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mgor

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acf-regs25-bonuses

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[ { "answer": "Zipacna", "answer_primary": "Zipacna", "clean_answers": [ "Zipacna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this figure who faked his death by allowing ants to carry clippings of hair and nails out of a hole. After the death of the Four Hundred Boys, this crab-loving demon is tricked into having a mountain dropped on him.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Maya Hero Twins [or Hunahpu AND Xbalanque]", "answer_primary": "Maya Hero Twins", "clean_answers": [ "Hunahpu AND Xbalanque", "Maya Hero Twins", "Hunahpu", "Hero Twins", "Hunahpu Xbalanque", "Xbalanque" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These figures killed Zipacna to avenge the death of the Four Hundred Boys. These two figures avenge the death of their father and uncle by defeating the Lords of Xibalba at the Mayan ball game in the Popol Vuh.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Seven Macaw [or Vucub Caquix; or Wuqub’ Kaqix]", "answer_primary": "Seven Macaw", "clean_answers": [ "Vucub Caquix", "Seven Macaw", "Wuqub’ Kaqix" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This father of Zipacna and Cabrakan pretends to be the sun and moon in one myth. This “self-magnifying” bird demon had his jeweled teeth replaced with corn after one of the Hero Twins shot them with a blowgun.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Christopher Isherwood [or Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood]", "answer_primary": "Christopher Isherwood", "clean_answers": [ "Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood", "Isherwood", "Christopher Isherwood" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this English-born novelist who wrote about the grieving gay professor George in A Single Man. This author’s novel Goodbye to Berlin inspired the musical Cabaret.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mr. Norris [or Arthur Norris; accept Mr. Norris Changes Trains]", "answer_primary": "Mr. Norris", "clean_answers": [ "Mr. Norris Changes Trains", "Arthur", "Arthur Norris", "Mr. Norris", "Norris" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Isherwood created this wig-wearing communist agent who titles a novel often paired with Goodbye to Berlin. In that novel, the detached aesthete William Bradshaw meets this character on a train from Amsterdam.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "James Bond [accept Agent 007]", "answer_primary": "James Bond", "clean_answers": [ "James Bond", "Agent 007", "007", "Bond" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Because he is “ugly, effeminate, and a masochist,” Joshua Glenn characterized Mr. Norris as the “anti-” this character. This staple of espionage fiction is the star of the novels The Spy Who Loved Me and Dr. No.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "silver [or Ag]", "answer_primary": "silver", "clean_answers": [ "Ag", "silver" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this element whose plus-one cation is central in a diamine complex that precipitates out upon acting as an oxidizing agent. This element’s nitrate is used as a test for chloride ions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "carbonyl [accept aldehyde or ketone]", "answer_primary": "carbonyl", "clean_answers": [ "carbonyl", "aldehyde", "ketone" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The formation of a “silver mirror” is a positive result in Tollens’ test, which distinguishes types of this functional group defined by a C–O double bond.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wolff rearrangement [prompt on rearrangement]", "answer_primary": "Wolff rearrangement", "clean_answers": [ "Wolff rearrangement" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Silver(I) catalysts are a common choice for this reaction that starts with a diazoketone. This reaction’s ketene intermediate can undergo a two-plus-two cycloaddition to form a four-membered ring.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gulags [or work camps; or labor camps; or prison camps; or internment camps; accept Soviet or Russian concentration camps or concentration camps in the USSR; prompt on camps or concentration camps by asking “in what country?”; reject “death camps” or “extermination camps”]", "answer_primary": "gulags", "clean_answers": [ "gulag", "internment camp", "labor camps", "work camp", "concentration camp USSR", "concentration camps in the USSR", "USSR", "concentration camp", "Soviet", "prison camp", "Russian concentration camps", "gulags", "work camps", "labor camp", "Russian concentration camp", "prison camps", "internment camps" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The life of poet Oskar Pastior inspired the depiction of teenager Leo Auberg’s time in what sort of place in Herta Müller’s novel The Hunger Angel?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vasily Grossman [or Vasily Semyonovich Grossman]", "answer_primary": "Vasily Grossman", "clean_answers": [ "Grossman", "Vasily Grossman", "Vasily Semyonovich Grossman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This Soviet author of Everything Flows drew on his time as a war correspondent to fictionalize the Eastern Front of World War II in the War and Peace-esque doorstopper Life and Fate.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ivan [or Ivan Denisovich Shukhov; accept One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich or Odin den’ Ivana Denisovicha]", "answer_primary": "Ivan", "clean_answers": [ "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", "Ivan Denisovich Shukhov", "Odin den’ Ivana Denisovicha", "Ivan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The protagonist of Everything Flows has this first name. A gulag provides the setting for an Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn novel that follows “One Day in the Life of” a man with this first name.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Candy Darling [or Candy Darling; accept “Candy Says”]", "answer_primary": "Candy Darling", "clean_answers": [ "Darling", "Candy Darling", "Candy Says", "Candy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Warhol superstar. This trans actress titles a song in which the singer claims that “I’ve come to hate my body / and all that it requires” and plans to “watch the blue birds fly.” Her first or last name is acceptable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Velvet Underground [prompt on The Velvets]", "answer_primary": "The Velvet Underground", "clean_answers": [ "Velvet Underground", "The Velvet Underground" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Candy Says” is by this 1960s band, whose singer Lou Reed also sang about her on “Walk on the Wild Side.” A banana adorns Andy Warhol’s cover art for this band’s debut album, which is titled for them “and Nico.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Lola” (by The Kinks)", "answer_primary": "“Lola”", "clean_answers": [ "Lola" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by The Kinks", "number": 3, "part": "Despite rumors, Ray Davies insisted that this song was not about a date with Candy Darling. This song set at a “club down in old Soho” describes someone who “squeezed me tight” and “nearly broke my spine.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Rayleigh–Jeans law", "answer_primary": "Rayleigh–Jeans law", "clean_answers": [ "Rayleigh–Jeans", "Rayleigh–Jeans law" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this law that predicts a radio spectral index of 2 in the long-wavelength regime. This law can be used to approximate the brightness temperature as inversely proportional to the square of frequency.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Planck’s law", "answer_primary": "Planck’s law", "clean_answers": [ "Planck’s law", "Planck" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The “ultraviolet catastrophe” predicted by the Rayleigh–Jeans law was fixed by this law of blackbody radiation that also demonstrated that the energy emitted by a blackbody is quantized.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kT [or k-sub-B T; or k times T; or k-sub-B times T; or the product of Boltzmann’s constant and temperature; accept one over thermodynamic beta; accept inverse of thermodynamic beta; reject “thermodynamic beta”]", "answer_primary": "kT", "clean_answers": [ "inverse beta", "k-sub-B times T", "beta", "k B T", "temperature", "kT", "B", "Boltzmann’s constant temperature", "k-sub-B T", "k times T", "one over thermodynamic beta", "inverse of thermodynamic beta; reject thermodynamic beta", "k T", "Boltzmann’s constant", "one over beta", "the product of Boltzmann’s constant and temperature", "one over", "T", "k", "inverse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Rayleigh–Jeans law holds when the energy quantum is smaller than this expression. The equipartition theorem states that each degree of freedom contributes one-half of this expression.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fugue", "answer_primary": "fugue", "clean_answers": [ "fugue" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this genre of a one-movement sonata whose theme was legendarily inspired by the cat Pulcinella. The ends of these compositions may use techniques like stretto and diminution.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Scarlatti [accept Domenico Scarlatti or Alessandro Scarlatti]", "answer_primary": "Scarlatti", "clean_answers": [ "Domenico Scarlatti", "Alessandro Scarlatti", "Scarlatti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Cat Fugue is the 30th in a set of 555 keyboard sonatas by a composer with this surname and first name Domenico. His father with this surname was a leading figure of the Neapolitan school of opera.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ralph Kirkpatrick [prompt on K.]", "answer_primary": "Ralph Kirkpatrick", "clean_answers": [ "Kirkpatrick", "Ralph Kirkpatrick" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Cat Fugue is number 30 in a chronological catalog of Scarlatti sonatas named for this Yale musicologist, which largely replaced the more comprehensive Longo numbers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Carl Sandburg [or Carl August Sandburg]", "answer_primary": "Carl Sandburg", "clean_answers": [ "Carl Sandburg", "Sandburg", "Carl August Sandburg" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this historian and poet who wrote the six-volume biography Abraham Lincoln. Those books by this historian inspired Robert Sherwood’s play Abe Lincoln in Illinois.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Seward [or William Henry Seward]", "answer_primary": "William Seward", "clean_answers": [ "William Seward", "William Henry Seward", "Seward" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Sandburg devoted much of The War Years to the congressional plot against this Secretary of State under Lincoln, whose work to purchase Alaska was called his “Folly.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Clement Vallandigham (“vuh-LAN-dig-um”) [or Clement Laird Vallandigham]", "answer_primary": "Clement Vallandigham", "clean_answers": [ "Clement Laird Vallandigham", "Vallandigham", "Clement Vallandigham" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In an Atlantic review, Stephen Vincent Benét cited this politician as one of many “Congressmen, cranks, [and] soldiers” whom Sandburg depicted. The Birchard Letter addressed this politician’s arrest for violating General Order 38.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "baptism [or initial baptism; accept baptismal ceremony; accept word forms like baptizing]", "answer_primary": "baptism", "clean_answers": [ "baptizing", "baptism", "initial baptism", "baptismal ceremony", "word forms like baptizing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this term for the moment of “dubbing” that sets off a “causal chain.” Saul Kripke used this term in Naming and Necessity for the event when a name is first assigned to something and becomes a rigid designator.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "descriptions [accept descriptivism or word forms like describing]", "answer_primary": "descriptions", "clean_answers": [ "describing", "descriptivism", "word forms like describing", "descriptions", "description" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Kripke’s account opposed a prior theory that treats the meaning of a name as equivalent to the set of these phrases. The essay “On Denoting” distinguishes between “definite” and “indefinite” examples of these phrases.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bertrand Russell", "answer_primary": "Bertrand Russell", "clean_answers": [ "Russell", "Bertrand Russell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Cambridge philosopher laid the groundwork for his descriptivist theory of names in “On Denoting.” He also co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Alfred North Whitehead.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Canary Islands [or Canaries; accept Islas Canarias]", "answer_primary": "Canary Islands", "clean_answers": [ "Canarias", "Canary Islands", "Canaries", "Islas Canarias" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this region whose Guanche people were conquered by Castille. The sugar plantation model later introduced to the Caribbean was developed in this region and Portuguese possessions like Madeira.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henry [or Enrique; or Henrique; or Henry III of Castile; or Henry the Suffering; or Enrique el Doliente; or Henry the Navigator; or Dom Henrique, o Navegador]", "answer_primary": "Henry", "clean_answers": [ "Henry the Navigator", "Henry III of Castile", "Henry the Suffering", "Enrique", "Enrique el Doliente", "Henrique", "Henry", "Dom Henrique, o Navegador" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Spanish conquest of the Canaries began under the third king of Castille with this name. Madeira was discovered by explorers sponsored by a Portuguese prince with this name nicknamed the “Navigator.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cochineal [or Dactylopius coccus; accept cochinilla]", "answer_primary": "cochineal", "clean_answers": [ "cochineal", "cochinilla", "Dactylopius coccus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The introduction of these insects revived the Canarian economy after the decline of sugar. Spanish officials recorded Mexican peoples’ harvest of these insects, which produce a red dye later used in British military uniforms.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Discobolus [or The Discus Thrower]", "answer_primary": "Discobolus", "clean_answers": [ "The Discus Thrower", "Discobolus", "Discus Thrower" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this lost sculpture by Myron that depicts its title athlete as he turns to hurl an oblate weight.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Severe style", "answer_primary": "Severe style", "clean_answers": [ "Severe style", "Severe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Myron’s Discobolus has attributes of both the High Classical style and this earlier style. The Kritios Boy is in this transitional Early Classical style characterized by greater naturalism than the preceding Archaic period.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "smile [or word forms like smiling; or laughing or laughter; accept Archaic smile; accept Laughing Buddha or Xiào fú]", "answer_primary": "smile", "clean_answers": [ "Xiào fú", "laughter", "laugh", "laughing", "Xiào", "smiling", "Archaic smile", "smile", "Laughing Buddha", "Laugh", "word forms like smiling" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Severe-style sculptures typically lacked a visual motif named for an “Archaic” form of this feature, which was common on kouroi. The nickname of the fat monk Budai reflects his typical depiction with this feature.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Hadestown [prompt on underworld; reject “Hades”]", "answer_primary": "Hadestown", "clean_answers": [ "Hadestown" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this place where a girl stays to escape the cold in the number “Hey, Little Songbird.” In a musical titled for this place, the number “If It’s True” chronicles attempts to rescue this place’s factory workers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "EPIC: The Musical", "answer_primary": "EPIC: The Musical", "clean_answers": [ "EPIC: The Musical", "EPIC" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Hades doesn’t appear in this musical, although its fifth entry occurs in the Greek underworld. “Wouldn’t You Like” and “Hold Them Down” are among the hits from this series of nine “sagas” by Jorge Rivera-Herrans.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "The Book of Mormon", "answer_primary": "The Book of Mormon", "clean_answers": [ "The Book of Mormon", "Book of Mormon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In this musical, Kevin Price has a “spooky hell dream” involving Genghis Khan and Jeffrey Dahmer. This musical by the co-creators of South Park is titled for a religious text that Price reads to Ugandan villagers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Parkinson’s disease [or PD]", "answer_primary": "Parkinson’s disease", "clean_answers": [ "PD", "Parkinson", "Parkinson’s disease" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this neurodegenerative condition characterized by a shuffling gait, rigidity, and tremors.