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The importance of including nonheadwords has become uncontroversial ( e.g. Collins 1999 ; Charniak 2000 ; Goodman 1998 ) .
E03-1005
A00-2018
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximumentropyinspired parser
[ "E Charniak" ]
null
While the models of Collins ( 1996 ) and Eisner ( 1996 ) restricted the fragments to the locality of head-words , later models showed the importance of including context from higher nodes in the tree ( Charniak 1997 ; Johnson 1998a ) . The importance of including nonheadwords has become uncontroversial ( e.g. Collins 1999 ; Charniak 2000 ; Goodman 1998 ) . And Collins ( 2000 ) argues for `` keeping track of counts of arbitrary fragments within parse trees '' , which has indeed been carried out in Collins and Duffy ( 2002 ) who use exactly the same set of ( all ) tree fragments as proposed in Bod ( 1992 ) .
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The importance of including nonheadwords has become uncontroversial ( e.g. Collins 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Goodman 1998 ) .
E03-1005_36
0
introduction
Some methods of semantic relation analysis rely on predefined templates filled with information from processed texts ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) .
W06-3813
External_1008
2,006
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the berkeley framenet project
[ "Collin F Baker", "Charles J Fillmore", "John B Lowe" ]
null
Some methods of semantic relation analysis rely on predefined templates filled with information from processed texts ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) . In other methods , lexical resources are specifically tailored to meet the requirements of the domain ( Rosario and Hearst , 2001 ) or the system ( Gomez , 1998 ) .
3
null
Background
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Some methods of semantic relation analysis rely on predefined templates filled with information from processed texts ( @@CITATION ) .
W06-3813_0
0
related work
The example used to illustrate the power of ATNs ( Woods 1986 ) , `` John was believed to have been shot , '' also parses correctly , because the [ object ] node following the verb `` believed '' acts as both an absorber and a ( re ) generator .
J92-1004
External_10588
1,992
1,986
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
semantics and quantification in natural language question answeringquot
[ "W A Woods" ]
null
The phrase `` which hospital '' is finally absorbed by the preposition 's object . The example used to illustrate the power of ATNs ( Woods 1986 ) , `` John was believed to have been shot , '' also parses correctly , because the [ object ] node following the verb `` believed '' acts as both an absorber and a ( re ) generator . Cases of crossed traces are automatically blocked because the second CURRENT-FOCUS gets moved into the FLOAT-OBJECT position at the time of the second activator , overriding the preexisting FLOAT-OBJECT set up by the earlier activator .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 51, 61 ]
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The example used to illustrate the power of ATNs ( @@CITATION ) , `` John was believed to have been shot , '' also parses correctly , because the [ object ] node following the verb `` believed '' acts as both an absorber and a ( re ) generator .
J92-1004_19
0
null
Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) .
J08-1003
E03-1025
2,008
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
using grammatical relations to compare parsers
[ "Judita Preiss" ]
null
Because a tree-based gold standard for parser evaluation must adopt a particular style of linguistic analysis ( reflected in the geometry and nomenclature of the nodes in the trees ) , evaluation of statistical parsers and grammars that are derived from particular treebank resources ( as well as hand-crafted grammars/parsers ) can suffer unduly if the gold standard deviates systematically from the ( possibly ) equally valid style of linguistic analysis provided by the parser . Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) . Dependency-based linguistic representations are approximations of abstract predicate-argument-adjunct ( or more basic head-dependent )
1
null
Motivation
[ 232, 243 ]
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Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; @@CITATION ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) .
J08-1003_92
0
introduction
LiLFeS is one of the fastest inference engines for processing feature structure logic , and efficient HPSG parsers have already been built on this system ( Nishida et al. , 1999 ; Torisawa et al. , 2000 ) .
W01-1510
External_9268
2,001
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an hpsg parser with cfg filtering
[ "Kentaro Torisawa", "Kenji Nishida", "Yusuke Miyao", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
The RenTAL system is implemented in LiLFeS ( Makino et al. , 1998 ) 2 . LiLFeS is one of the fastest inference engines for processing feature structure logic , and efficient HPSG parsers have already been built on this system ( Nishida et al. , 1999 ; Torisawa et al. , 2000 ) . We applied our system to the XTAG English grammar ( The XTAG Research Group , 2001 ) 3 , which is a large-scale FB-LTAG grammar for English .
5
null
Background
[ 180, 202 ]
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LiLFeS is one of the fastest inference engines for processing feature structure logic , and efficient HPSG parsers have already been built on this system ( Nishida et al. , 1999 ; @@CITATION ) .
W01-1510_21
0
experiments
As in ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) , we used unsupervised training data which is automatically segmented to discover previously unseen stems .
W05-0709
P03-1051
2,005
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
language model based arabic word segmentation
[ "Y-S Lee", "K Papineni", "S Roukos", "O Emam", "H Hassan" ]
null
We seeked to exploit this ability to generalize to improve the dictionary based model . As in ( Lee et al. , 2003 ) , we used unsupervised training data which is automatically segmented to discover previously unseen stems . In our case , the character n-gram model is used to segment a portion of the Arabic Gigaword corpus .
