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mgor

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acf-regs25-bonuses

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[ { "answer": "Seamus Heaney (“SHAY-muss HEE-nee”) [or Seamus Justin Heaney]", "answer_primary": "Seamus Heaney", "clean_answers": [ "Heaney", "Seamus Heaney", "Seamus Justin Heaney" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Irish Poet who translated Beowulf and reflected on his childhood in poems like “Digging” and “The Death of a Naturalist.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Patrick Kavanagh (“KAV-uh-nuh”)", "answer_primary": "Patrick Kavanagh", "clean_answers": [ "Patrick Kavanagh", "Kavanagh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Singing School opens by quoting this author’s observation that “we have lived / In important places.” This Irish contemporary of Heaney wrote the poems “On Raglan Road” and “The Great Hunger,” as well as the novel Tarry Flynn.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Katherine Mansfield (The story is “The Garden Party.”)", "answer_primary": "Katherine Mansfield", "clean_answers": [ "Katherine Mansfield", "Mansfield" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The story is “The Garden Party.”", "number": 3, "part": "Singing School later quotes this author’s resolution to “tell everything, even of how the laundry basket squeaked.” A story by this non-Irish author ends with Laura stammering “Isn’t life?” after she delivers a basket of leftover food.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Barr bodies [or X-chromatin; accept inactivated X chromosomes; prompt on X chromosomes]", "answer_primary": "Barr bodies", "clean_answers": [ "Barr bodies", "inactivated X", "inactivated X chromosomes", "X-chromatin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these structures formed via the recruitment of polycomb-group proteins by the non-coding RNA Xist, during a process called lyonization.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Rett syndrome", "answer_primary": "Rett syndrome", "clean_answers": [ "Rett syndrome", "Rett" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Reactivating Barr bodies is a potential therapy for a variety of X-linked disorders, including this disorder whose patients often present with microcephaly and small hands and feet. Until the discovery of a mutation in the MECP2 gene, this disorder was included in the DSM alongside autism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "chromatin [accept euchromatin or heterochromatin]", "answer_primary": "chromatin", "clean_answers": [ "heterochromatin", "euchromatin", "chromatin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "MECP2 binds to this substance after it has been methylated. This substance, which comes in “eu” and “hetero” forms, consists of DNA wrapped around histones and is often likened to “beads on a string.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gustave Flaubert (“flo-BAIR”)", "answer_primary": "Gustave Flaubert", "clean_answers": [ "Gustave Flaubert", "Flaubert" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author who corresponded extensively with Sand in his later years. A review by Sand praises this author’s novel Salammbo and chastises the critics of his first novel, Madame Bovary.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "René (“ruh-NAY”) (He is the title character of René by François-René de Chateaubriand.)", "answer_primary": "René", "clean_answers": [ "René" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "He is the title character of René by François-René de Chateaubriand.", "number": 2, "part": "Echoing Flaubert’s gender-bending remark “Madame Bovary, c’est moi”, Sand wrote to him, “it seemed to me that I was” this literary hero. In a novella published alongside the novel Atala, this character lives with the Natchez people.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“A Simple Heart” [or “Un cœur simple”]", "answer_primary": "“A Simple Heart”", "clean_answers": [ "Simple Heart", "cœur simple", "Un cœur simple", "A Simple Heart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Flaubert wrote this story from his Three Tales in honor of Sand’s sincere sensibilities. In this story, the kind servant woman Felicité sees a heavenly vision of her stuffed parrot Loulou as she dies.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Qur’an [or Koran; accept Qur’an and Woman]", "answer_primary": "Qur’an", "clean_answers": [ "Qur’an", "Qur’an and Woman", "Koran" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Amina Wadud wrote a “rereading” of what sacred text in Islam “from a Woman’s Perspective”?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fatima [or Fatima bint Muhammad; or Fatima al-Zahra]", "answer_primary": "Fatima", "clean_answers": [ "Fatima al-Zahra", "Fatima", "Fatima bint Muhammad" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Expectations from the Muslim Woman, Ali Shariati argues that this woman from the Qur’an stands as a role model for Muslim women. Shariati also wrote a feminist biography of this mother of Husayn.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "veils [or khimar; accept “The Discourse of the Veil”; accept Beyond the Veil; prompt on hijabs]", "answer_primary": "veils", "clean_answers": [ "veils", "khimar", "veil", "The Discourse of the Veil", "Beyond the Veil", "Veil" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In Women and Gender in Islam, Leila Ahmed argued that Western views of Islamic society created a new “discourse of [this object].” Fatema Mernissi advocated an intersectional analysis of Muslim feminism in the book Beyond [this object].", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Western Schism [accept Schism of 1378; accept Papal Schism; accept Great Occidental Schism]", "answer_primary": "Western Schism", "clean_answers": [ "Schism of 1378", "Great Occidental Schism", "1378", "Occidental Schism", "Papal Schism", "Western Schism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this period in which two, then three, people simultaneously laid claim to the papacy. The 1409 Council of Pisa failed to end this period.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Avignon (“ah-veen-YON”)", "answer_primary": "Avignon", "clean_answers": [ "Avignon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During the Western Schism, the three popes resided respectively in Rome, Pisa, and this city. Earlier, seven legitimate popes successively reigned from this French city.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Martin V [or Otto Colonna; prompt on Martin]", "answer_primary": "Martin V", "clean_answers": [ "Martin V", "Otto Colonna", "Colonna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Western Schism ended in 1417 with the Council of Constance and the election of this pope. This pope signed a bull that called for a crusade against the Wycliffites and Hussites.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Chinese [or Chinese-American; accept specific Chinese ethnicities like Han] (The designers are Vivienne Tam, who created the MAO series, and Vera Wang. The “lipstick king” is Li Jiaqi.)", "answer_primary": "Chinese", "clean_answers": [ "Han", "Chinese-American", "Chinese", "specific Chinese ethnicities like Han" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The designers are Vivienne Tam, who created the MAO series, and Vera Wang. The “lipstick king” is Li Jiaqi.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this ethnicity of an influencer known as the “lipstick king.” A designer of this ethnicity was Vogue’s youngest-ever editor before becoming the go-to creator of luxury wedding gowns for celebrities.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ralph Lauren [or Ralph Lifshitz; accept Polo Ralph Lauren]", "answer_primary": "Ralph Lauren", "clean_answers": [ "Ralph Lauren", "Polo Ralph Lauren", "Lauren", "Lifshitz", "Ralph Lifshitz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Before she launched her bridal line, Vera Wang was a design director for this designer. The collared tennis shirts sold by this designer’s namesake brand popularized the term “polo.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Anna Sui (“swee”) [or Xiāo Zhìměi]", "answer_primary": "Anna Sui", "clean_answers": [ "Xiāo", "Sui", "Anna Sui", "Xiāo Zhìměi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Detroit-born Chinese-American designer broke onto the New York scene in the 1990s with her boutique fashion inspired by punk and grunge aesthetics. Her brand’s perfumes include Fantasia and Sundae.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Illyrians [or Illyrioi or Illyrii; prompt on Ardiaei until read]", "answer_primary": "Illyrians", "clean_answers": [ "Illyrioi", "Illyrii", "Illyrian", "Illyrians" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people whose power expanded under the rule of Agron and Teuta of the Ardiaei kingdom.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Demetrius of Pharos [prompt on Demetrius; reject “Demetrius Phalereus” or “Demetrius of Phaleron”]", "answer_primary": "Demetrius of Pharos", "clean_answers": [ "Demetrius of Pharos", "Demetrius", "Pharos", "Demetrius Pharos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During the First Illyrian War, this person surrendered Corcyra to the Romans out of fear of punishment from Queen Teuta, later being installed as a client ruler. Polybius contrasted this person’s advice to Philip V of Macedon with that of Aratus of Sicyon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Second Punic War [prompt on Punic Wars]", "answer_primary": "Second Punic War", "clean_answers": [ "Second Punic War", "Second Punic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The fortifications at Pharos were destroyed after Demetrius later reneged on his alliance with Rome, not long before the latter became distracted with the outbreak of this war against the Hannibal-led Carthage.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bluth family [or the Bluths; accept Lucille Bluth or Michael Bluth] (They are the protagonists of Arrested Development.)", "answer_primary": "Bluth family", "clean_answers": [ "Bluth", "the Bluths", "Michael Bluth", "Lucille Bluth", "Bluths", "Bluth family" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "They are the protagonists of Arrested Development.", "number": 1, "part": "Lucille, a member of this family, asks her son Michael “what could it cost? Ten dollars?” when discussing the price of bananas, despite the fact that this family owns a banana stand.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "30 Rock", "answer_primary": "30 Rock", "clean_answers": [ "30 Rock" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "On this show, Jack Donaghy estimates that a typical family pays “90 dollars a gallon” for milk. Tina Fey played sketch comedy writer Liz Lemon on this sitcom titled for NBC’s headquarters.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Roman Roy AND Logan Roy [accept Romulus Roy in place of “Roman”; prompt on the Roys] (from Succession)", "answer_primary": "Roman Roy AND Logan Roy", "clean_answers": [ "Roman Logan", "Romulus", "Romulus Roy in place of Roman", "Roman Roy AND Logan Roy", "Roman", "Logan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "from Succession", "number": 3, "part": "On another show, one of these two characters fails to answer the other’s question about the cost of milk, since only “kittens and perverts” drink milk. One of these two characters accidentally texts a picture of his genitals to the other and has a panic attack while giving the other’s eulogy. Name both.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Empedocles of Acragas", "answer_primary": "Empedocles of Acragas", "clean_answers": [ "Empedocles of Acragas", "Empedocles" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This philosopher likened the eye to a lamp lit by Aphrodite in his emission theory of vision. This philosopher introduced the four classical elements and claimed that they are mediated via the opposing forces of Love and Strife.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Discourses of Epictetus [or Diatribai] (The “Handbook” is the Enchiridion, also compiled by Arrian.)", "answer_primary": "Discourses of Epictetus", "clean_answers": [ "Diatribai", "Discourses of Epictetus", "Discourses" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The “Handbook” is the Enchiridion, also compiled by Arrian.", "number": 2, "part": "In this text, a philosopher chooses calm over anger when his iron lamp is stolen. This conversational text discusses a form of volition called “prohairesis” and was the primary source for a shorter “Handbook,” or “Manual.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Zeno of Elea", "answer_primary": "Zeno of Elea", "clean_answers": [ "Zeno", "Zeno of Elea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "James F. Thomson’s lamp puzzle, in which a lamp is flicked on and off at intervals of shrinking duration, was inspired by this philosopher’s many paradoxes of motion, including one about Achilles and a tortoise.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "relaxation time [accept T1 relaxation or T2 relaxation]", "answer_primary": "relaxation time", "clean_answers": [ "T2 relaxation", "relaxation time", "relaxation", "T1 relaxation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process that describes how long it takes for the energy from an absorbed radiofrequency pulse to dissipate. This process comes in “T1” and “T2” types.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "NMR spectroscopy [or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]", "answer_primary": "NMR spectroscopy", "clean_answers": [ "NMR spectroscopy", "nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy", "nuclear magnetic resonance", "NMR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Relaxation time is a property commonly measured when using this technique that uses a B-field to align spins in a molecule. MRI is based on this technique that typically involves either protons or carbon-13.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "spin–lattice relaxation OR spin–spin relaxation [reject answers that mention “splitting” or “coupling”]", "answer_primary": "spin–lattice relaxation OR spin–spin relaxation", "clean_answers": [ "spin–spin", "spin–lattice spin–spin", "spin–lattice relaxation OR spin–spin relaxation", "reject answers that mention splitting", "coupling", "spin–lattice" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "T1 and T2 relaxations are sometimes given two names describing their energy interactions, one of which causes demagnetization in the longitudinal z-axis and the other of which causes demagnetization in the transverse xy-plane. Name either.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ethno- [or ethnography; or ethnomusicology]", "answer_primary": "ethno-", "clean_answers": [ "ethnomusicology", "ethno", "ethno-", "ethnography" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Sociomusicology deviates from a related field with this prefix since it puts less emphasis on national identity. This prefix partly names a method of describing cultural practices while submerged in a group.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Georg Simmel (“GAY-org ZIM-ull”)", "answer_primary": "Georg Simmel", "clean_answers": [ "Simmel", "Georg Simmel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This sociologist outlined the social meanings of music in his Psychological and Ethnological Studies on Music. This sociologist discussed a “blasé outlook” on urban life in his essay “The Metropolis and Mental Life.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Theodor Adorno [or Theodor W. Adorno; or Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund]", "answer_primary": "Theodor Adorno", "clean_answers": [ "Theodor W. Adorno", "Adorno", "Wiesengrund", "Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund", "Theodor Adorno" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In his essay “Philosophy of Modern Music,” this thinker remarked that popular music is “regarded as the absolute criterion of social truth.” This thinker outlined “structural listening” in “On the Fetish-Character in Music and Regression in Listening.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“The Decapitated Chicken” [or “La gallina degollada”]", "answer_primary": "“The Decapitated Chicken”", "clean_answers": [ "The Decapitated Chicken", "La gallina degollada", "gallina degollada", "Decapitated Chicken" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this story in which Mazzini and Berta’s youngest child is killed by her mentally impaired brothers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Uruguay [or Oriental Republic of Uruguay; or República Oriental del Uruguay]", "answer_primary": "Uruguay", "clean_answers": [ "Uruguay", "República Oriental del Uruguay", "Oriental Republic of Uruguay" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The author of “The Decapitated Chicken,” Horacio Quiroga, was born in this country. This country’s author Eduardo Galeano wrote The Memory of Fire trilogy and The Open Veins of Latin America.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Aztec Empire [or Mexicas; accept Triple Alliance]", "answer_primary": "Aztec Empire", "clean_answers": [ "Aztec Empire", "Triple Alliance", "Aztec", "Mexica", "Mexicas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A section of Galeano’s Memory of Fire records a “song of the shield” written by a person from this empire. This empire’s Indigenous poets included Nezahualcoyotl and the Nahuatl-speaking authors of Texcoco School codices.