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "alpha-synuclein [or SCNA; prompt on synuclein]", "answer_primary": "alpha-synuclein", "clean_answers": [ "SCNA", "alpha-synuclein" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Braak suggested that one cause of Parkinson’s is the aggregation of this protein within Lewy bodies, inhibiting the release of dopamine. High accumulation of this protein may also cause multiple system atrophy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "melanin [accept neuromelanin]", "answer_primary": "melanin", "clean_answers": [ "neuromelanin", "melanin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Parkinson’s can be detected using a type of MRI imaging named for this substance. Dopaminergic neuron loss during Parkinson’s occurs in an area of the brain containing a high level of this substance called the substantia nigra.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Scholars [or Rúlín Wàishǐ; accept Unofficial History of the Forest of Scholars]", "answer_primary": "The Scholars", "clean_answers": [ "Rúlín Wàishǐ", "The Scholars", "Scholars", "Unofficial History of the Forest of Scholars" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novel by Wu Jingzi that mocks single-minded takers of the Civil Service Exam.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ming Dynasty [or Dà Míng]", "answer_primary": "Ming Dynasty", "clean_answers": [ "Ming Dynasty", "Dà Míng", "Míng", "Ming" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Though written in a later dynasty, The Scholars is set during this Chinese dynasty. Journey to the West and Romance of the Three Kingdoms were written during the rule of this dynasty.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Water Margin [or Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers or Shui Hu Zhuan]", "answer_primary": "Water Margin", "clean_answers": [ "Outlaws of the Marsh", "All Men Are Brothers", "Shui Hu Zhuan", "Water Margin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In The Scholars, this novel’s opening is parodied when Wang Mien watches stars of the “Scholars” constellation fall to earth. This Ming Dynasty novel follows a group of 108 bandits called the Stars of Destiny.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Mexican National Anthem [or Himno Nacional Mexicano; or Mexihcaletepetlacuicalt; accept “Mexicans, at the cry of war” or “Mexicanos, al grito de guerra” or “Ihcuca yaotl tenochnotzas mexihca”; prompt on national anthem by asking “of which country?”]", "answer_primary": "Mexican National Anthem", "clean_answers": [ "Mexicanos, al grito de guerra", "Mexican National Anthem", "Mexihcaletepetlacuicalt", "Mexicans, at the cry of war", "Himno Nacional Mexicano", "Ihcuca yaotl tenochnotzas mexihca" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this song whose performers often mispronounce its first verse using the nonexistent word “masiosare.” Giovanni Bottesini conducted this song’s first public performance on September 16, 1854.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dolores [or Dolores Hidalgo; or Cry of Dolores; or Grito de Dolores]", "answer_primary": "Dolores", "clean_answers": [ "Cry of Dolores", "Grito de Dolores", "Dolores Hidalgo", "Dolores" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "On the annual eve of Independence Day, the President sings the national anthem after re-enacting Miguel Hidalgo’s bell-ringing in this city, an event known as this city’s namesake “cry.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Antonio López de Santa Anna [or Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón]", "answer_primary": "Antonio López de Santa Anna", "clean_answers": [ "Antonio López de Santa Anna", "Santa Anna" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Mexican president commissioned the lyrics contest. This wooden-legged general won at the Alamo, but lost at San Jacinto against Sam Houston’s Texas revolutionaries.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "William S. Burroughs [or William Seward Burroughs II] (The Soft Machine uses the cut-up technique.)", "answer_primary": "William S. Burroughs", "clean_answers": [ "Burroughs", "William Seward Burroughs II", "William S. Burroughs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The Soft Machine uses the cut-up technique.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novelist of The Western Lands. This author’s thousand-page Word Hoard provided the material for an experimental technique that he incorporated into his novel The Soft Machine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Norman Mailer [or Norman Kingsley Mailer; or Nachem Malech Mailer]", "answer_primary": "Norman Mailer", "clean_answers": [ "Norman Kingsley Mailer", "Nachem Malech Mailer", "Mailer", "Norman Mailer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Western Lands was influenced by this author’s incorporation of The Book of the Dead into his novel Ancient Evenings. This New Journalism author also wrote The Executioner’s Song and The Armies of the Night.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Gibson [or William Ford Gibson]", "answer_primary": "William Gibson", "clean_answers": [ "William Ford Gibson", "Gibson", "William Gibson" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This author used The Book of the Dead to subtitle his self-destructing electronic poem Agrippa. Henry Case and the “razorgirl” Molly Millions appear in this author’s novel Neuromancer.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "WIMPs [or weakly interacting massive particles; accept WIMPzillas; prompt on dark matter]", "answer_primary": "WIMPs", "clean_answers": [ "weakly interacting massive", "WIMPs", "weakly interacting massive particles", "WIMPzillas", "WIMP" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these particles that have interaction cross-sections of less than 10-to-the-negative-5 inverse-square GeV. Supersymmetric extensions readily predict the existence of these particles, called their namesake “miracle.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dark matter halos", "answer_primary": "dark matter halos", "clean_answers": [ "halo", "dark matter halos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "WIMPs are thought to exist in these structures described in simulations by the NFW profile. Simulations of these structures that surround galaxies form “cuspy” density profiles instead of “cores.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cosmic rays", "answer_primary": "cosmic rays", "clean_answers": [ "cosmic rays", "cosmic ray" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Attempts at indirect detection of WIMPs by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer search for these particles. These extrasolar particles propagate near the speed of light and consist primarily of protons and alpha nuclei.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ramdas (“RAHM-doss”) [accept Baba Ram Dass; accept Swami Ramdas; accept Samarth Ramdas]", "answer_primary": "Ramdas ", "clean_answers": [ "Swami Ramdas", "Samarth Ramdas", "Baba Ram Dass", "Ram Dass", "Ramdas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this name also adopted by the author of In Quest of God, the saint Vittal Rao, and the author of a book on spirituality, Be Here Now.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ganesha [or Ganapati; or Vinayaka; or Lambodara; or Pillaiyara]", "answer_primary": "Ganesha", "clean_answers": [ "Ganesha", "Pillaiyar", "Pillaiyara", "Ganesh", "Vinayaka", "Vinayak", "Lambodar", "Ganapati", "Lambodara" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "“Sukhakarta Dukhaharta” is performed during a festival celebrating this god, who is often offered modak as a sweet. This elephant-headed Hindu god is the son of Shiva and Parvati.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "arti [or aarti; or arati]", "answer_primary": "arti", "clean_answers": [ "aarti", "arati", "arti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "“Sukhakarta Dukhaharta” is sung during one of these rituals performed during pujas. These rituals often include singing bhajans while a plate containing a flame is waved in a circle in front of an idol.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "presidency [or presidentialism; or POTUS; accept descriptions like having a president]", "answer_primary": "presidency", "clean_answers": [ "POTUS", "president", "presidentialism", "presidential", "descriptions like having a president", "presidency" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this institution that titles Linz’s essay on their “Perils.” Arthur Schlesinger discussed the “Imperial” form of this institution to describe its holders’ excesses of power.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Parliament [or parliamentary]", "answer_primary": "Parliament", "clean_answers": [ "parliamentary", "Parliament" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Linz argues that presidentialism is weak when there exists a “dual” form of legitimacy with a democratic system known by this term. In England, this term refers to a body consisting of the Houses of Lords and Commons.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Richard Neustadt [or Richard Elliott Neustadt]", "answer_primary": "Richard Neustadt", "clean_answers": [ "Richard Neustadt", "Neustadt", "Richard Elliott Neustadt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This political scientist argued that the role of the presidency is “merely the power to persuade” in his book Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "dawn raids", "answer_primary": "dawn raids", "clean_answers": [ "dawn raids", "dawn raid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these actions that began under Norman Kirk’s government in the 1970s. These actions disproportionately targeted Pasifika migrants who were purported to have been illegal overstayers.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "panthers [accept Polynesian Panthers or Black Panthers]", "answer_primary": "panthers", "clean_answers": [ "Panther", "panther", "panthers", "Black Panthers", "Polynesian Panthers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A “Polynesian” movement named for these animals organised “counter-raids” to the dawn raids. That movement was influenced by a Black Power movement named for these animals founded in Oakland, California.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Robert Muldoon [or Robert David Muldoon]", "answer_primary": "Robert Muldoon", "clean_answers": [ "Robert Muldoon", "Muldoon", "Robert David Muldoon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In 2021, Jacinda Ardern issued a “formal and unreserved apology” for the dawn raids, which had continued into the late 1970s under this New Zealand politician. This prime minister promoted the Think Big economic strategy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "koans [or gong’an; or hwadu; prompt on lessons or parables]", "answer_primary": "koans", "clean_answers": [ "koans", "gong’an", "hwadu", "koan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these texts collected in The Gateless Gate. “What is the sound of one hand clapping?” is an example of these short dialogues popular in Zen Buddhism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Diamond Sutra [or Vajra Sutra; or Vajracchedika Sutra; or Vajra Cutter Sutra]", "answer_primary": "Diamond Sutra", "clean_answers": [ "Vajra Cutter Sutra", "Diamond", "Vajra", "Vajracchedika Sutra", "Diamond Sutra", "Vajra Sutra" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A koan from the Book of Equanimity simply consists of a quote from this text about being “despised” by “the people of this world.” This text consists of a dialogue between Buddha and his disciple Subhūti about how reality is illusory.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dharmakaya [or dhammakaya; or fashen; or hosshin; or the dharma body; accept the truth body or reality body; prompt on bodies; prompt on dharma; prompt on the trikaya]", "answer_primary": "dharmakaya", "clean_answers": [ "dharma body", "hosshin", "dharmakaya", "reality body", "the truth body", "dhammakaya", "fashen", "the dharma body", "truth body" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another koan from the Book of Equanimity, Sozan compares this concept to “a well looking at a donkey.” Sodh Candasaro founded a Thai tradition named for this concept, which is grouped with two other aspects of being that are named for sambhoga and nirmana.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "space stations [or research stations in space; accept spaceships; accept International Space Station or ISS; accept Solaris Station; prompt on research stations or research facilities]", "answer_primary": "space stations", "clean_answers": [ "space", "station space", "ISS", "Solaris Station", "space station", "spaceships", "International Space Station", "station", "spaceship", "Space Station", "space stations", "research stations in space" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this sort of place where the psychologist Kris Kelvin is visited by a copy of his dead wife sent by a sentient ocean. That novel set in this sort of place is Solaris by Stanisław Lem.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mars [accept The Man from Mars or The Martian Chronicles]", "answer_primary": "Mars", "clean_answers": [ "Martian", "The Martian Chronicles", "Mars", "The Man from Mars" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lem also explored alien contact in a novel titled The Man from [this planet]. This planet is the setting of a Ray Bradbury novel titled for its “Chronicles.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ijon Tichy (“EE-yohn TEE-hee”) [or Ijon Tichy]", "answer_primary": "Ijon Tichy", "clean_answers": [ "Ijon", "Tichy", "Ijon Tichy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Lem wrote more lighthearted stories of space travel in his series The Star Diaries, which features the adventures of this recurring Lem character, who also appears in the novel The Futurological Congress.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "integrability [or integrable; accept complete integrability]", "answer_primary": "integrability", "clean_answers": [ "complete integrability", "integrable", "integrability" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this property of dynamical systems that have as many constants of motion as degrees of freedom, thus preventing chaotic orbits. Systems with this property, as their name implies, tend to be solvable analytically using quadratures.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "KdV equation [or Korteweg–De Vries equation]", "answer_primary": "KdV equation", "clean_answers": [ "KdV equation", "Korteweg–De Vries equation", "KdV", "Korteweg–De Vries" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lax pairs were introduced to solve this standard integrable PDE. This equation is the continuum limit of the Fermi–Pasta–Ulam problem and can be solved analytically using a squared hyperbolic secant function.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "scattering [accept inverse scattering transform; accept Rayleigh scattering or Compton scattering]", "answer_primary": "scattering", "clean_answers": [ "Rayleigh scattering", "inverse scattering transform", "scattering", "scatter", "Compton scattering" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The KdV equation is solved by applying an “inverse transform” named for this process, which is also the basis for solving the Lax equation. Classical examples of this process include ones named for Rayleigh and Compton.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Craters of the Moon [or Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve]", "answer_primary": "Craters of the Moon", "clean_answers": [ "Craters of the Moon", "Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this national monument that contains the deepest open rift crack in the world. This monument, which contains many spatter cones formed by volcanic activity, is a designated Dark Sky Park.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mount Shasta [accept Waka-nunee-Tuki-wuki or Uytaahkoo]", "answer_primary": "Mount Shasta", "clean_answers": [ "Waka-nunee-Tuki-wuki", "Mount Shasta", "Uytaahkoo", "Shasta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Another important volcanic site in the US is this mountain in California’s far north. The Klamath believe this mountain is home to the Spirit of the Above World, while others believe it is home to a hidden city of Lemurians.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mauna Kea [accept Mauna a Wakea]", "answer_primary": "Mauna Kea", "clean_answers": [ "Mauna a Wakea", "Mauna Kea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This US volcano, whose summit is the highest point in Hawaii, is just 38 meters higher than its larger neighbor Mauna Loa.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Vestal Virgins [or Vestālēs or Vestālis; accept priestesses of Vesta]", "answer_primary": "Vestal Virgins", "clean_answers": [ "priestesses of Vesta", "Vestal Virgins", "Vestal Virgin", "Vestālis", "Vesta", "Vestālēs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these priestesses who tended a sacred hearth in Rome.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Claudian [or Claudius Claudianus; prompt on Claudius]", "answer_primary": "Claudian", "clean_answers": [ "Claudian", "Claudius Claudianus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This panegyrist at Honorius’s court praised Stilicho as “surpassing all the candidates of the whole world” to be wedded to Serena. This poet’s other works include accounts of the war against Gildo and Stilicho’s Gothic war against Alaric.