially scaffolding children to begin to take different temporal perspectives on events. For example, by adopting a different temporal perspective on an event that is now in the past, parents can help children understand that the very same event once had not yet unfolded and was still in the future. Similarly, it can illustrate how what did happen was both constrained by what had happened previously and also determined by what choices were made at the time. In this way, children may start to understand the causal connections between events located at different points in time. While there is little empirical evidence to directly support the idea that such interactions are critical for acquisition of children's notion of time, there is good evidence to indicate that these interactions support the development of children's ability to form their own coherent and structured narratives about their personal past and future and to use temporal terms appropriately (Hudson, 2006;.
A Single Process or Multiple Ones?
Finally, we began this article by distinguishing between two ways in which time features in people's mental lives -time as a dimension of things that unfold in time and time as a framework within which such things can be located -and have focused on the development of the second. Once children have mastered the clock and calendar system, we can be confident that they have integrated both of these aspects of the concept of time. However, we do not know whether these really are separable aspects of a concept of time that develop independently, and, if they are separable, how this integration is achieved. One possibility is that they are acquired in entirely separate developmental processes, and they become properly integrated only when children start to learn the clock and calendar system. The alternative is that their acquisition depends on some of the same cognitive achievements and socio-cultural experiences. There is no empirical evidence that we are aware of that would help us decide between these alternatives.
We note, though, that whilst this paper has in particularly focused on the question of the emergence of a capacity for event-independent thought in the context of children's understanding of time as a framework, there is an important parallel issue regarding children's understanding of time as a dimension, namely when children begin to think of duration in an event-independent way. That is, when can children think of a period of time as quantifiable, independent of whatever events actually occur during that time period? Indeed, answering this question is part of what the Piagetian research programme attempted to do, although by the questionable method of looking at when duration judgments were unaffected by other stimulus dimensions. Perhaps a better way to try to answer this question may be to look at when children begin to count in order to measure time intervals, which could be interpreted as evidence that they understand that duration is quantifiable. Although children often do not count spontaneously before around 8 years (Pouthas et al., 1995;Wilkening et al., 1987), children as young as 5 can be encouraged to count and it improves the accuracy of their duration judgments (Clement & Droit-Volet, 2006).
Other studies have shown that by the time children are five they can use some sort of metric to make judgments about the durations of events. Friedman (1990) showed that five-year-olds can use a rudimentary scale involving sandtimers of different sizes in order to make judgments of the durations of every day events, suggesting that they have a way of thinking about duration -i.e., a single metric -that is uniform across different event types. More recently, Tillman and Barner (2015) asked children to make judgments about the relative durations of familiar events by indicating on a time line how long they thought the events lasted for, with one end of the time line being described as very short and the other end as very long. Using this technique, five-year-olds were able to make some discriminations in this way between familiar events of different durations, even though they showed poor knowledge of the durations of periods of time described using time words associated with the conventional clock and calendar system (seconds, minutes, hours, and days). Indeed, perhaps unsurprisingly, a proper grasp of the durations of periods of time corresponding to conventional time words seems to be closely linked to children's numerical skills, and continues to develop over middle childhood (Labrell et al., 2016).
Further research by Droit-Volet using a quite different technique also sheds light on the issue of when children have a concept of duration. Droit-Volet and Rattat (1999) trained three-and five-year-olds to make a cartoon picture appear by pressing a rubber squeezer for 5s; children of both age groups were able to learn to do this, consistent with other studies suggesting that three-year-olds can appropriately adjust their actions to demonstrate sensitivity to event duration (Droit-Volet & Coull, 2016;Rattat & Droit-Volet, 2007). They then used a transfer task in which children had to perform a different action but of the same duration of 5 s in order to see the cartoon picture. They found that while five-year-olds were able to transfer knowledge about appropriate duration to a different action, threeyear-olds were unable to do so. They argued that this suggests that by five years (but not before) children can not only time their actions appropriately, but they also have a concept of duration that is sufficiently abstracted from the specific events filling a duration to allow them to succeed on the transfer test.
Taken together, these studies suggest that by five years, children have some concept of duration that is event-independent, i.e., that they understand that events last for a certain amount of time, and that even for periods filled with different types of events it is possible to compare the amount of time that they take. Rattat and Droit-Volet (2007, p. 282) refer to this as a concept of "homogeneous time abstracted from events". We note that the age in question (around five years) is around the same age as we suggest children reach Stage (c) of our model, i.e., when they begin to think about the domain of time in which events can be located in an event-independent way. Both conceptual achievements -being able to represent the domain of time in a linear, event-independent way, and possessing a concept of duration -pave the way for children to begin to acquire knowledge of the clock and calendar system, although this learning process takes a long time for children to complete.
As we stated above, there is little empirical evidence that allows us to judge whether acquiring these two notions of time depends on separable processes. However, we note that there is a hint from Tillman et al.'s (2017) recent study of children's understanding of deictic terms that while four-to five-year-olds can represent time as a linear domain of ordered locations, they may not yet properly integrate this with knowledge about the lengths of periods of time. Children of this age were able to appropriately order temporal locations on a time line relative to each other (e.g., place 'yesterday' to the right of 'last year' or 'next week' to the left of 'next year'), but their placements suggested they were much poorer at judging the relative durations of the period of time between the event and the current moment in time (e.g., that 'next year' is considerably farther from the present than 'tomorrow'). This suggests that while they may have some grasp of the ordering of times in the past and future, they find it hard to put this together with information about how much time there is between the present and these other times. Clearly, these findings address primarily children's understanding of temporal terms (some of which are associated with the conventional calendar system, and a proper grasp of which must require numerical skills), so it is difficult to judge to what extent this reflects conceptual difficulties. A promising line of psycholinguistic research, though, would be to examine relations between children's understanding of temporal terms referring to duration and children's understanding of deictic temporal terms.
Conclusion
We have proposed a stage-like developmental model of the acquisition of temporal concepts, but, as we acknowledge above, this model is still speculative. As we have pointed out, there is as yet no agreed set of experimental tasks used to study children's temporal concepts. In proposing our model we have drawn in part on existing literature in psycholinguistics, much of which has looked at children's spontaneous use of tensed or temporal language. While this is indeed a rich source of data, we suspect that until there are established empirical paradigms testing the specific aspects of children's understanding of time that we have detailed in this paper, this area of cognitive development will remain relatively neglected. And part of the difficulty in coming up with such paradigms lies in designing tasks that do not simply test children's understanding of language itself.
We have focused in this paper on children's emerging understanding of time as a domain in which events can be located, but we have also mentioned the importance of studying children's acquisition of the concept of duration. In looking across both aspects of temporal cognition (time as a dimension, time as framework), what needs to develop is an event-independent way of thinking about time. This is the central developmental achievement, and, as we have argued, it is one that is likely to happen in degrees.
Figure 1 .
1Summary of the developmental model. At Stage (a), representations are of repeated event sequences (as indicated by the circle) and time is not linear. At Stage (b), representations are still of events rather than of times per se, and there is no linear organization. At Stage (c), times are represented and organized linearly underpinned by an understanding of how causation operates in time. At Stage (d), time is represented in a fully abstract and event-independent way.
provides the narrative of two-year-old Emily who describes a past event as follows "My sleep. Mommy came. And Mommy 'get up get up time go home.' When my slep [sic]… Time to go home. Drink p-water [Perrier]. Yesterday did that. Now Emmy sleeping in regular bed"; for other examples from Emily, see
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]
Note that we are not suggesting here that very young children only use the past tense for actions that have a natural end-point or point of achievement. Actions that are not of this nature can still be thought of as completed.
Clocks and calendars are calibrated by natural events (and historical ones determine what counts as 'year zero') but they arguably provide those who use them with a way of thinking about times without having to think about those events.
AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported by ESRC grants ES/N01281X/1 and ES/N000900/1, and by the AHRC grant AH/P00217X/1.
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| Based on the increasing attention of perception factors,designers begin to value the "Time Perception" in the field of design psychology.It analyzed it from both of external and internal perspective.On this basis,it put forward views that some factors could influence user′s ability to feel time.Combined with examples,it discussed about how to get a good user experience through the rational use of these factors. |
Humans make decisions under various natural circumstances, integrating multiple pieces of information that are distributed over space and time. Although psychophysical and physiological studies have investigated temporal dynamics underlying perceptual decision making, weighting profiles for inliers and outliers during temporal integration have yet to be fully investigated in most studies. Here, we examined the temporal weighting profile of a computational model characterized by a leaky integrator of sensory evidence. As a corollary of its leaky nature, the model predicts the recency effect and overweights outlying elements around the end of the stream. Moreover, we found that the model underweights outlying values occurring earlier in the stream (i.e., robust averaging). We also show that human observers exhibit exactly the same weighting profile in an average estimation task. These findings suggest that the adaptive decision process in the brain results in the time-dependent decision weighting, the "peak-at-end" rule, rather than the peak-end rule in behavioral economics.
We humans make decisions ranging from purchasing a product that fits our preferences to choosing the best career in the face of future uncertainty. These behaviors can be reduced to a decision-making framework in which we choose one specific option among many. Classical and behavioral economics studies have provided detailed descriptions of optimal and irrational decisions [1][2][3][4][5] . One typical example is the peak-end rule whereby humans' retrospective judgments on their experience are disproportionately influenced by its most emotionally or physically intense moments and its end [6][7][8] . However, the computational process that gives rise to such cognitive biases has been overlooked for decades.
In contrast, a number of psychophysical and physiological studies have determined the computational mechanisms underlying perceptual decision making in simple laboratory settings [9][10][11] . Despite the differences in experimental paradigms among those studies, they have commonly uncovered a basic mechanism of integrating multiple pieces of information during perceptual decision making. Importantly, most studies have argued that humans integrate sensory evidence for decisions in an adaptive manner.
Researchers have been working on determining the characteristics of spatial integration independently from temporal integration. For instance, when humans integrate sensory signals from multimodal sources, they adopt the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) rule, assigning optimal weights to multiple stimuli according to their different reliability levels 12,13 . Similarly, studies on texture perception have suggested a mechanism of limited sampling for estimation of average orientation, rather than simultaneous averaging of all elements across space [14][15][16] . In line with these findings, recent studies of estimation of average color and orientation have shown that humans exhibit a robust averaging strategy by which outliers are excluded, and in turn, greater weight is given to trustworthy inliers 17,18 . This strategy is consistent with perception and sensorimotor control, which follow optimal Bayesian theory 19,20 , and it seems adaptive, as it paradoxically enhances the performance of perceptual decision making even with a large amount of internal noise 18 .
On the other hand, a number of psychophysical studies have constructed various computational models for temporal integration [21][22][23][24][25][26] , most of which are virtually equivalent to the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) 27 . The typical version of DDM is comprised of a random-walk process that accumulates sensory evidence over time and two bounds that set a quantitative criterion for a decision. It successfully accounts for skewed reaction time distributions and the speed/accuracy tradeoff 28,29 . Additionally, physiological studies have identified neural activities that correspond to the temporal dynamics of DDM [30][31][32] .
However, such computational models (including DDM) are far from complete because they assume the accumulation of absolute signal values regardless of the temporal span. One possible alternative to such Scientific Reports | (2020) 10:17822 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74924-x www.nature.com/scientificreports/ time-independent models is the integration of decision variables with leakage over time 24,33 . Also, recent work offers a computational account for temporal integration: sensory inputs are encoded relative to the local context by adjusting the gain of the inputs along with linear integration 34 . The core mechanism of these time-dependent models is leaky integration, in which a decision depends on the sum of successive sensory signals multiplied by decision weights that exponentially decay over time. It should be noted that leaky integration replicates the recency effect widely observed in studies of perceptual decision making, whereby samples presented later wield greater influence over decisions 9,24,[34][35][36][37] , providing further support for the time-dependent leaky decision process.
In view of these findings on weighting profiles (robust averaging and the recency effect) accompanying the computational mechanisms, it can be hypothesized that inlying and later information has a greater influence on human decisions during temporal integration. However, no study has directly corroborated this hypothesis because of the lack of corresponding analyses between the spatial and temporal domains. More importantly, this hypothesis contrasts with the peak-end rule in behavioral economics studies in terms of the amount of weight given to outliers. The question thus arises of how humans give weight to inliers and outliers during temporal integration for perceptual decisions.
In this paper, we used theoretical and experimental examinations to elucidate a temporal weighting profile for outliers, a matter that has been overlooked in previous studies. We simulated the weighting profiles of the simple leaky integration model applied to a typical perceptual decision task. We also conducted the same task with human observers and compared the human weighting profiles with those of the model. The results show that humans underweighted outliers presented earlier in a stimulus stream (i.e., robust averaging), but overweighted those presented later in the stream. These findings manifest the time-dependent decision weighting profile ("peak-at-end" rule) in humans, as predicted by the leaky integration model.
Results
Analysis of weighting profiles. To examine a weighting profile generated by the decision model, we simulated response data for a simple psychophysical task in which an observer is presented with a sequence of eight Gabor patterns and decides whether the temporal average of the orientation is tilted clockwise or counterclockwise. We first generated stimulus values for 10,000 trials according to the actual distribution used in our psychophysical experiment, namely a normal distribution with a randomly set mean (− 3 to 3 deg, in steps of 0.5 deg) and SD (8 deg) for each trial.
Different aspects of the weighting profile for the simulated data can be revealed by means of two distinct analyses. One of the analyses was logistic reverse correlation, in which a multiple logistic regression model was created with orientation values in eight temporal frames and responses as independent and dependent variables, and logistic regression coefficients were calculated. The coefficients reflect how much impact the orientation in each temporal frame has on the observer's response. This analysis thus reveals the temporal weighting bias caused by the decision mechanism (e.g., recency effect).
Because the present study sought to determine how the model assigns weights to inliers and outliers during temporal integration, we also conducted the following analysis. First, the orientation values across all temporal frames and trials were ranked into four categories according to how much they were tilted. The least tilted 25% were classified as rank 1, the next 25% as rank 2, the next 25% as rank 3, and the most tilted 25% as rank 4. Figure 1 shows the criterion for this ranking, which ensures that the same number of samples is included in each rank. Then, we extracted orientations with a particular rank and temporal frame to calculate how consistent the sign of the orientations and the responses were across all trials, which we call the consistency rate. A higher consistency rate for elements with a particular rank and temporal frame corresponds to overweighting of those elements. We calculated the consistency rates for orientations across four ranks and eight temporal frames, and obtained 32 consistency rates in total, allowing us to produce a weighting profile for inliers and outliers in the stimulus stream.
An ideal observer. We first assumed an ideal observer model that integrates information evenly across all temporal frames. In this model, a decision is made based on the sign of the summed orientations over all temporal frames (Eq. 1). We obtained the weighting profiles of the model using the above analyses. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ As expected, the model predicted almost the same regression coefficients across all temporal frames (Fig. 2a), confirming that each element of information has an equal impact on the response. Figure 2b shows the consistency rates for each rank and temporal frame. Different colors represent different results for each temporal frame, but they overlap with each other. The model appears to assign greater weight to outliers (i.e., elements with a higher rank) than to inliers, as the consistency rate was higher for elements with higher ranks -a somewhat unexpected result for the unbiased ideal observer. However, this tendency is simply an artifact of the higher correlation between higher-ranked stimulus values and the temporal average. Henceforth, to reveal the sheer weighting profile for outliers, we thus calculate the difference in consistency rates between the ideal observer and the model (or human data) rather than relying on single consistency rates. A leaky integration model. Next, we applied the two analyses to the response data of the leaky integration model. In the model, a final decision is made based on the sign of the summation of orientation signals multiplied by a weight that exponentially decays over time with additive internal noise ε (Eq. 2). As mentioned earlier, this simple decay model captures the essence of prevailing models of perceptual decision making 9,24,33-37 .
In line with previous studies 34,35 , reverse correlation analysis showed a clear recency effect: the regression coefficient was higher for later inputs, and this effect became more pronounced at decreased α values (Fig. 3a). We also calculated the difference in consistency rates between the model and the ideal observer for each rank and temporal frame, to probe how the model weights outlying elements (Fig. 3b). The model predicted lower consistency rates for elements with higher ranks that occur earlier in the stimulus stream. However, we found the opposite result for elements that occur later in the stream: their consistency rate increased in proportion to their rank. That is, the model downweights outlying elements that occur earlier in the sequence (i.e., robust averaging), A psychophysical experiment with human observers. In the previous section, we found that the leaky integration model exhibits a time-dependent weighting profile for outliers and a recency effect during temporal average estimation. To test whether this is also the case for humans, we probed human observers' weighting profiles for outlying elements at different temporal locations by means of a psychophysical task and analyses identical to those used in the simulation. One of the authors and nine naïve observers participated in the task, viewing eight successive Gabor patterns (Fig. 4). The orientation of these patterns was determined according to a normal distribution with a random mean (− 3 to 3 deg, in steps of 0.5 deg) and SD (8 or 16 deg) for every trial. Observers reported whether the temporally averaged orientation of the patterns was tilted clockwise or counterclockwise by button press (see Methods for details). Using the stimulus and response data, we performed the same analyses as we did on the simulation data to examine human observers' weighting profiles during the task.
(1) S = 8 t=1 θ(t) (2) S = 8 t=1 α 8−t θ (t) + ε
We first performed reverse correlation analysis to elucidate how the observers assigned weights to information presented at each temporal frame. A clear recency effect was observed regardless of the SD of the normal distribution that generated the stimulus values (Fig. 5a,c). A two-tailed t test showed a significant difference between the average of regression coefficients for earlier (1st-4th frames) inputs and later (5th-8th frames) inputs (t(9) = 6.69, p < 0.001 [SD = 8 deg]; t(9) = 8.78, p < 0.001 [SD = 16 deg]). Then, we fitted the leaky integration model to the observed regression coefficients by optimizing the two free parameters α and ε (SD of the additive internal noise) so that the mean squared error between the observed and predicted regression coefficients was minimized for each observer, and in this manner obtained the best-fitting parameters ( α=0. Fig. 5a,c).
We also ranked orientations across all trials and temporal frames in accordance with the criterion introduced in the simulation section (Fig. 1), and we calculated consistency rates for each rank and temporal frame. The left panels in Fig. 5b,d show the differences in consistency rates between human observers and the ideal observer. The observed human consistency rates bore a qualitative resemblance to those of the model with the best-fitting parameters (right panels in Fig. 5b,d). This suggests that humans discounted outliers occurring earlier in the stream (robust averaging) but overweighted those occurring later in the stream, as predicted by the leaky integration model. A significant interaction was revealed by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with rank and temporal frame as factors (F(21, 189) = 2.00, p = 0.007 [SD = 8 deg]; F(21, 189) = 2.62, p < 0.001 [SD = 16 deg]). These results suggest that humans exhibit a time-dependent weighting profile to outliers as well as a recency effect, both of which are traced to the leaky integration mechanism.
Psychophysical evidence shows that the neural coding of orientation is uncertain and biased toward the cardinal orientations, i.e., vertical in the case of our stimuli 38,39 . This bias would potentially give rise to robust averaging as inliers in our experimental setting correspond to the vertical orientation. We confirmed that this is true by using a leaky integration model with orientation inputs biased toward the vertical. However, the model failed to replicate the overweighting of outliers in the last few frames, precluding the orientation-dependent uncertainty as a main source for the time-dependent weighting policy.
Discussion
Through a model simulation and a psychophysical experiment with human observers, the present study offers insights into temporal weighting profiles during evidence accumulation for perceptual decision making. The leaky integration mechanism predicts not only the recency effect but also a characteristic time-dependent weighting profile: less weight is given to outlying than inlying elements occurring earlier in a stream (i.e., robust averaging), www.nature.com/scientificreports/ whereas greater weight is given to outliers occurring later in a stream. Importantly, human observers in the typical average estimation task adopted the time-dependent weighting policy predicted by the model. These facts corroborate the presence of the leaky integration mechanism in perceptual decision making, in line with previous studies 24,33 . Although robust averaging is observed while integrating multiple pieces of evidence that are distributed over space 17,18 , the present study indicates that humans also exhibit such a weighting policy while integrating temporal evidence. This result implies the commonality of the characteristics underlying evidence integration between the spatial and temporal domains, consistent with some studies which have posited sequential sampling even for integration of spatially distributed information that is constant over time, rather than parallel processing across space 40,41 . This assumption seems reasonable, as humans in the environment sample different local information multiple times per second with saccades, even though the source may remain invariant over time 42 .
The recency effect and overweighting of outliers we observed in the present study are reminiscent of the peak-end rule. It is intriguing that humans use temporal information to make decisions similarly across different tasks (perceptual and economic decision making), although those tasks are distinct in many respects. First, there is a fundamental difference in terms of decision type: perceptual judgment for sensory stimuli vs. emotional evaluation for an event or experience. Another difference lies in the timescale of temporal integration: an observer typically integrates evidence across a few seconds at most in a perceptual decision task, but integration can take place over minutes or even a few hours in an economic decision task. Although these differences raise the question of why similar weighting profiles are obtained across domains, subjects actually make judgments on the basis of memory within a few seconds even in economic decision tasks with long integration periods. Further, some studies have proposed the hypothesis that memory retrieval might involve sequential sampling of momentary evidence, as with perceptual decisions 41,43 . Taken together, the recency effect and overweighting of outliers might be ubiquitous across different types of judgments that involve sequential sampling of multiple pieces of information, whether they derive from sensory stimuli or memory.
It is noteworthy that no behavioral economics study has provided evidence for robust averaging that contrasts with the peak-end rule, indicating that robust averaging is uniquely observed in perceptual decision making. Here, we raise the possibility that robust averaging could also be observed in economic decision tasks. Previous behavioral economics studies illustrated the peak-end rule by showing significantly high partial regression or correlation coefficients between peak values during events and subjects' retrospective evaluations of their experiences 6,7 . These observations are insufficient to support the peak-end rule because there is an inherently high correlation between a peak value and the overall average of sequential data 44 , thus hindering reliable conclusions www.nature.com/scientificreports/ about the peak-end rule. In fact, some studies have reported conflicting results that the average score is better than the peak score as a predictor of overall evaluations of experiences 45,46 . In any case, simply calculating the correlation between a single value extracted from an overall dataset and a retrospective value is insufficient to validate the peak-end rule. If the same analyses as we performed in the present study were conducted in behavioral economics studies, the same time-dependent weighting profile, including robust averaging, could be observed even in those studies. In other words, humans' retrospective judgment about their experience may be influenced only by peak values that occur later in the course of an event, but not by those occurring earlier in the course of an event, which we call "peak-at-end" rule. In sum, more rigorous quantitative analysis has the potential to reveal robust averaging, even in economic decisions. The present study indicates that robust averaging and the peak-at-end rule are natural consequences of the leaky temporal integration process where sensory evidence in each temporal frame is multiplied by an exponentially decaying weight. However, this mathematical description of the decision process does not tell us anything about the computational mechanisms in the brain that elicit the characteristic biases. One possible mechanism is integration with gain control, where sensory inputs are encoded relative to the local context by adjusting the gain of the inputs 34,47 . This decision mechanism is consistent with the fact that neurons in lower-level visual systems adjust their sensitivity to a wide range of light intensities 48,49 and modulate their responses depending on the summed activity of pools of neurons 50,51 . If we adopt this framework, the observed biases can be qualitatively explained as follows: the process involves adaptation to a sudden change, protecting decisions from noise (i.e., outliers) that might cause false judgments 34,35 . However, this process does not hold true when a sudden change occurs around the end of the integration, because the observer ends up making a decision before the effects of the outliers are fully attenuated, thereby resulting in outliers occurring around the stimulus offset having a greater influence on a decision. Temporal integration with gain control thus predicts not only robust averaging, which is an optimal policy in the presence of heavy internal noise 18 , but also the suboptimal peak-at-end rule as a tradeoff for its adaptive property.
While the leaky integration model captures all aspects of the present study's human data, it remains unknown whether it also underlies decision making for other attributes such as color and shape or tasks with various timescales of evidence accumulation. Nevertheless, as the model naturally predicts tendencies that have been widely observed in distinct research domains from psychophysics to behavioral economics, the present findings underline the possibility that leaky temporal integration (or possibly, integration with gain control) is a general computational mechanism for decision making. Our study opens the path for further investigation of the computational mechanisms that commonly underlie both weighting policies in perceptual decision making and cognitive biases in economic decision making.
Methods: psychophysical experiment
Observers. One of the authors and nine naïve paid volunteers with corrected-to-normal vision, participated in the experiment. All experiments were conducted with a permission from the Ethics Committee of the University of Tokyo with written informed consent taken from all the participants, and the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines were followed.
Apparatus. Visual stimuli were generated by a graphics card controlled by a PC and displayed on a LCD monitor (BenQ XL2430T) which had a pixel resolution of 0.02 deg/pixel at a viewing distance of 100 cm we used 35 . The refresh rate was 60 Hz. The mean luminance of the uniform background was 69.0 cd/m 2 . All experiments were conducted in a dark room.
Stimuli. Stimulus was eight frames of Gabor patterns that were presented one after the other in the center of the screen (Fig. 4). Each frame was presented for 200 ms followed by a uniform blank of 100 ms. Gabor pattern had a carrier spatial frequency of 1.56 c/deg and a Gaussian window with a SD of 5.12 deg. The Michelson contrast was 0.4. The mean luminance was equal with the uniform background. The orientation of Gabor pattern at each frame was determined according to a normal distribution with a specific mean and SD 35 . The mean across frames was randomly decided from − 3 to + 3 deg with an equal step of 0.5 deg, and the SD was 8 or 16 deg. A black fixation dot was presented in the center of the screen throughout the experiment.
Procedure. On each trial, observers viewed the stimulus binocularly and indicated whether the temporal average of the Gabor orientation was tilted left or right by button press 35 . Observers were instructed to fixate on the fixation point and to respond within 0.5 s after the stimulus offset. If the observers' response exceeded the deadline, auditory feedback was given, and the data on those trials were excluded from the analyses 35 . Each observer completed at least three sessions for a total of 270 trials.
Data analysis.
For the data of each observer, the same set of analyses, i.e., the reverse correlation analysis and rank analysis that were performed on the models' data (see Results section in detail), were conducted to obtain the weighting profile. The weighting data were averaged across observers. A two-tailed t test was conducted as a significant proof of the recency effect. To see if weighting profiles for outliers are significantly different across temporal frames, we also performed a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with the rank and temporal frame as factors.
Data availability
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Figure 1 .
1The criterion for the ranking. Each rank (1, 2, 3, and 4) represented by differently colored area comprises an equal amount of the probability mass (25% for each).Scientific Reports | (2020) 10:17822 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74924-x
Figure 2 .
2Simulated weighting profiles of the ideal observer model. (a) Regression coefficients across temporal frames for the ideal observer. (b) Consistency rates of the ideal observer for each rank and temporal frame. The eight lines representing different results for each temporal frame overlap each other.
Figure 3 .
3Simulated weighting profiles of the leaky integration model. (a) Regression coefficients across temporal frames for the leaky integration model. Different colors represent the results for different α values. (b) Consistency rates of the model for each rank and temporal frame. Results for different α values are shown in each panel. Scientific Reports | (2020) 10:17822 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74924-xwww.nature.com/scientificreports/ but in turn overweights those occurring later in the sequence. These results lead to the critical notion that the model predicts a time-dependent weighting profile for outliers as a corollary of its leaky nature.
Figure 4 .
4Visual stimulus used in the experiment. Scientific Reports | (2020) 10:17822 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74924-x
Figure 5 .
5Weighting profiles for human observers. The upper and lower panels are results for different SDs of the stimulus orientation. (a, c) Regression coefficients across temporal frames for human observers. Dashed lines represent the simulated coefficients of the model using the best-fitting parameters. (b, d) Differences in consistency rates between human observers and the ideal observer for each rank and temporal frame (left panels). Simulated consistency rates of the model using the best-fitting parameters (right panels). All the conventions are the same as in Figs. 2 and 3.Scientific Reports | (2020) 10:17822 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74924-x
75 [s.e. = 0.04 across observers], ε=2.81 [0.19] when SD = 8 deg; α=0.80 [0.04], ε=4.76 [0.12] when SD = 16 deg). The simulated regression coefficients were almost identical to those of the human observers (dashed lines in
© The Author(s) 2020
AcknowledgementsThe present study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant-In-Aid JP15H03461, JP18H04935, JP20H01782, and by the Commissioned Research of National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) to IM.Author contributionsR.Y. and I.M. designed the study. R.Y. performed experiments and analyzed data. R.Y. and I.M. wrote the manuscript.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests.Additional informationCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to I.M.Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/.
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| Schizophrenia may be associated with a fundamental disturbance in the temporal coordination of information processing in the brain, leading to classic symptoms of schizophrenia such as thought disorder and disorganized and contextually inappropriate behavior. However, the majority of studies that have examined timing behavior in schizophrenia have employed temporal durations in the range of several seconds, which requires higher cognitive processes beyond initial sensory registration for temporal encoding. Accordingly, the present study assessed both millisecond and several-second duration estimates in schizophrenia using a well-established task of time perception. Twenty-eight individuals with schizophrenia and 31 non-psychiatric control participants completed two temporal bisection tasks, which required participants to make temporal judgments about auditory durations ranging from either 300 to 600 ms or 3000 to 6000 ms. Participants with schizophrenia displayed significantly greater timing variability under both millisecond and several-second timing conditions than the non-psychiatric group. These findings were consistent with parameter estimates obtained from a quantitative model of time estimation, and provide evidence for a fundamental timing deficit in schizophrenia that may be independent of the length of the to-be-timed duration. | We can regard an organism as an instrument for measuring physical stimuli, comparable to, for instance, a balance. Stimuli produce sensory experiences (“sensations”) and these sensations can be scaled, that is, measured. However, most often our sensory (subjective) experiences do not agree with the corresponding physical measures. Not only is the scatter much greater than in physical measurements; there are also systematic differences. The area in psychology that deals with the relation of subjective, psychological, to physical measures is called psychophysics. Though the main topic of this paper is the measurement of experienced time (duration), the presentation has to begin with an account of psychophysics in general. | BACKGROUND ::: Subjective duration is strongly influenced by repetition and novelty, such that an oddball stimulus in a stream of repeated stimuli appears to last longer in duration in comparison. We hypothesize that this duration illusion, called the temporal oddball effect, is a result of the difference in expectation between the oddball and the repeated stimuli. Specifically, we conjecture that the repeated stimuli contract in duration as a result of increased predictability; these duration contractions, we suggest, result from decreased neural response amplitude with repetition, known as repetition suppression. ::: ::: ::: METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ::: Participants viewed trials consisting of lines presented at a particular orientation (standard stimuli) followed by a line presented at a different orientation (oddball stimulus). We found that the size of the oddball effect correlates with the number of repetitions of the standard stimulus as well as the amount of deviance from the oddball stimulus; both of these results are consistent with a repetition suppression hypothesis. Further, we find that the temporal oddball effect is sensitive to experimental context--that is, the size of the oddball effect for a particular experimental trial is influenced by the range of duration distortions seen in preceding trials. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE ::: Our data suggest that the repetition-related duration contractions causing the oddball effect are a result of neural repetition suppression. More generally, subjective duration may reflect the prediction error associated with a stimulus and, consequently, the efficiency of encoding that stimulus. Additionally, we emphasize that experimental context effects need to be taken into consideration when designing duration-related tasks. |
Increasing evidence suggests that the human brain processes sensory information in a periodic manner [1][2][3] . At the behavioral level, the distributions of reaction times and correct detections for visual targets often exhibit a periodicity near 10 Hz 4-6 . At the physiological level, EEG and MEG studies demonstrate that the perception of motion, grouping, and causality between successive stimuli depends on the peri-stimulus phase of oscillatory cortical activity in the alpha band (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) [7][8][9][10] . It is generally believed that cyclic neural processing plays a significant role in the integration of temporally diverse visual information into a single perceptual moment.
In favor of this argument, several studies report illusions in which a continuously changing stimulus is perceived as a series of discrete snapshots ("discrete perception" in our definition), as is perhaps best exemplified by a chromatic line that appears to jitter at a temporal rate of 10-11 Hz when embedded in a luminance-defined moving target 11,12 . Similarly discretized perception has been reported for dynamic visual noise, radial patterns, and LSD-induced visual trails [13][14][15] . These illusory phenomena provide evidence for a direct link between cyclic processing and conscious perception, and they intimate that temporal continuity in visual perception, rather than passively mirroring continuous image inputs, is actively constructed by specific neural mechanisms.
More recently, several studies imply the existence of another cyclic process operating at slower temporal rates than alpha rhythms. Psychophysical studies show that behavioral performance for contrast detection and temporal segregation fluctuates around 3-8 Hz relative to the timing of a visual cue or the observer's action [16][17][18][19][20] . Similarly, the spatiotemporal localization of moving stimuli depends on the phase of theta-band oscillations in parietal and occipital cortex 21 . In contrast to discretized alpha-rhythm perception [11][12][13][14][15] , discrete theta-rhythm perception has not yet been reported. Slow cyclic processes have been inferred from periodical fluctuations in behavioral performance across trials [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] , and this suggests that theta rhythms originate from post-perceptual, or decisional, levels rather than from perceptual levels.
Here, we use a simple display demonstrating an illusion whereby the visual perception of continuously moving stimuli is discretized in the theta frequency band. Consider a visual Gabor pattern whose window changes location smoothly from left to right while its underlying carrier grating moves in the opposite direction (Fig. 1A,B). For such stimuli, the whole stimulus is perceived as a slow succession of discontinuous stationary snapshots (Fig. 1C). The present study shows that illusory saltation is clearly observed if the carrier grating remains stationary or drifts in the direction opposite to that of the blurry spatial window. Critically, the magnitude of the illusion varies lawfully only if relative velocity is expressed in head-centered coordinates (i.e., the reference frame in which spatial attention operates) instead of retinotopic coordinates (Experiment 1). We found that the perceived rhythm of saltation remained nearly constant (3-8 Hz) over a wide range of stimulus parameters (Experiments 2 and 3). We take this as further evidence of the involvement of the theta-cyclic system in the conscious perception.
Experiment 1
In order to examine what stimulus parameters determine the percept of illusory saltation, we presented various moving stimuli and had observers judge the subjective strength of the illusion. We manipulated the speed of the spatial window, of the carrier grating, and of the tracking fixation.
Method.
Observers. Four naive participants and one of the authors (RN) participated in Experiment 1. Two of the naive participants and RN participated in Experiments 2 and 3. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision. All the experiments were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee at the University of Tokyo. All participants provided written informed consent.
Apparatus. All experiments were conducted in a dark room. Images were displayed on a gamma-corrected 21-inch CRT (Mitsubishi Diamondtron M2 RDF223G; 800 × 600 pixel) through a video attenuator (Bits++, Cambridge Research Systems Ltd.) with a frame rate of 150 Hz. The pixel resolution of the CRT was 3.0 min/pixel at a viewing distance of 57 cm and the mean luminance was 49.3 cd/m 2 . Throughout the experiment, movements of both eyes were monitored by means of Viewpoint Eye Tracker (220 Hz; Arrington Research, Inc.).
Stimuli. Visual stimuli consisted of a vertical sinusoidal grating pattern spatially windowed by a Gaussian function (Gabor grating). The carrier grating and its spatial window moved horizontally at one of several velocities. The standard deviation of the Gaussian window was 1 deg, carrier spatial frequency was 0.5 cycle/deg, and luminance contrast was 0.2. The initial spatial phase angle of the grating was randomized and the direction of the moving window was alternated across trials. A fixation point (0.8 deg in diameter, 98.6 cd/m 2 ) either remained stationary in the center of the screen or moved horizontally with a vertical 8 deg spatial offset relative to the motion trajectory of the window. On each trial, after 1-sec fixation period, stimuli gradually appeared and disappeared against a gray background according to a half-cycle sinusoidal contrast-ramping temporal profile of 2 sec.
Procedures.
Observers were asked to gaze at the fixation point and report the subjective magnitude of illusory saltation using a nine-point scale (for instance, "0" if no saltation and only continuous motion was perceived, "4" if saltation occurred in about half the period of stimulus presentation, or "8" if it was perceived as moving only in discrete steps). Window velocity varied from 0 to 16 deg/sec and grating velocity varied from −40 to 16 deg/ sec relative to the window (negative velocity indicates that the grating moved in the opposite direction from the window; see Fig. 2). Various combinations of grating and window velocities were interleaved within each experimental block. To address the possibility that fixation eye movements (i.e. micro-saccades) influenced the percept of illusory saltation, we computed each trial's eye movements power spectrum over a one-second window (trial period from 0.5 to 1.5 sec) and compared spectra between illusory-saltation (observer rating > 5) and continuous-motion trials (observer rating < 3) from 1.8 to 49.5 Hz. Power was not significantly different between illusory-saltation and continuous-motion trials ( Fig. 3; ANOVA: F (1, 4) = 5.536, p = 0.078, n.s.) and, if anything, power for continuous-motion trials tended to be somewhat larger than illusory-saltation trials. From this we conclude that eye movements should not play a major role in the percept of illusory saltation.
In the tracking condition, observers tracked a fixation point that moved at 8 deg/sec in the same direction as the window motion. To facilitate the tracking of a moving fixation point, fixation disappeared prior to its initial motion and reappeared at a position shifted by 1.2 deg toward the direction opposite to tracking before the trial continued on (step ramp method) 23 . The velocities of the grating and window components varied in the same manner as above. That is, in conditions where the window and the fixation point moved in tandem, the window moved in head-centered coordinates but remained still in retinal coordinates. Conversely, window velocity was 0 deg/sec when it moved only retinal coordinates. We verified the accuracy of fixation tracking for every trial by analyzing eye-tracking data during the trial period from 0.5 to 1.5 sec. The trajectory of the fixation point was first estimated by separately fitting a linear function to each eye's positional data. A root mean square error (RMSE) in X-Y position was calculated between gaze and the estimated fixation point. This error was taken as a measure of the accuracy of tracking. We discarded trials in which the RMSE exceeded the 99% confidence interval of the average RMSE for a randomly chosen block of trials in the fixation condition for each observer. As a result, 90% (3490/3873) of trials were used in the subsequent analysis.
Results.
Observers rated the subjective magnitude of illusory saltation for various combinations of velocities between carrier grating and spatial window. Figure 4A shows average ratings as a function of grating velocity relative to window position. Positive and negative velocities respectively indicate "same" and "opposite" directional drifts with respect to window motion. We found that opposite directional drifts elicited distinct percept of illusory saltation and that the range of grating speeds over which observers experienced illusory saltation depends on window speed. Figure 4B replots observer ratings as a function of window velocity. Ratings increase proportionally with window velocity up to the point where it exceeds absolute grating speed. For example, there is hardly any saltation for a window speed of 16 deg/sec and a grating drift of −8 deg/sec (yellow triangles) or for window speeds of 8 or 16 deg/sec and a grating drift of −4 deg/sec (purple circles): in these specific cases, opposite directional drift relative to window motion corresponds to the same directional motion on screen or retina. In short, illusory saltation occurs if the spatial window moves continuously over a carrier grating that remains stationary on screen or drifts in the opposite direction.
Although Fig. 4B shows that illusory saltation is a relatively lawful function of window speed if observers fixate a steady point on the screen, the data do not tease apart whether the effect depends on retinal or head-centered velocities. To disambiguate between the two possibilities, observers tracked a fixation point moving at 8 deg/sec along a path parallel to the window's motion. If retinal motion is responsible for saltation, the illusion should disappear in the condition where the window also moves at 8 deg/sec on the screen (i.e., 0 deg/sec in retinotopic coordinates) while smooth eye pursuit maintains the window relatively stationary on the retina. Results show that observer ratings increase systematically with head-centered window velocity (Fig. 4C). These findings indicate that perception of illusory saltation is predominantly determined by head-centered window velocities rather than by retinal window velocities. Differences between smooth pursuit data (Fig. 4C) and steady fixation data (Fig. 4B) are presumably attributable to a minor contribution of retinal motion to the illusion. Additionally, our phenomenological investigations confirmed that no saltation occurred for stimuli with a luminance-defined (or sharp edged) window or with contrast-modulating grating carriers.
Experiment 2
Results of Experiment 1 indicate that illusory saltation is a product of interactions (or conflicts) between luminance grating motion and second-order (contrast-defined) window position that involves higher-order motion signals defined in head-centered coordinates 11 . In this view, one would expect the temporal rate of illusory saltation to be a function of particular set of stimulus parameters. For example, the stimulus should appear to jump at a faster temporal rate as the window moves more rapidly. In order to identify stimulus components that determine dynamic appearance of saltation, we measured its apparent temporal frequency for various combinations of spatiotemporal frequencies and window sizes.
Method. Stimuli.
A Gabor grating was presented as in Experiment 1 and was subsequently followed by a 2-sec Gaussian blob (standard deviation = 1 deg) flickering on and off at a variable temporal frequency with 1-sec fixation periods between trials and stimuli. The luminance flicker was located at the center of the motion trajectory of the window. The luminance contrasts of the grating and the flicker were 0.8 and 1.0 respectively.
Procedures.
Observers were asked to gaze at the fixation point and indicate a presence or absence of an illusory saltation percept and, if saltation was present, to report whether the temporal rate of the illusory was higher or lower than that of luminance flicker by pressing a button. The temporal frequency of the luminance flicker was manipulated according to an adaptive staircase method: the temporal frequency was increased/decreased if observers perceived the illusory saltation as faster/slower in the previous trial, or as the same as in previous trial if no saltation was perceived. Window velocity varied from 1.25 to 8 deg/sec and window size varied (as defined by its standard deviation) from 0.5 to 2 deg. Grating velocity varied from −20 to −1 deg/sec relative to the window (within the range where illusory saltation was reliably observed in Experiment 1) and spatial frequency varied from 0.5 to 4 cycle/deg. Various parameter combinations were interleaved within each experimental block. Stimulus combinations that provided no saltation in more than half of the trials were categorized as moving continuously (0 Hz apparent frequency). For the other stimulus combinations, we estimated the temporal frequency of luminance flicker corresponding to the point of subjective equality (i.e., the probability of perceptual judgments being divided equally between higher and lower temporal rate of flicker than saltation) using the maximum likelihood method 24-26 . Results. Figure 5 plots apparent saltation frequency of as a function of window speed (A), grating speed (B), and speed difference between window and grating (C) on screen. Each color corresponds to different observers (n = 3). Rather than depend critically on specific combinations of stimulus parameters, most of the data (91%) were estimated to fall within a narrow 3-8 Hz band regardless of stimulus speeds for which saltation was observable. Next, we considered only trials in which saltation was observed and fitted a linear function separately to each observer's data. We found slopes to be 0.16 (SE = 0.08), 0.21 (SE = 0.08), and 0.12 (SE = 0.05) against window speed, grating speed, and speed difference, respectively. All of them are not significantly larger than zero (t-test: p = 0.20, 0.12, and 0.15, n.s.). This tendency also holds as a function of stimulus size (slope = −0.07, SE = 0.23, t-test: p = 0.79, n.s.) and spatial frequency (slope = 0.14, SE = 0.04, t-test: p = 0.08, n.s.). Figure 5D reveals significantly narrower distributions of apparent-frequency data within each observer as well as sharper peaks except for HS. Peak frequency for HS is 5.96 Hz (SD = 1.72 Hz), 4.73 Hz (SD = 0.72 Hz) for RN, and 3.76 Hz (SD = 0.95 Hz) for MW excluding 0 Hz. We note individual differences in apparent saltation frequency. As evidenced by both group-and individual-based analyses, these results suggest that the temporal rate of illusory saltation depends linearly neither on stimulus speed, size, or spatial frequency.
Experiment 3
Results of Experiment 2 reveal that, at a minimum, the perceived rhythm of saltation is not a simple function of particular set of stimulus parameters. In order to investigate the relation between them in greater detail, we re-measured the apparent temporal frequency of illusory saltation by means of directly counting the number of perceptual saltation cycles. Measurements were taken for stimuli of various grating speeds since the strongest dependency (i.e., the steepest slope) on stimulus parameters in Experiment 2 was related to grating speed.
Method.
Apparatus. Images were displayed on a gamma-corrected 27-inch LCD (BENQ XL2730Z; 2560 × 1440 pixel) with a frame rate of 144 Hz. This monitor is a successor to the BENQ XL2410T that has been proven to have sufficient temporal precision to display fast-changing stimuli common in visual psychophysics 27 . The LCD's pixel resolution was 1.2 min/pixel at a viewing distance of 65 cm and mean luminance was 137.78 cd/m 2 .
Stimuli & Procedures.
A Gabor grating was presented as in Experiment 1 with the exception that stimuli were presented immediately at their nominal contrast (step profile) for a full 2 sec. as opposed to contrast being ramped smoothly on and off (cosine profile). In addition, in several experimental blocks, stimulus motion underwent 3 to 15 stop-and-go "jumps" whereby grating and window moved in locked tandem over a distance of 17.6 deg. Observers directly counted the number of illusory or physical saltation and reported it by pressing one of several numbered buttons ("0" for continuous motion). Window velocity was either 2.9 or 8.6 deg/sec and window size (standard deviation) was either 0.6 or 1.2 deg. Grating velocity varied from −14.4. to −1.7 deg/sec relative to the window and grating spatial frequency was either 0.9 or 1.2 cycle/deg. Physical-saltation stimuli had a fixed standard deviation of 0.6 deg and spatial frequency of 1.2 cycle/deg. Various parameter combinations were interleaved within each experimental block. Stimulus combinations that provided no saltation in more than half of the trials were categorized as continuous motion (0 Hz in apparent frequency). Figure 6 shows the apparent temporal frequency of saltation as a function of grating speed (A), speed difference between window and grating on screen (B), and actual temporal frequency of physical saltation (D). Each color corresponds to different observers (n = 3). As with the results of matching measure (Experiment 2), all the data fell within a narrow 3-8 Hz band regardless of stimulus speeds (Fig. 6A,B). Fitting a linear function to the data reveals mean slopes of 0.22 (SE = 0.06) and 0.15 (SE = 0.03) against grating speed and speed differences respectively. For these data, slope is not significantly larger than zero for grating speed alone (t-test: p = 0.07) whereas it is somewhat larger than zero for speed differences (t-test: p = 0.04). However, considering that apparent frequency varied only by a factor of 2× (3.5-7.3 Hz), or 1.6× on average for individual data, while physical speed difference varied by a factor of 5× (2.9-14.4 deg/sec), the functional relation between apparent frequency and speed difference is considerably weak. Figure 6C also reveals an extremely narrow distribution of apparent-frequency data within each observer as well as a sharp peak. Peak frequency for HS is 5.96 Hz (SD = 0.45), 5.96 Hz (SD = 0.62) for RN, and 5.31 Hz (SD = 1.02) for MW excluding 0 Hz. Peak frequencies may seem slightly higher than those reported in Experiment 2, a fact we attribute to the use of a different measure in this experiment. Most importantly, however, all observers show remarkably constant perceived-frequency rates despite considerable variations in physical stimulus frequencies. Figure 6D confirms that the apparent frequency of physical saltation, as measured for stimuli composed of grating and window moving together intermittently at one of several temporal frequencies (1.5-7.5 Hz), was counted accurately. Thus, the steady number of illusory saltations reported by observers was not an artefact inherent to difficulties either in counting cycles or in working memory capacity. Together, results of Experiments 2 and 3 provide joint evidence that the temporal rate of illusory saltation remains largely constant over a wide array of stimulus characteristics, especially, within individuals. Data therefore suggest that illusory saltation is likely mediated by cyclic processes operating in the theta rhythm band.
Results.
Discussion
The current study presents a novel visual illusion in which a smoothly moving pattern is perceived as jumping periodically across head-centered space at rhythms in the theta-band frequency range (3-8 Hz). Properties of this new illusion are markedly different than those of previously reported examples of discretized perception operating in retinotopic space in the alpha band (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) 11,12 . Together with recent reports of periodic fluctuations of performance data on several behavioral tasks [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] , our results provide further evidence for cyclical visual processing in the theta-band rhythm regime. The vivid sense of a discretized perceptual experience provides direct evidence that theta-band processing rhythms are involved in our continuous perception of dynamic visual events.
In principle, the phenomenology of illusory saltation (exemplified by the results of Experiment 1) can be described by a simple positional reset model that has been applied to previous reports of jitter illusions 11,12 . In the case of our illusion, the dissociation between the grating and window's positional representations should increase with the velocity difference between the two components of the stimulus, particularly if both components move in opposite directions (c.f. apparent position shift induced by motion 28,29 ). The visual system should tolerate this dissociation up to a point but would need to resolve it intermittently. A periodic illusory saltation should occur at moments when the discrepancy is reset. In line with this positional reset model, we would expect illusory saltation to occur at a faster temporal rate if the window moves more rapidly than the grating. However, data from Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that the temporal rate of illusory saltation remains largely constant over a wide array of stimulus characteristics, thereby ruling out a reset model premised on the dissociation between the positional representations of the grating and the window as a phenomenal level. Instead, data suggest that illusory saltation is likely mediated by cyclic processes operating in the theta rhythm band.
To date, this slow cyclic theta-band process is interpreted as reflecting the periodicity of an attentional network distinct from fast cyclic processes for sensory integration 19,[30][31][32] . Attention's major role is not only to facilitate and speed up stimulus processing 33,34 but also to bind perceptual information across different dimensions 35 , in particular between location (where/when) and feature (what), that are processed along different cortical streams 36 . It is known that reduced attention can result in feature misbinding, or "illusory conjunctions" 37 . These findings lead us to consider that the visual system binds location and feature information periodically because of the cyclic nature of attention, and that theta-cyclic process may produce illusory discrete perception observed in the present study. Given the functional duality of attention, it is also sensible that a cyclic attentional network would produce periodic modulations of signal detection performance 19,30-32 as well as discrete percepts of continuous stimuli. Different lines of psychophysical evidence also show that attentive discrimination between dynamic visual stimuli has a temporal resolution limit of around 3-5 Hz 38-40 , thereby indicating that attention cannot operate beyond this relatively low temporal rate.
Tracking a visual target moving around a scene by means of eye movement or attention is one of the most fundamental functions of biological visual systems, and slow periodic phenomena associated with detection and perception may therefore reflect specific properties of such attentive tracking/localization processes. Accordingly, key evidence for slow periodic processing has been gathered under conditions involving spatial shifts of attention such as target detection at cued locations 18,19,[30][31][32] , momentary localization of moving stimuli 21 , and the phenomenological appearance of a single moving pattern (present study). Many models of visual cognition assume that feature information is transferred to short-term memory through the spotlight of spatial attention 27,35 . If the movement of the spotlight is governed by a cyclic process, then it stands to reason that behavioral judgments of the target would exhibit periodical fluctuations as well. In the novel discrete motion illusion reported here, luminance motion signals bias target location away from the attentional spotlight that oscillates on and off. As a result, observers experience periodic saltations and perceive a flickering target.
Several findings have shown that theta-band periodical processes mediate tasks such as conjunction searches [41][42][43] widely known to solicit attention. While our attention-based account of illusory saltation remains speculative and is not yet based on evidence where attention has been manipulated directly, we posit that illusory saltation may provide a window into attention's function of periodically binding perceptual information.
Combined with evidence for alpha-rhythm perception reported in previous studies [11][12][13][14][15] , our evidence for distinct discrete theta-rhythm perception suggests that visual perception is mediated by at least two cyclic neural mechanisms. It has long been suggested that the visual system is equipped with two or three levels of neural processes dedicated to the analysis of spatiotemporal patterns in the retinal image 44,45 . It is generally believed that higher-level processes integrate information over larger spatiotemporal extents and across dimensions. On the assumption that each level of analysis involves cyclical processing, one would expect higher-level process to operate at lower temporal rates in order to accommodate the long-range cortical interactions required to integrate diverse information. Indeed, whereas discrete alpha-band perceptual phenomena such as the jitter illusion 11,12 have been observed for luminance and color stimuli detected by low-level processes, our discrete theta-band motion illusion involves a contrast-defined spatial window whose position can only be encoded by higher-level processes 46 . Recent reports of alpha-band neural correlates of temporal integration and/or cross-modal interaction 47,48 seemingly contradict this low-vs. high-level dichotomy, but the perceptual task in such reports only requires the processing of first-order stimulus attributes. In contrast, higher-level processes, including those encoding 2nd-order stimulus attributes, are generally under strong attentional influence 49,50 , and it is therefore sensible that the slow cyclic nature of the theta-band process also involves attentional components.
Illusory alpha-rhythm jitter percepts have been causally linked to neural oscillations inherent to individuals 51 , and a similar functional relation can be imagined between apparent saltation rhythms and their underlying neural signals. Theta-band oscillations may reflect the physiological workings of slow cyclic processes that involve, on the one hand, guiding one's attention and, on the other hand, maintaining the temporal continuity of perception. The present study has revealed no such associations, but it remains an open question to be addressed in future studies. Data availability. The dataset is available online on figshare public repository.
Figure 1 .
1Visual stimulus and illusory saltation. (A) Observers view a conventional Gabor grating (x-y plot). (B) Spatial window moves continuously in space whereas the carrier grating drifts continuously in the opposite direction (x-t plot). (C) Subjective percept (illusory saltation): the whole stimulus appears to move intermittently and jumps in discrete steps (x-t plot; see S. I. Movie S1 for demonstrations).
Figure 2 .
2Examples of experimental stimuli. (A) A spatial window moves continuously while the carrier grating remains stationary (x-t plot; see S. I. Movie S2). (B,C,D) A carrier grating drifts in the same direction as a spatial window. The carrier moves more slowly (B), at the same speed (C), and more quickly (D) compared to the window's speed (x-t plot; see S. I. Movies S3, S4, and S5 respectively). Note that panels (A) and (B) correspond to "negative" grating speeds relative to window position on the abscissa of Fig. 4A while (C) and (D) correspond to "0 deg/sec" and "positive" relative speeds respectively.
Figure 3 .
3Power spectrum of eye movements. Curves show the average power spectra of eye movements fixation for trials that elicited illusory saltations (red) and continuous motion (black). Error bars are +− 1 SE.
Figure 4 .
4Apparent magnitude of illusory saltation averaged across observers. Error bars are +− 1 SE. (A) Subjective magnitude is plotted as a function of the relative velocity of the grating with respect to the window. Each color symbol corresponds to different window velocities. (B) The panel shows the same data as (A) but plotted as a function of window velocity. Each color symbol corresponds to different grating velocities relative to the window, parts of which were not plotted for simplicity. (C) The panel shows subjective illusion magnitude as observers tracked a fixation point moving at 8 deg/sec on a path parallel to the stimulus window. The two label rows below the abscissa denote window velocity in head-centered and retinotopic coordinates respectively. Grating velocities are the same as in (B). Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:5682 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6
Figure 5 .
5Results of matching measure. (A,B,C) Apparent temporal frequency of illusory saltation is plotted as a function of window speed (A), grating speed (B), and speed difference between them (C). Each color symbol corresponds to different observers. Error bars are +− 1 SE across 400 bootstrap samples. Stimuli that did not produce saltation (continuous motion percept) are denoted as 0 Hz. (D) Distribution of data counts binned according to apparent frequency (per 0.05 Hz in log scale). Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:5682 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6
Figure 6 .
6Results of counting measure. (A,B) Apparent temporal frequency of illusory is plotted as a function of grating speed (A), speed difference between window and grating (B). Each color symbol corresponds to different observers. Error bars are +− 1 SE across trial responses within observer. (C) Distribution of data counts binned according to apparent frequencies (per 0.05 Hz in log scale). (D) Apparent temporal frequency of physical saltation is plotted as a function of temporal frequency of physical saltation. Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:5682 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6
Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:5682 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6
© The Author(s) 2018
AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by KAKENHI Grant Numbers 26119508, 15H03461, and 16H01499 to IM. Parts of the results were presented at the Vision Science Society 2014 and 2016, Florida, USA.Author ContributionsR.N., I.M., and T.S. designed the study. R.N. performed experiments and analyzed data. R.N. and I.M. wrote the manuscript.Additional InformationSupplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6.Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Introduction
How do we perceive time in the scale of seconds? We know that experience of time is characterized by distortions from veridical "clock time" [1]. These distortions are reflected in common expressions like "time flies when you're having fun" or "a watched pot never boils". That our experience of time varies so strongly in different situations illustrates that duration perception is influenced by the content of sensory experiences. This is true for low level stimulus properties, such as motion speed or rate of change [2][3][4], mid-level properties like complexity of task [5], and more complex natural scene properties such as scene type (e.g. walking around a busy city, the green countryside, or sitting in a quiet office; [6,7]). It is also well-established that perception of time differs if attending to time or not [7,8]. That disruptions in time experience (i) arise across these different levels of stimulus complexity and (ii) are based on internal properties of the perceiver (such as what they are attending to) suggests that an approach is required that considers what is common across the hierarchy of perceptual processing, not just at a single level. By identifying a measure that captures what is common across these features and levels of complexity and basing a model of subjective duration on it, our goal is to accommodate and bridge the many previously established relationships between content and time. Further, while many studies have attempted to find a mapping (usually in the form of a correlation or similar analyses) between single, simple stimulus features and time perception (e.g. speed or temporal frequency [2][3][4][5]), natural scenes contain varying proportions of any single feature and these proportions will vary over time. Therefore, modelling subjective time perception on the scale of natural stimulation will require an approach that jointly considers the contributions of these different features.
We recently proposed [6,7,9] that the common currency of time perception across processing hierarchies is change. In principle, this is not an entirely new idea, with similar notions having been suggested in philosophy [10] and in the roots of cognitive psychology of time [5,11,12]. However, in this more recent proposal, there is a strong distinction in that change is not considered only as a function of changes in the physical nature of the stimulus being presented to the observer, but rather change is considered in terms of how the perceptual processing hierarchy of the observer responds to the stimulation.
The advantage of taking an observer-, rather than experimenter-oriented approach is that we can accommodate the critical distortions that distinguish subjective duration from veridical 'clock' time. The potential of such an approach was previously demonstrated by Roseboom and colleagues [6], who used a deep convolutional neural network that had been trained to classify different images as a proxy for human visual processing. In that study, it was reported that simply by accumulating salient changes detected in network activity across network layers it was possible to replicate biases in human reports of duration for the same naturalistic videos. This finding supported the proposal that activity in human perceptual processing networks in response to natural stimulation could provide a sufficient basis for human time perception.
The neural network used in the previous study provided a reasonable stand in for human visual processing, demonstrating at least some of the useful functional properties of human visual processing hierarchy, such as its hierarchical arrangement, specialization of layers for different features, and increasing complexity of representations at higher layers [13,14]. There is ongoing debate about the degree and nature of similarities between such networks and biological vision, though relationships between classification performance and degree of representational similarity with primate visual processing can be found [15]. Nonetheless, a full assessment of the above proposal requires neural as well as behavioral evidence from human participants. Here, we put this proposal to a considerably stronger test, using a pre-registered, model-based analysis of human functional neuroimaging (BOLD), collected while participants estimated the duration of silent videos. In support of our proposal, we found that the modelbased analysis could produce trial-by-trial predictions of participants' subjective duration estimates based on the dynamics of their multi-layer visual cortex BOLD while they watched silent videos. Control models applied to auditory or somatosensory cortex could produce reasonable estimates of clock time, but these models did not predict participants' subjective trial-by-trial biases. Our model is, to our knowledge, the first that can predict trial-by-trial biases in subjective duration purely from measured human brain activity during ongoing naturalistic stimulation.
Results
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a pre-registered preprocessing and model-based analysis pipeline (osf.io/ce9tp), we measured BOLD activation while 40 human participants watched silent videos of natural scenes (8-24 seconds each) and made duration judgements on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 40 seconds (see Fig 1A). Half of the videos depicted busy city scenes with many things happening (e.g. cars or buses going past, many people on a busy street), and the other half, office scenes with relatively few (e.g. occasionally someone would leave or enter the office). While city versus office differed broadly in how busy the content was by design, there was also substantial natural variation within the scene types.
We reasoned that if subjective time is constructed from the accumulation of salient changes in the perceptual processing hierarchy, then we should be able to predict human over-or under-estimates of time from salient changes in visual cortex dynamics. We concentrated on over-or under-estimates of time rather than correspondence with clock time because the latter would be a particularly weak (and flawed) test of our hypothesis: the accumulation of any positive quantity-be it salient events in visual cortex dynamics while viewing a video or number of births in Brazil while reading this paper-will increase with and therefore positively correlate with elapsed time. Our hypothesis refers to visual cortex because our stimuli are silent videos. Put simply, we predict a correlation between human behavioral biases on the one hand, and biases constructed from salient changes in visual cortex dynamics on the other (i.e. model-predicted biases). At a coarse scale, according to previous neural network based results for this video set [6], city scenes should generally produce more salient changes in perceptual processing and be overestimated relative to office scenes.
For each trial, reported durations (in seconds) were transformed into our main behavioral measure: participants' bias towards under-or over-reporting of duration. This was quantified using a (pre-registered) normalized bias measure that we have used previously [6]. Normalized bias is a trial-by-trial measure that simply quantifies the percentage difference between each duration report and the participant's mean report for the video duration category. In this way, it tells us whether any given report was high or low as compared to typical reports by the participant made under comparable conditions. For each of the k trials in which the presented video duration was t, the bias on trial k was the report on trial k, minus the mean report for that duration, divided by the mean report for that duration:
bias t k ¼ x t k À � x t � x tð1Þ
Positive/negative values mean that individual duration reports were over-/under-estimated relative to the participant's mean for a given presented video duration. For example, on a given trial that is physically 8 seconds long, if normalized bias is -0.5, then the report on that trial was 50% less than the average for 8 second videos. If normalized bias is 0 then the report was equal to the mean, and if it is 0.5 then the report was 50% greater than the mean. Note that normalized bias takes highly similar values when calculated using the median instead of mean (for all participants r > 0.9). Because normalized bias does not take the true video duration as an input it is a bias (not accuracy) measure that reflects participant specific response patterns that are independent of clock time. This measure was then carried forward for subsequent analysis.
All inferential tests reported were preregistered unless specified otherwise.
Behavioral reports are biased by scene type
Participants could estimate duration well, as indicated by a strong correlation between presented (veridical) and reported (subjective) durations for each subject both when computed trial-by-trial (� r ¼ 0:76 � 0:02), and when averaged within duration categories (� r ¼ 0:96, Fig 1B).
Estimates generated by an artificial network model are biased by scene type
It has previously been shown that estimates of duration based on changes in activation across the hierarchy of an artificial image classification network can replicate human-like biases in duration reports for naturalistic stimuli [6,7]. Following from this work, we tested whether the effect of scene type for the stimuli used in our experiment and shown by our participants ( Fig 1C) could be reproduced by this same artificial perceptual classification network approach. As in the previous study [6], we fed the same video clips that participants had viewed to a pre-trained (i.e. not trained on our stimulus set) hierarchical image classification network, AlexNet [16]. For each network node, we computed frame-to-frame Euclidean distances in network activity. Then, separately for each network layer, each distance-or change in activation-was categorized as salient or not. Note that a salient change is not necessarily psychologically salient, nor even a salient change in the environment; it is simply a relatively extreme change in dynamics. Saliency categorization was achieved using an attention threshold with exponential decay that simply determined whether the change in node activation (the Euclidean distance) was sufficiently large to be deemed salient (see Methods). By decaying from the starting point to its minimum point, the threshold can adapt to local periods with few extreme changes. Following models of episodic memory [17] moments of threshold crossing are hereafter called 'salient events' (see also Discussion section "Surprise", time perception, and episodic memory and [7]). Salient events were accumulated at each layer and converted to estimates of duration in seconds via multiple linear regression, by mapping the number of accumulated salient events to the presented (clock time), not reported durations. This placed network predictions and human reports onto the same scale (seconds), and means that the model is attempting to reproduce clock time duration based on the input, rather than the more trivial task of training the model to directly reproduce human estimates. Therefore, any human-like biases in estimates can be attributed to the behavior of the network in response to the input stimuli, and not simply to the model being trained to specifically reproduce human biases.