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "biasing [accept forward bias or reverse bias]", "answer_primary": "biasing", "clean_answers": [ "forward bias", "bias", "biasing", "reverse bias" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process that defines the operating point of an electrical device. Band bending in p–n junctions can induce the “forward” or “reverse” types of this process.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "diodes", "answer_primary": "diodes", "clean_answers": [ "diodes", "diode" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ideal instances of these electrical components have zero resistance in the forward bias polarity and infinite resistance in the reverse bias polarity, forcing current to only flow in one direction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "traps [accept shallow traps or deep traps]", "answer_primary": "traps", "clean_answers": [ "deep traps", "trap", "traps", "shallow traps" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Crystal defects in diodes caused by transition metals can cause these undesirable energy states in the band gap. SRH recombination occurs when bands pass through these states that come in “shallow” and “deep” variants.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "caryatids", "answer_primary": "caryatids", "clean_answers": [ "caryatids", "caryatid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this Greek-derived term for human figures, typically female, that serve as architectural columns. The Porch of the Maidens in the Erechtheion contains six of these figures.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stools [prompt on seats or chairs]", "answer_primary": "stools", "clean_answers": [ "stools", "stool" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Luba artists like the Master of Buli are known for carving elaborate caryatids into “prestige” examples of these objects. A “Golden” one of these objects serves as the royal throne of the Asante people.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wangechi Mutu", "answer_primary": "Wangechi Mutu", "clean_answers": [ "Wangechi Mutu", "Mutu" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This artist reinterpreted the role of female caryatids in African art in her bronze series The Seated. In 2019, that series by this contemporary Kenyan-born artist became the first art to sit in the Met’s facade alcoves.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "overfitting [or overtraining]", "answer_primary": "overfitting", "clean_answers": [ "overtraining", "overfitting", "overfit", "overtrain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon in machine learning that can be prevented using k-fold cross-validation and regularization.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dropout [prompt on dilution]", "answer_primary": "dropout", "clean_answers": [ "dropout" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This technique can prevent overfitting in neural networks by introducing a layer that randomly “shuts off” some incoming units by setting their weights to zero.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Google [accept Alphabet]", "answer_primary": "Google", "clean_answers": [ "Alphabet", "Google" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The patent for dropout is owned by this company that maintains the TensorFlow library. In 2024, this company introduced “AI overview” to supplement its PageRank algorithm.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "John Ashbery (The other poem is “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror.”)", "answer_primary": "John Ashbery", "clean_answers": [ "Ashbery", "John Ashbery" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The other poem is “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror.”", "number": 1, "part": "Name this poet who included “View of Delft” in his collection Chinese Whispers. Another ekphrastic poem by this author begins by describing “the right hand / bigger than the head.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "W. H. Auden [or Wystan Hugh Auden]", "answer_primary": "W. H. Auden", "clean_answers": [ "Wystan Hugh Auden", "W. H. Auden", "Auden" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ashbery named as his greatest influence this poet, who mused on Homeric ekphrasis in his poem “The Shield of Achilles.” This poet also wrote “Musée des Beaux Arts.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "trees [accept Some Trees]", "answer_primary": "trees", "clean_answers": [ "Tree", "tree", "Some Trees", "trees" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The title poem of Chinese Whispers laments that these “barren” objects “have been described more than once.” These objects title Ashbery’s first poetry collection, which Auden awarded the Yale Younger Poets Prize despite not understanding it.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "incidental music [prompt on overture by asking “what is the genre of the set of works that is from?”; prompt on music written to accompany a play]", "answer_primary": "incidental music", "clean_answers": [ "incidental", "incidental music" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this genre of a set of music by Edvard Grieg that opens with a flute solo depicting a sunrise, from which two suites are often extracted.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "A Midsummer Night’s Dream [or Ein Sommernachtstraum]", "answer_primary": "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "clean_answers": [ "Midsummer Night’s Dream", "A Midsummer Night’s Dream", "Sommernachtstraum", "Ein Sommernachtstraum" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sullivan’s The Tempest was inspired by Mendelssohn’s incidental music to this other Shakespeare play, whose main theme imitates scampering “fairy feet.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", "answer_primary": "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor", "clean_answers": [ "Coleridge-Taylor", "Samuel Coleridge-Taylor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Herbert Beerbohm Tree commissioned incidental music to Othello from this composer, whose Ballade in A minor was premiered at the Three Choirs Festival. A 1900 cantata titled for a character’s “departure” completed a trilogy by this composer.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Edith Wilson [or Edith Galt; or Edith Bolling; prompt on Wilson or Woodrow Wilson’s wife]", "answer_primary": "Edith Wilson", "clean_answers": [ "Galt", "Edith Bolling", "E", "Wilson", "E Wilson", "Edith Wilson", "Edith Galt", "Bolling" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this first lady who demanded British ambassador Edward Grey fire an aide for an inappropriate comment. She censored Thomas Marshall to protect the interests of her infirm husband.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Treaty of Versailles", "answer_primary": "Treaty of Versailles", "clean_answers": [ "Treaty of Versailles", "Versailles" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Edith Wilson traveled with her husband Woodrow before his stroke to visit troops and sign this treaty that ended World War I.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Robert Lansing (His predecessor was William Jennings Bryan.)", "answer_primary": "Robert Lansing", "clean_answers": [ "Robert Lansing", "Lansing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "His predecessor was William Jennings Bryan.", "number": 3, "part": "Edith Wilson pushed for removing this Secretary of State because he held meetings without her or her husband present. This Secretary of State took over the role after his predecessor resigned after the sinking of the Lusitania.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Argos (The two kings are Inachus and Danaus.)", "answer_primary": "Argos", "clean_answers": [ "Argos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The two kings are Inachus and Danaus.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city founded by the culture-hero Phoroneus, who was said to have discovered fire. Pliny the Elder claims that another king of this city introduced wells to Greece after sailing on the first ship from Egypt.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Perseus", "answer_primary": "Perseus", "clean_answers": [ "Perseus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Zeus visited the Argive princess Danaë in the form of golden rain, leading to this hero’s birth. This hero used his shield as a mirror to avoid petrification while fighting a gorgon.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Diomedes", "answer_primary": "Diomedes", "clean_answers": [ "Diomedes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the longest aristeia of the Iliad, this king of Argos wounds Aeneus and Aphrodite. In book X, this king teams up with Odysseus to steal the Palladium during a night raid.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Majapahit Empire [or Wilwatikta]", "answer_primary": "Majapahit Empire", "clean_answers": [ "Majapahit", "Majapahit Empire", "Wilwatikta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this kingdom ruled by Hayam Wuruk, who was advised by Gajah Mada. Raden Wijaya founded this kingdom after driving away a Mongol invasion.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Singhasari Kingdom [or Tumapel]", "answer_primary": "Singhasari Kingdom", "clean_answers": [ "Singhasari", "Singhasari Kingdom", "Tumapel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Nagarakretagama describes Hayam Wuruk performing a ceremony for his great-grandfather Kertanagara, a ruler of this other empire. The Pararaton, or Book of Kings, describes Ken Arok’s mythical reincarnation and founding of this empire.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Buddhism [accept Mahayana Buddhism; accept Buddha Dharma]", "answer_primary": "Buddhism", "clean_answers": [ "Mahayana Buddhism", "Buddha Dharma", "Buddhism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Nagarakretagama focuses on the mix of influence of Hinduism and this religion in the Majapahit Empire. The Shailendra dynasty in Java constructed many temples of this religion, including Borobudur.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Aleutian Islands campaign [prompt on, but DO NOT REVEAL, Alaskan campaign or Alaska campaign]", "answer_primary": "Aleutian Islands campaign", "clean_answers": [ "Aleutian Islands campaign", "Aleutian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1940s military campaign in which John DeWitt and Thomas Kinkaid led Operation Landcrab against the Japanese in a battle to reclaim Attu.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Alaska [or AK]", "answer_primary": "Alaska", "clean_answers": [ "AK", "Alaska" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During World War II, this state’s Territorial Guard assisted US troops fighting in this state’s Aleutian Islands campaign.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dutch Harbor", "answer_primary": "Dutch Harbor", "clean_answers": [ "Dutch Harbor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This location was the site of a naval operating base with nearby Fort Mears on Amaknak Island. This site, which was one of the few US locations targeted by an aerial bombardment, names a battle fought a day before the Battle of Midway.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "GWAS (“G-woss”) [or genome-wide-association studies or GWA studies]", "answer_primary": "GWAS", "clean_answers": [ "GWAS", "GWA", "genome-wide-association", "GWA studies", "genome-wide-association studies" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of study often performed using the PLINK package. Data from these studies are used to calculate polygenic risk scores.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "SNPs (“snips”) [or single nucleotide polymorphisms]", "answer_primary": "SNPs", "clean_answers": [ "single nucleotide polymorphisms", "SNPs", "SNP", "single nucleotide polymorphism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Fine-mapping can be used to determine causal variants from microarrays containing many of these things. Each dot on a Manhattan plot corresponds to one of these things, which are point mutations that occur in at least 1 percent of the population.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "genetic linkage", "answer_primary": "genetic linkage", "clean_answers": [ "linkage", "genetic linkage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Tools like PLINK contain methods for pruning this phenomenon’s namesake “disequilibrium” to eliminate non-unique SNPs. In this phenomenon, two genes that are close together on a chromosome are inherited together.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Confucianism [or Rújiā; or Ruism; accept Korean Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism]", "answer_primary": "Confucianism", "clean_answers": [ "Rújiā", "Confucianism", "Ru", "Korean Confucianism", "Ruism", "Confucian", "Rú", "Neo-Confucianism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this school of thought whose Korean offshoot included the philosophers Toegye and Yulgok. The teachings of this school’s founder are collected in the Analects.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sprouts [or seeds; or shoots; or siduan; prompt on principles or beginnings]", "answer_primary": "sprouts", "clean_answers": [ "siduan", "seed", "sprout", "sprouts", "seeds", "shoot", "shoots" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Four-Seven debate in Korean Confucianism concerned whether the Seven Emotions were as vital as these four entities. Mencius used this term for the human tendencies toward righteousness, justice, propriety, and wisdom.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "li", "answer_primary": "li", "clean_answers": [ "li" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The crux of the Four-Seven debate concerned whether this “governing order” was interdependent with qi. In Confucianism, this Chinese word means the virtue of “ritual propriety” and is often grouped with ren and yi.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "cats [accept Cath Palug]", "answer_primary": "cats", "clean_answers": [ "cat", "Cath Palug", "Cath", "cats" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this sort of animal that terrorized the Isle of Anglesey until King Arthur killed it. Black-furred varieties of these animals are a sign of good luck in Welsh culture, and are often depicted accompanying witches.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sir Kay [or Cai; or Cei; or Kex; or Keu]", "answer_primary": "Sir Kay", "clean_answers": [ "Sir Kay", "Keu", "Kex", "Cai", "Cei", "Kay" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the Welsh poem Pa Gur, this Knight of the Round Table fights the monstrous Cath Palug instead of King Arthur. This foster brother of King Arthur and son of Sir Ector served as the king’s seneschal, or stewart.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Red Book of Hergest [or Llyfr Coch Hergest]", "answer_primary": "Red Book of Hergest", "clean_answers": [ "Llyfr Coch Hergest", "Red Book of Hergest" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A major source for the “Poetry of the Princes” was this text, according to which the sow Henwen birthed Cath Palug after being chased out of Cornwall. This text contains many stories from the Mabinogion, like a similar text named for Rhydderch.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Klansmen [accept members of the KKK or Ku Klux Klan or the Klan] (The Pippin painting is Mr. Prejudice, and the artist is Philip Guston.)", "answer_primary": "Klansmen", "clean_answers": [ "members of the KKK", "KKK", "Klansmen", "the Klan", "Ku Klux Klan", "Klan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The Pippin painting is Mr. Prejudice, and the artist is Philip Guston.", "number": 1, "part": "What sort of person is depicted as geometric forms over a black background in Norman Lewis’s American Totem? Another artist often painted cartoonish depictions of these people holding cigars against pink backgrounds.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Abraham Lincoln", "answer_primary": "Abraham Lincoln", "clean_answers": [ "Lincoln", "Abraham Lincoln" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Pippin variously painted this president pardoning a sentry, building a cabin, and as a Good Samaritan. Pippin made a portrait of Marian Anderson after her concert in front of Daniel Chester French’s sculpture of this president.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jacob Lawrence [or Jacob Armstead Lawrence] (The series is his Migration Series.)", "answer_primary": "Jacob Lawrence", "clean_answers": [ "Jacob Armstead Lawrence", "Jacob Lawrence", "Lawrence" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The series is his Migration Series.", "number": 3, "part": "Pippin’s John Brown Going to His Hanging inspired this artist’s series The Legend of John Brown. People enter doors marked for various cities in the first entry of a 60-painting series that this artist made for the WPA.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Spain [or España]", "answer_primary": "Spain", "clean_answers": [ "Spain", "España" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country where two opposing poetic styles developed in the 17th century. A poet from this country who used one of those styles attacked a rival who used the other by comparing his large nose to a swordfish.