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Theodosius I [or Theodosius the Great; prompt on Theodosius]", "answer_primary": "Theodosius I", "clean_answers": [ "Theodosius Great", "Great", "Theodosius", "Theodosius the Great", "Theodosius I" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Historians have questioned Claudian’s claim that this emperor chose Stilicho as Serena’s husband for his military capability, arguing instead that Serena chose him herself. The temple of Vesta was closed due to this emperor’s persecution of pagans in the 390s CE.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Donald Rubin [or Donald Bruce Rubin]", "answer_primary": "Donald Rubin", "clean_answers": [ "Rubin", "Donald Bruce Rubin", "Donald Rubin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Harvard statistician whose causal model uses Jerzy Neyman’s potential outcomes framework and a probabilistic assignment mechanism to estimate missing counterfactuals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "instrumental variables [or IV]", "answer_primary": "instrumental variables", "clean_answers": [ "instrumental", "IV", "instrumental variables" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "When non-compliers exist, these variables can be used to estimate causal relationships. These variables must be correlated with endogenous explanatory variables and are subject to the exclusion restriction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sampling [accept stratified sampling]", "answer_primary": "sampling", "clean_answers": [ "sampling", "stratified sampling" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Non-compliance can necessitate adjusting for post-treatment covariates by using the stratified form of this technique. This technique involves selecting individuals at random from a population.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "body snatching [accept equivalents like stealing corpses or digging up bodies; or cadaver research; prompt on grave robbing or stealing by asking “what objects were stolen?”]", "answer_primary": "body snatching", "clean_answers": [ "bodies", "dig", "cadaver", "steal", "equivalents like stealing corpses", "body snatching", "dig up bodies", "digging up bodies", "up", "cadaver research", "corpse", "steal corpse" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this practice that inspired the passage of “bone bills” in several states, as introduced by the president of the American Chemical Society, John William Draper.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Harrison [accept John Scott Harrison; accept Benjamin Harrison]", "answer_primary": "Harrison", "clean_answers": [ "Benjamin Harrison", "John Scott Harrison", "Harrison" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In 1878, the body of an Ohio congressman with this surname was snatched by a medical school. A senator with this surname failed to become Indiana’s governor in 1876, partly because he wore gloves to protect against infection.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Harpers Ferry", "answer_primary": "Harpers Ferry", "clean_answers": [ "Harpers Ferry" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Legislation was passed allowing schools such as the Winchester Medical School to use the cadavers of executed criminals, though it was burned down after John Brown raided this federal armory in Virginia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "power series [accept formal series; prompt on infinite summation]", "answer_primary": "power series", "clean_answers": [ "formal series", "power series", "series" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The p-adic numbers can be formally defined as one of these constructs expressed using a rational times all powers of p. Taylor and Maclaurin name examples of these expansions used to represent smooth functions.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cauchy (“KO-shee”) sequences", "answer_primary": "Cauchy sequences", "clean_answers": [ "Cauchy sequences", "Cauchy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Under the p-adic norm, the p-adics are a completion of the rationals, meaning that each of these sequences converges to a limit in the set. In one of these sequences, all terms past a certain point become arbitrarily close.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Richard Dedekind [accept Dedekind domain or Dedekind cut]", "answer_primary": "Richard Dedekind", "clean_answers": [ "Dedekind", "Dedekind domain", "Dedekind cut", "Richard Dedekind" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "To obtain other completions in the field of fractions, one can localize a type of integral domain named for this mathematician. A construction named for this mathematician partitions the rationals into “left” and “right” sets.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Richard Nixon [or Richard Milhous Nixon; accept Nixon in China]", "answer_primary": "Richard Nixon", "clean_answers": [ "Richard Nixon", "Nixon", "Nixon in China", "Richard Milhous Nixon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This politician and his wife watch the ballet The Red Detachment of Women in a John Adams opera that fictionalizes his 1972 visit to China.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sailors [accept Russian sailors’ dance or “Dance of the Sailors from the Soviet Ship”; accept Sailor’s Hornpipe; accept mariners]", "answer_primary": "sailors", "clean_answers": [ "Dance of the Sailors from the Soviet Ship", "sailor", "Sailor’s Hornpipe", "mariners", "Sailor", "Russian sailors’ dance", "sailors", "mariner" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Reinhold Glière’s ballet The Red Poppy popularized the yablochko, or “little apple,” a Russian folk dance associated with people of this profession. In the UK, people of this profession often performed the hornpipe dance.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Matthew Bourne [or Matthew Christopher Bourne]", "answer_primary": "Matthew Bourne", "clean_answers": [ "Matthew Bourne", "Matthew Christopher Bourne", "Bourne" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This choreographer used Bernard Herrmann’s film scores for the music of a ballet adaptation of the Powell and Pressburger film The Red Shoes. Male dancers play the swans in this choreographer’s version of Swan Lake.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Xhosa (“KAW-suh”) [or isiXhosa]", "answer_primary": "Xhosa", "clean_answers": [ "Xhosa", "isiXhosa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Bantu Nguni language of South Africa related to Swazi, Ndebele, and Zulu. This language’s oral poets of the izibongo tradition make use of click consonants represented by the letters C, X, and Q.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "praise poetry [accept praise singing]", "answer_primary": "praise poetry", "clean_answers": [ "praise", "praise poetry", "praise singing" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Scholarship on Xhosa izibongo poetry uses this English term to describe its genre. Yoruban oríkì and Shona nhétémbo belong to this broad African tradition that involves using lists of compound epithets to highlight a person, animal, or object.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Shaka [or Shaka Zulu; or Tshaka; or Chaka; or Shaka kaSenzangakhona; accept Emperor Shaka the Great]", "answer_primary": "Shaka", "clean_answers": [ "Shaka Zulu", "Tshaka", "Shaka", "Chaka", "Shaka kaSenzangakhona", "Emperor Shaka the Great" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An izibongo praise poem about this person describes how he “raged among the large kraals.” This person is the subject of an oral epic translated by Mazisi Kunene and a novel by Thomas Mofolo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kenya [or Republic of Kenya; or Jamhuri ya Kenya; accept British Kenya]", "answer_primary": "Kenya", "clean_answers": [ "British Kenya", "Jamhuri ya Kenya", "Republic of Kenya", "Kenya" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country whose Kikuyu people’s religious beliefs were analyzed in an anthropological study by its future president, Jomo Kenyatta.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Maji Maji Rebellion [or Maji Maji Aufstand; or Vita Vya Maji Maji]", "answer_primary": "Maji Maji Rebellion", "clean_answers": [ "Vita Vya Maji Maji", "Maji Maji Aufstand", "Maji Maji", "Maji Maji Rebellion" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The spirit medium Bokero claimed that he was possessed by the snake spirit Hongo, who urged him to lead this rebellion in German East Africa named for its followers’ belief in a mixture that turned bullets into water.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Yoweri Museveni [or Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa]", "answer_primary": "Yoweri Museveni", "clean_answers": [ "Yoweri Museveni", "Museveni", "Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Alice Auma claimed to be possessed by the spirit Lakwena and that her followers could turn bullets into water while leading the Holy Spirit Movement against this leader. This leader immediately violated the Nairobi Agreement by overthrowing Tito Okello.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Patriotic Gore", "answer_primary": "Patriotic Gore", "clean_answers": [ "Patriotic Gore" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this book that includes chapters analyzing the diaries of Kate Stone and Mary Chesnut. This 1962 book of literary criticism also examines Miss Ravenel’s Conversion by J. W. de Forest.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Civil War [or American Civil War]", "answer_primary": "Civil War", "clean_answers": [ "American Civil War", "Civil War" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Edmund Wilson’s book Patriotic Gore explores the literature of this conflict, such as Leaves of Grass and Uncle Tom’s Cabin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Great American Novel [or GAN; accept “Great American Novelist”]", "answer_primary": "Great American Novel", "clean_answers": [ "Great American Novelist", "Great American Novel", "GAN" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the chapter on Miss Ravenel’s Conversion, Wilson also discusses de Forest’s essay in The Nation, in which he coined this term. A controversial Time magazine cover associated Jonathan Franzen with this concept.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "X-ray crystallography [or X-ray diffraction or XRD]", "answer_primary": "X-ray crystallography", "clean_answers": [ "XRD", "X-ray diffraction", "X-ray crystallography" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this technique that uses low-wavelength light to probe lattice structures. Rosalind Franklin used this technique to determine the structure of DNA.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "resolution [accept angular resolution; accept resolving power; prompt on angle]", "answer_primary": "resolution", "clean_answers": [ "resolving power", "resolution", "angular resolution" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "X-ray crystallography is limited in scale by the diffraction limit for this quantity usually measured in angstroms. A coefficient of 1.22 appears in the Rayleigh criterion for this quantity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "R-factor [or R-value; accept R-free; accept discrepancy index]", "answer_primary": "R-factor", "clean_answers": [ "R-value", "R-free", "R", "R-factor", "discrepancy index" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Molecular modelling using X-ray crystallography uses this quantity defined by summing differences in structure factors over all reflections. A “free” form of this quantity is usually one tenth the resolution.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "kabuki actors [or actresses; accept onnagatas or oyamas]", "answer_primary": "kabuki actors", "clean_answers": [ "oyamas", "actresses", "onnagatas", "actress", "actor", "kabuki actors", "oyama", "onnagata" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these people who were the focus of prints called yakusha-e. The Torii school specialized in depictions of these people, who were the most popular subjects of ukiyo-e prints alongside bijin, or “beauties.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Utagawa [accept Utagawa school; accept Utagawa Kuniyoshi or Utagawa Hiroshige]", "answer_primary": "Utagawa", "clean_answers": [ "Utagawa Kuniyoshi", "Utagawa school", "Utagawa Hiroshige", "Utagawa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Toyokuni I pivoted a school named for this surname to focus on actor prints after the death of its founder, Toyoharu. This surname was taken by the artist Kuniyoshi and the artist of The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Mount Fuji [or Fugaku or Fuji-san]", "answer_primary": "Mount Fuji", "clean_answers": [ "Fugaku", "Fuji", "Mount Fuji", "Fuji-san" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Hiroshige, who made actor prints as a young member of the Utagawa school, later shifted to landscapes like his “Thirty-six Views of” this landmark. Hokusai’s series of the same name includes The Great Wave off Kanagawa.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Great Flood [or deluge]", "answer_primary": "Great Flood", "clean_answers": [ "Flood", "Great Flood", "deluge" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this event that flattened the earth and turned humans into clay. In his namesake epic, Gilgamesh asks for the secret to immortality from a man who survived this event named Utnapishtim, which inspired a story in Genesis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Atra-Hasis", "answer_primary": "Atra-Hasis", "clean_answers": [ "Atra-Hasis" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The flood myth in the Epic of Gilgamesh is likely derived from the story of this earlier epic’s title character. This epic begins with minor gods rebelling because they are tired of digging ditches, so they kill Geshtu and use his blood to create humanity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Enki [or Ea]", "answer_primary": "Enki", "clean_answers": [ "Enki", "Ea" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This god warned Atra-Hasis about the flood, and suggested killing Geshtu to create humanity. This water god, who was worshipped in the Abzu temple, is the consort of Ninhursag.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "sphingomyelin AND lecithin (“LESS-uh-thin”) [accept lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio; prompt on L/S ratio; prompt on partial answers; reject “myelin”]", "answer_primary": "sphingomyelin AND lecithin", "clean_answers": [ "lecithin–sphingomyelin ratio", "lecithin sphingomyelin", "sphingomyelin lecithin", "sphingomyelin AND lecithin", "sphingomyelin", "lecithin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two compounds. One of these compounds is found in the lipid that surrounds nerve cell axons, and the other is a type of amphiphilic yellow-brown fatty substance found in animal tissue.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "amniotic fluid [accept amniotic sac]", "answer_primary": "amniotic fluid", "clean_answers": [ "amniotic", "amniotic sac", "amniotic fluid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio is tested using this substance. This liquid fills the “sac” around a fetus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "villi [accept microvilli; accept chorionic villus sampling]", "answer_primary": "villi", "clean_answers": [ "microvilli", "villi", "villus", "chorionic villus sampling" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The centesis of amniotic fluid to test genetic material is usually safer than a “chorionic sampling” procedure named for these structures. These structures can atrophy from inflammation due to conditions like celiac disease.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Berlin [accept West Berlin; accept Berlin Philharmonic or Berlin Philharmoniker or Staatskapelle Berlin]", "answer_primary": "Berlin", "clean_answers": [ "Berlin Philharmonic", "Staatskapelle Berlin", "Berlin Philharmoniker", "West Berlin", "Berlin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this capital city whose philharmonic orchestra was briefly led by Leo Borchard before he was shot by American occupiers after its conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler fled from Gestapo arrest.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Sergiu Celibidache (“CHELL-ee-bee-DAH-kay”)", "answer_primary": "Sergiu Celibidache", "clean_answers": [ "Sergiu Celibidache", "Celibidache" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Borchard was replaced by this conductor, a pupil of Furtwängler. The Berlin Philharmonic’s election of Herbert von Karajan so angered this Romanian conductor that he did not return to the orchestra for nearly 50 years.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "radio network [or radio network or broadcasting network or public broadcaster; accept radio station; accept radio symphony; accept TV network; prompt on NBC or National Broadcasting Corporation or Hessischer Rundfunk by asking “what kind of business is that?”; prompt on media company] (Toscanini founded the NBC Symphony Orchestra.)", "answer_primary": "radio network", "clean_answers": [ "public broadcaster", "radio network", "radio station", "TV network", "radio symphony", "network", "broadcasting network", "broadcast", "radio", "TV" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Toscanini founded the NBC Symphony Orchestra.", "number": 3, "part": "Arturo Toscanini, who founded an early orchestra operated by one of these companies, criticized Wilhelm Furtwängler for his perceived Nazi association. Frankfurt’s hr-Sinfonieorchester is named for its management by one of these companies.