4
null
Uses
[ 8, 25 ]
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As in ( @@CITATION ) , we used unsupervised training data which is automatically segmented to discover previously unseen stems .
W05-0709_16
0
null
To address this limitation , our previous work ( Zhang and Chai , 2009 ) has initiated an investigation on the problem of conversation entailment .
D10-1074
W09-3930
2,010
2,009
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
what do we know about conversation participants experiments on conversation entailment
[ "Chen Zhang", "Joyce Chai" ]
null
( 2 ) B is eighty-three . To address this limitation , our previous work ( Zhang and Chai , 2009 ) has initiated an investigation on the problem of conversation entailment . The problem was formulated as follows : given a conversation discourse D and a hypothesis H concerning its participant , the goal was to identify whether D entails H. For instance , as in Example 1 , the first hypothesis can be entailed from the
2
null
Extends
[ 49, 70 ]
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To address this limitation , our previous work ( @@CITATION ) has initiated an investigation on the problem of conversation entailment .
D10-1074_28
0
introduction
∗ A brief version of this work , with some additional material , first appeared as ( Eisner , 2001a ) .
P02-1001
External_8687
2,002
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
expectation semirings flexible em for finitestate transducers
[ "Jason Eisner" ]
null
It is common to define further useful operations ( as macros ) , which modify existing relations not by editing their source code but simply by operating on them `` from outside . '' ∗ A brief version of this work , with some additional material , first appeared as ( Eisner , 2001a ) . A leisurely journal-length version with more details has been prepared and is available .
2
null
Extends
[ 87, 100 ]
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∗ A brief version of this work , with some additional material , first appeared as ( @@CITATIONa ) .
P02-1001_8
0
introduction
They also proposed two major categories of meta-learning approaches for recommender systems , merging and ensemble , each subdivided into the more specific subclasses suggested by Burke ( 2002 ) as follows .
J09-4010
External_60687
2,009
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hybrid recommender systems user modeling and useradapted interaction
[ "R Burke" ]
null
Lekakos and Giaglis ( 2007 ) implemented a supervised version of this approach for a recommender system , as opposed to our unsupervised version . They also proposed two major categories of meta-learning approaches for recommender systems , merging and ensemble , each subdivided into the more specific subclasses suggested by Burke ( 2002 ) as follows . The merging category corresponds to techniques where the individual methods affect each other in different ways ( this category encompasses Burke 's feature combination , cascade , feature augmentation , and meta-level sub-categories ) .
5
null
Background
[ 180, 194 ]
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They also proposed two major categories of meta-learning approaches for recommender systems , merging and ensemble , each subdivided into the more specific subclasses suggested by @@CITATION as follows .
J09-4010_13
0
null
Here , I adopt the model proposed by Marantz ( 1997 ) and decompose lexical verbs into verbalizing heads and verbal roots .
N04-2004
External_40238
2,004
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
no escape from syntax don’t try morphological analysis in the privacy of your own lexicon
[ "Alec Marantz" ]
null
Following the non-lexicalist tradition , these primitives are argued to occupy functional projections in the syntactic structure , as so-called light verbs . Here , I adopt the model proposed by Marantz ( 1997 ) and decompose lexical verbs into verbalizing heads and verbal roots . Verbalizing heads introduce relevant eventive interpretations in the syntax , and correspond to ( assumed ) universal primitives of the human cognitive system .
5
null
Uses
[ 37, 53 ]
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Here , I adopt the model proposed by @@CITATION and decompose lexical verbs into verbalizing heads and verbal roots .
N04-2004_14
0
null
This heuristic is called soft union ( DeNero and Klein 2007 ) .
J10-3007
P07-1003
2,010
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
tailoring word alignments to syntactic machine translation
[ "John DeNero", "Dan Klein" ]
null
We include a point in the final alignment if the average of the posteriors under the two models for that point is above a threshold . This heuristic is called soft union ( DeNero and Klein 2007 ) . Figure 8 shows the Precision/Recall curves after symmetrization for the En-Fr corpus .
4
null
Uses
[ 38, 59 ]
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This heuristic is called soft union ( @@CITATION ) .
J10-3007_15
0
null
This approach has its roots in Fillmore 's Case Grammar ( 1968 ) , and serves as the foundation for two current large-scale semantic annotation projects : FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) and PropBank ( Kingsbury et al. , 2002 ) .
N04-2004
External_1008
2,004
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the berkeley framenet project
[ "Collin F Baker", "Charles J Fillmore", "John B Lowe" ]
null
Verbs are viewed as simple predicates over their arguments . This approach has its roots in Fillmore 's Case Grammar ( 1968 ) , and serves as the foundation for two current large-scale semantic annotation projects : FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) and PropBank ( Kingsbury et al. , 2002 ) . Underlying the semantic roles approach is a lexicalist assumption , that is , each verb 's lexical entry completely encodes ( more formally , projects ) its syntactic and semantic structures .