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dreams [or sueños; accept Life is a Dream or La vida es sueño; accept visions]", "answer_primary": "dreams", "clean_answers": [ "vision", "Dream", "dream", "La vida es sueño", "Life is a Dream", "dreams", "sueño", "visions", "sueños" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Francisco de Quevedo displayed the epigrammatic conceptismo style in an essay collection titled for these things. Segismundo takes the Polish throne in Pedro Calderón de la Barca’s play titled Life is [one of these things].", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Baltasar Gracián [or Baltasar Gratian]", "answer_primary": "Baltasar Gracián", "clean_answers": [ "Baltasar Gratian", "Gracián", "Baltasar Gracián", "Gratian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Quevedo and this author of The Art of Ingenuity championed conceptismo. This Jesuit priest wrote The Art of Worldly Wisdom and the novel El Criticón.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Eaton Canyon", "answer_primary": "Eaton Canyon", "clean_answers": [ "Eaton", "Eaton Canyon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains that names the second largest wildfire that struck Southern California in 2025. The fire named for this canyon was the second-largest after the Palisades fire.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "prisoners [or synonyms like being imprisoned, in prison, or incarcerated]", "answer_primary": "prisoners", "clean_answers": [ "prisoner", "incarcerated", "prisoners", "imprison prison", "prison", "imprison", "synonyms like being imprisoned, in prison," ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Squads of people with this status have been recruited to fight the Eaton and Palisades fires by clearing brush. The 13th Amendment prohibits involuntary servitude except for people with this status.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "FAIR Plan [or California FAIR Plan]", "answer_primary": "FAIR Plan", "clean_answers": [ "FAIR Plan", "California FAIR Plan", "FAIR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Palisades homeowners’ increased enrollment in this state government plan led to California’s exposure for over 6 billion dollars in damages to the neighborhood. This plan covers areas where private companies would not provide insurance.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "love [or amor; accept “Nuestro amor” or “Our Love”; accept Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair or Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada]", "answer_primary": "love", "clean_answers": [ "Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada", "amor", "love", "Nuestro amor", "Our Love", "Love", "Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This feeling is called “a secret, a torment, a doubt, a questioning” in Villaurrutia’s poem “Nuestro [this feeling].” Twenty poems about this feeling precede a “Song of Despair” in a Pablo Neruda collection.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Octavio Paz", "answer_primary": "Octavio Paz", "clean_answers": [ "Octavio Paz", "Paz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This student of Villaurrutia wrote the essay “Hieroglyphs of Desire” about his work. This author’s poem Blanco, written in Delhi, was intended to be published as a scroll of differently-colored sections split between the page’s left and right sides.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "death [or muerte; accept Sonnets of Death or Sonetos de la Muerte; accept Nostalgia for Death or Nostalgia por la muerte] (Sonnets of Death is by Gabriela Mistral.)", "answer_primary": "death", "clean_answers": [ "death", "Death", "Nostalgia por la muerte", "muerte", "Sonetos de la Muerte", "Sonnets of Death", "Muerte", "Nostalgia for Death" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Sonnets of Death is by Gabriela Mistral.", "number": 3, "part": "Villaurrutia’s major poetry collection is titled Nostalgia for this noun. The line “From the icy niche where men placed you” opens the first of a series of sonnets titled for this noun and dedicated to Romelio Ureta.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ahu [accept Ahu A Kivi]", "answer_primary": "ahu", "clean_answers": [ "Ahu", "Ahu A Kivi", "ahu" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these large ceremonial stone platforms atop which moai statues were placed.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Easter Island [or Rapa Nui or Isla de Pascua]", "answer_primary": "Easter Island", "clean_answers": [ "Rapa Nui", "Easter Island", "Isla de Pascua", "Pascua", "Easter" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Scholars have suggested that only the introduction of sweet potato, which supplanted taro and yam, was sufficient to facilitate the labor needed to build many ahu and moai on this island after 1200 CE.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cook Islands [or Kūki ‘Airani]", "answer_primary": "Cook Islands", "clean_answers": [ "Kūki ‘Airani", "Cook", "Kūki", "Cook Islands" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This group of islands was where the oldest sweet potato in Polynesia was discovered. Carbonized remains of tubers on Mangaia in this group predate the settlement of Easter Island.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "proteins [accept peptides]", "answer_primary": "proteins", "clean_answers": [ "protein", "peptide", "peptides", "proteins" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these compounds whose structure can be predicted with the aid of “knowledge-based” potentials from the PDB. Rotamer libraries for these compounds may tabulate allowed values for the angles omega, phi, and psi.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "folding [or protein folding]", "answer_primary": "folding", "clean_answers": [ "protein folding", "folding", "fold" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Protein design specifies a 3D tertiary structure and aims to find a sequence that will match it when it undergoes this process. Prions are formed when this process occurs incorrectly.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "de novo [or de novo protein design]", "answer_primary": "de novo", "clean_answers": [ "de novo", "de novo protein design" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This two-word term refers to the design of proteins that do not occur in nature. David Baker’s lab’s production of Top7 using only algorithmic means exemplifies protein design described by this term.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Désirée’s baby [accept the infant or child or son of Désirée Valmondé]", "answer_primary": "Désirée’s baby", "clean_answers": [ "Désirée baby", "infant", "child", "son of Désirée Valmondé", "son Désirée", "son", "the infant", "baby", "Désirée", "Désirée’s baby" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Identify this character, whose apparent similarity to a “quadroon” boy fanning him with peacock feathers causes his father Armand to expel him and his mother from their home.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kate Chopin [or Katherine O’Flaherty]", "answer_primary": "Kate Chopin", "clean_answers": [ "O’Flaherty", "Chopin", "Kate Chopin", "Katherine O’Flaherty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author explored race relations in Creole Louisiana in her story “Désirée’s Baby.” This author also wrote The Awakening.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Grandissimes [or The Grandissimes: a Story of Creole Life]", "answer_primary": "The Grandissimes", "clean_answers": [ "The Grandissimes: a Story of Creole Life", "Grandissimes", "The Grandissimes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "“A Story of Creole Life” is the subtitle of this George Washington Cable novel that explores the relationship between Honoré and his quadroon half-brother, also named Honoré.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Iceland [or Ísland]", "answer_primary": "Iceland", "clean_answers": [ "Ísland", "Iceland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country settled during the 9th and 10th century in a migration described in the Landnámabók. The writer of sagas like the Prose Edda was a lawspeaker in this country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sturlungs [or Sturlungar; prompt on Sturluson by asking “what is the clan’s formal name?”]", "answer_primary": "Sturlungs", "clean_answers": [ "Sturlung", "Sturlungar", "Sturlungs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Battle of the Gulf was fought during the “Age of” this family that was the most powerful on the island. The lawspeaker and author Snorri, who pledged fealty to the king of Norway, was a member of this clan.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Haakon [accept Haakon IV, Haakon V, or Haakon VII]", "answer_primary": "Haakon", "clean_answers": [ "Haakon Haakon", "Haakon IV, Haakon V,", "Haakon VII", "Haakon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Iceland came under Norwegian rule during the reign of a king with this given name. A Danish prince adopted this name upon his 1905 election as newly-independent Norway’s first king and ruled Norway during World War II.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Birdland [accept A Night at Birdland]", "answer_primary": "Birdland", "clean_answers": [ "A Night at Birdland", "Birdland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this New York City location that titles a 1977 Weather Report song written by Joe Zawinul.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Herbie Hancock [or Herbert Jeffrey Hancock]", "answer_primary": "Herbie Hancock", "clean_answers": [ "Herbert Jeffrey Hancock", "Herbie Hancock", "Hancock" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Us3’s landmark acid jazz song “Cantaloop (Flip Fantasia)” samples both Pee Wee’s intro from Blakey’s A Night at Birdland and “Cantaloupe Island” by this jazz fusion composer of “Rockit” and “Watermelon Man.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "vibraphone [accept vibes; accept vibraharp] (The musicians are Lionel Hampton and Milt Jackson.)", "answer_primary": "vibraphone", "clean_answers": [ "vibraphone", "vibraharp", "vibes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The musicians are Lionel Hampton and Milt Jackson.", "number": 3, "part": "Pee Wee extorted Bobby Hutcherson, a player of this instrument who composed Montara and Components. The musicians whose signature songs were “Flying Home” and “Bags’ Groove” played this instrument.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "soil consolidation [accept word forms such as consolidate]", "answer_primary": "soil consolidation", "clean_answers": [ "word forms such as consolidate", "soil consolidation", "consolidation", "consolidate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give the general term for the process whereby soil changes in volume due to pressure. Soil undergoing this process via cycles of compaction and swelling is often modeled as an idealized spring.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "surface runoff", "answer_primary": "surface runoff", "clean_answers": [ "surface runoff", "runoff" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Soil compaction undesirably decreases infiltration capacity and increases the frequency of this process in which excess water flows overground, possibly leading to soil erosion.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "porosity [or void fraction; prompt on phi]", "answer_primary": "porosity", "clean_answers": [ "void fraction", "porosity" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Since consolidation changes a soil’s volume without affecting its other properties, it also changes the soil’s value for this quantity, the percentage of its total volume that consists of “empty” space.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Johannes Brahms", "answer_primary": "Johannes Brahms", "clean_answers": [ "Brahms", "Johannes Brahms" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this composer whose other innovatively-scored chamber works include an E-flat major horn trio as well as a quintet and two sonatas written for clarinetist Richard Mühlfeld.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Arnold Schoenberg", "answer_primary": "Arnold Schoenberg", "clean_answers": [ "Arnold Schoenberg", "Schoenberg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Among the most memorable Brahms-influenced string sextets is Transfigured Night, which is by this composer and founder of the Second Viennese School.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 25 [or Brahms’s First Piano Quartet; accept Opus 25]", "answer_primary": "Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 25", "clean_answers": [ "1", "First Piano Quartet", "Piano Quartet 1", "Opus 25", "Piano Quartet No. 1 in G minor, Op. 25", "Brahms’s First Piano Quartet", "Piano Quartet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Schoenberg’s orchestration of this Brahms chamber work includes a xylophone among its anachronistic percussion choices. This G minor piece’s finale is a challenging presto marked Rondo alla zingarese.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "collisions [accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Coulomb collisions]", "answer_primary": "collisions", "clean_answers": [ "collisions", "collision", "accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Coulomb collisions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these events that are assumed to be absent in diffuse, high temperature plasmas. The average distance between these events is much smaller than the length scale in plasmas where these events dominate.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb [accept Coulomb’s law or Coulomb collisions]", "answer_primary": "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb", "clean_answers": [ "Coulomb", "Coulomb collisions", "Charles-Augustin de Coulomb", "Coulomb’s law" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Collisions in plasmas that occur through field interactions are named for this scientist. The inverse-square law for the electrostatic force between charge carriers is named for this scientist.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Landau kinetic equation", "answer_primary": "Landau kinetic equation", "clean_answers": [ "Landau kinetic equation", "Landau" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Time-evolution of collisional plasmas can be modelled using the Vlasov equation, which describes collisional plasmas, combined with this other equation also named for a Russian physicist, which incorporates Coulomb collisions.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Sidney Poitier (“PWAH-tee-ay”) (His debut film was 1950’s No Way Out.)", "answer_primary": "Sidney Poitier", "clean_answers": [ "Sidney Poitier", "Poitier" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "His debut film was 1950’s No Way Out.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this actor who publicly endorsed his longtime neighbor Lynden Pindling for prime minister. This actor recounted his life growing up on Cat Island in his “spiritual autobiography” The Measure of a Man.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Bahamas [or Commonwealth of the Bahamas; accept British Bahamas or Crown Colony of the Bahamas]", "answer_primary": "The Bahamas", "clean_answers": [ "The Bahamas", "Commonwealth of the Bahamas", "British Bahamas", "Bahamas", "Crown Colony of the Bahamas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sidney Poitier grew up in this country, which became independent in 1973 under the leadership of Lynden Pindling. During World War II, the former Edward VIII served as governor of this then-colony with capital Nassau.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Japan [or Nippon; or Nihon] (The leader is Alberto Fujimori.)", "answer_primary": "Japan", "clean_answers": [ "Nippon", "Nihon", "Japan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The leader is Alberto Fujimori.", "number": 3, "part": "Poitier served as the Bahamian ambassador to this country for a decade. A leader whose parents migrated [emphasize] from this country formed the Grupo Colina death squad that committed the Barrios Altos massacre.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "echo verse", "answer_primary": "echo verse", "clean_answers": [ "echo verse", "echo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 16th and 17th-century English verse form in which the last syllables of a line repeat. This form shares its name with a nymph loved by Narcissus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "George Herbert", "answer_primary": "George Herbert", "clean_answers": [ "Herbert", "George Herbert" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This poet used echo verse in “Heaven,” a poem beginning “O Who will show me those delights on high? Echo: I.” This poet concluded his poem “Love (III)” with the lines “So I did sit and eat,” after Love enjoins him to “taste my meat.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gerard Manley Hopkins (The other poem is “The Windhover.”)", "answer_primary": "Gerard Manley Hopkins", "clean_answers": [ "Gerard Manley Hopkins", "Hopkins" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The other poem is “The Windhover.”", "number": 3, "part": "This poet used a form of echo verse in “The Leaden Echo and the Golden Echo.” Another poem by him opens “I caught this morning morning’s minion, king-/ dom of daylight’s dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Reformation [or Protestant Reformation; or European Reformation]", "answer_primary": "Reformation", "clean_answers": [ "Protestant Reformation", "European Reformation", "Reformation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this event that is traditionally considered to have begun with the posting of the Ninety-five Theses.