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Licensing of the Press [accept Licensing Order of 1643 or Licensing of the Press Act of 1662]", "answer_primary": "Licensing of the Press", "clean_answers": [ "Licensing of the Press", "Licensing of the Press Act of 1662", "Licensing", "Licensing Order of 1643" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process, which also titles a 1662 Act that gave censorship powers to the royalist Roger L’Estrange. A 1737 Act named for this process granted control over it to the Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Star Chamber [or Camera stellata]", "answer_primary": "Star Chamber", "clean_answers": [ "Star Chamber", "Camera stellata" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Licensing Act reassigned the censoring of the press previously handled by this court of royal advisors, which was abolished in 1641. This court was named for the gold decorations on its otherwise blue ceiling.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "James [or James VI and I; or James Francis Edward Stuart]", "answer_primary": "James", "clean_answers": [ "James Francis Edward Stuart", "James VI and I", "James" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Star Chamber was briefly revived by the second Stuart king with this name, who was overthrown by the Glorious Revolution. Scotland and England were first united under an earlier Stuart king with this name.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "disclosure [accept word forms like disclosedness; accept Erschlossenheit; accept Dasein Disclosed]", "answer_primary": "disclosure", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like disclosedness", "Dasein Disclosed", "Disclosed", "Erschlossenheit", "disclosed", "disclosure" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Heidegger’s notion by which the meaning of things “opens up” in their context is typically translated as a “world” form of what process? Nikolas Kompridis drew on Heidegger to theorize this process’s “reflective” form.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Being and Time [or Sein und Zeit]", "answer_primary": "Being and Time", "clean_answers": [ "Sein und Zeit", "Being and Time" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The claim that “every disclosure of being as the transcendens is transcendental knowledge” appears in this 1927 book considered Heidegger’s magnum opus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jürgen Habermas", "answer_primary": "Jürgen Habermas", "clean_answers": [ "Jürgen Habermas", "Habermas" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This philosopher attacked Heidegger’s “world disclosure” as devaluing reason in The Philosophical Discourses of Modernity. This member of the Frankfurt School theorized communicative rationality with Karl-Otto Apel.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Klara and the Sun", "answer_primary": "Klara and the Sun", "clean_answers": [ "Klara and the Sun" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novel whose title character serves as an Artificial Friend to the sickly child Rosie and sabotages a construction machine.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Kazuo Ishiguro", "answer_primary": "Kazuo Ishiguro", "clean_answers": [ "Kazuo Ishiguro", "Ishiguro" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Klara and the Sun is by this Japanese-British author, whose other science fiction and fantasy novels include The Buried Giant and Never Let Me Go.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Olaf Stapledon [or William Olaf Stapledon]", "answer_primary": "Olaf Stapledon", "clean_answers": [ "Stapledon", "Olaf Stapledon", "William Olaf Stapledon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The plot of Klara and the Sun is paralleled by this author’s 1944 novel Sirius, in which a hyper-intelligent dog becomes the companion of the girl Plaxy. This British sci-fi novelist explored evolution over long time scales in Starmaker and Last and First Men.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "well-made play [or pièce bien faite]", "answer_primary": "well-made play", "clean_answers": [ "well-made", "well-made play", "bien faite", "pièce bien faite" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this formulaic 19th-century dramatic genre developed by Eugène Scribe and popularized by Victorien Sardou.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Henrik Ibsen [or Henrik Johan Ibsen; accept “The Quintessence of Ibsenism”]", "answer_primary": "Henrik Ibsen", "clean_answers": [ "Henrik Johan Ibsen", "Henrik Ibsen", "Ibsen", "The Quintessence of Ibsenism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "George Bernard Shaw criticized the well-made play in an essay titled for the “quintessence” of this author, which laments that his play A Doll’s House may be acted as a “melodrama or farcical comedy.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dumas [accept Alexandre Dumas fils or Alexandre Dumas père]", "answer_primary": "Dumas", "clean_answers": [ "Dumas", "Alexandre Dumas fils", "Alexandre Dumas père" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "An author with this surname adapted his didactic novel The Lady of the Camellias as a well-made play. Another author with this surname drew on his African ancestry in the novel Georges.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Charon [or (134340) Pluto I; reject “Pluto”]", "answer_primary": "Charon", "clean_answers": [ "Charon", "(134340) Pluto I; reject Pluto", "(134340) Pluto I" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this object that James Christy discovered from observing a time-varying bulge at the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station. This astronomical object contains the Kubrick Mons.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "New Horizons", "answer_primary": "New Horizons", "clean_answers": [ "New Horizons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Charon and the other moons of Pluto were first imaged by this probe that contains the Ralph instrument. This probe launched in 2006 is expected to exit the Kuiper Belt in 2029.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "albedo", "answer_primary": "albedo", "clean_answers": [ "albedo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The LEISA instrument aboard New Horizons determined that Pluto’s value of this quantity was due to surface ice. Enceladus has the highest value of this quantity in the solar system since its surface reflects nearly all light.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "ravens [or crows or corvids]", "answer_primary": "ravens", "clean_answers": [ "crows", "crow", "corvids", "corvid", "ravens", "raven" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this type of bird said to portend the downfall of England if removed from the Tower of London. Huginn and Muninn are two of these birds that give information to Odin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "cattle raids [accept Cattle Raid of Cooley or Táin Bó Cúailnge; accept answers of stealing or theft of cows or cattle; prompt on raids or theft or stealing by asking “of what?”; prompt on invasions by asking “for what purpose?”]", "answer_primary": "cattle raids", "clean_answers": [ "cattle raids", "theft", "Cattle Raid of Cooley", "stealing", "cattle", "cow", "Táin", "answers of stealing", "theft cow", "Táin Bó Cúailnge", "Cattle Raid", "theft of cows", "cattle raid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Before one of these events, a goddess appeared to Donn Cuailnge in the form of a raven. Before one of these events, a pregnant woman who is forced to run a race against horses curses nearby men to suffer labor pains during their time of greatest need.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fidchell (“FID-kell”) [or fidhcheall or fidceall or fithchill or gwyddbwyll]", "answer_primary": "fidchell", "clean_answers": [ "fidhcheall", "gwyddbwyll", "fithchill", "fidceall", "fidchell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the Mabinogion, a group of ravens and soldiers take turns attacking each other while Owain and King Arthur play this game. In another myth, Midir wins an embrace and a kiss from Étaín after repeatedly losing to Eochaid in this chess-like game.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Finland [or Suomi; or Republic of Finland; or Suomen tasavalta; accept Republiken Finland] (“Hare Island” is Zayachy Island. The priest is Mikael Agricola.)", "answer_primary": "Finland", "clean_answers": [ "Suomen tasavalta", "Suomen", "Republic of Finland", "Suomi", "Finland", "Republiken Finland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "“Hare Island” is Zayachy Island. The priest is Mikael Agricola.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this modern-day country where peasants rebelled over the costs of quartering armies in the Cudgel War. The Abc-kiria and Se Wsi Testamenti were published by a priest from this modern-day country.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vasa [or Wasa; or House of Vasa; or Vasaätten; or Wazowie; or Vazos]", "answer_primary": "Vasa", "clean_answers": [ "Vazos", "Wasa", "Wazowie", "Vasa", "Vasaätten", "House of Vasa" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The Protestant Reformation began in Finland under the rule of Gustav, the founder of Helsinki and first ruler of this Swedish dynasty. Gustavus Adolphus was a king of this dynasty.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Age of Liberty [accept frihetstiden or frihet; accept vapauden aika or vapautta]", "answer_primary": "Age of Liberty", "clean_answers": [ "frihetstiden", "Age of Liberty", "vapautta", "vapauden", "frihet", "vapauden aika", "Liberty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Finnish became an official language of administration during an “Age of” this concept in Sweden. That era named for this concept saw increased parliamentary power after the Great Northern War.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "diastereomers [or diastereoisomers; prompt on stereoisomers; reject “enantiomers”]", "answer_primary": "diastereomers", "clean_answers": [ "diastereomers", "diastereomer", "diastereoisomers", "diastereoisomer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these organic compounds that have multiple chiral centers, but unlike meso compounds, are not superimposable on their mirror images.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sugars [or saccharides]", "answer_primary": "sugars", "clean_answers": [ "saccharides", "saccharide", "sugar", "sugars" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The diastereomer nomenclature terms “threo” and “erythro” come from examples of these compounds called threose and erythrose. Dextrose is an alternate name for right-handed glucose, which is one of these biomolecules.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "asymmetric induction", "answer_primary": "asymmetric induction", "clean_answers": [ "induction", "asymmetric induction" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Diastereoselective reactions are governed by this phenomenon, observed in chiral ketones by Donald Cram. Nguyễn Trọng Anh incorporated the Burgi–Dunitz angle to Hugh Felkin’s model of this phenomenon.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kwame Nkrumah (“en-KROO-mah”) [or Francis Kwame Nkrumah; accept Nkrumaism]", "answer_primary": "Kwame Nkrumah", "clean_answers": [ "Kwame Nkrumah", "Francis Kwame Nkrumah", "Nkrumah", "Nkruma", "Nkrumaism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this politician and thinker who developed, and sometimes names, a scientific socialist philosophy called Consciencism.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "decolonization [or word forms like decolonizing; accept Decolonising the Mind (by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o)]", "answer_primary": "decolonization", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like decolonizing", "decolonizing", "Decolonising", "decolonization", "Decolonising the Mind (by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Nkrumah described Consciencism as a “Philosophy and Ideology for” this process, whose “conceptual” form was coined by Kwasi Wiredu. An essay titled for this process advocates the Kikuyu language and calls English a “cultural bomb.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "equality [accept egalitarianism]", "answer_primary": "equality", "clean_answers": [ "egalitarian", "equality", "equal", "egalitarianism" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Nkrumah described Consciencism as drawing on African roots of targeting this broad status, which he contrasted with oligarchy. Advocates of this status debate whether it should be “of outcome” or “of opportunity.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Cairo", "answer_primary": "Cairo", "clean_answers": [ "Cairo" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this city where Alifa Rifaat set the story “Distant View of a Minaret.” Jackie Kennedy edited the English translation of Palace Walk, a novel in a 1950s trilogy set in this capital city by Naguib Mahfouz.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "djinn [or genies; or jinni] (The story is the second story in One Thousand and One Nights.)", "answer_primary": "djinn", "clean_answers": [ "genies", "djinn", "genie", "jinni" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The story is the second story in One Thousand and One Nights.", "number": 2, "part": "Rifaat’s story “My World of the Unknown” depicts a woman’s affair with a female one of these characters. In another story, one of these characters goes to a pool with talking fish after learning that Solomon has been dead for centuries.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nawal El Saadawi", "answer_primary": "Nawal El Saadawi", "clean_answers": [ "Nawal El Saadawi", "Saadawi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Egyptian physician-turned-author wrote the anti-FGM tract Women and Sex and fictionalized her own imprisonment in the 1975 novel Woman at Point Zero.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "War Requiem, Op. 66", "answer_primary": "War Requiem, Op. 66", "clean_answers": [ "War Requiem, Op. 66", "War Requiem" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this work whose premiere at the reconstructed cathedral launched a tradition of using a second conductor to manage the chamber orchestra. The text of this piece interweaves nine poems by Wilfred Owen.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Benjamin Britten [or Edward Benjamin Britten]", "answer_primary": "Benjamin Britten", "clean_answers": [ "Benjamin Britten", "Edward Benjamin Britten", "Britten" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This English composer of the War Requiem also collected a set of Four Sea Interludes from his opera Peter Grimes.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "boys’ choir [accept children’s choir or treble choir; accept chorus in place of “choir”; prompt on choir or chorus; reject “male choir” or “male chorus”]", "answer_primary": "boys’ choir", "clean_answers": [ "chorus in place of choir", "boys’ choir", "children’s choir", "treble choir", "chorus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In the War Requiem, this kind of ensemble performs from offstage accompanied by a portable organ. Britten’s Missa brevis is scored for this ensemble and organ.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ed Davey [or Sir Edward Jonathan Davey]", "answer_primary": "Ed Davey", "clean_answers": [ "Sir Edward Jonathan Davey", "Ed Davey", "Davey" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this party leader whose campaign stunts included using a waterslide and bungee jumping. Those stunts may have helped this leader’s party win 72 seats in July, the best result for a third party in his country since 1923.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Liberal Democrats UK [or Lib Dems]", "answer_primary": "Liberal Democrats UK", "clean_answers": [ "Liberal Democrat", "Lib Dem", "Liberal Democrats UK", "Lib Dems" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Ed Davey is currently the leader of this political party and contributed to the Orange Book, an essay collection that also featured a chapter from this party’s earlier leader Nick Clegg.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Keir Starmer", "answer_primary": "Keir Starmer", "clean_answers": [ "Keir Starmer", "Starmer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Lib Dems’ 72 seats still were dwarfed by the majority won by this British Labour leader, who became Prime Minister after the election despite his party only winning a third of the popular vote.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Culpeper’s Rebellion", "answer_primary": "Culpeper’s Rebellion", "clean_answers": [ "Culpeper’s Rebellion", "Culpeper" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 1677 rebellion in the Albemarle region, in which settlers overthrew the colonial government in protest of the enforcement of the Navigation Acts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "North Carolina [or NC]", "answer_primary": "North Carolina", "clean_answers": [ "North Carolina", "NC" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "John Culpeper opposed the Lords Proprietor in what would later become this state, where Virginia Dare was born in Roanoke.