As was the case with human behavior, and as expected, the artificial classification networkbased model produced duration reports that were significantly correlated with the video duration ρ(2329) = 0.73, p < 0.001 (Fig 2A). Like our human participants, the model underestimated longer durations. As explained in Roseboom et al [6], this 'regression to the mean' effect is likely a product of mapping "sensation" (here, the accumulated salient events) onto a scale for report (here, seconds).
More importantly, the model reproduced the pattern of subjective biases seen in human participants, despite being trained on presented video duration ( Fig 2B). Specifically, modelproduced estimates differed as a function of video type: estimation bias was greater (i.e. reports relatively over-estimated) for busy city scenes than for office scenes, M±SE office = -5.00 ± 0.66, M±SE city = 4.99 ± 0.55, 95%CI = [8.31, 11.67], t 2329 = 11.65, p < 0.001, d = 0.48. These results demonstrate that simply tracking the dynamics of a network trained for perceptual classification while it is exposed to natural scenes can produce the basis for human-like estimates of duration.
Reconstructing human-like duration reports from visual cortex BOLD
Here we put our proposal to the key test. Our proposal is that tracking changes in perceptual processing in the modality-specific human sensory hierarchy is sufficient to predict human trial-by-trial biases in subjective duration. Perceptual processing of visual scenes is achieved primarily in visual cortex, so to test our proposal we asked whether we could reproduce participants' estimation biases from salient events in visual cortex BOLD. In other words, instead of accumulating salient events in visual stimulation, we accumulated salient events in BOLD responses to that stimulation.
Coarse-level regional differences in BOLD were seen for both office versus city videos, and for videos (from either category) for which reports were strongly biased (GLM results, see S1 Fig and S4 Table). However, these results do not tell us about the relationship between duration biases and salient events in BOLD dynamics. If we can predict trial-by-trial subjective duration only from participants' BOLD responses in visual cortex (and not in other control regions), then we will have shown that the basis for human subjective duration judgements (when viewing natural visual scenes) can be constructed from brain activity associated with perceptual processing.
To do this, we defined a three-layer visual hierarchy a priori predicted to be involved in processing of the silent videos (see Fig 3 and S1 Table). We selected regions such that lower layers Three different three-layer perceptual hierarchies were defined: a visual hierarchy, an auditory hierarchy and a somatosensory hierarchy. The visual hierarchy constitutes our model of interest, while the auditory and somatosensory hierarchies constitute control models. The regions chosen for layers 1, 2 and 3 are colored in red, yellow and green respectively. Precise details of the regions are specified in S1 Table. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g003 reflect the processing of low-level features (e.g. edge detection in primary visual cortex; V1), and higher layers, object-related processing (e.g. lateral occipital cortex; LOC). For control analyses, analogous hierarchies were built for auditory cortex and somatosensory cortex (see S1 Table). Because the stimuli we used were silent videos, we predicted that only the model using the visual cortex hierarchy should reconstruct subjective human duration reports from accumulated salient events (see pre-registration at osf.io/ce9tp).
We ran our key analysis in two ways: one was confirmatory (i.e. pre-registered) and one was exploratory (i.e. not pre-registered). The analysis pipeline is illustrated in Fig 4. In both analyses, for each participant voxel-wise patterns of BOLD were extracted from each TR (slice, or time point) in each hierarchical layer. Voxel-wise changes between each TR were calculated and then summed over all voxels in the layer, resulting in one value per TR and layer. These 'change' values were standardized (z-scored) within-participant and compared to a criterion with exponential decay (and pre-registered parameters) to classify the change value as a salient event or not, giving us the number of salient events 'detected' by each layer for each video. Just as salient visual events would be expected to correspond to large changes in (layer-wise) visual cortical activity, salient auditory events would be expected to correspond to large changes in auditory cortex dynamics, and may be trigged by, for example, hearing (or possibly imagining) a loud sound, and similarly for somatosensory cortex. Note that psychologically salient events need not map to salient events in BOLD; see Discussion section Predictive processing as a potential mechanistic basis for time perception.
For the pre-registered analysis, change was quantified as Euclidean distance (as for the artificial network model), i.e. where X TR,v is activation in voxel v at slice TR. Note that (2) is mathematically equivalent to the L1 norm of the difference between BOLD at two successive TRs. However, we refer to (2) as Euclidean distances, summed over all voxels because we are proposing that the key compu-
D TR ¼ X v jX TR;v À X TRÀ 1;v jð2Þtation here is |X TR,v −X TR−1,v | and not X TR,v −X TR−1,v .
For the exploratory analysis, we tested an alternative algorithm for quantifying change:
D 0 TR ¼ X v ðX TR;v À X TRÀ 1;v Þð3Þ
which we refer to as the signed difference. The attention threshold used in this analysis was the same as that pre-registered for the confirmatory analysis. We chose this measure because, at least in sensory cortices, BOLD may already reflect perceptual changes [18], potentially in the form of "prediction errors". Therefore, while the model using Euclidean distance (Eq 2) as the change metric assumes that BOLD relates directly to neural activity (conceptually the same as "activation" of nodes in the artificial classification network), signed difference (Eq 3) is more closely aligned with the idea that BOLD (in early sensory networks in this case) indicates (computational) prediction error. Euclidean distance can only be positive valued (0 or above), while the signed difference can be positive or negative in value (above or below 0). We then used support vector regression with 10-fold cross-validation to predict the presented (i.e., clock time, not subjective/reported) video durations from accumulated salient events in layers 1, 2 and 3 for each perceptual hierarchy. This converted the accumulated salient events in the three layers to a model-predicted duration "report" in seconds so that they could be compared with human reports that were also made in seconds. Accordingly, the predicted durations in seconds by themselves are not the primary target of investigation. However, this regression step that involves an external metric of time was only necessary for directly comparing model output with human reports made in these units-as can be seen in Finally, biases in model predictions were compared to participants' duration estimation biases. For our pre-registered analysis, we pooled human participants' behavioral data together to create one 'super-subject', by standardizing behavioral duration reports within-participant and re-computing normalized bias using the combined behavioral dataset. For the exploratory analysis, human estimation bias was computed separately for each of the 40 participants because pooling participants' data reduced the effect of video type on (human) normalized bias (see S2B Fig). Model predictions were generated from pooled accumulated changes, regardless of whether the behavioral data were pooled or not. We did this because the use of long stimulus presentation intervals (up to 24 seconds) meant that for each participant we could only obtain relatively few trials-insufficient to generate brain-based model predictions on a purely participant-by-participant basis.
Using Euclidean distance, estimation bias but not effects of scene type can be reconstructed from visual cortex BOLD
Following (pre-registered) pooling into a super-subject, the z-scored reports remained correlated with video durations (S2A Fig) but did not significantly discriminate between office and city scenes (S2B Fig). The presented (clock time) video duration could be predicted from accumulated salient events in all three models (visual, auditory, and somatosensory) to a similar degree (10-fold cross validation, � r visual ¼ 0:93; � r auditory ¼ 0:95; � r somatosensory ¼ 0:94, S2C-S2E Fig). These results show that all models could reproduce clock time-the physical duration of the presented video-and therefore that the support vector regression model successfully mapped accumulated events to durations in units of seconds. This means we could use the regression model to further generate predictions of subjective duration biases from salient events in BOLD. It is important to note that the reproduction of presented duration is trivial because, all else being equal, longer intervals will have more salient events in the sensory cortex BOLD dynamics. Indeed, longer intervals will, on average, have a greater number any event, task-relevant or otherwise-heart beats, eye movements, planes taking off, etc-and so the cumulative sum of events will trivially correlate with physical duration. Another way to think about this is that taking any summary-the number of salient events, the length of a trajectory through a state space, etc-between a start-and end-point is a temporal metric, and so will correlate with clock time.
Because accumulated salient events will trivially correlate with clock time, testing our proposal necessitates comparing the model of interest (visual cortex) with control models in other modalities (auditory and somatosensory cortex). Contrasting against control models in other modalities allows us to demonstrate that it is not simply the accumulation of any cortical changes over time that predicts duration, but rather accumulation of specific changes in Only salient events in visual cortex distinguish between office and city scenes, and this holds for all three layers. The three rightmost columns (green lines) plot the difference lines, with shaded bounds depicting 95% CIs. These show that only accumulated salient events in visual cortex distinguish between scenes, because only these lines are above the zero line. This means that accumulated salient events, even prior to regression into standard units (seconds), distinguish between scene type in visual cortex, but not in auditory cortex or in somatosensory cortex.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g005 cortical activity related to the presented content that can predict human subjective duration judgements. To reinforce this point, it is because all of our models-visual cortex and the control models based on auditory or somatosensory cortex-do in fact provide reasonable estimates of clock time that our key analyses focus on reproducing the subjective biases present in the reports of human participants, since it is these biases that separate clock duration from subjective duration.
Our primary pre-registered hypothesis was that only the visual cortex model would be able to reproduce participants' duration biases. Supporting this, only the model trained on visual salient events significantly reproduced the duration biases (calculated from the pooled, human "super-subject" data) trial-by-trial, β 2328 = 1.51, p = 0.015; the models trained on salient events in auditory cortex, β 2328 = 0.87, p = 0.141, and somatosensory cortex, β 2328 = 0.30, p = 0.339, did not (S3 Fig). Using the visual cortex regression beta as our prior [19], evidence for these control model results was insensitive (auditory: BF H(0,1.51) = 1.22, RR = [-1, 7.56], somatosensory: BF H(0,1.51) = 0.60, RR = [-1, 3.14]).
Not only was the visual cortex regression coefficient a significant predictor of behavioral biases, the visual cortex regression model was also a better fit to the trial-by-trial behavioral biases than the auditory or somatosensory cortex models (S4 Fig). These results mean that biases in subjective estimates of time can be predicted from neural activity associated with modality-specific perceptual processing. The processing is modality-specific because the video stimuli were silent, with no auditory or tactile stimulation. While the visual model could reproduce participants' trial-by-trial biases, it did not reproduce the effect of video type (overestimation of duration for city scenes) despite a numerical trend in the predicted direction, M±SD diff = 0. ). Note that neither these t-tests nor the priors were pre-registered.
Using signed difference, estimation bias and effects of scene type can be reconstructed from visual cortex BOLD
Next, we analyzed the biases predicted from the exploratory model, in which salient events were determined from signed differences in voxel activity. Again, presented video duration could be (trivially) predicted from salient events in all three exploratory models to a similar degree (10-fold cross validation, � r visual ¼ 0:95; � r auditory ¼ 0:97; � r somatosensory ¼ 0:96, Fig 6A-6C). However, using the revised (exploratory) definition of a salient event, linear mixed models revealed the visual model biases did strongly discriminate between office and city scenes, M ±SD diff = 4.22 ± 3.37, 95% CI = [3.14, 5.30], χ 2 (1) = 85.06, p < .001 (Fig 6D).
Visual model biases also remained correlated with participants' trial-by-trial biases, β = 0.02 ±0.008, χ 2 (1) = 5.62, p = 0.018. This association is visualized in Fig 7A by Fig 7C and 7E). Note that priors for the Bayes factors were not pre-registered and were set as the fixed-effect coefficients from the corresponding visual cortex LMMs.
The correlational results were also robust across a range of threshold parameters for the visual model (Fig 7B). For the auditory model (Fig 7D), positive correlations between human and model-predicted biases were found only at implausible parameter values (where the threshold's upper bound was the mean). For the somatosensory model (Fig 7F), positive correlations were present in a small, localized region of the space indicating that those correlations were not robust to changes in threshold parameters, and likely spurious or artefactual (e.g., driven by head motion or eye movements).
In none of the auditory or somatosensory layers were there more salient events when watching city than office videos (Fig 5, middle and bottom rows). Further, our ability to predict subjective biases in duration does not trivially follow from differences in the videos themselves (e.g. more changes in city than office videos), because frame-by-frame changes in the videos are dissociable from both human and model-predicted biases (see S1 Text and S6 Fig). Taken together, these results underline the specificity of visual cortex activity in predicting subjective time for silent videos.
Discussion
We have shown that the basis for subjective estimates of duration can be constructed on a trial-by-trial basis from salient events in sensory cortex activity, where salient events are defined as relatively large changes in the neural responses to sensory stimulation across a perceptual hierarchy. Importantly, participants are not necessarily conscious of the events because they are events in the perceptual processing dynamics rather than in the stimulus. Salient events as we have defined them are not necessarily psychologically salient either.
In this study, for which stimuli were silent videos, successful prediction was obtained only for models trained on salient events in visual cortex BOLD, and not for control models based on somatosensory or auditory cortex BOLD. While we could trivially reconstruct clock time from activity in all three sensory regions (because those regions exhibited dynamic neural activity that trivially reflects video duration), only the information extracted by the stimulusrelevant sensory model-the visual model-was related to subjective duration estimates (as reflected in relative over-or under-estimates of duration). Our results were robust under a wide range of model parameter values (Fig 7B), and, in combination with previous findings [7,9], support the idea that human time perception is based in the neural processes associated with processing the sensory content from which time is being judged.
The reconstruction of clock time in all brain-based models was strong (correlations between model estimates and veridical video duration r > .92), and better than our human participants' performance (correlation between participant estimates and veridical video duration r~= .8). There are several reasons for this. First, as previously stated, the model predictions will trivially correlate with clock time because more salient events will be accumulated as epoch length increases. Second, we specifically trained these models to transform the number of salient events into clock time (by mapping them to the video durations), and accordingly they do so very well. With feedback, humans can reproduce clock time well also-indeed, even without training participants in this study exhibited a correlation of~.8 with clock time. Outside of the lab, in more natural cases duration estimation may often be worse: the task is harder, mappings from experience to standard units of report are contextual, feedback may be sparse (and not necessarily even incorporated), and is received over long time scales. In short, by virtue of simultaneous access to all information about the relationships between time sensation (salient events) and clock time, our models (in this case) have an unfair advantage versus humans, who could be doing similar computations (regression), but typically with less complete information.
Our visual cortex ROIs were chosen in such a way that our hierarchy was a highly simplified, "toy model" of human ventral vision. Of course, we by no means assert that other regions in visual cortex are unimportant for duration perception of visual stimuli [20]. Correspondences between stimulus features and neural responses have been shown in regions we have not included, and work that attempts to map the neural responses to temporal properties of visual stimuli has revealed a broad range of temporally responsive regions across the perceptual processing hierarchy, including dorsal visual stream and frontoparietal areas (see e.g. [21]). The present study suggests that for the specific stimulus content we utilized (silent videos) the ROIs we selected were sufficient to predict subjective time, but of course future work could test whether model performance would substantially improve by expanding the set of regions included.
We compared two different metrics for determining change in processing dynamics-Euclidean distance and signed difference, and used dynamic thresholds to classify changes as salient events, with these thresholds allowed to vary across layers of the perceptual hierarchy. We could predict human biases in duration judgements when using both metrics, but could only predict the video class (office scene vs. city scene) from the signed difference. It is notable that even these crude measures are sufficient for mapping processing dynamics within perceptual hierarchies to subjective time. Future work could attempt to optimise the metrics and thresholds according to differences in the known response properties of different visual areas [22,23].
A novel approach to modelling subjective time
Our model is the first which is able to predict trial-by-trial subjective reports of duration based on neural (BOLD) activity during naturalistic stimulation, and in so doing, advances our understanding of the neural basis of time perception. Our approach is conceptually related to a study by Ahrens and Sahani [24], who proposed that subjective time perception is constructed from estimates of input dynamics (akin to sensory input) and knowledge of the temporal structure of the input (second order input statistics), and presented an inference model that could account for several behavioural results. An important difference between their work and ours is that statistical "knowledge" in our model relates to knowledge of the perceptual processing network state. By contrast, knowledge in Ahrens and Sahani's model relates to prior temporal structure. This means that while Ahrens and Sahani propose a model dependent on processes dedicated to tracking temporal properties, we do not. Our results demonstrate that such knowledge is not strictly necessary for generating human-like duration estimates for natural stimuli.
Linking sensory content and subjective duration
In our approach, the neural processes that are engaged in the processing of sensory content (putatively ventral stream vision in our human participants and for our stimuli) are the same as those used to build the basis for estimates of time. In this way we provide an intuitive link between sensory content and subjective duration. Our conclusion is in support of the idea that time perception depends on distributed mechanisms [25], but that in each case subjective time is naturally linked to sensory content by virtue of being determined by those content-related processes.
It is common for studies in the time perception field to use highly constrained stimuli such as luminance contrast discs, Gabors, or random dot fields. The high level of control over stimulation permitted by such stimuli allows these studies to identify one-to-one mappings between a specific stimulus feature (e.g. contrast intensity, temporal frequency, or even stimulus size) and time perception. For example, a presented stimulus is reported as longer in duration in a condition where it is larger in size than in a condition where it is smaller [26]-a simple mapping between the feature of stimulus size and the corresponding duration judgements. A large literature exists showing how recent visual exposure [27,28] or adaptation to temporal properties of a stimulus can influence subjective time judgements [29][30][31]; that eye movements nearby brief stimuli can change the content of vision, and consequently perception of time [32][33][34]; how eye movements during stimulation change time estimates [35]; and how the precise temporal properties of a visual stimulus-temporal frequency or speed-relate to subjective duration reports [2,3,36]. Previous work has also shown how different parts of the processing hierarchy respond differently to temporal properties of stimuli, such as whether stimuli were composed of transient or persistent stimulation [23]. Further, recent work using direct mapping methods with simple, brief stimuli (intervals up to~2 seconds) has made substantial progress in describing the complex hierarchy of neural responses to temporal properties of visual stimulation [21,37].
The existing time perception literature, as described above, has been successful in characterising the relationship between visual response properties and subjective time. Our study extends this work by taking two key differences in approach. First, we did not directly look for a correspondence between temporal properties of stimulation and neural responses reflecting those temporal properties (i.e. we didn't look for neural regions that represent the temporal properties of the stimulation-'chronotopy'). Instead, we attempted to build a model that extracts relevant temporal properties from the neural activity associated with processing of perceptual content and produces estimates of duration based on that information-an indirect rather than direct mapping between the stimulus and neural response to stimulus on the one hand, and subjective duration on the other. The second key difference in our approach comes from our use of naturalistic scenes versus the simple, highly-controlled stimuli frequently used. Natural scenes contain a wide variety and combination of simple and complex features, some of which will be coded for in overlapping neural populations. These features vary in their combinations moment to moment, and so to build a successful model of time perception for natural stimulation it is necessary to consider their joint contributions. By using a measure based on extracted salient events across the perceptual processing hierarchy, our approach accomplishes this task without needing to fully characterise those joint contributions. We note that to do so would be a very difficult task indeed. While a complete understanding of how these features are identified, tracked and combined in cortex remains an important challenge for visual neuroscience, and progress has been made (as we review above), our approach is able to jointly accommodate the many stimulus features that vary during natural stimulation in a simple fashion, without needing to identify and track each pertinent feature independently, and then combine them in such a way that respects their interdependence (e.g. contrast drifts during configural changes).
There are interesting opportunities for future work at a greater level of specificity, which could attempt to fully specify the correspondences between all simple features and subjective duration, as well as their combinations. If successful, this detailed approach would allow very strong predictions about the precise, moment-to-moment contribution of some specific stimulus feature (and neural response to that specific feature) to subjective time perception. However, as our model demonstrates, having this complete understanding is not necessary for successfully modelling human distortions in subjective time.
Attention, emotion and time
In the time perception literature there are often appeals to the influence of factors like attention [38] or emotion [39,40]-sometimes used as the basis for rejecting the proposals of earlier cognitive psychologists such as Ornstein [5]. Our model provides a general basis on which to test any claims about any such influences by specifying a baseline hypothesis in each casenamely that the dynamics of the relevant sensory cortex (e.g. visual, auditory, interoceptive, etc) are sufficient to construct subjective duration estimates for that context. For example, regarding the potential influence of emotion on time perception [39,40], the degree to which stimulus-driven differences in network activation underlie any differences in duration estimates remains to be established. However, even if influences of emotion on time perception arise from internally generated sources (rather than processing of external stimulation), this influence may still be reflected in differences in measurable activity of perceptual processing networks (via e.g. BOLD) and therefore our model would reproduce differences in human duration reports. These possibilities are testable hypotheses, made available by our modelling approach.
Time perception for non-visual or multisensory cases
While we only tested whether subjective duration for visual stimuli could be constructed from salient events in visual cortex, we expect that salient events from auditory cortex would predict subjective time in auditory-only contexts, and similarly for other modalities [41]. Outside the laboratory we judge time in multisensory contexts and can estimate duration when our eyes are closed or even if clinically deaf. These observations do not expose a weakness of our approach, but generate specific and testable claims that require additional study to fully evaluate: does our model approach work equally well in other (combinations of) modalities? We see no reason why our proposal should fail for other modalities, and the success of similar network architectures for interpreting sensory processing in the auditory domain [42] supports this position. Furthermore, because we define 'salient events' as events in the dynamics of perceptual processing rather than in the external world, non-external stimulation like visual imagery could also contribute to experience of time. The model we present here is based on unimodal inputs, but for multisensory inputs we would predict that duration biases would be combined through some integration of accumulated salient events in modality-specific sensory cortices (e.g. for videos with sound, an integration of accumulated salient events in visual and auditory cortices). This may broadly follow what is understood about combination in other multisensory cases and may be consistent with Bayesian rules of combination [43,44].
It could be suggested that our approach only reproduces stimulus-driven biases rather than providing a general basis for time estimation because without stimulus input our model would have no "activity". This critique would be valid for the artificial network-based model in section Estimates generated by an artificial network model are biased by scene type but cannot be applied to the BOLD-based model because visual cortex activity remains present even when there is no sensory input (see also above point about imagery).
Biological plausibility
Our data do not speak to the question of how perceptual processing is achieved by the brain, and our results do not depend on the answer, beyond some key, uncontroversial assumptions (e.g. hierarchical processing). Whether the classification network used here (AlexNet) is closely matched to biological vision in how it processes information is not relevant here (see [13][14][15]) because the algorithmic approach to estimating duration from network activity (in either Alex-Net or estimated from BOLD in humans) produces outcomes consistent with the patterns seen in human subjective reports of time. Accordingly, we did not directly compare the predictions from the classification network and brain-based models. The crucial assumption is simply the existence of a hierarchical, specialized system for perceptual processing-the common interpretation of primate ventral visual stream [45][46][47]. Given this assumption, our model is compatible with a range of prominent theories on the specific computational processes that may contribute to how perception is achieved (predictive coding [48], population coding [49], Gibsonian affordances [50] etc.), and the mechanisms underlying how feature extraction/processing occurs (population receptive fields [51], feedback connections [52], surround suppression [53] etc). Our claim is simply that the dynamics of perceptual systems can be used to construct subjective duration, but is theory-neutral as to precisely which processes are most important for perception. This conclusion is best demonstrated by the fact that our model produced estimates consistent with subjective biases in human reports regardless of whether applied to activation patterns of AlexNet or to BOLD patterns recorded from human participants.
Predictive processing as a potential mechanistic basis for time perception
While we are theory-neutral regarding the specific neural basis of perceptual processing, our results may provide some evidence in favour of one potential mechanistic basis for time perception. We tested two metrics that could be used by the brain to link sensory content and time on a moment-to-moment basis: Euclidean distance (pre-registered) and signed difference (exploratory). Whereas the former assumes that BOLD activity indexes some raw quantity associated with sensory inputs, the latter assumes that BOLD already indexes change in sensory input, for example as perceptual prediction error. In our data, subjective duration was best reconstructed using signed difference: although both metrics generated duration estimates that correlated with human reports, only signed difference differentiated video type. The superiority of signed difference in predicting subjective time is consistent with (but not evidence for) the view that BOLD already indexes detected environmental changes. This is in line with literature evidencing "surprise" or "prediction error" responses in sensory [18,54,55] and even frontal [56,57] cortices, usually interpreted in the context of predictive processing [58] or predictive coding [42] theories of cortical function. Of course, this superiority of signed difference is not itself evidence for a role for prediction error in time perception, nor are the theories of predictive processing [58] or predictive coding [48] necessary for understanding or interpreting our results.
We also emphasize that the way in which we use "salience" and "surprise" is only tangentially, if at all, related to the psychological phenomena of something being salient or surprising. Here, salience is defined in terms of difference between successive network states (see Eqs 2 and 3). This means our notion of salience is close to a naïve prediction error [6]; naïve because the "prediction" is simply the previous network state rather than part of a prediction-update cycle (see [7]). While previous studies have suggested that predictability [59] or apparent salience [60] can affect subjective time perception [61], descriptions of "salience" and related terms at this cognitive level are not necessarily related to descriptions at the mechanistic level at which our model is articulated. Future work may wish to test whether "prediction error" as defined in a mechanistic sense maps onto psychological salience or surprise, but the question is outside the scope of the present study, and is certainly not restricted to investigations of time perception.
"Surprise", time perception, and episodic memory
The idea that our model may be based on an index of perceptual "surprise" is intriguing as it provides a natural link to the closely related topic of episodic memory (see [7]). In the episodic memory literature, prediction error, i.e. the difference between current sensory stimulation and expected stimulation, has been proposed as the basis for the construction of event boundaries [7,17,62]-transitions that segment some content (e.g. a cow) from some other content (e.g. a car) in continuous experience [63,64]. By emphasizing the importance of sensory content in time perception, our approach may provide a link between time perception and episodic memory that has been lost by content-free "clock" approaches. By providing a simple algorithm for how the stream of sensory processing is segmented into salient events, our approach may afford some insight into how low-level sensory information is transformed into the temporally sequenced form of memory associated with the activity of so-called "time cells", potentially linking the content of sensory processing with temporal properties of episodic memory within the powerful predictive coding approach [7,48,65].
Conclusions
In summary, we provide evidence for an algorithmic account of duration perception, in which information sufficient for the basis of subjective time estimation can be obtained simply by tracking the dynamics of the relevant perceptual processing hierarchy. In this view, the processes underlying subjective time have their neural substrates in perceptual and memory systems, not in systems specialized for time itself. We have taken a model-based approach to describe how sensory information arriving in primary sensory areas is transformed into subjective time, and tested this approach against human neuroimaging data. Our model provides a computational basis from which we can unravel how human subjective time is generated, encompassing every step from sensory processing to the detection of salient perceptual events, and potentially further on to the construction and ordering of episodic memory.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Brighton and Sussex Medical School Research Governance and Ethics Committee (reference number ERA/MS547/17/1). All participants gave informed, written consent and were reimbursed £15 for their time.
Participants
Forty healthy, English speaking and right-handed participants were tested (18-43 years old, mean age = 22y 10mo, 26 females). Sample size was determined according to funding availability.
Procedure
The experiment was conducted in one sixty-minute session. Participants were placed in the scanner and viewed a computer visual display via a head-mounted eyetracker, placed over a 64-channel head coil. Eyetracker calibration lasted approximately five minutes and involved participants tracking a black, shrinking dot across nine locations: in the center, corners and sides of the visual display. Eyetracking data are not used in this manuscript due to technical failure.
Following calibration, we acquired six images reflecting distortions in the magnetic field (three in each of the posterior-to-anterior and anterior-to-posterior directions) and one T1-weighted structural scan.
Finally, functional echoplanar images (EPIs) were acquired while participants performed two to four blocks (time-permitting) of twenty trials, in which participants viewed silent videos of variable length and reported the duration of each video using a visual analogue scale extending from 0 to 40 seconds (see Fig 1A). A key grip was placed in each hand, and participants moved a slider left and right using a key press with the corresponding hand. The initial position of the slider was randomised trial-by-trial. Participants were not trained on the task prior to the experimental session.
Experimental design and trial sequence
Each experimental block consisted of 20 trials. On each trial a video of duration 8, 12, 16, 20 or 24 seconds was presented. For each participant, videos of the appropriate duration and scene category were constructed by randomly sampling continuous frames from the stimuli built for [6]. These videos depicted either an office scene or a city scene. Two videos for each duration and content condition were presented per block in randomized order. For one participant and one block, only 11/20 trials were completed giving a total of 2331 trials across the entire dataset.
MRI acquisition and pre-processing (confirmatory)
Functional T2 � sensitive multi-band echoplanar images (EPIs) were acquired on a Siemens PRISMA 3T scanner (2mm slices with 2mm gaps, TR = 800ms, multiband factor = 8, TE = 37ms, Flip angle = 52˚). To minimize signal dropout from parietal, motor and occipital cortices, axial slices were tilted. Full brain T1-weighted structural scans were acquired on the same scanner using the MPRAGE protocol and consisting of 176 1mm thick sagittal slices (TR = 2730ms, TE = 3.57ms, FOV = 224mm x 256mm, Flip angle = 52˚). Finally, we collected reverse-phase spin echo field maps, with three volumes for each of the posterior to anterior and anterior to posterior directions (TR = 8000ms, TE = 66ms, Flip Angle = 90˚). Corrections for field distortions were applied by building fieldmaps from the two phase-encoded image sets using FSL's TOPUP function. All other image pre-processing was conducted using SPM12 (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm12).
The first four functional volumes of each run were treated as dummy scans and discarded. A standard image pre-processing pipeline was used: anatomical and functional images were reoriented to the anterior commissure; EPIs were aligned to each other, unwarped using the fieldmaps, and co-registered to the structural scan by minimizing normalized mutual information. Note that in accordance with HCP guidelines for multiband fMRI we did not perform slice-time correction [66]. After co-registration, EPIs were spatially normalized to MNI space using parameters obtained from the segmentation of T1 images into grey and white matter, then smoothed with a 4mm FWHM Gaussian smoothing kernel. Smoothed data were used for the GLM on BOLD only; unsmoothed data were used for the brain-based modelling.
Statistical analyses
All fMRI pre-processing, participant exclusion criteria, behavioral, imaging and computational analyses were comprehensively pre-registered while data collection was ongoing (osf.io/ce9tp/ ) but before it was completed. This analysis plan was determined based on pilot data from four participants, and was written blind to the data included in this manuscript. Analyses that deviate from the pre-registered analysis plan are marked as "exploratory". Pre-registered analyses are described as "confirmatory". Data are freely available to download at https://osf.io/2zqfu.
fMRI statistical analysis (confirmatory)
At the participant level, BOLD responses obtained from the smoothed images were timelocked to video onset. BOLD responses were modelled by convolving the canonical hemodynamic response function with a boxcar function (representing video presentation) with width equal to video duration. Videos of office and city scenes were modelled using one dummycoded regressor each. Each was parametrically modulated by normalized bias.
Data from each run was entered separately. No band-pass filter was applied. Instead, lowfrequency drifts were regressed out by entering white matter drift (averaged over the brain) as a nuisance regressor [57,67]. Nuisance regressors representing the experimental run and six head motion parameters were also included in the first level models. Because of the fast TR, models were estimated using the 'FAST' method implemented in SPM.
Comparisons of interest were tested by running four one-sample t-tests against zero at the participant level for each variable of interest (video scenes, office scenes, and their normalized bias parametric modulator). Next, group-level F tests were run on those one-sample contrast images to test for effects of video type and the interaction between video type and normalized bias slope. A one-sample t-test against zero at the group level tested the slope of the normalized bias-BOLD relationship. All group-level contrasts were run with peak thresholds of p < .001 (uncorrected) and corrected for multiple comparisons at the cluster level using the FWE method. Clusters were labelled using WFU PickAtlas software [68,69].
Model-based fMRI (confirmatory)
Our key prediction was that subjective duration estimates (for these silent videos) arise from the accumulation of salient (perceptual) events detected by the visual system, particularly within higher-level regions related to object processing. We tested this by defining a (pre-registered) three-layer hierarchy of regions to represent core features of the visual system: Layer 1 was defined as bilateral V1, V2v and V3v, Layer 2 was defined as bilateral hV4, LO1 and LO2, and Layer 3 as bilateral VO1, VO2, PHC1 and PHC2 (clusters are depicted in Fig 3).
For each layer, masks were constructed by combining voxels from each area, using the atlas presented in [70].
To determine events detected by the visual system over the course of each video, we extracted raw voxel activity for each TR in each layer from unsmoothed, normalized EPIs. Then, for each voxel v, change was defined as the Euclidean distance between BOLD activation x v at volume TR and TR-1. The amount of change detected by the layer at any time point, denoted Δ TR , was then given by summing the Euclidean distances over all voxels such that:
D TR ¼ X v jX TR;v À X TRÀ 1;v jð2Þ
This process furnishes one value per layer for each TR of each trial for each participant. The next step was to categorize each value as a "salient" event or not and convert it to an estimate of duration using an event detection, accumulation and regression model, as presented in Roseboom et al. [6]. Before converting accumulated salient changes to units of seconds, we first pooled participants' data by z-scoring the summed events Δ TR within each participant and layer. Pooling was performed to increase statistical power of subsequent regression analyses. Then, for each trial, TR-by-TR categorization of Δ TR was achieved by comparing against a criterion with exponential decay, corrupted by Gaussian noise ε:
W TR ¼ ae À TR þ ε; ε � N ð0; 0:05Þð4Þ
We chose the same criterion function used in [6]: while they found that constant (not decaying) thresholds can also produce human-like biases in duration estimates, the decaying threshold reflects the intuitive notion that classification of what is salient should adjust with fluctuations in the environment.
Only the parameter a took different values in each layer (see S2 Table): it took larger values at higher layers. In this way, the thresholds could accommodate different types of scene, e.g. scenes with more high-level configural changes, or scenes with more low-level changes. The criterion decayed with each TR until either an event was classified as salient or until the video finished, after each of which the criterion reset to its starting (i.e. maximal) point. Importantly, because the summed Euclidean distances Δ TR were z-scored, the criterion has meaningful units corresponding to SDs above or below the mean. The parameter a corresponds to the largest z-score above which a change was classified as salient, that is, the criterion's most conservative point. To account for potential head-motion artefacts, criterion updating ignored volumes where Δ TR was greater than 2.5 (i.e. more than 2.5 SDs from the mean).
The final modelling step was to convert the BOLD-determined accumulation of salient events into raw duration judgements (in seconds). This was achieved via Epsilon-support vector regression (SVR), implemented on python 3.0 using sklearn [71], to regress accumulated events in each of the three layers onto the duration of the presented video.
To evaluate whether the model could reproduce subjective reports of time from participants' BOLD activation, we converted the trial-by-trial model predictions (raw duration judgements in seconds) to normalized bias. These were then compared to a human "super-subject": participants' duration judgements were z-scored within participants, then all participant data were pooled and converted to normalized bias. We created a super-subject to mirror the data pooling performed before training our SVR.
Trial-by-trial normalized bias values were compared across model and human using linear regression, fitting the model :
behaviour t ¼ b 0 þ b 1 model tð5Þ
To test our a priori hypothesis that the model trained on visual cortex salient events positively correlates with subjective time, a (one-tailed) p-value for β 1 was calculated via bootstrapping, shuffling the behavioural data and refitting the regression line 10,000 times.
Control models (confirmatory)
To distinguish our proposal from the more trivial suggestion that the neural dynamics of any cortical hierarchy (or any neural ensemble) can be used to approximate elapsed clock time, simply because they are dynamic, we created two control models. While these models should all approximately reproduce clock time, the reproduced estimates should not be predictive of the specifically subjective aspects human participants' duration estimates (i.e., their biases). Analyses for these control hierarchies followed the steps above for the primary model, though based on different sensory regions.
The first control hierarchy was auditory cortex, which has previously been implicated in time perception but whose involvement in duration judgements should not be driven by visual stimuli, as in our study. Layers 1 and 2 were defined as Brodmann Area (BA) 41 and 42 respectively, both of which are located in primary auditory cortex. Layer 3 was posterior BA22 (superior temporal gyrus/Wernicke's Area).
The second control hierarchy was somatosensory cortex, which on our model should not be involved in duration judgements based on visual stimuli. Layer 1 was set as posterior and anterior BA 3, and layers 2 and 3 were set as BA 1 and BA 2 respectively. These Brodmann areas correspond to the primary somatosensory cortex.
Masks for these two control analyses were constructed using WFU PickAtlas atlases [68,69]. As for our empirical analyses using visual cortex, for each of the two controls we estimated the relationship between the trial-by-trial normalized bias based on the model's predictions and based on z-scored participant data by fitting a linear regression line.
To test whether the visual cortex model out-performed the somatosensory and auditory cortex models we compared their log-likelihoods, obtained from the Matlab function fitlm (see S4 Fig). This evaluation of model performance was not pre-registered.
Exploratory modelling
We also ran an exploratory (i.e. not pre-registered) set of models. This was identical to the preregistered analysis plan, apart from the following differences:
First, we transformed voxel-wise BOLD activation X to signed (i.e. raw) rather than unsigned changes:
D 0 TR ¼ X v ðX TR;v À X TRÀ 1;v Þð3Þ
Using SVR as before, for each hierarchy we obtained model-predicted duration estimates in seconds. To avoid pooling participants' reports together, human judgements were not standardized. Instead, for each of our 40 participants we computed human and model normalized biases from the human reports and model predictions associated with the set of videos associated with each participant. In other words, normalized bias was computed 'within-participant'.
To test the association between video-by-video human and model bias while accounting within-participant variability we used a linear mixed model approach. Using R with the lmer and car packages, we fit the following random-intercept model:
bias human � 1 þ bias model þ ð1jparticipantÞð6Þ
To determine whether model (bias model ) and human (bias human ) biases correlate, we used a chi-squared test (from the car function Anova) to compare Eq 5 to a reduced model without the fixed effect:
bias human � 1 þ ð1jparticipantÞð7Þ
To test the effect of video type (or scene) on model normalized bias, we fit the model:
bias human � 1 þ scene þ ð1jparticipantÞð8Þ
Again, we used a chi-squared test to compare Eq 8 to the reduced model that did not include scene (Eq 7)
To test whether the model trained on visual cortex events outperformed the somatosensory and auditory models, we compared the difference in AIC between the main (Eq 6 and Eq 8) and control (Eq 7) models for each hierarchy (see S5 Fig).
Robustness analysis (exploratory)
To examine the robustness of our exploratory analysis to criterion parameters we reran the above analysis pipeline under varying values of ϑ min and ϑ max . For layer 1 (where there should be most salient changes), ϑ min took 50 linearly-spaced values between 3 SD and 0 SD below the mean. ϑ max independently took 50 linearly-spaced values between 0 SD and 2.5 SD above the mean. We chose 2.5 SD because this was the highest value z-scored BOLD could take before being discarded as a head motion artefact. For each pair of ϑ min and ϑ max values for layer 1, the lower/upper bounds for layer 2 were ϑ min + 0.5 and ϑ max = 0.5 respectively. For layer 3, they were ϑ min + 1 and ϑ max + 1 respectively.
With these criteria, we obtained 250 datasets for each ROI. For each ROI and dataset, we tested the association between model-predicted bias and human bias by fitting the regression model:
bias human � b 0 þ b 1 � bias modelð9Þ
Heat maps depicted in Fig 7 correspond to one-tailed p-values for β 1 . This robustness analysis was not pre-registered.
Artificial classification network-based modelling
Frames from each video presented during the experiment were fed into the model presented in Roseboom et al [6]. Instead of accumulating events based on changes in BOLD amplitude, salient events in the video frames themselves were detected by analyzing activity in an artificial image classification network (AlexNet) [16]. We used nine network layers (input, conv1, conv2, conv3, conv4, conv5, fc6, fc7, and output, where fc corresponds to a fully connected layer and conv to the combination of a convolutional and a max pooling layer). Node-wise Euclidean distances for each node were computed, then summed over all nodes in the layer giving one value per video frame and layer. Each value was classified as a salient event or not using the same exponentially decaying criterion as before (see S3 Table for criterion values). Finally, accumulated salient events were mapped onto units of seconds using multiple linear regression.
Supporting information S1 Fig. Results from confirmatory GLM on BOLD (significant clusters only). A Higher BOLD for city than office scenes: R lingual gyrus; bilateral midcingulate area; R insula; bilateral SFG. B Higher BOLD for office than city scenes: R precuneus; bilateral precentral gyrus; L MFG; bilateral cerebellum; L paracentral lobule; R SFG. C Positive correlation with normalized estimation bias: bilateral precentral gyrus; L SMA; R superior occipital gyrus. D Negative correlation with normalized estimation bias: L angular frontal gyrus; L MFG; L posterior cingulate. See also S2 Table. (TIF) To test whether the visual, auditory or somatosensory models generated predicted durations that discriminated video type, we ran linear mixed models (LMMs) predicting model biases from the fixed effect video scene (city vs office). These were compared to control LMMs that did not have this fixed effect, using the log-likelihood ratio (LLR). The visual cortex LMM outperformed the auditory and somatosensory cortex LMMs as indicated by the greater LLR. Right. For each of the visual, auditory and somatosensory models, we constructed an LMM with human bias as the outcome and the model-predicted biases as a fixed effect. These LMMs tested the video-by-video correlations between predicted and human bias. These LMMs were compared to control models that did not have the model-predicted bias as a fixed effect, using LLR. The visual cortex LMM outperformed the auditory and somatosensory cortex LMMs, as indicated by the greater LLR. (TIF)
S6 Fig. Dissociation between human/fMRI-model duration estimates and stimulus properties.
We identified pairs of trials from the same participant, but from different video categories for which (A) human reports were very similar (the log ratio did not exceed 0.025) or (B) the reports predicted by the visual cortex model were very similar (the log ratio did not exceed 0.025). In both panels A and B, a dot represents a pair of trials. Dot colour represents the participant. For each pair, differences in report (human in panel A or model-predicted in panel B) are plotted against differences in the physical video differences, here quantified as the frame-to-frame Euclidean distance averaged over pixels. The difference in report/Euclidean distance between the two trials in a pair is expressed as log(city/office). These figures show that there were many trials pairs in our data where, despite being very different in terms of the pixel differences (up to 100s of times), human duration estimations (A) and visual cortexbased model predictions (B) were almost identical. (TIF) S1 Text. Supplementary results. Pixel-wise changes in stimulation are dissociable from both human and model-predicted report. (DOC) S1
Fig 2 .
2Artificial network model results. The same naturalistic videos (8-24 seconds in duration) that human participants viewed were input to an image classification network-based model to generate estimates of duration. (A) Relationship between presented and model-predicted video durations for this model, trained on accumulated salient events in video frames (solid line). The dashed line is the line of unity. (B) Relative under-/over-estimation of duration for office/city scenes for this model. Error bars represent SEM. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g002
Fig 3 .
3Perceptual hierarchies used for fMRI-based model analysis.
Fig 4 .
4Schematic of modelling analysis pipeline. (1) Following data collection, (2a) voxel-wise BOLD amplitude was extracted and (2b) TR-by-TR (i.e. time point-bytime point, TR = repetition time) changes (Euclidean distance or signed difference) computed. The example given here is for the visual hierarchy, where each shaded matrix X k illustratively represents voxel-wise BOLD amplitudes (shaded squares) at each slice. The same process was conducted for the auditory and somatosensory hierarchies (seeFig 3 and S1
Fig 5, accumulated salient events (defined according to Eq 3) in visual cortex already distinguish between video type prior to transformation into the units of this external metric of seconds.
Fig 5 .
5Accumulated salient events over video types, perceptual hierarchies (rows) and layers (columns). The three leftmost columns plot the mean (+/-SEM) number of accumulated salient events in each layer of each perceptual hierarchy as a function of city (blue lines) or office (yellow lines) scene.
19 ±13.96, 95%CI = [-0.94, 1.33], t 2329 = 0.33, p = 0.739, d = 0.01 (S2F Fig). The control models did not reproduce the effect of video type either (auditory: M±SD diff = -0.33 ±12.29, 95%CI = [-1.32, 0.67], t 2329 = -0.64, p = 0.522, d = -0.03, somatosensory: M±SD diff = -0.16 ±13.09, 95%CI = [-1.23, 0.90], t 2329 = -0.30, p = 0.762, d = -0.01, see S2G-S2H Fig). Setting a uniform prior between 0 and our behavioral effect of scene type (5.23%), Bayes factor analysis found evidence for the null in all three t-tests (visual: BF U(0,5.23) = 0.18, RR = [2.83, 1]), auditory: BF U(0,5.23) = 0.22, RR = [3.30, 1]), somatosensory: BF U(0,5.23) = 0.17, RR = [2.55, 1])
plotting mean model bias as a function of 25 quantiles of human normalized bias. The association held under a wide range of reasonable attention threshold parameters (Fig 7B), meaning that model performance in reproducing participant duration reports was robust to how salient events were categorized. Again, the visual model out-performed control models in predicting normalized bias (S5 Fig). While the model trained on accumulated visual cortex salient events reproduced patterns in human biases, biases from exploratory models trained on auditory and somatosensory salient events did not: they neither discriminated video type (auditory: M±SD diff = 0.35 ± 2.65, 95% CI = [-0.50, 1.19], χ 2 (1) = 0.43, p = 0.514, BF H(0,0.02) = 0.16, RR = [0.02, 1], somatosensory: M ±SD diff = -0.32 ± 2.56, 95% CI = [-1.13, 0.50], χ 2 (1) = 0.46, p = 0.499, BF H(0,0.02) = 0.06, RR = [0.01, 1] see Fig 6E and 6F), nor predicted trial-wise human normalized bias (auditory: β = -0.003 ± 0.006, χ 2 (1) = 0.20, p = 0.652, BF H(0,0.04) = 0.24, RR = [0.01, 1], somatosensory: β = 0.002 ± 0.007, χ 2 (1) = 0.11, p = 0.740, BF H(0,0.04) = 0.46, RR = [-1, 0.03] respectively,
Fig 6 .
6Computational neuroimaging analysis. (A-C) Trial-by-trial association between presented video duration and model-predicted duration reports obtained from the visual, auditory, and somatosensory models. Different dot colors represent different participants, and each dot is data from one trial. (D-F) Mean model-estimated normalized bias as a function of video type for the visual, auditory, and somatosensory models. Error bars represent +/-within-subject SEM. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g006
Fig 7 .
7Predicting trial-by-trial subjective time from human BOLD. (A) Mean normalized bias for the model trained on visual cortex activity, as a function of 25 quantiles of human bias. Colors represent x-axis values. Results show a positive association between human biases and model-predicted biases. (B) Heat map depicting p-values for the association between human bias and (visual cortex) model bias, as a function of minimum (x-axis) and maximum (y-axis) criterion values. Dark colors represent regions where the association was non-significant at α 0.05 or negative. Consistent results are found under a wide range of reasonable parameter values. (C,E). As for panel A, but for auditory and somatosensory cortex respectively. There is no association between human bias and model biases. (D,F). As for panel B, but for auditory and somatosensory cortex respectively. No significant positive correlation is found under alternative reasonable parameter values. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g007
S2
Fig. Brain-based modelling on the pre-registered pipeline. (A) Strong positive association between presented video durations and the z-scored reports we used to build the supersubject. (B) Normalized estimation bias computed on pooled ('super-subject') behavioral data, as a function of video scene. (C-E) Association between presented video duration and modelpredicted durations separately for visual, auditory and somatosensory Euclidean Distance models respectively. (F-H) Mean normalized bias of the visual, auditory and somatosensory models respectively, for office versus city scenes. Dot colors in the scatterplots represent different participants. Error bars in the bar charts represent SEM. (TIF) S3 Fig. Normalized bias predicted by models trained on salient events (Euclidean distance) in (A) visual, (B) auditory and (C) somatosensory hierarchies. On the x-axis is the 25 bins representing 25 quantiles of human super-subject bias, and on the y-axis is mean model bias for the trials that fell within in the respective bins. Error bars represent +/-SEM. (TIF) S4 Fig. Model fits for the regression of predicted durations onto presented durations (Euclidean Distance models), expressed as log-likelihood ratios. For each of the visual, auditory and somatosensory models, we regressed the model-predicted biases onto the human super-subject's biases. To compare the performance of the three regressions we compared their log-likelihoods to the null (intercept) model (higher values indicate better model fits). The visual cortex regression outperforms the other two, as indicated by its higher log-likelihood ratio. (TIF) S5 Fig. Model fits for the linear mixed models (Signed Difference analyses). Left.
salient events do indeed feel longer(Fig 1C.Our pre-registered prior for the Bayes factor came from the difference of 10.5 found in[6], seeFig 3G there). Note that this result shows that the amount of experienced time was lower for office videos, not necessarily that time passed faster for office videos.As predicted, durations of city scenes were relatively over-estimated and office scenes
under-estimated, M±SE diff = 5.23 ± 1.69 (normalized bias, %), 95% CI [1.81, 8.65], t 39 = 3.09,
p = 0.004, d = 0.50, BF H(0,10.5) = 33.8, confirming that natural scenes containing a higher den-
sity of
Table for
fordifferent hierarchies). (3) Total change in the layer/ROI at each TR was compared to a dynamic attention threshold (red line) that
categorized events as salient (red dots) or not (grey dots). The black line represents 0. An event was classified as salient if it took an equal or higher value than the
threshold. (4) Accumulated salient events were regressed onto seconds, (5a) predictions from the model were converted into normalized bias (5b) and compared across
condition and with human behavior.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223.g004
Table .
.Definition of hierarchies for each sensory cortex model. (PDF) S2Table. Criterion parameters for each hierarchical layer of the sensory cortex models. (PDF) S3 Table. Criterion parameters for the artificial network model. (PDF) S4 Table. Significant clusters revealed by confirmatory GLM on BOLD. (PDF) Writing -review & editing: Maxine T. Sherman, Zafeirios Fountas, Anil K. Seth, Warrick Roseboom.
PLOS Computational Biology | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010223 July 7, 2022
AcknowledgmentsThank you to Charlotte Rae, Petar Raykov, Samira Bouyagoub, Chris Bird, Francesca Simonelli, and Mara Cercignani for their assistance with this project. Thanks also to Virginie van Wassenhove and Martin Wiener for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.Author ContributionsConceptualization: Maxine T. Sherman, Zafeirios Fountas, Warrick Roseboom.
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| Perceived time is inherently malleable. For example, adaptation to relatively long or short sensory events leads to a repulsive aftereffect such that subsequent events appear to be contracted or expanded (duration adaptation). Perceived visual duration can also be distorted via concurrent presentation of discrepant auditory durations (multisensory integration). The neural loci of both distortions remain unknown. In the current study we use a psychophysical approach to establish their relative positioning within the sensory processing hierarchy. We show that audiovisual integration induces marked distortions of perceived visual duration. We proceed to use these distorted durations as visual adapting stimuli yet find subsequent visual duration aftereffects to be consistent with physical rather than perceived visual duration. Conversely, the concurrent presentation of adapted auditory durations with nonadapted visual durations results in multisensory integration patterns consistent with perceived, rather than physical, auditory duration. These results demonstrate that recent sensory history modifies human duration perception prior to the combination of temporal information across sensory modalities and provides support for adaptation mechanisms mediated by duration selective neurons situated in early areas of the visual and auditory nervous system (Aubie, Sayegh, & Faure, 2012; Duysens, Schaafsma, & Orban, 1996; Leary, Edwards, & Rose, 2008). | Some aspects of perceptual coding of duration in visual duration discrimination | The perception of time is susceptible to distortion by factors such as attention, emotion, or even the physical properties of the stimulus to be timed. In adults, there is now evidence for a left-right spatial representation of time or "mental time-line", in which short durations map to the left side of space, whereas long durations map to the right. We investigated the developmental trajectory of the mental time-line, by examining how spatial and numerical stimulus properties affect temporal bisection judgements in 3 groups of children(5,8or 10 year olds), as well as in adults. In contrast to previous developmental studies of the spatial representation of time, we manipulated spatial position (left-right) rather than spatial magnitude (distance) so as to pinpoint the age at which the mental time-line begins to influence the judgement of time. In addition, we manipulated spatial position symbolically, either directly, using left-or right-pointing arrows, or indirectly, using low (1) or high (9) digits. In adults and older children (10 year olds), the rightward arrow and the higher digit were judged to last longer. However, time judgements were unaffected by arrow direction and digits in the younger children. Therefore, the temporal distortions induced by symbolic representations of space (arrows) or number (digits) emerged with development, suggesting that the mental time-line is not derived from a primitive spatial representation of time but, rather, is the fruit of learning and is acquired around the age of 8-10 years old. children had to judge the movement duration of two toy cars. Although both toys moved for the same amount of time, one moved faster and so stopped further away. Consistent with his hypothesis, children who had not yet attained the concrete operational stage of intellectual development, which would allow them to mentally coordinate speed and distance and, thereby, to infer time, were unable to judge that objects moving at different speeds could have the same duration. In the field of psychology, time was thus initially conceived as information derived from more primitive spatial information. However, the field then lost interest in the investigation of time per se or, as Block and Zakay [4] (p. 162) put it, "psychology loses time" between 1927 and 1958.However, in the 1980s, there was renewed interest for the study of time stimulated by the results of rodent studies showing that animals devoid of sophisticated reasoning ability were able to accurately judge time[5,6,7]. Theories were then proposed, purporting the existence of an internal mechanism for measuring the passage of time (i.e. duration), the so-called "internal clock". These theories initially suggested that the raw material for time representation is provided by a pacemaker-like mechanism that emits pulses during the stimulus to-be-timed[8,9,10]. The most recent versions of the internal clock, which aspire to be more biologically realistic, have replaced the idea of a pacemaker with that of temporal oscillators[11,12,13,14]. These temporal oscillators are single neurons, or sets of neurons distributed throughout the cortex, that fire at a regular frequency. Yet whatever the mechanisms, and corresponding output, involved in the representation of time, the predictions of the different internal clock models are similar at the behavioral level. The longer the objective time, the longer the temporal estimate will be, because a greater number of ticks (pulses, beats, oscillations, regular spikes) are accumulated[15,16]. Since these internal clock models were proposed, the main goal of many timing researchers has been to provide data to validate the theories' predictions and to demonstrate that both animals and humans can accurately judge the passage of time[17].Yet even though we are capable of accurately judging the duration of events, time judgments can nevertheless be distorted by certain contexts. This paradox was highlighted by Droit-Volet and Gil [18]: if we possess such a sophisticated mechanism for measuring time, why are our time estimates so variable? What clockmaker would keep such a clock? Several researchers have reopened the debate on the relationship between time and space, and cast doubt on the existence of a dedicated mechanism for time measurement in the brain[19,20]. For example, in 2008, Vicario, Oliveri and their colleagues asked participants to estimate the presentation duration of the digits "1" and "9"[21,22]. These digits were displayed in the center of the computer screen or on the right-or left-hand side. Participants judged the presentation duration of the digit 9 to be significantly longer than that of the digit 1, confirming earlier observations[23,24,25]that numerical magnitude interfered with time perception[26]. In addition, irrespective of the magnitude of stimuli to be timed, the spatial location of stimuli affected temporal judgments, with stimuli being judged longer when presented on the right-than the lefthand side[22]. The authors concluded that these lengthening effects are due to time being internally mapped onto a spatial representation, a "mental time-line"[20], just as number is thought to spatially map on to a "mental number line"[27,28,29].In 2008, several other studies provided further support for this idea using reaction time (RT) paradigms. For example, Weger and Pratt[30]found that RTs to stimuli representing the past or the future were faster when presented on the left or right-hand side of the screen, respectively. Similarly, response speeds to targets appearing after short or long intervals [31] or targets appearing earlier or later than expected [32], or for durations judged to be shorter or longer than a standard [33] depended upon the spatial compatibility of stimulus-response mappings: RTs were faster when "short" trials were responded to with a left-, rather than right-, sided response, whereas RTs were faster for "long" trials when responses were right-, rather Developmental Emergence of the Mental Time-Line PLOS ONE | | Models of Response Time to Peripheral Stimuli | The effect of perceived motion-in-depth on time perception | Analysis of actual and mental movement times in graphic tasks | What amount of time it takes a person to perceive a stimulus and react? | Humans make decisions under various natural circumstances, integrating multiple pieces of information that are distributed over space and time. Although psychophysical and physiological studies have investigated temporal dynamics underlying perceptual decision making, weighting profiles for inliers and outliers during temporal integration have yet to be fully investigated in most studies. Here, we examined the temporal weighting profile of a computational model characterized by a leaky integrator of sensory evidence. As a corollary of its leaky nature, the model predicts the recency effect and overweights outlying elements around the end of the stream. Moreover, we found that the model underweights outlying values occurring earlier in the stream (i.e., robust averaging). We also show that human observers exhibit exactly the same weighting profile in an average estimation task. These findings suggest that the adaptive decision process in the brain results in the time-dependent decision weighting, the "peak-at-end" rule, rather than the peak-end rule in behavioral economics.We humans make decisions ranging from purchasing a product that fits our preferences to choosing the best career in the face of future uncertainty. These behaviors can be reduced to a decision-making framework in which we choose one specific option among many. Classical and behavioral economics studies have provided detailed descriptions of optimal and irrational decisions 1-5 . One typical example is the peak-end rule whereby humans' retrospective judgments on their experience are disproportionately influenced by its most emotionally or physically intense moments and its end 6-8 . However, the computational process that gives rise to such cognitive biases has been overlooked for decades.In contrast, a number of psychophysical and physiological studies have determined the computational mechanisms underlying perceptual decision making in simple laboratory settings 9-11 . Despite the differences in experimental paradigms among those studies, they have commonly uncovered a basic mechanism of integrating multiple pieces of information during perceptual decision making. Importantly, most studies have argued that humans integrate sensory evidence for decisions in an adaptive manner.Researchers have been working on determining the characteristics of spatial integration independently from temporal integration. For instance, when humans integrate sensory signals from multimodal sources, they adopt the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) rule, assigning optimal weights to multiple stimuli according to their different reliability levels12,13. Similarly, studies on texture perception have suggested a mechanism of limited sampling for estimation of average orientation, rather than simultaneous averaging of all elements across space 14-16 . In line with these findings, recent studies of estimation of average color and orientation have shown that humans exhibit a robust averaging strategy by which outliers are excluded, and in turn, greater weight is given to trustworthy inliers 17,18 . This strategy is consistent with perception and sensorimotor control, which follow optimal Bayesian theory 19,20 , and it seems adaptive, as it paradoxically enhances the performance of perceptual decision making even with a large amount of internal noise 18 .On the other hand, a number of psychophysical studies have constructed various computational models for temporal integration 21-26 , most of which are virtually equivalent to the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) 27 . The typical version of DDM is comprised of a random-walk process that accumulates sensory evidence over time and two bounds that set a quantitative criterion for a decision. It successfully accounts for skewed reaction time distributions and the speed/accuracy tradeoff28,29. Additionally, physiological studies have identified neural activities that correspond to the temporal dynamics of DDM 30-32 .However, such computational models (including DDM) are far from complete because they assume the accumulation of absolute signal values regardless of the temporal span. One possible alternative to such OPEN |
336 | Is black dye craftable yet? | Can you dye a purple coat to make it black? | Dye was just what I was looking for to finish my homemade guitar. Packets made more dye than I expected and they were easy to mix for additional colors. Would buy again | the yarn a uniform look. The dyeing of yarns is a complex art. Yarns need not be dyed; or they may be dyed one color, or a great variety of colors. Dyeing may be done industrially, by hand or even hand-painted onto the yarn. A great variety of synthetic dyes have been developed since the synthesis of indigo dye in the mid-19th century; however, natural dyes are also possible, although they are generally less brilliant. The color-scheme of a yarn is sometimes called its colorway. Variegated yarns can produce interesting visual effects, such as diagonal stripes. Crocheted fabric is begun | Colorist In comics, a colorist is responsible for adding color to black-and-white line art. For most of the 20th century this was done using brushes and dyes which were then used as guides to produce the printing plates. Since the late 20th century it is most often done using digital media, with printing separations produced electronically. Although most American colorists work directly for comics publishers (either as employees or freelancers), there are a few coloring studios which offer their services to publishers. American Color, Olyoptics, and Digital Chameleon were companies notable in this field. Originally, comics were colored by cutting | Can you dye red diesel? | This may sound silly or as an unnecessary precaution but, I remember some time ago the coloring inside some tanks, rba's, rta's, drippers etc. was questioned and some had stated that the painting inside would be somewhat dangerous. I have been searching and trying to find an answer to this question to no avail. As an example, I have ordered a Griffin from the GeekVape in black color, I am very much hyped about it, but this potential issue worries me. Any clues?
Thanks in advance!
TL;DR: Are black colored atomizers dangerous to vape with? | Big old and crumbling river-side dye-makers workshop, nearby a river. Think 18th century. The (very low-level) player characters are being sent to retrieve a recipe for recreating a very specific color.
Stuck on making the retrieval interesting. Want to play with the vats full of tint, weird ingredients for dyes. Some current occupants, perhaps, unhappy with an intrusion.
Setting is fantastical enough that there's a good amount of flexibility. | I mean there are a plethora of ways to get red but black is tough. | 336 | I can use admin panel to get it, but can it be crafted yet? | Roxio Creator 2009 is easy to use | How do you craft wands for Armageddon brand? | Easy mode tool creation in UE4.10! | Can I get a free garbage bin/cleaning tools like shovels, etc. from DSNY? If so, how? | Is there one dashboard to post/manage all GMB pages? | Just got a Dremel 4000 and am looking to get into engraving/wood working | [Craft of the Titans] How does one add abilities to your tools? | For a free website builder? |
337 | who painted the front of wonderwall music | Wonderwall Music of Belgian surrealist René Magritte, showing a formally dressed man "separated by a huge red brick wall from a group of happy bathing Indian maidens", Spizer writes. Apple executive Derek Taylor, whom Harrison had invited to help run the Beatles' label in early 1968, later wrote of Gill's submission: "It was a nice painting but missed the essence of hope." To Gill's chagrin, Harrison requested that a brick be removed from the wall, because he deemed it important to "give the fellow on the other side a chance, just as the Jack MacGowran character had a chance [in the film]".<ref | Wonderwall (film) as the company's first LP. "Wonderwall Music" also appeared on compact disc in 1992, during reissues of the Apple catalogue, being reissued again in 2014. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 1968, with George Harrison, his wife Pattie, Ringo Starr, his wife Maureen, and the cast members of the film in attendance. The premiere in London was on 12 January 1969. The film won an award, but did not gain a proper distribution deal. A print finally appeared on the American midnight movies circuit in the 1970s, and on home video in the 1980s and | remains, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary", "a synonym for 'mine of wealth'." Magritte included a likeness of Scutenaire in the painting – his face is used for the large man by the chimney of the house on the right of the picture. Golconda (Magritte) Golconda () is an oil painting on canvas by Belgian surrealist René Magritte, painted in 1953. It is usually housed at the Menil Collection in Houston, Texas. The piece depicts a scene of "raining men", nearly identical to each other dressed in dark overcoats and bowler hats, who seem to be either falling down like | Every instrument has one of those. if you have an accoustic guitar you'll get wonderwall requests up the ass, if its a rock guitar people will request stairway to heaven, if you play piano its gonna be closing time or piano man but what about synthesizers? Is there like that one song with an infamously well known synth track everyone asks you to play once they learn you play the synth. | Gerald Scarfe England during World War II, set to the song "Goodbye Blue Sky". Some of the animated footage was not original to the film, having been produced for and used in the 1980–81 concert tour, as well as being featured in the 1979 music video for "Another Brick in the Wall: Part 2". Scarfe continued to work with Roger Waters after the latter left Pink Floyd, creating the graphics and animation for Waters' solo album "The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking" (1984) and its supporting tour. Scarfe was also involved in subsequent theatrical adaptations of "The Wall", including The Wall | Merry-Go-Round (Gertler painting) was working on a sculpture version of "Merry-Go-Round" in 1916. The painting remained unsold during Gertler's lifetime. It was acquired by Leicester Galleries after Gertler's suicide in 1939, who gave it to the Ben Uri Art Society in 1945. The Tate Gallery bought it from the Ben Uri Art Society in 1984. A cast-iron roundel (or mock coal hole cover) depicting a detail from "Merry-Go-Round" is set into the pavement in front of Gertler's former home and studio at 32 Elder Street, Spitalfields, London. It was installed in 1995, and is one of a series of such roundels created by | What colours did l.s lowry use in his paintings? | Over the Wall (band) Over The Wall was a pop-rock-folk band based in Glasgow, Scotland. The outfit consisted of multi-instrumentalists Ben Hillman and Gavin Prentice, a line-up which remained unaltered after its 2006 formation. Prentice and Hillman met in student halls as freshers at the University of Glasgow, and soon began running a regular music evening at the Stereo bar (now a vegetarian cafe called The 78), on Kelvinhaugh Street in the West End. Having initially performed individually at these events, the pair soon began collaborating as a duo and quickly found an idiosyncratic-yet-natural niche: euphoric, folk-tinged pop music. The | 337 | cited the Bombay sessions for "Wonderwall" as the inspiration for his 1974 collaborations with Shankar – namely, the Music Festival from India and their subsequent North American tour – both of which featured Indian musicians Harrison first worked with in January 1968. Apple commissioned American artist Bob Gill to produce a painting for the front cover of "Wonderwall Music". Gill recalls that he first attended a meeting at the company's headquarters, where the four Beatles emphasised the importance of the album for their new record label and outlined the concept behind the film. Gill painted a picture in the style | what is the name of the indian piece in wonderwall music | "in the beatles film ""wonderwall music"", which character was removed from | when did the band one hit wonder come out | what tour is i wonder by kanye west on | which group recorded the album 'days of wonder' in 1976 | where did greg howe get his start in music | what was the name of the film the beatles made in india | which rock and roll duo recorded the 1960s song surfing city |
338 | Why the new artist layout (mobile)? | Just about every music player shows album art on the Songs tab, it help makes it look pretty and organized. | I mean, I was using it as normal. I go out of the app for a sec, and when I enter back. There's a new layout. That looks HORRIBLE. so idk if I'm the only one who thinks that this new layout looks horrible | Obviously this is pretty objective, but to a person who doesn't pay attention to graffiti details, why does so much of it seem to be consistent in the style, font, etc? Is it the same person or people doing it? | Portraits. You know what to do!