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "New Perspective [accept New Perspective on Paul]", "answer_primary": "New Perspective", "clean_answers": [ "New Perspective", "New Perspective on Paul" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sanders associated himself with this general movement by claiming Paul advocated “covenantal nomism.” N. T. Wright was a scholar of this biblical studies movement that re-evaluated Paul’s writings.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "historical Jesus [accept The Quest of the Historical Jesus; prompt on Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth; prompt on Christ]", "answer_primary": "historical Jesus", "clean_answers": [ "The Quest of the Historical Jesus", "Historical Jesus", "historical Jesus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Sanders argued that this figure should be understood through the lens of Jewish restoration eschatology. Wright supported Albert Schweitzer’s “consistent eschatology” view that he outlined in The Quest of [this specific figure].", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Franco Modigliani [prompt on Modigliani–Miller theorem]", "answer_primary": "Franco Modigliani", "clean_answers": [ "Franco Modigliani", "Modigliani" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this economist who co-names a theorem often called “capital structure irrelevance.” That theorem, co-named for this economist and an American-born colleague, posits that how a firm is structured should not affect its value.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "debt [or national debt]", "answer_primary": "debt", "clean_answers": [ "national debt", "debt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Modigliani–Miller theorem implies that equity rises with a ratio named for equity and this quantity. This quantity is the amount owed by one party to a creditor.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sharpe ratio [or Sharpe index; or reward-to-variability ratio]", "answer_primary": "Sharpe ratio", "clean_answers": [ "reward-to-variability", "Sharpe index", "reward-to-variability ratio", "Sharpe", "Sharpe ratio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Modigliani risk-adjusted performance, which measures the risk-adjusted returns of some portfolios, is derived from this measurement. This measurement is the slope of a capital allocation line.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Canio OR Tonio [prompt on Pagliaccio or Taddeo; reject “clown”]", "answer_primary": "Canio OR Tonio", "clean_answers": [ "Tonio", "Canio OR Tonio", "Canio", "Canio Tonio" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name either of these two characters who may sing the closing line “la commedia è finita!” after the stabbing of Nedda. These two characters appear in an opera often performed as a double bill with Cavalleria Rusticana.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“si può” (“see pwoh”) [or “Si può?”; or “Si può morir”]", "answer_primary": "“si può” ", "clean_answers": [ "si può", "Si può", "Si può?", "Si può morir" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tonio, in character as Taddeo, sings these two Italian words twice to the audience’s “ladies” and “gentlemen” to kick off the prologue of Pagliacci. These two words precede “morir” four times in the final stanza of “Una furtiva lagrima.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "tenor [or tenore; accept spinto tenor; accept dramatic tenor]", "answer_primary": "tenor", "clean_answers": [ "tenore", "tenor", "spinto tenor", "dramatic tenor" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Enrico Caruso and Luciano Pavarotti are among the most celebrated singers with this voice type to have played Canio.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "shimenawa [prompt on ropes]", "answer_primary": "shimenawa", "clean_answers": [ "shimenawa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these long rice straw ropes often decorated with shide paper streamers that designate a sacred place in Shinto.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "torii", "answer_primary": "torii", "clean_answers": [ "torii" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Due to their spiritual significance, shimenawa are often hung from these gates found at the entrance of Shinto shrines.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "rocks [or stones; or iwa; accept gravel; accept rock gardens]", "answer_primary": "rocks", "clean_answers": [ "stones", "rock", "iwa", "gravel", "rock gardens", "rocks", "stone" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "When these objects are decorated with shimenawa, they are known as kura, or “storehouses,” for kami. Places named for containing these general objects may be “raked” to produce patterns resembling ripples.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mexican–American War [or Mexican War]", "answer_primary": "Mexican–American War", "clean_answers": [ "Mexican War", "Mexican", "Mexican–American", "Mexican–American War" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1840s conflict in which Nicholas Trist negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Santa Barbara", "answer_primary": "Santa Barbara", "clean_answers": [ "Santa Barbara" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Despite falling during the Mexican–American War, many Californios moved to this city, which was controlled by Jack Powers. During a revolt, many Chumash captured a “Queen of the Missions” in this city.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bear Flag Revolt [accept Bear Flag Republic]", "answer_primary": "Bear Flag Revolt", "clean_answers": [ "Bear Flag Revolt", "Bear Flag Republic", "Bear Flag" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "During this 1846 event, the Californio Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was arrested by Robert Semple. William Ide headed a short-lived community that lent its name to this event, in which the Sonoma Barracks were occupied.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Álvaro de Campos [prompt on Fernando Pessoa]", "answer_primary": "Álvaro de Campos", "clean_answers": [ "Álvaro de Campos", "Campos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this literary alter ego with a fictional biography as a polemic Glasgow-educated sailor and devotee of Walt Whitman. Poems credited to this author include “Ode of Triumph” and “The Tobacco Shop.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Portugal [or Portuguese Republic; or República Portuguesa]", "answer_primary": "Portugal", "clean_answers": [ "Portuguese Republic", "Portugal", "Portuguesa", "República Portuguesa", "Portuguese" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Álvaro de Campos was one of the “heteronyms” used by Fernando Pessoa, a poet from this country. Pessoa’s heteronym Ricardo Reis was fictionalized in a novel by another author from this country, José Saramago.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Orpheus [accept Orpheu or Orfeu; accept Sonnets to Orpheus] (Rainer Maria Rilke wrote the Sonnets to Orpheus.)", "answer_primary": "Orpheus", "clean_answers": [ "Orpheus", "Orpheu", "Orfeu", "Sonnets to Orpheus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Rainer Maria Rilke wrote the Sonnets to Orpheus.", "number": 3, "part": "Pessoa published the Álvaro de Campos poem “Opiário” in a modernist journal named for this figure. Another poet wrote 55 poems dedicated to this figure during a “creative storm” at the Château de Muzot.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "tobacco [or tanbaku; accept Persian Tobacco Protest or nehzat-e tanbāku]", "answer_primary": "tobacco", "clean_answers": [ "Persian Tobacco Protest", "Tobacco", "tanbaku", "nehzat-e tanbāku", "tanbāku", "tobacco" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "An 1891 protest that preceded the Constitutional Revolution was caused by a concession granting G. F. Talbot control over what good?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Qajar dynasty [accept Qajar Iran; accept Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]", "answer_primary": "Qajar dynasty", "clean_answers": [ "Qajar Iran", "Qajar dynasty", "Qajar", "Naser al-Din Shah Qajar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Tobacco Protest attacked the policies of Naser al-Din Shah of this dynasty before his assassination in 1896. This dynasty fell in 1925 and was replaced by the Pahlavi dynasty.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fatwa [or fatawa]", "answer_primary": "fatwa", "clean_answers": [ "fatawa", "fatwa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Tobacco Protest largely died out following Mirza Shirazi’s issuing of one of these rulings condemning tobacco usage. Ruhollah Khomeini issued one of these rulings calling for the death of Salman Rushdie.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "overshoot [or climate overshoot]", "answer_primary": "overshoot", "clean_answers": [ "climate overshoot", "overshoot" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this phenomenon in which temperatures will exceed the 1.5-degree global warming goal set in the 2015 Paris Agreement.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "feedbacks [or feedback mechanisms; or feedback loops; or Earth-system feedbacks; or positive feedback loops; accept climate change feedbacks or ice–albedo feedback or Bjerknes feedback]", "answer_primary": "feedbacks", "clean_answers": [ "Earth-system feedbacks", "feedback", "Bjerknes feedback", "feedbacks", "feedback mechanisms", "feedback loops", "ice–albedo feedback", "climate change feedbacks", "positive feedback loops" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Failing to meet a peak and decline pathway will result in “continued long-term warming” due to one of these processes. These general processes include ones named for Jacob Bjerknes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "net-zero [or net-zero carbon emissions; accept climate neutrality]", "answer_primary": "net-zero", "clean_answers": [ "net-zero carbon emissions", "climate neutrality", "neutral", "net-zero" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The paper models climate outcomes in the “long-term state” and a warming phase that is called “pre-” this goal. This goal involves removing one ton of greenhouse gases for every ton emitted.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Melanie Klein AND Anna Freud [accept Melanie Reizes in place of “Melanie Klein”; prompt on Freud in place of “Anna Freud”]", "answer_primary": "Melanie Klein AND Anna Freud", "clean_answers": [ "A", "Melanie Klein AND Anna Freud", "Klein", "Reizes", "Klein A Freud", "Melanie Reizes in place of Melanie Klein", "Freud" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two psychologists. One pioneered child analysis and wrote the book Envy and Gratitude, while the other analyzed “signal anxiety” in The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "psychoanalysis", "answer_primary": "psychoanalysis", "clean_answers": [ "analysis", "psychoanalysis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Kleinians and Anna Freudians clashed over their interpretations of this therapeutic practice. Dreams are often studied in the original form of this practice developed by Sigmund Freud.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "objects [or object relations theory]", "answer_primary": "objects", "clean_answers": [ "object relations theory", "object", "objects" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The British Independent Group, a buffer zone between the Kleinians and Anna Freudians, believed in a “relations theory” of ego development named for these things, which was pioneered by Donald Winnicott.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Boer War [accept Second Boer War or Second Anglo-Boer War; accept Transvaal War; prompt on Jameson Raid by asking “what war did that event result in?”; reject “First Boer War” or “First Anglo-Boer War”]", "answer_primary": "Boer War", "clean_answers": [ "Second Boer War", "Transvaal War", "Boer", "Transvaal", "Second Anglo-Boer War", "Boer War" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In “Vitai Lampada,” young Britons are told to “play up! and play the game!” both when playing cricket and serving in this war. Rudyard Kipling wrote “If—” as a tribute to the leader of an event that caused this war.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“The Charge of the Light Brigade”", "answer_primary": "“The Charge of the Light Brigade”", "clean_answers": [ "Charge of the Light Brigade", "The Charge of the Light Brigade" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "As a Victorian poem written to honor the bravery of fallen Britons in battle, “Vitai Lampada” resembles this Alfred, Lord Tennyson poem about the Battle of Balaclava.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Cooper Clarke", "answer_primary": "John Cooper Clarke", "clean_answers": [ "John Cooper Clarke", "Clarke" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This poet credits memorizing “Vitai Lampada” in school for igniting his passion for poetry. This spoken word “punk poet” from Salford used the adjective “bloody” 80 times in his angry, profane poem “Evidently Chickentown.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "covariant derivative [prompt on derivative; reject “directional derivative”]", "answer_primary": "covariant derivative", "clean_answers": [ "covariant derivative" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this operation denoted in index notation by a semicolon. The Levi–Civita connection is chosen so that this operation is zero when applied to the metric.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Albert Einstein [accept Einstein field equations or Einstein tensor]", "answer_primary": "Albert Einstein", "clean_answers": [ "Einstein", "Albert Einstein", "Einstein tensor", "Einstein field equations" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The contracted Bianchi identities state that the covariant derivative of a tensor named for this physicist is zero. This physicist’s namesake “field equations” are central to general relativity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ricci tensor [or Ricci curvature tensor]", "answer_primary": "Ricci tensor", "clean_answers": [ "Ricci tensor", "Ricci curvature tensor", "Ricci" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Einstein tensor is defined as this tensor minus one-half the scalar curvature times the metric tensor. Contracting the first and third indices of the Riemann tensor produces this tensor.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Shanxi (“shahn-shee”) AND Shaanxi (“shahn-shee”) [or Shānxī AND Shǎnxī]", "answer_primary": "Shanxi AND Shaanxi", "clean_answers": [ "Shānxī Shǎnxī", "Shǎnxī", "Shanxi", "Shaanxi", "Shānxī AND Shǎnxī", "Shanxi Shaanxi", "Shānxī", "Shanxi AND Shaanxi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two provinces whose names in Mandarin are only differentiated by tone. Taiyuan and Xi’an are the capitals of these two provinces, which are both centers of coal mining.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yellow River [or Huáng Hé]", "answer_primary": "Yellow River", "clean_answers": [ "Huáng Hé", "Huáng", "Yellow", "Yellow River" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The border between Shanxi and Shaanxi is marked by this river. This river’s name comes from the distinctive sediment it carries from the Loess Plateau.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wei River [or Wèi Hé]", "answer_primary": "Wei River", "clean_answers": [ "Wèi", "Wei River", "Wèi Hé", "Wei" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Yellow River turns to flow east at Tong Pass, where it meets this tributary. The city of Xi’an and other capitals of ancient China were located along this river, which begins in Gansu.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Hanuman [or Hanumān; or Māruti; or Anjaneya; or Hanumanth; or Bajrangbali]", "answer_primary": "Hanuman", "clean_answers": [ "Hanumanth", "Māruti", "Anjaneya", "Bajrangbali", "Hanumān", "Anjaney", "Hanuman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this god also considered to be a spiritual child of the wind god Vāyu. This vānara god, who is considered the highest devotee of Rāma, is usually depicted as a monkey.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Narasimha (“nuh-ruh-SIM-huh”) [or Nrusimha; or Narsingh]", "answer_primary": "Narasimha", "clean_answers": [ "Narasimh", "Nrusimha", "Nrusimh", "Narasimha", "Narsingh" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Some tales state Shiva took the form of the eight-legged Sharabha to fight this avatar of Vishnu. This half-man, half-animal avatar of Vishnu disemboweled the asura Hiranyakashipu, the father of his devotee Prahlada.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hunting [accept hunters; prompt on archery by asking “for what purpose?”] (Jara fatally wounded Krishna in the foot when hunting, mistaking his foot for a deer.)", "answer_primary": "hunting", "clean_answers": [ "hunter", "hunters", "hunt", "hunting" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Jara fatally wounded Krishna in the foot when hunting, mistaking his foot for a deer.", "number": 3, "part": "In the Mahabharata, Shiva gives Arjuna the Pashupatastra after duelling him in the guise of a performer of this activity. In another episode, Jara performs this activity using a piece of metal he found inside a fish.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“God Save the King” [or “God Save the Queen”]", "answer_primary": "“God Save the King”", "clean_answers": [ "God Save the King", "God Save the Queen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this melody that is the basis of “My Country, ’Tis of Thee” and the de facto national anthem of England.