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "George Fox", "answer_primary": "George Fox", "clean_answers": [ "George Fox", "Fox" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Religious strife during the rebellion was partly sparked by this religious leader’s visit to the Albemarle Settlements. This author of “Something Further Concerning Silent Meetings” founded Quakerism.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "universities [or colleges; accept University Wits; prompt on schools or educational institutions]", "answer_primary": "universities", "clean_answers": [ "University Wits", "University", "colleges", "universities", "college" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these venues where comedies like Gammer Gurton’s Needle were staged before James Burbage built the first English playhouse. Robert Greene and Thomas Lodge belonged to a group of playwrights known as these places’ “wits.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Christopher Marlowe [or Kit Marlowe]", "answer_primary": "Christopher Marlowe", "clean_answers": [ "Marlowe", "Christopher Marlowe", "Kit Marlowe" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This University Wit found greater success on the professional London stage with his so-called “mighty line” of blank verse, which this author employed in plays like Tamburlaine and Doctor Faustus.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ralph Roister Doister", "answer_primary": "Ralph Roister Doister", "clean_answers": [ "Ralph Roister Doister" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The most enduring University comedy was this circa 1553 play by Nicholas Udall, in which Dame Christian Custance is pestered by the boastful title character while betrothed to the straightlaced Gavin Goodluck.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Kofun period [or Kofun jidai; prompt on Yamato until read]", "answer_primary": "Kofun period", "clean_answers": [ "Kofun period", "Kofun jidai", "Kofun" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this period in which many Imaki no Tehito, or “Recently Arrived Skilled Artisans,” began bringing technologies to Japan. This earlier part of the Yamato period is named for a type of megalithic tomb.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "iron [or tetsu or tiě; accept Iron Age; reject “steel”]", "answer_primary": "iron", "clean_answers": [ "Iron Age; reject steel", "tiě", "iron", "tetsu", "Iron" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "After Goguryeo sacked a site in 400 AD, Yamato elites relied on the Toraijin, immigrants to Yamato Japan, for this metal used in weapons and horse gear. This metal also names the period that follows the Bronze Age.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wa [or wō; accept Five Kings of Wa]", "answer_primary": "Wa", "clean_answers": [ "Five Kings of Wa", "Wa", "wō" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Ichimura Kunio noted how innovations of the Toraijin facilitated the embassy of the “Five Kings of” this place to China in the 5th century. The Shānhǎi jīng provides one of the earliest uses of this early ethnonym for Japan.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "The Four Seasons [or Les Quatre Saisons]", "answer_primary": "The Four Seasons", "clean_answers": [ "Quatre Saisons", "The Four Seasons", "Four Seasons", "Les Quatre Saisons" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this 17th-century series of paintings based on Old Testament stories. Two spies carry giant grapes in one painting in this series, while another shows Ruth kneeling before Boaz.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nicolas Poussin (The painting is A Dance to the Music of Time.)", "answer_primary": "Nicolas Poussin", "clean_answers": [ "Nicolas Poussin", "Poussin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The painting is A Dance to the Music of Time.", "number": 2, "part": "The Four Seasons is a series by this Baroque artist. He may have allegorically depicted the seasons as four figures holding hands in a circle in a painting in which a winged old man on the right plays the lyre.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Helios [or Helius]", "answer_primary": "Helios", "clean_answers": [ "Helius", "Helios" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another Poussin painting, the four seasons comprise this god’s retinue as he is beseeched by his son. The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of this sun god who was often identified with Apollo.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Epistle to Philemon", "answer_primary": "Epistle to Philemon", "clean_answers": [ "Epistle to Philemon", "Philemon" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this short “prison epistle,” which instructs the title person to forgive a slave, for he is “no longer a slave but more than a slave, a beloved brother.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Paul the Apostle [or Saint Paul; or Saul of Tarsus; accept Pauline epistles or epistles of Paul]", "answer_primary": "Paul the Apostle", "clean_answers": [ "epistles of Paul", "Paul the Apostle", "Saul of Tarsus", "Saint Paul", "Pauline epistles", "Paul" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "During his first Roman imprisonment, this man wrote the “prison epistles,” part of thirteen epistles attributed to him in the New Testament.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ephesus [accept Epistle to the Ephesians; accept the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus]", "answer_primary": "Ephesus", "clean_answers": [ "Ephesus", "Epistle to the Ephesians", "the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus", "Ephesian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A “prison epistle” dedicated to this city describes wearing shoes prepared with the “gospel of peace” in an extended analogy about the “Armor of God.” In a Christian legend, seven men from this city escape the Decian persecution by sleeping in a cave.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Babinet’s (“bab-in-AY’s”) principle", "answer_primary": "Babinet’s principle", "clean_answers": [ "Babinet’s principle", "Babinet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this principle that states the pattern formed from an opaque body can be reformulated as a hole of the same size and shape, but with a different beam intensity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "diffraction [accept diffraction patterns]", "answer_primary": "diffraction", "clean_answers": [ "diffraction", "diffract", "diffraction patterns" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Babinet’s principle concerns the patterns formed by this phenomenon in which light bends around an obstacle.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gustav Kirchhoff [or Gustav Robert Kirchhoff; accept Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula or Kirchhoff’s laws of spectroscopy]", "answer_primary": "Gustav Kirchhoff", "clean_answers": [ "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", "Kirchhoff’s laws of spectroscopy", "Kirchhoff’s diffraction formula", "Kirchhoff", "Gustav Kirchhoff" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Babinet’s principle is formulated for scalar fields using this physicist’s diffraction formula, from which the Huygens–Fresnel principle is derived. This physicist described the spectra of gases in his three laws of spectroscopy.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Panama [or Republic of Panama; accept Panama Canal; accept Panama Canal Zone]", "answer_primary": "Panama", "clean_answers": [ "Republic of Panama", "Panama Canal", "Panama", "Panama Canal Zone" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country where the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted the US the rights to a “canal zone” in 1903.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Martyrs’ Day [or Día de los Mártires; prompt on Flag Incident or Flag Protests]", "answer_primary": "Martyrs’ Day", "clean_answers": [ "Martyrs’ Day", "Día de los Mártires" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Anti-American sentiments in Panama reached a fever pitch after a Panamanian flag was torn in the Canal Zone, causing this 1964 riot during which protestors tore down the Panama Canal’s “fence of shame.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Omar Torrijos (“toh-REE-hohs”) [or Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera; accept Torrijos–Carter Treaties]", "answer_primary": "Omar Torrijos", "clean_answers": [ "Torrijos", "Torrijos–Carter Treaties", "Omar Torrijos", "Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Panama attempted to re-establish diplomatic ties with the United States through a series of 1977 treaties signed by Jimmy Carter and this Panamanian leader.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "body size [or body mass or body volume]", "answer_primary": "body size", "clean_answers": [ "mass", "body mass", "volume", "body volume", "body size", "size" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this quantity studied in allometry. Metabolic rate scales to the three-fourths power of this quantity according to Kleiber’s law.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hummingbirds [or Trochilidae; prompt on Apodiformes]", "answer_primary": "hummingbirds", "clean_answers": [ "hummingbirds", "Trochilidae", "hummingbird" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "These animals have the highest metabolic rate among vertebrates. As a result, species in this smallest family of birds need special mechanisms to regulate body heat while hovering in place.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "poikilothermic regulation", "answer_primary": "poikilothermic regulation", "clean_answers": [ "poikilotherm", "poikilothermic regulation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Many cold-blooded, ectothermic organisms exhibit this type of thermoregulation, where internal temperature varies wildly based on the ambient temperature. Sloths and naked mole rats exhibit this type of thermoregulation, which is the opposite of homeothermic regulation.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "snakebite [or snake attack; snake venom; or being bitten by a snake; prompt on venom or poisoning or animal attack]", "answer_primary": "snakebite", "clean_answers": [ "snake attack; snake venom", "being bitten by a snake", "snake venom", "bitten", "snakebite", "snake snake venom", "snake", "bitten snake" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this cause of death of Cora’s mother Mabel in The Underground Railroad. Delia’s abusive husband Sykes dies in this manner in Zora Neale Hurston’s story “Sweat.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Jim [accept James] (He appears in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.)", "answer_primary": "Jim", "clean_answers": [ "Jim", "James" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "He appears in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.", "number": 2, "part": "A rattlesnake bite in a cave on Jackson’s island leads this character to hallucinate a conversation with Voltaire. Those events occur in Percival Everett’s 2024 reimagining of this 19th-century literary character’s story.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Willa Cather", "answer_primary": "Willa Cather", "clean_answers": [ "Willa Cather", "Cather" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Jim Burden saves the title Czech farmer’s daughter from a rattlesnake in this author’s novel My Ántonia.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Roth IRAs [or Roth Individual Retirement Accounts; prompt on IRAs or Roths or individual retirement accounts]", "answer_primary": "Roth IRAs", "clean_answers": [ "Roth IRA", "Roth Individual", "Roth Individual Retirement Accounts", "Roth IRAs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these retirement accounts whose qualified withdrawals are tax-free compared to traditional types. People eligible for these accounts must earn below 146,000 dollars a year.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "403(b) plans", "answer_primary": "403 plans", "clean_answers": [ "403(b) plans", "403(b" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Starting in 2006, 401(k) plans and these tax-advantaged retirement savings plans could hold Roth IRA contributions. These plans are available for employees of public schools and some nonprofits and charities.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pensions", "answer_primary": "pensions", "clean_answers": [ "pensions", "pension" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "These general funds, into which amounts are set aside for retirement, are often rolled over into Roth IRAs if their lump sum is small. French residents protested a reform bill for these funds that increased the retirement age.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Django Reinhardt [or Jean Reinhardt; prompt on Django] (The quintet is the Quintette du Hot Club de France.)", "answer_primary": "Django Reinhardt", "clean_answers": [ "Jean Reinhardt", "Django Reinhardt", "Reinhardt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The quintet is the Quintette du Hot Club de France.", "number": 1, "part": "Perrey earned a roast hedgehog from this musician for backing him on the Ondioline. Stéphane Grappelli played violin on the song “Minor Swing” as part of a quintet led by this musician, who overcame a burnt hand.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "synthesizer [or Moog synthesizer]", "answer_primary": "synthesizer", "clean_answers": [ "Moog synthesizer", "synthesizer", "synth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The theme song of the Mexican sitcom El Chavo del Ocho is from a Perrey album whose punning title, “Moog Indigo,” refers to a type of this electronic instrument that produces audio signals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Angelo Badalamenti [or Angelo Daniel Badalamenti] (David Lynch wrote the lyrics for the Twin Peaks theme “Falling” and the rest of the songs on Cruise’s album Floating Into the Night.)", "answer_primary": "Angelo Badalamenti", "clean_answers": [ "Angelo Badalamenti", "Badalamenti", "Angelo Daniel Badalamenti" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "David Lynch wrote the lyrics for the Twin Peaks theme “Falling” and the rest of the songs on Cruise’s album Floating Into the Night.", "number": 3, "part": "This composer and Gershon Kingsley co-wrote Perrey’s oft-sampled song “E.V.A.” This composer scored films like Wild at Heart for a director who used his song “Falling,” which was sung by Julee Cruise, as the theme for a TV series.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Claude Lévi-Strauss", "answer_primary": "Claude Lévi-Strauss", "clean_answers": [ "Claude Lévi-Strauss", "Lévi-Strauss" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this anthropologist who distinguished between primitive and civilized cultures in The Savage Mind. This French anthropologist wrote Tristes Tropiques and Mythologiques.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "kinship", "answer_primary": "kinship", "clean_answers": [ "kinship" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Lévi-Strauss outlined the “exchange of women” as part of his alliance theory, which he developed in a book on this concept. David Schneider outlined real and fictive forms of this concept in a book on its “American” form.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gayle Rubin [or Gayle S. Rubin]", "answer_primary": "Gayle Rubin", "clean_answers": [ "Rubin", "Gayle Rubin", "Gayle S. Rubin" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This anthropologist pulled from Lévi-Strauss’s kinship theories, including the “exchange of women,” in “The Traffic in Women,” which outlines the political economy of sex. This anthropologist also wrote “Thinking Sex.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pierrot (“p’yeh-ROH”) [accept Pierrot lunaire]", "answer_primary": "Pierrot", "clean_answers": [ "Pierrot", "Pierrot lunaire" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this “sad clown” character from the commedia dell’arte tradition. Arnold Schoenberg adapted an Albert Giraud cycle titled for this character “moonstruck,” or “lunaire.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Malina", "answer_primary": "Malina", "clean_answers": [ "Malina" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This novel’s narrator quotes the line “the wine through our eyes we drink” and provides an image of the score from Pierrot Lunaire while describing Ungargassenland. The narrator of this novel by Ingeborg Bachmann disappears into a crack in the wall.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Doktor Faustus (by Thomas Mann)", "answer_primary": "Doktor Faustus", "clean_answers": [ "Doktor Faustus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "by Thomas Mann", "number": 3, "part": "Theodor Adorno’s explanations of Schoenberg’s twelve-tone technique aided in the conception of this novel, which caused a feud between Schoenberg and its author. This novel follows the composer Adrian Leverkühn.