*****
Theme posted by thereisnojustice | Writers are artists, in the degree that we create art. The thing is with artists, their medium is all visual. ... So while most artists can have a sketch pad with them, they still need a space of their own in order to make their art happen. | **Original Works and Compositions Thread**. To spread popularity. To strengthen the indie music system. To encourage advice to artists finished with their works. | It's super simple to do - Mod settings > Mobile look and feel > Icon/Background :) Icon needs to be 256x256 (the **Schwartz Ring**, and the background 1000x200 I think. Let's get this place looking nice on our phones, where a whole lot of us go to engage with/contribute to this community. Thanks! | Is it just me, or is there too much art? It's all good art, and you guys are pretty talented, but I personally don't care for it. I'm here for theories and things along that line mainly.
I'm just curious what everyone else thinks. | 338 | If it ain't broke, Don't fix it. It is annoying, not logical, the album covers are minuscule pictures, the artist's "profile picture"(when you are on an artists homepage) is just a low resolution cropped version of the circular ones we had before (even the artist's name is in front of it, so you can't even see it). Also i hate how it shows popular releases first, like the other ones are less important. And you have to press a small button to get to the entire discography. It just seems so uninviting. Also you can't see all the full "fans Also like" list of bands when you tap on it. Instead it shows only a couple of well known bands/artists. It is hard finding new underground bands if they don't show up in the menu. I just hate how Spotify only cares about the masses. The mass of people who only care about like 20 artists or something and know only their most popular songs (nothing wrong with being like that of course i am a just a stupid music snob after all). maybe for them this update is not a problem, but as a music lover that listens to a lot of different music and also lots of smaller unknown bands, and also likes to try out their more unpopular stuff, this new layout just ruins the experience a lot for me. it is an unnecessary change, it adds nothing, it removes useful pages and features and fixes nothing (like the trash shuffle feature that plays a stupid algorithm). I really hate this new layout. This is just my own opinion, keep this in mind. Downvote me into Oblivion if you want but this update is just garbage.
If it ain't broke, Don't fix it. | WHY ISNT ADORE ON SPOTIFY ANYMORE??? | I haven't updated the Spotify client in months. Should I do it? | Should I switch to Spotify? | A LARGE majority of you main Soundcloud with your releases. Put that same effort into Spotify releases instead and get PAID for your art | Spotify Desktop App needs revamping | Spotify accounts - What's the deal? | Is there a reason Preflight hasn’t been updated on Spotify for 2 months? | Is it bad that I don’t have Spotify? |
339 | I thought these were great. Light but sturdy and a great size for ... | I think they are great. They seem very strong and durable. Very bright and I like the way they look outside our business. Thanks, everything is great. If we need any more we will order from you again. | These are ok quality. I was expecting something a bit more heavy duty, but they will work for our needs. | had these for a very long time. these look great. are heavier then expected, but they are great quality | These were purchased as a gift, but look very well made and sturdy. | I'm very pleased with these. They're light weight and seem very durable. They're a perfect fit and look terrific. | I received them today and I am writing a review because they are really amazing. Sturdy, solid, strong, light, extremely high. Why much better than what I was expecting. You won't regret it. | These are nice - just the right size (a bit smaller than what I imagined, but will work well for our needs). Good sturdy quality, and arrived within 2 days of ordering (thru Amazon Prime). | These look great! We haven't used them yet but the colors are perfect and the weight is good. They look pretty sturdy. They arrived quickly too! | 339 | I thought these were great. Light but sturdy and a great size for our family. Will definitely order these again when my kids leave them all over the neighborhood lol. | Very light weight and beautiful. Adult daughter was very excited to get these ... | They are really light and not as sturdy as what I was looking for but over all ... | They are very light and they look good. My only complaint is how quickly they get ... | they are light weigh and great for work or play | Overall they are light weight and I like them a lot | They are nice! The lighting is great and they are sturdy | They are sturdy and light | They are very lightweight. Received them quickly. Used ... |
340 | "cham hendon's ""slow motion form of action painting"" is said | A new form of traditional art: visual simulation of Chinese shadow play | David Edward Gatten (Born February 11, 1971 Ann Arbor, Michigan) is an American experimental filmmaker and moving image artist. Since 1996 Gatten's films have explored the intersection of the printed word and moving image, cataloging the variety of ways in which texts functions in cinema as both language and image, often blurring the boundary between these categories. His 16mm films often employee cameraless techniques, combined with close-up cinematography and optical printing processes. In addition to the ongoing 16mm films,
Gatten is now making hybrid 16mm/digital works and has completed an entirely digital feature-length project called The Extravagant Shadows.
Among other projects, he is currently working on a series of films entitled Secret History of the Dividing Line, a True Account in Nine Parts, a project which Artforum magazine called "one of the most erudite and ambitious undertakings in recent cinema." He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2005 to continue work on this series of films exploring the library of William Byrd II of Westover (1674–1744) and the lives of William Byrd and his daughter Evelyn Byrd (1707–1737).
In November 2011 Texts of Light: A Mid-Career Retrospective of Fourteen Films by David Gatten, curated by Chris Stults, opened at the Wexner Center for the Arts. The three program retrospective screened in 2012 at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC; Harvard Film Archive; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and other venues in San Francesco; and at REDCAT, The LA Film Forum, and The Velaslavasay Panorama in Los Angeles.
Two of Gatten's newest works premiered in the Fall of 2012. The Extravagant Shadows is a 175-minute work of high-definition digital cinema. It premiered at Lincoln Center in the New York Film Festival. The Extravagant Shadows was recently named the one of the "Top 10 Undistributed Movies of 2012" by a Film Comment international film critics poll magazine.
A hybrid 16mm/HD piece, By Pain and Rhyme and Arabesques of Foraging premiered at the British Film Institute in the London Film Festival and nominated for the Tiger award at the International Film Festival Rotterdam.
Gatten is currently a Professor of Cinema Studies & Moving Image Arts in the Department of Cinema Studies & Moving Images Arts at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and a regular Visiting Artist to the MFA in Experimental & Documentary Arts program at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
Biography
Gatten was born on February 11, 1971, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Robert and Florence Gatten. He lived in Michigan and Ohio until 1978, when the family moved to Greensboro, North Carolina. Gatten's interest in the moving image originated in the mid-1980s, while in junior high school, when he began writing video game software with the TRS-80 operating system.
He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro with a BA in Media Studies and Art History. Gatten received his MFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1998, where he studied with Tatsu Aoki, Daniel Eisenberg and Shellie Fleming. He is married to the filmmaker and writer Erin Espelie. They live together in the historic mining camp of Salina, Colorado, in Four Mile Canyon, Boulder County, with their daughter, Darwin Salina Gatten-Espelie.
Early work
To produce What the Water Said, Nos.1-3, Gatten placed unexposed rolls of camera film in crab traps in the Atlantic Ocean off the South Carolina coast. The resulting sounds and images were produced by the physical and chemical interactions between the film's emulsion and the surrounding salt water, sand, rocks, crabs, fish, and underwater creatures.
Gatten's previous film, Hardwood Process, takes the shape of a diary and also explored the "secret writing" of nature, combined with hand-processing of the 16mm film stock, use of natural dyes, toners, chemical treatments, optical and contact printing. Gatten's rarely-screened first film, Silver Align, is a portrait of one of Gatten's mentors, the filmmaker Zack Stiglicz, filming on the shore of Lake Michigan.
Secret History Of The Dividing Line cycle
Since 1996, Gatten has been at work on a nine-part film series that takes as inspiration the 4,000-volume library of William Byrd II, an American colonial writer, planter, and government official. The individual films explore one or more titles from the library while also elliptically describing episodes in the lives of Byrd and his daughter Evelyn. At least four parts were completed; the fifth part was in progress between 2005 and 2009. Curator and writer Henriette Huldisch described the cycle as follows: "Focusing on specific volumes from the library, letters, and personal papers, Gatten's series probes the relationship between printed words and images, philosophical ideas, historical records, and biography. Throughout, his thematic concerns are realized in an array of cinematic processes and techniques, constituting a parallel survey of the medium's history."
The second film in the cycle, The Great Art of Knowing, is generally regarded at Gatten's most important film and was listed among the "50 Best Films of the Decade" in a 2010 Film Comment critics poll.
The series has been credited as having a "unique approach" to biography, and the films have been
compared to the works of artists Agnes Martin and Marcel Broodthaers; filmmakers Hollis Frampton, Nathaniel Dorsky, Robert Beavers and Stan Brakhage; poets Susan Howe and e.e. cummings; and philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Portions of the cycle have been included in the 2002 and 2006 Whitney Biennial exhibitions and in 2011 all four completed parts were included in "The Unfinished Film" exhibition at the Gladstone Gallery, alongside works by Joseph Cornell, Sergei Eisenstein, Jean-Luc Godard, Dziga Vertov, and Andy Warhol.
Recent film series
In addition to the Secret History films, Gatten is working on two additional film series, one under the umbrella title Films for Invisible Ink, and including the films Case No. 71: Base-Plus-Fog and Case No. 142: Abbreviation for Dead Winter [diminished by 1,794], as well as "the wedding vows film" Case No. 323: Once upon a Time in the West.
Another series titled Continuous Quantities, that includes the films Journal and Remarks, filmed on the Galapagos Islands and Shrimp Boat Log. Based on an entry from Leonardo da Vinci's Notebooks, the Continuous Quantities films are composed of shots 29 frames (1.2 seconds) in length.
Recent work and exhibition
In 2015 Gatten was invited to become part of the international practiced-based research project "RESET THE APPARATUS!" based in Vienna, Austria. In addition to his work in Vienna, Gatten's films were the subject of a recent retrospective at the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Seoul, South Korea. In 2016 he completed three new 16mm films.
Filmography
Silver Align (1995)
Hardwood Process (1996)
What the Water Said, nos. 1–3 (1998)
Moxon's Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy-works applied to the Art of Printing (1999)
The Enjoyment of Reading (2001)
Secret History of the Dividing Line (2002)
Fragrant Portals, Bright Particulars and the Edge of Space (2003)
The Great Art of Knowing (2004)
Film for Invisible Ink case no. 71: Base-Plus-Fog (2006)
What the Water Said, nos. 4–6 (2007)
How to Conduct A Love Affair (2007)
Today! (excerpts) (with Jessie Stead) (2008)
Today! (excerpts #28 and #19) (with Jessie Stead) (2008)
Film for Invisible Ink case no. 142: Abbreviation for Dead Winter [Diminished by 1,794] (2008)
Journal and Remarks (2009)
Ordinary Time, Equivocal Inventory (2009)
So Sure of Nowhere Buying Times to Come (2010)
Shrimp Boat Log (2006/2010)
Film for Invisible Ink case no. 323: Once upon a Time in the West (2010)
The Matter Propounded, of its Possibility or Impossibility, Treated in four Parts (2011)
By Pain and Rhyme and Arabesques of Foraging (2012)
The Extravagant Shadows (2012)
What Places of Heaven, What Planets Directed, How Long the Effects? or, The General Accidents of the World (2013)
Crossing Brooklyn Ferry (2015)
Narrow Rivers, Open Seas & Seventeen Sunsets (Silences for A Merchant Mariner) (2016)
Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (2016)
China monumentis (A Roll for Peter) (2016)
The Equilibrium of Continuous Jubilation derived from the Summation of perfect Instants (2018)
The Heart is the Residence of the Spirit (2019)
References
External links
Faculty Page, Program in the Arts of the Moving Image, Duke University
Cinema Contra
A Roll for Peter
1971 births
Living people
Artists from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Film directors from Michigan | Based on this painting by Marcel Duchamp:
Nude Descending a Staircase
Descend quick golden pneumatics, hissing hinge-bolt muscles and flitting eyes specs of gold. Gyrating, swiveling hips in multidimensional dances of broken linear curve diagrams.
At the top of sharp bronze waves pulsating with solidity integrity, telling with thin white curve mouth, hurried.
She told me to PLF, or push language forcibly, it was simply conversation simply motion “child, PLF, simply conversation simply motion.” Mass of black line, black ink, black (beige-brown-white-gold-gray).
But was it conversational? Was it … polite? I replied: If brazenly displayed, jiggle bronze, tremble bronze sheen, do the angular stairs care. “If brazenly displayed, jiggle bronze, tremble bronze sheen, do the angular stairs care?”
What was it. Putrid flesh, perfect silver. Middle of the steps, shimmering shell, absent plasticity. Can I see your face. “Can I see your face?”
Pure heat emanating from that mass, leaking through the hinges, escaping through the cracks. In monochromatic monotone she launches spindly legs splayed across soul imprinted on blood-flesh metal, pixels as large as eyes.
I crawled into stone cold, tile metal bathroom to watch the ants across sprawling waves of urine stains cresting above waste detritus; dandruff mucus globs clutched at viciously by feelers feeling for romantic sink - crawling up caressing streaks of dark red , sliver spike silver and ice blue solid, mass of line line line.
Then, as awe-some as deafening flushing of beige urinal, and spurt-bubble-choke of brown water from faucet, wondrous dove vectors of white wings white clouds, riding ripples of clean clean windex blue, oh holy, oh holy, oh holy: apex-desire-imperative-creative-overdrive.
Instead, moments pounding of “man with knife in shadows under bed” or “woman with motion on stairs” and cute little directional words superimposed between moments/words of ending, big squares of black: eyes. | Kaduri, Maimonides, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, and Ovadia Yosef. Arab personalities are also represented, including Lucy Aharish, Sheikh Fari al-Jabari of Hebron, Si Ali Sakkat, and the Queen of Sheba. Biblical paintings include Moses, Solomon, and panels depicting the seven days of creation. Some of the early paintings are of the stall owners themselves, or their grandfathers, by personal request. The murals have become an after-hours and Saturday attraction, when stalls are closed and the shutters and metal doors are visible. Solomon Souza Solomon Souza (born 1993) is a British-Israeli street artist. He is best known for spray painting portraits | Marina Abramović the skeleton with soapy water. Each monitor is dedicated to one part of the skeleton: the head, the pelvis, the ribs, the hands, and the feet. Each video is filmed with its own sound, creating an overlap. As the skeleton becomes cleaner, Abramović becomes covered in the grayish dirt that was once covering the skeleton. This three-hour performance is filled with metaphors of the Tibetan death rites that prepare disciples to become one with their own mortality. The piece consists of a three-piece series. "Cleaning the Mirror" #1 was performed at the Museum of Modern Art, consisting of three hours. | Art of Dying (song) George Harrison". At the George Fest tribute concert in Los Angeles in September 2014, "Art of Dying" was performed by Black Rebel Motorcycle Club. Their version appears on the 2016 film and album release from the event, co-produced by Harrison's son Dhani. In a subsequent interview, Dhani Harrison highlighted this version as one of the George Fest performances that had particularly impressed him, saying: "I didn't realize that was like grunge until I saw BRMC play it; I was like, 'Oh. This is a shoegazey grunge song!' They unlocked that song for me." Megan Volpert of PopMatters similarly considers it | Being a comprehensive art of time and space, the movie itself is of a particular charm of time. Mr. Wang Jia-wei, a Hong Kong film director is an "author director", unconsciously pursuing the time of the movies. His movies not only have featured the time and space art of the movies, but also reflected his philosophical understanding of life and time. The outlook of time and space in Mr. Wang Jia-wei's movies has demonstrated a philosophical background of time art from the scraps and disorder of the surface structure and the physics time to the internal flow of the life time of the deep structure, aiming to depicting the contemporary life deeply. | Han stone reliefs and portrait bricks are distinctive plastic art style of Han.Its display distinctive aesthetics features,such as image style of formation of idol style and story style,expressing the plastic thoughts “knowing” and “feeling” and flowing essence of dance music,make its art style full of pulling force,displaying great boldness and vigorous time essence. | 340 | Cham Hendon Hendon's work was marked by "a speculative and tenacious intelligence", and Russell went on to say that the paintings were good to look at, they had something to say and they were not taken from anyone else. That unique quality of Hendon's paintings defies classification. Some of his work has been called "narrative painting", but only a portion of his work fits that definition. His paintings have "affinities with Pop Art", but not the "dead-pan look of Pop Art". His method of painting is "akin to Jackson Pollock" and has been described as a "slow motion form of action painting", | what style of painting is impressionist literature closely related to | duchamp's paintings are generally called what | who is the dog in the painting of chauneuf miravail | Figure-Describing and Image-creating in Traditional Chinese Painting | when did the danforth art move to framingham | what type of symbolism does ben shahn use for his paintings | when do the wall paintings at chalgrove come from | At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque , André Derain , Raoul Dufy , Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with `` wild '' , multi-colored , expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism . |
341 | Very nice shirt fits my body perfectly I will definitely be ... | I think the shirt fit fine, but for me because i'm so curvy it just made me look wide. so unfortunately it's a no go for me! It was good quality and comfortable though. | Was very surprised at how well this shirt fit. Exactly what I wanted and am very happy with my purchase. | I absolutely love this shirt! I bought it for a fortune teller gypsy costume for Halloween and it fits perfect. I love how it hugs your waist and how versatile it is. One of my favorite buys for sure. | This shirt was so perfect, it fit just right and was exactly why I wanted! Delivery was in time! I couldn't be happier! | Really nice shirt. I'm not sure how it is supposed to fit I need someone to help me decide. I have a little room in the neck maybe I'm 15. The shoulders fit pretty good. Some room in the shirt but I've lost wight recently. Can't wait to wear it out! | This shirt is exactly how I was hoping I would be. I think my bf will love this. | The shirt is beautiful but unfortunately it just didn't flatter my body type at all. It was to small in the top and to large at the bottom. Do NOT recommend this if you are apple shaped but I'm sure it would be beautiful on any other body type. | I got this for my nephew for my wedding :) It fit him perfectly. I didn't like the shirt too much, seemed a little cheap, but he liked it and wore it, so it all worked out in the end. The suit is good quality and hopefully he will get to wear it again before he grows out of it. | 341 | Very nice shirt fits my body perfectly I will definitely be buying more of them in different colors and styles. | Nice shirt. Fit as expected | Very nice looking shirts and my husband really likes to wear ... | Shirt fits and looks great. I had originally purchased the shirt from a ... | This is quite a nice shirt. The fit is good | NIce shirts with a great fit | Great shirt! Fit is spot on and comfort is ... | Nice shirt but feel they fit rather big | Very nice shirt. It fits as expected |
342 | where is his majesty's dragon published | His Majesty's Dragon His Majesty's Dragon, published in the UK as Temeraire, is the first novel in the "Temeraire" alternate history/fantasy series by American author Naomi Novik. It was first published in 2006. The story is set during an alternate-history version of the Napoleonic Wars, in which dragons not only exist but are used as a staple of aerial warfare in Asia and Europe. The dragons of the story are portrayed as sapient and intelligent, capable of logical thought and human speech. The series centers primarily on events involving Temeraire (the titular dragon) and his handler, Will Laurence. The first | The Dragon Masters The Dragon Masters is a science fiction novella by American author Jack Vance. It was first published in "Galaxy" magazine, August 1962, and in 1963 in book form, as half of Ace Double F-185 (with "The Five Gold Bands"). It won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1963. The story describes a human society living under pre-industrial conditions that has bred lizard-like intelligent aliens to function as warriors, and an encounter with a ship from the alien planet, containing both the same aliens, and humans bred by them for similar purposes. Aerlith is a planet | different fantasy adventure." A reviewer at swordandsorcery.org, Ryan Harvey, compared it to Robert E. Howard pastiche, and wrote "some prolonged sequences...turn out as nothing more than cul-de-sacs, neither adding nor detracting to the narrative." However, he found the prose to flow easily and the background to be very well-researched. The Dragon Lord The Dragon Lord is a historical fantasy or sword and sorcery novel by American writer David Drake. First published in 1979 and revised in 1982, the novel is set in sixth century Arthurian Britain. "The Dragon Lord" was David Drake's first novel. He spent six months researching and | Dragon Knights is a world where Knights ride dragons and not slay them. The setting is Midieval and the sex is hot. Book 3, The Ice Dragon, interduces King Roland if Draconia, a black dragon shifter and the lost Princess Alania, who is raising a baby orphen ice dragon Tor. The broad story line continues to unfold and nicely sets up for the next in the series the Prince of Spies. I have found the story line engaging enough that I can't wait to read the next book. | What did the dragon do in dragon dragon by john gardner? | The Reluctant Dragon (short story) Grahame, writes that while the story can be viewed as a satire like Don Quixote, the characters can be seen on a deeper level as representing different sides of the author himself: St. George represents Grahame as a public servant who works for the Establishment while the Dragon represents his anarchic, artistic, and anti-social side. The story served as the key element to the 1941 feature film with the same name, from Walt Disney Productions. The story has also been set to music as a children's operetta by John Rutter, with words by David Grant. In 1960, it was presented | I'm looking for either the name of the short story and/or the compilation it was a part of. Read it in a library about 7-8 years ago, book was a collection of short stories about dragons. One story was about a princess leading a knight to a dragon's cave, so her love will be spared. The twist is that she kills the knight, since her lover was the dragon. The second part of the story was basically her staying there and eventually having the dragon's kid. Mostly trying to relocate since a few friends don't believe that such a story exists outside of fan fiction. |
Gist of it : a knight with two dogs (Zacian/Zamazenta) defeats an evil dragon (Eternatus?), but the dogs are killed in the battle.
The dragons corpse turned into a hill (hill with etchings based on other U.K. landmarks has been seen in trailer)
If the third legendary is indeed an evil dragon, I’d say it’s a pretty strong fit.
It’s not unthinkable that the developers were researching dragon mythology early on (St George and the dragon is the quintessential English folklore), and decided to adapt the Bisterne Dragon legend. | 342 | His Majesty's Dragon His Majesty's Dragon, published in the UK as Temeraire, is the first novel in the "Temeraire" alternate history/fantasy series by American author Naomi Novik. It was first published in 2006. The story is set during an alternate-history version of the Napoleonic Wars, in which dragons not only exist but are used as a staple of aerial warfare in Asia and Europe. The dragons of the story are portrayed as sapient and intelligent, capable of logical thought and human speech. The series centers primarily on events involving Temeraire (the titular dragon) and his handler, Will Laurence. The first | what is the dragon name in his majesty's dragon | when was dragonkeeper published in the uk | who owns the rights to the dragon crown war | who is the publisher of the book dragons | where do dragons get their money in temeraire | when was the first werewolf versus dragon book released | Really good book about a dragons | who is the creator of the animated series ‘blazing dragons’ |
343 | when did the british take port royal from canada | of the battle. General Drayton proved to be incompetent in the field, so he was put in various administrative positions. The aftermath of the battle and the resultant freeing of the slaves was described by John Greenleaf Whittier in his poem “At Port Royal.” Abbreviations used: Battle of Port Royal The Battle of Port Royal was one of the earliest amphibious operations of the American Civil War, in which a United States Navy fleet and United States Army expeditionary force captured Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, between Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, on November 7, 1861. The sound was | HMY Britannia On 20 July 1959, "Britannia" sailed the newly opened Saint Lawrence Seaway en route to Chicago, where she docked, making the Queen the first Canadian monarch to visit the city. US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was aboard "Britannia" for part of this cruise; Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton were welcomed aboard in later years. Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales, took their honeymoon cruise on "Britannia" in 1981. The ship evacuated over 1,000 refugees from the civil war in Aden in 1986. The vessel sailed to Canada in 1991 and made a port of | Battle of Port Royal infantry defending against land assault. For lack of transportation, all of the late-arriving troops were retained at Fort Walker. While the forts were being built, the state of Georgia was forming a rudimentary navy by converting a few tugs and other harbor craft into gunboats. Although they could not face the ships of the US Navy on the open seas, their shallow draft enabled them to move freely about in the inland waters along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia. They were commanded by Flag Officer Josiah Tattnall. When the Georgia navy was transferred to and became part of | Princess Royal Harbour Princess Royal Harbour is a part of King George Sound on the South Coast Western Australia, and harbour to Albany. On its northern shore is the Port of Albany. The first European to explore the waters was George Vancouver in September 1791; he named the harbour after Princess Charlotte Augusta Matilda. The harbour was surveyed by Matthew Flinders in 1802, Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1826, John Lort Stokes in 1848, and Henry Mangles Denham in 1858. The harbour was less than two metres deep until it was dredged in 1901, and its entrance was dredged in 1952. | Siege of Port Royal (1707) recruited. Recruiting was difficult in Massachusetts due to the lack of enthusiasm for the endeavour, and authorities were forced to draft men to fill the ranks. Connecticut was also asked to contribute to the expedition, but declined, citing bad feelings over the return of Port Royal by treaty after its capture in 1690. The force, which was placed under the command of Massachusetts Colonel John March, totalled 1,150 soldiers and 450 sailors, and was carried by a fleet of 24 ships, including the 50 gun man of war under the command of Captain Charles Stuckley, and the 24 gun colonial | Victoria, British Columbia Pacific home of the Royal Navy was established in Esquimalt and today is Canada's Pacific coast naval base. In 1866 when the island was politically united with the mainland, Victoria was designated the capital of the new united colony instead of New Westminster – an unpopular move on the Mainland – and became the provincial capital when British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871. In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North America's largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade | Canada Ports Corporation The Canada Ports Corporation (also known as Ports Canada) was a port corporation which operated across Canada. An Act of Parliament, which had been promoted by Jean-Luc Pépin, founded it on 24 February 1983, and it was marked as a responsibility of the Minister of Transport. Additionally, Pépin enunciated the Harbour Commissions Act, under which a new National Ports Policy was launched. The Canada Ports Corporation was phased out in 1998 with the creation of the Canada Marine Act (CMA), an act ostensibly to modernize Canada's ports and harbors; prior to the implementation of the CMA, a | Battle of Portland to trade, since they were cut off from all of England's colonies in the Americas and elsewhere. Later that year the Parliament gave an order which allowed English privateers and warships to seize Dutch shipping and 'recover their losses' from Dutch vessels. Finally, the English Parliament began to enforce its sovereignty over the "British Seas", which granted the English Navy dominion from the North Sea to Cape Finisterre. The translation of Parliament's words into action came when English Admiral Sir George Ayscue claimed Barbados as part of the Commonwealth and seized 27 Dutch ships. The Dutch response was divided; the | 343 | This second settlement was seized by British military forces in 1710 in the Siege of Port Royal and was renamed Annapolis Royal in honour of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Port Royal, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia Port Royal is a Canadian rural community in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia. It is situated on the north bank of the Annapolis Basin approximately downstream from the discharge point of the Annapolis River and the town of Annapolis Royal. Predominantly a farming community, Port Royal is also a significant tourist destination in Nova Scotia due to being the location of a historic French colonial | what was the main fort in the battle of annapolis royal | how many times did the french attack annapolis royal | what was the population of annapolis nova scotia in 2016 | when was the fort of annapolis royal built | who designated port-royal as a national historic site | port cavalton is a cruise ship port located in which country | where was the battle of port royal fought in the civil war | Port-au-prince is the capital of which country? |
344 | what percentage of manitoba's land is in the northern region | Which country is Manitoba in? | History of Manitoba aboriginal title to the lands and entered into treaties with several First Nations. Manitoba is the first province created from the Territories and was subsequently expanded in 1881 and 1912 to its present boundaries. The economy was long based on farming, centering on grains, cattle and hay. The economy is now diversified due to urbanization. The geographical area of modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest approximately 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area. The first humans in southern Manitoba left behind | Why do people barely live in Canada's northern region? | its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province". Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported | Brandon, Manitoba Brandon is the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is located in the southwestern corner of the province on the banks of the Assiniboine River, approximately west of the provincial capital, Winnipeg, and east of the Saskatchewan border. Brandon covers an area of 77.41 km (29.89 sq mi) and has a population of 48,859, while its census metropolitan area has a population of 58,003. It is a major hub of trade and commerce for the Westman region as well as parts of southeastern Saskatchewan and northern North Dakota, an area with a combined population of | Brandon, Manitoba above the 2.6% average increase for the province but below the 5.6% increase for the nation. A majority of Brandon's inhabitants are of European ancestry. 9.8% of Brandon's citizens identify themselves as Aboriginal, and 4.0% of Brandon's citizens are part of a visible minority. Though English is the dominant mother tongue for most people in Brandon (90%), some 600 citizens or 1.5% claim French as some part of their first language. However, 8.9% of people within the city claim some other language besides French or English as their mother tongue. According to the 2001 census 76.6% of Brandonites belonged to | land area of . The region had a population of 48,289 people at the 2001 census. Central Plains Region The Central Plains Region is located in the south central part of the Canadian province of Manitoba, directly west of Winnipeg. It is bounded on the south by the Pembina Valley Region; on the east by the Eastman Region, to the north by the Interlake Region and to the west by the Westman Region. The major service centre in the region is the city of Portage la Prairie. The Trans-Canada Highway and Yellowhead Highway are the major transportation corridors. The region | Pembina Valley Region The Pembina Valley is the name given to the south-central region of the province of Manitoba, Canada. It is named for its major geographical feature, the Pembina Valley, which runs through the southwestern part of the region. The Pembina Valley had a population of 52,126 at the 2001 census. Its major service centres are the city of Winkler and the city of Morden. Other important towns include Altona, and Carman. The region comprises two of Statistics Canada's census divisions of Canada. Manitoba Census Divisions No. 3 and No. 4, which together have a land area of 9,790.98 | 344 | Northern Region, Manitoba Northern Manitoba is the most northerly region of the Canadian province of Manitoba, added to the province during the last major expansion of its boundaries in 1912. Forestry, mining and hydro-electric development are significant economic drivers with long-term consequences to the environment in the region. It is situated on the Canadian Shield and includes Manitoba's Hudson Bay coastline. The land area of the region is 438,491.51 km² (169,302.52 mi²), which encompasses 67% of Manitoba's total land area. The vast majority of the region is undeveloped wilderness. Manitoba's northern region is mostly within in the subarctic climate zone | what area covers the eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches of manitoba | how many climate zones are there in manitoba | what was the northern cold zone of canada inhospitable to | how many regional health authorities are in manitoba | What is manitoba located in? | what is the major industry in the northern territory | where was manitoba's wild kingdom based | What borders the north canada? |
345 | Predictable and wordy | What is a good sentence for the word ominously? | **timeous**
*adjective*: Timely; seasonable.
Word of the day Provided by : wordnik | How do you use word accurate in a sentence? | Hi there!
The mods said it’s okay to post this here. :-)
I’m working on a writing project about the benefits of animal play and want to make a word cloud of words that folks use to describe their pony/caregiver/handler dynamics. **This is not an academic study/survey- all I’m interested in is adjectives** :-)
If you’d like to help, could you please post 3-5 words that describe your dynamic and/or your headspace when you are playing?
Thanks so much!! | How can you use erratic in a sentence? | You know those words that look or sound close to another and you always read it wrong. I'll use mine as an example in the first comment.
Edit: first 4 comments and we all have dirty minds. | In this work we study some probabilistic models for the random generation of words over a given alphabet used in the literature in connection with pattern statistics. Our goal is to compare models based on Markovian processes (where the occurrence of a symbol in a given position only depends on a finite number of previous occurrences) and the stochastic models that can generate a word of given length from a regular language under uniform distribution. We present some results that show the differences between these two stochastic models and their relationship with the rational probabilistic measures. | What are good describing words for a boy? | 345 | It was good if you are tired and just want something to read so you can fall asleep. Otherwise it was predictable and wordy. | It was a good read, if a bit predictable | By the end it was pretty predictable. It was not a bad read though | It was okay but I never felt like I had to keep reading | It was good enough that I didn't want to quit reading | It was terrible and not read-able | It was informative and well written and I enjoyed it. | It was pretty good' not my normal read | ... different from most things I read but I thoroughly enjoyed it. It kept my attention and I didn't ... |
346 | What is the total population of bradford? | What is the current population of Bradford? | What is the population of peaple in Davenport? | The metropolitan counties have population densities of between 800 ( South Yorkshire ) and 2800 ( West Midlands ) people\/km  . | What s the population of Dallas Texas last year? | Population of the greater denver area? | the English Civil War in which the Parliamentarians were defeated. According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001, Oldham had a total resident population of 103,544, making it the 55th most populous settlement in England, and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area. This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3,998 people per square mile (1,544 per km²). The local population has been described as broadly "working class"; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements. Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of | the English Civil War in which the Parliamentarians were defeated. According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001, Oldham had a total resident population of 103,544, making it the 55th most populous settlement in England, and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area. This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3,998 people per square mile (1,544 per km²). The local population has been described as broadly "working class"; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements. Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of | the English Civil War in which the Parliamentarians were defeated. According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001, Oldham had a total resident population of 103,544, making it the 55th most populous settlement in England, and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area. This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3,998 people per square mile (1,544 per km²). The local population has been described as broadly "working class"; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements. Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of | 346 | What is the population of Bradford Ontario Canada? | What is the population in bradford? | What is ALberta Canada's population 2011? | How many people live in Caledonia Ontario? | How many exact people live in alberta? | What is the population of the denver metro area of 2008? | What is the population of brewster couty texas? | With a population of just over 61,000 , Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast . | what is the population of windsor im illinois |
347 | Francisco Tarrega, Schubert and Cole Porter | Franz schubert composed over 600.? | What instrument did Schubert play? | Aaron Richmond Lamoureaux; pianists Winifred Byrd, Moriz Rosenthal, Cyrus Ullian, Hyman Rovinsky, Alexander Brailowsky, George Smith, Harold Morris, Harrison Potter, Grace Cronin, Guiomar Novaes, Alfredo Oswald, and Alberto Sciarretti; the Kibalchich Russian Symphonic Choir and The Roman Choir; the Fox-Burgin-Bedetti Trio; cellist Felix Salmond and violinists Joseph Coleman, Harry Farbman, and Paul Cherkassky. Over the next several years, Richmond also presented such noted artists as pianist and composer Sergei Rachmaninoff, singer and composer J. Rosamond Johnson, pianist Harold Samuel, contralto Margarete Matzenauer, the Fisk Jubilee Singers, Harrison Keller, Denoe Leedy, violinist Albert Spalding, the People's Symphony Orchestra and the Cleveland Orchestra. Aaron | Which of these composers is not known for his writing? | Giuseppe Tartini a music theorist, of a very practical bent. He is credited with the discovery of sum and difference tones, an acoustical phenomenon of particular utility on string instruments (intonation of double-stops can be judged by careful listening to the difference tone, the "terzo suono"). He published his discoveries in a treatise "Trattato di musica secondo la vera scienza dell'armonia" (Padua, 1754). His treatise on ornamentation was eventually translated into French—though when its influence was rapidly waning, in 1771—by a certain "P. Denis", whose introduction called it "unique"; indeed, it was the first published text devoted entirely to ornament and, though | This 2-disc set includes Schubert's complete Impromptus, the 6 Moments musicaux, the 3 Klavierstucke from D. 946, and two sets of German dances. The performances by Alfred Brendel were made in the early 1970's, with clear and rich analog sound. For me, Brendel is a great interpreter of these works, providing both excitement and poetry in this repertoire. Buyers should also consider Perahia and Lupu in the Impromptus, but if they choose this set they will not be disappointed. Highly recommended! | What musical period did Schubert compose in? | that thenceforth her image never left him. His experiences with the young tobacco-leaf folder were a potent inspiration for Lamartine; Pirazzini suggests that several works, including "Le Passé" ('The Past') and "L'Hymne au soleil" ('Hymn to the Sun'), were written in her memory. Lamartine's experiences also formed the basis of his poem "Le Premier Regret", a mournful elegy focusing on an overgrown tomb of an unnamed yet still beloved Italian woman. First published in his "Harmonies poétiques et religieuses" (1830), it was later included in the novel "Graziella". Lamartine later wrote a journal describing his experiences in Italy, completing the | 347 | The fun of encores usually comes last, but we put it at the top of this hour. First, guitarist Pepe Romero playing a showcase of Spanish guitar sound and technique, "Recuerdos de la Alhambra" by Francisco Tarrega. It's an encore from Romero's concert this season at the 92nd Street Y in New York City. Then the Finnish Radio Symphony on tour in Tokyo, finishing with the Entr'acte No. 3 from Schubert's "Rosamunde." Sakari Oramo conducting. We'll finish with a lively encore pianist Mei-Ting Sun played at the University of Miami -- Cole Porter's "Begin the Beguine," in an arrangement by Art Tatum. | Applause for Wander! Where's the encore? | I saw a street orchestra in Granada, Spain. And I would do anything to listen to them play again. | Inspired by the Bonnaroo '06 release yesterday, I dug up my minidisc recordings of the full concert from the front row and thought to share it. | From A February 21st Recital | I wish there were such things as "no encore" venues, maybe the tradition would slowly die. | Who is O fortuna performed by? | [Completed] Penance - Halo 5 Remix of The Pit | Karen O premieres her psycho-opera "Stop the Virgens"
Florence + the Machine debut songs from their upcoming album "Ceremonials"
Xavier de Rosnay and Gaspard Augé of Justice play a DJ set . |
348 | what did the castilians own after the battle of toro | Battle of Toro such ""impetus"" that the remaining men of the Castilian army became ""disturbed"". These events had important consequences. The Portuguese chroniclers unanimously stated what Rui de Pina synthesized this way: "" ... king D. Ferdinand ... as soon as he saw defeated his first and big battles "<nowiki>[on the right]</nowiki>", and believing the same fate would happen to his own battles at the hands of King Afonso's battles, was counselled to withdraw as he did to Zamora"". Among the Castilians, Pulgar – the official chronicler of the Catholic Monarchs – says that Ferdinand withdrew from the battlefield for other reasons. Its | Battle of Alfarrobeira fell on the regent Queen Leonor, hated by the people, and her daughter Beatrice, married to the Castilian King Juan I. Fernando's half-brother John, Master of Aviz, led a revolution against Queen and the Castilian King, defeating them with a smaller army in the battle of Aljubarrota. The battle became a turnpoint in Portuguese and the world's History, and King John I and his military aide, Constable Nuno Álvares Pereira, became immortal idols. King John I had a first illegitimate son, Afonso, and a daughter Beatrice; after marrying Philippa of Lancaster, John of Gaunt's daughter, and establishing the House of | Battle of Aljubarrota the King had signed the Treaty of Salvaterra de Magos with King Juan I of Castile. The treaty determined that Princess Beatrice was to marry Juan I, king of Castile, and the Crown of Portugal would belong to the descendants of this union. This situation left the majority of the Portuguese discontent, and the Portuguese nobility was unwilling to support the claim of the princess because that could mean the incorporation of Portugal into Castile. Also, the powerful merchants of the capital, Lisbon, were enraged at being excluded from the negotiations. Without an undisputed option, Portugal remained without a king | of fresco paintings by Fabrizio Castello, Orazio Cambiasi and Lazzaro Tavarone in the Gallery of Battles at the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. Battle of La Higueruela The Battle of La Higueruela (literally: "Battle at the little fig tree") was fought in the Vega of the river Genil near Granada on 1 July 1431 between the forces of John II of Castile, led by Álvaro de Luna, and troops loyal to Muhammed IX, Nasrid Sultan of Granada. The battle was a modest victory for the forces of Castile, with no territorial gain and failing to take Granada. | Sarrià Capuchins the War of the Spanish Succession the convent was taken by the army, but most of the Capuchins could remain in order to fulfil its religious duties, and the place was respected. The convent of Sarrià was therefore the first one of the Capuchins in the Iberian Peninsula, and it disappeared in 1835 with the seizure of goods from the church during the ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal. The lands were acquired by the Italian Enrico Sisley. He got them in a rather not fully legal way and without any logical explanation. After some years and failed attempts, the Ponsich family | Battle of Junín Spanish cavalry to drop their weapons, turn tail and run for the protection of their infantry, which had already vacated the plain. The battle lasted about one hour, and it involved hand-to-hand cavalry clashes with lance and saber. As solely a cavalry battle, no firearms were used. About 250 royalist and 150 pro-independence fighters were killed. Although in actuality this battle would qualify as little more than a skirmish, this military engagement greatly enhanced the morale of the victorious pro-independence fighters, with a first win in Perú. The retreat of Canterac's troops after the defeat in Junin was relentless and | who are unlikely to have had an unbiased view of Carthage. Hamilcar's victory with Naravas The battle following the defection of Numidian chieftain Naravas to Hamilcar Barca was fought between Carthaginian forces commanded by Hamilcar Barca and part of the combined forces of Carthage's former mercenary armies during the Mercenary War, which Carthage had formerly employed during the First Punic War, and those of rebelling Libyan cities supporting the mercenaries. A rebel army under the command of Spendius, which included a contingent of Gauls under Autharitus and a group of Numidians under Naravas, shadowed Hamilcar’s army. Spendius managed to trap | forces, but the fog of the battle conceals things. In the midst of the struggle Suetonius and Petillius keep the Romans together. Junius and the others arrive back just as the battle is turning in favour of the Romans. Watching from the hill Caratach berates Bonduca for launching a mass-attack, as the British superiority in numbers is turned against them, creating a crush between the Romans and the baggage train. Victorious, Suetonius pursues the retreating Britons. Caratach and his young nephew Hengo escape after a fight with Junius. After the battle Petillius continues to ridicule Junius for his former love-sickness. | 348 | Battle of Toro the Castilian chronicles also confirm the fact that the Castilians lost the Portuguese standard during the battle. However, the Castilian sources are contradictory in the details, and one of their chroniclers (Bernaldez) even wrote that the Portuguese ensign was killed, whereas he was captured and later returned to Portugal. In his Chronicle, Pulgar, the official chronicler of the Catholic Kings, made an important correction to a previous account that he had provided a few years ago in a letter sent to the city of Murcia, pretending that after the battle, the Castilians owned half of the Portuguese royal standard (after | who was the official chronicler of the battle of toro | where did humphrey iv of toron go after the regent departed to t | which city was captured by humphrey ii of toron in 1154, and | when did the toromona go missing in spain | who was humphrey iv of toron's stepfather | what was the name of the tower in toron castle | who sold toron to the romans in 1220 | [Diplomacy] Aquisition of the Toro Submarino |
349 | An hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. | Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I of sensation can also extend to the proximal parts of the lower limbs and the upper limbs as the disease progresses. Some affected individuals do not lose sensation, but instead experience severe shooting, burning, and lancinating pains in the limbs or in the trunk. Autonomic disturbances, if present, manifest as decreased sweating. The degree of motor disturbances is highly variable, even within families, ranging from absent to severe distal muscle weakness and wasting. The disease progresses slowly, but often disables the affected individuals severely after a long duration. The onset of the disease varies between the 2nd and 5th decade | A non-Jewish child had a congenital sensory and autonomic neuropathy, cerebral hypoplasia, and a posterior interhemispheric cyst. The clinical findings, neuropathologic changes in the spinal cord, the peripheral nerves, the sensory and autonomic ganglia, as well as sural nerve morphometry, showed similarities, but also differences from familial dysautonomia and hereditary sensory neuropathy, type IV. The relationship of this case to hereditary sensory neuropathies and dysautonomias is discussed, and it is suggested that this is an atypical form of familial dysautonomia with coincidental developmental abnormalities. | Castle D, Isaacs H, Ramsay M, Bernstein R. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I, associated with aplasia cutis congenita: possible X-linked inheritance. Clin Genet 1992:41: 108–110. ::: ::: ::: ::: We report a family with possible X-linked recessive HMSN I with minor signs of the disease and abnormal sensory conduction studies evident in female carriers. There is a previously undescribed association with aplasia cutis congenita in both affected males, and a history of a severe skull defect in a third male child, who died at birth. The latter defect usually shows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. | Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple episodes of focal demyelinating neuropathies after minor trauma to peripheral nerves. It usually appears in early adulthood with recurrent attacks of pain, numbness, and muscular weakness along the distribution of the clinically affected nerve. Segmental demyelination and thickenings of the myelin sheath are the pathologic findings. Electrophysiologic studies show a nonuniform mild demyelinating neuropathy with prolonged distal latencies. Genetic tests are available to aid in diagnosis as molecular analysis has identified a deletion in the chromosome 17p11.2 in the majority of these patients. There is a paucity of information in the orthopaedic literature regarding hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy. A case report is presented of a patient with this disorder to promote awareness and recognition that this entity should be considered in patients with multiple nerve palsies. | Abstract There is little published information on the autopsy findings in hereditary sensory neuropathy type I (HSN I), and none in genetically confirmed cases. We report the neuropathological findings in a 93-year-old woman with a disease of unusually late onset, who was part of a large HSN I kindred and in whom genetic analysis confirmed an SPTLC1 T399G mutation. | Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy Type IV is an autosomal recessive disorder due to lack of maturation of small myelinated and unmyelinated fibers of peripheral nerves, which convey sensation of pain and temperature. There is anhidrosis due to lack of innervation of normal sweat glands resulting in recurrent episodes of hyperpyrexia. These patients usually present in late infancy. Here we present a case of HSAN Type IV who presented with fever from day 2 of life and so the possibility of HSAN should be kept in mind while dealing a case of fever without focus in a neonate. | Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies | Two families with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) were evaluated clinically, electrophysiologically and pathologically (2 index cases). Familial patterns suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. The clinical presentation is characteristic, with recurrent painless transitory mononeuropathy, without evident triggering factors, or caused by trivial trauma or pressure. In affected members neurophysiological studies showed diffuse slowing in nerve conduction, more evident at common sites of entrapment. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) showed bilateral peripheral abnormalities with proximal nerve involvement more pronounced in older patients. 40 to 75% of teased fibers displayed sausage-shaped swellings. Ultrastructurally some sausages showed redundant myelin loops and excessive number of myelin lamellae that seem to cause axonal constriction. | 349 | Five members of a single family presented with neuropathic deformities and ulceration of the feet developing in the first and second decades of life, and progressed slowly over many years. In this form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, there was minimal tendon reflex impairment, cutaneous sensory impairment was restricted to the feet, and there was no autonomic dysfunction. The only neurophysiological abnormality was that of reduced or absent sural nerve sensory action potentials. Sural nerve biopsies taken from two affected family members showed changes of a chronic neuropathy with loss of myelinated fibres, particularly affecting those of small diameter. Unmyelinated fibres were present in normal numbers. This condition differed from other forms of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy having an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance. | Painless ulcers and fissures of toes: Hereditary sensory neuropathy, not leprosy | In an offset printing factory with 56 workers, 20 (36%) developed symptomatic peripheral neuropathy due to exposure to n-hexane. Another 26 workers (46%) were found to have subclinical neuropathy. The initial change in the nerve conduction study was reduced amplitude of the sensory action potentials, followed by reduced amplitude of the motor action potentials, reduction in motor conduction velocities and increase in distal latencies. These changes indicate primary axonal degeneration with secondary demyelination. Sural nerve biopsy in a severe case showed giant axonal swellings due to accumulation of 10nm neurofilaments, myelin sheath attenuation and widening of nodal gaps. The development of neuropathy bore no direct relationship to the duration of exposure, hence factors such as individual susceptibility may be important. Optic neuropathy and CNS involvement were uncommon and autonomic neuropathy was not encountered. | Neuropathy in other areas that just hands and feet? | Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type IV in a Newborn | Chronic Sensory Ataxic Neuropathy: Insights from a Case Series | Giant axonal neuropathy: a rare inherited neuropathy with simple clinical clues. | what type of sensory and motor loss does peripheral neuropathy usually have | We evaluated 2 patients with primary autonomic failure, without clinical peripheral neuropathy. One had primary autonomic failure alone (PAF), and the other had autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Direct intraneural recordings demonstrated a marked reduction of sympathetic efferent nerve impulse activity in the PAF patient. The patient with MSA had spontaneous bursts of sympathetic nerve impulses that confirmed the functional integrity of postganglionic sympathetic efferent neurons. Neurosecretory activity of these neurons correlated with the electrophysiologic findings. The PAF patient had markedly reduced supine norepinephrine (NE) levels that did not rise upon standing. The supine NE level in the MSA patient was normal. Morphometric study of biopsied sural nerve in the MSA patient showed that unmyelinated fibers were normal, whereas the nerve of the PAF patient showed clear evidence of past degeneration. We suggest that the primary preganglionic sympathetic defect in MSA releases viable postganglionic sympathetic efferents from central control. Decentralized postganglionic elements may fire spontaneously, thus activating peripheral effectors and providing potentially useful signs and symptoms for differential diagnosis. |
350 | This stuff works great and won't damage paint | I work in a paint Store and bought this to clean the million of layers of paint dried to the side of our paint shakers and this works wonders! Scrapes the paint off like butter! | This stuff is like magic. I used to spend hours with a wire wheel and paint under my cars. Now I spray this on. | Amazing product! Works on paint of car without problems! I left on my car for 3 days! Came off without any issues. Great artwork and attention to detail. I strongly recommend. | This product worked exactly as advertised. A great help in getting rid of old paint. | Good Product. This will take off some of the paint due to the metal-to-metal contact but you cannot really avoid this. | My daughter loves this paint. I love that it washes out of most things. The only issue is if you don't wash whatever it gets on right away it will stain. | Works very well , bringing the paint back to life on a jeep that I bought . When I run out I will repurchase . | Looks like that stuff would make a great paint stripper.
It sux that it ruined the finish on that M&P | 350 | I use electrical tape to hang posters and things in my classroom. If you are a teacher then you understand how frustrating it can be with those cinder block walls. This stuff works great and won't damage paint. Love it! | Painting Help - How to tape a wall for this effect? [Picture] | Keeps light stuff on the walls w/o tape or nails. | ... doesn't stick to walls as well as I would like. Many other uses so it's a good purchase | How to repaint a cinderblock wall? | LPT: Hang up your posters with painter's masking tape | The EASIEST way to hang anything on your walls. ... | How to hang artwork/pictures on cement brick walls? | works well for hanging up posters or for art projects ... |
351 | A rematch between Lee and Sasuke in Shippuden would've been awesome. | Who do you think would win? I was re watching the Sakura vs Sasori fight and just remembered how awesome it was. If chiyo wasn't there, we all know Sakura would have died easily but now since she has more experience would Sasori still win? I think Sasori would still give her trouble because chiyo was the one who knew all of his secrets... thoughts? | This battle using Human Garou only
If this battle a stomp Shang Chi battles Injured & Tired Garou instead.
Two prodigy of martial arts are duking it out. Who will come on top? | To settle this little debacle; I hope you guys don't mind.
How many gates does Lee need to beat Sasuke? What if we bloodlust Sasuke?
What about Naruto? | Post your 3 favourite fights from the Naruto and Naruto Shippuden. Mine are -
1- Naruto vs Pain
2- Sasuke vs Deidara
3- Rock Lee vs Kimimaro | Or it can be Black Devil (Erich Hartmann) vs Star of Africa (Hans-Joachim Marseille) with the Red Baron as the final boss?
Basically a battle between German flying aces. | **Teams**
*The Akatsuki:*
\- Konan
\- Hidan
\- Sasori (Kazekage Arc)
\- Kakuzu
\- Deidara
\- Kisame
\- Itachi (Sasuke fight)
*The Kage:* Ay, Onoki, Gaara, Mei, and Tsunade from the War Arc
**Conditions**
\- The Kage have all shared their village's available knowledge on the Akatsuki with each other beforehand
\- The Akatuski has no prior knowledge, except Deidara (who fought Gaara)
\- Battlefield is where Deidara fought Sasuke
\- Everyone is in-character, but Itachi won't switch sides
&#x200B;
**Round 1:** Normal
**Round 2:** If Kage lost R1, they get Jiraiya. If Akatsuki lost R1, they get Orochimaru (no ET). Does this change anything? | All combatants are taken shortly before EoS (Shirou doesn't have Rin's prana, Ed and Al haven't made their final exchanges with Truth, etc). Who would win? | I love these crossover episodes, but I'd love to see a villain teamup. Just imagine Zoom, Savage and Darhk teaming up? | 351 | Just imagine, Lee has learned 8 Gates and takes on beginning/middle of the series Sasuke would be a cool fight. | What if The supreme Kai came to Goku early? | 8 gates Guy and Lee vs 10 tails Madara | Why Do People Think that MS Sasuke Can Beat MS Kakashi? | How did sasuke got the eternal ms? | Sasuke vs Palpatine (canon) | Lee Know should also be a visual (SKZ) | Lee is THE man when it comes to building a ... | What would Itachi do if Sasuke had died? |
352 | Do you need a visa to travel from ghana to malaysia? | Can thai passport holders enter malaysia without a visa? | Do chinese citizen need a visa to enter philippines? | Who is ghanas king? | Where wasThe Ghana Empire located? | Do Canadian citizens need a Tourist Visa to enter Malaysia? ... no, no visa required. You will get a 90 day permit to stay. | Do uk passport holder need visa for singapore? | Do uk passport holder need visa for singapore? | Musa Aman Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Haji Musa Bin Haji Aman (born 30 March 1951) is the 14th and former Chief Minister of the state of Sabah in Malaysia, in office since March 2003 until May 2018. He was also the Sabah finance minister, the chairman of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) for Sabah, and the older brother of Dato' Seri Anifah Aman, former Foreign Minister of Malaysia. Musa mother is a Dusun, while his ancestors through his father lineage are from Bajau-Suluk. He received his primary education in St. Paul primary school, Beaufort, Sabah and later attended Sabah | 352 | Does a Ghana passport holder need a Visa to Malaysia? | does canadian need visa to visit malaysia? | Foreigner married to local giving birth in Malaysia & getting citizenship in Malaysia | How do Thai citizens get visas for Malaysia? | when was the malaysia embassy established in hungary | where is the malaysia embassy in the netherlands | when did qatar open their embassy in malaysia | Are visas available at airport on arrival to kuala Lumpar? | is visa required for singapore to batam? |
353 | Metal is so much more sturdy and it has a metal hook as well | I didn't even pay attention to the fact that it would be metal - love it even more than the plastic one it was replacing! | very cheap plastic. Broke the mounting stem off just hand tightening it. I thought the hooks would be metal at least but they're cheap plastivc too.
Don't buy this junk | Not all metal ,but still tough enough to handle heavy duty stuff with this. Light and easy to carry it around or throw it in the gym bag. | All plastic great design. Put felt where it hits the shelf. If it were metal it would be a five star product. | I bought these thinking they were metal with some plastic parts. After getting these today I am pretty disappointed. They are almost all plastic. Very little are metal and mostly plastic. Would not have ordered these ones if I had known that. | This worked great! The metal hook part is weighty feeling and substantial. I liked the size. Very handy to keep a locker from turning into a pit of despair. Thanks! | I bought this for our kitchen. It is metal and sturdy. No issues | Very low-grade metal. The notched spring tool broke the first time I used it. I wasn't expecting snap-on quality, but this might as well have been made out of play-doh. | 353 | Bought this for my grand daughter who wanted to make pot holders. The previous one we had was plastic, and right off the bat, one of the teeth broke. Metal is so much more sturdy and it has a metal hook as well! Love this one! | This is all plastic and is extremely cheap looking. ... | Like all other reviews this is plastic | This one was plastic - not as good. It would be nice if that was noted ... | plastic but worked great, easy to assemble and it works great... a good buy! | I'm not a fan of plastic but this seems pretty thick, pretty durable and looks really nice with ... | junk pot metal (not Aluminum, cheap aluminum alloy). ... | ... its purpose-yes its plastic but for the price its perfect! I love the fact that its adjustable fits ... | has a number of plastic parts which wasn't as nice as if it were more metal so I don't ... |
354 | A fluorinated masked o-benzoquinone | What is fluorine name? | Fluorene Fluorene , or 9"H"-fluorene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It forms white crystals that exhibit a characteristic, aromatic odor similar to that of naphthalene. It is combustible. It has a violet fluorescence, hence its name. For commercial purposes it is obtained from coal tar. It is insoluble in water and soluble in many organic solvents. Although fluorene is obtained from coal tar, it can also be prepared by dehydrogenation of diphenylmethane. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the reduction of fluorenone with zinc. The fluorene molecule is nearly planar, although each of the two benzene rings is coplanar with | Abstract The preparation1 of fluorinated compounds continues to be of significant interest to organic chemists due to their diverse and important application as polymers, blood substitutes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Considerable attention has been directed to the formation of fluoroalkoxy benzenes with the majority of the synthetic routes involving the reaction of an electrophilic haloalkyl fluoride with a nucleophilic phenol derivative1,2. In a somewhat related procedure, Mendel3 has prepared ortho-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy methyl benzoate by reacting ortho-hydroxy methyl benzoate with 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethylsulfonate in a potassium carbonate/acetone mixture. | Benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzo[j]fluoranthene is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH. Classified as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), it is a colourless solid that is poorly soluble in most solvents. Impure samples can appear off white. Closely related isomeric compounds include benzo(a)fluoranthene (BaF), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(e)fluoranthene (BeF), and benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF). BjF is present in fossil fuels and is released during incomplete combustion of organic matter. It has been traced in the smoke of cigarettes, exhaust from gasoline engines, emissions from the combustion of various types of coal and emissions from oil heating, as well as an impurity in some oils | The present invention is: a fluorinated hydrocarbon represented by the formula R-F (where in the formula, R represents an isobutyl group or a t-butyl group) and characterized by having a purity of at least 99.9 vol% and a total content of butenes of no greater than 1000 vol ppm; a use of the fluorinated hydrocarbon as a plasma etching gas; and a plasma etching method that, using the fluorinated hydrocarbon as a plasma etching gas, selectively plasma etches an inorganic nitride film laminated on silicon or a silicon oxide film. | What is the group name for fluorine? | m-Fluoroacetophenone was prepared from m-bromofluorobenzene by Grignard reaction and then acyla- tion with acetic anhydride to give a product of 99% purity in 55% yield. | Provided herein are methods of fluorinating organic compounds. The electrochemical fluorination and radiofluorination of organic molecules using the cation pool technique is described, where the 18F and/or 19F-fluorine ions are added after the process of electrochemical oxidation, i.e., after formation of a carbocationic organic compound (i.e., a compound having a carbon atom with a positive charge). | 354 | Abstract A fluorinated masked o -benzoquinone has been prepared by oxidation 4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenol in methanol with phenyliodine diacetate. The fluorinated diene reacts in situ in normal Diels–Alder reactions with various dienophiles. The sequence provides new fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of fluorinated compounds. | An Inverse Electron Demand Azo-Diels–Alder Reaction of o-Quinone Methides and Imino Ethers: Synthesis of Benzocondensed 1,3-Oxazines | A facile synthesis of 3-fluoro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde | Fluorochromate-catalyzed periodic acid oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes | Synthesis of Fluorinated Aromatic Compounds by One-Pot Benzyne Generation and Nucleophilic Fluorination | Synthesis of new fluorinated 4H-1,4-benzothiazines as possible anticancer agents | The trifluoromethoxy group as a fluorine twin in the Diels–Alder reactions of halogenated quinones | Catalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene, chlorobenzene, and fluorobenzene using a novel catalyst system, hafnium triflate and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid | Electrochemical fluorination of aminoalkyl ethers |
355 | How to extend the life of a burnt out candle (pics in description) | Why is a burning candle irreversible? | I took it to work to freshen up the space. I have a large Gold Canyon candle on it now. It takes about 5-6 hours before the whole candle is melted. I do like that it's not so hot that the burner will burn you if touched (obviously I wouldn't hold my hand on it, but for accidental touching it's pretty safe). | I searched to see if this had been asked. I may not be using the right words.
Do you think a candle only has a certain shelf life? I’m talking specifically about unused candles. | Every candle Ive made so far doesnt stay like for more than 5 minutes! I have tried changing the wick length an everything, but they just dont stay lit. I'm using soy wax. Its a kit i got from Hobby Lobby, just to test out if I'd like to make them. | Candles burn brightly but often overflow with melted candle wax messy. Lucky to get 3 hours burn time with these. | Candles "burn" nicely and the timer is a nice option. However, one candle came with drained batteries so I had to wait for the complete set to light up until I had replacement batteries. | I bought these candles for my daughters wedding, they burned for the full 5 hours (and a little longer) good price, great buy! | If you are looking for a candle to use one or two hours, then this would be perfect.
This candle is smaller than how you think from the picture.
There are 30 candles but each are small. The each can burn about 10 to 12 hours.
If you use this candle for continuous 5 hours, you will find that the melt candle liquid flows down and messes up your table.
Therefore, I would recommend this table if you are looking for a candle to use many times about for a hour. | 355 | If you like candles as much as I do, then you understand the frustration of the wick burning out when there’s still plenty of wax left in the jar (especially when it’s a candle you love).
With the remainder of the wax, run a knife around the perimeter of the jar, then take the knife through the wax to cut it into wedges. Pop one or two wedges into a wax warmer, and BAM! You get to use the extend the life of your candle!
Instructions with pictures | Does the candle loose mass when its wick burns? | Using glass jar candles to melt for molds | New to candle making? Let me help! | Why does wax evaporate from a candle? | What is the best method to cut into a candle to make the bottom flat? | What do I do while my spell candle burns? | About 40% of the candle remains unmelted and sticks to ... | Candle wax melts and box fans |
356 | Defective Auto Feature | When KH calls CASO, she says “I had called Autotrader **too**” at 3:04 (
Does she say “too” because someone else had also called AT at this point?
If so, who? Another family member? Tom P?
Or, had someone like LE or even KK already called Autotrader before KH "officially" reported TH missing? | Hey guys, I haven't seen a post about this (except for JPBF allowing you to cancel autos) so I decided to post my findings!
&nbsp;
So I normally auto my quests but an unable to beat bosses without switching off auto and sbb-ing and whatnot, so when I saw that I was at a boss I tried switching off auto on the first turn.
I realized, "Hey! I can actually sbb and select units to attack with!"
Which is pretty cool, however it does continue auto-attacking with some units and I could not figure out the logic behind it.
Hope this helps my fellow auto-ers out there!