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Niccolò Paganini", "answer_primary": "Niccolò Paganini", "clean_answers": [ "Paganini", "Niccolò Paganini" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This composer used “God Save the King” as the basis for his challenging Opus 9 set of variations. A theme beginning “long A, A A C B A, up to E” opens the 24th and last of a set of works for solo violin by this composer.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Louis Moreau Gottschalk", "answer_primary": "Louis Moreau Gottschalk", "clean_answers": [ "Gottschalk", "Louis Moreau Gottschalk" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This American composer wrote a set of variations on “God Save the King” while visiting Geneva. This composer of the symphony A Night in the Tropics employed double variation form in Souvenir de Porto Rico.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ancient Egyptian [or Middle Egyptian]", "answer_primary": "Ancient Egyptian", "clean_answers": [ "Middle Egyptian", "Egyptian", "Ancient Egyptian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this ancient language used to write “Instructions of Amenemhat” and a “Book of the Dead” that discusses the ba of the soul.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "satires [accept “Satire of the Trades” or Menippean satire]", "answer_primary": "satires", "clean_answers": [ "Menippean satire", "satire", "satires", "Satire", "Satire of the Trades" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A work of didactic Egyptian literature, in which the scribe Kheti explains each profession’s faults before concluding that the scribe is best, is usually known in English as “[this genre] of the Trades.” Menippus of Gadara names a Greek style of this genre.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "shipwrecks [or being marooned; accept descriptive answers indicating a disaster at sea or in the ocean; prompt on thunderstorm]", "answer_primary": "shipwrecks", "clean_answers": [ "disaster sea", "shipwreck", "descriptive answers indicating a disaster at sea", "shipwrecks", "maroon", "being marooned", "sea", "disaster", "in the ocean", "ocean" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another Egyptian story, a giant serpent offers advice to a man who has just undergone one of these events. The title characters are separated from their companions by one of these events near Pelusium in the ancient romance Leucippe and Clitophon.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "eukaryotic initiation factors [or eIFs; accept eIF2 or eIF4A or eIF5A or eukaryotic initiation factor 2 or eukaryotic initiation factor 5A or eukaryotic initiation factor 4A]", "answer_primary": "eukaryotic initiation factors", "clean_answers": [ "eukaryotic initiation factor 5A", "eIF", "eukaryotic initiation factors", "eIF5A", "eIF2", "eukaryotic initiation factor 4A", "eukaryotic initiation factor 2", "initiation factor", "eIF4A", "eIFs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "What proteins include the only protein that has the nonstandard amino acid hypusine, and another labelled “4A” that is the original DEAD-box helicase? PERK phosphorylates the alpha subunit of one of these proteins to halt the cell cycle and activate the unfolded protein response.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ribosomes", "answer_primary": "ribosomes", "clean_answers": [ "ribosome", "ribosomes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "eIF2 is part of a complex that binds to the 40S subunit to begin translation in these structures, which synthesize proteins from mRNA transcripts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "GTP [or guanosine triphosphate]", "answer_primary": "GTP", "clean_answers": [ "guanosine triphosphate", "GTP" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The initiator tRNA and eIF2 form a tertiary complex with this molecule at the start of translation. Hydrolysis of this molecule at the head of tubulin heterodimers leads to a “catastrophe” that causes dynamic instability.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "commencement addresses [or commencement speeches; accept graduation speeches; accept valedictory addresses or valedictorian speeches; prompt on speeches or addresses or orations]", "answer_primary": "commencement addresses", "clean_answers": [ "valedictorian", "valedictory", "commencement", "graduation", "valedictory addresses", "commencement speeches", "graduation speeches", "commencement addresses", "valedictorian speeches" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A chapter of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings contrasts a demeaning work of what type by the white man Edward Donleavy with a joyous one by the teenager Henry Reed?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ralph Ellison", "answer_primary": "Ralph Ellison", "clean_answers": [ "Ralph Ellison", "Ellison" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The protagonist delivers a demeaning speech at his commencement before being forced to participate in a “Battle Royale” in this author’s novel Invisible Man.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Black Boy (by Richard Wright)", "answer_primary": "Black Boy", "clean_answers": [ "Black Boy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by Richard Wright", "number": 3, "part": "This memoir’s narrator defiantly reads his own valedictory address rather than a sanitized one by his white principal. Part II of this memoir, “The Horror and the Glory,” depicts the author’s time in Chicago’s Communist Party.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Confederation of Canada [or Canadian Confederation; or Confédération canadienne; accept formation of the Dominion of Canada; prompt on union or federation of Canada or equivalents]", "answer_primary": "Confederation of Canada", "clean_answers": [ "Confederation", "formation of the Dominion of Canada", "Confederation of Canada", "Canadian Confederation", "Confédération canadienne", "Dominion", "Confédération" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process whose anniversary was commemorated in a tourist-heavy 1939 celebration. The 1864 Charlottetown Conference kickstarted this process.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nunavut", "answer_primary": "Nunavut", "clean_answers": [ "Nunavut" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The districts of Franklin, Keewautin, and Mackenzie made up this territory before its confederation in 1999, making this Inuit-majority territory the newest subdivision in Canada.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Joey Smallwood [or Joseph Roberts Smallwood]", "answer_primary": "Joey Smallwood", "clean_answers": [ "Joey Smallwood", "Smallwood", "Joseph Roberts Smallwood" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a campaign leading up to 1949, this politician and F. Gordon Bradley advocated for Newfoundland’s entry into the Confederation. This politician subsequently served as Newfoundland’s first premier until 1972.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "scientific realism [or word forms like realist; accept mathematical realism or entity realism]", "answer_primary": "scientific realism", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like realist", "scientific realism", "realist", "realism", "entity realism", "mathematical realism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Mathematical Platonism is a form of what position? Adherents of this view in the philosophy of science believe that our scientific theories are approximately true and describe a universe that actually exists.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "miracles [accept no miracles argument]", "answer_primary": "miracles", "clean_answers": [ "miracle", "no miracles argument", "miracles" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These things follow the word “no” in the realist argument that our theories would likely be far worse if they were not roughly true. Richard Swinburne’s book on “The Concept of” these things argues in favor of them.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Thomas Kuhn [or Thomas Samuel Kuhn]", "answer_primary": "Thomas Kuhn", "clean_answers": [ "Kuhn", "Thomas Samuel Kuhn", "Thomas Kuhn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The anti-realist “pessimistic induction,” which notes that past theories have been supplanted and so we should expect the same of our own, is often discussed using this philosopher’s book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "glass-transition temperature [prompt on T-sub-g]", "answer_primary": "glass-transition temperature", "clean_answers": [ "glass-transition", "glass-transition temperature" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity that is indicated by a change in the rate of thermal expansion in dilatometry. This temperature is indicated by a point on a graph’s x-axis where a steep slope in heat capacity begins.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Walter Kauzmann [or Walter J. Kauzmann; accept Kauzmann’s paradox]", "answer_primary": "Walter Kauzmann", "clean_answers": [ "Walter J. Kauzmann", "Walter Kauzmann", "Kauzmann’s paradox", "Kauzmann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A paradox named for this scientist states that extrapolating the heat capacity of supercooled liquids below the glass-transition temperature results in a crystal–liquid entropy difference of zero. This scientist also discovered the hydrophobic effect.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "crystallization [accept recrystallization]", "answer_primary": "crystallization", "clean_answers": [ "recrystallization", "crystallization" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Kauzmann’s solution to his own paradox is that liquids undergo this action before the Kauzmann temperature. This process is usually induced by adding a nucleation seed and results in materials with long-range order.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Bedlam [or Bethlem Royal Hospital; or St Mary Bethlehem; or Bethlehem Hospital; prompt on mental hospital or psychiatric hospital or mental asylum or madhouse]", "answer_primary": "Bedlam", "clean_answers": [ "Bethlem", "Bethlem Royal Hospital", "St Mary Bethlehem", "Bedlam", "Bethlehem", "Bethlehem Hospital" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this place where Richard Dadd painted The Fairy Feller’s Master-Stroke and Louis Wain made many cat paintings after leaving Springfield. In another artwork, Sarah Young consoles a man in a loincloth in this place.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Hogarth", "answer_primary": "William Hogarth", "clean_answers": [ "Hogarth", "William Hogarth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tom Rakewell ends up at the Bethlem Royal Hospital in the last entry in A Rake’s Progress, a series by this British artist of Marriage A-la-Mode.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "outsider art [reject “naïve art” or “raw art”]", "answer_primary": "outsider art", "clean_answers": [ "outsider art", "raw art", "outsider", "reject naïve art" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Bethlem Museum of the Mind houses works by former patients in this genre, defined as art by self-taught people not in the art world. Roger Cardinal coined the term for this genre as an analog of Jean Dubuffet’s art brut.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "medieval swords [or blades; accept individual type of swords like longswords; prompt on weapons; prompt on steel by asking “what was the most common type of weapon that used that metal?”]", "answer_primary": "medieval swords", "clean_answers": [ "blades", "sword", "blade", "longsword", "individual type of swords like longswords", "medieval swords" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these objects that may have ladder, rose, or wave patterns in a style developed in India. That style of these objects puzzled later European scientists and was called muhannad in the Middle East.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "bastards [or bâtards; or bastard swords] (William the Conqueror was born out of wedlock.)", "answer_primary": "bastards", "clean_answers": [ "bâtards", "bastard", "bâtard", "bastard swords", "bastards" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "William the Conqueror was born out of wedlock.", "number": 2, "part": "Oakeshott Type XV is commonly called a “hand and a half sword” or a sword named for this sort of person. Early in his life, people derisively nicknamed a descendant of Rollo and half-brother of Odo for being one of these people.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Attila [or Attila the Hun; or Atli; or Etzel]", "answer_primary": "Attila", "clean_answers": [ "Atli", "Attila", "Etzel", "Attila the Hun" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "According to Lambert of Hersfeld, Hungary’s Árpád kings claimed the “Sword of Mars,” which the historian Priscus alleged originally belonged to this king. This king of the Huns was often called the “Scourge of God.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "transfinite induction [accept transfinite recursion; prompt on induction or recursion]", "answer_primary": "transfinite induction", "clean_answers": [ "transfinite recursion", "transfinite induction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this procedure that requires a well-ordered set and the axiom of choice. This procedure involves verifying a “successor case” and a “limit case” to show that a property “P of alpha” is true for all alpha.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Peano axioms [or Peano postulates; or Dedekind–Peano axioms; or Dedekind–Peano postulates; accept “Peano’s” in place of “Peano”]", "answer_primary": "Peano axioms", "clean_answers": [ "Peano axioms", "Dedekind–Peano postulates", "Peano postulates", "Dedekind–Peano axioms", "Peano’s in place of Peano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gerhard Gentzen used transfinite induction up to a particular ordinal in his consistency proof for this set of statements. An Italian mathematician names these statements that define the natural numbers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John von Neumann [or Neumann János]", "answer_primary": "John von Neumann", "clean_answers": [ "von Neumann", "Neumann János", "Neumann", "John von Neumann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Transfinite recursion can be used to construct a “universe” of well-founded sets named for this polymath. This Hungarian-born “father of game theory” wrote Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Milan [or Milano; accept Nova Milanese] (Aldo Rossi wrote Architecture of the City.)", "answer_primary": "Milan", "clean_answers": [ "Milan", "Milanese", "Nova Milanese", "Milano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Aldo Rossi wrote Architecture of the City.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city where Ettore Sottsass led the flashy Memphis Group of designers. The “neo-rationalist” designer who wrote Architecture of the City was from this city, where the Compasso d’Oro is awarded.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "lamps [or table lamps; accept lampshades]", "answer_primary": "lamps", "clean_answers": [ "lamp", "table lamps", "lamps", "lampshades", "lampshade" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sottsass’s Tahiti model of this sort of appliance resembles a toy drinking bird. Clara Driscoll led a group of women who designed stained-glass Art Nouveau instances of these appliances for Tiffany & Co.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Milton Glaser", "answer_primary": "Milton Glaser", "clean_answers": [ "Glaser", "Milton Glaser" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This designer created an ad promoting Sottsass’s glossy red design for the Olivetti Valentine typewriter. This designer created the cover of Angels in America and a psychedelic 1966 poster for Bob Dylan.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "lungfish [or Dipnoi; accept salamanderfish or barramunda; prompt on Sarcopterygii or lobe-finned fishes or Osteichthyes or bony fishes] (The genomes of the South American lungfish and Marbled lungfish have 91 and 132 billion base pairs respectively, compared to the human genome’s 3.5 billion base pairs.)", "answer_primary": "lungfish", "clean_answers": [ "barramunda", "lungfish", "salamanderfish", "Dipnoi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The genomes of the South American lungfish and Marbled lungfish have 91 and 132 billion base pairs respectively, compared to the human genome’s 3.5 billion base pairs.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this class of fish whose “South American” and “Marbled” species have the largest known animal genomes. These fish are the closest living relative of tetrapods, with whom they form the Rhipidistia clade, the sister group to the Coelacanths.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "gills", "answer_primary": "gills", "clean_answers": [ "gills", "gill" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lungfish represent an important evolutionary milestone since they have both lungs and these structures, but only the Australian lungfish actually breathes from these organs that uptake oxygen from water.