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "trie (“try”) [or tries; or prefix trees; prompt on search trees]", "answer_primary": "trie", "clean_answers": [ "prefix trees", "tries", "trie", "prefix tree" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these data structures whose memory-optimized form can be used to implement radix sort. Bitwise implementations of these data structures can be optimized into their “x-fast” and “y-fast” forms.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "strings [prompt on words or text]", "answer_primary": "strings", "clean_answers": [ "strings", "string" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Tries commonly use prefixes of these data types as keys, which can then be parsed in search engines. In C, these data types are defined as null-terminated arrays of characters.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Huffman coding", "answer_primary": "Huffman coding", "clean_answers": [ "Huffman coding", "Huffman" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A trie is the output of this efficient greedy algorithm for lossless compression in which more frequently-accessed strings correspond to shorter prefix codes.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "shooting an apple off the head of one’s child [prompt on archery or shooting by asking “what is the target?”; prompt on shooting an apple or apple-shot or Apfelschuss by asking “off of what?”; prompt on shooting at one’s child or shooting at the head of one’s child]", "answer_primary": "shooting an apple off the head of one’s child", "clean_answers": [ "head", "shoot apple head", "shoot", "apple", "shooting an apple off the head of one’s child" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this task performed in another tale on the order of the bailiff Gessler, by a man who refused to bow to a hat placed on a pole. A description is acceptable.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Tell [or Guillaume Tell]", "answer_primary": "William Tell", "clean_answers": [ "Guillaume Tell", "William Tell", "Tell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The most famous instance of the apple-shot motif comes from the story of this Swiss folk hero who titles a Rossini opera.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Egil [or Aigil; or Egil Skallagrímsson; accept Egil’s Saga]", "answer_primary": "Egil", "clean_answers": [ "Egil’s Saga", "Egil Skallagrímsson", "Egil", "Aigil" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "In another myth, this character must shoot an apple off his son’s head at the instigation of king Nidud. This skald writes runes in his blood on a horn, thereby destroying it and thwarting a poisoning attempt, in a text titled for him that may share authorship with the Heimskringla.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "data centers [accept web farms or cloud computing centers or computing clusters or server arrays or server parks or similar answers; prompt on servers or warehouses; reject “supercomputers”]", "answer_primary": "data centers", "clean_answers": [ "server array", "server park", "web farm", "data center", "computing cluster", "server arrays", "web farms", "computing clusters", "server parks", "cloud computing centers", "cloud computing", "data centers", "similar answers" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these facilities that often receive tax breaks in remote towns but may stretch local grids. A “colocation” or “colo” is one of these facilities that rents out space, in contrast to “enterprise” ones.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Virginia [or VA]", "answer_primary": "Virginia", "clean_answers": [ "VA", "Virginia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The densest data center hub in the world is in this state’s Data Center Alley around Ashburn, which is part of this state’s Dulles Technology Corridor west of Arlington and Alexandria.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "non-places (Pipkin’s essay is “It Was Raining in the Data Center.”)", "answer_primary": "non-places", "clean_answers": [ "non-places", "non-place" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Pipkin’s essay is “It Was Raining in the Data Center.”", "number": 3, "part": "Everest Pipkin’s essay on the invisibility of data centers calls them examples of these anonymous spaces. Marc Augé’s book on the “anthropology of supermodernity” coined this term for spaces like hotels and airports.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "laser pulses [accept pulsed lasers; prompt on lasers; prompt on laser peaks or laser intensity peaks by asking “what causes those?”]", "answer_primary": "laser pulses", "clean_answers": [ "pulsed lasers", "laser pulses", "pulse", "pulsed" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these phenomena that were generated in a Kerr cell by Hellwarth and McClung in 1961 through a process that periodically adjusts the Q-factor of a resonator.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "modes [accept normal modes or mode-locking]", "answer_primary": "modes", "clean_answers": [ "mode-locking", "normal modes", "mode", "modes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Pulse generation can occur through a process that is said to “lock” either these patterns or phase. Coupled systems produce the “normal” form of these patterns at resonant frequencies.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "power [accept optical power]", "answer_primary": "power", "clean_answers": [ "optical power", "power" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Another method for pulse generation is gain-switching, where the gain of a laser is the change in this quantity. In electronic amplifiers, gain is usually quantified as a ratio of this quantity measured in watts.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "pipes [or ceremonial pipes; or calumets]", "answer_primary": "pipes", "clean_answers": [ "pipe", "calumets", "calumet", "ceremonial pipes", "pipes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these objects that some Native American nations used to signify the reaching of peace.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "sweat lodges [prompt on lodges]", "answer_primary": "sweat lodges", "clean_answers": [ "sweat lodge", "sweat lodges" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The chanupa is smoked inside one of these structures during another of the Seven Sacred Rites, the inipi ceremony. The door of these structures is opened four times, which purifies the individual inside.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hanbleceya [or hanblecha; or haŋbléčeyapi; accept vision quests or crying for visions; prompt on answers describing receiving visions]", "answer_primary": "hanbleceya", "clean_answers": [ "haŋbléčeya", "cry vision", "vision", "crying for visions", "hanbleceya", "vision quests", "hanblecha", "vision quest", "haŋbléčeyapi", "cry" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Participants in this one of the Seven Sacred Rites are only allowed to smoke the chanupa, instead of food or water. This rite, which often occurs after the inipi, involves isolating oneself for four days.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Johann Ulrich Voss [or Johann Ulrich Voss]", "answer_primary": "Johann Ulrich Voss", "clean_answers": [ "Voss", "Johann Ulrich Voss", "Johann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this fictional German explorer based on the naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt. This character proposes to Laura Trevelyan in a novel by the author of Riders in the Chariot and The Vivisector.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Australia [or Commonwealth of Australia]", "answer_primary": "Australia", "clean_answers": [ "Commonwealth of Australia", "Australia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Voss was written by Patrick White, one of this country’s most acclaimed fiction writers along with Gerald Murnane, Peter Carey, and Thomas Keneally.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Shirley Hazzard", "answer_primary": "Shirley Hazzard", "clean_answers": [ "Shirley Hazzard", "Hazzard" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This Australian-born author’s scientist characters include the astronomer Ted Tice from her novel The Transit of Venus. This author won the Miles Franklin Award and the National Book Award for The Great Fire, published after a decades-long creative silence.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Texas [or TX]", "answer_primary": "Texas", "clean_answers": [ "Texas", "TX" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Chinese-American cinematographer James Wong Howe won an Oscar for his deep focus imagery of this state for the film Hud. Roger Deakins shot the Coen brothers’ film No Country for Old Men, which is set in this state.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Gregg Toland [or Gregg Wesley Toland]", "answer_primary": "Gregg Toland", "clean_answers": [ "Gregg Wesley Toland", "Toland", "Gregg Toland" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The critic André Bazin admired this cinematographer’s deep focus shots in William Wyler films like The Best Years of Our Lives. Orson Welles praised this cinematographer’s visual innovations on his film Citizen Kane.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "John Ford [or John Martin Feeney]", "answer_primary": "John Ford", "clean_answers": [ "John Martin Feeney", "Ford", "John Ford", "Feeney" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Toland refined his deep focus craft on this director’s film of The Grapes of Wrath. My Darling Clementine is among the many films this director shot in Monument Valley.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Minoan civilization [accept Keftiu]", "answer_primary": "Minoan civilization", "clean_answers": [ "Keftiu", "Minoan civilization", "Minoan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The Phaistos disc from this civilization features 45 distinct glyphs in an undeciphered script. This civilization, centered on Crete, used the Linear A script to write its language.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Hallstatt [accept Hallstatt culture]", "answer_primary": "Hallstatt", "clean_answers": [ "Hallstatt culture", "Hallstatt" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Spiral discs made of bronze wire were interred with cremated remains in a burial discovered at this site in 2023. This Austrian town is the type-site of a culture that broadly succeeded the Urnfield and preceded the La Tène.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "astronomical phenomena [accept sky; accept Sun; accept Moon; accept stars; accept Pleiades; accept clear equivalents such as celestial bodies; accept Nebra sky disc]", "answer_primary": "astronomical phenomena", "clean_answers": [ "astronomical phenomena", "astronomical", "stars", "star", "Pleiades", "Nebra sky disc", "Moon", "clear equivalents such as celestial bodies", "Sun", "celestial", "sky" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A Bronze Age disc found at Nebra in Germany, originating from the Únětice culture, has been called the oldest known concrete depiction of these phenomena. A general description is acceptable.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "gastrulation [accept short gastrulation; prompt on morphogenesis or embryogenesis or embryonic development]", "answer_primary": "gastrulation", "clean_answers": [ "gastrulation", "short gastrulation" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this process controlled in one organism by dpp and inhibited by Sog. During this process, the marginal zone undergoes convergent extension and involutes the blastoral lip.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fruit fly [or Drosophila melanogaster or D. melanogaster]", "answer_primary": "fruit fly", "clean_answers": [ "Drosophila melanogaster", "D. melanogaster", "Drosophila", "fruit fly" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Dpp and Sog control dorsal-axis formation in this model insect popularized by Thomas Hunt Morgan.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bicoid [or bcd; accept homeotic protein bicoid]", "answer_primary": "Bicoid", "clean_answers": [ "bcd", "homeotic protein bicoid", "Bicoid" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Anterior–posterior axis patterning in Drosophila is determined by maternal effect genes like this protein that patterns the head and thorax with Hunchback. The first discovered morphogen was this protein, which when mutated causes a lethal phenotype in which the insect develops a longer abdomen instead of its head.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "answer_primary": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "clean_answers": [ "Robert Louis Stevenson", "Stevenson" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this author whose relationship with his older, gun-toting American wife Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne is examined in Camille Peri’s book A Wilder Shore. This author wrote “Virginibus Puerisque” and three other essays on marriage.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [or Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; accept Jekyll and Hyde]", "answer_primary": "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", "clean_answers": [ "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", "Jekyll and Hyde", "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Stevenson burned the first draft of this novella and started over after receiving negative feedback from Fanny. In this novella, an elixir transforms a London physician into a monstrous killer.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Ernest Henley [or W. E. Henley]", "answer_primary": "William Ernest Henley", "clean_answers": [ "William Ernest Henley", "Henley", "W. E. Henley" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Peri’s book documents the 1888 breakdown of Stevenson’s friendship with this one-legged author, who inspired Long John Silver. This poet wrote “I am the captain of my soul” in “Invictus.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Queen of Sheba [accept Bilqis or Makeda] (Claude Lorrain’s painting is The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba.)", "answer_primary": "Queen of Sheba", "clean_answers": [ "Bilqis", "Makeda", "Queen of Sheba", "Sheba" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "Claude Lorrain’s painting is The Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Old Testament woman. J. M. W. Turner partly modeled his painting Dido Building Carthage on a 1648 seascape by Claude Lorrain titled for this woman’s “Embarkation.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lavinia Fontana", "answer_primary": "Lavinia Fontana", "clean_answers": [ "Fontana", "Lavinia Fontana" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This artist’s The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon allegorizes a trip by the Duchess and Duke of Mantua to her native Bologna. Hypertrichosis explains the hairy face in this artist’s painting of Antonietta Gonzales.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Three Magi [or Three Wise Men; or Three Kings]", "answer_primary": "Three Magi", "clean_answers": [ "Three Wise Men", "Three Magi", "Magi", "Wise Men", "Three Kings" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The Queen of Sheba’s visit to Solomon fittingly appears on the mantle of Caspar, one of these people, in Hieronymus Bosch’s depiction of the Adoration, in which these people visit the infant Jesus.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gwendolyn [accept Gwendolyn Bennett; accept Gwendolyn Brooks or Gwen Brooks]", "answer_primary": "Gwendolyn", "clean_answers": [ "Gwendolyn", "Gwen Brooks", "Gwendolyn Bennett", "Gwen", "Gwendolyn Brooks" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this first name of a Harlem Renaissance poet with the surname Bennett. Another poet with this first name created a group of pool players who exclaim, “We / Jazz June. We / Die soon.” in “We Real Cool.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "“Heritage” (The other poem is by Countee Cullen.)", "answer_primary": "“Heritage”", "clean_answers": [ "Heritage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The other poem is by Countee Cullen.", "number": 2, "part": "The narrator wishes, “I want to see the slim palm trees / pulling at the clouds / with little pointed fingers” in a Gwendolyn Bennett poem with this title. Another poem with this title repeats the question, “what is Africa to me?”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "fire [accept Fire!! or The Fire Next Time]", "answer_primary": "fire", "clean_answers": [ "fire", "Fire", "The Fire Next Time", "Fire!!" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Bennett contributed the story “Wedding Day” to a one-issue magazine titled for this thing. This thing titles a book that recounts a talk with Elijah Muhammad in the section “Letter from a Region in my Mind.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ashina clan [or Asena]", "answer_primary": "Ashina clan", "clean_answers": [ "Ashina", "Ashina clan", "Asena" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this Turkic tribe. This tribe’s leader Bumin rebelled against the Rouran Confederation and founded the First Turkic Empire, which was led by this ruling clan of the Göktürks.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "khan [or khagan; accept Genghis Khan or Chinggis Khan; prompt on emperor]", "answer_primary": "khan", "clean_answers": [ "khan", "Chinggis Khan", "khagan", "Khan", "Genghis Khan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Rulers of Rouran used this title that was later adopted by Bumin and the Göktürks. In the 13th century, this title was adopted by Temüjin.