&nbsp;
**TL;DR can cancel auto mid turn, but some units may still attack.** | Has anyone else encountered a bug where your spinning axe makes your auto do ZERO damage in total? There was a game that I played a while ago and there were multiple times where my auto animation went through but no damage came out. I honestly can’t tell if i’m just a brain damaged Israel player or if this is another one of Draven’s bugs. | Any reason why an auto compound feature is not available in the Banana pool? | Autostability is the watchword of this tandem monoplane. The tandem design causes a natural flat flight pattern. It can also land and take off from very short runways. | Im an mobile plant mechanic apprentice working on a minesite in australia and we have a 777c with an autogrease fault. It is continuesly running ( not cycling correctly) just wondering if any have experience with these systems | Brought two... one perfect the other defective; typical quality control | Autor analyses the impact of the difference between the values of resistance of the standard resistor and the measuring resistor on the error made by an impulse amperemetre. The experiment shows that the error varies with the differences between the values of resistance. Less error will be found when the difference is not great. On the contrary, greater error will occur if the difference is lager. | 356 | I purchased 2 of these monitors for Christmas and the display is great. One of my monitors never allowed me to use the "Auto" function which is pretty annoying but I thought that it might be because I was running dual monitors. Recently I moved to using only one of them and the Auto function still doesn't work. If I could, I would return this defective one for a replacement. But overall, the monitor still works and looks good, just a defective Auto feature. | How I Get the Autofeeder to Work Much Better. | Android Auto not working on Galaxy S8 | Circuit for powering on a monitor automatically | AutoCAD and Dual monitors working just fine using this card | Not getting autocannon drops anymore | too bad it doesnt auto run for a longer time | Android auto keeps disconnecting every second | Having trouble with getting AutoWear and Tasker. Any pointers would be greatly appreciated |
357 | Effect of some service conditions on the electrical resistivity of conductive styrene–butadiene rubber–carbon black composites | The study of the resistivity temperature dependence of silicone rubber-carbon-black force-sensitive sensing composites mixed with different concentrations of carbon fiber was presented,and the conductive mechanism was discussed.The experimental results indicate that the resistivity of composite materials reduce nonlinearly from 330 Ω.cm to 109 Ω.cm,with the increase of carbon fiber.Due to the addition of carbon fiber,the resistivity temperature dependence of composites changes from negative temperature coefficient of resistance(NTC) to positive temperature coefficient of resistance(PTC).The resistivity of composites increases at first,then decreases as temperature increasing due to the increase of carbon fiber loading.On heating and cooling cycles,the hysteresis loop appeares on the resistivity-temperature curve for composites.The width of hysteresis loop increases at first,then decreases as temperature increasing due to the increase of carbon fiber loading. | The effects of the types,contents of carbon blacks and resin on the electrical and mechanical properties of polyethylene/carbon black conductive composites were reviewed.The results showed that the composites exhibited percolation threshold effect and positive temperature coefficient effect. | Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) samples loaded with different concentrations of carbon black -silica blend were investigated with respect to their electrical and mechanical properties. The dielectric properties were described in the frequency range 10 2 to 10 5 Hz as a function of the filler blend concentration. The conductivity has been measured against the filler blend loading, frequency and temperature, to determine the percolation limit. Moreover the change of conductivity during the heating and cooling cycles demonstrates electrical hysteresis. Silane treatment has been carried out for a comparative assessment of its influence on the previous properties and the filler-rubber interaction. The filler dispersion, as revealed by SEM, has been found to be influenced by silane treatment. | A simple model is proposed and a numerical simulation is carried out to calculate the electrical resistivity of a composite of carbon black in an insulating matrix. From load of carbon black and aggregate size and distribution, it is possible to know the resistivity of the compound assuming a random lattice where the resistance between sites (aggregates) varies exponentially with the gap. A computer program was developed and several samples were prepared and measured to obtain the model parameters. Numerical results are compared with experimental data. | The electrical conductivity of silicone rubber vulcanizates containing carbon blacks [e.g., acetylene black, lamp black, and ISAF (N-234) black] were investigated. The change in electrical conductivity with varying amounts of carbon blacks and the temperature dependence was measured. The mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear strength, elongation at break, hardness, etc., of the vulcanizates were determined. A comparative study of the electrical conductivity of the composites revealed that the electrical conductivity of the composites made with acetylene black was higher than that of the composites made of other blacks. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1043–1050, 1998 | Factors influencing the resistivity–temperature behavior of carbon black filled isotactic polypropylene/high density polyethylene composites | Starch/carbon black(CB)/styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR) composites were prepared by emulsion blending with small amount of starch equivalently replacing CB,and the effect of starch amount on fatigue resistance of the composites was investigated.The results showed that the optimum replacing amount of starch was 5-8 phr when styrene-butadiene latex was 100 phr,the total amount of CB and starch was 50 phr.Under this condition,the fatigue resistance of starch/CB/SBR composites was improved evidently.The fatigue resistance of starch/CB/SBR composites had a certain correlation with cutting resistance,trouser tear strength and loss factor. | Low density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix conductive composites containing carbon black (CB) were prepared by mold compression. The friction and wear behaviour and the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) characteristic of the composites were investigated. The effect of friction induced melting on the friction and wear behaviour of the composites was explored. As the results, the electric conductivity of the composite is highly dependent on temperature; the auxiliary electric conductive agents such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ekonol have no effect on the PTC characteristic of the composite. A periodical decrease of the friction coefficient has been observed under a relatively high pv value in sliding of the composite pin against AISI1045 steel disc. This is related to the friction induced melting of the LDPE matrix during the sliding process. | 357 | Factors influencing the resistivity–temperature behavior of carbon black filled isotactic polypropylene/high density polyethylene composites | Composites of polypropylene filled with carbon black (PP/CB composite) at different concentrations were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression molding. The dependence of electrical resistance on the filler mass fraction was experimentally received. It was shown that the received dependence had the threshold character. The composite kept dielectric properties at the filler concentration below the threshold and at the concentration above the threshold the electrical resistance decreased more than on 8-10 orders. The theoretical description of electrical conductivity of the composite was offered. Experimental data of the dependence between electrical resistance and the filler mass fraction agreed with the theoretical. The process of conductivity in the PP/CB composite was simulated by means of the Monte-Carlo method for threshold mass fraction estimation. | Temperature-dependent resistivity and conduction mechanism in carbon particle-filled polymers | Property of Polyethylene/Carbon Black Conductive Composites | Influence of annealing on rheological and conductive behaviors of high-density polyethylene/carbon black composites | Improving thermal endurance properties of polypropylene by nanostructuration | The mechanical, thermal, electrical, reheology, and morphological properties of composites made from linear low-density polyethylene and carbon black (CB) content of 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight were investigated. The optimum mechanical and electrical properties performance was achieved with the adding of 5% carbon black. The drop in properties after adding more CB is due to agglomeration and poor dispersion of carbon particles in the polymer matrix. CB resulted in higher dynamic viscosity and storage modulus at low frequencies, although this phenomenon was reversed at high frequencies. CB resulted in more shear thinning of LLDPE at high shear rates.Polymer composites are an essential category of polymers that has broad applications in a number of various industrial areas and therefore have been comprehensively researched in the last few decades[4][5][6][7]. Inorganic fillers are believed to be extremely critical both technologically and economically, including carbon black which is very valuable in the thermoplastic industry[8]. Further the development of electrical conductivity in low carbon black content [9], the enhancement of mechanical and thermal properties is of particular concern. The high feature percentage in mixture with high particle porosity, high strength, and compatibility with organic materials constituted carbon black a potential candidate as support for polymeric materials. An effective development of the carbon black properties in polymers is consequently associated to their homogeneous dispersion in the matrix. The carbon black | Measurements of resistivity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) have been made using the standard constant voltage method to determine the temperature dependence of resistivity. Where electrons are assumed to serve as the primary charge carriers, their mobility is believed to be dependent on their probability of hopping between trapping sites treated as potential wells. We consider our measurements of this relatively simple polymeric material using temperaturedependant models of conduction mechanisms developed for amorphous solids and semiconductors. | Stiff and Tough Conductive Composites Using Carbon Black-Filled Polyethylene |
358 | Rammus really needs scaling CDR | i started playing lucian recently and I found that I really like to play with high cdr (30 -40) because it allows me to constantly reset my dash (essentially every other proc of my passive)
I looked up lucian guides and also pro players don't like to utilize his fantastic synergy with more cdr. would you guys be able to explain why we don't build more cdr on lucian (aside from essence reaver)? | The title. Just bothers me when my masteries give me +5% and full build I have to waste it to get full CDR. | I have 56% base CDR, and a 16% CDR mod for the turret, but when I equip it on the AT, its cooldown doesn't budge. I know a lot of the other skills have a 10s minimum CD, does the AT just randomly have 103s? Or do CDR mods just not work on it? | People are complaining about thunder clap vs Orc. I think main problem is the duration and CD. Duration is always 5s, I think it should scale maybe 3/4/5s or 30%/40%/50% slow so it isn’t as punishing.
CD shouldn’t be 8s at least so it doesn’t feel like a perma slow.
Maybe buff bolt/bash to compensate.
Warstomp is way too good at level 2/3, I think CD should be 8s at least, maybe even 9s. Right now if TC hits level 3, undead has a very hard time. | Hi, redditors.
After reading the necro's items diversity topic I was inspired to discuss another aspect of the newest class in D3.
Let's talk about **Cool Down Reduction** (CDR):
* Every class has a passive skill, reducing all cooldowns
* Barb gets CDR for Rage skills only (90/120 s CD)
* DH has Dawn for Vengeance (90s CD)
* Most classes get -15-25% CDR for free
* WD has to kill something
* Most classes have other items and passives to reduce some particular skills
* **Necromancer** must loose life to get CDR and must use the skill to get the CDR again
It would be cool to have other options for CDR, especially for great skills like **Land of the Dead** and **Simulacrum**. Currently only **Army of the Dead** has this option (Rathma).
Here is the statistic:
Class | Passive/Item | Percentage | Skill/s
----------|---------------|-----|----------
Barbarian | Boon of Bul-Kathos | 25% | EQ, CotA, WotB (Rage)
Crusader | Fervor | 15% | all
*Demon Hunter* | *Dawn* | *50-65%* | *Vengeance*
Monk | Beacon of Ytar | 20% | all
With Doctor | Grave Injustice | 1% ^1 | al
Wizard | Evocation | 20% | all
Necromancer | Blood is Power | 20% ^2 | all
^1 Per dead enemy
^2 Conditions:
* after cumulatively losing 100% life
* cannot reduce an ability's cooldown more than once for each time that ability is used
-----
**TL;DR**: Discuss how to improve Necro's CDR | Hi DHC community,
Since CDR has been a hot topic the last few days I would like to share some numbers on how CDR affects your damage output.
*Intuitively one would say that 30\% CDR means 30\% increased skill usage, however this is not the case.*
*An easy example would be 50\% CDR. If your skills take only half the time to be usable again, you can use them twice as often! Heroes that rely on their skills to do damage (like snake ladies) will do double(!) the damage with 50\% CDR!*
Below a table that shows the correlation between CDR and increased DMG (presuming that your damage comes from only using skills!)
|CDR&#37;|DMG&#37; Increase|
|:-|:-|
|5 (Maxed out guild provides 5&#37; CDR)|5.26|
|10|11.11|
|15 (Time Keeper lead provides 15&#37; CDR)|17.65|
|20 (Greater Demon lead provides 20&#37; CDR)|25.00|
|25|33.33|
|30 (Adept Set provides 30&#37; CDR)|42.86|
|35|53.85|
|40|66.67|
|45|81.82|
|50|100.00|
|55 (Max CDR&#37; --> GD + Adept + Max Guild)|122.22|
|60|150.00|
If you would like to point me to any correction let me know! What do you think about CDR Scaling?
Cheers! | So, I was just curious - since the MYMU, how much CDR have people been running in their AD and AP matchups on Ahri? Have any of you switched to flat cdr instead of scaling and/or vice versa? Have any of you ditched cdr entirely? Seeing as abyssal and zhonya both give 10% now, was wondering how people have adapted their rune pages. Of course a lot of it is situational, but would be great to get some people's perspectives on the optimal way to go now. | So the 7.2% CDR line... Where does it appy on the skill CD, Take this for example. Would it be 7.2% of 8 seconds? or 7.2% of 6 seconds? Just want to clarify if I should roll the 5th line of lucid gun from .3 crit power to CDR. Thanks for the advice in advance! :D | 358 | After seeing Rammus at OGN it made me remember a point that I wanted to express about Rammus.
Looking at this lol wiki page ( he really really **REALLY** needs some sort of scaling cooldown reduction with his skills because of as right now, they are so static it makes Rammus as a tank very difficult after the initiation phase (assuming rammus initiates).
These are his cooldowns at **ALL** levels:
Powerball: 10 secs
Defensive Ball Curl: 14 sec
Puncturing Taunt: 12 secs
Tremors: 60 sec
Not one skill has a cd scaling at all. You can argue taunt has one since it increases the duration by 0.5 secs. But then 0.5 secs really is minuscule for any kind of cd scaling.
I feel Rammus is really limited because of this. In team fights, if you initiate, after you use your taunt you are rendered so useless for the rest of the fight. You basically use your ult and run around with no real peel or pressure on the enemy team.
I believe if Rammus gets some love on his CDRs and make them actually scale with level, he'll become a better tank who can actually do something after the initiation phase. Powerballing to peel or taunting more frequently can help Rammus, not to mention using defensive ball curl as well in those rough times.
It feels like when Rammus was FOTM ages ago, Riot simply nerfed but haven't really revised to see what makes Rammus so weak right now.
**TL;DR:** Rammus needs scaling CDs to peel for the team fight better and to have better presence after initiation phase. | With this Tank jungler meta back , can we nerf Rammus's taunt | Jungling as Rammus, I feel like I'm a touch on the slow side. | Rammus Powerball shouldn't hit minions | What if Rammus would become an early tank jungler | How to deal with a rammus jungle? | Why play Rammus if Amumu isn't banned? | i am looking duo main rammus jungle | Opinion: Varian's Taunt and Colossus Smash be skillshots |
359 | how many episodes of the elgin hour are there | Minds", "Law & Order", "", "", "Numb3rs", "Blue Bloods", and "The Listener". , the network's format is predominantly devoted to marathon blocks of hour-long drama series, with consecutive episodes of a given series airing between two and 16 hours a day (depending on the day's schedule, with fewer hours in the morning and late fringe). The network broadcasts feature films released between the 1980s and the 2000s under the banner "Ion Television at the Movies," which fill the majority of the network's Sunday afternoon and evening schedule (holiday-themed made-for-TV films are also broadcast under the banner throughout the entertainment programming | For those of you who don't know, a power hour is a drinking game in which a shot of beer is taken every minute over the course of an hour, usually to the switching of a song or video clip. I'm a huge fan of video power hours. Love the ones out there for "The office" "The Simpsons" "Always Sunny" and the many more I've come across. I would love to make one for Bob's Burgers. I'm working my way through the episodes that have aired to find the best clips that are close to 60 seconds long, and this subreddit has already aided me in my search.
What I'm asking of you is, what is one of your favorite parts that are close to a minute? If you could include episode season/episode number that would be wonderful!
Also, this power hour needs that one special word or phrase or audio clip that a character says/sound they make that sums up Bob's burgers, that gets played at the end of each 60 second interval. I would love input on this as well.
**Edit:** Thanks for all your suggestions so far! I'm piecing some of them together between bouts of work. Among a few others I just added-
Gene as Bob scene *"Too many Bob's In the Kitchen"*
Your the One! Turkey scene *"An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal"*
Tina Hits Parked Car *"Tina Rannosaurus Wrecks"*
Working on some of your other suggestions! And of course I plan to make this available to all those who enjoy this show, and beer. | Tomorrow will have 2 episodes, the first one beginning at 9PM ET and the second one airing at 10PM ET. | The Jim Henson Hour and creations of his production company. At the beginning of each episode, Jim Henson would enter an oddly-decorated set (alongside the Thought Lion puppet from his series "The Storyteller") and introduce the evening's show. Beyond that, the series never had a set structure. The room where Henson and the Thought Lion performed their introduction was computer animated. Three of the thirteen installments were hour-long mini-movies: Other shows like "Secrets of the Muppets" went behind the scenes at Henson studios, showing how the Muppets are built and operated. Ordinarily, however, the hour was split into two thirty-minute segments. These shows would | Burning Low "Burning Low" is the sixteenth episode of the fourth season of the American animated television series "Adventure Time". The episode was written and storyboarded by Cole Sanchez and Rebecca Sugar, from a story by Patrick McHale, Kent Osborne, and Pendleton Ward. It originally aired on Cartoon Network on July 30, 2012. The series follows the adventures of Finn (voiced by Jeremy Shada), a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake (voiced by John DiMaggio), a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will. In this episode, Finn and Jake become | I'm watching the series for the umpteenth time now and loved Andy's intro into anger management, recalling that hes determined to do it in 5 weeks. I'm having a hard time finding the scenes online but I just watched season 3, episode 19 where he says "after 5 weeks in anger management training, I'm back!" Go Andy! | Once Upon a Time (TV series) Once Upon a Time is an American fantasy drama television series on ABC which debuted on October 23, 2011, and concluded on May 18, 2018. The first six seasons are largely set in the fictitious seaside town of Storybrooke, Maine, with the characters of Emma Swan and Regina Mills serving as the leads, while the seventh and final season takes place in a Seattle, Washington neighborhood called Hyperion Heights, with a new main narrative led by Mills, and Swan and Mills son, Henry Mills. The show borrows elements and characters from the Disney universe | Woolf?", and "Funny Girl". HDNet Movies tapped Jim Breuer to host a week-long event of films starring former cast members of "Saturday Night Live" in March. The line-up included films starring Breuer, Will Ferrell, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Gilda Radner, Chris Farley, Eddie Murphy, Billy Crystal, Dan Aykroyd, Bill Murray, Kristen Wiig, Amy Poehler, Tina Fey and many more. In May, the network aired a marathon of all seven "Police Academy" films, hosted by franchise star Michael Winslow. HDNet Movies dedicated the entire month of June to celebrating classic films from the 1980s with a "Totally 80's Month." The month-long | 359 | Brodkin, a pioneering producer of early drama series that touched on social issues. The Elgin Hour The Elgin Hour (also known as The Elgin TV Hour) is a 60-minute live American anthology drama that aired from October 5, 1954 to June 14, 1955, on ABC, alternating with "The U.S. Steel Hour". There were a total of 19 episodes that featured actors John Cassavetes, Boris Karloff, Roddy McDowall, Kim Stanley, Teresa Wright, Joanne Woodward, and Robert Preston, among dozens of others. Its directors included the later notable feature directors, Daniel Petrie and Sidney Lumet. One of its writers was Reginald Rose, | when was the elgin historic district established | where did the earl of elgin go in 1858 | what type of immigrants are in the elgin historic district | how long did it take to film the sarah connor chronicles | how many episodes has mark kirkland directed | who is the executive producer of the tv show48 hours | where is the elgin botanical garden located on the south side | when did the morayshire railway buy elgin moray |
360 | Glad they added a couple of locks for thick socks ... | I was expecting something more heavy duty,great if you like a thin sock | Not really what I wanted. More like a "Ped" and I wanted more of a sock fit. | Had to change my review after opening the other socks. Tons of broken threads and small holes. Really disappointed. Here is a picture of one of the pairs so you can see what I mean. | I was expecting a thicker more more cushiony (if that's a word) sock. They are thin and very loose weave especially opening. But I suppose that is why they are "Non-Binding". I will not be ordering more. | Awesome. I bought them big so I could wear very thick socks. Works great! Cute too! | These socks are thick and comfortable enough for my needs. I wear a pair of dress shoes that are just a little bit too loose if wearing typical dress socks. | Sockwell makes two thicknesses of their colorful knee high compression socks. These are the lighter weight and are great for summer. | They do everything I hoped a pair of socks would do. Kept my feet cool and dry. | 360 | These sock locks are thicker and see stronger than the ones I bought in a sock store several years ago and have lasted about three years. Glad
they added a couple of locks for thick socks like woolens to keep together. They hold the socks together so they can be washed and dried
without any interference. When done, no hunting for the other sock or trying to match up pairs. | My son loved these! They hold up better then any socks ... | They are much thicker then your standard "Happy sock " ... | Good socks are holding up well. They do shrink a bit over time. | I wore in a snow storm without getting a chance to break them in and I was VERY comfortable all day in a pair of thick sock | Great product. They're thicker than your average sock | These are great socks. If they don't last a long time | Mens socks are durable. Hope they last longer than ... | These socks are thin and easy to put on |
361 | Antimicrobial activity of sweet basil and thyme against salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in egg-based pasta | The inhibitory effect of the extract of Capsicum annuum bell pepper type was evaluated against Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inoculated in minced beef meat mixed with different concentrations of the extract, and stored at 7 degrees C for 7 days. The combined effect of C. annuum extract and sodium chloride on the bacterial growth was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract to prevent the growth of S. typhimurium in minced beef was 1.5 ml/100 g of meat; the addition of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% w/w of sodium chloride did not have any additional inhibitory effect on Salmonella. In the case of P. aeruginosa, a concentration of 0.3 ml of the extract/100 g of meat showed a bacteriostatic effect, while a concentration of 3 ml/100 g of meat showed a bactericidal effect. When 1% w/w of sodium chloride was added to the meat together with the extract, the concentration needed to kill P. aeruginosa was reduced. | Elimination of early Salmonella enteritidis infection after treatment with competitive-exclusion culture and enrofloxacin in experimentally infected chicks | Isolates of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis PT4 with enhanced heat and acid tolerance are more virulent in mice and more invasive in chickens | Comparison of 7 culture methods for Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolation in poultry feces | Spices and herbs as source of Salmonella-related foodborne diseases | Evaluation of effects of EarlyBird associated with FloraMax-B11 on Salmonella Enteritidis, intestinal morphology, and performance of broiler chickens | A large outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul associated with raw jalapeno peppers, serrano peppers, and possibly tomatoes was reported in the United States in 2008. During the outbreak, two clusters of illness investigated among restaurant patrons were significantly associated with eating salsa. Experiments were performed to determine the survival and growth characteristics of Salmonella in salsa and related major ingredients, i.e., tomatoes, jalapeno peppers, and cilantro. Intact and chopped vegetables and different formulations of salsas were inoculated with a five-strain mixture of Salmonella and then stored at 4, 12, and 21°C for up to 7 days. Salmonella populations were monitored during storage. Salmonella did not grow, but survived on intact tomatoes and jalapeno peppers, whereas significant growth at 12 and 21°C was observed on intact cilantro. In general, growth of Salmonella occurred in all chopped vegetables when stored at 12 and 21°C, with chopped jalapeno peppers being the most supportive of Salmo... | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium BaeSR two-component system positively regulates sodA in response to ciprofloxacin | 361 | Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is known as one of the most common pathogenic bacteria causing sal- monellosis in humans. Raw materials of animal origin (eggs, chicken meat) are frequent vectors that transmit this bacte- rium. Since eggs are used for the production of pasta, due to insufficient thermal treatment during pasta drying, they can be a potential risk to consumer health. Different essential oils of herbs can be used to reduce present pathogenic microor - ganisms. This paper compares a decrease in the number of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (D) ATCC 13076 and Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis isolated from outbreaks of salmonellosis in egg-based pasta under the influence of thyme and sweet basil essential oils. The results indicate that the utilized oils were more effective against the epidemic strain than the ATCC strain. In addition, thyme oil caused a more significant inhibition of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis during the production process. | Salmonella in the Laying Hen: 3. A Comparison of Various Enrichment Broths and Plating Media for the Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry Feces and Poultry Food Products | Potential Zoonotic Pathways of Salmonella Enteritidis in Laying Farms | Salmonella in Commercially Produced Dried Dog Food: Possible Relationship to a Human Infection Caused by Salmonella enteritidis Serotype Havana | Comparative Study on Antibiotic Resistance and DNA Profiles of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated from Humans, Retail Foods, and the Environment in Shanghai, China | Identifying infected laying flocks is a critical component in efforts to prevent eggborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to humans. In the present study, egg yolk samples from experimentally infected chickens were tested for specific antibodies with a very rapid fluorescence polarization assay using tracers prepared from the O-polysaccharides of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium and a conventional ELISA using an S. enteritidis flagellin antigen. In two trials, groups of specific-pathogen-free laying hens were infected orally with 106 or 10(8) cfu of S. enteritidis (phage type 13a) or with 10(8) cfu of S. typhimurium. Eggs were collected during five weekly postinoculation intervals. Both fluorescence polarization and ELISA detected the majority of hens infected with S. enteritidis at either dose level, although they also frequently cross-reacted with samples from hens infected with S. typhimurium. Fluorescence polarization with an S. typhimurium tracer was likewise able to consistently detect S. typhimurium infection but also tended to cross-react with samples from hens infected with S. enteritidis. Fluorescence polarization appears to offer a simple and rapid alternative to conventional serological methodology, although concerns about specificity may limit the usefulness of antibody testing data. | Effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in broilers | Background: This study aimed to survey the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella enterica recovered from broiler chickens and retail shops at El-Sharkia Province in Egypt. Salmonella virulence factors were determined using the polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the invA, csgD, hilC, bcfC, stn, avrA, mgtC, ompF, sopE1 and pefA genes.Results: One hundred tweenty out of 420-samples from broiler chickens' cloacal swabs, farm environmental samples, and freshly dressed whole chicken carcasses were positive Salmonella species. The isolates were serotyped as S. Enteritidis as the most dominant serotypes. Interestingly, none of the isolates were resistant to imipenem. The multidrug resistance was determined in 76.7% of the isolates with multidrug antibiotic resistance index of 0.2-0.6. Eight virulence genes (invA, csgD, hilC, stn, bcfC, mgtC, avrA, and ompf) were characterized among 120 S. enterica isolates with variable frequencies, while sopE1and pefA genes that were completely absent in all isolates. Based on the combination of presence and absence of virulence genes, the most common genetic profile (P7, 30%) was invA and csgD genes.Conclusion: S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium were the most common identified serotypes in the examined sources. Circulation of such strains in broiler farms required introducing special biosecurity and biocontrol measures for control of Salmonella. Such measures might limit the adverse effects of antibiotics and ensure the safety of the environment and animal-derived food. | BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND PREVALENCE OF Salmonella IN CHICKEN PRODUCT, FRUITS AND VEGETABLES |
362 | how many apartments are in st. catharines | North End St. Catharines Catharines residents. It is primarily suburban in nature, although development ranges from high-density social housing projects to large upscale homes on the lakeshore. It was the location of explosive growth during the 1950s and 60s, which saw St. Catharines double in size in less than a 20-year period. These residents as well as visitors contribute to the use of 2 substantial marinas, 2 harbours and several launching ramps across the south shore of Lake Ontario. Water enthusiasts are plentiful in The North End. Personal watercraft frequent driveways and can often be heard at night along the Lakeshore. North End St. | which ran north to south, was by . The wing, which projected west in line with the west gable, was by . There were three vaulted cellars on the ground floor. Catcune Castle Catcune Castle was a castle around south of Gorebridge, north of the Gore Water, in Midlothian, Scotland. This was originally a property of the Borthwick family; it passed to the Sinclairs, who probably built the castle. The lands of Catcune are mentioned in 1527 and 1652. By 1908 the castle is reported to have been very ruinous; by 1954 reduced to the rock outcrop it was built | which ran north to south, was by . The wing, which projected west in line with the west gable, was by . There were three vaulted cellars on the ground floor. Catcune Castle Catcune Castle was a castle around south of Gorebridge, north of the Gore Water, in Midlothian, Scotland. This was originally a property of the Borthwick family; it passed to the Sinclairs, who probably built the castle. The lands of Catcune are mentioned in 1527 and 1652. By 1908 the castle is reported to have been very ruinous; by 1954 reduced to the rock outcrop it was built | the north of the bay at 1 mile distance, is the sea loch, Loch Ranza. The closest bay south of Catacol bay is Machrie Bay 11.5 miles directly south of Catacol. The Norse name for the tiny village of Catacol itself is "The gully of the cat" . The village of Catacol has a row of low white terraced cottages called the 'Twelve Apostles'. They were built to house those people cleared from the surrounding countryside, when much of the interior of the island was set aside for deer. The theory was these former farmers would turn to fishing, and | build settlements and keeps, while contributing to the defense of the Wall. The game was released in 2017 in English, German, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Russian, Czech/Slovak, Japanese, Hebrew and French. Mayfair released a series of mini-stuffed animals based on the different resources presented in the game. In February 2015, "Variety" announced that producer Gail Katz had purchased the film and TV rights to "The Settlers of Catan". Katz said, "The island of Catan is a vivid, visual, exciting and timeless world with classic themes and moral challenges that resonate today. There is a tremendous opportunity to take what people love | We are hoping to get a cat to live with us in our apartment. We will make sure they have plenty of vertical space to climb and lots of enrichment and won’t be home alone too much due to us both being on shift work.
What breeds are best suited to being indoor cats in an apartment environment? | How much can you get a shelter cat for? | I live in a big family (7 people in total) in a small condo. Is that just not the place to bring a cat in? I was thinking about adopting one, but I always figured that cats always needed space and quiet, and yet I read from some animal organization that some cats could actually like noise and human interaction.
Anybody has any experience with this? Or any kind of personal knowledge? Need some advice | 362 | than in 1998. St. Catharines also has a chronic shortage of social housing, causing hardship for low-income families. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation reported that construction began on 1,110 homes in 2011, up slightly from the 1,086 units started in 2010. Starts were lower for all housing types, except apartments. Apartment starts increased to 174 units from 41 units in 2010. All apartments started were rental. Single-detached starts decreased to 655 units in 2011 from the 714 homes started in 2010. The increase in apartment construction was attributed to baby boomers downsizing. According to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation's | what percentage of public housing in canada was provided by loaning institutions | Housing starts fall for the third straight month | Toronto housing prices hit new record with detached homes averaging $1.2 million | Is it just me, or are housing getting obscenely big? | Looking for a Long-Term Housing Situation in St. John | when did the conversion of older houses into flats start | what is the average home value in nutana saskatoon | Low Income Housing Programs |
363 | How feasible is it to repair damaged Play Arts joints? | I was transforming my RTS Lugnut, which I've had for just over a year, when the screw in the knee popped out and stripped its socket. Would it be possible to use super glue or 2-part epoxy to repair the break? What do you folks recommend? Link to the image below:
| The second day of use the plastic stick broke the plastic fabric. The idea was good, but the goal should be reinforced in the joins. | I've already changed the way I play so that I don't fuck up the wood any more but I want to repair the damage I've already done. The finish around the sound hole is partially gone, what should I do?
(I have a Taylor Model 110 btw.) | I have a horizontal industrial and its like 99.9% healed but is still trouble from time to time (12 months later). Always wanted a vertical industrial but heard that they can be even harder to heal, whoof.
Anyways, maybe one day. For now, share your experiences, photos, examples, any unorthodox industrials like diagonals, verticals, I want to see them all! | Hello Everyone! I would really like some advice and help with this issue...I've never had a part break on my cello or had to take it to a luthier. A poor-form down bow (I wasn't paying the best attention) got hooked on the edge of the front of my cello and cracked it, and now it seems to be hanging off. It can stay in place on its own, but any pressure applied to the wood makes it loose again. The sound doesn't seem to be affected either. I have a few pictures here...
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I was just wondering what the best course of action would be. How much would this repair cost in estimation? My cello is an intermediately priced cello. I am still trying to look for luthiers around my area as of yet. Thank you!
&#x200B; | I read the minecraft wiki but it seems very complicated.
First time i enchanted a level 30 diamond pickaxe i got unbreaking 4 fortune 3 and efficiency 4.
First off, can i repair it effieciently? i spent 30 levels to repair it like 1/5.
Also, the next 2 level 30 enchantment dia pick axes i did got unbreakling 3 and thats all, which is shit. Is it always so different in how worthwhile it is?
Any other tips or important things about anvil/enchantment table i should know/ | I bought this to repair the arm rest and console area of a bonded leather theatre style loveseat. It was EXACTLY what I was looking for! It helped adhere the leather that was falling off back onto the couch and covered some of the other areas that had already peeled off. I used a sponge type brush and my fingertip to bland and texturize the product . It is easy to work with and cleans up easy too! I did not expect perfection but the estimates I had received to repair it were around $500 so I would say for $20 it's a pretty darn good alternative!! I am pleased with this product- it did the job! | The material can stretch up to 50 times its size and automatically repair itself back together within 24 hours. The superior features of this self-healing polymer are based ion-dipole interaction which gives the material an ability to repair itself after breaking or getting scratches. | 363 | My Tali'Zorah figure fell and her leg broke off today, and I wanna know if there's a more elegant solution than just forsaking articulation and super-gluing the leg back into its socket.
Googling around didn't provide very many solid answers, so I wasn't sure where else to turn, and I wasn't sure if these kinds of posts are allowed either, but any help you guys can provide would be very much appreciated. | Leg snapped off after Using 5 times | A SIMPLE, INEXPENSIVE AND EFFICIENT EXTENSION APPARATUS FOR TREATING FRACTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA | Limb Fractures and their treatments | When total ankle arthroplasty fails, few good options are available for salvage. We report a case of total ankle arthroplasty displacement after trauma. The injury was initially repaired with an anterior ankle arthrodesis plate for ankle fusion. On the follow-up radiographs taken during the fourth postoperative week, internal fixation failure was noted. A second revision was undertaken, using a femoral locking plate to obtain tibiotalocalcaneal fusion. We present this case as an alternative method for developing a stable construct in revising total ankle take down. | In this paper, the authors draw attention to biomechanics connected with the possibilities of treatment of complicated bone fractures. They present information about their own design, laboratory tests and numerical solutions (i.e. strength analyses and reliability assessments) of the various types of external fixators applied in traumatology and orthopaedics (i.e. intended for fractures of limbs and pelvis and its acetabulum). The new design of external fixators is based on the development of Ilizarov and other techniques and satisfies new demands of science. | Talus fracture is a rare injury in a paediatric patient. Among talus fractures, the fracture of neck of talus is more common than fracture of body of talus. This can occur because of axial loading of the talus in a dorsiflexed foot against the anterior tibia. Children's bones are skeletally immature and hence less brittle. They have higher elastic resistance than adult bone and are less likely to fracture. However talus fractures can still occur in paediatric patients when there is history of high-energy trauma. It needs surgery and can be associated with complications like avascular necrosis, delayed union, neuropraxia and may need a revision surgery. Here we present an unusual case of a talar neck fracture in a young boy, which was a closed fracture without distal neurovascular deficit. Closed reduction and internal fixation was done with K wire and post op X-rays and follow up X-rays showed complete union. Patient has normal joint mobility and strength after a period of 1 year follow up. | The clinical assessment of minor facial incision in the treatment of zygomatic complex fractures | Background: Talus fractures are extremely uncommon, accounting for approximately 1 % of foot and ankle fractures. The talar neck fracture has a high probability of damaging the anastomotic ring, which would interrupt blood circulation to talar body and cause serious issues with fracture healing and integrity. Due to insufficient radiological and clinical examination, approximately 39 % of midfoot and ankle fractures could be undiagnosed after initial evaluation. Talus fractures account for about half of these missed fractures. Anatomic reduction and advanced fixation methods can be performed in the management of neglected talus neck fracture for the purpose of improving functional outcome. Case report: A 30-year-old male patient presented with swelling and pain on the right foot while walking for three months. He had previously fallen about two meters from stairs three months back. Instead of going to the hospital, he received conventional massage therapy. Three months later, he came to us complaining of chronic, dull aching, swelling, and continuous pain when walking and standing. After radiology evaluation, the patient was diagnosed with neglected nonunion type III Hawkins fracture of the neck talus and managed by double incision approach, Iliac crest cancellous bone graft, open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with cannulated screw. He was able to return to full weight bearing and his previous activity without experiencing any pain after 14 months. Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with Iliac crest cancellous bone graft is a reliable methods for neglected non-union type III Hawkins fracture of neck talus with great functional outcomes after 14 months of follow up. |
364 | Nashville TN TIme Zone? | Montreal is in wich time zone? | Halfway point between nashvillev tn and austin tx? | What are the time zones in washington DC? | What is the time zone in austin texas? | What is driving time distance from charleston sc to nashville tn? | What time is 630 et in arizona? | What time zone is Quebec and most of Ontario in? | What is montreal's time zone? | 364 | 'What time zone is Nashville TN'? | Nashville, Kansas | THE guide to Nashville | where do the nashville sounds play this year | Nashville, why are you so weird? | when did the nashville network start | Best courses around Nashville, TN? | I lived in Nashville for just 9 months when I was in 1st grade. I’m trying to figure out from memory where I lived and went to school. Help? | where was nashville west recorded |
365 | A question about my non-verbal niece. | My daughter will be 2 in October, and I'm worried about her lack of vocabulary. The words she can say are: dada, yeah, woah, go, dog (kind of), and mama (rarely). I recently read that a child of 18 months *should* have a vocabulary of about 15 words, and now I'm terrified that she has alalia, and what that means for the future. She communicates with body language mostly, or by bringing us whatever she wants, but otherwise she just makes sounds. Don't get me wrong, she "talks" a lot, but even when she says words they're usually pretty random and not really contextually appropriate. Should I call her doctor for an appointment sooner than the standard 2 year check up? Should I be worried at all? I'm a FTM and really at a loss about this whole situation | I found this book very helpful. It was written wonderfully and made me understand the condition. I now can have a real conversation with my daughter and not a yelling match. This book explained her to me | We recently took our daughter in to her 18 month check-up. At it, we had to fill out a development questionnaire. Many of the questions were similar to "Does your child use simple words such as 'momma' or 'dada'?" At least half the questions required some form of vocal communication. Our daughter hasn't yet said any words, or at least any that directly related to something (she makes plenty of noises, just not "words"), which means all of the answers were"no". The doctor seemed pretty distressed about this, and referred us to the development clinic at the local children's hospital.
She otherwise seems pretty normal, and to be honest, very few of the children in her age range at her daycare talk, either. I'm really not very worried about her and I'm all for getting a second opinion, but I'm curious what your experience has been. At what age did your kid start talking, or at least saying words that we're consistently associated with a specific objective? | Understanding utterances about absent entities is a pivotal developmental skill that expands communication beyond the here and now. The present study investigated whether mothers differentiated absent and present reference in their verbal and nonverbal behavior during a semi-structured free-play session with their 11-month-old infants. Infants' nonverbal behaviors were examined to investigate whether they demonstrated signs of differentiating between talk about present and absent things. The findings revealed that mothers relied on verbal cues to differentiate between absent versus present reference, and that infants showed some evidence of differentiating between such references. This research suggests that the emergence of absent reference may be supported by variations in mothers' speech. | Revision behaviors in the speech of normal children were investigated. The subjects were 18 children, six at Brown’s Language Stages I, II, and III. During the collection of a one-hour spontaneous ... | Nonverbal communication plays an important role in parent–child interactions; however, previous studies have focused on patterns of verbal parental communication. The current study expands the exis... | Madilyn Hunt has a genetic disorder so rare, that at the time she was born in 2002, there wasn't even a name for it.
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Link Kathy Hunt and daughter Madilyn, who has the rare Koolen-de Vries syndrome. Photo: Jeremy Bannister
Her mother, Kathy, just had a feeling that something was not right with her second-born daughter.
As Madilyn got older, other people started noticing it too.
When she was admitted to hospital at 14 months, the nurses were very concerned that she was not making enough sounds.
By the time she was four or five, she could still only string a few words together. To communicate, she used a simple sign language called Makaton.
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Kathy said while she noticed that her daughter was able to recognise letter and words, she struggled to verbally communicate what she felt.
"She went to kinder knowing all her colours and taught the other children their colours and how to sign their colours," she said.
It was not until Madilyn was about to start school in 2006 that researchers finally discovered the source of the problem, a deleted segment of chromosome 17.
They called it Koolen-de Vries syndrome.
Parents finally had the diagnosis, but questions remained about whether children affected could ever learn to talk and what their long-term prognosis was.
Now breakthrough Australian research published in The European Journal of Human Genetics indicates that some children with Koolen-de Vries, despite not saying their first word until age seven, should eventually learn to speak intelligibly.
The study looked at 29 people with Koolen-de Vries across the globe, including Australia. About one in 16,000 people worldwide are estimated to be affected by Koolen-de Vries, including approximately 300 Australian children.
The study found that while most of these children did not say their first words until around two or three, or even later, "remarkably" most will be able to speak by eight to 11 years – even if their words are a bit slurred, slow or imprecise.
"It is a really lovely, good news message," said the paper's co-author, Angela Morgan, a professor of speech pathology at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute.
"Later in primary school it does mean that the children will be able to develop speech. It's not perfectly clear but you can have a conversation with them and they are quite understandable.
"The parents are there waiting, desperately hoping that their kid is going to speak. Until this paper came out they didn't have any idea of the future prognosis."
While the disorder is marked by developmental delay and mild to moderate intellectual disability, the children are typically described as cheerful, sociable and cooperative.
"As a result they keep practising speech even though it is really challenging for them to overcome the severe oral weakness in life that prohibits early speech development," Professor Morgan said.
"They also tend to find powerful methods of communicating beyond spoken language ,such as using electronic devices."
The study highlighted the need for children with Koolen-de Vries to be enrolled in speech therapy early in life.
Madilyn is now 15 and attends the Ballarat Specialist School. She loves sports, colouring, singing the songs out of Mamma Mia! and slapstick comedy such as Mr Bean and Lano and Woodley.
The Hunt family spent many years anxiously waiting for her to speak.
"We so desperately wanted her to speak," Kathy said. "And now we have trouble getting her to not speak." | My kids started day care about two weeks ago. I noticed my 3.5 yo has kind of regressed in her speech. She's still talking in complete sentences and all but her words are just on more of a, idk how to put it, lower level? And she talks with this higher pitched baby ish voice sometimes now. She had this advanced vocabulary and made great descriptive sentences and now it's just...not as good. Is this normal? | 365 | Hey everyone, I have a niece that turns 4 tomorrow. She doesn't talk at all... I've heard her say ... Maybe 4 words. For a little she could struggle to say "sit" when giving the dogs a treat. She said "two shoes" the other day. And a couple weeks ago she quietly said "abc song?" . The weird thing is... When she's asleep, she's said perfectly clear full sentences. "Can you pass the tablet please?" "Who are you" and "go away". On multiple cases over the last year. Has anyone else encountered this ? Some family has suggested it's a sign of autism, and some have suggested it's anxiety based. Does anyone have any helpful info? Thanks. | 4 year old anxiety over daycare | I'm Terrified That My 8 Month Old Will Have Autism | 2 year old daughter keeps trying to stand up to pee. Any advice on how to fix this kind of behavior? | Anyone else has a 2 year old that has shows signs of a stutter? | How to deal with a chatty 4 yr old | My 16 month old is exhibiting some odd behavior. | Why does my 5 year old talk so loud? | Understand your child's speech disorder |
366 | what is the difference between applied computer science and computer science? | What's the difference between Computer Engineering and Computer Science degree? | Hey Guys
I want to know whats the difference between Computer Science and Computer Engineering and what type of jobs will be available for each of the two, Which is better and more suitable right now and why. Also which is more in demand from US Universities. | I'm entering grade 12 in the upcoming year and I'm planning on going into programming. And I noticed that a university that I want to attend, offers Software Engineering and Computer Science. I was wondering what exactly is the difference between the two.
EDIT:
This is the university and their program that I'm talking about. | Hi there! I’m a high school senior and was looking into majors I’d want to do. I know for a fact I want to deal with computers, but what’s the key difference between Computer Science and Computer Engineering? Do you still learn topics such as programming in Computer Engineering? Any replies would be greatly appreciated! | Throughout my entire life, I've always been very interested in computers and computer programming. It is now time for me to apply to college, and I'm finding that information about the differences in these two degrees is vague, or sometimes even biased. There are other threads about this topic, but I am looking for information based off of a very specific career path. (video game programming) I would be very grateful for any information. | I’ve heard that a maths degree can be stronger than a computer science degree for software engineers, and my thoughts are that with computer science eventually becoming an oversaturated field, surely a maths degree will show more use.
Next year I need to make a decision on what degree to do , and am currently decided between maths, computer science, or a joint degree - maths and computer science
I enjoy both subjects so mostly just want to know which is advantageous to be employed.
Thanks | ECE student here,
I have always been passionate about computers and I noticed that the computer engineering program has an option for a software engineering major. With that in mind, what are the differences between software engineering and computer science? Clearly the degree is different but I'm wondering if there's any career differences or is it even worth having a software engineering major if the computer science program is very similar? | I've taken CS classes and I'm a math/stats major so I've taken those classes also. Yes, sometimes we need to program a little to solve problems but no way are they similar. CS is totally different then math, personally I find it way more frustrating. So, why do people say Math and Comp Sci are similar? | 366 | Traditionally, a computer science curriculum digs deeper into specialty areas such as compilers, graphics, artificial intelligence, and natural language processing (NLP). ... The applied program emphasizes using computer science theories and skills in a work setting to drive business decisions and operations. | when was the last time applied computer science was published | "Computer Application Basis"is a compulsory basic course in higher vocational and technical colleges, which is to break through the traditional teaching mode that is no longer accord with the development of specialties. The teaching of the course should focus on provide students with the basic knowledge closely relating to their respective professional development. | Applying machine learning to programs | what type of computer was used in the international collegiate programming contest | what type of systems are used by an application analyst | What are the scope of computer engineering? | Limitations in power and speed, coupled with the unprecedented levels of integrations in today's semiconductor industry have resulted in massive hardware parallelism in modern computer chips leading to multicore/manycore general purpose processors and graphical processing units (GPUs) with hundreds of simple cores. As a result, all computing is becoming parallel (high performance) computing. On the other hand, future work force (our students) are not well prepared for this new era in processing technology, where parallel programming will be necessary and parallel processing will be the norm rather than just a niche area. In addition, our students are often prepared in an abstract manner with little or no connection to real life applications. This paper seeks to revolutionize our computer science curricula through a comprehensive reengineering of core computer science subjects in order to address the aforementioned pressing issues. | Computing Technology vs Computer Science? |
367 | How difficult would it be to find a Walter White/Gale Boetticher? Does it really take some kind of genius to cook high grade crystal meth with state-of-the-art equipment, or could most people with a BS in Chemistry do it? | Who invented crystal-meth? | Andrew Rutherford (born in 195?) is an American lutenist and luthier living and working in Albany and New York City. He is considered to be one of the most important contemporary makers of Renaissance and Baroque lutes, archlutes and theorbos.
His instruments are played by many notable lutenists, in particular by Robert Barto, Patrick O'Brien and Paul O'Dette.
References
1950s births
Living people
Lute makers
American lutenists
Musicians from New York City | I know there are (questionable) medical applications for amphetamines, but crystal meth seems like such an odd concoction of chemicals. I was wondering if anyone knew some history on it and how it started being made in makeshift labs in a trailer park. | "The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded on Wednesday to two researchers in the United States and one in Britain. Half of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize was designated for Frances Arnold of Caltech in Pasadena for work that has led to the development of new biofuels and pharmaceuticals.
"The other half of the prize will be shared by ***George Smith of the University of Missouri*** and Gregory Winter of the MRC Laboratory in Cambridge. They were honored for "phage display of peptides and antibodies.""
| Surgical Meth Machine is an industrial metal album by Al Jourgensen's project of the same name. It was released on April 15, 2016. The album was conceived by Jourgensen and engineer Sam D'Ambruoso as a tribute to the late guitarist Mike Scaccia, who Jourgensen called "probably the best shredder guitar player who walked this planet" – to this end, the project was planned to resemble the song "Side FX Include Mikey's Middle Finger (TV 4)" from From Beer to Eternity, with all songs clocking over at least 220 beats per minute. The project changed direction, however, when Jourgensen moved from Texas to California and got a medical marijuana card; according to Jourgensen, after this, "the record seemed to slow down considerably."
Track listing
All songs written by Surgical Meth Machine except track 8 by Deborah Smith, Gerald V. Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh and Susan Schmidt.
Personnel
Al Jourgensen – lead vocals, guitars, bass
Sammy D'Ambruoso – rhythm guitar, programming, engineer, vocals
Betty X, Jello Biafra and Sabina Koenig – additional vocals
Steve Davis – management
Dave Donnelly – mastering
Eric Lothrop – photography
Ben Garcia – artwork
References
2016 albums
Albums produced by Al Jourgensen
Nuclear Blast albums | Thank you very much for reading absinthe the cocaine of the nineteenth century a history of the hallucinogenic drug and its effect on artists and writers in europe and the united states. As you may know, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this absinthe the cocaine of the nineteenth century a history of the hallucinogenic drug and its effect on artists and writers in europe and the united states, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious virus inside their computer. | Want to start smoking meth instead of injecting because of the fact that if i'm caught by someone i won't cop a lot of bs because of using needles but it seems really challenging, is it quick to learn and is it as easy to fuck up as they say? | Have few friends that are users and want to make cash that way inside jail I need to know how to help by soaking meth inside paper or "bottlers" as they call lsd you can do that with heroin but how do you with meth ? Can some one help ?? | 367 | Meth is quite easy to make if you have the chemicals, if you can follow a cooking recipe you can make meth. Having the knowledge to be able to use an industrial sized setup is another ballgame however and you'd want some sort of a chemistry background to use it all properly. The point of Walt's meth is that he gets it to an extremely high level of purity, which would require the diligent and precise work of an expert. So I don't know about genius, but certainly someone with a solid background in chemistry to make extremely good product on a large scale. Look into the synthesis of LSD, that requires some serious technical knowledge of organic chemistry and is very tricky to manufacture. | Walter tried his own meth? | First time buy, most efficient way to use meth? | research chemicals similar to meth ? | How is meth used? | who is the meth dealer in the combination | i have to smoke weed to get meth to work | Method for production of (meth)acrylic acid | Lab meth DW. How can you tackle it? |
368 | Abstract Objectives Eructation (belching) is a common symptom seen in clinical practice. Because either belching or heartburn may result from transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, it has been proposed that belching may be a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In this retrospective study we evaluated the prevalence of belching in dyspepsia and GERD and the relation of belching to acid reflux events documented by pH monitoring. Methods We examined the prevalence, frequency, and severity of belching and other GERD symptoms by use of standardized questionnaires in 180 GERD patients (group A) and 78 dyspeptic controls (group B) referred for evaluation at our institution. GERD was defined as either endoscopic esophagitis (or Barrett's esophagus) or positive DeMeester score (>14.2) on pH monitoring or both. Dyspeptic patients had normal endoscopy and pH studies. We also analyzed the relationship of belching to acid reflux events during the 24-h period of pH studies. Results Of 180 GERD patients, 132 (70%) reported belching during pH monitoring, versus 63 of 78 dyspeptic patients (80%) (p = ns). Similarly, 163 of 180 GERD patients (90%) reported heartburn versus 64 of 78 of dyspeptic patients (82%) (p = ns). Review of symptom questionnaires revealed no significant difference in belching severity between groups. However, heartburn and acid regurgitation were significantly more severe among GERD patients. There was a significantly higher correlation of both heartburn and belching with acid events in patients with GERD compared with patients with dyspepsia. In addition, although both belching and heartburn were significantly improved in patients with GERD, belching scores remained unchanged after proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in patients with dyspepsia. Conclusions Belching is as common and as severe in patients with dyspepsia as it is in patients with GERD. Belching and heartburn in GERD patients are more likely correlated with episodes of pathological acid reflux. Because belching cannot be clinically used as a discriminatory symptom, ambulatory pH monitoring should be considered to elucidate the relationship of belching to acid reflux in patients with dyspepsia or GERD. | Objective:To investigate the causes of misdiagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD),and to propose the preventive measures.Methods:Data on 69 cases of misdiagnosed GERD was retrospectively analyzed.Results:The principal clinical manifestations for 69 patients diagnosed with GERD include chest pain,pharyngeal discomfort,cough and asthma.After gastroscopy and 24 h pH monitoring of esophagus,a diagnosis of GERD can be made.And antisecretory drugs and gastric prokinetic drug were given.69 patients after treatment efficiency of 89.86%.Conclusion:Of some GERD,extraesophageal reflux disease are the primary manifestations and they are prone to being misdiagnosed other diseases.Thus,a differential diagnosis including gastroesophageal reflux must be made carefully,and gastroscopy or 24 h pH monitoring of esophagus other examinations looking for the evidences of GERD and a diagnostic treatment applying proton pump inhibitor are helpful. |
Introduction
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is an expensive entity. 1,2 Patients with reflux symptoms are often referred for complementary investigation with diverse diagnostic techniques. 3 Among them, ambulatory reflux testing with standard pH monitoring is often requested, particularly for patients with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) off acid suppressive medications. 4 Such technique allows calculation of esophageal acid exposure as well as analyses of the association between acid reflux and symptoms. 5 However, esophageal pH monitoring may present limitations in terms of diagnostic accuracy, with false negative and false positive results. 6,7 The process of esophageal clearance is carried out by 2 mechanisms: esophageal peristalsis and saliva swallowing. 8 Under physiological conditions, once the luminal esophageal pH is decreased either by acid reflux or acidic bolus swallowing, such as orange juice, the volume present in the lumen is quickly propelled into the stomach by the esophageal peristalsis, and then the esophagus pH is restored after a number of saliva swallowing. In pathological conditions, processes that compromise either saliva production or esophageal peristalsis may prolong the contact of the esophageal mucosa with acidified material. 9,10 Such phenomena are often observed in patients with erosive reflux disease (ERD) or Barrett's metaplasia. 11 This also could be the case in true NERD patients, in whom pathological reflux could deteriorate esophageal motility. 12 In contrast, patients with reflux hypersensitivity and functional heartburn have their symptoms explained by visceral hypersensitivity and hypervigilance in the context of normal or borderline esophageal function. 13 Theoretically, the ingestion of an acidified solution along with esophageal pH monitoring could provide an idea about esophageal clearance function. Evaluation of esophageal function after luminal acidification could include pH drop magnitude, length of pH recovery and area under the curve of pH drop and recovery. We hypothesized that a test with orange juice during esophageal pH monitoring might be helpful to estimate esophageal clearance and improve reflux testing accuracy in recognize different categories of GERD, such as true NERD. Hence, the aims of our study are: (1) to develop a 'juice test' combined with esophageal pH monitoring;
(2) to evaluate its ability in predicting esophageal acid clearance and exposure; and (3) to establish juice test performance in identifying true NERD among heartburn patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
In this retrospective study, patients referred for esophageal pH monitoring between June 2011 and June 2012 were invited to participate. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age > 18 years; (2) heartburn as the main complaint, combined or not with regurgitation and atypical symptoms; (3) reflux testing off acid suppressive medications; and (4) agreement to participate. Patients were excluded if they have achalasia, history of gastroesophageal surgery, any technical problem in the juice test or pH monitoring, absence of heartburn or lack of endoscopy examination. Patients replied to a validated GERD symptom's questionnaire and performed a juice test in the beginning of the pH monitoring. Data regarding endoscopy off acid suppressive medications performed in our institution in the last 6 months were registered.
A group of 15 healthy subjects underwent esophageal pH monitoring with juice test. These subjects denied typical GERD symptoms and presented normal acid exposure at pH monitoring. Data from this group served to calculate reference values of the juice test.
The study was conducted according to principles of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (number 058/2012).
Clinical Assessment and Upper Endoscopy
Patients replied to a GERD symptom's questionnaire (GERD-SQ) validated to the native language, 14 followed by measurement of weight, height, and body mass index. Additional information including typical GERD symptoms, use of acid-suppressive medications and endoscopic data were recorded in a standardized chart. Based on GERD-SQ, heartburn and regurgitation were rated between 0 (no symptom) and 5 (severe symptom). Patients were endoscopically examined in our institution under endovenous sedation with midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) after cessation of acid-suppressive therapy (at least 30 days). Sliding hiatal hernia was measured in centimeters. Esophageal breaks suggestive of reflux esophagitis were described according to Los Angeles classification. 15
Juice Test and Esophageal pH Monitoring
Patients were evaluated after an overnight fast. Esophageal pH monitoring was performed with a portable pH recorder (Sandhill brated in pH 4.0 and 7.0 solutions and inserted transnasally. The pH sensor was positioned in the distal esophagus, either 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter when manometrically determined or 5 cm above the pH turning point, as defined by a gastroesophageal pH mapping. 16 Patients in the sitting position were instructed to swallow orange juice (Suvalan, Natural Products Ltda, Brazil; pH ~3) as follows: 10 mL offered with a syringe, and simultaneous monitoring of pH drop in the recorder display, followed by 5 rapid multiple swallows of juice soon after recovery of pH to 5 from the initial 10 mL swallow. Potential adverse reactions related to the juice test were registered. Patients remained sitting for 10 minutes while a diary card was explained. They were instructed to keep habitual daily activities and to record symptoms, food and fluid consumption and posture changes. On the following day, the pH catheter was removed and the tracings analyzed (BioView pH, Sandhill Scientific Inc). Acid suppressive medications, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2 blockers, were stopped at least 7 days before reflux testing. Prokinetics were stopped 3 days before. Symptom reflux association was analyzed by means of symptom index, considered abnormal if > 50%. Reflux was considered symptomatic when a symptom occurred within the 2-minute time window of the preceding reflux episode.
Study Protocol and Juice Test Analysis
Although patients were identified prior to the publication of Rome IV criteria, 13 it was possible to update the categorization of GERD according to Rome IV using endoscopic and pH monitoring data off acid suppressive therapy. For assessment of juice test performance, heartburn patients were classified into 3 groups: NERD (abnormal reflux test with total acid exposure ≥ 4.2% regardless of symptom reflux association), non-NERD (mix of patients with reflux hypersensitivity, functional heartburn, and heartburn patients with normal acid exposure and no symptom during reflux testing), and erosive disease (ERD). Whilst reflux hypersensitivity and functional heartburn are 2 different categories according to Rome IV, for the purpose of this manuscript we decided to classify them as non-NERD due to the rarity of patients with reflux hypersensitivity in our series.
The analysis of the juice test tracings was carried out considering the pH drop related to rapid juice swallows. The tracings corresponding to pH drop after 10 mL swallow were not analyzed, but served to stabilize the baseline pH near 5 before multiple swallows. Three parameters were calculated: (1) Delta5 in mmol•sec•L -1 , ie, area under the curve between pH drop from 5 to pH recovery to 5; (2) absolute pH drop in mmol.L -1 ; and (3) time in seconds from pH drop to recovery to 5. Juice test tracings were analyzed using the software AutoCAD (Autodesk, Inc. San Rafael, CA, USA). Initially, we identified 6 points in the tracing of multiple swallows, named P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 ( Fig. 1). P0 was the starting point, which corresponded to pH near 5, immediately before juice swallow. P1 was the pH nadir, at the lowest value of pH drop after juice intake. P2, P3, and P4 corresponded to the quartiles 25%, 50%, and 75% between P1 and P5; while P5 was the tracing point where pH recovered to 5. A line connecting all points allowed calculation of Delta5. Absolute pH drop was the value between P0 and P1, whereas pH recovery was the time between P1 and P5. Normal values of these parameters were first calculated from a control group, using the 95th percentile for each parameter. Resulting cutoff were then applied for comparison of patients with different categories of GERD. Juice test was considered undefined when acid reflux was presumed to occur during pH recovery from juice swallow. In such a case, an abrupt pH fall > 1 point was indicative of superimposed reflux.
Eleven consecutive patients repeated the juice test at the end of the pH monitoring in the supine position, in order to determine both the effect of gravity and test reproducibility.
Statistical Methods
Qualitative data are presented as absolute frequency and percentage, whereas quantitative data are presented as median and interquartile range (25-75%), or when otherwise stated. Groups of quantitative data were first analyzed in regard to normality and
Results
Subjects
Fifteen healthy subjects served to define the normality cutoff for the juice test (age 34 ± 14 years old, weight 25 ± 5.7 kg/m 2 , 66% women). In these subjects, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) total acid exposure was 1.7 (0.3-2.3).
A total of 109 patients performed the juice test and esophageal pH monitoring. Among them, 38 were excluded: 2 patients showed undetermined tracings during the juice test, 2 patients reported a history of anti-reflux surgery, 8 patients had acid reflux during pH recovery after juice intake, 10 patients denied typical reflux symptoms, and 16 patients had no endoscopy data.
The final study population was composed of 71 heartburn patients: 22 (31%) had ERD and 49 patients (69%) had endoscopynegative reflux disease, being 23 NERD and 26 non-NERD (3 reflux hypersensitivity, 9 functional heartburn, and 14 undetermined [no symptoms during reflux testing]). There was no difference among groups in regard to age and gender distribution (Table 1). Patients with NERD had a body mass index significantly higher than those with non-NERD, but did not differ as compared to ERD patients. Sliding hiatal hernia was more common in ERD patients (10 out of 22 patients, between 2 cm and 6 cm), and equally distributed between NERD (2 cases, 3 cm and 4 cm) and non-NERD patients (3 cases, all with 2 cm). Heartburn and regurgitation scores were similar between groups.
2 (0-3) 2 (1-3) 2.5 (2-3) 0.210 Regurgitation b 2 (2-2) 2 (1-3) 2 (0-2) 0.162
a Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) vs non-NERD. b Score generated by gastroesophageal reflux disease symptom's questionnaire (GERD-SQ), ranging between 0 (no symptom) to 5 (severe symptom). Non-NERD, mix of reflux hypersensitivity, functional heartburn, and heartburn patients with normal acid exposure and no symptoms during reflux testing; ERD, erosive reflux disease; BMI, body mass index.
Juice Test and pH Monitoring
The juice test was performed easily and without adverse reactions. From 15 healthy subjects, Delta5 was 128 ± 58 mmol•L -1 •sec on average. A Delta5 cutoff calculated as the 95th percentile was 251 mmol•L -1 •sec, which served to establish the performance of the juice test in GERD patients. Juice test parameters were first compared between healthy subjects and the entire group of patients with GERD ; P < 0.01), whereas pH drop did not differ between groups (mean ± SD: 2.2 ± 0.6 vs 1.9 ± 0.5; P = 0.101).
In the comparison of GERD categories and controls, Delta5 was significantly higher in both NERD and ERD compared to either non-NERD or controls (Table 2 and Fig. 2). NERD patients also showed prolonged recovery of pH to 5 in comparison to controls, while pH drop was similar between the 4 groups. No statistical difference was observed in these parameters after comparison of ERD and NERD patients. Delta5 was the parameter elected to address the performance of the juice test. Figure 3 shows examples of the juice tests obtained from patients with NERD and non-NERD. In 11 patients who repeated juice test, Delta5 in upright was similar as compared to Delta5 in supine position (146.2 ± 83.8 vs 138.2 ± 62.4; P = 0.622).
Juice Test Performance
The performance of the juice test for identification of NERD was calculated taking into account the parameter Delta5 and the prevalence of NERD found in the study population (47%). The purpose of an elevated Delta5 (> 251 mmol•L -1 •sec) was to identify NERD patients. Test accuracy was 78%. As presented in Table 3, juice test showed high sensitivity and specificity for identification of NERD patients. Accordingly, Delta5 showed high positive LR and low negative LR values for recognition of NERD among patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease. The area under the ROC curve was 80.3% (P < 0.001) and suggested the cutoff of 251 mmol•L -1 •sec as the best point of performance in terms of sensitivity (74%) and specificity (81%). However, in order to decrease the chance of a false diagnosis of non-NERD, a Delta5 higher than 285 mmol•L -1 •sec would provide a specificity of 85%, with sensitivity of 70%.
Discussion
The development of new diagnostic strategies is fundamental to help in the management of relevant diseases such as GERD. This is particularly important for the category of patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease, in which the differentiation between NERD, reflux hypersensitivity, and functional heartburn is crucial for therapeutical outcomes. Taking this into account, we first assessed whether a simple juice test could be useful to predict reflux in GERD patients investigated with esophageal pH monitoring. Furthermore, we estimated test performance in the identification of NERD among heartburn patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease.
The main findings of this study were: (1) the juice test was easily performed, well tolerated, and useful for estimation of esophageal clearance by calculating a parameter named Delta5; (2) NERD patients had the greatest Delta5 among participants with endoscopynegative reflux disease, similar to those of ERD patients; and (3) in patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease, an elevated Delta5 showed high sensitivity and specificity for identification of NERD. It was also possible to provide values of negative and positive LR.