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "aestivation [or estivation]", "answer_primary": "aestivation", "clean_answers": [ "estivation", "aestivation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Some lungfish perform this behavior by burrowing themselves in mud. Animals enter this type of dormancy, which unlike hibernation happens in the summer, to avoid damage from high temperature or desiccation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "What the Butler Saw (by Joe Orton)", "answer_primary": "What the Butler Saw", "clean_answers": [ "What the Butler Saw" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "by Joe Orton", "number": 1, "part": "Name this play that premiered in 1966 after its author’s murder by his lover Kenneth Halliwell. At the end of this play, a sergeant wearing a dress descends from a skylight and asks for a politician’s “missing parts.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Harold Pinter", "answer_primary": "Harold Pinter", "clean_answers": [ "Harold Pinter", "Pinter" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Peter Hall directed Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud in this author’s play No Man’s Land. This playwright wrote The Birthday Party and The Dumb Waiter.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "mental asylums [or sanatoriums; or insane asylums; or psychiatric hospitals; or mental hospitals; prompt on hospitals]", "answer_primary": "mental asylums", "clean_answers": [ "psychiatric hospital", "mental hospital", "sanatorium", "sanatoriums", "mental asylums", "mental hospitals", "psychiatric hospitals", "insane asylums", "asylum" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Gielgud and Richardson also starred together in David Storey’s play Home, which is set in this sort of place. The frame stories of Peter Weiss’s Marat/Sade and Friedrich Dürrenmatt’s The Physicists occur in these places.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Girolamo Frescobaldi", "answer_primary": "Girolamo Frescobaldi", "clean_answers": [ "Girolamo Frescobaldi", "Frescobaldi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Ferrara-born composer who was celebrated by composers like Pachelbel and Purcell for his early organ collection Fiori Musicali.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gradus ad parnassum [or “Steps to Parnassus”; accept “Doctor Gradus ad parnassum”]", "answer_primary": "Gradus ad parnassum", "clean_answers": [ "Steps to Parnassus", "Doctor Gradus ad parnassum", "Gradus ad parnassum" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Parts of the Fiori Musicali were enshrined in a book of counterpoint by Johann Joseph Fux with this title. Debussy prepended “Doctor” to this title to parody exercise books by Clementi and Czerny.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina", "answer_primary": "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina", "clean_answers": [ "Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina", "Palestrina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Though influenced more by Frescobaldi in his own music, Fux most fervently admired this earlier Italian composer who supposedly “saved polyphony” with his Pope Marcellus Mass.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "silencing [accept Silencing the Past; accept Subaltern Silence; prompt on erasure; prompt on subordination or equivalents]", "answer_primary": "silencing", "clean_answers": [ "Silencing", "Silencing the Past", "Subaltern Silence", "Silence", "silencing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this specific process that erased one of the “Three Faces of Sans Souci,” according to a book titled for this process by Michel-Rolph Trouillot.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Haitian Revolution [or Haitian Revolt; or Révolution haïtienne]", "answer_primary": "Haitian Revolution", "clean_answers": [ "Révolution haïtienne", "Haitian Revolt", "Haitian Revolution" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Olson’s Subaltern Silence considers “times of exception” like this event, the focus of the second chapter of Trouillot’s Silencing the Past. The Black Jacobins emphasizes the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture in this late 18th-century event.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jamaican maroons [accept marronage; prompt on escaped slaves or runaway slaves]", "answer_primary": "Jamaican maroons", "clean_answers": [ "marronage", "maroon", "Jamaican maroons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Olson claims that these people’s “self-chosen silence” destabilized subaltern silence, calling them an example of “silence as an achievement.” Queen Nanny and Cudjoe led these people in two namesake wars against the British.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "deadweight loss", "answer_primary": "deadweight loss", "clean_answers": [ "deadweight loss", "deadweight" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this so-called economic “loss” in which market inefficiencies cause a decline in total surplus. This quantity is represented by a triangle formed on two sides by supply and demand.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Arnold Harberger [or Arnold Carl Harberger]", "answer_primary": "Arnold Harberger", "clean_answers": [ "Arnold Carl Harberger", "Arnold Harberger", "Harberger" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Some economists argue that micro-efficiencies denoted by triangles named for this economist pale in comparison to macroeconomic harms on Christmas. This economist wrote The Incidence of Taxation.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "exogenous [or exogeneity]", "answer_primary": "exogenous", "clean_answers": [ "exogeneity", "exogenous" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In “The Business Cycle Effects of Christmas,” Yi Wen analyzed seasonal business cycles with this property. Variables with this property are uncorrelated with the error term.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "witch trials [accept witch hunts; prompt on trials]", "answer_primary": "witch trials", "clean_answers": [ "witch hunt", "witch trial", "witch hunts", "witch trials" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these events that peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, often in Germany. King James I, who presided over some of these events in North Berwick, wrote manuals for these events.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Heinrich Kramer", "answer_primary": "Heinrich Kramer", "clean_answers": [ "Heinrich Kramer", "Kramer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Another manual written for witch trials is the Malleus Maleficarum by Jacob Sprenger and this Dominican Inquisitor, who wrote his manual in retaliation to being ousted from the Diocese of Brixen.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Johannes Gutenberg [or Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg]", "answer_primary": "Johannes Gutenberg", "clean_answers": [ "Gutenberg", "Johannes Gutenberg", "Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "To get its anti-sorcery message out, copies of the Malleus Maleficarum were made with the movable type printing press invented by this craftsman from Mainz.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "In Our Time", "answer_primary": "In Our Time", "clean_answers": [ "In Our Time" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this story collection whose first edition was published with an all-lowercase title and featured eighteen italicized vignettes describing combat in World War I.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ernest Hemingway [or Ernest Miller Hemingway]", "answer_primary": "Ernest Hemingway", "clean_answers": [ "Ernest Miller Hemingway", "Ernest Hemingway", "Hemingway" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In Our Time was written by this American author of many stories featuring Nick Adams. This author’s other stories include “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” and “Hills Like White Elephants.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "praying [accept reciting the Lord’s Prayer or calling out to Jesus]", "answer_primary": "praying", "clean_answers": [ "praying", "calling out to Jesus", "Jesus", "reciting the Lord’s Prayer", "pray", "Lord’s Prayer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In a vignette set during a bombardment of Fossalta, an unnamed soldier, possibly Nick, does this action. In Hemingway’s story “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” an old waiter repeatedly intersperses the word “nada” while doing this action.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mecca [or Makkah]", "answer_primary": "Mecca", "clean_answers": [ "Makkah", "Mecca" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city where the Kaaba is located.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Damascus [or Dimashq; accept Great Mosque of Damascus]", "answer_primary": "Damascus", "clean_answers": [ "Great Mosque of Damascus", "Dimashq", "Damascus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While mosques typically have one mihrab, a mosque in this city contains four mihrabs lining the sanctuary. Before Judgment Day, Muslims believe Isa will descend in this city, where a mosque allegedly enshrines the head of John the Baptist.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "maqsurah [accept Maqsura of the Companions]", "answer_primary": "maqsurah", "clean_answers": [ "Maqsura of the Companions", "maqsurah", "Maqsura" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Mu’awiya I built one of these structures near the “Mihrab of the Companions” in the Great Mosque of Damascus. These enclosures were built in mosques for Muslim rulers to protect them from assassinations.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Djenné-Djenno (“JEN-ay jen-OH”) [or Jenne-Jeno; or Djenné-Jeno; or old Djenné; or ancient Djenné; prompt on Djenné]", "answer_primary": "Djenné-Djenno ", "clean_answers": [ "ancient Djenné", "old Djenné", "Jenne-Jeno", "Djenné-Djenno", "Djenné-Jeno" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this archaeological site in modern-day Mali, an early urban center on the Inland Niger floodplain.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nigeria [or Federal Republic of Nigeria; or Najeriya; or Naìjíríyà; or Nàìjíríà]", "answer_primary": "Nigeria", "clean_answers": [ "Federal Republic of Nigeria", "Nigeria", "Najeriya", "Naìjíríyà", "Nàìjíríà" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "While the first O. glaberrima was found at Djenné-Djenno, 3,000-year-old ceramic impressions of rice grains have been found in this country. This modern country was home to the Nok culture and the site of Great Igbo.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "millet [accept pearl millet; prompt on grain]", "answer_primary": "millet", "clean_answers": [ "pearl millet", "millet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The period from 1900 to 1600 BCE saw the early cultivation of this other staple crop at the Dhar Tichitt site in modern Mauritania. Champion et al. noted the sociocultural significance of the Cenchrus americanus variety of this crop among the Nok culture.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "volatility [or volatile; accept volatile organic compounds]", "answer_primary": "volatility", "clean_answers": [ "volatile", "volatile organic compounds", "volatility" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property of compounds that readily vaporize. This property names a class of hazardous “organic compounds” found in paints and perfumes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "isoprene [accept terpenes; accept isoprenoids or terpenoids]", "answer_primary": "isoprene", "clean_answers": [ "terpenes", "isoprenoids", "terpene", "terpenoids", "isoprene", "isoprenoid", "terpenoid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This naturally produced compound comprises the majority of VOCs emitted by plants. In biological systems, DMAPP is a precursor to derivatives of this compound.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "formaldehyde [or methanal]", "answer_primary": "formaldehyde", "clean_answers": [ "methanal", "formaldehyde" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ozonolysis of VOCs can form this carcinogen, “releasers” of which have been controversial in the cosmetics industry. This chemically-simple preservative cross-links DNA and proteins in a classic example of chemical fixation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pat Buchanan [or Patrick Joseph Buchanan]", "answer_primary": "Pat Buchanan", "clean_answers": [ "Patrick Joseph Buchanan", "Buchanan", "Pat Buchanan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this politician who claimed the greatest ideological vacuum was “to the right of Reagan.” In a 1992 speech, this politician outlined a conflict “for the soul of America.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dan Rather [or Daniel Irvin Rather Jr.]", "answer_primary": "Dan Rather", "clean_answers": [ "Rather", "Daniel Irvin Rather Jr.", "Dan Rather" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This journalist used the term “speech tartare” to describe a Buchanan speech recalling meetings at the James Paper Mill. Walter Cronkite said “I think we got a bunch of thugs here” after this journalist was punched in the stomach.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "George H. W. Bush [or George Herbert Walker Bush; or George Bush Sr.; or Bush 41; prompt on Bush; reject “George W. Bush”]", "answer_primary": "George H. W. Bush", "clean_answers": [ "H W Bush", "H", "George Bush Sr.", "W", "Bush", "Bush 41", "George H. W. Bush", "George Herbert Walker Bush", "Bush Sr.", "H. W. Bush" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Buchanan evoked “prophets of doom” in a speech given at this president’s nominating convention. At an RNC, this president stated, “Read my lips: no new taxes.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“The Continuity of Parks” [or “Continuidad de los parques”]", "answer_primary": "“The Continuity of Parks”", "clean_answers": [ "Continuidad de los parques", "The Continuity of Parks", "Continuity of Parks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this metafictional short story. In this story, a man sitting in a green velvet armchair reads about two lovers’ plan to murder a man who is reading a novel while sitting in a green velvet armchair.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Julio Cortázar", "answer_primary": "Julio Cortázar", "clean_answers": [ "Julio Cortázar", "Cortázar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“The Continuity of Parks” is a short story by this Argentine author who also wrote the optionally nonlinear novel Hopscotch.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Paris", "answer_primary": "Paris", "clean_answers": [ "Paris" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Hopscotch is primarily set in this city, where Horacio Oliveira searches for his lover La Maga. The narrator of another Cortázar story is entranced by the “golden eyes” of the titular axolotl in a botanical garden in this city.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "jotunn (“YO-tun”) [or jotnar or frost giants]", "answer_primary": "jotunn ", "clean_answers": [ "giant", "jotnar", "jotunn", "frost giants" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The ancestor of what beings is said to have been born from the venom of the Elivagar River and drank the milk of Auðumbla? One of these beings claims that an object he hid “eight leagues beneath the earth” will only be returned if Freya is brought to marry him.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mjölnir", "answer_primary": "Mjölnir", "clean_answers": [ "Mjölnir" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The theft of this weapon by the jotunn Thrym requires Thor to cross-dress as Freya. Thor kills Thrym after this short hammer is returned to him.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Thiazi AND Skadi [accept Thjazi or Thiazzi or Tjasse or Thiassi or Tjasse or Thiassi in place of “Thiazi”; accept Skade or Skathi or Öndurgud or Öndurdís in place of “Skadi”]", "answer_primary": "Thiazi AND Skadi", "clean_answers": [ "Thjazi", "Thiazi Skadi", "Thiassi in place of Thiazi", "Thiazi", "Skade", "Thiazzi", "Thiassi", "Öndurdís in place of Skadi", "Öndurdís", "Skathi", "Thiazi AND Skadi", "Skadi", "Öndurgud", "Tjasse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Thrym lends his name to a location once occupied by these two jotunn in Jotunheim. After one of these two figures is set on fire outside of Asgard for an attempted kidnapping, the other is allowed to choose a husband from among the gods, but only by looking at their feet.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Benito Mussolini (The two philosophers mentioned are Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile.)", "answer_primary": "Benito Mussolini", "clean_answers": [ "Mussolini", "Benito Mussolini" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The two philosophers mentioned are Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this person opposed by a compatriot who wrote The Essence of Aesthetic. “Fundamental Ideas,” the first section of an essay by this person, was ghostwritten by the theorizer of “actual idealism.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fascism [or fascismo; accept fascist; accept “Ur-Fascism”]", "answer_primary": "fascism", "clean_answers": [ "fascism", "fascismo", "Fascism", "fascist", "Ur-Fascism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Umberto Eco criticized Mussolini’s supporters in an essay titled for an “Ur” form of this political ideology, whose name Mussolini coined in reference to a Roman symbol of an axe in a bundle of sticks.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Prison Notebooks [or Quaderni del carcere] (by Antonio Gramsci)", "answer_primary": "Prison Notebooks", "clean_answers": [ "Quaderni del carcere", "Prison Notebooks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by Antonio Gramsci", "number": 3, "part": "Mussolini persecuted the author of this text that includes the essay “Americanism and Fordism.” This text proposes that the ruling class undertakes a “passive revolution” for its preservation and wields cultural hegemony.