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Emperor Taizong of Tang [or Li Shimin; prompt on Li]", "answer_primary": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "clean_answers": [ "Taizong", "Li Shimin", "Emperor Taizong of Tang" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This emperor adopted the title Tengri Qaghan after conquering the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630. This man had his brothers assassinated at Xuanwu Gate in order to succeed his father Gaozu as the second Tang emperor.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Interlochen Center for the Arts [prompt on ICA or Inty]", "answer_primary": "Interlochen Center for the Arts", "clean_answers": [ "Interlochen Center for the Arts", "Interlochen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this institution where Howard Hanson composed a theme for his second symphony that ends all concerts at this institution.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Les Préludes", "answer_primary": "Les Préludes", "clean_answers": [ "Les Préludes", "Préludes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Interlochen’s summer camp traditionally concludes by playing this most famous tone poem of Franz Liszt, which uses a “C B E” motif and was originally intended to precede his choral cycle The Four Elements.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "piano [or pianoforte]", "answer_primary": "piano", "clean_answers": [ "pianoforte", "piano" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Van Cliburn, who plays this instrument, performed at Interlochen for 18 consecutive summers. Other players of this instrument include Glenn Gould and Martha Argerich.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "John Locke", "answer_primary": "John Locke", "clean_answers": [ "John Locke", "Locke" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this philosopher whose letters to Clarke and her husband grew into a book urging harsh conditions for children, titled Some Thoughts Concerning Education.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "human understanding [accept An Essay Concerning Human Understanding or An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding]", "answer_primary": "human understanding", "clean_answers": [ "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding", "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding", "human understanding", "Human Understanding" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Locke patronized Catharine Trotter Cockburn and praised her influential “Defence” of his “Essay Concerning” this two-word subject. It also partly titles an “Enquiry” by David Hume.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Damaris Masham [or Damaris Cudworth Masham; or Damaris Cudworth; or Lady Masham] (Her father was Ralph Cudworth.)", "answer_primary": "Damaris Masham", "clean_answers": [ "Lady Masham", "Masham", "Damaris Masham", "Damaris Cudworth", "Damaris Cudworth Masham", "Cudworth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Her father was Ralph Cudworth.", "number": 3, "part": "Jonathan Edwards mocked Locke as the “governor of the seraglio at Oates” after his correspondence with this philosopher led him to move in with her family. This author of A Discourse Concerning the Love of God was the daughter of a philosopher who theorized the world’s “plastic nature.”", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Pepin [accept Pippin; accept Pepin the Short or Pepin the Hunchback]", "answer_primary": "Pepin", "clean_answers": [ "Pepin the Short", "Pippin", "Pepin", "Pepin the Hunchback" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this name of a mayor of the palace who overthrew Childeric III. That king of this name forced the Lombards to recognize Pope Stephen II’s control over the territory around Ravenna through a Donation.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Charlemagne [or Charles the Great or Carolus Magnus; prompt on Charles or Carolus]", "answer_primary": "Charlemagne", "clean_answers": [ "Charles the Great", "Carolus Magnus", "Charlemagne" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Pepin the Short was the father of this Frankish ruler, who was the father of Pepin the Hunchback. This ruler was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "stammer [accept word forms like stammering or the Stammerer; accept stuttering or word forms; accept Louis le Bègue; prompt on speech impediment]", "answer_primary": "stammer", "clean_answers": [ "word forms like stammering", "stammer", "Louis le Bègue", "word forms", "Bègue", "stuttering", "Stammerer", "the Stammerer" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Pepin the Hunchback’s life was recorded by the monk Notker, who was nicknamed “Balbulas” for having this condition. Charles the Fat was succeeded in France by his son Louis, who was nicknamed for this condition.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "rotaxanes", "answer_primary": "rotaxanes", "clean_answers": [ "rotaxanes", "rotaxane" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this mechanically interlocked architecture that consists of a dumbbell-shaped molecule threaded through a macrocycle. Molecules with this structure can be synthesized through clipping, capping, slipping, and snapping.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "steric hindrance [or steric effects]", "answer_primary": "steric hindrance", "clean_answers": [ "steric effects", "steric hindrance", "steric" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This effect is why the inner thread of a rotaxane is stable. This effect is also why the bulkier tert-butyl bromide is more likely than methyl bromide to undergo an SN1 reaction.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "drugs [or medicine]", "answer_primary": "drugs", "clean_answers": [ "medicine", "drug", "drugs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Recent applications of rotaxanes have involved using them as nanovalves to deliver these compounds into the human body. These compounds may be classified by their mechanism of action or mode of action by the FDA.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Maine [or ME]", "answer_primary": "Maine", "clean_answers": [ "ME", "Maine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "The nickname “Pine Tree State” refers to this Northeast state, where the British built pine tree masts for their Navy at ports such as Portland.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wentworth family [accept Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet; accept Benning Wentworth]", "answer_primary": "Wentworth family", "clean_answers": [ "Sir John Wentworth, 1st Baronet", "Wentworth", "Wentworth family", "Benning Wentworth" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "A New Hampshire governor from this family enforced a law criminalizing cutting down large pine trees, leading to the Pine Tree Riot. A member of this family named Benning issued land grants in the Province of New Hampshire.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Samuel Adams [or Sam Adams; prompt on Adams]", "answer_primary": "Samuel Adams", "clean_answers": [ "S", "S Adams", "Sam Adams", "Samuel Adams", "Adams" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Joseph Reed, who designed the Pine Tree Flag in 1775, represented Philadelphia as part of committees of correspondence created by this politician. James Otis and this politician co-authored the Massachusetts Circular Letter.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Korean [or Hanguk-eo] (The novel is The Vegetarian.)", "answer_primary": "Korean", "clean_answers": [ "Hanguk", "Hanguk-eo", "Korean" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "The novel is The Vegetarian.", "number": 1, "part": "Name this language used to write the novels Human Acts and We Do Not Part. In an International Booker Prize-winning novel in this language, a video artist seeks to capture his sister-in-law’s “Mongolian mark.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "answer_primary": "Nobel Prize in Literature", "clean_answers": [ "Nobel Prize in Literature", "Nobel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The 2017 ousting of Park Geun-hye ended the Korean government’s blacklisting of authors like Han Kang, who in 2024 followed Annie Ernaux in being a female winner of this literary award.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Djuna Barnes [prompt on Djuna] (The novel is Nightwood.)", "answer_primary": "Djuna Barnes", "clean_answers": [ "Barnes", "Djuna Barnes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The novel is Nightwood.", "number": 3, "part": "The sci-fi novel Counterweight, written by an anonymous Korean author who uses this author’s first name as a pseudonym, was translated into English in 2023. This author’s best-known novel depicts the obsessive lesbian relationship between Nora Flood and Robin Vote.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gesar (“GAY-sar”) [or Kesar; or Geser; or King Gesar]", "answer_primary": "Gesar ", "clean_answers": [ "Geser", "Kesar", "King Gesar", "Gesar" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this king of Ling who titles a million-verse epic originally from Tibet. In that epic, this king fights enemies such as his uncle Krothung and the neighboring Kingdom of Hor.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "lions [or lionesses; prompt on cats]", "answer_primary": "lions", "clean_answers": [ "lionesses", "lioness", "lion", "lions" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In some versions of the Epic of Gesar, he is nursed by one of these animals. In Balinese myth, the demon queen Rangda fights the heroic king Barong, who is most often depicted as one of these animals.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "monkeys [accept apes]", "answer_primary": "monkeys", "clean_answers": [ "apes", "monkeys", "monkey", "ape" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Scholars interpret Gesar as a manifestation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, who blessed one of these animals to marry the ogress Sinmo and become the progenitor of the Tibetans. The Buddha drops a mountain on top of a “king” of these animals, Sun Wukong.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "lithium [or Li; accept lithium-7 or Li-7]", "answer_primary": "lithium", "clean_answers": [ "Li", "Li-7", "lithium", "lithium-7" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this element that is proposed to sink beneath a star’s atmosphere over time, thus increasing the rate of turbulent mixing. This element is the heaviest whose distribution is depicted on the Schramm plot.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "dwarf stars [accept brown dwarfs or white dwarfs]", "answer_primary": "dwarf stars", "clean_answers": [ "brown dwarfs", "dwarf stars", "dwarf", "white dwarfs" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The brown type of these stars can be identified via the relative abundance of lithium. The white type of these low-mass stars forms after sun-like stars run out of fuel.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "novae [or novas; accept classical novae or recurrent novae or dwarf novae; reject “supernova” or “kilonova”]", "answer_primary": "novae", "clean_answers": [ "kilonova", "novae", "nova", "recurrent novae", "classical novae", "novas", "dwarf novae; reject supernova" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "A major source of lithium is the “classical” type of these phenomena, which are about 1,000 times brighter than their “recurrent” type. The “dwarf” type of these phenomena necessarily occurs [emphasize] below the Chandrasekhar limit.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Switzerland [or Swiss Confederation; accept Confédération Suisse; accept Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft; accept Confederazione Svizzera; accept Confederaziun Svizra; accept Confoederatio Helvetica]", "answer_primary": "Switzerland", "clean_answers": [ "Helvetica", "Confoederatio Helvetica", "Swiss Confederation", "Suisse", "Schweizerische", "Confédération Suisse", "Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft", "Swiss", "Svizzera", "Switzerland", "Confederaziun Svizra", "Confederazione Svizzera", "Svizra" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country that adopted a 48-hour work week and a proportional representation model with no threshold after that strike.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "1918", "answer_primary": "1918", "clean_answers": [ "1918" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The general strike took place during this year and was caused in part by food shortages during the Spanish flu pandemic. The German revolution took place during this year, in which an armistice ended World War I.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "women’s suffrage [or voting rights for women; prompt on suffrage or voting rights by asking “for whom?”]", "answer_primary": "women’s suffrage", "clean_answers": [ "women", "voting rights women", "voting rights for women", "voting rights", "women’s suffrage" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "One of the strike’s “Nine Demands” was this political goal, which was not achieved nationally in Switzerland until a 1971 referendum. One canton, Appenzell Innerrhoden, did not achieve this goal until a 1990 court case.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Stage Manager [prompt on narrators]", "answer_primary": "Stage Manager", "clean_answers": [ "Stage Manager" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Give this job held by Mr. Fitzpatrick in a play about the Antrobus family. In another play, a character with this job replies, “the saints and the poets, maybe,” to a dead woman’s question.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Thornton Wilder [or Thornton Niven Wilder]", "answer_primary": "Thornton Wilder", "clean_answers": [ "Thornton Wilder", "Thornton Niven Wilder", "Wilder" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This author included fourth wall-breaking stage managers in his plays The Skin of Our Teeth and Our Town.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "train cars [or subway cars; accept New York City subways; accept metro cars; accept Pullman Car Hiawatha; prompt on cars] (The other play is Dutchman by Amiri Baraka.)", "answer_primary": "train cars", "clean_answers": [ "metro cars", "New York City subways", "subway", "train", "Pullman Car Hiawatha", "Pullman Car", "subway cars", "train cars", "metro" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The other play is Dutchman by Amiri Baraka.", "number": 3, "part": "The hours are also equated to philosophers in a Wilder play titled [this sort of place] Hiawatha. In another play set in this sort of place, a Black man claims that killing white people “would make us all sane” to a woman who stabs him.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Japan [or Nippon; or Nihon]", "answer_primary": "Japan", "clean_answers": [ "Nippon", "Nihon", "Japan" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Morita therapy, a branch of clinical psychology heavily influenced by Zen Buddhism, was developed in what country?", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "rational emotive behavior therapy [or rational therapy; or REBT]", "answer_primary": "rational emotive behavior therapy", "clean_answers": [ "REBT", "rational emotive", "rational", "rational emotive behavior therapy", "rational therapy" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Morita therapy is often grouped with this active-directive psychotherapy developed by Albert Ellis. This form of cognitive behavioral therapy holds that people’s false beliefs cause fixable disturbances in people’s lives.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "schizophrenia [prompt on psychosis]", "answer_primary": "schizophrenia", "clean_answers": [ "schizophrenia" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Morita therapy was designed to address and diagnose a condition called shinkeishitsu, sometimes equated to this condition. Typical and atypical forms of this condition can be treated with haloperidol and clozapine.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "France [or French Republic; or République française]", "answer_primary": "France", "clean_answers": [ "République française", "France", "French", "française", "French Republic" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this country that produced Alice Diop’s film Saint Omer. This country invited Danish director Carl Theodor Dreyer to depict the trial of one of its saints in the film The Passion of Joan of Arc.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Brigitte Bardot (“bree-ZHEET bar-DOH”) [prompt on BB]", "answer_primary": "Brigitte Bardot", "clean_answers": [ "Brigitte Bardot", "Bardot" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This 1960s sex symbol starred in Henri-Georges Clouzot’s legal drama La Vérité. Serge Gainsbourg sang “Bonnie and Clyde” with this blonde star of Jean-Luc Godard’s film Contempt, who was often known by her alliterative initials.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Justine Triet (“tree-YAY”) (Triet’s film Anatomy of a Fall won the 2023 Palme d’Or.)", "answer_primary": "Justine Triet", "clean_answers": [ "Triet", "Justine Triet" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "Triet’s film Anatomy of a Fall won the 2023 Palme d’Or.", "number": 3, "part": "A divorced lawyer looks for love in this director’s romcom In Bed With Victoria. This director supported the French pension protests in a speech after winning a Palme d’Or for a courtroom drama.