To our knowledge, this is the first study applying a juice test for evaluation of esophageal physiology in patients with GERD. The juice test was easily performed, well tolerated, and useful for estimation of esophageal clearance by calculating a parameter named Del-ta5. The rationale for performing a juice test during esophageal pH monitoring is to challenge the capacity of the esophagus in restoring luminal pH which occurs after an acid reflux. Hence, Delta5 is calculated based on the magnitude of pH drop below 5 and the time lasting for pH recovery to 5, reflecting the ability of the esophagus in clearing acid contents. The choice of pH 5 was arbitrary due to the fact that pH 4 would result in a small Delta area, whereas pH 6 might distort such an area because of common pH fluctuations around 6 during pH recovery. It is known from studies in normal subjects that almost all volumes are emptied from the esophagus by esophageal peristalsis after an episode of acid reflux, followed by luminal pH recovery after saliva swallowing. 8 Such process of clearance may be compromised in GERD patients, particularly in those with reflux esophagitis and/or Barrett esophagus. 17,18 Indeed, Booth and Colleagues validated an acid clearing test and demonstrated that the ability of the distal esophagus in clearing instilled acid is compromised in GERD patients compared to healthy subjects. 19 However, the authors did not provide information regarding NERD patients. Here we indicate that esophageal clearance is delayed also in NERD, as compared to patients with endoscopynegative reflux disease and normal acid exposure. This may occur due to esophageal micro-inflammation related to acid reflux, with mucosal production of interleukins able to inhibit esophageal muscle contraction. 12 Additional mechanisms that may influence esophageal clearance are contractions after multiple rapid swallows (MRS), 20,21 as performed here during the juice test, and post-reflux swallow induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) index. 22 In normal subjects, MRS provokes a cholinergic response with esophageal contraction after neural inhibition of the esophagus during rapid swallows. However, the exact role of MRS in the esophageal clearance of patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease deserves further studies. Analysis of PSPW index combined with mean nocturnal baseline impedance showed high sensitivity in identifying different categories of GERD, increasing the accuracy of impedance-pH monitoring compared with pH-only data. 22 Finally, Savarino and Colleagues have shown that esophageal clearance and bolus transit abnormalities increase in parallel with the severity of GERD. 23 Our findings confirm the hypothesis that a simple juice test can help in the differentiation between organic and functional disease in the complex group of NERD patients. One may question the lack of utilization of impedance-pH monitoring in our study. It has been recently demonstrated that the diagnostic gain of impedance-pH over pH only testing is modest in patients off acid suppressive therapy, 24,25 Nevertheless, we recognize the lack of impedance as a limitation of our study and suggest the need of future studies with impedance technique to provide data regarding volume clearance during juice test, provided that the orange juice pH is standardized close to 3.
The criteria here employed for categorization of GERD in erosive and nonerosive disease were based on symptoms and complementary evaluation with endoscopy and reflux testing. According to guidelines, 4,26 endoscopy-negative reflux disease patients are further classified has having true NERD, reflux hypersensitivity and func-tional heartburn. In response to our limited number of participants, we grouped patients with reflux hypersensitivity and functional heartburn into one category and named them as non-NERD. On one hand, the symptom in reflux hypersensitivity is clearly associated with reflux and in functional heartburn it is not. On the other hand, at the moment there is no clear different treatment for both conditions. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of the juice test in patients with either reflux hypersensitivity or functional heartburn.
In endoscopy-negative reflux disease patients, an increased Delta5 showed high sensitivity and specificity for identification of NERD. In such cases, either positive or negative likelihood ratio could be useful in clinical practice to estimate post-test probability according to disease prevalence. Test accuracy approached 80%, meaning that approximately four-fifths of the patients presenting an abnormal juice test would be correctly identified has having NERD. Based on these findings, we are prone to accept that the performance of the juice test is superior to that of a PPI test, in which the specificity ranges between 24% and 65%. 3 However, case-control studies may overestimate diagnostic accuracy of new tests and it likely introduces a spectrum bias. Nevertheless, the high performance of the juice test in identifying NERD among patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease provides support for further studies that test the cancellation of prolonged reflux testing in case of elevated Delta5 indicating NERD, while patients with normal Delta5 as represented here by a heterogeneous group named non-NERD would need to continue 24 hours pH ± impedance monitoring to quantify reflux and assess reflux symptom association. Because of this limitation, new studies using impedance-pH technique are still needed to assess juice test performance in patients with hypersensitive esophagus and functional heartburn.
In conclusion, we developed a juice test to help esophageal pH monitoring in the identification of different categories of GERD. Our data suggest that a juice test with calculation of Delta5 may help in the differentiation between NERD and non-NERD among heartburn patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease. Fourfifths of these patients who presented an elevated Delta5 where correctly classified as having increased acid exposure after pH monitoring, being correctly identified as true NERD. Additional studies on outcome data are still needed to further validate the juice test, and assessing its ability to predict response to PPIs or surgery compared to acid exposure or symptom association analysis.
Financial support: This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, 473004/2012-7) and Universidade de Passo Fundo (PIBIC-UPF).
Figure 1 .
1Schematic figure showing juice test tracing on pH monitoring (left) and its corresponding tracing build in AutoCAD (right
Figure 2 .
2Whiskers graph presenting Delta5 data from controls and patients with non-nonerosive reflux disease (non-NERD), NERD, and erosive reflux disease (ERD).
Figure 3 .
3Examples of the juice tests obtained from patients with functional heartburn (representing non-nonerosive reflux disease [non-NERD] group, left) and NERD (right). Note that Delta5 was double in the patient with NERD.
). It is possible to observe how Delta5 was calculated, including pH drop and recovery to 5 (P0 to P5). In this example, Delta5 was 696 mmol•L -1 •sec. homogeneity assumptions and then compared using t tests, one way ANOVA or non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test accordingly. P-values were adjusted for pairwise multiple comparisons between groups. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square or exact Fisher tests. Reference values obtained from the control group were calculated on the basis of the 95th percentile. Concordance of repeated juice tests was determined using paired t test. Calculation of test performance included sensitivity, specificity, positive andnegative likelihood ratio (LR), accuracy, and receiver operating
characteristics (ROC) curves. The analyses were carried out with
the software Graph Prism version 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc, San
Diego, CA, USA), WinPEPI version 11.23 (Abramson, 2011)
and SPSS version18 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A P-value <
0.05 was indicative of statistical significance.
Table 1 .
1Characteristics of Non-nonerosive Reflux Disease, Nonerosive Reflux Disease, and Erosive Reflux Disease Patients (N = 71)Variable
Non-NERD (n = 26)
NERD (n = 23)
ERD (n = 22)
P-value
Age in years (mean ± SD)
45.5 ± 14.7
43.2 ± 14.0
42.8 ± 10.9
0.751
Women (n [%])
18 (69)
12 (52)
9 (41)
0.137
BMI in kg/m 2 (mean ± SD)
24.9 ± 3.4
28.3 ± 3.9
26.5 ± 3.8
0.008 a
Sliding hiatal hernia (n [%])
3 (9)
2 (10)
10 (45)
0.003
Symptoms score (median [IQR])
Heartburn b
Table 2 .
2Juice Test Parameters in Controls and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease CategoriesVariable
(median [IQR])
Control (n =15)
Non-NERD (n = 26)
NERD (n = 23)
ERD (n = 22)
Delta5 in mmol•L -1 •sec a
123 (72-168)
165 (105-225)
316 (213-472)
310 (169-625)
pH recovery to 5 in sec b
151 (100-213)
248 (126-310)
258 (221-423)
239 (143-610)
pH drop in mmol•L -1c
1.9 ± 0.6
2.1 ± 0.5
2.3 ± 0.7
2.2 ± 0.5
a
P < 0.001 control vs NERD and ERD; P < 0.01 non-NERD vs NERD and ERD.
b
P < 0.05 control vs NERD.
c Data presented as mean ± SD.
Table 3 .
3Juice Test Performance for Identification of Nonerosive Reflux Disease, Based on Elevated Delta5 (> 251 mmol•L -1 •sec)Test performance
Juice test
Sensitivity (% [95% CI])
74 (53-87)
Specificity (% [95% CI])
81 (62-91)
Positive likelihood ratio a
3.84 (1.69-8.76)
Negative likelihood ratio b
0.32 (0.16-0.66)
Accuracy (%)
78
a Elevated Delta5.
b normal Delta5.
Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 80.3%; P < 0.001.
Conflicts of interest: None.Author contributions: Fernando Fornari planned the study; Fernando Fornari, Michel R Fernandes, and Sidia M Callegari-Jacques collected and analyzed the data; and Fernando Fornari, Michel R Fernandes, Marina de Oliveira, Sidia M Callegari-Jacques, and Gissele V R Gonçalves discussed the results and wrote the paper.
Systematic review: the burden of disruptive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. J Tack, A Becher, C Mulligan, Johnson Da, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 35Tack J, Becher A, Mulligan C, Johnson DA. Systematic review: the burden of disruptive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease on health-related quality of life. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:1257-1266.
Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. A F Peery, E S Dellon, J Lund, Gastroenterology. 143Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1179-1187. e1-e3.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. A J Bredenoord, J E Pandolfino, A J Smout, Lancet. 381Bredenoord AJ, Pandolfino JE, Smout AJ. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Lancet 2013;381:1933-1942.
Diagnosis and management of non-erosive reflux disease--the Vevey NERD Consensus Group. I M Modlin, R H Hunt, P Malfertheiner, Digestion. 80Modlin IM, Hunt RH, Malfertheiner P, et al. Diagnosis and manage- ment of non-erosive reflux disease--the Vevey NERD Consensus Group. Digestion 2009;80:74-88.
ACG practice guidelines: esophageal reflux testing. I Hirano, J E Richter, Am J Gastroenterol. 102Hirano I, Richter JE. ACG practice guidelines: esophageal reflux testing. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:668-685.
Yield of combined impedance-pH monitoring for refractory reflux symptoms in clinical practice. G Karamanolis, G Kotsalidis, K Triantafyllou, J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 17Karamanolis G, Kotsalidis G, Triantafyllou K, et al. Yield of combined impedance-pH monitoring for refractory reflux symptoms in clinical practice. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:158-163.
The effect of antisecretory therapy and study duration on ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. V M Kushnir, G S Sayuk, C P Gyawali, Dig Dis Sci. 56Kushnir VM, Sayuk GS, Gyawali CP. The effect of antisecretory therapy and study duration on ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:1412-1419.
Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus. J F Helm, W J Dodds, L R Pelc, D W Palmer, W J Hogan, B C Teeter, N Engl J Med. 310Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Pelc LR, Palmer DW, Hogan WJ, Teeter BC. Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1984;310:284-288.
Relevance of mild ineffective oesophageal motility (IOM) and potential pharmacological reversibility of severe IOM in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. F Fornari, K Blondeau, L Durand, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 26Fornari F, Blondeau K, Durand L, et al. Relevance of mild ineffective oe- sophageal motility (IOM) and potential pharmacological reversibility of severe IOM in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:1345-1354.
Esophageal chemical clearance is impaired in gastro-esophageal reflux disease--a 24-h impedance-pH monitoring assessment. M Frazzoni, R Manta, V G Mirante, R Conigliaro, L Frazzoni, G Melotti, Neurogastroenterol Motil. 25e295Frazzoni M, Manta R, Mirante VG, Conigliaro R, Frazzoni L, Melotti G. Esophageal chemical clearance is impaired in gastro-esophageal reflux disease--a 24-h impedance-pH monitoring assessment. Neurogastroen- terol Motil 2013;25:399-406,e295.
Is ineffective oesophageal motility associated with reflux oesophagitis?. F Fornari, S M Callegari-Jacques, P J Scussel, L F Madalosso, E F Barros, S G Barros, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 19Fornari F, Callegari-Jacques SM, Scussel PJ, Madalosso LF, Barros EF, Barros SG. Is ineffective oesophageal motility associated with reflux oesophagitis? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;19:783-787.
Gastroesophageal reflux diseaseassociated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities. F Rieder, L Cheng, K M Harnett, Gastroenterology. 132Rieder F, Cheng L, Harnett KM, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease- associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2007;132:154-165.
Functional Esophageal Disorders. Q Aziz, R Fass, C P Gyawali, H Miwa, J E Pandolfino, F Zerbib, Gastroenterology. 150Aziz Q, Fass R, Gyawali CP, Miwa H, Pandolfino JE, Zerbib F. Func- tional Esophageal Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1368-1379.
. F Fornari, A C Gruber, B Lopes, D Cecchetti, S G De Barros, Arq Gastroenterol. 41Symptom's questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease.. PortugueseFornari F, Gruber AC, Lopes B, Cecchetti D, de Barros SG. [Symptom's questionnaire for gastroesophageal reflux disease.] Arq Gastroenterol 2004;41:263-267. [Portuguese]
Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. L R Lundell, J Dent, J R Bennett, Gut. 45Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR, et al. Endoscopic assessment of oe- sophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut 1999;45:172-180.
Determination of pH turning point with pH mapping of the gastroesophageal junction: an alternative technique to orientate esophageal pH monitoring. T P Liell, J C TomiozzoJr, F Denti, L A De Lima, F Fornari, Dis Esophagus. 24Liell TP, Tomiozzo JC Jr, Denti F, de Lima LA, Fornari F. Determina- tion of pH turning point with pH mapping of the gastroesophageal junc- tion: an alternative technique to orientate esophageal pH monitoring. Dis Esophagus 2011;24:305-311.
Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis. P J Kahrilas, W J Dodds, W J Hogan, M Kern, R C Arndorfer, A Reece, Gastroenterology. 91Kahrilas PJ, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Kern M, Arndorfer RC, Reece A. Esophageal peristaltic dysfunction in peptic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1986;91:897-904.
Gastroesophageal reflux and atypical symptoms: the role of impedance-pH monitoring. F Fornari, D Sifrim, Digestion. 76Fornari F, Sifrim D. Gastroesophageal reflux and atypical symptoms: the role of impedance-pH monitoring. Digestion 2007;76:221-222.
Acid clearing from the distal esophagus. D J Booth, W T Kemmerer, D B Skinner, Arch Surg. 96Booth DJ, Kemmerer WT, Skinner DB. Acid clearing from the distal esophagus. Arch Surg 1968;96:731-734.
Multiple rapid swallowing: a complementary test during standard oesophageal manometry. F Fornari, I Bravi, R Penagini, J Tack, D Sifrim, Neurogastroenterol Motil. 21Fornari F, Bravi I, Penagini R, Tack J, Sifrim D. Multiple rapid swal- lowing: a complementary test during standard oesophageal manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21:718-e41.
Usefulness of low-and highvolume multiple rapid swallowing during high-resolution manometry. A Elvevi, A Mauro, D Pugliese, Dig Liver Dis. 47Elvevi A, Mauro A, Pugliese D, et al. Usefulness of low-and high- volume multiple rapid swallowing during high-resolution manometry. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:103-107.
Analyses of the post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance parameters increase the diagnostic yield of impedance-pH monitoring of patients with reflux disease. M Frazzoni, E Savarino, N De Bortoli, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 14Frazzoni M, Savarino E, de Bortoli N, et al. Analyses of the post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index and nocturnal baseline impedance parameters increase the diagnostic yield of impedance-pH monitoring of patients with reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:40-46.
Oesophageal motility and bolus transit abnormalities increase in parallel with the severity of gastrooesophageal reflux disease. E Savarino, L Gemignani, D Pohl, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 34Savarino E, Gemignani L, Pohl D, et al. Oesophageal motility and bo- lus transit abnormalities increase in parallel with the severity of gastro- oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:476-486.
Clinical, but not oesophageal pHimpedance, profiles predict response to proton pump inhibitors in gastrooesophageal reflux disease. F Zerbib, K Belhocine, M Simon, Gut. 61Zerbib F, Belhocine K, Simon M, et al. Clinical, but not oesophageal pH- impedance, profiles predict response to proton pump inhibitors in gastro- oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2012;61:501-506.
Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring in patients with therapy-resistant reflux symptoms: 'on' or 'off ' proton pump inhibitor?. G J Hemmink, A J Bredenoord, B L Weusten, J F Monkelbaan, R Timmer, A J Smout, Am J Gastroenterol. 103Hemmink GJ, Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Monkelbaan JF, Timmer R, Smout AJ. Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring in patients with therapy-resistant reflux symptoms: 'on' or 'off ' proton pump inhibitor? Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2446-2453.
The nonerosive reflux disease-gastroesophageal reflux disease controversy. J W Winter, R C Heading, Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 24Winter JW, Heading RC. The nonerosive reflux disease-gastroesophage- al reflux disease controversy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008;24:509-515.
| Background: Our aim in this study was to evaluate a simple test with proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) for use in everyday clinical practice in diagnosing endoscopy‐negative reflux disease. Methods: 68 patients with heartburn and/or acid regurgitation as their main complaint, symptoms of at least 3 months' duration prior to inclusion, all with a negative gastroscopy were included. The patients were given 60 mg of lansoprazole before breakfast for 7 days. After the test week, patients had to answer one single question on a formula. ‘Did you essentially, without any doubt, have less heartburn and/or acid regurgitation during the treatment?’ The only alternative answers were ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Patients in doubt were told to answer ‘No’. 24‐h pH monitoring was performed at the earliest 14 days after the test. Results: 65 completed the PPI test and 52 fulfilled the pH monitoring. Defined by <4% time oesophageal pH <4, 34 (65%) had pathological reflux. The PPI test was positive in all patients with pathological reflux bu... |
Introduction
Nocturnal acid gastroesophageal reflux can induce sleep disturbances, as well as decreased health-related quality of life and increased risk of esophageal and respiratory complications. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In addition, nocturnal acid reflux has been associated with more severe esophageal mucosal damage, such as peptic stricture 9 and adenocarcinoma. 10 As a group, patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have more frequent nocturnal acid reflux than healthy controls, which is a difference that cannot be explained by abnormal sleep patterns. 11 In healthy subjects, nocturnal acid reflux is very rare and occurs during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs). 12 In patients with GERD, nocturnal acid reflux may occur during TLESRs but other mechanisms such as free reflux (during absent lower esophageal sphincter [LES] pressure) or straining (during low LES pressure) are considered to be more relevant, particularly in the presence of hiatal hernia. 13 So far, studies assessing nocturnal reflux have focused on acid events. More recently, studies using 24 hour impedance-pH monitoring described the occurrence of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux. These studies found very low frequency of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux in healthy subjects. The prevalence of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux in GERD patients "off" proton pump inhibitor (PPI) was low compared to that of acid reflux, however, patients "on" PPI could still have significant number of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux. [14][15][16][17][18] The mechanisms involved in the occurrence of nocturnal reflux and the subsequent clearance of the refluxate are not completely elucidated. In most reflux episodes, including those during TLESRs, previous short arousals seem to be mandatory. 11 Esophageal clearance of nocturnal reflux depends mainly on primary and less so on secondary peristalsis. 12,19 Recent studies using actigraphy combined with pH monitoring revealed that most episodes of nocturnal acid reflux occurred during recumbentawake and not the recumbent-asleep period, suggesting sleep to be suppressive of acid reflux. 20,21 Previous studies have assessed the sleep pattern and esophageal activity preceding nocturnal acid reflux using esophageal manometry-pH measurements during nocturnal electroencephalogram monitoring. 11,12 Clearance of acid reflux has been studied with conventional pH-metry. 22,23 Esophageal impedance-pH monitoring allows continuous assessment of nocturnal esophageal antegrade and retrograde bolus movements. In this way, it is possible to assess (1) spontaneous or swallow induced esophageal activity preceding nocturnal reflux, (2) the occurrence of reflux and its characteristics and (3) the pattern of volume and chemical clearance after nocturnal reflux. The aim of this study was to re-assess nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux using impedance-pH monitoring focusing on (1) prevalence and characteristics of nocturnal acid and weakly acidic reflux and (2) the preceding esophageal activity and the clearance mechanism following nocturnal reflux.
M aterials and M ethods
Subjects
In this cross-sectional study, nocturnal reflux was assessed in 76 GERD patients and in 11 asymptomatic healthy subjects. To be included, patients and healthy subjects needed to have at least 1 nocturnal reflux episode detected during impedance-pH monitoring. Patients were studied "off" acid-suppressive therapy, at least 7 days after the drug withdrawal. They had diurnal heartburn and/or acid regurgitation as predominant symptoms, combined or not with atypical symptoms, such as chronic cough, chest pain, hoarseness and asthma. The presence of nocturnal symptoms was not a pre-requisite. Patients were classified as having normal total acid exposure, increased upright or increased bi-positional acid exposure. Increased acid exposure was defined as the percentage with pH ＜ 4, ＞ 4.2% (total), ＞ 6.3% (upright) or ＞ 1.2% (supine). 24 Healthy volunteers denied history of heartburn and acid regurgitation.
The study was conducted according to the rules of the Helsinki declaration and was approved by the local ethical committee.
Impedance-pH Monitoring
This procedure was performed using a Sleuth Ⓡ ambulatory system (Sandhill Scientific, Inc, Highland Ranch, CO, USA). The equipment includes a portable data-logger with impedance-pH amplifiers and catheters containing 2 antimony pH electrodes (15 cm apart) and 8 impedance electrodes (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16 and 18 cm from the tip of the catheter). Each pair of adjacent electrodes represents an impedance-measuring segment, 2 cm in length, corresponding to 1 recording channel. The impedance amplifier delivers AC voltage in a range of 1-2 kHz with resulting current flow variations in response to intraluminal impedance changes. Tracings were uploaded onto a personal com- puter and displayed on a single screen for computer assisted manual analysis (Bioview Analysis Ⓡ , version 5.0.9, Sandhill Scientific, Inc).
The catheter was passed through the nose under topical anesthesia and positioned in the esophageal body to record pH at 5 cm above the manometrically determined LES, and impedance at 3, 5, 7, 9, 15 and 17 cm proximal to the LES. The distal pH sensor was positioned in the gastric lumen, 15 cm below to the esophageal pH sensor. Subjects were encouraged to maintain normal daily activities, eat usual meals and remain upright during the day. A diary card was provided to record meal times, posture changes and symptoms.
Data Analysis
Definition and characterization of nocturnal reflux
We first analyzed some characteristics of nocturnal supine period in both GERD patients and controls, including interval between dinner and bedtime, and total duration of nocturnal supine period. We subsequently identified manually all episodes of nocturnal reflux, including the 2 minute tracings preceding and following each episode.
Nocturnal reflux was defined as any kind of reflux event detected by impedance-pH monitoring during the nocturnal supine period as referred by the patient in the diary. Gastroesophageal liquid reflux was defined as a retrograde 50% drop in impedance starting distally and propagating to at least the more proximal impedance measuring segment. Gas reflux was defined as a rapid (3 kΩ/sec) increase in impedance ＞ 5 kΩ, occurring simultaneously at least in 2 esophageal measuring segments, in the absence of swallowing. Mixed liquid-gas reflux was defined as gas reflux occurring immediately before or during a liquid reflux. Gas reflux events without liquid were not considered in the analysis.
Changes in esophageal pH during reflux detected by impedance allowed classification of acid reflux when pH fell from above to below 4, and weakly acidic reflux when pH fell at least 1 unit but remained above 4. Events of weakly alkaline reflux (pH ＞ 7) were excluded due to its rarity. For each reflux event we measured acid exposure, bolus exposure (5 cm above LES) and proximal extent (15 and 17 cm above LES).
Nocturnal reflux events could be isolated or occur immediately after a swallow. Post-swallow reflux was diagnosed if liquid retrograde flow started at least 5 seconds after the complete recovery of swallow induced impedance changes.
In GERD patient, the supine nocturnal period was subdivided in 1 hour intervals. Each interval was scanned for reflux episodes. The distribution of reflux events per hour during nocturnal period was analyzed from pooled data from all GERD patients. Healthy controls had little number of nocturnal reflux events to allow such characterization.
Esophageal activity before and after nocturnal reflux Esophageal activity as detected by impedance during the 2 minute interval preceding and 2 minute interval after the start of a reflux event was classified as follows ( Fig. 1): (1) aboral flow: impedance drop and recovery starting in the most proximal measuring segment (17 cm above LES) and propagating at least 2 distal segments (15 and 9 cm above LES), (2) reflux: another episode of reflux, (3) non-specific: unstable impedance tracing without features of antegrade or retrograde flow and (4) silent: neither flow nor impedance instability.
Clearance activity after reflux was analyzed as follows: (1) bolus clearance at 5 cm above LES was assessed from the impedance tracing and defined as time from 50% impedance drop to 50% impedance recovery, related to impedance baseline and (2) acid clearance was assessed from the pH tracing and defined as the interval between changes in pH from below to above 4.
Statistical Analysis
Data which refer to healthy subjects and patients were described after per-individual analysis or when otherwise stated, whereas data regarding reflux episodes were described after pooled analysis. Quantitative variables were first tested for Gaussian distribution. Data are expressed as median and inter quartile range (25%-75%) or when otherwise stated. Unpaired t test, Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were employed when appropriate. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square test. Differences in distribution of nocturnal reflux were evaluated using Chi-square goodness-of-fit test for total reflux analysis and Chi-square tests followed by adjusted residuals analyses for comparisons between acid and weakly acidic reflux events. A P-value ＜ 0.050 was accepted as indicating significance.
Results
Characteristics of Subjects and Supine Nocturnal Period
GERD patients and healthy subjects did not differ in regard to gender and age (Table). Chief complaint was a combination of typical and atypical reflux symptoms, followed by isolated heart-burn or acid regurgitation.
The mean interval between dinner and bedtime (start of nocturnal supine period) was 4 hr 8 min ± 1 hr 33 min in healthy subjects and 3 hr 48 min ± 1 hr 18 min in GERD patients (P = 0.453). The average duration of nocturnal supine period was 8 hr 9 min ± 48 min in healthy subjects and 8 hr 31 min ± 1 hr 5 min in GERD patients (P = 0.276).
Prevalence and Characteristics of Nocturnal Reflux
The median number of nocturnal reflux was 2 (1-5) in healthy subjects and 8 (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) in GERD patients (P = 0.002) ( Fig. 2A). GERD patients had significantly more reflux events per hour compared to controls (0.9 [0.5-1.4] vs 0.3 [0.1-0.6], P = 0.003). At per-individual analysis, healthy subjects had a median (interquartile range 25%-75%) of 20% (0%-40%) of acid and 80% (60%-100%) of weakly acidic reflux. In contrast, GERD patients had 43% (22%-65%) of acid and 57% (35%-78%) of weakly acidic reflux (P = 0.044) (Fig. 2B). Thus, GERD patients had a lower proportion of weakly acidic reflux compared to controls. Most nocturnal reflux was pure liquid both in controls (100% [75%-100%]) and in patients (76% [44%-100%]). Taking all subjects, 80% of reflux events were pure liquid.
A similar proportion of nocturnal reflux reached 15 cm above the LES in GERD patients and controls (33% [20%-50%] vs 20% [0%-50%], P = 0.671). Nocturnal reflux reached the most proximal impedance segment (17 cm above LES) more often in GERD patients than in controls (6% [0%-29%] vs 0% [0%-0%], P = 0.047).
In GERD patients, acid reflux reached more often the proximal esophagus (15 cm above the LES) compared to weakly acidic reflux (50% [17%-75%) vs 17% [0%-50%], P ＜ 0.001). The majority of acid reflux (98%) and weakly acidic reflux (87%) occurred with a gastric pH < 4, measured in the fundus-corpus approximately 5-7 cm distal to LES.
Distribution of Nocturnal Reflux
We examined a total of 600 reflux events that occurred in the first 8 hours of the nocturnal supine period of GERD patients.
Reflux was significantly more frequent during the first hour and less numerous in the fifth and sixth hours of the nocturnal period (P ＜ 0.001) (Fig. 3A). During the first 2 hours, acid reflux was significantly more frequent than weakly acidic reflux, which became predominant in the last 3 hours (P ＜ 0.001) (Fig. 3B).
Patients with normal total acid exposure had mostly weakly acidic reflux during the whole nocturnal supine period, whereas patients with abnormal acid exposure in upright position had predominance of acid events in the first 2 hours. Patients with bi-positional increased acid exposure had predominant acid reflux during the first 6 hours, changing to weakly acidic reflux in the last 2 hours of the nocturnal period (Fig. 4).
Esophageal Activity Preceding Nocturnal Reflux
The esophageal activity detected by impedance on 2 minute interval preceding nocturnal reflux was similar between acid and weakly acidic events. In the pooled analysis, the majority of nocturnal reflux was preceded by episodes of esophageal aboral flow both in healthy subjects (78%) and GERD patients (74%). A silent interval was observed in 14% and 11% of the respective cases. A second reflux episode occurred in 3% and 6% of cases, whereas non-specific changes occurred in 5% and 9% of cases respectively.
Esophageal Activity After Nocturnal Reflux
Median bolus clearance in the pooled analysis of all reflux was similar in GERD patients and controls (16 [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] [ [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] sec, P = 0.793). In GERD patients, acid reflux had longer bolus clearance compared to weakly acidic reflux (18 [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] vs 16 [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] sec, P ＜ 0.001). Acid clearance lasted significantly longer than bolus clearance in both patients (44 vs 18 [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] sec, P ＜ 0.001) and controls (37 vs 10 [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] sec, P ＜ 0.005). In patients with increased nocturnal acid exposure, such differences were much more pronounced (68 vs 17 [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] sec, P < 0.001).
vs 16
The esophageal activity detected by impedance during the 2-minute period after acid reflux was compared between reflux events with short (＜ 102 sec) and prolonged (＞ 102 sec) acid clearance (95th percentile of acid clearance in controls = 102 sec). Bolus clearance did not differ between events with short and prolonged acid clearance (17 [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] vs 18 [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] sec, P = 0.201). However, episodes of aboral flow were significantly less frequent following reflux events with prolonged acid clearance (59% vs 79%, P < 0.010).
Esophageal acid clearance changed along the supine nocturnal period (Fig. 5). Acid clearance was significantly longer in the interval between the third and fifth hour and this was not due to differences in bolus clearance but rather associated with significantly less post-reflux aboral activity.
Discussion
We hypothesized that by using impedance-pH monitoring, it would be possible to assess spontaneous or swallow induced esophageal activity preceding nocturnal reflux, as well as the prevalence and characteristics of reflux events, and the patterns of volume and chemical clearance after nocturnal reflux. For this purpose, we carefully re-assessed impedance-pH tracings from healthy subjects and GERD patients off PPI.
Our main findings were: (1) weakly acidic reflux represented most of nocturnal reflux events in healthy subjects and half of episodes in GERD patients; (2) in both groups, nocturnal reflux was composed mainly by pure liquid, but reached the proximal esophagus more often in patients; (3) total nocturnal reflux was more numerous in the first hour of the supine period, with predominance of acid reflux earlier and weakly acidic reflux later in the night; (4) pre-reflux esophageal activity detected by impedance was characterized mainly by aboral flows; (5) post-reflux activity determining bolus clearance time was similar between controls and patients or weakly acidic and acid reflux; and (6) in GERD patients, prolonged chemical clearance after acid reflux was associated with less esophageal activity seen at impedance, particularly in the middle of the night.
Weakly acidic reflux is believed to occur mainly after meals, when the gastric environment is buffered by food. In GERD patients under acid-suppressive therapy, weakly acid reflux replaces acid events and follows the conventional distribution of reflux. 25,26 Although nocturnal weakly acidic reflux has been described as an uncommon event, few studies have formally addressed this issue. In the present study, weakly acidic reflux represented the majority of nocturnal reflux events identified in healthy subjects and half of reflux episodes in GERD patients.
Recent studies in healthy subjects have shown that weakly acid reflux corresponds to approximately 50% of all nocturnal reflux. 16,17,27 Orr et al 15 reported lower rates of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux in a small group of GERD patients off PPI. In that study, the authors attempted to induce more nocturnal acid reflux by employing a late-evening provocative meal. GERD patients consuming a late-evening meal were demonstrated to have significantly greater supine acid reflux compared when they ate earlier. 28 The fact that our patients had dinner 4 hours before bedtime on average can explain such differences and support a clinical benefit in avoiding late-evening meals. Nocturnal reflux was composed mainly of liquid in both patients and controls. This observation is in agreement with other studies in healthy subjects 16,17 and GERD patients. 25 It is known that reflux composition varies if patient is lying down or standing. In supine position, liquid reflux is favored by movement of the gastric bubble far from the cardia. 29 Supine position may also influence the frequency by which reflux reaches the proximal esophagus. We found that GERD patients had more reflux episodes reaching the very proximal esophagus (17 cm above the LES) than controls, particularly for acid reflux. In contrast to nocturnal reflux, a study using impedance-pH monitoring found no difference comparing proximal extension of diurnal acid and weakly acidic reflux. 16 It must be mentioned that the occurrence of acid reflux reaching the proximal esophagus during the supine nocturnal period may be a contributing factor for extra-esophageal manifestations in GERD patients. 30,31 The employment of im-pedance-pH monitoring might be useful in recommending elevated head in GERD patients with proximal reflux. Nocturnal acid reflux has been described as an early event by studies employing standard pH monitoring. 32,33 By using impedance-pH monitoring, we not only confirmed this observation but also showed that weakly acid reflux is increasingly prevalent later in the night. The mechanisms and clinical relevance of this finding are unclear. Marshall et al 34 described that GERD patients had less acidified bile reflux occurring with increased frequency throughout the night, particularly in the presence of reflux esophagitis. Studies on circadian gastric secretion have shown that both gastrin levels and acid output increases significantly late in the evening and decreases early in the morning, when high pH values are identified in the gastric corpus. [35][36][37][38] Such pattern of nocturnal gastric secretion partially explains the predominance of weakly acidic reflux in the later part of the night.
In our study, impedance analyses opened the possibility to identify different patterns of esophageal activity associated with nocturnal reflux. In the 2 minute interval preceding reflux, aboral flow was the most common observed pattern of esophageal activity. During the sleep, sparse aboral flows were likely to represent saliva deglutition drive by esophageal peristalsis. 19 Based on the fact that deglutition depends on arousals, our findings are in accordance with the general belief that arousals play an important role in the pathophysiology of nocturnal reflux. 6 Therefore, pre-reflux aboral flows seen at impedance might be a marker of arousals, which could allow TLESRs, the major mechanism involved in nocturnal reflux. 11,12 Recent studies using actigraphy technology have indicated that nocturnal reflux occurs primarily after an awakening episode. 21 A clinical implication of these findings includes a potential benefit of TLERs inhibitors, such as baclofen. 39 The ability of esophagus to clear reflux bolus was similar between controls and patients. This was also observed on comparing acid with weakly acidic reflux. Moreover, GERD patients had longer bolus clearance after acid reflux compared to weakly acidic reflux, which might be explained by increased reflux volume and delayed esophageal response after acid reflux. 40 From studies using conventional pH monitoring, it has been demonstrated that GERD patients with severe ineffective esophageal motility have higher probability of prolonged clearance after supine acid reflux. 41 In our study, the absence of data regarding esophageal body motility precluded the correlation between motor performance and bolus clearance of nocturnal reflux. Neverthe-less, we were able to assess the effect of post-reflux esophageal activity seen at impedance on the process of chemical clearance after nocturnal acid reflux. In agreement with the 2-step process described by Helm et al, 42 in which chemical clearance was initiated by esophageal peristaltic response and completed by saliva deglutition, we found an association between less aboral flow, interpreted as decreased saliva transport, and more prolonged chemical clearance in GERD patients. This phenomenon was more evident in the intermediate hours of the nocturnal period.
Conversely, most of acid reflux events identified in the first 2 hours of the period had aboral flows during the process of pH recovery, suggesting that either patients were awake or the vigilance system of the esophagus to acid reflux varies in different sleep stages. [43][44][45] In support of the first hypothesis, a recent study using actigraphy to monitor physical activity during the supine nocturnal period has shown that most nocturnal reflux events occur during recumbent-awake and not the recumbent-asleep period. 20 The finding that nocturnal weakly acidic reflux was more frequent than expected raises a question about its clinical relevance. Some evidences point out an association between this type of reflux and both symptoms and esophageal mucosa damage. The presence of bile components in nocturnal weakly acidic reflux is a fact. 34,46,47 From our laboratory, an experimental study showed that weakly acidic solutions containing physiological amounts of bile acids and pepsin could significantly increase the esophageal mucosa permeability. 48 Nocturnal sensitization of esophageal mucosa after exposure to damaging weakly acidic reflux might favor the occurrence of diurnal symptoms, including sour or bitter taste in the mouth. 49 A clinical role for weakly acidic reflux has already been suggested by the association between this type of reflux and both typical and atypical diurnal GERD symptoms. 26,47,[50][51][52] Finally, the variability in reflux composition, including weakly acidic events, might explain the difference in severity of esophageal lesions in patients with similar amounts of acid reflux. 53 In conclusion, we reappraised nocturnal reflux using impedance-pH monitoring in healthy subjects and GERD patients. Our main findings were the high predominance of weakly acidic reflux during the night in both controls and patients, the characteristics of nocturnal reflux, including predominant liquid composition and higher proximal extent in GERD patients, and a peculiar time distribution of weakly acidic reflux as a late phenomenon, pointing to the need of further studies to address the clinical relevance of nocturnal weakly acidic reflux. We also demonstrated that impedance monitoring could assess patterns of esophageal activity associated with nocturnal reflux, precluding the need for a sleep laboratory. Accordingly, impedance-pH monitoring might be useful to evaluate pre-reflux esophageal activity and post-reflux poor esophageal activity associated with prolonged acid clearance. Further studies with this methodology are needed to clarify the relation of weakly acidic reflux with nocturnal symptoms and possible differences between patients with erosive and non-erosive reflux disease.
Figure 1 .
1Esophageal activity before and after nocturnal reflux. (A) Aboral flow before and silent activity (no flow) after an episode of weakly acidic reflux. (B) Non-specific activity preceding and aboral flow following a weakly acidic reflux. LES, lower esophageal sphincter.
Figure 2 .
2Prevalence and characteristics of supine nocturnal reflux in healthy subjects and patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (A) The total number of nocturnal reflux was significantly higher in GERD patients. (B) Healthy subjects had the majority of nocturnal events represented by weakly acidic reflux. In comparison, GERD patients had significantly more acid reflux. Central values are expressed as median. GER, gastroesophageal reflux.
Figure 3 .
3Distribution of nocturnal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). (A) Reflux events in 8 hours of the supine nocturnal period. Reflux was significantly more frequent in the first hour and significantly less numerous in the fifth and sixth hours (*P ＜ 0.001). (B) Distribution of weakly acidic and acid reflux in GERD patients. Acid events predominated in the first 2 hours whereas weakly acidic reflux became more common in the last 3 hours of the nocturnal period (*P ＜ 0.001). GER, gastroesophageal reflux.
Figure 4 .
4Distribution of nocturnal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with different degrees of acid exposure (AE). (A) Patients with normal AE had mostly weakly acidic reflux during the whole nocturnal supine period. (B) Those with upright increased AE had predominance of acid events in the first 2 supine hours. (C) Patients with bi-positional increased AE had predominant acid reflux during the first 6 hours and weakly acidic reflux in the last 2 hours.
Figure 5 .
5Distribution of nocturnal acid clearance and corresponding patterns of post-reflux esophageal activity. (A) Acid clearance was significantly longer for acid reflux identified in the interval between the third and fifth hour after lying down. *P ＜ 0.050 vs 1-2 and ＞ 5. (B) Silent esophageal activity seen at impedance after acid reflux was significantly more frequent starting from the third hour after lying down. *P ＜ 0.050 vs 1-2.
Table .
.Characteristics of Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Healthy VolunteersGERD
patients
(n = 76)
Healthy
volunteers
(n = 11)
P-value
Age in years (mean ± SD)
49 ± 12
46 ± 13
0.335
Women (n [%])
47 (62)
5 (46)
0.744
Symptoms (n [%])
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Atypical
a
27 (36)
15 (20)
34 (44)
−
−
−
a
Atypical reflux symptom combined with heartburn and/or regurgi-
tation.
GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Nocturnal Reflux Revisited by Impedance-pH
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Introduction
Belching is the act of expelling gas from the stomach or esophagus noisily through the oral cavity (1,2).
Generally, healthy adults experience belching several times a day as a physiological phenomenon.
Although belching is not a speci c symptom of upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, patients with gastroesophageal re ux disease (GERD) commonly complain of belching (3). Gastric belching is caused by transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, which is similar to the major pathogenic mechanism of GERD (4). Several studies have reported the prevalence and clinical characteristics of re ux symptoms in the general population (5,6). However, a detailed epidemiology of belching has not been elucidated.
The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of belching using data from a previous study on the association between GERD, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances in Japanese adults (6).
Materials And Methods
Data
This study was performed using data from our previous study. A detailed methodology has been previously described (6). Data of 1,998 Japanese subjects with annual health check-ups at Kashiwara Municipal Hospital were analyzed. These included clinical parameters such as age, sex, smoking and alcohol drinking status, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy ndings, and the results of a self-report questionnaire comprising a frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD (FSSG) (7), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) (8), Rome III questionnaire (9), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) (10).
Patients who continuously took acid-suppressing drugs, had active peptic ulcer disease, or had a history of upper GI surgery were excluded. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kashiwara Municipal Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and all procedures performed conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki.
De nition of GERD GERD is divided into re ux esophagitis and non-erosive re ux disease (NERD). Re ux esophagitis was de ned as the presence of an esophageal mucosal break, according to the Los Angeles classi cation (Grade A and more) (11). NERD was de ned as the absence of an esophageal mucosal break and an FSSG score ≥ 8 points (7). Subjects without a mucosal break and re ux symptoms (FSSG score < 8) were classi ed as subjects without GERD.
Assessment of belching
We evaluated the presence of belching according to the scores of 11th question in the FSSG ('Do you burp a lot?'): 0 (never), 1 (occasionally), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often), and 4 (always) (7).
Statistical analysis
Values are expressed as mean ± SD and numbers (frequency) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Comparisons of categorical data between groups were performed using the chi-square test, while data from each group were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. P-values < 0.05 were considered signi cant. A backward stepwise multiple logistic regression model was created to identify independent factors associated with belching. First, we analyzed several factors including age (< 75 or ≥ 75 years), sex (male or female), body mass index (BMI) calculated by body weight divided by the squared height (< 25 or ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ), smoking habits (current smoker or non-smoker), alcohol drinking habits (frequent drinker or infrequent/non-drinker), re ux esophagitis (present or absent), AIS scores (< 6 or ≥ 6, absence or presence of sleep disturbances) (8), functional dyspepsia (FD) (present or absent based on Rome IV criteria) (9), and HADS scores (< 8 or ≥ 8, absence or presence of anxiety/depression) (10). We calculated the odds ratio (OR) with 95% con dence intervals (CI) and excluded statistically insigni cant factors using the Wald test. All statistical analyses were performed with EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). More precisely, it is a modi ed version of R commander designed to add statistical functions frequently used in biostatistics (12).
Results
Prevalence of belching in subjects with and without GERD Figure 1 shows the prevalence of belching according to the presence or absence and the subtypes of GERD. Among 1,250 subjects without GERD, 921 (73.7%) complained of never belching, 235 (18.8%) occasionally, 71 (5.7%) sometimes, 18 (1.4%) often, and 5 (0.4%) always belching. Among 748 subjects with GERD, the following results were seen for belching: 267 (35.7%) never, 228 (30.5%) occasionally, 155 (20.7%) sometimes, 75 (10.0%) often, and 23 (3.1%) always, p<0.01 ( Figure 1A). In the subtypes of GERD, subjects with NERD signi cantly commonly experienced belching compared to subjects with re ux esophagitis ( Figure 1B).
De nition of signi cant belching
In our cohort, the prevalence of belching in GERD was 64.3% with an FSSG Q11 score ≥1 (occasionally or more frequent), 33.6% with scores ≥2 (sometimes or more frequent), 13.0% with scores ≥3 (often or more frequent), and 3.1% with a score of 4 (always). Since a previous outstanding study by Klauser showed that the prevalence of belching in patients with GERD was 40%-49%, we de ned signi cant belching in this study as subjects whose FSSG Q11 score was ≥2 (sometimes or more frequent).
Prevalence of belching in Japanese adults Figure 2 shows the prevalence of belching in Japanese adults. Among 1,998 subjects, 28 (1.4%) always experienced belching while 93 (4.3%) often, 226 (11.3%) sometimes, and 463 (23.2%) occasionally had belching. This shows that 347 (17.4%) subjects had signi cant belching.
Clinical characteristics of belching
We compared the clinical parameters and questionnaire scores of subjects with and without belching. There were no signi cant differences in age, BMI, and alcohol drinking or smoking habits between the two groups. However, subjects with belching were predominantly male and more commonly had FD but not re ux esophagitis. In addition, the HADS and AIS scores in subjects with belching were signi cantly higher compared to subjects without belching (Table 1). Table 2 shows an analysis of the logistic regression model. After adjustment of statistically factors by univariate analysis, male sex, presence of FD, anxiety/depression (HADS score ≥8), and sleep disturbances (AIS score ≥6) were signi cantly associated with belching.
Risk factors for belching
Discussion
This is the rst epidemiological study of belching in Japanese adults. We found that the prevalence of belching was 17.3%. Male sex, FD, anxiety/depression, and sleep disturbances were associated with belching, while age, BMI, presence of re ux esophagitis, alcohol drinking, and smoking status were not.
Belching is divided into two distinct types, namely: gastric belching (GB) and supragastric belching (SGB) (1,2). GB involves swallowed air in the stomach triggering a transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastric air that ows into the esophagus increases the pressure of the proximal portion, causing upper esophageal sphincter relaxation. This results in air out ow from the esophagus into the oral cavity (1,2). The mechanism of SGB differs in that contraction of the diaphragm induces a negative pressure in the esophagus. Air ows from the pharynx during relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter and directly expels into the esophagus without entering the stomach (1, 2). However, it is di cult to distinguish these two types of belching without esophageal impedance pH monitoring (1,2,13). It is especially impossible in an epidemiological study. Therefore, we discuss identi ed factors associated with belching for both GB and SGB.
The reason for a male predominance in belching is still unknown. Saito et al. reported that men eat food faster than women (14), suggesting that men may swallow air more often during eating. In addition, men generally might prefer carbonated alcohol drinks and they do not hesitate to belch when compared to women. Although there is no sex difference in excessive SGB (1,2), the male predominance may be seen in GB.
Although it is not speci c, belching is one of the symptoms in patients with FD. Several studies demonstrated that 59-80% of patients with FD reported frequent belching (15,16). Conchilo et al. examined ten patients with FD and ten controls using esophageal impedance pH monitoring (17). They found that the incidence of air swallowing in patients with FD was signi cantly higher compared with controls (17). These ndings support our results.
The association between belching and anxiety/depression is uncertain. A high prevalence of anxiety disorders has been described in patients with excessive SGB. Among such patients, belching often increases during stressful events (2,18). These ndings might explain the positive association between anxiety/depression and the belching observed in this study.
Sleep disturbances are associated with several GI diseases, especially GERD (19) and FD (20,21).
Although belching rarely occurs during sleep, we found a signi cant association between belching and sleep disturbances. Similarly, a recent study by Hyun demonstrated that sleep disturbances were associated with belching (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.24-2.03) in a cross-sectional study of 4,948 subjects (22). It might be related to the brain-gut axis which is involved in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders.
This study has some limitations. First, we assessed belching using only one question in the FSSG and de ned belching as a score ≥ 2 (sometimes, often, or always) (7). Although FSSG is speci c for GERD (7), there is currently no speci c questionnaire for belching. It is di cult to evaluate the number of daily belching in an epidemiological study. Second, we did not include other confounding factors that could affect belching. Factors such as intake of carbonated drinks and speed of food intake should be included in future studies.
In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the rst report on the epidemiology of belching in Japanese adults. We also clari ed several clinical characteristics of belching. Since a recent study showed that excessive belching was associated with proton pump inhibitor refractory GERD (23), understanding the epidemiology of belching is important. Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (frequency).
Figures
Figures
BMI, body mass index; RE, reflux esophagitis; FD, functional dyspepsia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale.Declarations
Belching (-)
Belching (+)
p-value
N = 1651
N = 347
Age, years
61.3 ± 11.9
60.1 ± 12.6
0.108
Male sex (%)
919 (55.7%)
218 (62.8%)
0.015
BMI, kg/m 2
23.0 ± 3.3
22.8 ± 3.6
0.335
Alcohol
drinkers (%)
361 (21.9%)
86 (24.8%)
0.257
Cigarette
smokers (%)
259 (15.7%)
62 (17.9%)
0.334
Presence of RE
(%)
220 (13.3%)
45 (13.0%)
0.931
Presence of FD
(%)
154 (9.3%)
75 (21.6%)
<0.001
HADS score
6.6 ± 5.3
9.3 ± 6.2
<0.001
AIS score
3.3 ± 2.9
5.0 ± 3.4
<0.001
Table 2 .
2Risk factors for belching BMI, body mass index; RE, reflux esophagitis; FD, functional dyspepsia; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence intervals.Page 11/13
Univariate analysis
Multiple-adjusted analysis
OR
95%CI p-value
OR
95%CI
p-value
Age
≤75
years
1.20
0.75-
1.95
0.46
Male
sex
1.35
1.05-
1.72
0.015
1.41
1.10-
1.80
<0.001
BMI
≥25
kg/m 2
0.85
0.68-
1.21
0.91
Alcohol
drinker
1.18
0.89-
1.55
0.26
Smoker
1.17
0.85-
1.60
0.33
Presenc
e of RE
1.03
0.73-
1.49
0.93
Presenc
e of FD
2.68
1.95-
3.67
<0.001
2.04
1.48-
2.82
<0.001
HADS
score
≥8
2.32
1.82-
2.96
<0.001
1.67
1.30-
2.16
<0.001
AIS
score
≥6
2.98
2.38-
3.85
<0.001
2.28
1.74-
2.99
<0.001
AcknowledgementsNot applicable.Authors' information (optional)Not applicableAuthors' contributions YF designed the study protocol, performed data analysis, and writing the draft of the manuscript. MO collected data, performed data analysis, and participated in the manuscript writing. YN, KT, HI, OT, HS, TW supervised the whole project and reviewed critical version of the manuscript. All authors approved the nal version of the manuscript.FundingThis work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scienti c Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology in Japan (18K07917). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Availability of data and materialsThe datasets generated and analyzed in this article are available from the corresponding author.Ethics approval and consent to participateThe study was approved by the institutional review board of Kashiwara Municipal Hospital. Informed consent from individuals was obtained.Consent for publicationNot applicable.Competing interestsThe authors have no con ict of interest to declare.Figure 1Prevalence of belching according to the presence or absence and subtypes of gastroesophageal re ux disease (GERD). A: Subjects with GERD commonly complained of belching compared to those without GERD, p<0.01. B: Subjects with non-erosive re ux disease (NERD) commonly complained of belching compared to subjects with re ux esophagitis (RE), p<0.01.Figure 2Prevalence of belching in Japanese adults.
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| Treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) by means of gastric acid secretion inhibition usually is successful. When symptoms persist despite adequate treatment, correctness of the diagnosis of GORD should be questioned. Quite often dyspeptic symptoms are erroneously interpreted as GORD symptoms. Other causes of treatment failure are insufficient acid suppression and oesophageal hypersensitivity. In the management of patients with persistent symptoms oesophageal pH and impedance monitoring are useful techniques. These may provide answers to the question whether the symptoms are reflux-related and whether acid secretion is adequately suppressed. |
INTRODUCTION
Heartburn may be caused by conditions such as erosive reflux disease (ERD), non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), hypersensitive esophagus (HE) and functional heartburn (FH). The diagnosis of each of these diseases is made by clinical manifestations, upper endoscopy and by esophageal 24-hour pH or pH/impedance monitoring (1) . FH is a functional esophageal disease characterized by heartburn, failure to respond to proton pump inhibitor therapy, normal esophageal endoscopy, normal 24 hours pH monitoring and a negative symptom-reflux association (1)(2)(3)(4) . Although FH has similar symptoms to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it is not considered as consequence of gastroesophageal reflux, and is investigated by the same sequence of tests (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) .
GERD is associated with changes in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, with longer transit time through the pharynx and the upper esophageal sphincter (6,7) . It is possible that this slower transit time causes dysphagia, a common complaint in patients with GERD (7)(8)(9)(10) , mainly in those with esophagitis (7) .
This investigation evaluated the oral and pharyngeal phases of liquid and paste swallow in patients with FH. The hypothesis was that, similar to GERD, FH is also associated with changes in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
METHODS
Videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing was performed in eight patients with FH and in 12 healthy controls.
Patients with FH had the symptom at least three times a week for more than six months, a normal endoscopic examination, normal esophageal manometric examination, a 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring (5 cm from the lower esophageal sphincter) showing a pH <4 below 4.2% of the time, and a negative symptom-reflux association. Six patients had cough and five had mild dysphagia for solid foods. Dysphagia was evaluated by the answer to the question "Do you have swallowing difficult". If the answer was "yes" they evaluated the intensity of dysphagia by the classification mild, moderate, severe, which reflect they own perception of the intensity of the problem, and if the difficult was for liquid and/or solid foods. All FH patients were women, aged 41±12 years, median 42 (25-56) years. They did not have any other esophageal or gastrointestinal disorders, or any cardiac, endocrinological or neurologic disease, and were in treatment with proton pump inhibitors without good response, in the outpatient clinic of the hospital. They were instructed to refrain from taking any medication for at least seven days before the esophageal motility testing, 24 hours pH monitoring, and the videofluoroscopic evaluation.
The control group consisted of 12 women, aged 53±15 years, median 54 (29-72) years. They were asymptomatic, did not have swallowing difficulties, or any gastrointestinal, cardiac, endocrinological or neurological disease and did not take medications. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the hospital (IRB 5703/2007) and all patients and volunteers gave written informed consent to participate in the investigation. None of the individuals included in the investigation had a drinking or smoking habit.
Manometry, pH-metry and videofluoroscopy were performed as previously described (7) . Manometry and pH-metry was performed in the patients with heartburn only. Manometry was performed with water-perfused system to evaluate the esophageal motility and identify the esophageal-gastric junction. The pH sensor was placed 5 cm proximal to the esophageal-gastric junction and a 24-hours esophageal pH monitoring was conducted.
Videofluoroscopy was done with an Arcomax angiograph unit (Phillips, model BV 300, Veenpluis, The Netherlands). The images were recorded at 30 frames/second on the unit EDSR 100, v1.2 Everfocus (Taipei, Taiwan), and analyzed on the monitor DVR of the same manufacturer, with the digital clock of the apparatus indicating time in minutes, seconds and the number of frames on each video frame.
In the videofluoroscopic test volunteers and patients performed non-cued swallows, in duplicate, of 5 mL and 10 mL liquid and paste boluses. Liquid bolus was a liquid barium sulfate (Bariogel ® 100%, laboratory Cristália, Itapira, São Paulo, Brazil) which was given to the individuals by a graduate syringe, and the paste bolus was prepared with 30 mL of liquid barium mixed with 3 g of food thickner Nutilis (Cuyk Nutricia BV, Cuyk, The Netherlands) given to the individuals using a spoon. The test was performed with subjects in the sitting position and images of the mouth, pharynx and proximal esophagus captured in right-lateral position. The liquid bolus was classified as level 3 (moderately thick) and the paste bolus as level 4 (extremely thick) according to the flow test proposed by the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) (11) .
It were timed the onset of propulsive tongue tip movement at the maxillary incisors, passage of the bolus head through the fauces, passage of the bolus tail through the fauces, onset and end of hyoid movement, onset and offset of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening.
These times were used to calculate oral and pharyngeal transit time: oral transit time -tongue tip at incisors to passage of the bolus tail through the fauces; pharyngeal transit time -bolus tail at fauces to offset of the UES opening; pharyngeal clearance -bolus head at fauces to the offset of the UES opening; UES opening (transit) -time interval between the onset and offset of UES opening; duration of hyoid movement -time interval between the beginning and end of hyoid movement; oropharyngeal transit time -tongue tip at incisors to the offset of the UES opening.
Statistical analysis was performed by a linear mixed-effects model (random and fixed effects) (12) . The model adjustment was done using proc mixed of SAS version 9.2 (13) . The results are reported as means and standard deviations (SD), in seconds, unless otherwise stated.
RESULTS
There was no difference in oral or pharyngeal transit duration between FH and controls with liquid (TABLE 1) and paste (TABLE 2) swallows.
No aspiration of bolus into the airways was detected in any individual. Pharyngeal residues were detected in 12.5% of swallows in patients and 15.0% of swallows in controls, after swallows of 10 mL paste bolus (P>0.10).
DISCUSSION
Our findings in patients with FH lead different conclusions to those described in patients with GERD. In GERD it takes longer for the bolus to move from the pharynx to the proximal esophagus (6,7) . As FH patients have symptoms but do not have excessive esophageal acidic exposure, the results suggested that the pres- ence of acid inside the esophagus in GERD may cause functional changes in the upper digestive tract. Although there are few reports on these alterations, we may speculate that these changes occur mainly in the UES (7,14,15) , and due to the presence of superficial esophageal mucosal afferent nerves in cases of NERD (16) . In FH, afferent nerves are deep within the esophageal mucosa, more alike with that of healthy individuals (17) , and the esophagus is more sensitive to mechanical than acid stimuli (4,5) , i.e., esophageal distention and smooth muscle contraction (4) . It is important to consider that many symptoms attributed to gastroesophageal reflux, may be caused by a group of syndromes of different pathophysiologies (18) . The slower pharyngeal and UES transit time may be one of the causes of dysphagia in patients with GERD, a complaint reported by almost half of the patients (7)(8)(9) . However, these changes do not explain the symptom of dysphagia reported by 62.5% of patients with FH in this investigation. Esophageal hypersensitivity to both acid and mechanical stimuli is a possible explanation for dysphagia in these patients (4,5) .
Heartburn in FH is not related with episodes of gastroesophageal reflux. Then, suggests the occurrence of esophageal hypersensitivity to esophageal distention and/or smooth muscle contraction, but abnormalities in the central nervous system cannot be ruled out. The transient potential vanilloid subtype 1 receptor (TRPV1) is involved in esophageal hypersensitivity in these patients (4) .
There is no good evidence to support the use of neuromodulators or psychological interventions in FH, to address the gut-brain axis disturbance associated with the disease (5) . TRPV1 antagonists would be a possibility in this sense (4) . The treatment should be tailored taking in consideration the pathophysiology and manifestations of each member of the gastroesophaeal reflux syndrome. Proton pump inhibitors is not always the best choice for the treatment of FH, as it may result in over usage of antisecretory agents (18) . In addition, anxiety, hypervigilance, visceral and central hypersensitivity have modulating effects on symptom severity which should be considered in a personalized approach to managing FH patients (18) . This investigation has some limitations. The number of patients with FH was small, however it was enough to draw valid conclusions about oral and pharyngeal transit. The inclusion criteria of patients with FH cause some limitations, in terms of diagnosis and duration of the disease. Our study group was composed of women only, since these were the patients treated for FH at the Division of Gastroenterology of the hospital during the time of investigation. Gender is known to influence videofluoroscopic results (19) , and the control group was composed for women only. Finally, the effects of aging on oral-pharyngeal transit time has been recently reviewed (20) . The conclusion was that bolus transit times do not appear to change with age, however tended to have a delayed swallow response times and longer duration of UES opening. In this investigation no difference of the swallowing transit duration was found between patients and controls, thus the possibility that the age has influence on the results is not likely. The influence of aging on the swallowing is seen mainly in individuals older than 70 years old (20) .
In conclusion, in this investigation oral and pharyngeal transit time of patients with FH did not differ from that of healthy volunteers.
Authors' contribution
Cassiani RA and Dantas RO had participation in study planning, investigation, data collection and discussion of results, in addition to manuscript preparation and in decision to submit to publication.
Orcid
Rachel Aguiar Cassiani: 0000-0002-6100-7025. Roberto Oliveira Dantas: 0000-0003-2183-0815. Cassiani Controles e pacientes deglutiram em duplicata 5 mL e 10 mL de bolos com a consistências líquida e pastosa. Resultados -Com bolo líquido e pastoso não houve diferença na duração do trânsito oral, faríngeo e pelo esfíncter superior do esôfago entre controles e pacientes. Não houve aspiração do bolo para as vias aéreas em nenhum indivíduo. Os resíduos faríngeos foram observados na mesma proporção das deglutições em pacientes (12,5%) e controles (15%), com a deglutição de 10 mL de bolo pastoso. Conclusão -A duração do trânsito oral, faríngeo e pelo esfíncter superior do esôfago foi semelhante nos pacientes com pirose funcional e controles. DESCRITORES -Azia. Deglutição. Esfíncter esofágico superior. Refluxo gastroesofágico.
TABLE 1 .
1Oral and pharyngeal transit time, in seconds, in patients with functional heartburn (FH, n=8) and controls (n=12), after 5 mL and 10 mL liquid swallows. Mean (SD). OTT: oral transit time; PTT: pharyngeal transit time; PC: pharyngeal clearance; HM; hyoid movement; UESO: upper esophageal sphincter opening; OPTT: oropharyngeal transit time.5 mL
TABLE 2 .
2Oraland pharyngeal transit time, in seconds, in patients with functional heartburn (FH, n=8) and controls (n=12), after 5 mL and 10 mL
swallows of paste bolus. Mean (SD).
5 mL
10 mL
Controls
FH
P-value
Controls
FH
P-value
OTT
0.73 (0.42)
1.21 (1.13)
0.24
0.67 (0.43)
0.95 (0.87)
0.37
PTT
0.45 (0.18)
0.41 (0.10)
0.52
0.47 (0.27)
0.57 (0.43)
0.64
PC
0.78 (0.36)
0.71 (0.44)
0.49
0.85 (0.46)
1.06 (0.55)
0.24
HM
1.00(0.13)
1.00 (0.36)
0.87
0.91 (0.53)
1.14 (0.43)
0.15
UESO
0.38 (0.11)
0.35 (0.12)
0.45
0.47 (0.16)
0.55 (0.33)
0.47
OPTT
1.21 (0.44)
1.63 (1.08)
0.28
1.15 (0.58)
1.48 (0.91)
0.24
OTT: oral transit time; PTT: pharyngeal transit time; PC: pharyngeal clearance; HM; hyoid movement; UESO: upper esophageal sphincter opening; OPTT: oropharyngeal transit time.
RA, Dantas RO. Trânsitos oral e faríngeo na pirose funcional. Arq Gastroenterol. 2020;57(2):150-3. RESUMO -Contexto -A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico está associada ao trânsito mais lento do bolo deglutido pela faringe e esfíncter superior do esôfago. Pirose funcional tem sintomas similares aos de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico, entretanto eles não são consequência de refluxo. Objetivo -Como na pirose funcional os sintomas são semelhantes aos da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico, o objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar a duração do trânsito do bolo deglutido pela boca, faringe e esfíncter superior do esôfago em pacientes com pirose funcional, com a hipótese de que esses pacientes também apresentem alteração no trânsito. Métodos -Pelo método videofluoroscópico foi avaliado o trânsito oral e faríngeo de oito pacientes do sexo feminino com pirose funcional, cinco com disfagia leve para alimentos sólidos, e 12 indivíduos controles do sexo feminino.