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Aleksandr Pushkin [or Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin] (The story is “The Queen of Spades.”)", "answer_primary": "Aleksandr Pushkin", "clean_answers": [ "Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin", "Aleksandr Pushkin", "Pushkin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The story is “The Queen of Spades.”", "number": 1, "part": "Prosper Mérimée had to tell this author that the “Illyric poetry” book La Guzla was a hoax after this poet began to translate it. Mérimée translated a story by this author in which Hermann learns a gambling secret from a dead countess.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Songs of Bilitis [or Les Chansons de Bilitis]", "answer_primary": "The Songs of Bilitis", "clean_answers": [ "The Songs of Bilitis", "Les Chansons de Bilitis", "Chansons de Bilitis", "Songs of Bilitis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A fictional German archaeologist “unearthed” this collection, which attempted to lend credence to its supposed Greek origins via sections titled for Pamphylia and Mytilene. Pierre Louÿs wrote this collection of lesbian poetry.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Blaise Pascal", "answer_primary": "Blaise Pascal", "clean_answers": [ "Blaise Pascal", "Pascal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the 1860s, Denis Vrain-Lucas forged over 20,000 documents before being caught trying to dupe the French Academy of Sciences into thinking that gravity was first discovered by this author of Pensées.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Isamu Noguchi", "answer_primary": "Isamu Noguchi", "clean_answers": [ "Isamu Noguchi", "Noguchi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this set designer for Appalachian Spring. A museum in Queens honors this American artist of Japanese ancestry, who names a modernist glass-topped coffee table.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dorothy Hale [accept The Suicide of Dorothy Hale] (That painting is The Suicide of Dorothy Hale by Frida Kahlo.)", "answer_primary": "Dorothy Hale", "clean_answers": [ "The Suicide of Dorothy Hale", "Dorothy Hale", "Hale" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "That painting is The Suicide of Dorothy Hale by Frida Kahlo.", "number": 2, "part": "Noguchi co-designed Fuller’s Dymaxion car and drove it with Clare Boothe Luce and this actress. Noguchi removed the dedication from a painting that shows this socialite on a sidewalk and in the clouds in front of the Hampshire House.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "domes [prompt on hemispheres]", "answer_primary": "domes", "clean_answers": [ "dome", "domes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Noguchi’s frequent collaborator Shoji Sadao contributed to Fuller’s idea of a geodesic one of these structures. Inspired by Fuller’s designs, Epcot’s Spaceship Earth is made of two of these structures.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fluid flow [or equivalents such as fluid motion or fluid movement; accept fluid dynamics or fluid simulation]", "answer_primary": "fluid flow", "clean_answers": [ "flow", "equivalents such as fluid motion", "fluid simulation", "fluid movement", "fluid dynamics", "fluid motion", "fluid flow" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process described by the Navier–Stokes equations. Particles undergoing this process follow streamlines over time.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lagrangian AND Eulerian descriptions", "answer_primary": "Lagrangian AND Eulerian descriptions", "clean_answers": [ "Lagrangian Eulerian", "Eulerian", "Lagrangian AND Eulerian descriptions", "Lagrangian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Two answers required. These two descriptions of fluid flow correspond to “mesh” and “meshfree” simulations. One of these descriptions is fixed in space while the other follows the movement of the fluid over time.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "convection [accept convective derivative]", "answer_primary": "convection", "clean_answers": [ "convective derivative", "convection", "convective" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions are connected by the fluid’s material derivative, which is sometimes named for this phenomenon. Bénard cells exhibit this phenomenon that occurs when the Grashof number is much larger than the Reynolds number.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Portugal [or Kingdom of Portugal; or Reino de Portugal]", "answer_primary": "Portugal", "clean_answers": [ "Kingdom of Portugal", "Reino de Portugal", "Portugal" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "In 1783, this kingdom’s queen Maria I proclaimed that all of its towns must have a foundling hospital. This kingdom established the Casa Pia to educate children in the aftermath of a 1755 earthquake in its capital.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Antonio Vivaldi", "answer_primary": "Antonio Vivaldi", "clean_answers": [ "Antonio Vivaldi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This composer trained an all-female orchestra of foundlings at the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice, where he may have premiered his D major Gloria.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Esposito [or D’Esposito; or Degli Esposti; or Esposti; or Esposto; or Sposito; accept Espósito or Expósito] (The surname means “exposed,” either to the elements or to the protection of Madonna.)", "answer_primary": "Esposito", "clean_answers": [ "Sposito", "Expósito", "Esposti", "Esposto", "D’Esposito", "Espósito", "Esposito", "Degli Esposti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The surname means “exposed,” either to the elements or to the protection of Madonna.", "number": 3, "part": "In Italy’s Campania region, hospitals traditionally gave foundlings this Italian surname because of the condition they had after being abandoned in “foundling wheels.” Today, this is the commonest surname in Naples.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "free [accept (nearly) free electron model]", "answer_primary": "free", "clean_answers": [ "(nearly) free electron model", "free" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property of electrons in the Drude–Sommerfeld model, an extension of which is named for electrons that “nearly” have this property. Electrons with this property are not bound to atoms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pauli exclusion principle", "answer_primary": "Pauli exclusion principle", "clean_answers": [ "Pauli exclusion principle", "Pauli exclusion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The free electron model also assumes this result in which each quantum state contains at most one electron.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "empty lattice model [or empty lattice approximation]", "answer_primary": "empty lattice model", "clean_answers": [ "empty lattice model", "empty lattice approximation", "empty lattice" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The nearly free electron model can be derived by adding a small perturbation to this other model that contains a vanishingly small periodic potential, which allows free electrons to travel unperturbed.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "drama [or theater; accept plays; accept acting; accept dance] (The Hermit and the Harlot is a common translation of Bhagavadajjukam.)", "answer_primary": "drama", "clean_answers": [ "drama", "theater", "play", "dance", "act", "acting", "plays" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The Hermit and the Harlot is a common translation of Bhagavadajjukam.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this art form of a work known in English as The Hermit and the Harlot. The Nātyaśāstra reports how works in this form were viewed in square, rectangular, or triangular venues.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "comedy [or farce]", "answer_primary": "comedy", "clean_answers": [ "farce", "comedy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Hermit and the Harlot and other early Sanskrit dramas in this broad genre included a stock character called the vidūshaka. In Greek drama, this genre was represented by the muse Thalia.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Little Clay Cart [or Mṛcchakatika]", "answer_primary": "The Little Clay Cart", "clean_answers": [ "Mṛcchakatika", "The Little Clay Cart", "Little Clay Cart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A series of comedic misunderstandings pervade this ten-act Sanskrit play by Shudraka. In this play, the courtesan Vasantasenā uses an object belonging to her impoverished lover to store her jewels.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "“On Sense and Reference” [or “On Sense and Nominatum”; or “On Sense and Denotation”; or “Über Sinn und Bedeutung”]", "answer_primary": "“On Sense and Reference”", "clean_answers": [ "Sense and Denotation", "On Sense and Denotation", "Sense and Nominatum", "Über Sinn und Bedeutung", "Sinn und Bedeutung", "On Sense and Reference", "On Sense and Nominatum", "Sense and Reference" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The description of Venus as both the “morning star” and the “evening star” is a classic example from this Gottlob Frege paper. Its two title concepts respectively denote what a name expresses and what object it indicates.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "true [or word forms like truth]", "answer_primary": "true", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like truth", "true", "truth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hilary Putnam wrote that the claim “Venus has carbon dioxide in its atmosphere” should be able to have this property regardless of one’s theory. Two terms must both have this Boolean value for their logical conjunction, or AND, to have it.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "that [accept “On Saying That”; accept dthat (“D-that”)]", "answer_primary": "that", "clean_answers": [ "On Saying That", "dthat", "that", "That" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Scott’s claim about Venus being an “inferior planet” recurs throughout a Donald Davidson paper titled “On Saying [this word].” David Kaplan prefixed this word with the letter “d” to form a reference-fixing operator.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Chen [or Chan; accept Chen Yi; accept Chen Lifu; accept Chen Guofu]", "answer_primary": "Chen", "clean_answers": [ "Chan", "Chen Yi", "Chen Guofu", "Chen Lifu", "Chen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "A governor with the given name Yi and what family name was executed for his role in suppressing the 228 incident?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Soong [or Sòng; accept Soong sisters; accept Soong Ai-ling; accept Soong Ching-ling; accept Soong Mei-ling]", "answer_primary": "Soong", "clean_answers": [ "Sòng", "Soong", "Soong Mei-ling", "Soong Ching-ling", "Soong Ai-ling", "Soong sisters" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The influential “four big families” of the Republic of China included the Chen family and this family. Sun Yat-sen married the middle of three famous sisters belonging to this family.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Chiang Kai-shek [or Jiang Jieshi; or Chiang Chung-cheng]", "answer_primary": "Chiang Kai-shek", "clean_answers": [ "Chiang Chung-cheng", "Jiang", "Jiang Jieshi", "Chiang", "Chiang Kai-shek" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This patriarch of one of the “four big families” extended his influence by marrying the youngest of the Soong sisters, Mei-ling. This leader of the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan after his defeat in the Chinese Civil War.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "childbirth [or midwifery or obstetrics; or word forms; accept motherhood or maternity or fertility or pregnancy]", "answer_primary": "childbirth", "clean_answers": [ "childbirth", "birth", "word forms", "obstetrics", "motherhood", "midwifery", "pregnancy", "maternity", "fertility" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this domain embodied by a god depicted above Horus on the Metternich Stela. A deity of this domain is shown protecting Sobek in the Book of the Faiyum, and is often given the epithet “Mistress of the Horizon.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Taweret [or Tawaret; or Taueret; or Taurt; or Tuat; or Tuart; or Twert; or Thoeris; or Taouris; or Toeris]", "answer_primary": "Taweret", "clean_answers": [ "Taueret", "Tawaret", "Tuat", "Twert", "Taweret", "Toeris", "Taurt", "Thoeris", "Taouris", "Tuart" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The childbirth god Bes is often depicted alongside this childbirth goddess who has a crocodile tail, sagging breasts, and the head of a hippopotamus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Thoth", "answer_primary": "Thoth", "clean_answers": [ "Thoth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another myth, the goddess Nut is only able to give birth after this ibis-headed god of knowledge and wisdom gambles with the moon for five extra days of the year.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pergamon [or Pergamum; accept Pergamene Kingdom; accept Attalid kingdom until read]", "answer_primary": "Pergamon", "clean_answers": [ "Pergamon", "Pergamene Kingdom", "Pergamene", "Attalid", "Pergamum", "Attalid kingdom until read" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this kingdom whose queen Apollonis was given divine honors in a Teos inscription calling her “Eusebes Apobateria”, or “pious, she who disembarks.” The Attalid dynasty ruled this kingdom.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cyzicus (“SIZ-ick-us”) [or Kyzikos or Kúzikos; accept Aydıncıḳ; accept Battle of Cyzicus; accept Apollonis of Cyzicus]", "answer_primary": "Cyzicus", "clean_answers": [ "Battle of Cyzicus", "Kúzikos", "Kyzikos", "Aydıncıḳ", "Apollonis of Cyzicus", "Cyzicus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Dolores Mirón has discussed how Apollonis represented an ideal to citizen Greek women, as she was not of royal blood, but was a native of this city. Mindarus died in a 410 BCE naval battle near this Mysian city that was won by Athens.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hellenistic period [reject “Hellenic period”]", "answer_primary": "Hellenistic period", "clean_answers": [ "reject Hellenic period", "Hellenistic period", "Hellenistic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Apollonis’s epithet of Apobateria has been linked to Aphrodite, who was associated with many queens of this period. This period of Greek history followed the Classical period and began with the death of Alexander the Great.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "after [accept After Walker Evans]", "answer_primary": "after", "clean_answers": [ "After", "After Walker Evans", "after" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this word that appears first in the title of a 1981 “rephotography” series by a member of the Pictures Generation. That series titled for this word includes an image of the sharecropper’s wife Allie Mae Burroughs.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Great Depression [accept Dust Bowl]", "answer_primary": "Great Depression", "clean_answers": [ "Depression", "Dust Bowl", "Great Depression" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sherrie Levine’s series After Walker Evans rephotographs Evans’s images from this period, during which Dorothea Lange shot Migrant Mother.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Fountain (by Marcel Duchamp)", "answer_primary": "Fountain", "clean_answers": [ "Fountain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by Marcel Duchamp", "number": 3, "part": "Levine added the subtitle “Buddha” in a bronze feminist reproduction of this artwork, which may have been created by Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. Alfred Stieglitz photographed this artwork for the journal The Blind Man.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "S. S. Rajamouli (“RAH-juh-mao-lee”) [or Koduri Srisaila Sri Rajamouli] (The latter movie is Baahubali.)", "answer_primary": "S. S. Rajamouli", "clean_answers": [ "S. S. Rajamouli", "Koduri Srisaila Sri Rajamouli", "Rajamouli" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The latter movie is Baahubali.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this director of Eega. In a movie by this director shot in two languages, soldiers form a ball with their shields after being launched over a city’s walls with a catapult.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "RRR [or Roudram Ranam Rudhiram]", "answer_primary": "RRR", "clean_answers": [ "Roudram Ranam Rudhiram", "RRR" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Rajamouli received international recognition for this Telugu-language movie. This 2022 movie imagines the real-life revolutionaries Alluri Sitarama Raju and Komaram Bheem teaming up to save a girl from Bheem’s village.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Slumdog Millionaire", "answer_primary": "Slumdog Millionaire", "clean_answers": [ "Slumdog Millionaire" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "RRR’s musical number “Naatu Naatu” is the second song in an Indian language to win an Oscar for Best Original Song. The first was A. R. Rahman’s song “Jai Ho” from this 2008 film about a game show contestant.