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Morocco [or Kingdom of Morocco; or al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah]", "answer_primary": "Morocco", "clean_answers": [ "al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah", "Maghrib", "Morocco", "Kingdom of Morocco" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this modern-day country where the first mellah for Jewish communities was created under the Marinid dynasty.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Wattasid dynasty [or al-Waṭṭāsīyūn]", "answer_primary": "Wattasid dynasty", "clean_answers": [ "Wattasid dynasty", "Waṭṭāsīyūn", "Wattasid", "al-Waṭṭāsīyūn" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This dynasty’s power was effectively secured by a 1465 massacre of Jews in Fez sparked by Abd al-Haqq II’s appointment of a Jewish vizier. This dynasty succeeded the Marinids and preceded the Saadi in its control over Morocco.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "expulsion of Jews from Spain [accept expulsion of Jews by Catholic monarchs; prompt on expulsion of Jews by asking “from where?”; prompt on Reconquista]", "answer_primary": "expulsion of Jews from Spain", "clean_answers": [ "Catholic monarch", "expulsion Spain", "Spain", "expulsion Catholic monarch", "expulsion", "expulsion of Jews by Catholic monarchs", "expulsion of Jews from Spain" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Under Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Sheikh, the Wattasid dynasty welcomed Jewish refugees following this event. Jews that lived in Morocco prior to this 1492 event, promulgated by the Alhambra decree, were known as Toshavim.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "esophagus", "answer_primary": "esophagus", "clean_answers": [ "esophagus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this organ that can be damaged by upward movement of stomach acid while passing food from the pharynx to the stomach.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "histamine", "answer_primary": "histamine", "clean_answers": [ "histamine" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Proton pump inhibitors are often used to treat acid reflux, and have largely replaced medications targeting this compound’s H2 receptors. Enterochromaffin-like cells release this compound to stimulate stomach acid production.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Zollinger–Ellison syndrome [or Z-E syndrome]", "answer_primary": "Zollinger–Ellison syndrome", "clean_answers": [ "Zollinger–Ellison syndrome", "Z-E syndrome", "Z-E", "Zollinger–Ellison" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "PPIs can also be used to treat this condition in which tumors that secrete gastrin cause excess stomach acid to be produced from parietal cells, creating peptic ulcers.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Tristan and Iseult [or Tristan and Isolde; or Tristan und Isolde; or Tristram ok Isodd]", "answer_primary": "Tristan and Iseult", "clean_answers": [ "Tristan and Isolde", "Tristan", "Tristram", "Tristan and Iseult", "Tristan und Isolde", "Tristram ok Isodd" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this myth that provides the basis for a trilogy that includes the Turangalîla-Symphonie. A Cornish knight names the dissonant opening chord of an opera titled for this myth by Richard Wagner.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Olivier Messiaen (“mess-YAWN”) [or Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen]", "answer_primary": "Olivier Messiaen", "clean_answers": [ "Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen", "Olivier Messiaen", "Messiaen" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "This composer of the symphonic suite L’Ascension included Harawi and the Turangalîla-Symphonie in his “Tristan trilogy.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Loriod (“lor-YO”) [accept Yvonne Loriod or Jeanne Loriod]", "answer_primary": "Loriod", "clean_answers": [ "Yvonne Loriod", "Loriod", "Jeanne Loriod" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Messiaen’s second wife Yvonne, who had this surname, played piano at the premiere of the Turangalîla-Symphonie. Her sister with this surname recorded the symphony six times as an exponent of the ondes Martenot.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Champ Clark [or James Beauchamp Clark]", "answer_primary": "Champ Clark", "clean_answers": [ "James Beauchamp Clark", "Clark", "Champ Clark" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "This Speaker of the House from Missouri, who had close ties to urban political machines, was the favorite before the convention but failed to get enough votes because Southern delegates had a veto.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "William Howard Taft", "answer_primary": "William Howard Taft", "clean_answers": [ "William Howard Taft", "Taft" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Southern delegates favored Woodrow Wilson over Theodore Roosevelt and this other candidate, who won the election of 1908.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Marshall [or Thomas Marshall; or George C. Marshall]", "answer_primary": "Marshall", "clean_answers": [ "Thomas Marshall", "Marshall", "George C. Marshall" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The balloting took so long because of so-called favorite son candidates, including an Indiana governor with this surname. An initiative launched by a politician with this surname replaced one named for Henry Morgenthau.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Ireland [or Éire; or Airlann]", "answer_primary": "Ireland", "clean_answers": [ "Ireland", "Éire", "Airlann" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this island whose metalworkers made the Cross of Cong and the Ardagh Chalice. A famed illustrated manuscript of the Gospels is named for this island’s town of Kells.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Lindisfarne Gospels", "answer_primary": "Lindisfarne Gospels", "clean_answers": [ "Lindisfarne", "Lindisfarne Gospels" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The goldsmith Billfrith made the now-lost elaborate metal casing for this 8th-century illuminated manuscript. This collection of gospels is named for an island off the coast of Northumberland.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "brooches (“broaches”) [or clasps; prompt on fibulae or fibulas; prompt on clamps or pins or clips or fasteners]", "answer_primary": "brooches", "clean_answers": [ "clasps", "brooches", "brooch", "clasp" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Celtic metalworkers pioneered a “pseudo-penannular” style of these objects, such as ones named for Hunterston and Tara. A bone in the human body takes its name from the Roman term for these clothing objects.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "yoga [accept hatha yoga; accept Ashtānga yoga; accept Yoga Sūtras]", "answer_primary": "yoga", "clean_answers": [ "hatha yoga", "Ashtānga yoga", "yog", "Yoga", "Yoga Sūtras", "yoga" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this general Indian spiritual practice of controlling the mind and body. Western adaptations of this practice’s “hatha” form involve poses that stretch the body.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "prāna [accept prānāyāma; accept prāna pratishtha; prompt on breath]", "answer_primary": "prāna", "clean_answers": [ "prāna pratishtha", "prāna", "prān", "prānāyāma" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The fourth of Patanjali’s eight limbs of yoga is named for focusing on this concept. The ritual by which mūrtis are consecrated is named for their imbuing with this concept, which is the Sanskrit term for life energy.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Vyāsa (“V’YAH-suh”) [or Veda Vyāsa; or Krishna Dvaipayana] (That work is the Mahābhārata.)", "answer_primary": "Vyāsa ", "clean_answers": [ "Krishna Dvaipayana", "Dvaipayan", "Vyāsa", "Veda Vyāsa", "Vyās" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "That work is the Mahābhārata.", "number": 3, "part": "This figure identified yoga with the state of meditative consciousness known as samādhi in his bhāshya, or commentary, on the Yoga Sūtras. This figure legendarily narrated a work to Ganesha, who transcribed it with one of his tusks.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "fields [or quantum fields]", "answer_primary": "fields", "clean_answers": [ "fields", "field", "quantum fields" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these things that permeate space and are characterized by their Lagrangian density, such as in the Klein–Gordon equation. Particles arise from excitations in these things.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "interaction picture [accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Dirac picture]", "answer_primary": "interaction picture", "clean_answers": [ "interaction picture", "Dirac picture", "accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, Dirac picture" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Haag’s theorem argues that quantum field theories are ill-formed because these representations cannot exist. In this representation, both states and operators are time-dependent.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Paul Dirac [accept Dirac equation or Dirac delta function]", "answer_primary": "Paul Dirac", "clean_answers": [ "Dirac delta function", "Dirac equation", "Dirac", "Paul Dirac" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This originator of quantum field theory names a relativistic generalization of the Schrödinger equation. This British physicist’s namesake delta function is infinite at the origin and vanishes everywhere else.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Austerlitz", "answer_primary": "Austerlitz", "clean_answers": [ "Austerlitz" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this W. G. Sebald novel about an architectural historian and kindertransport refugee who travels to Prague in order to discover the fates of his birth parents.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Thomas Bernhard [or Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard] (The novel is Correction.)", "answer_primary": "Thomas Bernhard", "clean_answers": [ "Bernhard", "Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard", "Thomas Bernhard" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "The novel is Correction.", "number": 2, "part": "James Wood’s introduction to Austerlitz compares the novel’s style of nested dialogue to that of this author. In a novel by this author, Roithamer builds his sister a house he calls the “Cone” in a forest.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Ludwig Wittgenstein [or Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein]", "answer_primary": "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "clean_answers": [ "Wittgenstein", "Ludwig Wittgenstein", "Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The first photographs within Austerlitz juxtapose a close-up of owl eyes with the eyes of this philosopher. In Bernhard’s novel Correction, Roithamer’s life parallels that of this author of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Gautam Adani [reject “Ambani”]", "answer_primary": "Gautam Adani", "clean_answers": [ "reject Ambani", "Gautam Adani", "Adani" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this billionaire who was charged in November 2024 with spending over 250 million dollars to secure green energy contracts.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Narendra Modi [or Narendra Damodardas Modi]", "answer_primary": "Narendra Modi", "clean_answers": [ "Narendra Damodardas Modi", "Narendra Modi", "Modi" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Gautam Adani, a supporter of the BJP, has been accused of corruption for his close ties to this prime minister of India.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "hotels [accept Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]", "answer_primary": "hotels", "clean_answers": [ "Taj Mahal Palace Hotel", "hotels", "hotel", "Hotel" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "Adani happened to be in one of these places named after the Taj Mahal when it was assaulted during the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "yes [accept “yes I said yes I will yes”]", "answer_primary": "yes", "clean_answers": [ "yes yes yes", "yes I said yes I will yes", "yes" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this final word in James Joyce’s Ulysses. In that novel, Molly Bloom ends her monologue by saying “I said” and “I will” with this word before, between, and after those phrases.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "love [or loves; accept “Love loves to love love.”]", "answer_primary": "love", "clean_answers": [ "Love loves to love love", "love", "Love loves to love love.", "loves" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "In the “Scylla and Charybdis” episode of Ulysses, Stephen says “yes, [this word],” calling it the “Word known to all men.” The Parodist voice from the “Cyclops” episode mockingly uses this word four times in a five-word sentence whose third word is “to.”", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Finnegans Wake", "answer_primary": "Finnegans Wake", "clean_answers": [ "Finnegans Wake" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This final novel by Joyce frequently repeats words and coined new ones, like “quark.” This challenging novel is titled for an Irish folk song about a service for a dead hard-drinking man.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "Luwian AND Phoenician [accept Luvian or Luish or Hieroglyphic Luwian in place of “Luwian”; accept śpt kn‘n in place of “Phoenician”]", "answer_primary": "Luwian AND Phoenician", "clean_answers": [ "śpt kn‘n", "Luish", "Luwian", "Luwian AND Phoenician", "śpt kn‘n in place of Phoenician", "Luwian Phoenician", "Phoenician", "Hieroglyphic Luwian in place of Luwian", "Luvian" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name these two languages of the Karatepe bilingual from southern Anatolia. The use of one of these languages instead of Greek on that inscription may be explained by a “migrationist” hypothesis in which elites who didn’t use the other occupied Cilicia after the Hittite collapse.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Cyprus [or Kýpros]", "answer_primary": "Cyprus", "clean_answers": [ "Kýpros", "Cyprus" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The burial of an invading colonizer may be mentioned in the oldest detailed Phoenician inscription from this Eastern Mediterranean island, whose name gave rise to the Romans’ name for copper.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Byblos [or Jebeil or Jbeil or Jubayl or Gubla or Kebny or Gebal or Geval]", "answer_primary": "Byblos", "clean_answers": [ "Kebny", "Jbeil", "Gubla", "Geval", "Gebal", "Jebeil", "Jubayl", "Byblos" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This city’s Ahiram sarcophagus is considered the earliest fully-developed use of the Phoenician script. The name of this Levantine city has been linked to a Greek word for papyrus, which was imported through it.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "George Orwell [or Eric Arthur Blair]", "answer_primary": "George Orwell", "clean_answers": [ "Eric Arthur Blair", "Orwell", "Blair", "George Orwell" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this novelist whose impact on the political philosophy lexicon includes coining the terms doublethink, Newspeak, and Big Brother.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Richard Rorty [or Richard McKay Rorty]", "answer_primary": "Richard Rorty", "clean_answers": [ "Richard Rorty", "Rorty", "Richard McKay Rorty" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "Orwell is called “the last intellectual in Europe” and said to depict “institutional cruelty” in this neo-pragmatist philosopher’s book Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "Bernard Williams [or Bernard Arthur Owen Williams]", "answer_primary": "Bernard Williams", "clean_answers": [ "Bernard Arthur Owen Williams", "Bernard Williams", "Williams" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "This philosopher rejected Rorty’s reading of Orwell for focusing on cruelty over the subversion of beliefs. That critique appears in an “Essay in Genealogy” by this philosopher titled Truth and Truthfulness.", "value": 10 } ]

[ { "answer": "alanine [or Ala; or A]", "answer_primary": "alanine", "clean_answers": [ "A", "alanine", "Ala" ], "difficulty_modifier": "m", "explanation": "", "number": 1, "part": "Name this amino acid with a methyl side chain.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "pyruvate", "answer_primary": "pyruvate", "clean_answers": [ "pyruvate" ], "difficulty_modifier": "e", "explanation": "", "number": 2, "part": "The biosynthesis of alanine can proceed via the reversible reductive amination of this compound by ALT. This three-carbon compound is the product of the dephosphorylation of PEP at the end of glycolysis.", "value": 10 }, { "answer": "beta-alanine", "answer_primary": "beta-alanine", "clean_answers": [ "beta-alanine", "beta" ], "difficulty_modifier": "h", "explanation": "", "number": 3, "part": "The reaction of this alanine isomer and pyruvate produces malonate-semialdehyde and its standard isomer. Histidine and this alanine isomer are combined to synthesize carnosine.", "value": 10 } ]