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INTRODUCTION
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a symptom complex caused by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus with and without complications [1,2] . Patients with esophageal complications, including esophageal erosions and ulcers, are reported to have a higher incidence of gastroesophageal acid reflux than those without complications [3,4] . The esophageal mucosa, composed of stratified squamous epithelium, has limited resistance against gastric juice because its secretion of mucus and bicarbonate is negligible in comparison with the gastric mucosa. Mucus is important for protecting the mucosal surface from pepsin, a protease present in gastric juice. Bicarbonate secretion into the mucus gel layer is necessary to neutralize hydrogen ions diffusing into it [5] . Therefore, when the esophageal mucosa is exposed to acidic gastric juice for a longer period, erosions and ulcers on the esophageal mucosa can easily be formed. GERD with these mucosal complications is known as reflux esophagitis (RE) and that without such complications is referred to as non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) [2] . Patients with NERD suffer significant reflux symptoms including heartburn and acid regurgitation, even in the absence of esophageal complications [2,6] . Afferent neurons with chemoreceptors, including transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV-1), are reported to terminate in the esophageal epithelial Azumi T et al . Electron microscopic study of GERD 5713 intercellular spaces [7,8] . In healthy individuals, these spaces are narrow and hydrogen ions and pepsin have difficulty to penetrate into them to stimulate noxious receptors on nerve terminals [5,9] . In order for acid and pepsin to penetrate into the intercellular spaces, the intercellular adhesion of the uppermost squamous epithelial cells needs to be damaged or widened [5,9,10] . Several reports have described the widening of intercellular spaces between squamous epithelial cells in mid-stratified epithelial layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [9][10][11][12] . However, there has been no description of intercellular adhesion between cells located in the uppermost part of the stratified squamous epithelium, since intercellular spaces of esophageal superficial epithelium could not be observed by TEM. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the luminal surface of the esophageal squamous epithelium in patients with GERD by using scanning electron microscopy and to examine the relationship between the tightness of esophageal superficial epithelial adhesion and the presence or absence of reflux symptoms.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
Eighteen symptomatic patients with RE (male/female = 14/4, mean age 58), 10 patients with NERD (male/female = 3/4, mean age 61), and 18 normal volunteers without any gastrointestinal and reflux symptoms (male/female = 13/5, mean age 65) were enrolled in this study. None of the subjects had a history of gastrointestinal surgery or had been taking drugs that would influence gastric acid secretion or esophageal function. Thirteen of the patients with RE were diagnosed as grade A according to the Los Angeles classification [3] , 3 as grade B, and 2 as grade C. All the patients with RE or NERD had typical reflux symptoms and their scores for the Japanese version of the Carlsson-Dent self-administered questionnaire (QUEST) [13] were over 4.
This study was performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients and volunteers. The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Shimane University School of Medicine.
Methods
All the enrolled subjects were investigated by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for the possible presence of esophageal mucosal breaks and to grade any mucosal breaks according to the Los Angeles classification. One biopsy specimen was taken from the esophageal mucosa without mucosal breaks at the frontal wall 2 cm above the squamous-columnar junction (SCJ), since the evident mucosal injuries are frequently observed at the level of SCJ in patients with RE. Hiatus hernia over a length of 2 cm was not found in any of the subjects.
The biopsy samples were immediately immersed in fixative liquid and routinely processed for scanning electron microscopic obser vation as described previously [14][15][16] . The epithelial surface of the processed biopsy specimens was observed at a magnification of × 2000 using a Hitachi S-800 scanning electron microscope (Hitachi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Three areas on the epithelial surface of each biopsy sample were randomly selected and electron micrographs were taken for analysis. The photographs were reviewed and graded by three gastroenterologists (KF, KK, and MM) who were blinded to the clinical diagnosis of each case. The reviewers graded the intercellular spaces between the surface epithelial cells on each of three photographs taken from a biopsy sample into 3 grades according to the sample photographs shown in Figure 1. Grade 1 represented a close and tight attachment of the surface epithelial cells. Grade 2 represented a loose attachment evident in some areas of the photo and the presence of widened intercellular spaces. Grade 3 represented looser intercellular adhesion and identifiable large intercellular spaces in over 50% of the area of intercellular attachment. If there was an inconsistency in the reading of photographs between 3 reviewers, the final diagnosis was decided by simultaneous review by the 3 authors. The mean value of these grades determined on each photo was calculated as the representative grade for each individual case. The intercellular space between the surface epithelial cells was also quantified with NIH image software (version 1.61, U.S. National Institute of Health) based on the threshold technique.
The intercellular adhesion, cellular surface structure of the uppermost epithelial cells was also observed and graded ( Figure 2). When the cellular surface had regularly shaped multiple folds, the cellular surface structure was graded as 1. When no such regularly shaped folds were observed, it was graded as 3. A cellular surface intermediate between grades 1 and 3 was graded as 2.
Statistical analysis
Statistical comparison between normal controls, patients with NERD, and patients with RE was performed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences at P < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
Cellular attachments between surface squamous epithelial cells identified by scanning electron microscopy were remarkably diverse, as shown in Figure 3A. Even in normal asymptomatic individuals, grades of attachment between cells ranged from grade 1.0 to grade 2.4. Attachment grades in patients with symptomatic RE and NERD showed almost the same range of distribution as those in normal individuals. When the median and mean of each group were calculated, there were no statistically significant differences among the three groups. The percentage intercellular space quantified by NIH image in the three groups is shown in Figure 3B. Even quantitative measurement by NIH image revealed no significant difference between patients with GERD and normal individuals.
Grades of epithelial cellular surface structure in individual cases are shown in Figure 3C. The grades of intercellular attachment and irregularity of the superficial cellular surface structure were distributed over a wide range. The median and mean grades among the three groups showed no statistically significant differences.
DISCUSSION
The presence of esophageal lesions and the presence of reflux symptoms are not well correlated [2] . Many patients with endoscopically evident esophageal erosions have no reflux symptoms [2,[17][18][19] . In fact, our recent study confirmed that 74% of patients with esophageal erosions/ulcers do not have reflux symptoms, including heartburn or regurgitation [20] . Therefore, other pathological changes in the esophageal mucosa may have some role in the induction of reflux symptoms. Tobey and colleagues found widening of squamous epithelial intercellular spaces, not only in patients with RE, but also in patients with NERD [10] . In the epithelial intercellular space, many terminals of afferent neurons are present and convey various noxious stimuli to the central nervous system. When the intercellular spaces become widened, acid and pepsin refluxed from the stomach can easily penetrate the epithelial layer and stimulate noxious receptors on the afferent neurons and induce reflux symptoms [5] . An association between widened intercellular spaces and reflux symptoms has been reported [11,12] . In order to enter the mucosal intercellular spaces, acid and pepsin have to penetrate the intercellular adhesion sites of the uppermost superficial epithelial cells. In this study, the intercellular attachment of the most superficial squamous epithelial cells in the esophagus was investigated by scanning electron microscopy in asymptomatic normal individuals and symptomatic patients with RE or NERD. It was found that the gap between superficial epithelial cells varied markedly in individuals, even in healthy volunteers. Some individuals had tight attachment between superficial cells whereas others had loose intercellular attachment. The tightness of superficial cellular attachment did not differ significantly among normal volunteers, patients with NERD, and patients with RE.
Patients with NERD complain of significant reflux symptoms, even if their gastroesophageal acid reflux is limited [2,21,22] . Some investigators have reported that patients with NERD show hypersensitivity of the esophagus to esophageal extension and acid perfusion [23,24] . Loose attachment between esophageal squamous cells is the most easily suspected cause of esophageal acid hypersensitivity. In the present study, however, it was clarified that loose attachment between the most superficially located squamous cells was not a cause of acid hypersensitivity in patients with NERD.
There were several limitations to this study. The number of subjects investigated in this study was relatively small. In addition, we could not demonstrate the influence of esophageal acid reflux on the attachment of superficial squamous epithelium, since 24-h esophageal pH monitoring study was not performed in this study and the diagnosis of NERD was made by reflux symptoms and endoscopic findings. The location, from which the biopsy samples were obtained, also might influence the results of this study, since we took only one biopsy from the esophageal mucosa without mucosal breaks at the frontal wall 2 cm above the SCJ. Further study will be necessary to clarify the relationship between the attachment of superficial squamous cells and the attachment of more deeply located squamous cells. For this purpose, the combination of transmission and scanning electron microscopy might be useful. In summary, using scanning electron microscopy, we have clarified that the intercellular adhesion of esophageal superficial squamous cells is diverse among individuals, and does not differ among normal individuals and patients with NERD and RE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to thank Ms. Rika Tohma and Ms. Keiko Masuzaki for their technical support.
COMMENTS
Background
To investigate the intercellular spaces between the most superficially located esophageal epithelial cells in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Research frontiers
The widening of squamous epithelial intercellular spaces was demonstrated in patients with reflux esophagitis (RE), but also patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and an association between widened intercellular spaces and reflux symptoms has been reported. However, the intercellular attachment of the most superficial squamous epithelial cells in the esophagus was not investigated by using scanning electron microscopy.
Innovations and breakthroughs
The intercellular space between the most superficially located epithelial cells in patients with erosive esophagitis or NERD was not different from that in asymptomatic healthy individuals. Widened luminal intercellular spaces of esophageal superficial epithelium are not responsible for the induction of reflux symptoms in patients with GERD.
Applications
The relationship between the attachment of superficial squamous cells and the attachment of more deeply located squamous cells should be investigated in future by using the combination of transmission and scanning electron microscopy.
Terminology
The majority of patients with reflux symptoms do not have esophageal mucosal injury; these patients are referred to as NERD. Scanning electron microscopy used in this study can reveal the minimal changes of the luminal surface of the esophageal squamous epithelium.
Peer review
This is an interesting study. Authors investigated the intercellular spaces between the most superficially located esophageal epithelial cells in patients with GERD. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups; B: The intercellular spaces between the most superficially located squamous epithelial cells were quantified using the NIH Image program. The proportion of intercellular space relative to total superficial area was determined in individuals with NERD and RE, and in asymptomatic healthy individuals. Each dot represents an individual case. Horizontal lines show the median values. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups; C: The regularity of the luminal cellular surface structure of the squamous cells was compared between normal individuals and patients with RE or NERD. There was no difference in the cellular surface structure between normal individuals and patients with RE or NERD. Each dot represents an individual case and horizontal lines show the median values.
REFERENCES
Figure 1 Figure 2
12Intercellular spaces between the most superficially located squamous epithelial cells were graded from 1 to 3. Grade 1 (A) represents close and tight attachment. Grade 2 (B) represents loose attachment in some areas, with widened intercellular spaces (arrows). Grade 3 (C) represents further loosening of intercellular adhesion (x 2000). The cellular surface structure of the uppermost epithelial cells was graded from 1 to 3. Grade 1 (A) represented regularly shaped multiple folds. Grade 3 (C) represented an absence of such regularly shaped folds. A cellular surface intermediate between grades 1 and 3 was classified as grade 2 (B).
Figure 3 A
3: The intercellular spaces between the most superficially located squamous epithelial cells are shown. Each dot represents an individual case and horizontal lines show the median values.
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Oesophageal hypersensitivity in Japanese patients with non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases. H Miwa, T Minoo, M Hojo, R Yaginuma, A Nagahara, M Kawabe, A Ohkawa, D Asaoka, A Kurosawa, T Ohkusa, N Sato, Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 201SupplMiwa H, Minoo T, Hojo M, Yaginuma R, Nagahara A, Kawabe M, Ohkawa A, Asaoka D, Kurosawa A, Ohkusa T, Sato N. Oesophageal hypersensitivity in Japanese patients with non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 20 Suppl 1: 112-117
Lowered oesophageal sensory thresholds in patients with symptomatic but not excess gastro-oesophageal reflux: evidence for a spectrum of visceral sensitivity in GORD. K C Trimble, A Pryde, R C Heading, Gut. 37Trimble KC, Pryde A, Heading RC. Lowered oesophageal sensory thresholds in patients with symptomatic but not excess gastro-oesophageal reflux: evidence for a spectrum of visceral sensitivity in GORD. Gut 1995; 37: 7-12
| 368 | We studied the mechanism of belching with specific attention to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) in 14 normal volunteers. Belching occurred by the following sequence of events: lower esophageal sphincter relaxation; gastroesophageal gas reflux, recorded manometrically as a gastroesophageal common cavity phenomenon; UES relaxation; esophagopharyngeal gas reflux; and restoration of intraesophageal pressure to baseline by a peristaltic contraction. Upper esophageal sphincter relaxations comparable to those associated with belches were induced by abrupt esophageal distention with air boluses. In contrast, fluid boluses injected into the midesophageal body either had no effect on UES pressure or increased UES pressure. Thus, the UES responded to esophageal body distention in two distinct ways: abrupt relaxation in response to air boluses and pressure augmentation in response to fluid boluses. Mucosal anesthesia did not alter the UES response to esophageal boluses of gas or liquid thereby making it unlikely that these substances are differentiated by a mucosal receptor. Rapid distention of the proximal esophagus with a cylindrical balloon (15 cm long) elicited UES relaxation. These findings suggest that the rapidity and spatial pattern of esophageal distention, rather than discrimination of the type of material causing the distention, determines whether or not UES relaxation occurs. | Background/AimsThe mechanism via which supra-esophageal symptoms are generated is unclear. We assessed upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function in novel fashion using functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) topography. We hypothesize that symptoms related to aspiration of esophageal contents may be associated with a more distensible UES.MethodsFLIP and reflux symptom index score data from patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation for an esophageal complaint over a 10-month period were analyzed retrospectively. UES distensibility on FLIP was studied at 40-70 mL volumes with in-depth analysis at 50 and 60 mL. Symptoms were compared between patients with low, middle, and high UES-distensibility index (UES-DI). Receiveroperating characteristic analysis was performed to determine associations between the UES-DI and individual reflux symptom index symptom item scores.ResultsOne hundred and eleven subjects were included. Overall, the associations between UES-DI and symptoms that could be related to supra-esophageal aspiration were strongest at the 50 mL FLIP volume. Choking item score was highest in the high UES-DI group (2.8) vs 1.4 (P < 0.001) in the middle UES-DI and 1.1 (P = 0.004) in the low UES-DI groups. Similarly, the cough item score was highest in the high UES-DI group (2.7) vs 1.5 (P = 0.009) and 0.9 (P = 0.002) groups.ConclusionA higher UES-DI measures defective barrier function which could may be the main pathophysiology that generates supra-esophageal symptoms. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022;28:463-473) | Swallowing and esophageal motility | Distension during gastroesophageal reflux: effects of acid inhibition and correlation with symptoms | Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus | Background -Gastroesophageal reflux disease is associated with slower transit of the bolus through the pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter. Functional heartburn has similar symptoms to gastroesophageal reflux disease, however, the symptoms are not caused by reflux. Objective -The aim of this investigation was to evaluate oral and pharyngeal transit in patients with functional heartburn, with the hypothesis that, similar to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, they have changes in pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter transit time. Methods -Oral and pharyngeal transit was evaluated by videofluoroscopy in eight women with functional heartburn, five with mild dysphagia for solid foods, and 12 female controls. Controls and patients swallowed in duplicate 5 mL and 10 mL of liquid and paste boluses. Results -No difference in the oral or pharyngeal transit time was found between patients and controls. No aspiration of bolus into the airways was detected in any individual. Pharyngeal residues were detected in the same proportion of swallows, in patients (12.5%) and controls (15.0%), after swallows of 10 mL paste bolus. Conclusion -Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter transit time are similar in patients with functional heartburn to healthy controls. HEADINGS -Heartburn. Deglutition. Upper esophageal sphincter. Gastroesophageal reflux.Declared conflict of interest of all authors: none Disclosure of funding: no funding received Dantas RO is a member of the Board | The esophageal obturator airway: A reassessment of use by paramedics | Manometric study on the effect of proximal vagotomy on the lower esophageal sphincter | Function of Esophageal Barrier and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
369 | 24/7 Gyms in Queen Village? | Anyone got an experience with the village hotel gym in govan or any other gym recommendations in the west end/southside? | Looking for a good gym in Midtown to take kickboxing lessons. Does anyone have any personal recommendations? | The majority of the gyms offers a membership where you go as many time as you want.
I just want to do 2 times a week and because of that the membership is super expensive.
Do you guys know a place around central London or west London that is a little bit better?
Thank you! | And what kind of gym is it? I used to go to a UMC pool-with-a-cafe gym and it was maybe 50/50. Now I go to a meathead two-token-treadmills-in-the-corner gym and it's rare to see a single woman in the weightroom. | I haven't been in months and can feel myself getting out of shape. Was thinking about building a home gym, but equipment is sold out everywhere. My gym has been open this whole time and I've been paying membership, but I can't think of a worse place than a gym to be exposed to the Rona. Small enclosed space, heavy breathing, shared equipment and sweat. So, I wanted to know if any of you guys are still going to the gym and what your experience has been like. | Hey all! My husband and I are having our first baby in a little over a week (eek!!) and I am excited to get back to the gym once I’m healed up and have been given the all clear. I saw that GYMVMT (specifically the one in Mayfield) has some cycle classes, childcare, etc. On paper this sounds great!
Of course, like most private clubs, there is no pricing online or information like if childcare is extra $, how much the towel service is, or any other price details. Can anyone give me a ballpark cost, details about the quality of the spaces/machines, or anything else that might help me decide what gym hubby and I should check out? I know I could go in and ask all this but I am 36 weeks pregnant and really not feeling like dealing with the sales environment.
Thanks! | 24 Hour Fitness isn't even open 24 hours. (Side rant: Why the hell does Seattle shut down so damn early all the time?)
Where is a real, honest-to-goodness 24-hour gym with reasonably decent equipment? Areas: Queen Anne, SLU, downtown, Westlake, Eastlake, etc.
Thanks. | All I really need is a weight room, and it seems all the gyms around here are super high end and fancy. I did a month at 24 hr fitness and I didn't like it there, especially for $100/month. | 369 | I used to go to Optimal Gym on 3rd and bainbridge, but it doesn’t look 24/7 anymore (unless im mistaken). Anyone know of any in Queen Village or near here? Im weird and I like going 10pm-2am | Which Gym is good in the town? | Where are the actual 24-hour gyms? | If you want to see your local gymcels in your area. Go to your local gym on a Friday or Saturday evening/night. | Cheap gyms in East Belfast? | [Suburbs] Anyone here know of a good gym? My local one is closing in a month. | Gym suggestions in Staten Island | Any good gyms around Irving, TX (Las Colinas)? | Good gyms in Brea, CA that welcome drop-ins? |
370 | What do you think is the over/under on Liger being inducted in the WWE HoF? | Had this thought based on the comment in the Zayn/Owens thread, about them brawling at their own HOF induction.
Of the current roster, bar the OBVIOUS future inductees (Taker, HHH, Cena, Jericho, Big Show, Kane, Orton, Dudleys), who of the current roster do you think will have the longevity, appeal and success to make it into the Hall of Fame in the future? | Who do you think is most over-utilized, overstated, or overrated in WWE right now? Someone who the company presents as somebody who is worthy of watching or is positioned on a card greater than he or she deserves?
Just curious thoughts, please be civil about opinions in the comment section because opinions are opinions for a reason. | I assume many of you, like me, were around to watch His Airness cross over Bryon Russell to win his last title in 1998.
Now, many people born in the year after this moment are in college. Fuck I'm old. | Obviously HHH and the McMahons
Batista, Brock Lesnar, Dean Ambrose, Dolph Ziggler, Paul Heyman, Roman Reigns, Seth Rollins.
Alexa Bliss, Bayley, Mickie James, Natalya, Ronda Rousey, Sasha Banks.
AJ Styles, The New Day, The Bar, Daniel Bryan, The Hardy Boyz, The Usos, The Miz, Randy Orton, Rey Mysterio, Shelton Benjamin (w/Charlie Haas)
Becky Lynch, Charlotte Flair, Naomi
I can also see Kevin Owens and Finn Balor as Hall of Famers provided nothing goes seriously wrong.
How about you guys? Who else do you think will get onto WWE's HOF? | The reason I ask is I was thinking about Regal today and how the dude absolutely deserves a spot in the Hall of Fame, but at the same time he hasn't really held a lot of belts or spotlight in the company.
Who are some wrestlers that you think fall in the same category? | Over the Edge (1999) Over the Edge (1999) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on May 23, 1999, at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It was the first event not to be promoted under the "In Your House" series of pay-per-views, which typically occurred in months not occupied by the WWF's biggest events (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series). Owen Hart was scheduled to face The Godfather for the WWF Intercontinental Championship during the event. Wrestling under his Blue Blazer gimmick, Hart was to | Over the Edge (1999) Over the Edge (1999) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on May 23, 1999, at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. It was the first event not to be promoted under the "In Your House" series of pay-per-views, which typically occurred in months not occupied by the WWF's biggest events (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, King of the Ring, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series). Owen Hart was scheduled to face The Godfather for the WWF Intercontinental Championship during the event. Wrestling under his Blue Blazer gimmick, Hart was to | ##**SELF HIGH FIVE!**
Fresh off the heels of his Hall of Fame Induction, DDP will be joining us to talk his career, DDP Yoga, and whatever else you all have on your minds! In case you missed it, feel free to check out DDP's Hall of Fame speech.
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##**ABOUT DDP**
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>Dallas Page (born Page Joseph Falkinburg on April 5, 1956), better known by his ring name Diamond Dallas Page (DDP), is an American semi-retired professional wrestler, fitness instructor, motivational speaker and actor.
>In the course of his wrestling career, which spanned two decades, Falkinburg has wrestled for mainstream wrestling promotions World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
>Falkinburg first broke into the wrestling business in 1988, as a manager in the American Wrestling Association, where he worked for nine months before signing with WCW in 1991. There, he continued as a manager until late 1991, when he became a wrestler.
>Over a decade in WCW, Falkinburg became a three-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion, two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion, four-time WCW World Tag Team Champion and one-time WCW World Television Champion. He is the fourth WCW Triple Crown Champion, and the only United States Heavyweight Champion to defend the title in a pay-per-view main event, defeating Bret Hart at the 1998 World War 3.
>After WCW was sold in 2001, Falkinburg signed with the WWF where he made his pay-per-view debut in the main event of July's Invasion show, and went on to become a one-time WWF European Champion and one-time WWF World Tag Team Champion. Due to a series of injuries, he allowed his contract with the company to expire in 2002. He worked for TNA from 2004 to 2005, challenging for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in the main event of Destination X 2005.
>On February 20, 2017, WWE announced that Page would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2017, and on March 31, 2017, he was officially inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Eric Bischoff.
**Source:** DDP Wiki
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##**GET CONNECTED**
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+ Follow DDP on Twitter @RealDDP
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Interested in DDP Yoga? Visit DDPYoga.com]( - From now until Memorial Day, DVDs are 20% off! Visit [DDPYogaNow.com for real testimonies from real people. In addition, you can download the DDP Yoga Now app available on iOS and Android. | 370 | With his appearance in WWE a few years, he could be in the same boat as Sting, who only ever made very limited appearances with WWE, and is still a HoFer. This could also mean Liger in a future WWE 2K game, as they fairly commonly slip some of the inductees into the new games. | when did sting start his new look | Is john cena realy in nexus? | Can someone explain what Kevin Feige actually does at Marvel Studios? | Could Sting have partially been the cause of TNA's downfall? | Do you think WWE will give CM Punk “the bag” for a return? | Who exactly is Deadpool and why won't they make his movie? | Cooler is such a popular character, Idk why Toriyama just doesn't make him canon. | where did lio rush get his wwe skills |
371 | how many detectives are at the house in mapantsula | Mapantsula house. Leaving, he picks up a brick and throws it through Joyce's window. In Stander's office, the police officer offers Panic coffee and food. He demands information from him about a man named Duma (Peter Sephima). Panic says he does not know him. Upon returning to his cell, he is accused by a fellow inmate of selling out to the authorities. Through another flashback, we find out that Pat has been fired. Sam takes Pat to a local gathering of the National African Congress, where the locals demand for the mayor (Steven Moloi) to keep from raising rents. Duma first | is common in South Africa and difficult for the police to investigate. His musings on robbing Joyce also represent the fact that the majority of thefts in South Africa occur out of opportunity and not vengeance or racial discrimination. Mapantsula Mapantsula is a 1988 South African crime film directed by Oliver Schmitz and written by Schmitz and Thomas Mogotlane. It tells the story of Johannes 'Panic' Themba Mzolo (Mogotlane), a small-time thief, set against the backdrop of Apartheid. The film's use of flashbacks between Panic's time at the hands of his apartheid jailor 'Stander' (Marcel Van Heerden) and happenings in | black South Africans. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the South African entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. According to a short quote before the film, Amapanstula is a term used for "South African street gangs identified by their style of clothing and music." It goes on to note that, "In their harsh surroundings there are no rules and survival of the fittest is the order of the day." Mapantsula begins with cut-scenes | Mapp and Lucia (2014 TV series) Mapp and Lucia is a British drama television series that was first broadcast on BBC One from 29 to 31 December 2014. The three-part series, adapted by Steve Pemberton and directed by Diarmuid Lawrence, is based on E. F. Benson's Mapp and Lucia collection of novels. The series features an ensemble cast, with British actresses Miranda Richardson and Anna Chancellor playing the eponymous characters Elizabeth Mapp and Emmeline 'Lucia' Lucas. It is set in the Sussex coastal town of Tilling, based very closely on Rye, East Sussex, where it was filmed and where Benson | Mapp and Lucia (2014 TV series) Mapp and Lucia is a British drama television series that was first broadcast on BBC One from 29 to 31 December 2014. The three-part series, adapted by Steve Pemberton and directed by Diarmuid Lawrence, is based on E. F. Benson's Mapp and Lucia collection of novels. The series features an ensemble cast, with British actresses Miranda Richardson and Anna Chancellor playing the eponymous characters Elizabeth Mapp and Emmeline 'Lucia' Lucas. It is set in the Sussex coastal town of Tilling, based very closely on Rye, East Sussex, where it was filmed and where Benson | Mapusa municipal council is the municipality of Mapusa, the main commercial town in North Goa, located in the Bardez taluka.
Location
The municipality office and premises was till recently based at Feira Alta, on the slope going up to the Altinho locality of Mapusa. It has now been shifted to the renovated old school premises where the St Mary's Convent previously functioned.
External links
Mapusa Municipal Council official website
References
Mapusa
Municipalities of India | Mapo Hall the administration of Ibadan as part of the Oyo Province. The hall serves as an important landmark that could be seen from most part of the city, especially from the other six hills between which the city spreads out. Labour was provided by the natives, probably by the prisoners held here as tax defaulters and other slaves. It was renovated in 2006 amid some controversy. and the renovated hall was commissioned by former President Olusegun Obasanjo on 6th September 2007. Over the years, the hall had played host to major political and social events in the city, shaping the socio-political | Maphumulo Local Municipality Maphumulo Local Municipality is an administrative area in the iLembe District of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Maphumulo is an isiZulu name meaning "place of rest". The municipality is predominantly rural, comprising mostly tribal land, which is administered by the Ingonyama Trust on behalf of local communities. Sugar-cane cultivation is the predominant economic activity and land use in the municipality. Subsistence agricultural activities in the form of small cropping areas attached to traditional family units dominate land usage. The only major town in the municipality is Maphumulo. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places: | 371 | Mapantsula out that Sam has been hanging out with Duma, who is in hiding. Knowing Lucky is his brother, Panic goes to Lucky's. He gets nowhere, even after threatening him. Panic leaves, and we see that two detectives are staking out Lucky's house. Back at the police station, Panic is being humiliated by Stander, crouching naked in a locker room after insisting he does not know Duma. In another flashback, Panic is at Lucky's at night. He finds out Duma is there. Duma runs but Panic catches up with him and demands he leave Pat alone. The detectives staking out Lucky's | the 1988 film mapantsula is set against the backdrop of what | where did the mayor meet in mapantsula | where was the film mapantsula screened | mapui is a girl from which city in india | in which town is the tv series mapp and lucia set | how many columns are there in mapo hall | Coincidence sets of coincidence producing maps | mapimí is a biosphere reserve located in which country |
372 | what is the title of the second album by the adventures in 1988 | Ambient 2: The Plateaux of Mirror phrase, recorded it and played it to Budd for the first time over the telephone. The basic theme of "The Chill Air" was repeated on "Their Memories", a piece on Budd and Eno's 1984 release "The Pearl". While the theme is recognisable by its melody line, the treatments are more pronounced. Tracks 2, 4, 7, 8 and 10 are mostly piano-oriented, with little in the way of heavy electronic tinkering by Eno; track 1, also piano-based, has some light synthesizer treatments towards the latter half. Tracks 3 and 9 feature syncopation, mostly in the form of light chimes, while track | won 'Best Video' for "Compulsory Hero", which was directed by Geoff Barter. The band added Charlie Cole on keyboards (ex-Moving Pictures) and toured Australia in support of the album and associated singles. By late 1989, they started work for their second album, "The Other Side", when Garry Frost announced he was leaving the band early the following year. ...Ish (album) ...ish is the debut album by Australian pop rock band 1927, released on 14 November 1988, which peaked at number one for four weeks in early 1989 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album remained in the top 50 for | More Adventurous More Adventurous is the third full-length album released by Los Angeles-based band Rilo Kiley. The album, released on August 17, 2004, marks a significant change in the band's sound with the goal of being "more adventurous" than their previous music. The effort paid off by increasing the group's audience and garnering critical praise; noted rock critic Robert Christgau, initially naming the album the fifth best release of 2004, included it in his recap of the greatest albums of the 2000-2009 decade, placing it at the twenty-fourth spot. Christgau also declared "It's a Hit" song of the year for | This is a welcome (albeit fairly expensive) limited edition CD issue of a great album from 1982. It's long been near the top of my 'got it on vinyl but want it on CD' list.
The music defies exact categorisation but fits loosely into the West Coast/rock/pop genre. Perhaps the nearest (though not very near) comparison would be with early Christopher Cross, though All Dressed Up is a rather more up-tempo album. If you like Hall & Oates, Toto or Ned Doheny then it's a fair bet that you're going to like David Roberts.
There is a remarkable consistency here, making it difficult to highlight best tracks, but 'Wrong Side of the Tracks', 'Midnight Rendezvous' and 'Anywhere You Run To' are stand-out cuts.
Singer-songwriter David Roberts is backed by a stellar cast of supporting musicians, including Steve Lukather, Jay Graydon, Jeff Porcaro, David Foster and Bill Champlin, with Greg Mathieson supplying meticulous production. A really great album, and I'm glad it's turned up on CD.
NEWS (January 2009):
Admirers of this AOR classic might like to know that there are two new David Roberts releases - "Better Late Than Never" and "The Missing Years" - on the Japanese Vivid Sound label. These do not appear to be listed on Amazon as yet, though Amazon's Japanese site (which can be read in English) has them. Both can be strongly recommended - the music is excellent, and these albums are likely to be sure-fire collectables. In fact, "The Missing Years" is very much "All Dressed Up, Part Two". | EVoid sang which 80's hit song? | Substance (Joy Division album) Substance is a singles compilation album by English rock band Joy Division. It was released on 11 July 1988 by Factory Records. It is the companion to a similar singles compilation by their subsequent band New Order, also entitled "Substance". It peaked at number 7 on the UK Albums Chart and 146 on the "Billboard" 200, the band's only chart appearance in the United States. It also reached number 15 in New Zealand and number 53 in Australia in August 1988. "Substance" compiles the four singles released by the band that did not appear on albums | This is hands down my favorite piece of music ever. So I'm extremely biased with my review. I've been listening to this EP since 2007 and my opinion stays the same, great songs but they're too short but that's part of the charm the EP has. I say everything song on the EP is good start to finish. I say after listening to this ep probably hundreds of times start to finish, Be Good or La Ferrassie are the best songs but to each their own. Price wise I'm ok this this being $12 when I bought it from Amazon just because this is my favorite piece of music ever. From the songs to the artwork everything is on point. I did have one issue and this may have been a shipping thing but the inside of the case that actually holds the CD was damaged so the disk won't properly stay in the holder. Aside from that I love this CD it's going to the grave with me when I go. | The Violet Evergarden OP and ED were released today!
- Full OP
- Full ED
^(**edit: updated with the official MVs released by Lantis Channel*)
Extensive details and links can be found here:
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If you can, please try to buy the CDs to officially support the wonderful singers and producers. :) | 372 | The Sea of Love The Sea of Love is the second album by the Irish rock band The Adventures, released in May 1988. Entirely written by band member Pat Gribben, the album was produced by Pete Smith and Garry Bell. "The Sea of Love" featured the single "Broken Land", their only Top 40 hit in the UK, and also their only chart entry in the United States. Released on Elektra Records under a new contract, the album was their most successful, peaking at #30 on the UK Albums Chart and staying on the chart for 10 weeks. It was certified | who released the album 'tremendous sea of love' | what is the name of the holy sea's first album | when was coast to coast carpet of love leaked | how much money did sea of love make domestically | when was 300 days at sea released | what was the name of sea level's second album | love of the aegean sea who does peter ho end up with | when was the album this is the sea remastered |
373 | the relaxation of haydn’s symphony 59 at the end of a sym | Symphony No. 47 (Haydn) Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 47 in G major Hob. I:47 was probably written in 1772. It was nicknamed "The Palindrome". Scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, and strings. It is in four movements: The opening movement begins with a hammerstroke and a dotted-rhythm fanfare of repeated notes which serves as the first theme for the sonata-form movement. The line between the development and recapitulation is blurred by the reappearance of the dotted-rhythm in G minor (the home tonic but the wrong mode) followed by standard recapitulation of the second theme group. The first theme is | Symphony No. 59 (Haydn) 60 "Il Distratto") are inaccurate. The work is in standard four movement form and scored for two oboes, two horns, continuo (bassoon, harpsichord) and strings. The opening movement starts off energetically on an upbeat followed by octave drop. Following the initial outburst, the music dramatically relaxes and comes to a full stop. This was a technique he used to an even greater effect in his 48th symphony from about the same time period. The relaxation also appears at the end of the movement giving the listener the quiet curtain raising music that often occurs at the end of an opera | Symphony No. 45 (Haydn) The movement can be explained structurally in terms of sonata form, but it departs from the standard model in a number of ways (just before the recapitulation, for example, new material is introduced, which might have been used as the second subject in the exposition in a more conventional work). Also, the exposition moves to C minor, the dominant minor, rather than the more usual relative major. </score> The second, slow, movement in A major and time is also in sonata form. It begins with a relaxed melody played by muted violins, featuring a repeated "hiccuping" motif. The mood gradually | in which the sections marked "semplice" represent the "strict, pedantic" teacher and the "dolce" sections depict the same teacher overwhelmed by love. Symphony No. 55 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 55 in E major, Hoboken I/55, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, composed by 1774. It is scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns and strings. It is in four movements: The second movement is a theme with seven variations. Keeping with the "semplicemente" marking, the theme is quite simple and is in two halves. A recurring contrast amongst the variations is between those that are "staccato" (theme, 2 & 3) | Symphony No. 100 (Haydn) a grand pause of two measures, the rocking motif appears in the distant key of B major and is developed upward through several keys. The first theme then returns in E major and is development in tandem with the rocking motif back towards the tonic for the recapitulation. In the recapitulation, the response to the dancing flute/oboe theme is by the full "tutti" instead of just the strings. The rocking motif returns several times and a full tutti brings the movement to a close without a coda. The "Military" second movement is derived from a movement from an earlier Concerto | Symphony No. 52 (Haydn) model for Mozart's Piano Sonata K. 457. The symphony is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns (in C alto), continuo (harpsichord) and strings. This symphony is divided into four movements: The symphony has several distinct features. The first movement, written in Sonata-Allegro form, establishes a contrast between an agitated and forte opening theme in C minor, and a lyrical and piano second theme in the relative major (E). Somewhat unusually, Haydn presents the second theme twice with transitional material in between its appearances. As with his Symphony No. 45, the movement employs deceptive progressions in both the exposition (mm. | Symphony No. 72 (Haydn) its many soloistic horn passages and is also related to the "Day Trilogy" symphonies 6, 7 and 8 because of the concertante passages for other instruments. The horns are silent in the second movement. In their place are solo passages for flute and violin. The minuet begins and ends with the same phrase "piano" with the ending as an echo. The strings are silent in the trio which is scored for all the winds minus the flute. The finale is a set of marching variations that features many soloists accompanied by strings. The first variation features solo flute, the second | is in sonata form and opens with a section marked "messa di voce" and builds up to a cadenza cadence which is followed by a cadenza for solo violin. In the recapitulation, the build-up to the cadenza is intensified and the cadenza is lengthened and expanded to two solo violins. Symphony No. 54 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 54 in G major, Hoboken I/54, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, composed in 1774. The symphony exists in 3 versions. The first version is scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, and strings. Subsequently, the second version included a second bassoon part | 373 | Symphony No. 59 (Haydn) 60 "Il Distratto") are inaccurate. The work is in standard four movement form and scored for two oboes, two horns, continuo (bassoon, harpsichord) and strings. The opening movement starts off energetically on an upbeat followed by octave drop. Following the initial outburst, the music dramatically relaxes and comes to a full stop. This was a technique he used to an even greater effect in his 48th symphony from about the same time period. The relaxation also appears at the end of the movement giving the listener the quiet curtain raising music that often occurs at the end of an opera | the opening movement of haydn's symphony no 59 begins with which sound | the opening movement of haydn's symphony no. 21 is played in which oct | who interrupted haydn's symphony no. 46 with a reprise | how many movements are in haydn symphony no. 88 | how many movements are there in haydn symphony number 67 | how many movements in the symphony no 47 | how many movements is beethoven's symphony no. 4 | how many oboes are in symphony no 52 |
374 | [NEWS] Transistrian Troops in Position and Ready | A thorough reprise on PR written by a skillful journalist who has a moderate Casseus of PD. Well worth the read by anyone who wants a nontechnical review of the subject. | Transamerica (film) is unhappy because she feels she will never again see or hear from Toby. The therapist visits Bree in recovery and Bree, after she confesses she made a mistake, sobs and cries heavily on her shoulder. Some months later, Bree is surprised to see Toby knock at her front door. Bree invites Toby inside and he reveals to her he has turned 18, bleached his hair blonde, and has become an adult actor in gay pornographic films in Los Angeles. Bree is vibrant, happy, and enjoying her job as a waitress at the restaurant where she was formerly washing-up. Bree | Feeling like a revolution is already underway? Tune into We Are Change San Antonio's Truth Exposed Radio tonight from 6-8 PM CST to hear from guests that are truly making a difference. We will also discuss TSA on the streets in Houston, CISPA, and the many ways to be a New World Activist.
| Twitter centrist trans drama
Submitted August 05, 2020 at 04:45AM by /u/ThroneshitterCOPE -
via /r/Drama | ABC News Chief White House Correspondent Martha Raddatz has been to Iraq 12 times since the American invasion. She has a new book about a battle that was a turning point in the war, an April 2004 fight in Baghdad's Sadr City. Raddatz says it was then that American troops realized they were facing an insurgency. The Long Road Home: A Story of War and Family is about the soldiers who fought that battle, and their families. One of the soldiers in the battle was Casey Sheehan, the son of antiwar activist Cindy Sheehan. | Highlights of the week's news include Iraq's struggle to form a government and changes among key White House staff. | Who appeared at the transfigureation? | What are you looking forward to in today's upcoming post regarding the new update?
So far all we know, is that we'll be expecting a new division, and some basic trainings.
The community update was also pushed to today, rather then being last Thursday.
What are you hoping to see be mentioned in the community update/notes that'll be posted today? | 374 | The army and police count of 650 will now be located in battallions in the outskirts of Tiraspol. They are ready to encounter enemy soldiers to defend the land of the Transnistrian Reich. | how far is the first line of defence from the rhine | what is the nearest town to pungalina seven emu | what did the side panels of the stefaneschi titych introduce | where did the atacameños build their village of titil | which district is on the west of tiruvarur | what war is on the obelisk in sycamore illinois | when did the tigurini lose their battle with nero | where do the soldiers go in outpost 37 |
375 | where did harald fairhair win his first battle in 872 | You may be interested in /u/Yogerthead's answer in the thread, "[Did William the Conqueror know that Harald Hardrada was planning to invade England at the same time?] (_URL_0_)" | Battle of Thimeon The Battle of Thimeon was a Frankish victory over the Vikings near Thimeon (near modern Charleroi) north of the Sambre in February 880. In 879, Vikings (probably Norsemen) from England settled on the river Scheldt. After celebrating Christmas at Frankfurt am Main that year and signing the Treaty of Ribemont with Louis III and Carloman II of West Francia, Louis the Younger marched an army northward on the Viking settlement. The battle was a rout for the Vikings, 5,000 of whom were killed, but the Frankish king also sustained a heavy loss: his only surviving son, the | So I know this eventually happened but I can’t find any source material telling how exacly this happened. I know that Harald plundered few castles in what I belive to be Sicily and then he served in army under John II. But why? | Olaf Tryggvason Olaf Trygvasson(960s – 9 September 1000) was King of Norway from 995 to 1000. He was the son of Tryggvi Olafsson, king of Viken (Vingulmark, and Rånrike), and, according to later sagas, the great-grandson of Harald Fairhair, first King of Norway. Olaf is seen as an important factor in the conversion of the Norse to the Roman Catholic religion. Many of these new converts were converted under threat of violence. He is said to have built the first Christian church in Norway, in 995, and to have founded the city of Trondheim in 997. A statue of Olaf | Harald Hardrada of a policy that only the king could retain a hird, thus centralising power away from local warlords. According to historian Knut Helle, Harald completed the first phase of what he has termed the "national territorial unification of Norway". Having forced his way to the kingship, Harald would have to convince the aristocracy that he was the right person to rule Norway alone. To establish domestic alliances, he married Tora Torbergsdatter of one of the most powerful Norwegian families. The primary opposition to Harald's rule would be the descendants of Haakon Sigurdsson, from the powerful dynasty of Earls of Lade | Harald Hardrada of a policy that only the king could retain a hird, thus centralising power away from local warlords. According to historian Knut Helle, Harald completed the first phase of what he has termed the "national territorial unification of Norway". Having forced his way to the kingship, Harald would have to convince the aristocracy that he was the right person to rule Norway alone. To establish domestic alliances, he married Tora Torbergsdatter of one of the most powerful Norwegian families. The primary opposition to Harald's rule would be the descendants of Haakon Sigurdsson, from the powerful dynasty of Earls of Lade | Harald Fairhair harassment from Harald, prompting them to vacate the land. At last, Harald was forced to make an expedition to the West, to clear the islands and the Scottish mainland of some Vikings who tried to hide there. The earliest narrative source which mentions Harald, the twelfth-century Íslendingabók, notes that Iceland was settled during his lifetime. Harald is thus depicted as the prime cause of the Norse settlement of Iceland and beyond. Iceland was settled by "malcontents" from Norway, who resented Harald's claim of rights of taxation over lands, which the possessors appear to have previously held in absolute ownership. There | Battle of Brissarthe The Battle of Brissarthe was fought on 2 July 866), between the Franks and a joint Breton-Viking army near Brissarthe, Neustria. It was marked by the death of Robert the Strong, the Neustrian margrave, and Ranulf I, the duke of Aquitaine. In 866, Salomon, Duke of Brittany, allied with Hastein (Hasting), a Danish chieftain, for an expedition into Anjou, Maine, and Touraine. In the course of the campaign, Le Mans was sacked. Robert, commander of the afflicted regions, assembled a large army to expel them. He was joined by Ranulf of the region of Poitou and Gauzfrid | 375 | Harald Fairhair historicity is not confirmed). In 872, after a great victory at Hafrsfjord near Stavanger, Harald found himself king over the whole country, ruling from his Kongsgård seats at Avaldsnes and Alrekstad. His realm was, however, threatened by dangers from without, as large numbers of his opponents had taken refuge, not only in Iceland, then recently discovered; but also in the Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides Islands, Faroe Islands and the northern European mainland. However, his opponents' leaving was not entirely voluntary. Many Norwegian chieftains who were wealthy and respected posed a threat to Harald; therefore, they were subjected to much | which country did harald fairhair come from | in which battle of the orkneyinga saga does the hero harald fair | when did rodulf haraldsson become overlord | which british monarch is the second cousin of harald v of norway | what religion did harald order his subjects to convert to | what did king harald hardrada keep as a rule | when did the viking longship draken harald hårfagre start | on which estonian island did olaf ii of norway land |
376 | Windows 10 desktop and taskbar unresponsive after startup. | I had this problem about a week ago, then it mysteriously went away & came back yesterday.
Upon turning my machine on, an Asus N56v running Windows 10, it's slow, but I can get as far as signing in. From there, once at the desktop, the computer becomes unuseable and mostly unresponsive. I repeatedly get a window saying that Microsoft Windows is not responding, and gives me the option to force close it. Naturally, this window is as functional as everything else. I am able to reach the usual screen when I hit Ctrl+Alt+Delete, but anything I try to do on that screen that goes back to the desktop fails to work.
I tried booting again in safe mode. It was slow, but seemed to get working after a while, although it was showing the same problem I was originally seeing for a while. When trying to use file explorer in safe mode, I got an Unknown Hard Error message, but it eventually worked. I tried booting in safe mode a secong time with networking enabled, and now I can get a bit of responsiveness, but the desktop still does not function, and I am unable to run anything, even windows explorer.
I can also say with certainty that I personally have made no changes to my laptop between back when it was working and now when Windows broke.
If absolutely necessary, I do have an external hard drive to back things up on (nothing is backed up at the moment, as I never anticipated this problem to be recurring), and a Windows 10 Media Creation Tool saved on a flash drive. | Hello,
I've got an increasingly annoying problem on my Windows 10 setup, over time Windows Explorer gets slower and slower, my taskbar stops working, the time freezes, search won't pop up, file explorer won't load, moving windows gets slow, Spotify (not sure if unrelated) stops working. All until I restart explorer and it suddenly works fine again.
I unfortunately can't pinpoint exactly when this started occurring, it just seems to be worsening. It's particularly bad when I switch my monitor input source from Win 10 to my Mac and then back, sometimes it will be fine with but othertimes that action alone will kill the explorer entirely.
I am on Windows 10 Home, running 20H2. OS Build: 19042.746
Thanks for any help in advance
DISM and SFC:
C:\Windows\system32>DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealth
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.19041.746
Image Version: 10.0.19042.746
The component store is repairable.
The operation completed successfully.
C:\Windows\system32>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files and successfully repaired them.
For online repairs, details are included in the CBS log file located at
windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For example C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For offline
repairs, details are included in the log file provided by the /OFFLOGFILE flag. | Last night I was using Photoshop and had some Chrome tabs open, when Chrome became unresponsive and froze up. I let it sit for a few minutes and then tried task manager, which never showed up, and the screen got all buggy and completely frozen, so I did a hard reset. Turned it on this morning and it was still unresponsive, so I restarted in safe mode. Ran virus scan, Spybot and CCleaner and nothing showed any problems. Restarted and the problem continued. Started locking up again in safe mode. I did a system restore to yesterday afternoon, and nothing has changed. When I turn it on, the login screen looks normal and it loads the desktop fine. The background slideshow changes like normal, the mouse pointer moves, but everything else is completely unresponsive. I can't click or right click the start menu, ctrl shift esc and ctrl alt delete do nothing. Occasionally I will get the spinning waiting cursor, and once got the outline of the Task Manager window after waiting 10+ minutes in safe mode, but I can't get anything else to work. Any ideas? I'm at my wits end. Thanks | My start bar regularly stops working and becomes completely useless. It occurs from when my PC is turned on and only seems to start working again after I have restarted it a few times. The start bar appears to work ~ 40% of the time.
- I cannot use the windows button to access programs and functions
- I Cannot use 'Search the web and Windows'
- However I can switch between programs by using the task view by clicking on the programs icons
- Most icons on the left task tray do not work, eg date and time, sound
What I think caused this problems was disabling superfetch.msc [because I was having the problems this guy was having] ( I don't really want to enable it because it was destroying RAM and the fact that my start bar sometimes works normally means I should be able to keep it disabled.
Thanks for any help. | I just got a new ASUS laptop 2 weeks ago, and I've already run into problems with windows 8. First of all, I have it set to boot to desktop, but when it boots up, the desktop is frozen and does not respond to anything for 2 or 3 minutes. Another bizarre problem is that when I switch to the Windows 8 screen and launch an app, I cannot use any of them with my mouse. They respond with my keyboard, but I cannot click on anything when I'm running an app. Example: ASUS calculator. I can input numbers with keypad, but with mouse...nothing. Same with all other apps. It just started doing this 2 days ago. Any ideas??
Here are the methods I have tried:
* Malware & Anti-virus scan
* Disk defrag
* Disabling all non-microsoft services
* Disabling all startup processes
* Registry defrag and clean
* Windows update search | I've finally managed to install windows 10 and it's already broken.
For some reason I don't have Cortana enabled, it says that she is not available in my region (UK!). I tried to change the language and keyboard settings but was only able to select US.
Now the desktop has started flashing black as though it is starting up, the apps on the bottom right of the taskbar keep reloading and the task manager is showing CPU use at 98% with nothing running. I can't even access the start menu as the pointer is showing the blue circle as though it is busy, I can't click anything.
Getting to this stage was a real fight, bricked PC's and all sort of problems. I can't even roll back to win7.
Is there anyone with the same problem? Does anyone have a fix?
Thanks. | So i just got around to doing whatever latest updates were for my win10 operating system. But now ive got two issues.
issue 1: Every time i load in i have a windows logo in my task bar
if you alt tab you can see theres a program open, but clicking on it does nothing. it also takes the place of my pinned folders. how can make this not exist?
issue 2:
EVERY time i log in, windows now tries to get me to set up facial recognition and a pin. I DO NOT WANT EITHER. I have tried setting them up, then manually going into user settings and removing them. but the system still keeps trying to get me to set it up. how can get this shit to stop? | My PC has been running Windows 10 for the past 2 days near flawlessly but today after I boot up and sign in I get this critical error: "Critical Error: Start menu and Cortana aren't working. We'll try to fix it the next time you sign in." Is there a fix for this? I have signed out and in several times but that has had no effect on the error. | 376 | Ok so this occurred out of the blue 2 days ago. Whenever I start up my pc, the shortcuts on my desktop become unresponsive as well as my taskbar after a couple of seconds. Any apps i opened before it did would also run very slowly e.g my discord would be stuck trying to connect.
The only thing i did some time around this problem popped up was updating my nividia drivers and even then when i uninstalled it just now, the problem still persists.
I can still get it to work if i restart right when after i log in but i don't want to have to deal with this endeavor every time so please help. | All the custom quickbar icons in Action Launcher 3.5 have disappeared, need help. | Freezing when switching between a game and the desktop | My desktop frequently stops responding | Desktop Icons and Shortcuts wont move | PC running slow on startup. | [Bug] Quit to Desktop Hang is Back | Help! Launcher is wiping my settings on login | [Troubleshooting] PC suddenly boots quite slow/freezes |
377 | in calvino's version of the frog princess, what do the princes use instead | and the most recent, "A Prince Among Frogs." The Frog Princess (novel) The Frog Princess is a children's novel by E. D. Baker, first published in 2002. The 2009 Disney animated musical feature film, "The Princess and the Frog", is loosely based on this novel. Emeralda, a.k.a. Emma is the princess and heir of Greater Greensward. One of her most distinct traits is her unique laugh, which sounds like a donkey's bray. The only person that appreciates her is her aunt Grassina, the current Green Witch. When her mother, Queen Chartreuse, says she has to marry the stuck-up Prince Jorge | What is the name of the princess in princess and the frogs name? | The Frog Prince (1986 film) waking up in her bed. When she hears royal trumpets signifying an important announcement, she sings "Lucky Day" as she gets dressed. She holds onto her golden lucky ball, and carries it throughout her day for good luck. Zora runs through the castle and the Emissary and chef scold her for not acting 'like a princess'. Then, Zora is confronted by Henrietta and Henrietta's friend Dulcey in the hallway, where Henrietta lies to Zora, telling her that they are allowed to interrupt the King that day. After Zora leaves, Henrietta tells Dulcey that she intercepted a letter which declared that | He was the Prince of All the Frogs:
lord of the flies and lily-logs.
He splashed with splendor, croaked with pride,
swam strong along the waterside.
A-fished one morn from out the scum,
the froggy prince came nose to thumb
with fairest maid of starspun locks
and eyes as smooth as river rocks.
"At last we meet!" She curtsied low,
and he, polite, returned the bow.
"Now let us test those fairy-tales
and trade a kiss for slime and scales."
Kiss him she did, but no avail!
The froggy prince was froggy still.
With broken heart, a-pond he dove
and fancied himself quite in love. | The Frog Princes The Frog Princes is a 2011 documentary film directed by Omar Majeed and Ryan Mullins. This film follows the story of a Montreal-based theater troupe training for a play adaptation of the fairytale "The Princess and the Frog." All twenty actors in the troupe have intellectual and developmental disabilities. The film is shot as a play within a play. The film centers on the lead actor in the play, Ray-Man (named by his parents after artist Man Ray), a young adult with Down syndrome. The film follows the personal struggles of the cast as they prepare for | Frogmore be complete by 2023. Work finally commenced in June 2018, with a deep trench being dug out around the building to create a dry moat to allow the stonework to begin drying out. With the long dry Summer that occurred in 2018, this will have benefitted that process. The leaking roof, drainpipes and windows will also be repaired/replaced before the internal restoration can commence. Since its inauguration in 1928, most members of the royal family, except for Kings and Queens, have been interred in the Royal Burial Ground, a cemetery behind Queen Victoria's mausoleum. Among those buried there are Prince | The Frog Prince (1986 film) back in time for the ceremony. When the Prince of Freedly and Zora make it back to the castle, the Prince tries to bang on the gate in order to get inside. As they struggle outside, Henrietta the eldest enters the ballroom. All of the crowd gasps audibly at her beauty as she enters. Outside, the Prince wishes on the lucky ball that they can enter, and thus, the guard is awoken and opens the gate. Once they make it through, Zora's magic ball gives Zora a beautiful, clean dress. Before Henrietta can be crowned as princess, The Prince of | Tangled promoted as having the title "Rapunzel Unbraided", which was later changed to "Rapunzel". Disney's previous animated feature "The Princess and the Frog" in 2009, while being well-received by various critics and taking in nearly $270 million worldwide was not as successful as Disney had hoped. Catmull would later admit in writing that Disney Animation's faith that "The Princess and the Frog"s excellent quality would bring in all audiences notwithstanding the word "princess" in the title was their version of "a stupid pill." In order to market the film to both sexes and additional age groups, Disney changed the film's name | 377 | The Frog Princess cloth and baking bread. In every task, the frog far outperforms the two other lazy brides-to-be. In some versions, the frog uses magic to accomplish the tasks, and though the other brides attempt to emulate the frog, they cannot perform the magic. Still, the young prince is ashamed of his frog bride until she is magically transformed into a human princess. In Calvino's version, the princes use slings rather than bows and arrows. In the Greek version, the princes set out to find their brides one by one; the older two are already married by the time the youngest prince | how much did princess and the frog make | how many actors are in the movie the frog princes | what are the names of the fireflies in princess and the frog | what type of weather is the princess in princess and the pea | what is the last book in the frog princess series | The name of the princess in the princess and the frog? | what is the princess and the frog movie called | Treating women like princesses |
378 | Is there any incentive at all to keep playing the card game? | There is always controversy on P2W and the RNG elements of hearthstone. If you are a player that believes the game outcomes to be all luck why stick around the community and keep playing? The game is rewarding to me because i can see myself improving and seeing more complex lines of plays. If i truly felt it was all a dice roll the game would not be compelling to me. If you feel like there is no skill, why do you keep coming back to the game? | Poker for example is almost a 2 Centuries old card game. They are still using 52 cards decks.
People play that and other card games with those 52 cards whole their life's without expansions and are still not bored with it.
If a digital card game has like 300 cards in total you will still hear a lot of people say how that is bad compared to some other cards games that have 500, 1000 etc.
But the thing is that the main reason CCG/TCG constantly have to add new cards is money. How else would they earn it?
Problem with that is that gameplay is based around money and not it being as good as possible.
You have to add new OP cards in order to "force" people to spend money to get them.
You will nerf older cards also so that new ones become better.
You will add power creep to the game.
You will add bad cards to the game ( not because they need to exist for the better gameplay ) in order to make it harder for people to get the good cards.
When money is directly connected with gameplay then that gameplay has to suffer.
For me it sure would be nice to have a digital card game where they earn money via selling skins, customization ( ala Dota 2, a game that I do not like but respect because of the way they earn money ) etc. that does not affect gameplay at all. | Im fairly new to hearthstone, but i feel anyone who has any of these "quest" cards and completes them (in which some cases does not seem that difficult to do at all) the reward seems borderline stupid to compete against.. do i just need to win quicker?
edit: cheers for the advice :D | I stopped playing the game three months ago because the game felt very simple. There wasn't a wide range of cards, but it was a good start and I figured I would come back later to a more evolved game. I played a few rounds last night, and it seemed just more of the same. Is the game evolving or has it become stagnant? | I apologize in advance for this rant.
Am I the only one around here that absolutely *hates* the pokemon ex cards? Okay, maybe not specifically the ex cards themselves, but players that make a deck when almost **all** of their cards are ex cards, with a few normal cards stuck in there. It totally ruins the fun for both parties. How would winning a game without a challenge be fun? There isn't even challenge involved when you're the other player either- you don't even stand a chance against these people. It's just a way to slowly have your dreams crushed of ever winning a single game.
What makes it even more frustrating is that these people play in the **Novice** player vs. player battles. How does that even make sense? I think they play there so they can feed their insane hunger for crushing tiny dreams with no mercy! (I'm being overly dramatic)
But...
What I suggest, is that if you include more than 1 Ex Pokemon card in a deck, you would have to play in the Expert category. This gives people like me, who despise ex card decks, a little fun and enjoyment in the Pokemon world. I can't be the *only* one who feels this way. | So I have always thought that the game limits your progress by selecting opponents your deck is weak to when you have made too much progress as there are times I will go on a 10 game losing streak and always facing the same style opponents decks. But I have just found a deck that the game won't even let me play with ?!? Why do the game mechanics get to dictate what deck you play with and who you play against. Should it not be your Trophies counts that help randomly assign your opponent? | And that’s why it’s great. Sure, wallet warriors exist in every game but it’s nice to know you can have fun and still win a good amount of games on a budget.
EDIT: trading card game* | Personally, I used to be super "shallow" on my Pokemon love while I only played the game. Ever since I started playing the card game, I've grown a certain respect for many pokemon I never thought I'd like, since the card game kind of forces you to appreciate Pokemon for the skills they have on the card.
Just curious to see if others used to not like many Pokemon, but haven grown to like a lot of them they didn't expect they would. | 378 | Bind and Divide. After you get the Gambler asterisk, is there any incentive to rank up at all? I know you get something for collecting all the cards but does anything happen as you rank up? Any side quests or game content that's of any consequence for playing this silly card game? | Opinion on games rewarding more points for good placement, but punishing more for bad placement? | Is online poker fair? | [spoiler] What are the prizes at the casino do they get better? | Simple rewards that aren't treasure | Gambling should be part of assessment | Point prizes leading to a bigger end-of-season payout? | Barb Level 1 Gambling Priority? | PSA: Luck and Gambler's 'Rare Talent' Add flat drop rate. |
379 | Reviving the Rhetoric of Realism: Politics and Responsibility in Grand Strategy | Oakeshott offers a radical version of the thesis that philosophy cannot evaluate or recommend political ideas. We criticize each stage of his argument that practical life excludes philosophy's desire for ultimate truth and demands a distinctive form of reasoning. Believing that practice is not susceptible to philosophical guidance because it is composed of actions, subject to change and necessarily inconsistent and uncritical of assumptions, he exaggerates its contrast with theory. Moreover, he wrongly supposes that philosophy has no practical aspect, arguing that while all practical thought must be in terms of certain concepts, philosophy transcends those which it analyses. We contend that the distinctiveness of philosophy and practice does not imply they are separate; rather philosophy is a necessary part of any reasoned evaluation of political concepts. | What was the goal of the realist writers? | This article assesses the underlying sources of disagreement among competing scholarly treatments of U.S. grand strategy. It argues that much of the debate centers on differing conceptions of the roles of power and domestic and international institutions in international politics. In addition, it cuts through conceptual confusion that clouds much of the debate by clearly delineating interests, objectives, and policy levers. This framework will allow existing and future research to more usefully address and advance the debate. Finally, it provides a baseline with which to assess initiatives by U.S. administrations. | AbstractThe literature on grand strategy is dynamic and voluminous. Yet a vital set of questions remains unsettled. There is little agreement on such basic issues as a common definition of grand strategy, the appropriate methods that should be employed in studying it, which countries qualify as comparative cases, and whether the purpose of research is explanatory or prescriptive. This article examines four recent, important books as a platform for addressing these issues and argues that, as currently constituted, grand strategy is a field of study rather than a mature research program. It concludes by offering a modest range of options that can be employed to rectify these problems and develop a comparative grand strategy program. | For satire to be effective, it must ring with the bell of truth. Don Buck P Creacy, Humorist/Storyteller
Not since Robert Trivers observed in The Moral Animal concerning mankinds selfish use of Self-Deception has anyone approached the political discourse with such clarity of thought as Duke Q. Wallace. Some say that Duke has outdone himself with this tongue in cheek satire, I agree. You may think, parody, caricature, spoof or mockery but indeed this book is much more than anything so bland. I can promise you this, not since Domitia suffered under the Juvenals scorn or our government stung beneath, the Horatian satire of Will Rogers, Mark Twains, or others has anyone spoken so directly to the condition of our modern day political America.
If you hate the Donald, you need to read this book and take notes. You might learn something. If you are a true Trump supporter; you need to read this book with a red highlighter in your hand and take notes. And each of us should ponder long and deep over our next timid steps into the abyss. At any rate of travel, this book is a page turner.
To quote The Moral Animal as a landmark along this road; One might think that, being rational creatures, we would eventually grow suspicious of our uncannily long string of rectitude, our unerring knack for being on the right side of any dispute over credit, or money, or manners, or anything else. Nope. Time and again -- whether arguing over a place in line, a promotion we never got, or which car hit which -- we are shocked at the blindness of people who dare suggest that our outrage isn't warranted." Robert Trivers | This paper takes as its focus the frequently observed phenomenon of the 'implementation gap' - the difference between planned and actual policy outcomes. The paper argues that by employing a critical realist perspective which emphasises the identification and analysis of chains of causation and tendencies that lead to particular events we can better understand differences in planned and realised policy outcomes. | As a young American... we are thrown many choices, beliefs, truths, falsehoods and reality checks. The Centrist Path Ahead was a refreshing reassurance that my personal reality is clear... as it is in the obvious. Currently the moment of political inertia is a swaying back and forth from a paradigm of honesty to a paradox of complexity. Speaking truthfully, this book delivers a roadmap of Yes to Success and risk for the best. Strongly recommend this... no matter what your opinion, label or variable. You will gain a refreshing glass of insight in a nation starving for freedom. Excellent choice. God Bless America! | Hugh Miller’s argument that philosopher Richard Rorty offers a pragmatic upgrade for public administration does not work. However, the critics, in defending old pragmatism against new, miss some useful insights. Rorty basically helps us to grasp the hubris of claiming epistemic trump and to beware the quest for certainty in the service of the powerful. For instance, how would pragmatic ideas compare with more conventional theoretical expectations rationalizing the recent combination of federal intelligence agencies into a new Homeland Security Agency? Rorty describes and celebrates the critical irony of self-perfection as a resource best nurtured in private while insisting that public expectations be shaped by practical alternatives sensitive to compromise and consensus. We theorists should not be distracted by philosophical debate but focus instead on inventing and comparing practical organizational alternatives that meet public needs without sacrificing individual freedom. | 379 | In both disciplinary history and contemporary methodology, realism is conventionally cast as the antithesis of rhetoric. Born in reaction against the empty liberal rhetoric of interwar liberalism and espousing a robust materialism and rigorous rationalism, realism often seems the obstacle that rhetoric's focus on language, narrative, and social construction must inevitably confront and the challenge around which debates must again inevitably revolve. This article challenges this vision of the relationship between rhetoric and realism. Returning to the birth of international relations in the immediate post-war era, we demonstrate that early realists perceived rhetoric as central to action in domestic as well as international politics and that it was particularly important in the United States. This realist rhetoric is marked by an engagement with grand politics, with the relationship between rhetoric, political identity, social mobilization, political leadership, and foreign policy. Rather than taking eith... | In what ways would you say that realism is not a realistic approach to understanding contemporary global politics? | two schools of thought in international relations theory are realism and | The Triumph of Anti‐liberalism? Reconciling Radicalism to Realism in International Relations Theory | How realist is realism as a theory in international relations? | Across the globe, radical conservative political forces and ideas are influencing and even transforming the landscape of international politics. Yet IR is remarkably ill-equipped to understand and engage these new challenges. Unlike political theory or domestic political analyses, conservatism has no distinctive place in the fields' defining alternatives of realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. This paper seeks to provide a point of entry for such engagement by bringing together what may seem the most unlikely of partners: critical theory and the New Right. Important parts of today's New Right represent self-conscious appropriations of Critical themes and thinkers-turning them to self-declared "reactionary" ends. Developing outside the confines of the academy, these forms of thought have woven insights from across Critical theory into new and mobilizing forms of conservative ideology, seeking to link that ideology to social forces that play increasingly active roles in global politics. Our intention here is not to somehow blame Critical perspectives for the ideas of the New Right, either directly or by association. Rather, we seek to show how an engagement with Critical theory helps us understand the New Right, while also demonstrating some of the direct challenges the New Right poses for critical perspectives. | Paine and Prejudice: Rhetorical Leadership through Perceptual Framing in Common Sense | what type of rhetoric did the american colonization society use | This article explores the theoretical challenges for normatively progressive foreign policy following the rise of populist nationalism during the 2010s, using analytical concepts from the English School. It argues that populist nationalism exposes a problem of internal dissensus on the future trajectories of solidarist international society, within the Western states that have traditionally been its principal supporters. The 'populist moment' reveals problems of disconnection between domestic publics, the practices, and institutions of contemporary international society, and state actions that are premised in part on ethical regard for noncitizens. The article contends that, as an interface point between rooted communities and global ethical concerns, progressive foreign policy approaches have an important role to play in ameliorating these disconnections. However, these approaches must look beyond a simple 're-booting' of liberal internationalism, focussing instead on building a path towards solidarist international society that is rooted in everyday-lived experiences, communities, and identities within the state. Building upon theorizations of good international citizenship, the article advances an alternative framework of good global statehood, which draws upon a coproduction methodology as a means of creating progressive foreign policies that are better attuned to pluralism and diversity across, but also within state borders. *Many thanks to James Souter, Catherine Goetze and the four anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Errors and omissions are of course my own.Although 'semi-detached' from the English School, the notion of 'utopian realism' as a normative position can be found in the work of This is loosely based on Buzan's (2004, 12) formulation of what English School theory represents. Buzan additionally suggests the English School represents a series of ideas held by political theorists. 12 |
380 | Are there any other good weapons for the Flak Rakk Build ? | As a pet project, I thought it would be fun to create a bit more 'low tech' ship. With this in mind, I'm looking for weapons with more old school, 'physical' visuals. I'm aware of the Ferengi and Kentari missile launchers, and there's the Flak Shot artillery experimental weapon. However, that's just 3 out of 8 slots. So I was wondering if anyone'd have any advice for other weapons that's fit the them. Ideally, weapons that don't look like lasers or energy bolts.