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "autopilots [accept flight controllers or flight control software; accept flight management; accept UAV controllers; accept flying aircraft, planes, UAVs, drones, or autonomous vehicles; accept piloting aircraft, planes, UAVs, drones, or autonomous vehicles; prompt on ArduPilot; prompt on flying or piloting; prompt on actuation by asking “for what purpose?”]", "answer_primary": "autopilots", "clean_answers": [ "autonomous", "autonomous vehicles", "flying aircraft, planes, UAVs, drones,", "drone", "aircraft", "flight management", "pilot", "pilot aircraft plane UAV drone", "UAV controllers", "flight controllers", "plane", "flight control software", "UAV", "fly", "autopilot", "flight control", "UAV controller", "piloting aircraft, planes, UAVs, drones,", "fly aircraft plane UAV drone", "autopilots", "flight controller" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this functionality provided by firmwares that use the MAVLink protocol to communicate with tools like Mission Planner on ground control stations. Firmware for this functionality must work in many configurations, such as VTOL.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "bus [accept Universal Serial Bus]", "answer_primary": "bus", "clean_answers": [ "Universal Serial Bus", "bus", "Bus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A PixHawk standard named for this word dictates how flight controllers should interface with base board hardware. This word follows “Universal Serial” in the name of devices often compatible with Thunderbolt ports.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "inertia [accept inertial measurement units]", "answer_primary": "inertia", "clean_answers": [ "inertial measurement units", "inertial", "inertia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Flight controllers often use measurement units described by this term that contain accelerometers and gyroscopes. This term refers to an object’s tendency to maintain its current motion in the absence of external forces.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "A. R. Ammons [or Archie Ammons; or Archibald Randolph Ammons] (The poem is Garbage.)", "answer_primary": "A. R. Ammons", "clean_answers": [ "Ammons", "Archie Ammons", "Archibald Randolph Ammons", "A. R. Ammons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The poem is Garbage.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this American poet whose work generously employed colons. A book-length poem by this author was inspired by the “secularized sacred rite” he observed while driving past a landfill in Florida.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wallace Stevens", "answer_primary": "Wallace Stevens", "clean_answers": [ "Stevens", "Wallace Stevens" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Harold Bloom’s monograph The Ringers in the Tower praises Ammons for creating “alternate realities” like this poet. This poet’s collection Harmonium includes “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "adding machines [accept The Adding Machine; prompt on calculators or calculating machines or machines]", "answer_primary": "adding machines", "clean_answers": [ "adding machines", "adding machine", "The Adding Machine", "Adding Machine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ammons wrote Tape for the Turn of the Year on a roll of tape used for one of these objects. Mr. Zero dies and is sent to the Elysian Fields in an Elmer Rice play titled for one of these objects.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Austroasiatic [reject “Austronesian”]", "answer_primary": "Austroasiatic", "clean_answers": [ "reject Austronesian", "Austroasiatic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Santali is the westernmost major language in this family that includes many minority languages spoken in inland pockets of Indochina. Vietnamese, Mon, and Khmer are the major branches of this language family.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "alphabets", "answer_primary": "alphabets", "clean_answers": [ "alphabets", "alphabet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "For Santali, Raghunath Murmu developed Ol Chiki, which is this type of writing system in which both vowels and consonants are independent letters. Vietnamese uses one of these scripts based on Latin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "linkages", "answer_primary": "linkages", "clean_answers": [ "linkages", "linkage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Reconstructing Proto-Austroasiatic is difficult due to extensive language contact. Malcolm Ross coined this English term for a network of related languages that evolved from a dialect continuum, only share innovations with nearby neighbors, and poorly fit a tree model.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Madam C. J. Walker [or Sarah Breedlove; accept Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company]", "answer_primary": "Madam C. J. Walker", "clean_answers": [ "Madam C. J. Walker", "Breedlove", "Walker", "Sarah Breedlove", "Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this woman who became the US’s first female self-made millionaire through her cosmetics and hair care line for Black women.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Chicago", "answer_primary": "Chicago", "clean_answers": [ "Chicago" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Joyner achieved much of her success in this city, where she helped organize the Bud Billiken Day Parade and other fundraisers around the historically Black Bronzeville neighborhood in its South Side.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mary McLeod Bethune (“muh-CLOUD beh-THOON”) [or Mary Jane McLeod]", "answer_primary": "Mary McLeod Bethune", "clean_answers": [ "Mary McLeod Bethune", "Mary Jane McLeod", "Bethune", "McLeod" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Joyner developed the United Beauty School Owners and Teachers Association with this Florida-based activist, who founded the National Council of Negro Women and led a division of the National Youth Administration in the 1930s.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Thelonious Monk [or Thelonious Sphere Monk; accept Monk’s Music]", "answer_primary": "Thelonious Monk", "clean_answers": [ "Thelonious Sphere Monk", "Thelonious Monk", "Monk", "Monk’s Music" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This musician recorded “Crepuscule With Nellie” for an album with a Bacon cover in which he sits in a red wagon. Sonny Rollins played saxophone on the complex title track of this musician’s 1957 album Brilliant Corners.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bill Evans [or William John Evans] (The bassist is Scott LaFaro, who died shortly after the recording of Sunday at the Village Vanguard and Waltz for Debby.)", "answer_primary": "Bill Evans", "clean_answers": [ "William John Evans", "Bill Evans", "Evans" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The bassist is Scott LaFaro, who died shortly after the recording of Sunday at the Village Vanguard and Waltz for Debby.", "number": 2, "part": "Signed testimonials by George Shearing and Ahmad Jamal appear on Bacon’s cover for an album titled Everybody Digs this musician. This musician briefly quit playing when his bassist died in a car crash at age 25.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "trumpet", "answer_primary": "trumpet", "clean_answers": [ "trumpet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bacon overlaid an image of this instrument over a cornucopia on his cover for the LP Horn of Plenty by Dizzy Gillespie, who was known for playing a bent version of this brass instrument.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "William I [or Willem I; or Willem Frederik; accept William I of the Netherlands; prompt on William or Willem; reject “William the Silent” or “William of Orange”]", "answer_primary": "William I", "clean_answers": [ "Willem Frederik", "William I", "Willem I", "William I of the Netherlands" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this ruler that sent his son of the same name to lead the Ten Days Campaign, which was stopped by French intervention. This ruler remained hostile to a new nation until signing the 1839 Treaty of London.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Belgium [or Kingdom of Belgium; or België; or Belgique; or Belgien]", "answer_primary": "Belgium", "clean_answers": [ "Belgique", "Belgien", "Belgium", "België", "Kingdom of Belgium" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Catholics and Liberals allied in the revolution against William I that formed this country. A riot over an opera set in Italy was the immediate spark of that revolution in this modern-day country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Orange [or Oranje; or House of Orange-Nassau; or Huis van Oranje-Nassau]", "answer_primary": "Orange", "clean_answers": [ "House of Orange-Nassau", "Oranje", "Orange", "Huis van Oranje-Nassau", "Nassau" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "William I was the first king of this dynasty to rule the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This dynasty governed the Dutch Republic under William the Silent and Maurice.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "adsorption [accept word forms like adsorb; reject “absorption”]", "answer_primary": "adsorption", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like adsorb; reject absorption", "adsorb", "adsorption" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process modelled by the Langmuir isotherm. MOFs with high rates of this process are used in carbon capture mechanisms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ideal gases [or perfect gases]", "answer_primary": "ideal gases", "clean_answers": [ "ideal gas", "perfect gases", "perfect gas", "ideal gases" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The statistical mechanical derivation for the Langmuir model assumes that adsorbates behave as these substances, which are described by the equation “PV equals nRT.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "overlayers", "answer_primary": "overlayers", "clean_answers": [ "overlayer", "overlayers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "These structures form when atoms adsorb onto the surface of a single crystal. These structures, which can be classified as “commensurate” or “incommensurate,” are described by Wood’s notation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "skaz", "answer_primary": "skaz", "clean_answers": [ "skaz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Russian literary form first codified by Boris Eikhenbaum. This form is characterized by stories with narration and dialect reminiscent of oral literature and folk tales.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“The Overcoat” [or “The Cloak” or “Shinyel”; accept “How Gogol’s Overcoat Was Made”]", "answer_primary": "“The Overcoat”", "clean_answers": [ "Shinyel", "Overcoat", "How Gogol’s Overcoat Was Made", "Cloak", "The Cloak", "The Overcoat" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Eikhenbaum first coined the concept of skaz in an essay about this Nikolai Gogol story, in which Akaky Akakievich loses the title garment.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nikolai Leskov (The novella is Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.)", "answer_primary": "Nikolai Leskov", "clean_answers": [ "Nikolai Leskov", "Leskov" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The novella is Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District.", "number": 3, "part": "Walter Benjamin’s essay “The Storyteller” praises the skaz stories of this author, such as “The Tale of Cross-eyed Lefty from Tula and the Steel Flea.” A novella by this author analogizes Katerina Ismailova to a Shakespeare villainess.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "McDonald–Kreitman test [prompt on MKT]", "answer_primary": "McDonald–Kreitman test", "clean_answers": [ "McDonald–Kreitman", "McDonald–Kreitman test" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this doubly-eponymous statistical test used to distinguish between positive and negative forms of natural selection by comparing variation within a species and between species.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "neutral [accept neutrality index; accept neutral theory of molecular evolution]", "answer_primary": "neutral", "clean_answers": [ "neutrality index", "neutral theory of molecular evolution", "neutral" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Departure from the null hypothesis of the McDonald–Kreitman test is quantified by an index named for this adjective. A theory of molecular evolution described by this adjective was developed by Motoo Kimura.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "ethanol [or ethyl alcohol; or EtOH; or C2H6O]", "answer_primary": "ethanol", "clean_answers": [ "C2H6O", "ethanol", "EtOH", "ethyl alcohol" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "McDonald and Kreitman developed their namesake test while studying the gene that codes for alcohol dehydrogenase, which oxidizes this two-carbon alcohol produced during fermentation into acetaldehyde.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Jeju Island [or Jejudo; prompt on Korea or Korean Peninsula]", "answer_primary": "Jeju Island", "clean_answers": [ "Jeju Island", "Jeju", "Jejudo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this geographic location where those religious leaders, known as shimbang, memorize and recite narratives of gods known as bon-puri.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "shamans [accept shamanism; accept mediums; prompt on psychics or seers]", "answer_primary": "shamans", "clean_answers": [ "shamans", "medium", "shaman", "mediums", "shamanism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Those Jejudo practices belong to a broad religious tradition of Korea centered on mu, who are often compared to these people. This generic term is used for religious figures who enter trances to contact the spirit world.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "household [or houses or homes; accept specific places or rooms in houses like kitchens; accept doors to the house; accept Kitchen God]", "answer_primary": "household", "clean_answers": [ "specific places", "house", "Kitchen", "doors to the house", "house kitchen", "houses", "door", "kitchen", "Kitchen God", "rooms in houses like kitchens", "household", "homes", "home" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Jejudo tradition venerates Munshin as the primary god of this domain, which musok traditions believe is protected by Gashin deities. Before the New Year, honey is often smeared on the lips of an effigy of a different god of this domain.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fathers [or dads; accept My Father and Myself or Father and Son; prompt on parents]", "answer_primary": "fathers", "clean_answers": [ "father", "Father", "dad", "Father and Son", "dads", "My Father and Myself", "fathers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Ackerley wrote a 1968 memoir titled for one of these people “and Myself.” One of these people is the first title figure of the best-known memoir by Edmund Gosse.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "E. M. Forster [or Edward Morgan Forster]", "answer_primary": "E. M. Forster", "clean_answers": [ "Forster", "E. M. Forster", "Edward Morgan Forster" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ackerley wrote the travel book Hindoo Holiday after he was secured a passage to India by this other gay author. This was fitting, since this novelist wrote A Passage to India.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dogs [accept My Dog Tulip; accept Alsatian or German Shepherd or fox terrier; accept Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog)]", "answer_primary": "dogs", "clean_answers": [ "fox terrier", "dog", "Dog", "dogs", "My Dog Tulip", "terrier", "German Shepherd", "Alsatian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ackerley’s best-known memoir details the bowel movements and sexual proclivities of Tulip, one of these characters. In a novel by Jerome K. Jerome, three men are accompanied down the Thames by a subtitular character of this type.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Charles Ives’s Symphony No. 3 [or Charles Ives’s Third Symphony; or The Camp Meeting]", "answer_primary": "Charles Ives’s Symphony No. 3", "clean_answers": [ "Charles Ives’s Third Symphony", "The Camp Meeting", "Ives 3", "3", "Ives Third", "Camp Meeting", "Charles Ives’s Symphony No. 3", "Ives", "Third" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this symphony for chamber orchestra depicting the religious gatherings that also inspired its composer’s fourth violin sonata. Fading church bells marked with five p’s end this symphony’s “Communion” finale.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Pulitzer Prize for Music", "answer_primary": "Pulitzer Prize for Music", "clean_answers": [ "Pulitzer", "Pulitzer Prize for Music" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ives grumbled about “badges of mediocrity” after winning this prize for The Camp Meeting. Columbia University awarded William Schuman the first iteration of this prize alongside those for Letters and Drama.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Amy Beach [or Amy Marcy Cheney Beach]", "answer_primary": "Amy Beach", "clean_answers": [ "Beach", "Amy Beach", "Amy Marcy Cheney Beach" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Jonathan Blumhofer declared “the finest symphony by an American composer before Ives” to be this Boston-based composer’s E minor Gaelic Symphony.", "value": 10 } ]