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Does anyone know if any such weapon visuals exist?
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EDIT: Also, is there a vanity shield that (partially) hides the deflector? | I just had trumeds Bubba Kush live hash rosin and it was pretty dope. Anyone have any other recommendations for rosin or live rosin? | GF and I are pretty new. Wondering what a good flogger is. Don't mind spending a bit. Would like to find one that is good for "light" flogging as she's not into heavy pain. On a side note, where to find some good quality fuzzy handcuffs. Again, don't mind spending. Get what you pay for, you know? | I’m farming Mayhem 3 with FL4K for gear for my Phasegrasp Amara - I have a Phasezerker Mod, what are the best guns to look for? | I mean aside from what certain Atlas weapons do, and aside from some Tediore reloads. Are there any weapons with true fire-and-forget homing projectiles along the lines of the hex/hunter-seeker grenade mods? | You know weapons Gae Bulg, Ruyi Jingu Bang, or durandal something like those weapons with either interesting backstory or cool abilities. | I've been using 2cm silica wick in my IGO-L for a few months now, and I'm wondering if there is anything I can pick up locally that would work.
I live in a pretty rural area, only Wal-mart and farm stores around. I've heard bamboo and cotton balls....anything else that would do the trick?
Any insight is appreciated. | [ragefire] Looking uo recipies for bows on the net doesn't help much not knowing what is in game. Whats the best bows available for fletching atm?
Fletching is 202 now. | 380 | So im trying this new Rakk Build from this video:
I was just wondering are there any other good weapons or other equipment that go Well with this Build besides the few he showed and What anointements should i get on them (i figure that the 100% bonus Damage after Rakk is the best)
Or is there an even better Rakk Build that i should go for ?
Thanks | Good eidolon chakkurr build | Good Ack & Brunt Build? | Whats the most optimal Build for Rakan? | Suggestions for build based around Rakuyo / Chikage | What are some good melee and their builds for constructors and Paleo Luna? | Good Scoundrel/Guardian build? | Good gun/blade build? Newbie here | Best builds for ER and when to buy Tiamat? |
381 | Arden, Indianapolis | of office space, with a direct vacancy rate of 16.9 percent in 2017. Downtown Indianapolis is home to the city's three Fortune 500 companies: health insurance company Anthem Inc. (33); pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly (141); and Simon Property Group (488), the largest real estate investment trust in the U.S. Other prominent companies based Downtown include: Cummins Global Distribution Headquarters; media conglomerate Emmis Communications; financial services holding company OneAmerica; the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA); local newspaper "The Indianapolis Star"; electricity provider Indianapolis Power & Light; and fast food restaurant chain Steak 'n Shake. The hospitality industry is an increasingly vital | Any recommendations in/around Indianapolis, IN?
Thank you,
Fellow golf lover | From Bloomington, so not quite Indy. I know I go up to Indy semi-randomly but does anyone make their way south? | Starting a Software Development program at Ivy Tech soon and was curious what coding jobs there might be that are local. Indianapolis is pretty far and although Chicago is close I'd prefer to stay within the state if I can. Please and thank you! | Hello Indy!
Once again I'll be gracing the presence of your fine city out there in support of the next Market District hiring event.
I'm just an IT guy so I don't have any specifics but I do know we are looking to hire a veritable crap ton of ~~people~~ foodies!
Feel free to ask me anything about the company as a whole.
If your really interested but can't make the event shoot me your info and I can put you in touch with a recruiter. | I'm curious about where everyone is located and how the business is going. I'm in British Columbia and I work for a high-end agency. Hoping to go indie in another year or so. I'm in a small city, there's at least 5 other agencies in town and lots of independents. It was a really slow summer for me but oddly business has picked up a lot in the past month. | What state is gary indiana locatied? | Hey everyone! Looking for a pretty comprehensive list of volunteer opportunities in Indianapolis.. Anyone have suggestions where to go to find something like this? | 381 | Arden is an affluent residential neighborhood on the north side of Indianapolis, Indiana. The neighborhood is about a 15-minute drive from downtown. It is bounded by 71st Street on the north, Pennsylvania Street on the west, College Avenue on the east, and the White River on the south. Arden is directly north of the Broad Ripple Village neighborhood and south of the community of Meridian Hills.
Arden sits on acreage which was originally part of the Walter Johnson farm. In 1910, were sold by the Johnsons to the Van Sants for their family estate. In 1922, the Van Sants platted a small subdivision on and the Johnsons platted a larger subdivision on of their farm. Both subdivisions failed and resulted in only a single house being built in 1927. Both subdivisions were vacated the following year. In 1929, were purchased from the Johnsons by the Arden Realty Group which subdivided the property. The first home in the Arden development was constructed in 1929, but construction ceased during the Depression. In 1931, a new show home was built and in a couple of years construction resumed in the Arden subdivision. Most homes were constructed during the neighborhood's first twenty years; however, there have been a handful of homes constructed more recently. Homes in Arden vary in size and are built in a mix of traditional styles and vary greatly in price from $175,000 for the most modest to nearly $3 million for the most grand.
Arden remains a quiet, established neighborhood where several residents have lived for two or more generations.
References
Indianapolis Star Communities Section, Arden Neighborhood
Arden Neighborhood Association, History of Arden
Neighborhoods in Indianapolis
Populated places established in 1922 | when was the arden house bought by chinese | Indianapolis (surrounding) real estate | what was the major employer in indianapolis in 1890 | what was the name of the lower house in indiana territory | who owns the indiana toll road in indiana | when was the first white settler in hamilton county indiana | what is the name of the financial services company based in downtown indy | Moving to the Triangle. Where to buy a house with a big yard? |
382 | Re-understanding of Asiatic Mode of Production | It was during the Qin and Han Dynasties that the traditional Chinese agro-tech culture exchange reached its utmost for the first time. Due to the regional,cultural and historical factors,the cultural exchange was characterized by its unique types,contents and degrees,which can be divided into three categories: stereoscopic naturalization,radiate infiltration and distant interpenetration. | Europe is diverse why not the industralized Asian countries? | The term and the concept "Asian mode of production" were rejected for decades by Soviet historians, and the label "aziatchik" became a term of contempt, despite the fact that it was none other than Marx who introduced this concept into historiography. Therefore one can only welcome the work of the two French Marxist historians, Godelier and Suret-Canale, "Traditional Societies in Tropical Africa and the Marxist Concept of the 'Asian Mode of Production,'" and "The Concept of the Asian Mode of Production and the Marxist Model of Social Development," which reminded us that the Asian mode of production entered into the conception of world history of the great Marx. | Development of a region means an entity of both cultural and economic development, especially from the long term view point. But so called technical analysis for the regional development is usually confined to the economic phenomena.In this paper from the following proints of sense, I would like to consider the relation between regional development and regional culture.(1) The background of the most rapidly developing region in the world-Asian area contains many haterogeneons cultures, which influence very much in the development of each region.(2) We cna not neglect the natural as well as cultural environment, in order to consider the regional development from the view point of long term. | The 21st century is being referred to as the Asian century. With the growth of several Asian nations economies and the large population of the region it seems that they will eventually become the dominant nations in global affairs, displacing the Western world. I am interested to know if Asia's rise and predicted dominance is inevitable and how an Asian dominated world would be different to today's. Note: I understand that these questions require in depth answers, if you simply post links to sources that would be appreciated.
Thank You | the economical, agricultural, and industrial center moved from the northern Yellow River to the southern Yangtze, though the political center remained in the north. In part this is linked to technological developments, such as the mouldboard plough, that made life in once undeveloped areas more bearable. The civilizations in China, India, and Mediterranean, connected by the silk road, became the principal civilizations in Eurasia in early CE times. Later development of Eurasian history of mankind is told in other articles. History of Eurasia The history of Eurasia is the collective history of a continental area with several distinct peripheral coastal | Through the contrastive analysis of land relation s, basic input in agriculture, application of agricultural technology, industria lization of agriculture and shift of agricultural labor force between Guangxi an d Taiwan, this paper reveals the universality and peculiarity of the agricultura l development of the two places, thus providing a way of thinking that may be us ed for reference to promote the transformation and upgrading of Guangxi agricult ure. | Regional characterized economy is a new form of modern regional industry work-division on the purpose of seeking region self-development to adapt the discrepancy and diversity of modern market demand structure.The development of characterized economy is tightly connected with efficient regional sales.While the construction of industrial clusters,as an important form of the development of regional characterized economy,its growing-up is greatly tied with regional sales.In regional competition,we should combine characterized economy,industrial clusters,and strategic regional sales together. | 382 | Asiatic Mode of Production is an important part of Marx's theory of social forms.There have always been controversial interpretations of Asiatic Mode of Production.The reasons behind these lie in the theoretical limitations and the impact of Soviet Marxism.To properly understand Asiatic mode of production is to regard it as a process of development and improvement.Not being suitable for China's actual conditions,Asiatic mode of production still has a profound and instructive significance for the construction of China's social form theory. | Analysis of Influencing Factors on Development of Eastern Asia Modernization | On Deng Xiaoping's Development of the Marxist Oriental Society Theory | The characteristics and problems of the foreign trade development mode in Yunnan Province | Advancing Ideological Emancipation by the Jingganshan Spirit | Chinese Cultural Modernization and Marxism | The formation Change in Chinese Character is the Consequence of the Developments in Social Civilization and Productivity | The Circumstance and Tactic for Industrial Self-Innovation in Yunnan Province | The Issue of Institutional Emergence in East Asia: An Introduction |
383 | Myocardial alpha 1A-adrenoceptor subtypes in rabbit: differentiation by a selective antagonist, HV723. | Abstract We have cloned a cDNA encoding rabbit α1d adrenoceptor from the rabbit liver cDNA library. The deduced amino-acid sequence of this clone encodes a protein of 576 amino acids that shows strong sequence homology to previously cloned human, rat and mouse α1d adrenoceptors. The pharmacological radioligand binding properties of this clone expressed in COS-7 cells were similar to those of rat α1d-adrenoceptors. Competitive RT/PCR assays revealed wide tissue distribution of the α1d adrenoceptor mRNA in rabbit, especially abundant in vas deferens, aorta, prostate and cerebral cortex. | Alpha 1-adrenergic potencies of SM911 and SM2470, whose chemical structures are similar to that of prazosin, a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker, were tested in rabbit aortic strips, rat aortic strips and rat vas deferens preparations. SM2470 was as potent as prazosin in alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking effects, though SM911 was 0.5-0.1 as potent as prazosin. The pA2-values for prazosin, SM911 and SM2470 were approximately one order of magnitude lower in rabbit aortic strips and rat vas deferens preparations than in rat aortic strips, suggesting that alpha 1-adrenoceptors in these tissues may not be identical. SM911 and SM2470 as well as prazosin did not interact with alpha 2- and beta-adrenoceptors, muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoceptors, and histamine and serotonin receptors in doses up to 10(-5) M. | An Overview of the Pharmacodynamic Properties and Therapeutic Potential of Combined α- and β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists | β-Adrenoceptor blocking agents as partial agonists in isolated heart muscle: Dissociation of stimulation and blockade | Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. XVIII. α-adrenergic receptors of mammalian aorta | α1-Adrenoceptors in proximal segments of tail arteries from control and reserpinised rats | THE inotropic and chronotropic effects of catecholamines on cardiac tissue are mediated by binding to specific β-adrenoeeptor sites1, activation of the enzyme adenyl cyclase2 and generation of the “second messenger” cyclic AMP3. Sites have been identified in subcellular membrane fragments from mammalian cardiac4–8, hepatic9,10, erythrocytic11 and splenic capsular tissue12 which bind radioactively labelled catecholamines with specificity and other characteristics to be expected of physiological β-adrenoceptors. These sites seem to be proteins7,10 and have been partially purified5,10. | Although the arrhythmogenic role of sympathetic activation acting over an ischemic substrate has been established [1, 2], the mechanisms involved remain largely speculative. In fact, due to their electrophysiologic properties, catecholamines influence several determinants of cardiac excitability thus creating a rather complex picture which is difficult to unravel. This complexity is largely due to the fact that adrenergic activation, besides acting on the electrophysiologic characteristics of the heart, affects most cardiac functions such as contractility, metabolism, and coronary circulation. Furthermore, depending on the substrate on which catecholamines are released, i.e., whether the heart is normally perfused or acutely ischemic or has suffered a myocardial infarction, the consequences of adrenergic activation can vary. | 383 | The Alpha-1A Adrenergic Receptor in the Rabbit Heart | Alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the mesenteric vascular bed of renal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. | Cloning, functional expression and tissue distribution of rabbit alpha 1d-adrenoceptor. | when do alpha-1 adrenergic receptors become less active | Regulation of alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors | Postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating the action of the sympathetic system on muscle spindles, in the rabbit. | Adrenoceptive receptors in the duodenum, aorta and atria of the rabbit | Differential Distribution of Functional α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes along the Rat Tail Artery | Muscular phenotype is altered in cardiomypathy induced by sympathetic hyperactivity in {alpha}2A/2C adrenoceptor KO mice |
384 | who did the wardrobe for scumbag movie | Star Trek III: The Search for Spock job was to sketch outfits, choose the necessary fabrics, and complete the fittings for principal characters. He collaborated with costumer Jim Linn, who clothed extras and managed the logistics of cleaning, repairing, and tracking costumes. Most of the Starfleet uniforms had already been designed for the previous film, but Fletcher wanted to dress the main characters in civilian clothes. Fletcher developed a mythology behind each outfit; the stone ornaments on Sarek's robe, for instance, were intended to be representative of a Vulcan's level of consciousness. The costumer had the advantage of access to Paramount's store rooms, which contained literal tons | sheriff with the Monongalia County Sheriff's Department. Knotts was recognized in 2000 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He continued to act on stage, but much of his film and television work after 2000 was as voice talent. In "Ghost World" (2001), Enid (Thora Birch) is asked why she painted a portrait of Don Knotts. She replies, "I just like Don Knotts." The portrait in the film may be the last visual image of Knotts in a motion picture. In 2002, he appeared again with Scooby-Doo in the video game "Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights". (Knotts also | Scaasi collection includes the famous sequined pants outfit which was worn by Barbra Streisand in 1969 when she won the Oscar for the movie "Funny Girl", along with stage costumes worn in her early concerts, a fur ensemble worn on her famous trip to Canada in 1970, and costumes worn in "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever". The collection also contains designs worn by Aretha Franklin, Mary Tyler Moore, Diahann Carroll, Arlene Francis, Joan Sutherland, Joan Rivers, [Bette Midler], Louise Nevelson and numerous other socialites from New York and Palm Beach. Other museums with holdings of Arnold Scaasi | Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost and tries to escape with the parchment, but the gang is ready for him and has one of the devices beat up the ghost until he collapses. The ghost is revealed to be Bradley Bass who was using his smartphone to control the drone. He wanted to buy the inn cheap without damaging the reputation of Edward. Bradley, however, is revealed to be Henry Metcalf in disguise. He spent his entire career on around the story of Edward as a hero, but he stumbled upon the truth and did not want it to get out. He believed that the legend | This is the worst Scooby movie I have ever seen. Scooby and Shaggy are hardly in it at all! And the movie is incredibly boring (couldn't even make it through with my 5 year old). Total waste of money. I should have read the reviews. | Who played shaggy on the scooby doo movie? | Schroeder (Peanuts) she rattles off a list of all the luxuries she would need to maintain a high-society lifestyle, before asking Schroeder whether pianists make much money; when he replies that it depends on how much they practice, she encourages him to keep practicing. Her suggestions that he might "insist on playing in some cheap little" bar or that she would make him practice in the basement upset him, and several of her fantasies of their married life seem strangely pessimistic: Lucy has imagined that Schroeder could become a famous concert pianist who breaks both arms skiing, leaving them so destitute that | *Hey gang!*
Welcome to the first of this month's *Film Friday* discussion threads! Tonight we're talking about the 9th animated DTV Scooby film:
#Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy
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*Original Release Date*: December 13, 2005
*Runtime*: 1 hour and 14 minutes
**Synopsis:** A lesson in Egyptian history and some serious archaeological sleuthing are on the agenda in this film. Velma's sphinx restoration project quickly becomes a dangerous mission for Scooby Doo and the gang, when a buried staircase leading to Cleopatra's tomb is unearthed and the curse of Cleopatra is resurrected.
**Villain:** Ghost of Cleopatra
**Cast:**
* Scooby-Doo & Fred Jones: *Frank Welker*
* Shaggy Rogers: *Casey Kasem*
* Daphne Blake: *Grey Delisle*
* Velma Dinkley: *Mindy Cohn*
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First 10 minutes of the film:
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Check out our sidebar for our full June discussion schedule, and links to previous discussions! | 384 | Scumbag (film) cutting room floor for the final version. The 1990s wardrobe styling was primarily done by Karmia Amarissa with the exception for a few actors from the East Coast location. Many of the actors took clothes directly from their own wardrobes. "Scumbag" was self-funded Roberge after raising a low initial amount by crowdfunding through Indiegogo which is the main reason the movie took a year to shoot. Principal photography for "Scumbag" began on 25 January 2015, in New York City at Nomad Editing Company's old office on 12 W. 21st St (12th floor) under Roberge's film production company, World Domination Pictures. | how many critics did the movie southpaw have | where was the movie scrumbag filmed at | who directed the movie cyberstalker | who directed the episode of scoobynatural | schunemunk mountain is in which us state | what were the scps that images have been changed this month | when was the last time someone was killed on schunemunk | how many police officers were on scene when scurlock jumped out of his van |
385 | What are the charities for homeless people? | What charities help people who are homeless? | I wanna start doing some volunteer work with homeless people and was just wondering what some good shelters are. I don't have any specific skills really, or am looking for a specific thing to do, but just volunteer in general. | Local charity helps people with short term housing for those homeless or near .... no new admits for 3 weeks. Where will people go? What if they shut down all the homeless shelters? Wtf then? | I'd like to get involved but I'm pretty sure Google Maps doesn't provide a list of every single homeless shelter/charity that can be volunteered at, so do you know of any good ones? | Hi! I'm in Seattle for the summer, based in Capitol Hill. I see quite a few homeless people on the way to work. Are there reputable organizations that reach out to and help the homeless people in the area, which would want evening/weekend volunteers or something? Donating works too, to a limit, but I'm mostly offering time. Didn't quite find anything from search or FAQ. Thanks! | Looking for any charities or organizations that are hosting events for the underprivileged or homeless during the holidays and on Christmas. My family lives out of town and I won't be able to visit them, so I'm looking for any ways to pay it forward this season without draining the bank | As the title says, I'm looking for an organization that I might be able to donate my time or money to help with homelessness in Atlanta, particularly veterans. Maybe as a refinement to the question, if anyone has any personal accounts to which ones to stay away from and which might be best(generally). | I am a 19 year Old Business College Student and Have never been homeless. I want to start a non proffit to fight homelessness and be able to partner with business’s to do the maximum amount of good as possible. I have always taken food and warmers warmers when its cold, Bottles of water when it is hot and Meals once a month to donate and hand out all over Salt Lake city, First aid kits, Womens Products, Sanatizer, Wet Naps Are all things ive taken and handed out before. This is something I found I have a passion for. What are things I could do, Things people Need, Or anyway i could help The homeless population and people Who struggle in general(women shelters, Homeless Shelters, individuals and Civillians alike). | 385 | What charities are there for homeless people? | Which charities are known to help homeless people? | What are some really good charities to donate to? | Reputable homeless shelters to volunteer at | Treatment given to homeless at homeless shelters? | what type of programs are homeless services | Ways to help the homeless in my city right now? | What does the government does to help the homeless? | I have been homeless before. |
386 | so probably good for a normal ankle | Are crutches good for hurt ankles? | This is too bulky and heavy. It is not comfortable and the ankle area is too small. I have a tiny ankle and could not zip it. I bought a half size up and stil not zipping. It was a waste of money. | Truly a wonder for my double fractured ankle.....it prevents rolling, is comfortable and best of all the leg cradle allows me to keep ice packs on both sides. I use it on the couch and am able to sleep very comfortably with it. | The prevention and treatment of ankle injuries | The effects of prophylactic ankle bracing on collegiate women's basketball ankle range of motion, static balance, and dynamic balance | I used this as an anklet, but it did not work for my son.
I received this product at a discount to allow me to test it, and then write a review based on the results of my experience using this product. I am not affiliated with this company and I never promise to provide a positive review when offered a discount. I tested the product thoroughly so that you may make an informed decision. The views expressed are 100% my own honest opinion and are in no way influenced by the discount that I received. | Why do guys wear anklets? | Role of external support in the prevention of ankle sprains. | 386 | I wish they were leather, but they don't look cheap. A little big on the ankle, but I have chicken legs, so probably good for a normal ankle. Great price, too | and these slip on and off very easily. The ankle is a bit tight | The soles are plastic and the uppers don't feel like leather at all | I have had quite a few acute ankle injuries in the past and I feel comfortable wearing these without additional ankle support | These are lightweight and fit nicely around my ankles | Solid leather/suede saddle shoes for interview? | If you need ankle support this is the shoe for ... | I ordered these when looking for non-leather hiking shoes. ... | They are super tight in the ankle area |
387 | what is the name of sarah kemble knight's diary | Marie Bashkirtseff without a parallel,", and another early admirer was George Bernard Shaw. It remained popular, eventually spinning off both plays and movies based on her life story, including "The Affairs of Maupassant", directed by Henry Koster and released in the United States in 1938. Her diary was cited as an inspiration by the American writer Mary MacLane, whose own shockingly confessional diary was written a bare generation later, and it was mentioned as a model by later writers who became known for their diaries, including Pierre Louÿs, Katherine Mansfield, and Anais Nin. Her letters, consisting of her correspondence with the writer | Annie Keary and was serialized initially in "Macmillan’s Magazine". "Oldbury" (1869) is set in the little town in which she was raised. She collaborated with her sisters Eliza and Maud on "Enchanted Tulips and Other Verses for Children", but this does not seem to have been published until 1914. Her final novel, "A Doubting Heart" (1879) was completed by a friend, Mrs K. Macquoid. Like her earlier work for adults, it shows signs of being stretched to fill the three volumes required by the publishing trade in those days, although the characterizations and sense of place are strong. A facsimile of the | at work as a computer engineer in a distant town, he leaves his two daughters, wife, and mother-in-law to live in their dilapidated rural home. In questioning her father's values, the rebellious teen begins to defy her mother, a hardworking librarian who spends her evenings translating scientific articles for her absentee husband. The protagonist realizes how selfish she has been only after her father makes a major breakthrough in his scientific research and is lavished with praise for his self-sacrifice and devotion to the state. The Schoolgirl's Diary The Schoolgirl's Diary (or The Journal of a Schoolgirl) is a 2007 | I love Alan Bennett;s writing style and most of what he writes is funny and insightful. However, he does often tell the same stories more than once. I think I must have read three or four versions of "The Lady in the Van" in this and later books. I also find his reviews of obscure books or plays less interesting than his diaries, especially as it's most unlikely I will ever see any of them being performed. So I recommend this book but perhaps the best way to approach it would be to just read the diary part and then pick selectively at the rest. | Ms. Knight is very explicit in all her descriptions in her writing. She makes her characters believable. I like doing this story in a series. | Kellie Martin shines in Mystery Woman series. This episode is a little dated, because there are no cell phones and you'll see a good old-fashioned darkroom for developing pictures. However, it was a good way to pass a portion of a free afternoon. | KA is one of my absolute favorite authors, I LOVE her books, every single one of them, the woman is amazingly talented and creates stories you will never forget and you will want to re-read again and again!!!
This book is AMAZING, BEAUTIFUL and very very HOT!!
What did I love about Anya:
She was open, honest, beautiful, sweet and knew her own mind. She wasn't afraid of going for what she wanted and she loved Knight despite his "flaws".....I LOVED Anya and how Anya loved in return...Oh and she calls her round tummy her "Buddha Belly"....CUTE!!!!
What did I love about Knight?
Absolutely EVERYTHING...Knight has it ALL. Pure unedited alpha HOTNESS. He has style, class, he is protective, possessive, shows pure aggression and he is the ultimate fantasy...
Knight is not a "typical" KA hero in the fact that he is what is termed an "anti hero", his profession is questionable but he "runs" it with good intentions and for admirable reasons.....
His relationship with Anya is beautiful; he is protective of her exposure to his daily life, he strives to to provide for her, and he loves her with a passion and she him!
This book is a new venture for KA into erotic romance and I applaud her for taking that step and I admire her for trying a different direction with her new series...I CANNOT wait for the next book in this series because I personally loved the fact that Knight was different...it was refreshing and thought provoking as well as BLOODY HOT!!!! | Susan Edmonstone Ferrier flavour and with occasional displays of sentiment that may be due to Mackenzie. To her personal friend Scott, she may have owed something in her studies of Scottish life, but Maria Edgeworth was her principal model." The book criticizes her works for loose plotting and "coarse workmanship", but praises her vigour and calls it "fresh and interesting." It has been argued recently that the three novels form a trilogy – an extended inquiry on the subjects of nation, history, and the evolution of female consciousness. In December 2017, the Scottish author Val McDermid commented in The Observer newspaper that she | 387 | Sarah Kemble Knight and various fashions of the people of New York and New Haven, as well as the living conditions found in rural settlements between Boston and New York. Knight’s diary has also been important in the field of women’s history and literary recovery, both of which are movements that seek to recover narratives often forgotten or neglected in favor of more mainstream, canonized works. As a woman’s diary, "The Journal of Madam Knight" represents a deviation from the traditional masculine canon. While her status as a feminist figure remains open for debate, Knight’s diary has merited study for its record of | where was the lady's and gentleman's diary published | in which year is diary of an ordinary woman set | The history of British women's writing, 1920-1945 | During the English Civil War, Queen Henrietta Maria’s (1609-1669) active involvement in her husband’s, and therefore her own, political party’s defense served as both a model and mirror for Royalist women across the country. Some women were left alone to take defensive measures on the home front, while other women participated in more organized offensive fronts. The queen’s public example of female heroics during the Civil War put her at the head of a scattered league of women privately taking action in defense of their homes and towns and in support of their husbands. In the wake of important, yet I argue, potentially misleading recent scholarship on Henrietta Maria, this essay endeavors to broaden our understanding of her participation in the Civil War and the public’s reception of those efforts through the literary representation of the queen in the writings of Margaret Cavendish. First, the essay will examine Queen Henrietta Maria’s correspondence to find, what I demonstrate to be, the energetic presentation of herself as a true and willing Cavalier Woman, and second, this study will discuss how that public image and the fundamental Royalist political philosophy of divine patriarchalism are endorsed, rehearsed and revised in Margaret Cavendish’s page play Bell in Campo . | what is millicent king's job in diary of an ordinary woman | who wrote the journal in the woman who came back | The Portrait of a Lady and Modern Narrative | Literature on the 1920s has been fraught with conflicting views, with scholars suggesting that the postsuffrage generation both rejected and embraced feminism. American periodical fiction of this era offers information on the debate over feminism because it provided models and fantasies of new roles for women. A sample of more than six hundred stories from the Delineator, Good Housekeeping .Ladies Home JournaUMcCalV s andPictorialReview for the years 1920 through 1929 reveals the concerns of large numbers of women that mirrored in significant ways white middle-class culture in the years after the national suffrage amendment These stories defined a range of attributes for the New Woman of the 1920s. Often they portrayed a new yearning for change as women rebelled against parental strictures, marriage and domesticity, and family tradition. Revolt led characters to flee to the city, often New York, in search of individual freedom, new work roles and equal access with men to the market place, but Gotham offered peril as well as success. Not all men respected the New Woman's independence, and some women themselves questioned whether or not the struggle was worthwhile. Even the boldest of rebels had limits in this fictional world: the sense of sisterhood was undercut by the heroine's own independence and the notion of a gender-blind society was naive. Nonetheless, the themes of the stories suggest widespread enthusiasm among middle-class women for substantial rethinking of gender roles. The issue of whether the "Woman Movement" survived the 1920s has been somewhat resolved by recent studies that point to the complexity of American thought on gender during this critical decade and which further indicate that the twenties was a watershed era, defining modern conceptions of sex roles. There seems to be a consensus that the decade after the national suffrage amendment |
388 | Mycorrhiza formation and function in Norway spruce stands affected by forest decline in Bavaria | The hypothesis proposed by Gadgil and Gadgil (1971) that mycorrhizal tree roots suppress the decomposition of forest litter was examined in trenching experiments. The tests were conducted in two beech forest sites in southern Sweden, one with mor and one with mull. The exclusion of tree roots had no apparent influence on litter mass loss at any of the sites, which differed markedly in soil fertility and root distribution. Nor did trenching have any significant effect on total organic matter over the following 6 years, although trenched plots tended to be wetter than undisturbed soil. The present results as well as results from other similar studies suggest that the suppression of litter turnover by mycorrhizal tree roots is not an important mechanism in northern temperate and boreal forests. | Soil moisture levels affect mycorrhization during early stages of development of agroforestry plants | Biodiversity and Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Korea | The results of studies of the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizae of the phylum Glomeromycota associated with roots of 31 cultivated, uncultivated and protected plant species growing at 103 sites of the Lubuskie province NW Poland are presented and discussed. The AMF most frequently found were members of the genus Glomus . Other relatively frequently revealed fungi were Scutellospora spp. Spore populations of AMF generally were more abundant and diverse in cultivated soils. Most protected plant species harboured AMF. | Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) is a dominant species on north-facing slopes located on the permafrost in the Alaskan Interior, where tree growth rates vary significantly across slope gradients. To better understand the effects of nitrogen (N) and mycorrhizal associations on plant growth, we investigated the relationships between tree growth and isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) in foliage and roots, because plant δ15N values reflect tree dependencies on N uptake by mycorrhizae. We established two transects (one along a slope gradient, and a second on a north-to-east axis at a fixed elevation) and four plots on the slope gradient transect. We measured current shoot growth of saplings on transects and aboveground biomass (AGB) in the plots. We collected foliage and fine root samples and measured their δ15N signatures and N concentrations. The AGB and shoot growth varied widely across the gradient: values were higher at high elevations and at the east–northeast aspect. Foliage δ15N values and N ... | How does Mycorrhizae help plants? | A large number of useful tropical plant species are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Without the fungal symbionts they show growth depression and lower tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In plant production systems, common management practices normally result in symbiosis deficits. In tropical regions where the system of shifting cultivation is practiced, the fallow period was thought to have a positive regulating effect on the mycorrhizal situation. It's showed that between three and eight years of fallow there is an increase of the inoculum potential in the soils but the effectivity of the fungal populations remains very low in comparison to the populations from natural sites. The need to manage the mycorrhizal fungi in situ in the field is discussed. | According to recent molecular biologic research, the similar North American species from the United States and Mexico are not closely related to the European species. In Europe, the fungus is especially common in Northern, North-East and Central Europe; in the UK, it may be found from July through to November. In the south and west it is common in mountainous areas. In the east, its range extends to Russia. "Lactarius deterrimus" has traditionally been considered to have a strict mycorrhizal host specificity with Norway spruce. In 2006, it was reported that the fungus can also form arbutoid mycorrhiza with bearberry | 388 | Experimental evidence of a deleterious soil microflora associated with Norway spruce decline in France and Germany | Microflora of tundra soils in the Kola Peninsula | Response of soil microbial biomass, activities, and community structure at a pine stand in northeastern Germany 5 years after thinning | Soil Microorganisms and Phenolics: Their Implication in Spruce Natural Regeneration Failure | On logs of Norway spruce, discarded and left lying after thinning because of severe decay by Fomes annosus, numerous sporocarps of F. annosus develop after one to two years. The surface area, position, number, and time of appearance of the fruiting bodies varied between two test areas. Removal of rotted logs is recommended as a prophylactic method of Fomes control in Picea abies stands. | Effects of soil loss on emergence and growth of loblolly pine | what kind of soil is microtis parviflora commonly found in | Incidence of Heterobasidion spp. following different thinning regimes in Norway spruce in southern Sweden | Abstract The identification of the source of a specific soil sample is a crucial step in forensic investigations. Rapid advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technology and the strong reduction of the cost of sequencing have recently opened new perspectives. In the present work a metabarcoding approach has been successfully applied to forensic and environmental soil samples, allowing the accurate and sensitive analysis of microflora (mfDNA), plants, metazoa, and protozoa DNA. The identification of the biological component by DNA metabarcoding is a strong element for the discrimination of samples geologically very similar but coming for distinct environments. |
389 | Honestly this is the best knife I own | this knife is the best. I like they way its made and operates I would buy this again and I will. | Great knife I was happily surprised by the quality of this knife and best part I didn't break the bank | I like this knife a lot, it has become my take everywhere knife. | Bought this knife as a gift. Like it so much that I am buying myself one. | This knife is great. I love the size. The package also came a lot quicker than I was expecting so that's a plus too! | I was not a fan of this knife, it felt flimsy and cheap in my hand unlike others of their products which I like a lot. | Best chef knife I've ever owned. Very high quality and very sharp! I would highly recommend this knife to others. I bought one for myself, and now my wife wants one! | We bought this knife for our daughter and she absolutely loves it. She said it was great to have a good knife again. | 389 | Honestly this is the best knife I own. It's a great everyday carry and is fine to wear on you just about anywhere because of its size. Nearly perfect. | Great knife for Everyday carry | This is the best pocket knife I have ever carried | Love it as an everyday carry knife | this is my favorite everyday carry knife | This is probably the best pocket knife I have ever owned | This is a great knife if you don't mind carrying on your belt | Great knife. Every day carry for me | This knife is fantastic, I never leave home or go about without ... |
390 | where did rizwan cheema play his first international match | Aizaz Bin Ilyas Cheema (Punjabi, ) (born 5 September 1979 in Sargodha, Punjab) is a Pakistani former cricketer who played in seven Test matches, scoring a single run without being dismissed in five innings.
Career
2010
In November, Cheema was part of the team at the Asian Games in Guangzhou, China that won a bronze medal by beating Sri Lanka in the 3rd place playoffs.
International breakthrough
When Pakistan toured Zimbabwe in September for a Test three ODIs and two T20Is, the national selectors took the opportunity to give inexperienced players an opportunity. Frontline bowlers Wahab Riaz and Umar Gul were rested and Cheema was chosen as part of the squad. On 1 September he made his Test debut against Zimbabwe; Pakistan's fast bowlers in the match were inexperienced at international level, with just one Test cap between them. Pakistan won the match and coach Waqar Younis praised Cheema's performance, saying he "bowled with fire and aggression". His first wicket was that of bowler Ray Price. Cheema took eight wickets in the match for 103 runs, the second best bowling figures by a Pakistan player on Test debut. Pakistan won the subsequent ODI series 3–0; Cheema made his debut in the series and his figures of 3/36 were the joint fourth best by a Pakistan bowler in his first ODI. Cheema was the leading wicket-taker in the series with eight dismissals, with best figures of 4/43. His haul for the series was the second most for a Pakistan bowler in a three-match away series.
2012 Asia Cup
In 2012 Asia Cup Aizaz saw his best days of international cricket. Cheema bowled the last over in the Final of the Asia Cup and successfully defended 9 runs that were required off the over. He also took the crucial wicket of Shakib al Hasan earlier in the match.
Domestic career
He was the leading wicket-taker in the 2017–18 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, with a total of 60 wickets in nine matches. He was also the leading wicket-taker for Lahore Blues in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam One Day Cup, with ten dismissals in seven matches. He was also the leading wicket-taker in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy, with 59 wickets in ten matches.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Cricketers from Sargodha
Pakistani cricketers
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Pakistan
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Pakistan Test cricketers
Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers
Pakistan One Day International cricketers
Pakistan International Airlines cricketers
Lahore cricketers
Lahore Whites cricketers
Lahore Eagles cricketers
Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
Central Punjab cricketers
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games | Carlo Evertz (born 1 August 1990 in Germany) is a professional football midfielder who plays for La Calamine in the Belgian Third Division.
References
Belgian footballers
1990 births
Living people
K.A.S. Eupen players
Sint-Truidense V.V. players
Belgian First Division A players
FC Wiltz 71 players
Association football midfielders | Norwira Zazmie (born 26 February 1990) is a Malaysian cricketer. He was part of Malaysia's squad for the 2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In September 2019, he was named in Malaysia's squad for the 2019 Malaysia Cricket World Cup Challenge League A tournament. He made his List A debut for Malaysia, against Denmark, in the Cricket World Cup Challenge League A tournament on 16 September 2019.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Malaysian cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) | Papiss Cissé for the club in the 5–0 away league defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. On 25 February, he scored in the sixth minute in a 2–2 home draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers. On 25 March, he scored two first-half goals in Newcastle's 1–3 league victory against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns, but he was denied a hat-trick early in the second half by a save by West Brom goalkeeper Ben Foster. Cissé's brace against West Brom made him the quickest player since Les Ferdinand to hit the five-goal mark for Newcastle. Cissé scored his sixth and seventh goals, | Marcell Jansen After appearing twice an unused substitute, with Holger Badstuber taking the left–back position, Jansen made his first World Cup appearance, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 win over Ghana. He then went on to make two more appearances as substitute in the matches against Argentina and Spain. He played in the starting line-up and scored in the 3–2 2010 World Cup third place win for Germany against Uruguay. Germany's first competitive game after the World Cup in early September 2010, a 1–0 win in a Euro 2012 qualifying match against Belgium, was his next international appearance. In | Mohamed Cheik Ali Touré (born 30 March 1997) is an Ivorian professional footballer who plays for CF Canelas 2010 as a right winger.
Club career
On 1 July 2019, signed his first professional contract with Aves. Touré made his professional debut with Aves in a 1-0 Primeira Liga loss to Santa Clara on 4 January 2020.
References
External links
ZeroZero Profile
1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Abidjan
Ivorian footballers
Association football wingers
Primeira Liga players
Segunda Divisão players
Segunda División B players
C.D. Aves players
U.D. Oliveirense players
Cultural Leonesa footballers
Ivorian expatriate footballers
Ivorian expatriates in Spain
Ivorian expatriates in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Portugal | was again called into the Australia U20 squad by manager Jan Versleijen for the match against Argentina U20. He has since gone on to make an additional three appearances for the Under 20s and was named in the squad for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. On 19 August 2015, Cisak was named in a 23-man squad for Australia ahead of two 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches against Bangladesh and Tajikistan. Alex Cisak Aleksander Cisak (born 19 May 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for A-League club Sydney FC. Born in Poland, he | Lee Young-pyo Lee Young-pyo (; ; born 23 April 1977) is a retired South Korean footballer. Lee was recognized for his speed and dribbling skills. His former manager Martin Jol once called him "the best left-back in Holland". Prior to playing for Tottenham Hotspur and Borussia Dortmund, Lee started his professional career at FC Seoul, then known as Anyang LG Cheetahs in the Korean K League 1 and then spent two years with PSV Eindhoven of the Netherlands, earning high acclaim from PSV Coach Guus Hiddink, who had previously coached Lee and South Korea during the 2002 World Cup. Recognized | 390 | Rizwan Cheema shortlist for the 2010 IPL contract auction; he is one of 51 people to do so from an original list of 97. On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Winnipeg Hawks in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. Cheema made his international debut at the age of 30 in the Scotia Bank ODI series in King City, Ontario in August 2008. Cheema came to notice with a 61-ball 89 against West Indies in his second ODI and in the same match also took 3 for 31 in 10 overs | how many matches did manvinder bisla play in ipl 2012 | what is the position of yuzvendra chahal in ipl | who did manvinder bisla play against in ipl 2012 | what is the medal won by ritu rani in 2014 asian games | which cricket team has been selected by chemplast sanmar for the first time | Afghanistan skipper Nawroz Mangal has won the toss and elected to bat first against India in their opening t20 World Cup group match at the R Premadasa Stadium in Colombo. | who did manoj prabhakar play for in odi world cup | who does hashim amla play for in ipl |
391 | AskMen, have you ever met/dated a girl who was 'hard' on the surface but was actually a sweetheart underneath? What did you think of them? | After dating a lot of (slutty, slutty)girls on Craigslist, I met one that wouldn't even kiss me on the first date; I was intrigued. We started dating and became monogamous, after two years we're having a baby (I'm trying to convince her to let me name him Craig). | Have you ever met a bisexual chick or lesbian who was super-incognito? Someone who gave off absolutely no signs (that you could tell), and who when you found out they leaned towards the ladies you thought "no way, really??" | Kinda of a strange request/question but has your girlfriend or wife ever gotten a wedgie in front of you by another guy? I would love to read some stories if you have any. | I (F29) had a few too many and hubby had a buddy over who was from out of town.
We were hanging out and having a good time catching up. Well one thing led to another and as the drinks were flowing the conversation took a turn and we started talking about sex.
Hubby loves to brag about my skills and hubby mentioned me putting on a show. Not to long after, I’m on my knees in between both of them alternating between both cocks... Funny thing was, neither of them lasted long and both came on my face! It was a fun night. | Smooth Criminal, man. Getting chicks on a stick like. Giving roses to get them hoes. Im pull on there dm like a smooth Criminal. Getting the number like a smooth Criminal | Anyone else practice their seductive face/one liners in the mirror? The face and words you say that 100% mean hello lets have the sex.
Asking for a friend.
Me. Im that friend. | Has anyone ever asked you to be apart of a cuckold and if so any good stories? | Yes, I had a "relationship" with two men for about a year. That was something very erotic that we all enjoyed. Ahhhh memories! | 391 | I know a girl who's known to be sarcastic, witty, and sort of aggressive on the outside, but due to actually knowing her well I know she's actually really into things that feminine girls would be into, and I'm pretty sure she loves the idea of romantic things being done for her, and things you would never expect from what you see on the surface. Have you known someone like this? If you dated someone like this, what was it like? | Have you ever had a good friendship with the opposite gender that turned out successful? | I’m not into girl-on-girl stuff: is that normal? | Men, how would you feel about your girlfriend going to a wedding as a date with one of her guy friends? | Do you ever meet someone and they're perfectly polite but something about them seems off? | Have you ever not been into the “perfect” guy? | What is an extrovert girl like? | To White Feminine guys, what is your dating life like? | So what's romantic and what's creepy to girls these days? |
392 | Afzal Khan accused of conning customers and financial firms in US .
Federal agents hunting the 32-year-old fear he may have fled the country .
Flamboyant Khan, from Edinburgh, was known to his clients as 'Bobby'
He ran the Emporio Motor Group in New Jersey and appeared on reality TV . | Niaz Khan for the training. He was then to travel to New York City, in April 2000, to join a cell intending to attack civilian targets in the USA. However, he described having cold feet, and failing to meet his contact at the airport. He described gambling away all his contingency money. He described fearing punishment from his terrorist handlers. He approached the FBI and warned them that al Qaeda was planning to hijack planes to attack civilian targets in the USA. He was debriefed by the FBI for several weeks. Although he passed two lie detector tests, ultimately the FBI didn't | Email id of Aamir Khan? | Mumbai. Gulfam Khan's family hails from Punjab's Tarn Taran district. Her grandfather, a land developer, migrated there before the Partition of India in 1920s. Her father was a businessman and her mother was a housewife. Gulfam is known in the industry as a Tech Junkie, and she is also fond of painting. Khan made her acting debut in 2003, as Guddi, in the TV Series "Lipstick". She has worked under well-known banners of the Mumbai Film Industry and with several producers and directors, for several television serials and movies (Ref the following section "Filmography"). She has recently been cast in | Nasrat Khan M. Ryan is representing Khan in his habeas corpus motion. United Kingdom newspaper, The Guardian, republished an Associated Press article, devoted to Khan, which speculated about his age. The article says that the United States estimates Khan's age as 71. It says that Khan doesn't know his age for sure, but believes he is about 78. The article states that Khan requires a walker. Khan was reported to have been one of five Afghans returned to Afghanistan on August 28, 2006. Peter M. Ryan, one of Khan's lawyers, learned of his return by e-mail from the DoD, on the following | The following events occurred in November 1965:
November 1, 1965 (Monday)
In Egypt, a trolleybus plunged into the Nile River at Dokki, a suburb of Cairo, drowning 74 people. Most of the dead were high school students who were on their way home from school. Only 19 passengers survived, breaking windows or escaping from open doors to free themselves.
The charter of Asian Development Bank was drafted in Manila.
Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal was appointed as the new Prime Minister of Afghanistan by King Mohammed Zahir Shah, replacing Mohammad Yusuf, who had been dismissed the previous Friday. Maindawal, who had served as the Afghan ambassador to the United States as well as the United Kingdom and Pakistan, would serve until November 1, 1967. After Afghanistan's declaration of a republic in 1973, Maindawal would be arrested on charges of attempting to overthrow President Mohammed Daoud Khan, and would die in prison.
November 2, 1965 (Tuesday)
Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol retained his office as parliamentary elections were held for the Knesset. Eshkol's Mapai party and its alignment with the Ahdut HaAvoda lost five seats but retained 45 of the 120 available.
Republican John Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City, narrowly defeating Democrat challenger (and future mayor) Abe Beame.
Banks and newspapers in the Dominican Republic reopened for business for the first time in more than five months. All banks in the downtown district of Santo Domingo had been closed since April 24 during the outbreak of violence following a coup, and the independent newspapers El Caribe and Listin Diario had been shut down since April 28.
The United States Treasury Department announced an embargo, effective November 10, banning "imports of wigs made with human hair from Red China".
The Houston Methodist Hospital in Texas reported that it was the first to begin regular use of the new technology of "an instrument which makes possible the continuous monitoring of the vital signs of both mother and child", now commonly known as the fetal heart monitor. Initially, the instrument was used only when the mother was in labor.
Born: Shahrukh Khan, Indian film actor, producer and TV host, in New Delhi
Died: Norman Morrison, 31, American Quaker, of burns suffered when he set himself on fire in front of The Pentagon, in protest against the Vietnam War. Morrison was holding his one-year-old daughter as he doused himself in kerosene, and was reportedly still holding her as he began to burn, letting the child go after horrified onlookers yelled 'Drop the baby!" The child was rescued, unharmed, and Mr. Morrison was dead on arrival at the Fort Myer dispensary. Morrison had set himself ablaze 50 yards from, and within sight of, the office of U.S. Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, who would write 30 years later, "Morrison's death was a tragedy not only for his family, but also for me and the country."; North Vietnam would memorialize him with a postage stamp and named
November 3, 1965 (Wednesday)
Only six people survived the sinking of the Jose Marti, a fishing boat that was carrying 25 men, nine women and 11 children who were refugees from Cuba. According to a spokesman from the Mexican Navy, the overcrowded boat "just came to pieces" while 30 miles short of its destination in Mexico, breaking up near Isla Contoy.
An Argentine Air Force transport plane crashed into the sea while flying from Balboa-Howard Air Force Base in Panama, toward San Salvador, El Salvador, killing all 60 passengers and the crew of nine. The passengers were 55 Air Force cadets and five officers who were one of two groups who were en route to a tour of the United States. The C-54G, the military version of the DC-4, was last heard from at 7:35 in the morning when the pilot sent a distress call, saying that one of the plane's engines had caught fire and that he was about 75 miles from Puerto Limon, Costa Rica. More than 50 years later, no trace of the airplane had ever been found.
Edward Bond's play Saved was performed for the first time, presented in its entirety in a private session by players and an audience made up of members of the English Stage Society, after Britain's Lord Chamberlain's Office had allowed only a heavily censored version for public audiences. Under the Theatres Act 1843, all scripts for British plays had to be sent to the Lord Chamberlain for approval, and even a "sanitized" version of Saved had been sent back with directions to make more than 30 cuts from the script, including entire scenes. The protest by the drama community would eventually lead to the Theatres Act 1968, abolishing censorship of plays.
Born: Ann Scott, French novelist, in Paris
November 4, 1965 (Thursday)
The Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 was signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson.
Charles de Gaulle (just short of his 75th birthday) announced that he would stand for re-election on December 5 in pursuit of another seven-year term as President of the French Republic.
Lee Breedlove, wife of Craig Breedlove, set a new women's land speed record of 308.56 miles per hour, based on the average between one run of 332.26 m.p.h. and another of 288.02 m.p.h. She was driving her husband's jet-powered race car, the Spirit of America, on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.
Harvard University botany professor Elso Barghoorn announced the discovery of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, with the finding of fossil evidence from three billion years in the past. Dr. Barhoorn, who was presenting his findings to the Geological Society of America at its annual convention in Kansas City, said "It proves that life must have existed much further back than any previous evidence has shown", and that the fossil had been found in February, 1965, at a location in the Kingdom of Swaziland, 20 miles southeast of Barberton in South Africa. The organisms, bacteria only one half of a micron long, were detected by electron microscope evaluation in October.
Pavshie i zhivye (The Fallen and Living), by Soviet playwright Yuri Lyubimov, premiered at the Taganka Theatre in Moscow after the Ministry of Culture had ordered 19 changes in its script. By 1968, hardliners within the Communist Party would condemn even the censored version of the play as a departure from the official Party policy.
The Ned Rorem opera Miss Julie was premiered by the New York City Opera.
Born: Wayne Static (Wayne Richard Wells), American heavy metal musician and lead vocalist for the band Static-X; in Muskegon, Michigan (died of overdose, 2014)
Died: Dickey Chapelle, 46, American photojournalist, became the first war correspondent to be killed in the Vietnam War, and the first female American reporter to die in combat. Chapelle was mortally wounded when a land mine exploded in front of her while she was accompanying a platoon of U.S. Marines near Chu Lai.
November 5, 1965 (Friday)
A three-month state of emergency was declared in Southern Rhodesia by British colonial Governor Humphrey Gibbs, who said that the British colony's security was being threatened by Prime Minister Ian Smith's agitation for independence from the United Kingdom, and by two African nationalist organizations, Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union, and Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole's Zimbabwe African National Union.
The United Nations General Assembly voted, 82 to 9, to demand that the United Kingdom use military force against Rhodesia if it made a unilateral declaration of independence.
Died: Ho Thi Que, 38, Vietnamese fighter known as "The Tiger Lady of South Vietnam", was killed during an argument with her husband, Major Nguyen Van Dan.
November 6, 1965 (Saturday)
Representatives of the United States and Cuba signed a Memorandum of Understanding brokered through the government of Switzerland, agreeing to begin "Freedom Flights" from Cuba to the U.S. for families whose names were on both nations' lists of Cuban applicants who had family in the states. Under the pact, the United States would pay for the air transport and use its own aircraft, and Cuba would allow officials of the U.S. Public Health Service and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service to maintain offices at the Varadero airport to screen passengers before their embarkation. By the time of the service's end in 1971, more than 250,000 Cubans would take advantage of the program.
Troops from Chile and Argentina fought at their border in the Laguna del Desierto incident.
The United States launched GEOS-1 (GeodeticEarth Orbiting Satellite), the first cartographic satellite, at 1:39 in the afternoon from Cape Kennedy. GEOS Project Director Jerome Rosenberg told reporters "We've got a satellite that's just peachy-dandy", and said that it was equipped with four high-powered flashing lights, laser beam reflectors and three sets of radio gear that would provide the data to produce the most accurate maps in history, precisely locate long-range missile targets, and measure the Earth's dips and bulges with unprecedented accuracy. It was the first payload to be launched by a Delta E rocket.
The Italian luxury ocean liner Raffaello arrived in Genoa with 56 injured passengers, six days after a fire had crippled the ship in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
The prototype of the new Chinook ACH-47A helicopter gunship was given its first test flight by Boeing Vertol, and delivery was made to the U.S. Army the following month, and a trio of the ACH-47As would enter combat in May.
Died:
Edgard Varèse, 81, French classical composer
Clarence Williams, 67, American jazz composer
November 7, 1965 (Sunday)
The Pillsbury Company's famous mascot, the Pillsbury Doughboy (officially known as "Poppin' Fresh"), made his debut, appearing for the first time in a television commercial for dough for crescent rolls. Created by advertising executive Rudolph Perz, the TV ads used stop-motion animation that required 720 separate photographs for a 30-second film.
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal, at the time under the dictatorship of Antonio Salazar, although the only candidates remaining on the ballot were those of Salazar's National Union Party. All candidates from opposition parties had withdrawn the previous month, charging that the elections were not democratic. Interior Minister Alfred dos Santos commented that the 70 percent turnout of the electorate was proof "that the opposition would have received only an insignificant number of votes" and that "none of their candidates would have been elected."
The government of Israel appointed boards of trustees to administer the waqf lands released to Muslim ownership, with the first towns (Haifa, Acre, Lod and Ramla) having boards of between five and seven Muslim residents to control the lands within the restrictions of the Tel Aviv government.
Félix Houphouët-Boigny, the first President of the Republic of Ivory Coast, was re-elected to another five-year term without opposition. He would win elections in 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1990 and continue to preside over the West African nation until his death on December 7, 1993.
Born: Sigrun Wodars, East German Olympic athlete and gold medalist in the women's 800 meters in 1988, as well as winner of the 1987 world championship; in Neu Kaliss
Died:
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, 76, Indian cleric and the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, serving for more than 50 years.
Herbert C. Bonner, 74, U.S. Representative for North Carolina since 1940
Henry Solomons, 63, British member of the House of Commons, died in a hospital on his birthday. With the death of a second Labour Party member in three months, Labour held only a 313 seats to the opposition's total of 312 in the House of Commons (Conservative 303 and Liberal 9), making the November 11 by-election even more important.
November 8, 1965 (Monday)
Voting for Canada's House of Commons took place, and although Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson's Liberal Party retained control and gained one seat, the Liberals won only 128 of the 265 seats, five short of majority. The Conservative Party of John G. Diefenbaker had 99 seats, a gain of seven.
While carrying out Operation Hump, the U.S. Army's 173rd Airborne Division was ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong. The tragedy (and the date) would be referred to in a 2006 country music hit "8th of November".
The British Indian Ocean Territory was created, three days after the Council of Ministers of Mauritius agreed that the other islands (the Chagos Archipelago, and three of the Seychelles Islands — Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches — should be a separate territory before the residents voted on independence. On June 23, 1976, when the Seychelles became an independent nation, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches would be made part of that country.
The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 was given Royal Assent, suspending the death penalty for murder in the United Kingdom. Renewal of the Act in 1969 would make the abolition permanent.
American Airlines Flight 383 crashed on approach to the Greater Cincinnati Airport, killing 58 of the 62 people on board. The Boeing 727 jet had taken off from New York's La Guardia Airport and was running 20 minutes behind schedule as it approached Cincinnati in a driving rain, and burst into flames after striking a 500 foot high wooded hillside near Constance, Kentucky at 7:02 in the evening. The U.S. Federal Aviation Agency concluded that the accident was a result of pilot error, with the crew flying "in a manner that would greatly expedite their arrival at the Cincinnati Airport" and that "both pilots became preoccupied in maintaining visual contact with the runway, resulting in inattention to and improper monitoring of the altitude reference instruments." One of the four survivors was record producer and music journalist Israel Horowitz. The site itself was on the opposite side of the Ohio River from the College of Mount Saint Joseph in Delhi Township, Ohio.
Returning to the campus of his alma mater at Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now Texas State University), President Johnson signed the Higher Education Act of 1965 into law, creating a federal program of grants and government loans with the objective that no American high school graduate would be turned away from college for lack of funds.
The soap opera Days of Our Lives was broadcast for the first time, on NBC television in the United States. Starring Macdonald Carey as "Dr. Thomas Horton, well-known and respected cardiologist and leading citizen in the small community of Salem" the daytime serial would continue 50 years later to follow the problems of the Horton family.
Died: Dorothy Kilgallen, 52, American newspaper, radio and television journalist, was found dead in her townhouse on Manhattan's East 68th Street.
November 9, 1965 (Tuesday)
A massive electrical outage swept across nearly 80,000 square miles (207,000 square kilometers) of the northeast United States and Canada, leaving almost 30 million people in the dark or trapped inside elevators and subway trains. At 5:16 in the afternoon, one of the five electrical lines of the Adam Beck station in Queenston, Ontario was shut down by an improperly set circuit breaker. It was determined later that engineers had set the safety shutdown of one relay at a level so close "that it would be triggered by the slightest overload" without informing the station's operators of the adjustment. A minor power surge in the surrounding area caused the breaker to trip, shifting the power of five lines to the four remaining lines, which overloaded, shifting their load to neighboring utilities and creating a cascading effect. By 5:28, power had failed in Ontario and Quebec, and the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont, including most of New York City, for as long as 13 1⁄2 hours.
In the Philippine presidential election, Ferdinand Marcos, leader of the Philippine Senate, defeated incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal. Marcos, who would assume increasingly dictatorial powers until being deposed in 1986, received 3,861,324 votes for a 51.9% majority, while President Macapagal got 3,187,752.
Howard College, located in Birmingham, Alabama, was officially renamed Samford University at the annual meeting of the Alabama Baptist Commission. The historically white college, founded in 1842, had been named for a British philanthropist, John Howard, but the name was similar to the historically black Howard University in Washington, D.C., founded in 1867 by General Oliver O. Howard. The new name was in honor of an Alabama philanthropist, Frank P. Samford.
Born: Bryn Terfel, Welsh operatic bass-baritone, as Bryn Terfel Jones in Pant Glas, Caernarfonshire
November 10, 1965 (Wednesday)
In Shanghai, Chinese historian and playwright Wu Han came under sharp criticism from literary critic Yao Wenyuan, who attacked Wu's popular opera, Hai Rui Dismissed from Office as having subversive meaning. Although the opera was a historical drama based on the life of a Chinese minister who courageously criticized Emperor Jiajing 400 years earlier, Yao wrote in the cultural newspaper Wenhui bao that Wu's opera was an allegory about criticizing Communist Party leader Mao Zedong, and that "Its influence is great and its poison widespread. If we do not clean it up, it will be harmful to the affairs of the people." Yao's article initially was ignored, but would then be reprinted nationwide on November 29, making the article "the 'first bugle call' of the Cultural Revolution." Wu would become one of the first of thousands of people to be denounced and imprisoned in the years to follow.
Died: Roger Allen LaPorte, 22, American Catholic Worker Movement member, of burns suffered when he set himself on fire in front of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library in New York City on the previous day, in protest against the Vietnam War.
November 11, 1965 (Thursday)
Prime Minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia, and the other 12 members of his white minority government cabinet, carried through with their threat to sign the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), separating the African British colony from the United Kingdom. On the first day of the secession, Smith proclaimed that the government would continue to fly the Union Jack, Britain's flag, that God Save the Queen would continue to be the national anthem, and that Queen Elizabeth would remain the monarch, but would be referred to as "Queen of Rhodesia". Hours later, the UN General Assembly voted 102-2 to condemn the UDI. For the next 14 years, Rhodesia would remain unrecognized by any other nation in the world except for the white-minority ruled nation of South Africa; finally, on December 12, 1979, a British Governor would resume administration of the state as a transition being granted independence with a black majority governing it as Zimbabwe.
Aeroflot Flight 99, a Tupolev Tu-124 operating a scheduled domestic passenger flight en-route from Pulkovo Airport in Leningrad to Murmansk Airport in Murmansk, both in the Soviet Union, crashed while attempting to land. Of the 64 passengers and crew on board, 32 were killed in the accident, and many of the survivors sustained injuries.
Hours later on the same day, United Airlines Flight 227, a Boeing 727, crashed more than 300 feet short of the runway at Salt Lake City International Airport and caught fire, killing 43 of the 91 people on board. The flight from New York City to San Francisco ended when the jet's pilot brought the craft in for a hard touchdown, breaking a fuel line and igniting a fire in the fuselage, before lifting up to come around for a second landing.
The government of Turkey's new Prime Minister, Süleyman Demirel, survived its first vote of confidence in the Grand National Assembly, winning approval by a 252 to 172 margin.
In a by-election to fill the vacancy in Commons caused by the August death of sitting MP Norman Dodds, James Wellbeloved of the ruling Labour Party easily defeated Conservative challenger David Madel and Liberal Stanley Vince, winning 21,835 votes to their 11,763 and 2,823 in the traditionally Labour constituency of Erith and Crayford. If Madel had won, the Labour's 313 seats would have faced 304 from the Conservative and 9 from the Liberals.
Previously named "Falling Spikes", Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Angus Maclise played their first rock concert under their new name, The Velvet Underground.
November 12, 1965 (Friday)
Venera 2, the Soviet Union's second attempt to gather data on the planet Venus, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Although Venera 2 made a flight "so accurate that no mid-course correction was needed" in order to allow a flyby of Venus, all communications were lost after ground control had given the command for photography to begin.
The day after declaring Rhodesia's independence from the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Ian Smith issued an order removing all executive powers from the British colonial governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs, and asked Gibbs to leave the Government House, the governor's residence.
The United Nations Security Council voted 10–0 (with France abstaining) to adopt Resolution 217, condemning Rhodesia's declaration and calling upon all member nations to not recognize Ian Smith's regime, which the Resolution referred to as "illegal" and "racist".
Died: Syedna Taher Saifuddin, 77, Indian Shi'ite Muslim leader and the Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohra sect since 1915
November 13, 1965 (Saturday)
Ninety people on the cruise ship were killed when it caught fire, then sank, off Nassau, Bahamas. The ship was making its semi-weekly run between Miami and Nassau when the fire broke out at around 2:00 in the morning, and at 6:03, the burning liner capsized and plunged to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. Other ships in the area, the cruiser Bahama Star and the Finnish freighter Finnpulp rescued another 459 of the 549 people on board. The blaze would later be traced to the center of the ship in "stateroom 610" which was unoccupied and being used for storage, and had started when mattresses fell over onto a lighting system. The blaze then spread in all directions through the dry wooden panels of the aging cruiser.
The American freighter Skipper K arrived at Key West, Florida, bringing the first 108 Cuban refugees to the United States under the agreement signed between the two nations. Earlier in the month, refugees had been departing in small boats.
A fleet of ships from the People's Liberation Army Navy of Communist China fought a battle with two Republic of China Navy ships from Taiwan. The Taiwanese gunship Yongchang and the submarine chaser Yongtai had been dispatched toward Wuqiu, Kinmen, Fujian, Republic of China (Taiwan), near the coast of China's Fujian Province, with the purpose of trying "to draw the PLA Navy into another battle" after an August 6 clash. The PLA Navy responded with six torpedo boats and ten fast-attack gunboats and, at 11:00 at night, engaged the Yongtai and damaged it. The Yongchang returned fire and damaged several PLA boats, but was finally sunk by torpedoes, while the Yongtai disengaged after thirty minutes.
British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan broke a taboo by saying the "F-word" on a live television broadcast, touching off a debate in the British press about morality, censorship and social mores. Tynan was a guest on the late night (10:25) show BBC-3 when moderator Robert Robinson asked him whether, if theatrical censorship were abolished, he would allow a play depicting sexual intercourse. Tynan replied, "Oh, I think so, certainly. I doubt if there are very many rational people in this world to whom the word 'f***' is particularly diabolical or revolting or totally forbidden." Telephone calls to BBC tied up its switchboards, four resolutions were introduced in the House of Commons condemning Tynan and the BBC, and most of the British press responded with outrage. Tynan had not been the first person to say the word on TV, in that Brendan Behan had mumbled it in 1956 on the BBC show Panorama, and a man told an Ulster TV interviewer in 1959 that his job was "f***ing boring", but it was the first prominent use of that word. The BBC did not apologize, but did say that "The B.B.C. regrets the use of a word that caused offence in an unscripted part of the television programme", while Tynan responded "I used an old English word in a completely neutral way to illustrate a serious point... To have censored myself would, in my view, have been an insult to the viewers' intelligence."
November 14, 1965 (Sunday)
The Battle of the Ia Drang, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnam forces in the Vietnam War, began in the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam. Over the next seven days, until the battle was concluded on November 20, there were 305 American soldiers killed in the battle, and 3,561 from the numerically superior North Vietnamese Army. The battle marked the first time that U.S. forces used B-52 bombers (and their 36,000 pounds of explosives) in a tactical role. It has been written that the battle "was of critical importance, as it set the precedent for the conduct of the war in Vietnam. The air mobility concept had proved its worth. In addition, [General William] Westmoreland believed that the Ia Drang validated his strategy of attrition... that it would not take many more such victories to push the Communists to the brink of defeat." On the other hand, the General Vo Nguyen Giap of the NVA felt that the battle was "something of a victory because they learned that they could in fact fight the Americans." The North Vietnamese also concluded "that direct, prolonged exposure in firefights was not a sound strategy" and that guerrilla warfare would be more effective than large scale battles. In 2002, the battle would be dramatized in the film We Were Soldiers.
The recently formed coalition government of Congolese Prime Minister Évariste Kimba failed a vote of confidence in the Congo Parliament, losing 72-76 in the lower house and 49-58 in the upper house, despite the inclusion of 16 political parties in the cabinet. Interior Minister Victor Nendaka Bika was asked to form a new government, but before he could do so, Major General Joseph Mobutu overthrew the government on November 24.
November 15, 1965 (Monday)
The United States Supreme Court ruled, 8-0, that the 1950 Subversive Activities Control Act was unconstitutional, and struck down a requirement that members of the Communist Party must register with the U.S. Department of Justice. With Justice Byron White abstaining, the Court held unanimously that the law violated the protections within the Fifth Amendment against self-incrimination.
The Sprint (Solid propellant rocket interceptor), a short-range anti-ballistic missile intended to intercept an incoming enemy missile that might get past the Nike Zeus defense, was launched for the first time, in a test firing from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.
American auto racer Craig Breedlove became the first person to drive an automobile faster than 600 miles per hour, setting a new land speed record of in his Spirit of America vehicle at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah.
Walt Disney and Florida Governor Haydon Burns appeared at a press conference in Orlando, Florida, where the master showman unveiled his plans for a $100,000,000 family attraction on 27,000 acres of land adjacent to Bay Lake in Orange County, Florida. Disney's initial vision for his planned "Disney World" was to build two communities which would be called "City of Tomorrow" and "City of Yesterday" and that would exclude motor vehicles other than the parking area for park patrons. Governor Burns told reporters that it was "the most significant day in the history of Florida". The "City of Yesterday" would open in 1971 as "The Magic Kingdom" section of Disney World, while the City of Tomorrow would be finished in 1982 as the "Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow", or Epcot.
November 16, 1965 (Tuesday)
Four days after launching Venera 2 toward Venus, the Soviet Union launched the Venera 3 space probe toward the same planet, marking the first time that the Soviets had sent two interplanetary probes at roughly the same time. On March 1, 1966, Venera 3 would become the first Earth spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.
Britain's House of Commons and House of Lords passed a bill giving Prime Minister Harold Wilson authority to rule the African colony of Rhodesia by decree, and Queen Elizabeth II gave formal assent on the same day so that the emergency measure would become law. Hours later, as Governor Humphrey Gibbs was awaiting an urgent phone call from Prime Minister Wilson, the phone lines to his residence were cut off by order of Ian Smith.
An arrest in Merced, California revealed the lax security at the Castle Air Force Base, part of the U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command network. The Merced County Sheriff's office would reveal on December 1 what it called "The Case of the Crying Colonel", and the perpetrators of the breach were three junior high school students, two of whom were 13 years old, and their 14-year old companion. The eldest boy, who "was wearing the complete flying uniform of a lieutenant colonel" when he led police on a high-speed chase in a truck stolen from the base, told police that he and his friends had pedaled their bicycles to Castle AFB, driven a base vehicle to the officers club and stole uniforms and insignia, then returned a few days later dressed as officers, even being saluted as they drove two trucks off of the base. When they were stopped after their third visit, they were found with documents (including flight orders), radio-equipped pilot helmets, and "pieces of nine air force uniforms." The federal government would decline to press charges because of the boys' ages.
Died:
W. T. Cosgrave, 85, the first Prime Minister of Ireland (as President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State), from 1922 to 1932.
Harry Blackstone Sr., 80, American stage musician and illusionist billed as "The Great Blackstone"
November 17, 1965 (Wednesday)
The United Nations General Assembly voted on a resolution to admit the People's Republic of China as a member. Prior to the vote on admission, the United States and ten other nations offered a resolution, which passed 56-49, to declare Chinese representation "an important question". Because of the designation as important, the admission of Communist China would require a two-thirds majority, and the result was 47 in favor, 47 opposed, and 20 abstentions. The 47-47 tie, still short of the 64 that would have been required, was more favorable to the PRC than the last vote on October 21, 1963, which had failed, 41-57. As one historian would note later, "The UN vote was a sobering reminder that many countries no longer tolerated Washington's unbending hostility toward Beijing."
The 27 passengers and 11 crewmen of the Boeing 707 nicknamed "Polecat" landed in Honolulu at 10:21 in the morning, almost 62 1/2 hours after departing from the same airport on the first flight around the world to pass over both the North Pole and the South Pole. Led by pilot Jack Martin, the circumpolar expedition had started from Honolulu at 7:15 on a Sunday evening. One of the reporters on board, Lowell Thomas Jr. (who broadcast to radio listeners along the way), would recount later that "In all, we traveled 26,230 miles", with a total time of 62:27:35 and actual time in the air at 51 hours, 27 minutes. The jet had gone from Honolulu to London by way of the North Pole, with more refueling stops at Lisbon, Buenos Aires, and Auckland before arriving at Hawaii.
The economic term "stagflation" was used for the first time, by British MP Iain Macleod, as a portmanteau of the words "stagnation" and "inflation". Macleod was speaking to the House of Commons about the British economy, noting that "We now have the worst of both worlds— not just inflation on the one side or stagnation on the other side, but both of them together. We have a sort of 'stagflation' problem."
Died: Hans Nielsen, 53, German film actor
November 18, 1965 (Thursday)
The Second Vatican Council voted to approve two significant changes in Roman Catholic Church doctrine, approving Dei verbum (the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation) by a vote of 2,344 to 6, and Apostolicam Actuositatem (the Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity) by a margin of 2,340 to 6.
A barge containing 602 tons of chlorine gas in cylinders, sunk two months earlier near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, by Hurricane Betsy, was recovered without any harmful effects.
Died: Henry A. Wallace, 77, Vice President of the United States, 1941-1945, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, 1933-1941.
November 19, 1965 (Friday)
Anthony Greenwood, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, announced that the colony of British Guiana would be granted independence on May 26, 1966. Greenwood added that although Prime Minister Forbes Burnham would become head of government for the new nation (which would rename itself Guyana), Queen Elizabeth II would continue to be represented by a Governor-General until the end of 1968, at which time all parties agreed that the South American nation could opt to become a presidential republic.
The Vatican Ecumenical Council voted 1,954 to 249 to give final approval for the Declaration on Religious Liberty issued by the Roman Catholic Church, with a statement recognizing that no person should be forced to act against conscience in matters of faith, nor be prevented from practicing a personal religious belief. The declaration, which would be promulgated by Pope Paul VI on December 7, ended any official objection by the Catholic church to Protestant Christian denominations.
Born:
Laurent Blanc, French footballer and football manager, defender for the France national team from 1989 to 2000; in Alès
Paulo S. L. M. Barreto, Brazilian cryptographer, in Salvador, Bahia
November 20, 1965 (Saturday)
Michigan State University, ranked #1 in both the Associated Press and United Press International polls, won a share of the unofficial college football championship, defeating #4 Notre Dame, 12-3, to complete its regular season with an unbeaten 10-0-0 record. At season's end, the final UPI poll of coaches would declare the Michigan State Spartans the nation's top college football team. The final AP poll of sportswriters, however, would not be taken until after the postseason bowl games, and Michigan State's 14-12 loss in the Rose Bowl, #2 Arkansas' 14-7 loss in the Cotton Bowl, and #4 Alabama's 39-28 win over #3 Nebraska would result in Alabama being declared the national champion by the Associated Press.
The first national college football championship game in Canada, the Canadian College Bowl for the Vanier Cup, was played at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, with the Varsity Blues of the University of Toronto defeating the Golden Bears of the University of Alberta, 14 to 7. The Vanier Cup had been inaugurated as an invitational bowl game to raise money for the Save the Children Fund to pit the champions of the Western Canadian conference (the Hardy Trophy winner) against the Yates Cup winner from the Ontario Universities conference.
Simon Pierre Tchoungui became the third and final Prime Minister of East Cameroon during the 11-year period when the Federal Republic of Cameroon had separate cabinets for the East and West portions of the African nation. Tchoungui, who replaced Vincent de Paul Ahanda, would serve until the separate premierships were abolished on June 2, 1972, with the creation of the United Republic of Cameroon.
Born:
Mike D (Michael Diamond), American rapper and co-founder of the Beastie Boys; in New York City
Yoshiki (Yoshiki Hayashi), Japanese heavy metal musician and co-founder of the group X Japan; in Tateyama, Chiba
November 21, 1965 (Sunday)
Pope Paul VI closed the deliberations of the Second Vatican Council, and more than 2,300 Roman Catholic archbishops and clergy from all over the world.
Che Guevara and the last six survivors of his column of Cuban guerrillas withdrew from the Republic of the Congo after an unsuccessful attempt to aid the revolution there.
After 84 days of preparation, the six F-100-F crews who were designated as the "Wild Weasels" strike force were deployed in Vietnam to locate and destroy enemy radar sites.
Radio broadcaster Francis "Chick" Hearn did his first play-by-play reporting of a Los Angeles Laker basketball game (a 110-104 loss to the Philadelphia Warriors), the first of 3,338 consecutive game calls. Hearn's streak would last past his 85th birthday, until December 16, 2001, three days before scheduled open-heart surgery. He would return in April 2002, calling the play by play at the Lakers' June 12 NBA championship winning game over the New Jersey Nets, but would pass away on August 5, before the start of the next NBA season. Hearn is credited by historians with introducing the terms "slam dunk" and "air ball" (for a missed free throw), and the phrase "no harm, no foul".
Mireille Mathieu performed on France's Télé-Dimanche and began her successful singing career.
Born:
Björk (Björk Guðmundsdóttir), Icelandic singer-songwriter, in Reykjavik
Alexander Siddig, Sudanese-born British television and film actor, known for portraying Dr. Bashir on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine; as Siddiq at-Tahir el-Fadil in Khartoum
Yuriko Yamaguchi, Japanese anime voice actress, in Osaka
Died: Cecil Brower, 50, America country music fiddler and pioneer of the "Western swing" genre, died of a perforated ulcer following a Carnegie Hall concert with Jimmy Dean's band.
November 22, 1965 (Monday)
The musical Man of La Mancha opened off-Broadway at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre in New York City's Greenwich Village and would become a major hit, running for 2,328 performances and winning a Tony Award for its star, Richard Kiley.
The United States Supreme Court selected four similar petitions for a writ of certiorari to review the issue of the right of an indigent criminal defendant to have an attorney appointed for him at government expense, including that of Ernesto Miranda. What would become known as the "Miranda warning" could have easily been the "Westover warning" or the "Vignera warning", but Miranda's arguments were heard first and the Court's landmark decision of June 13, 1966, would be styled Miranda v. Arizona.
Muhammad Ali successfully defended his world heavyweight boxing championship against a former world champion, Floyd Patterson, who had held the title from 1956 to 1959 and again from 1960 to 1962. Patterson, who had promoted the Las Vegas fight as a war over the values of Christianity vs. Islam, lost in the 12th round on a technical knockout.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations. Paul G. Hoffman would be its first administrator.
Born: Mads Mikkelsen, Denmark-born film and television actor, in Copenhagen.
Died:
Dipa Nusantara Aidit, 42, senior leader of the Communist Party of Indonesia, the day after he was arrested by the Indonesian national police. The government maintained that he was killed while trying to escape rather than to be tried and sentenced to death while other reports were that he was promised a trip to Jakarta and then taken to an isolated location and shot to death.
Otto Kirchheimer, 60, German jurist and political scientist who worked for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services during World War II and later for the Central Intelligence Agency.
November 23, 1965 (Tuesday)
After reaching a tentative agreement to end the Yemen Civil War by holding a plebiscite for voters to decide on whether Yemen should be a republic or a monarchy, representatives of the Yemen Arab Republic and of the former Kingdom of Yemen met at the Yemeni town of Harad to discuss how the election would be organized, but would never reach an agreement.
Born: Don Frye, American mixed martial artist, professional wrestler, boxer and kickboxer; in Sierra Vista, Arizona
Died: Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium, 89, queen consort during the reign of her husband, King Albert I, from 1909 to 1934, mother of King Leopold III and grandmother of King Baudoin I. During World War I, when her native land of Germany invaded Belgium, she established surgical centers for the Belgian soldiers at the front lines, and during World War II, she helped numerous Belgians, particularly Belgian Jews, escape from Nazi occupiers; the city of Elisabethville in the Belgian Congo was named in her honor, and would be renamed Lubumbashi a year after her death.
November 24, 1965 (Wednesday)
At the age of 35, Lieutenant General Joseph-Desiré Mobutu met with 14 fellow members of the Armée Nationale Congolaise high command in Léopoldville in an emergency session, and decided to break the deadlock between the Congolese Parliament and President Kasavubu by staging a bloodless coup d'état. By dawn the next morning, Radio Leopoldville had been seized by the Army and it was announced that Mobutu declared himself to be the new President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and had removed Kasuvubu and Prime Minister Kimba from office. During his 31-year rule, Mobutu would dismiss the parliament, suspend the constitution, ban all political parties in favor of the Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution, promote himself with a personality cult, inaugurate his own authenticité campaign, rename the nation to Zaire and require his citizens to adopt "African" names (including calling himself Mobutu Sese Seko), and amass a large personal fortune while bankrupting his country. Mobutu's rule would end on May 16, 1997 and he would flee into exile in the face of an invasion by rebel forces, and die of prostate cancer less than four months later.
Twenty-one people were killed, and 33 injured, in an explosion and fire at a crowded national guard armory in Keokuk, Iowa, where they were attending a square dance. The cause of the accident was later traced to natural gas that had leaked into the building through porous rock beneath the tile in the armory, and that had been ignited when a space heater had been turned on.
A United States military spokesman reported that 240 American servicemen had been killed in the Vietnam War during the week of November 14 to November 20, in the deadliest week of the war for Americans up to that time. During the four years of 1961, 1962, 1963 and 1964, there had been 244 U.S. deaths, only slightly more than the casualties for the week. The newest casualties raised the toll to 1,335 dead and 6,131 wounded.
Died: Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, 70, Emir of Kuwait since 1950. He was succeeded as King by his brother, Prime Minister Sabah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, who took the constitutional oath of office on November 27.
November 25, 1965 (Thursday)
General Lon Nol, Chief of Staff of the Royal Cambodian Army, concluded an agreement with Luo Ruiqing, the Chief of Staff of China's People's Liberation Army, stipulating that Cambodia would permit the passage of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army troops through its border regions, and that it would allow China to ship war supplies to Vietnam through Cambodian territory. Lon Nol had traveled to Beijing at the request of Prince Norodom Sihanouk.
In his first test since being appointed Prime Minister of Northern Ireland in 1963, Terence O'Neill increased his hold on power in the elections for the Parliament of Northern Ireland. O'Neill's Ulster Unionist Party won 36 of the 52 available seats to obtain a 59% majority, up from a 48.8% plurality before the vote.
The Army of Peru began redeployment to the Ayacucho Region of Peru in order to surround rebel guerrillas of the Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), the "National Liberation Army" movement that had been fighting the government since 1962.
Born: Cris Carter, American NFL receiver and Hall of Fame member, in Troy, Ohio
Died: Dame Myra Hess, 75, English pianist.
November 26, 1965 (Friday)
France became the third nation to place a spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, as it launched an satellite, Astérix-1, from the CIEES launch facility in Hammaguir, Algeria. The primary mission of the Asterix probe, which carried radio and radar transmitters, was to test the effectiveness of the Diamant-A rocket. Although France was the third nation to launch its own satellite, the United Kingdom, Canada and Italy had each contracted with the United States to send spacecraft into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida. "Unfortunately," an author would note later, "the satellite only operated for two days. A-1 is still in orbit and will be for centuries to come, since an antenna malfunction does not allow any commands to the satellite."
Webster Bivens was arrested by a team of FBI agents who entered his Brooklyn apartment and searched the premises without a search warrant, giving rise to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1971 in the case of Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents. The Court would rule that, although there was no specific federal law that permitted Bivens to file suit against the government for a violation of his Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures, the constitutional amendment itself provided implied a right of action. The Court precedent would extend to similar interpretations of other Bill of Rights guarantees.
Died: William C. Marland, 47, former Governor of West Virginia (1953-1957) who had suffered from alcoholism, and who later worked as a taxicab driver in Chicago (1962-1965) during his recovery.
November 27, 1965 (Saturday)
The "March on Washington for Peace in Vietnam", organized by the "Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy" (SANE), attracted a crowd of almost 35,000 demonstrators who picketed the White House, then moved on toward the Washington Monument. It was the largest public protest against U.S. involvement in Vietnam up to that time. The leaders of SANE were concerned about the public perception of the antiwar movement, so they asked that protesters only carry signs with "authorized slogans", and not to demand immediate withdrawal, nor to burn the American flag.
In an act which it said was being done as a "response to the friendly sentiments of the American people against the war in South Vietnam", the Viet Cong released U.S. Army Sergeant George E. Smith and Specialist E-5 Claude E. McClure, who had both been captured on November 24, 1963. Vietnam Communist Party official Le Duc Tho escorted Smith and McClure across the border from North Vietnam into Cambodia, freeing both men after two years as prisoners of war. Smith and McClure would travel across neutral Cambodia on their own and would address a press conference in Phnom Penh on November 30, praising their captors and American antiwar protesters, and criticizing the war effort. On December 27, the U.S. military command announced that Smith and McClure would face court martial for aiding the enemy.
The entire 7th ARVN Regiment of the South Vietnamese Army was killed in a battle with Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army troops who surrounded the 1,000 man unit at the Michelin rubber plantation in the Dau Tieng district of South Vietnam. Associated Press photographer Horst Faas would begin his report the next day with the words, "South Viet Nam's 7th regiment died at 8 a.m. yesterday," and note that "Most of the Vietnamese troopers, with their American advisers, fought to the last bullet." Persons taken prisoner were gathered together and machine-gunned.
Officials from the Pentagon told U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year were to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam would have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.
North Vietnamese forces successfully attacked the Michelin Rubber Plantation northwest of Saigon.
November 28, 1965 (Sunday)
What was described as "an unprecedented mass meeting of racial unity in the South" took place in Charlotte, North Carolina, as an evenly split crowd of 2,000 white and African-American community leaders, church officials, businessmen, and professionals gathered in an auditorium to condemn the bombing of four black leaders' homes the previous Monday, belonging to a city councilman, a U.S. commissioner, a physician, and the state NAACP chapter president. During the televised event, NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins, and Charlotte Mayor Stan Brookshire told the crowd that "We will intensify our efforts to provide equal rights for all." After the group, "about evenly split between whites and Negroes" sang and prayed, one black leader noted, "I've never seen anything like it in the South."
In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announced that he would send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
Léonard Mulamba (later Mulamba Nyunyi wa Kadima) was appointed the new Prime Minister of the Congo by President Mobutu, but would serve less than a year. Mobutu would later send Mulamba as an ambassador to India, then Japan, and Brazil.
November 29, 1965 (Monday)
General Christophe Soglo removed Sourou-Migan Apithy from his job as President of Dahomey (now Benin) and temporarily replaced him with National Assembly Speaker Tahirou Congacou, whom he would remove on December 22.
The Canadian satellite Alouette 2 was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
The United States and all but five members of the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a UN resolution calling for a world disarmament conference that would include an invitation to the People's Republic of China, whose admission to the UN had been opposed by the U.S. and other western nations. The vote of participants was a unanimous 112-0. France abstained, Taiwan's delegation announced that it would not participate, and the delegations of Cambodia, The Gambia, and Paraguary were absent.
What had started on November 10 as a criticism of Chinese playwright Wu Han in an obscure Shanghai newspaper was published across the People's Republic by order of Chairman Mao Zedong, in Peking's daily newspaper, Beijing Ribao and the People's Liberation Army Daily (Jiefangjun Bao). The next day, the official Chinese Communist Party newspaper People's Daily (Renmin Ribao), published the criticism as well.
November 30, 1965 (Tuesday)
Unsafe at Any Speed, the exposé by attorney and auto safety advocate Ralph Nader, was released by Grossman Publishers and became a bestseller. The most dangerous cars on the road were identified by Nader, with special attention given to models of the Chevrolet Corvair. Nader criticized both the American auto industry and federal government agencies that were trusted with enforcing motor vehicle safety.
Temple University, the second largest private university in the United States, became a public university within Pennsylvania's Commonwealth System of Higher Education, joining Penn State and Pitt as state-supported institutions. Tuition was cut by more than half for Pennsylvania residents, and increased by almost 20% for non-residents.
SEAMEO, the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, was established to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture in the Southeast Asian region.
Born:
Ben Stiller, American actor, in New York City
Fumihito, Prince Akishino, Japanese prince and, as brother of Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, the second in line for the Imperial throne; in Chiyoda, Tokyo
Died:
Walter Inglis Anderson, 62, American painter, in New Orleans, Louisiana
Daniel Webster Whitney, 71, American cubist painter, in Covington, Louisiana
References
1965
1965-11
1965-11 | Ahmad Khan Mahmoodzada Ahmad Khan Mahmoodzada (born 1994 or 1995) is a child actor from Afghanistan. He played the role of Hassan, the loyal friend and servant of the richer boy Amir, in the movie "The Kite Runner". In one scene Hassan is attacked and it is suggested that he is raped. The filmmakers wanted Ahmad to take off his pants for the shooting, but his father refused to let him do that. The boy has said that he would never have taken the role had he known Hassan would be raped. Reports vary on whether he and his family | Runa Khan is a Bangladeshi social entrepreneur and the founder and executive director of Friendship NGO. Friendship is based on Khan's model of “integrated development,” meaning it addresses problems in multiple sectors, including health, education, disaster management and economic development in communities where it is involved, rather than specializing in one of these.
Khan won the Rolex Awards for Enterprise in 2006 for work through Friendship to preserve the declining craft of traditional boat building in Bangladesh.
In 1996 Khan established a Contic as tourism company which gives tours on traditional wooden boats. Earlier, she wrote text-books for children with the aim of moving away from rote learning, an effort that won her the Ashoka Fellowship in 1994. She is the Country Chair for Bangladesh at Global Dignity.
Early life and education
Khan was born on November 17, 1958, to an aristocratic family descended from the zamindars or landowners of Bengal. She studied at the Dhaka Preparatory and Farmview International Schools. She went on to study geography at the Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata and did a second BA in humanities from the Eden Mohila College in Dhaka. Runa Khan's grandparents came from a privileged background. Runa's mother's family was originally from Afghanistan. They were descendants of the Karranis, the last dynasty of the 16th-century Bengal Sultanate. When she was as young as 9, Runa's father, Alim Khan, used to receive Zen monks, Hindu priests, Taizé Brothers and ambassadors for dinner and include her in conversations about music and philosophy.
Khan was first married at the age of 20 to one of her direct cousins, and had two children before that marriage ended. Runa Khan wanted to continue her study on Geography and work. But, her first husband did not allow her to do that.
Later, on 1996, she married French adventurer and sailor Yves Marre, who brought to Bangladesh the river barge that would eventually become the Lifebuoy Friendship Hospital. Runa had a son, Jean, with Yves in 1998. Eventually, in 2019, this couple got separated.
Career
In 1988, Khan started a boutique to provide work for Biharis and indigenous Bangladeshis. In 1992 she joined her family printing business. In 1995 she founded a security company. In 1994 Yves Marre arrived in Bangladesh with a retired river barge which he wanted to donate to a charitable cause. Khan's father first suggested converting it into a hospital. Khan created Friendship to carry out the project. The hospital ship was located to cater to the inhabitants of char areas, or regions with continuously moving landscapes, which were deprived of usual government infrastructure. Friendship NGO is launching 5 more ships in 2020.
References
1958 births
Lady Brabourne College alumni
Eden Mohila College alumni
Bangladeshi philanthropists
Living people | Raskhan This angered his fellow Muslims, who branded him as a disbeliever. But Ibrahim Khan, we are told, did not care or relent, answering, very simply, as Hari Ray puts it, 'I am as I am'. One day, the story goes, he overheard one Vaishnavite telling another, 'One should have attachment to the Lord just as this Ibrahim Khan has for the merchant's son. He roves around after him without fear of public slander or caste displeasure!'. The other Vaishnavite turned up his nose in disgust, and when Ibrahim saw this he drew his sword out in anger. Trembling before him, | 392 | A British-born businessman has been placed on the FBI's Most Wanted list over claims he conducted a multi-million pound luxury car scam. Afzal Khan is accused of conning a string of customers and financial firms at a motor dealership he ran in the US. Federal agents hunting the 32-year-old, originally from Edinburgh, fear he may have fled the country and have offered a $20,000 reward for information leading to his arrest. Afzal Khan (pictured) is accused of conning a string of customers and financial firms at a motor dealership he ran in the US . Federal agents hunting the 32-year-old, originally from Edinburgh, fear he may have fled the country and have offered a $20,000 reward for information leading to his arrest . Khan is accused of obtaining loans from a bank for cars that he never delivered, but for which the purchaser was still responsible . Flamboyant Khan, known to his clients as 'Bobby', opened the Emporio Motor Group in New Jersey in 2013 and maintained a high profile. He appeared on US reality series The Real Housewives Of New Jersey and counted members of the show's cast among his clients. He has now been accused of a massive fraud involving super cars including Lamborghinis, Bentleys and Rolls Royces. He is accused of obtaining loans from a bank for cars that he never delivered, but for which the purchaser was still responsible. He also obtained loans for cars that were delivered, but for which neither he nor Emporio had title documents. As a result, the purchasers of these cars were liable for the loan, but could not register the vehicles. Khan also offered to sell cars for customers, and then neither returned the cars nor provided any money from car sales. Flamboyant Khan, known to his clients as 'Bobby', opened the Emporio Motor Group in New Jersey in 2013 and maintained a high profile . One financial institution is said to have lost $1.6million from its dealings with Khan and 75 customers have come forward to make complaints against him. If convicted, he could face a maximum potential penalty of 20 years in prison and a multi-million dollar fine. Khan was born in Edinburgh to Pakistani parents and moved to America more than 20 years ago. Police and the FBI attempted to arrest him at his New Jersey home at the end of October but could not locate him. He has now been placed on the FBI's 10 Most Wanted 'white collar criminals' list. In an interview he gave when he opened his car dealership in 2013, Khan boasted that he had been selling luxury cars since he was 18 . He said: 'There's a waiting list for any car like this, because you can't find it, but the number of millionaires and billionaires grows every day. 'Everybody wants the next toy. This is a boutique dealership. It's like walking into a Gucci or a Fendi store.' The FBI wanted poster for Khan says he has ties to the United Arab Emirates, Canada, the UK and Pakistan, and may be found in those countries. He is described as 5 feet 10 inches and 180 pounds, with a scar on his right arm. Last week, Khan's brother Anil Iqbal was arrested by police in New Jersey investigating the alleged scam. Iqbal, 36, who was an employee at the dealership, has been charged with conspiracy to commit theft, theft by extortion, theft by deception and fencing. An FBI spokesman said: 'Afzal Khan is wanted for allegedly defrauding customers and financial institutions while he was the owner of Emporio Motor Group, a car dealership in Ramsey, New Jersey. 'From approximately December 2013 to September 2014, Khan allegedly obtained loans for vehicles that were never delivered, obtained loans for vehicles without proper title, and issued insufficient funds checks. 'Khan also allegedly offered to sell vehicles on consignment and then neither returned the vehicles nor provided any funds for the vehicle sales. 'A federal arrest warrant was issued for Khan on October 21, 2014, by the United States District Court, District of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, after he was charged with wire fraud. 'The FBI is offering a reward of up to $20,000 for information leading to the arrest of Afzal Khan.' | what was a high crime under sultan said khan | Sir Fumblerful has declared he is the rightful owner of the Khergit held Uhhun Castle. What is the Khan's response? | where is khan market located in new delhi located | how many criminal cases are there against sharjeel khan | Federal Charges Target Mongols Motorcycle Gang | when did afzal khan play in guest house | when did amjad khan play in chor police | with which country did admiral saeed khan decide to acquire the agosta 90 |
393 | who plays obsequius in i keano | I, Keano the first production in 2005. It starred Mario Rosenstock of the Irish radio comedy show Gift Grub, and Risteárd Cooper and Gary Cooke of the Irish television comedy show "Après Match". Controversy arose during the first run when three leading cast members publicly left the show, including ironically Rosenstock who played Keano, leading to media articles about life imitating art imitating life. Roy Keane attended the show in Dublin in 2005. Michael Caven directed the second production in 2006, which included a run in Manchester, England. Several sections of the play were rewritten substantially for its UK debut, which came | This is a very fine performance and recording of what must be described as rather a minimalist production which, on its own terms, must also be considered a success. To elaborate further therefore ......
The cast chosen for this production is unquestioningly top quality throughout and it delivers similar high quality performances in depth. The title role of Onegin perfectly suits the handsome and impressive Dmitri Hvorostovsky whose rich voice and generally restrained bearing underlines Onegin's own perceived role in society. The Russian timbre of his voice also adds considerable veracity to this role. In this respect he is in good company within the cast. Olga, sung by Elena Zaremba, Tatiana's nurse, sung by Larisa Shevchenko, Tatiana's mother sung by Svetlana Volkova and the impressively Russian timbred Serei Aleksashkin as Prince Gremin, all share these tonal advantages. All the above listed singers are clearly equally immersed in their respective roles and the production benefits accordingly.
Renée Fleming is a perfect Tatiana and brings the necessary appearance of youth combined with her later social sophistication effortlessly to the role. Her voice is as beautiful as her acting is beyond reproach. The role of Lenski suits the sustained lyrical abilities of Ramón Vargas which culminates in arguably one of his finest moments at the beginning of Act 2 scene 2 in his lengthy aria just prior to the fatal duel. This justifiably earns a considerable ovation from the very appreciative audience.
The orchestra play to their normal high standard under the sure direction of Gergiev who clearly knows this score inside out.
The production is one of the minimalist variety where the intention appears to be to focus the audience's attention on the personal dramas rather than the settings. To this extent it succeeds very well and suits the intention of the libretto based largely on Pushkin's creation. As Tchaikovsky himself commented in a letter to his future benefactress Nadezhda von Meck on 27 May 1877, `The opera will have no strong dramatic action, but the portrayal of everyday life will be interesting, and how full of poetry it all is.' Nevertheless there will be those who will regret the lack of opulence in the ballroom scenes which can be spectacular in other productions.
There are the usual interviews and introductions typical of these Met recordings plus a short film giving an interesting glimpse of rehearsal moments which reinforce expectations rather than casting any new light as regards understanding this opera. The booklet is usefully informative.
The imaging is crisp and the camera work is involving. The close-up shots during the ballroom scenes help to suggest a greater scale of event than is actually the case on stage! The sound is presented in excellent DTS 5.1 and stereo.
This is a quality production which should give plenty of pleasure and satisfaction to most purchasers. Within the context of the somewhat minimalist chosen production values it seems reasonable to rate this as a convincing disc although there will be many who will regret the lack of scenic scale, most obviously at points such as the ballroom scene where it can easily be argued that too much has to be left to the imagination.
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Your opinion might then add to the total useful advice. | Días de odio . The producer of the film was Armando Bó . Emma Zunz, played by Elisa Galve, is a young girl rather lonely life, with few friends. When you receive a letter which tells him the suicide of his father imprisoned in Brazil starts planning his revenge against Plesner .Nicolás Fregues, a businessman who was co-worker of his father to whom he attributed the responsibility for the embezzlement that had caused his imprisonment and ruin of his family. After obtaining work in the factory Plesner, Emma goes to a tavern frequented by sailors and prostitutes and has sex with a sailor | way to create more diversity in the film industry and is currently studying at the Upright Citizens Brigade in Hollywood. Giovannie’s parody song, “An Introvert’s World,” reached 3.2 million views when YouTube star Tessa Netting took the lyrics without permission and used them for her own Facebook show, "Me Watching". In November 2018, she was named as a featured filmmaker/creator for Elizabeth Banks media company, WhoHaHa. Giovannie Pico Giovannie Espiritu is a Filipina television, film and stage actress whose most visible role has been that of medical student Ludlow in 2004-05 episodes of NBC's top-rated hospital drama "ER". A native | English: An Autumn in London from diverse backgrounds whose passage to the U.K. and its aftermath are dealt with in the film. Jayasurya plays Shankaran, a Kathakali artiste-turned-waiter who is an illegal immigrant. Nivin Pauly dons the role of Sibin, an IT executive with a roving eye. Mukesh plays Joy, a middle-class corner store owner with an extended family in London and all its concomitant problems and advantages. Nadia Moidu plays Saraswathy, a Tamil Brahmin. Married to a doctor, she has been in the U.K, for more than 20 years. Remya Nambeesan plays Gauri, a young married woman from a rustic background who arrives in | Antoni Porowski movies such as "Elliot Loves" (2012), "Daddy's Boy" (2016), "The Pretenders" (2018), and as the lead officer in a 2014 episode of TV series "The Blacklist". Porowski was also featured in the 2015 short docudrama about the Vinnytsia massacre, "To My Father", as Adam Bandrowski. The short film was part of the 2016 Cannes Film Festival's Short Film Corner. In the meantime, he worked in food service to cover his rent, first working as a busboy at a family-run Polish restaurant. He worked his way up in the restaurant industry, working as a waiter and sommelier, eventually managing BondSt sushi | Amaanaaiy Amaanaaiy is a 1998 Maldivian romantic drama film directed by Mahdi Ahmed. Produced by Mohamed Niyaz under Eternal Pictures, the film stars Ali Khalid, Fathimath Rameeza, Jamsheedha Ahmed and Iujaz Hafiz in pivotal roles. The film was released on 4 November 1998. The film revolves around a man who is welcomed with his illegitimate son after the child's mother's death and the events that proceed when his wife is not fond of the child. The film is based on Shekhar Kapur's Indian drama film "Masoom" (1983) which is a remake of the 1982 Malayalam movie "Olangal", which are both | Uldario Molina Jr., popularly known by his stage name Negi, is a Filipino stand-up comedian, and actor. He is currently seen on Gandang Gabi, Vice! as Vice Ganda's side kick and a hiatus of the show. He appeared in various TV Shows of ABS-CBN like Minute to Win It (Philippine game show) and movies such as Super Parental Guardians, Finally Found Someone and Wander Bra 2018.
References
LGBT entertainers from the Philippines
LGBT male actors
Living people
Filipino male comedians
Star Magic
Year of birth missing (living people) | 393 | I, Keano "Extra Time" at the Olympia for two weeks from 19 May 2008, playing its last ever performance on 31 May 2008 to standing ovations. In 2015, the Olympia revived the show again for a limited 6 week run from March 25th to May 2nd. The characters, and the real-life figures whom they parody, are: The lead role of Keano has been played by Mario Rosenstock and Pat Kinevane in 2005, Denis Foley in 2006, and Jamie Beamish in 2007 and 2008*. Two cast members have been ever-present: Dessie Gallagher (Macartacus) and Malachy McKenna (Obsequius); as has the musical director David | in which irish city is the play 'i keano' based | who is releasing the first time by kelsea ballerini | who did kelli o'hara play in the king and i | at which distance did eritrean athlete meb keflezighi set | who did angelique kerber lose to in 2017 | what is kevin keatts job title in ncaa | what is the title of keke palmer's second extended play | what was edmund kean's style of hamlet |
394 | Met HBO-P naar universiteit? | Top 10 MBA collages in indore? | Nigeria institute for oceanography web address? | North-Eastern Hill University from the Government of Meghalaya, popularly known as Horse-Shoe Building. The university now runs its central administration from its main campus in Mawkynroh-Umshing. NEHU has two academic campuses, one at Mawkynroh-Umshing, Shillong, and another at Chandmari, Tura. Shillong is the headquarters of academic and administrative functions. The main campus is 1225 acres in area. It accommodates National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), Sports Authority of India (SAI) and The English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU). The Central Library started in 1973 with a collection of 600 books. | Hello, looking at Mechanical Engineering at NAU. Can anyone comment on their program? How many students do they have in the program?
Thank you | 3rdanna university trichy ece syllabus? | Is vinayaka misssion university mphil english distance education recognised by ugc? | List of ncert college? | What are the courses in the university of santo thomas? | 394 | Ik heb de havo zonder moeite afgerond, en zat nog te twijfelen om het vwo te doen. Uiteindelijk heb ik besloten om maar aan de hbo te beginnen, en nu zit te twijfelen om over te stappen naar de uni.
Ik studeer werktuigbouwkunde, en het gaat mij redelijk goed af. Ik sta momenteel een 7.7 gemiddeld, zonder veel moeite te doen. Maar ondanks dat een 7.7 een prima cijfer is geeft het totaal geen gevoel van voldoening, ik doe er immers vrij weinig voor. Ik heb op de site van de TU-delft gelezen dat er wordt afgeraden om met je HBO-P naar de uni te gaan. Waarom heb ik niet gevonden, hierdoor word ik wat onzeker, omdat ik geen zin heb als de uni mij niet lukt weer terug te gaan naar het HBO. Ook hoor ik mijn ouders eigenlijk alleen maar over het niveauverschil, en dat het waarschijnlijk te moeilijk is. Mijn vader heeft elektrotechniek HBO gedaan, en heeft geen referentie voor de uni, of ik hem dus kan vertrouwen weet ik eigenlijk niet. Mijn moeder denkt ook dat het te moeilijk voor mij is, maar zij is zo technisch als iets wat helemaal niet technisch is. (en ik ben zo goed met woorden als iemand die helemaal niet goed is met woorden)
Wat redenen waarom ik misschien naar de uni wil:
Ik denk dat ik uiteindelijk toch wel mijn master wil halen, deze route gaat sneller.
De vakken waar ik "wat meer moeite" voor moet doen vind ik leuker, omdat ik dan meer het gevoel heb dat ik iets heb geleerd. Ook merk ik dat als het wat uitdagender is ik gemotiveerder raak om meer tijd te besteden aan school.
Wanneer ik aan het leren ben voor de tentamens vind ik het eigenlijk best wel leuk om iets te doen voor school, maar tijdens de normale weken kan de de motivatie niet opbrengen om opdrachten te maken die ik toch wel de dag voor het tentamen kan maken en alsnog een goed cijfer halen.
Het werken aan de projecten vind ik niet super leuk, maar de theorie wel. Hierdoor vraag ik mij soms af of werktuigbouwkunde wel de goede studie voor mij is. Wanneer we een nieuw project krijgen wordt ik eerst enthausiast en begin ik er over na te denken, maar wanneer je er echt aan moet ben je de hele tijd bezig met allemaal shit schrijven waar je nooit meer naar terugkijkt. Het werken in de werkplaats is echt een drama, ik heb er totaal geen aanleg voor, en vind het bizar saai. Dit kan zijn omdat ik het ((hopgelijk) nog) niet kan, of het past gewoon niet bij mij.
Om het wat concreter te maken misschien wat vragen:
\* Weten jullie waarom wordt afgeraden met je HBO-P naar de uni te gaan?
\* Heeft iemand de overstap van HBO wtb naar uni wtb gemaakt, hoe was het niveauverschil?
\* Hoe gaan jullie om met weinig motivatie voor makkelijke vakken?
Dit was mijn verhaaltje wel denk ik, reageer als je wilt, als je dat niet wilt doe dat niet. | Is er een manier om stof zoveel mogelijk te vóórkomen zodat ik minder vaak m'n kamer hoef af te stoffen of te stofzuigen? | Als je je geboortejaar kon kiezen, waar zou je dan voor gaan? | Op zoek naar een overtuigend artikel met informatie over dat Astra Zeneca ongevaarlijk is | Ik doneer niet aan een goed doel. Wat kan ik doen om wél mijn steentje bij te dragen? | KPN heeft een 'foutje' gemaakt waardoor ik na mijn verhuizing 3 weken zonder internet zit, wat zijn mijn opties als klant? | A complete quadrilateral in the Euclidean plane is studied. The geometry of such quadrilateral is almost as rich as the geometry of a triangle, so there are lot of associated points, lines and conics. Hereby, the study was performed in the rectangular coordinates, symmetrically on all four sides of the quadrilateral with four parameters a, b, c, d. In this paper we will study the properties of some points, lines and circles associated to the quadrilateral. All these properties are well known, but here they are all proved by the same method. During this process, still some new results have appeared.Potpuničetverostran u pravokutnim koordinatama SAŽETAK U radu proučavamo potpuničetverostran u euklidskoj ravnini. Poput trokuta i potpuničetverostran ima mnogo zanimljivih svojstava te pridruženih točaka, pravaca i konika. Ovdje je proučavanje provedeno korištenjem pravokutnih koordinata, simetrično po svečetiri stranicečetverostrana sčetiri parametra a, b, c, d. Proučavamo svojstva točaka, pravaca i kružnica pridruženihčetverostranu. Gotovo sve tvrdnje prikazane u ovom radu su dobro poznate, ali su se ipak ponegdje usput pojavili i neki novi rezultati. | Mag mijn vulploegleider loon inhouden wanneer hij vindt dat ik onproductief werk? | Ik moet mijn waterkeuring doen, maar weet merk en model niet van mijn kranen |
395 | how many commonhold residential developments were there in 2009 | Abstract Large urban public housing authorities (PHAs) in the US have abandoned the traditional model of high-rise public housing developments and increasingly use lower-density project-based subsidized housing as well as tenant-based housing subsidies to provide affordable shelter. PHAs generally apply practitioner expertise to locate subsidized housing and do not identify housing alternatives using prescriptive planning models that optimize policy criteria and incorporate well-defined stakeholder impacts. Using policy characteristics and estimated economic impacts of subsidized housing, a new single-period multi-objective integer programming model for location of project-based subsidized housing is developed. Data requirements, relationships with standard planning models, solution characteristics and sensitivity analyses are examined. It is shown that this model gives planners considerable flexibility in choosing alternative housing configurations that can satisfy the needs of various interest groups. | I see a lot of condos for sale on Zillow listed for 75k to 100k but I guess these must be leasehold properties -- just wondering if this is true and what is the average length of a leasehold property in Honolulu? Or can anyone fill me in on the relevant terms or websites I can read more about it.
I'm guessing it cannot be for sale outright because the average costs of a condo should be more like 400k. | additional 20 projects – a total of nearly 10 megawatts. EAH Housing EAH Housing is a nonprofit corporation which develops, manages, and operates affordable housing for low-income families, older adults, and persons with disabilities in California and Hawaii. It was founded in 1968. Established in 1968, EAH Housing has become one of the largest nonprofit housing development and management organizations in the western United States. With a staff of over 450, EAH develops low-income housing, manages over 100 properties in California and Hawaii, and plays a leadership role in local, regional and national housing advocacy efforts. Starting from grass-roots origins | additional 20 projects – a total of nearly 10 megawatts. EAH Housing EAH Housing is a nonprofit corporation which develops, manages, and operates affordable housing for low-income families, older adults, and persons with disabilities in California and Hawaii. It was founded in 1968. Established in 1968, EAH Housing has become one of the largest nonprofit housing development and management organizations in the western United States. With a staff of over 450, EAH develops low-income housing, manages over 100 properties in California and Hawaii, and plays a leadership role in local, regional and national housing advocacy efforts. Starting from grass-roots origins | So on my server there is 4 houses all owned by the same FC in Shirogane. Each house has the same walls, Same roof. And nothing inside and the only outside furnishing is a garden parked right at the entrance.
I am kind of new to trying to buy a house but is this normal? | Discusses how over the last few years a form of property lease has been developed which is characterized by having predetermined levels of rental uplift, rather than relying on open market or other forms of rent review. Argues that this establishes a rent review formula for categories of building without a rental history, which may not have direct comparables in the locality and that the result is a “staircased” rental lease which has a number of specialist applications. Points out that, in addition to aspects of the traditional commercial markets (offices, retail, industrial) where this technique may be useful, it is especially appropriate for particular market areas such as education, social housing, nursing homes, hotels and car parks; it is also useful for property provision for use by NHS trusts and health authorities. Examines the staircased rental technique and gives some comments on these factors. | Has anyone had issues with the preston heights co-op housing buildings and the area? | Your best bet is to get the information directly from the folks that do this for a living. Try looking at this site:\nAmerican Moving and Storage Association: http://www.moving.org/ \nYou should be able to find information they provide to the public relating to your question.\nIf you wish to conduct a more detailed free research on your inquiry you should go to our educational real estate research page http://www.realestateformnm.com/ResearchLink.html there you will find more links for real estate related research than any other site. | 395 | and leaseholds (leases) on the other is that commonholds do not depreciate in value towards the end of their Term ("term", "term of years" or in extraneous documents sometimes "existence"). In the years since the 2002 Act became law, only a handful of commonholds have been registered, whilst hundreds of thousands of long leases have been granted during the same period. As of 3 June 2009, there were 12 commonhold residential developments comprising 97 units (homes) in England and one commonhold residential development comprising 30 units (homes) in Wales. Where freehold houses should be subjected to positive covenants which force | Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 | are all flats leasehold in uk? | Leasehold for the future or get rid ASAP? | in english law, what is the practice by which tenants, holding land under king or | what is the annual sum paid by the tenant of freehold land to the owner of | Tenancy Act Question - If a building is rent only and not run by a strata, rather a property management company, what happens with the common property and limited common property bylaws? | a method of conveyance of freehold estates formerly common in england and in new | how many homes in the uk are vacant for more than 6 months |
396 | when did concord speedway stop hosting big 10 races | 2013 Mudsummer Classic which lasted from 1985 to 2002. Eldora Speedway, which opened in 1954, is considered to be one of 14 intermediate tracks on the Truck Series schedule, the others being Charlotte, Chicagoland, Dover, Homestead-Miami, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Las Vegas, Michigan, Phoenix, Pocono, Rockingham and Texas. The track is a 0.5 mile (0.80 km) oval with turns at a 24 degree banking, while the straightaways are 8 degrees. The track's grandstands can fit 17,782 spectators, and the hillside seating can fit an unlimited number of fans. On October 15, 2012, track owner Tony Stewart and Austin Dillon held a private test at | 1986 Champion Spark Plug 400 degrees, while the 3,600-foot-long front stretch, the location of the finish line, is banked at twelve degrees. The back stretch, has a five degree banking and is 2,242 feet long. Groundbreaking took place on September 28, 1967. Over of dirt were moved to form the D-shaped oval. The track opened in 1968 with a total capacity of 25,000 seats. The track was originally built and owned by Lawrence H. LoPatin, a Detroit-area land developer who built the speedway at an estimated cost of $4–6 million. Financing was arranged by Thomas W Itin. Its first race took place on Sunday, October | 2006 NASCAR Busch Series forty-three cars needed to race, no drivers or teams failed to qualify. This race was held on July 8 at Chicagoland Speedway. Carl Edwards won the pole. Casey Mears captured his first NASCAR victory using an alternate fuel strategy. Top ten results Failed to Qualify: Derrike Cope (#49), Justin Diercks (#70), Carl Long (#23) The New England 200 was held July 15 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Kyle Busch won the pole. Clint Bowyer dominated early in the race but Carl Edwards captured the victory. Top ten results: As there were the maximum of forty-three cars needed to race, no | Kurt Busch big hug with Kyle. Legendary driver and NASCAR announcer Darrell Waltrip called it "The most touching thing I have ever seen." He remained in the top five in points for the rest of the season. He qualified for the Chase, and ended up fourth in the standings, the highest-ranked car that was not under the Hendrick Motorsports banner. Busch picked up another win at the 2009 Dickies 500 after his brother Kyle ran out of fuel with two laps to go. For the 2010 season, Penske Racing brought rookie, Brad Keselowski on board to drive the No. 12 Penske Racing | 2010–14 Big Ten Conference realignment and the remaining schools joining in July 2014. The Big Ten, founded in 1896 as the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives (which remained the conference's legal name until 1987), had been for decades one of the more stable major college conferences. Before the 2010–14 realignment, the conference had seen only three changes in membership since World War I. In 1946, the University of Chicago, one of the league's charter members, chose to de-emphasize varsity athletics and left the conference, although it continued its academic affiliation until 2016, when the Big Ten decided to limit its academic arm, originally known as | was the launching pad for the careers of drivers such as Greg Biffle, Kurt Busch, Matt Crafton and others. Tucson Speedway Tucson Speedway is a 3/8-mile paved oval racetrack located at the Pima County Fairgrounds, off Interstate 10 just south of Tucson, Arizona. It is one of only three paved ovals in the state of Arizona (the others are Phoenix International Raceway and Havasu 95 Speedway). The track was built in 1968, originally as a clay oval and called Raven Speedway. Current NASCAR CEO Brian France took over operations of the track in 1990. International Speedway Corporation paved the racing | Labonte Motorsports is a former part-time Winston Cup team and full-time Busch Series team. It was owned by the Labonte racing family from Corpus Christi, Texas and competed for several years under various incarnations.
1980s
Labonte Motorsports debuted in 1982 at Martinsville Speedway in the No. 44 Oldsmobile, when it was owned Bob Labonte. Bobby Labonte drove the car, starting fifteenth and finishing twenty-sixth after dropping out 30 laps into the race. They did not run a race until 1985, when Bobby drove two races in the No. 81 at Martinsville, his best finish being seventeenth in the fall race. In 1986, Terry Labonte drove two races, winning the pole at Road Atlanta and finished second at the same race. Bobby returned to run six races in the No. 88 Winner's Circle Auto Parts Buick, but wrecked out of three of them. In 1989, he switched back to the No. 44 and had first three top-tens, including a fourth-place finish at Rockingham Speedway.
1990s
Labonte ran his first full season 1990, with sponsorship from Penrose Firecracker. Although he went winless, he had seventeen top-tens and finished fourth in the final standings. In 1991, he won two races and the Busch Series championship. That same season, Labonte Motorsports, ran five races at the Winston Cup level. Bobby ran two races for Bob, first in the 14, and then the 44, dropping out of both races with engine failure. Irv Hoerr then ran three races for Terry in the 44, his best finish being 19th at Pocono Raceway. Terry also began fielding his own entries in Busch, driving five races in the No. 94 Sunoco Oldsmobile and picking up a win at Watkins Glen International. In 1992, Labonte won three races but lost the championship by three points. Terry failed to win a race, but switched to the No. 14 after picking up sponsorship from MW Windows.
Bobby moved up to Cup in 1993, and was replaced by Labonte Motorsports mechanic David Green with Slim Jim becoming the team's new sponsor. Although he failed to win in his first season with the team, he had six top-fives and finished third in points. The No. 14 was shared by Bobby and Terry, who together won two pole positions. In 1994, Green won one race but also claimed the Busch Series championship. Terry had four wins out of twenty starts, and Bobby debuted the new No. 33 Dentyne Pontiac, winning at Michigan International Speedway. Green had another win in 1995, but fell to twelfth in the standings. Terry had one win and finished eighteenth in points.
In 1996, Bob retired from racing and Bobby became the new listed owner of the 44. With Shell Oil sponsoring, Bobby ran sixteen races and won at Nashville Speedway USA. Terry changed his number to 5 and picked up funding from Bayer/Actron, and won three races that season. Bobby Hamilton ran the season finale at Homestead, finishing 24th. He drove fourteen times in 1997, but failed to win a race. Andy Hillenburg and Brad Leighton drove in one-race deals for him, but they failed to finish in the top-ten. Bobby drove fifteen times in 1998, and had another win, along with sharing the ride with Tony Stewart for five races, who had two top-tens.
At the end of the season, Bobby sold his team to this employer, Joe Gibbs Racing.
2000s
After taking 1998 off, Labonte Motorsports returned in 1999, with Terry owning and driving the No. 44 Slim Jim Chevrolet. He won his final career Busch race at Talladega Superspeedway, and had three top-fives. Jack Sprague and Steve Grissom drove one race deals for him, and Terry's son Justin began racing, making nine starts that season with a best finish of fourteenth at Myrtle Beach Speedway. Labonte and Glenn Allen, Jr. shared the ride to begin the 2000 season, before Justin finished it out. His best finish was 20th at Nashville.
Labonte Motorsports was inactive until Justin began running a part-time schedule in 2004. Driving the No. 44 United States Coast Guard Dodge Intrepid, he made sixteen starts and won the Twister 300 at Chicagoland Speedway. The team partnered with Haas CNC Racing in 2005 to allow Justin to run a full-time schedule in the 44 Chevy. Despite three top-tens and a seventeenth-place finish in points, Coast Guard departed for Richard Childress Racing at the end of the season, causing the team to close its doors again.
External links
Bob Labonte Owner Stats
Bobby Labonte Owner Stats
Terry Labonte owner stats
Justin Labonte owner stats
Auto racing teams established in 1982
Sports clubs disestablished in 2006
American auto racing teams
Companies based in North Carolina
Defunct NASCAR teams
ARCA Menards Series teams
Defunct companies based in North Carolina
1982 establishments in North Carolina | When did nascar start? | 396 | Concord Speedway now has three unique turns. Pit road entrance is located in the tri-oval prior to turn three. The track had seating for over 12,000 fans prior to a recent downsizing that saw the turn one grandstands converted to a dirt berm. The track has hosted the Big 10 series at two different times. Most recently super late models competed in the series from 2003-2005. Freddie Query is the track's all-time leader in wins and claimed the Big 10 series championship in 2004 and 2005. The track stopped weekly racing on the half-mile tri-oval in 2008 and only has the quarter | what is the seating capacity at new hampshire speedway | how long is trenton speedway for a modified race | why did nascar stop running the new hampshire 300 | how big was lexell's comet in 1999 | who drives the no. 19 tristar car | what do you call a diverging intake in concorde | how many tracks are in the bay circuit trail north of concord | when did the first bathurst 1000 crash take place |
397 | This stuff is amazing! It actually works at not just masking a ... | Anyone else find that the mask of the quiet one doesn't heal you with the code of the aggressor melee? It seems to work well with the code of the protector but not with the aggressor. bug or intended do we think? | Very happy with this mask. It is hard to see through the mask - especially in bright lights or no lights - as the product states. | Use this along with a certain clay mask, the only thing I do not like about it is the smell....woooo weeee does it stank! Besides that I like it with my clay mask! | So I've been seeing this mask by Sand and Sky get increasingly popular on Instagram, but I can't seem to find an honest review that wasn't sponsored by the company. I've been considering buying it, but it's $50 USD and I find that pretty expensive for a mask. Apparently, it's made purely with Australian pink clay and it tightens pores and removes the looks of impurities. I've never even used Australian pink clay, so I'm not sure how well that on its own works, let alone the mask specifically made by the company.
So does anyone know if the mask is a legitimate product that can/will achieve results, or is it just one of those products that just has super good advertising (kind of like the Milk Blur Stick)? | Saw this on you tube and had to have! Best mask out there and fun item for my star wars collection! | Comparison study of mask error effects for various mask-making processes | Do masks actually work?
Please don’t flame me here lol, I genuinely want to learn
On reddit I see a ton of people saying masks are effective and then because I’m conservative, I see a lot saying they’re useless
Which is it? | Everything about the mask is great, minus one little thing! The backs of the gems aren't covered, so they poke into the face a bit. Other than that, it's great! | 397 | This stuff is amazing! It actually works at not just masking a smell but near fully eliminating it. Highly recommend. The fragrance is slightly herbal rather than typical floral or citrus. | It really does what it's supposed to and I love the smell | This product is fantastic and it definitely helps with the smell | The smell is great but it kind of just masks the smell of ... | I use this in a scented oil diffuser and it helps the house to smell like lemongrass - I have received a lot of compliments ... | The fragrance is too mild so it won't mask a ... | Whats the best way to mask the smell of weed? | Love the way it eliminates odor without leaving a perfume ... | Works great and not a overwhelming or perfurmey after-smell at all |
398 | which bible did samuel bagster first bring out | "eating chocolate cake in a bag", which was at the Vienna press conference, and the second is in the song "Come Together", where he sings: "He bag production". This is a reference to Bag Productions Ltd, Lennon's public relations company, which derived its name from Bagism. The third reference is in "Give Peace a Chance", with the line, "Everybody's talkin' about Bagism, Shagism, dragism, Madism, Ragism, Tagism, This-ism, That-ism, ism, ism, ism." A website called Bagism was created c. 1994 by Sam Choukri, providing John Lennon and Beatles links, photographs, rare sound recording snippets and video. At one point, c. | "The Man with the Bag" may refer to:
The Sack Man, a mythical figure
"(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag", a Christmas song
"The Man with the Bag", an episode of Ally McBeal | private function hydrate(): void
{
/*($this->owner->kernel()->logger()->info(
"Hydration of AttributeBag with data:",
print_r($this->bag, true)
);*/
foreach($this->bag as $key=>$value) {
if(!is_string($value))
continue;
$s = S::create($value);
if(
$s->startsWith(Kernel::PARTICLE_IN_ATTRIBUTEBAG_TPL[0])
&&
$s->endsWith(Kernel::PARTICLE_IN_ATTRIBUTEBAG_TPL[1])
) {
$id = (string) $s
->removeLeft(Kernel::PARTICLE_IN_ATTRIBUTEBAG_TPL[0])
->removeRight(Kernel::PARTICLE_IN_ATTRIBUTEBAG_TPL[1]);
$this->bag[$key] = $this->owner->kernel()->gs()->node($id);
}
}
} | Porter (beer) called Extra Superior Porter and was only given the name Extra Stout in 1840. In 1802 John Feltham wrote a version of the history of porter that has been used as the basis for most writings on the topic. Very little of Feltham's story is backed up by contemporary evidence; his account is based on a letter written by Obadiah Poundage (who had worked for decades in the London brewing trade) in the 1760s. Feltham badly misinterpreted parts of the text, mainly due to his unfamiliarity with 18th-century brewing terminology. Feltham claimed that in 18th-century London a popular beverage called | Hands down the best "technique" book on bag making I've ever read. Much better than the The Bag Making Bible which I bought because it got an endorsement from Amy Butler, trusting that it would be a good reference resource. There are so many excellent recommendations on "technique" in this book that are not used or mentioned in any other book I've purchased on hand made handbags. I bought the kindle version so I could keep it on hand for easy reference near my sewing machine. | I've owned many bags, this one is my favorite. Great product. | I'm planning to go to the branch and complain, even if I know I cannot really prove what the content of the bags was.
Do banks have any requirement of keeping records of that they put on their sealed bags? Are they going to have a 20£ excess recorded somewhere?
Is there something else I can do? | to start all over again at cleaning up the park. The catchy tune featured in "In The Bag" was so popular that Disney released a version of it (with similar instrumentation and different vocals) as a single, "The Humphrey Hop." The song was sung again by Woodlore to his Brownstone Bears in a 2002 episode of Disney's "House of Mouse", where they serve as the House's "clean-up crew." The song later appeared in "Cars 3" with different lyrics performed by Mater (Larry the Cable Guy). In the Bag In the Bag is a 1956 Walt Disney's animated theatrical short directed | 398 | Samuel Bagster the Elder edition. He first brought out a Hebrew Bible, which was followed by the Septuagint, both in foolscap octavo. The production of English bibles was a monopoly in the United Kingdom, confined in England to the king's printer and the two great universities, in Scotland to Sir D. H. Blair and John Bruce, and in Ireland to Mr. Grierson. It had been decided, however, that the patent did not apply to bibles printed with notes. In 1816 Bagster brought out "The English version of the polyglot bible" (with a preface by T. Chevalier), in foolscap octavo size, containing a selection of | who published the polyglot version of the bible | in which country was the first moveable type printed edition of the bible | who is the scribe of the brand new testament | who invented the polyglot typeface for the complutensian bible | what was the british typographer's bible called | how long has the net bible been in copyright | what license did the coverdale bible have | when was the book the bible uncovered published |
399 | Great replacement for power cable to tablets. | I ordered this cable to replace the one that came with my Samsung tablet. This one is much better made and longer so I don't have to set right next to an outlet. I would recommend any of my friends to buy as well. | When my power cable started coming apart, I was happy to find this replacement. The price was right and it arrived quickly. | This is working great, and it is more generous in length than the one you receive with your Samsung tablet.
I lost my charging cable for my Samsung tablet. I have no idea where it ended up and it may never be found. Doesn't matter because I went searching on amazon.com and found this one and this cable works great. | Bought these as replacement cords for my niece and nephew's Nabi II tablets. They are actually working better than the ones (from Nabi website) that my sister bought for them in the first place. | Purchased as a spare cable for HTC Incredible. Works good for both power and data on the phone. A little bulkier than some retractable cables but still convenient and portable. | Was looking for extra data cable for Dell Streak 7, this is a good backup Charger/Data Cable for the tablet, Charging is little slow comparing to Original One. Yet to use the cable for Data Transfer, Will update if I get into any issue with data transfer.
Thanks,
Rajeev | THE ULTIMATE CHARGING CABLE!!! EVERY CABLE SHOULD BE MADE LIKE THIS!!! | Great cable, when you get tired of trying to read your ipad and charge it at the same time, pick up one of these, makes doing both a breeze. | 399 | First this product was delivered very fast and it cam in quality packaging.
I bought this device as I needed a replace for my kids Nabi tablet because the power cable that came with it broke and the only other type that is out there for the Nabi is the one that has a built in cable to the power brick. This helps as I have plenty USB power chargers lying around from old phones or tablets. This worked perfect with the Nabi Tablet.
I received this product at discount or free. | Better than the original cord from Nabi | Does as described and charges my phone and tablet super fast, I would give it five stars but ... | The tablet is ok but the charger that came with ... | Great product! Charged my phone and tablet faster than ... | I would say this one is good product. It charges faster than the original cable | - Low packaging - Good quality of cable - Connects correctly to device - ... | Out of the box it worked great. Charged my phone super fast | Amazing product-fast charging, sleek, HUGE convenience |
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