2
null
Background
[ 166, 185 ]
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This approach has its roots in Fillmore 's Case Grammar ( 1968 ) , and serves as the foundation for two current large-scale semantic annotation projects : FrameNet ( @@CITATION ) and PropBank ( Kingsbury et al. , 2002 ) .
N04-2004_0
0
introduction
Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech .
J90-3003
External_85697
1,990
1,983
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
capacity demands in shortterm memory for synthetic and natural speech
[ "P A Luce", "T C Feustel", "D B Pisoni" ]
null
Existing text-to-speech systems perform well on word pronunciation and short sentences ,12 but when it comes to long sentences and paragraphs , synthetic speech tends to be difficult to listen to and understand . Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . And while researchers in text-tospeech synthesis have adopted a variety of approaches to prosodic phrase generation -- from the simple punctuationbased rules and function word listings of existing commercial systems to the sophisticated prosodic heuristics described in Emorine and Martin ( 1988 ) and O'Shaughnessy ( 1989 ) -- the generation of appropriate prosodic phrasing in unrestricted text has remained a problem .
2
null
Motivation
[ 61, 77 ]
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Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; @@CITATION ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech .
J90-3003_22
0
experiments
The ability to explicitly identify these sections in unstructured text could play an important role in applications such as document summarization ( Teufel and Moens , 2000 ) , information retrieval ( Tbahriti et al. , 2005 ) , information extraction ( Mizuta et al. , 2005 ) , and question answering .
W06-3309
External_3427
2,006
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
using argumentation to retrieve articles with similar citations an inquiry into improving related articles search in the medline digital library
[ "Imad Tbahriti", "Christine Chichester", "Fr´ed´erique Lisacek", "Patrick Ruch" ]
null
fields generally follow the pattern of `` introduction '' , `` methods '' , `` results '' , and `` conclusions '' ( SalangerMeyer , 1990 ; Swales , 1990 ; Or˘asan , 2001 ) . The ability to explicitly identify these sections in unstructured text could play an important role in applications such as document summarization ( Teufel and Moens , 2000 ) , information retrieval ( Tbahriti et al. , 2005 ) , information extraction ( Mizuta et al. , 2005 ) , and question answering . Although there is a trend towards analysis of full article texts , we believe that abstracts still provide a tremendous amount of information , and much value can still be extracted from them .
2
null
Background
[ 201, 223 ]
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The ability to explicitly identify these sections in unstructured text could play an important role in applications such as document summarization ( Teufel and Moens , 2000 ) , information retrieval ( @@CITATION ) , information extraction ( Mizuta et al. , 2005 ) , and question answering .
W06-3309_25
0
introduction
This semantics was constructed ( Zadrozny 1987a , 1987b ) as a formal framework for default and commonsense reasoning .
J91-2003
External_76184
1,991
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
intended models circumscription and commonsense reasoningquot
[ "W Zadrozny" ]
null
We adopt the three-level semantics as a formal tool for the analysis of paragraphs . This semantics was constructed ( Zadrozny 1987a , 1987b ) as a formal framework for default and commonsense reasoning . It should not come as a surprise that we can now use this apparatus for text/discourse analysis ; after all , many natural language inferences are based on defaults , and quite often they can be reduced to choosing most plausible interpretations of predicates .
1
null
Uses
[ 33, 46 ]
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This semantics was constructed ( @@CITATIONa , 1987b ) as a formal framework for default and commonsense reasoning .
J91-2003_59
0
introduction
There is a general consensus among theoretical linguists that the proper representation of verbal argument structure is event structure -- representations grounded in a theory of events that decompose semantic roles in terms of primitive predicates representing concepts such as causality and inchoativity ( Dowty , 1979 ; Jackendoff , 1983 ; Pustejovsky , 1991b ; Rappaport Hovav and Levin , 1998 ) .
N04-2004
External_1951
2,004
1,979
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
word meaning and
[ "David Dowty" ]
null
Fixed roles are too coarsegrained to account for certain semantic distinctions -- the only recourse , to expand the inventory of roles , comes with the price of increased complexity , e.g. , in the syntaxto-semantics mapping . There is a general consensus among theoretical linguists that the proper representation of verbal argument structure is event structure -- representations grounded in a theory of events that decompose semantic roles in terms of primitive predicates representing concepts such as causality and inchoativity ( Dowty , 1979 ; Jackendoff , 1983 ; Pustejovsky , 1991b ; Rappaport Hovav and Levin , 1998 ) . Consider the following example :
3
null
Background
[ 308, 320 ]
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There is a general consensus among theoretical linguists that the proper representation of verbal argument structure is event structure -- representations grounded in a theory of events that decompose semantic roles in terms of primitive predicates representing concepts such as causality and inchoativity ( @@CITATION ; Jackendoff , 1983 ; Pustejovsky , 1991b ; Rappaport Hovav and Levin , 1998 ) .
N04-2004_3
0
null
Similarly , the notion of R + M-abduction is spiritually related to the `` abductive inference '' of Reggia ( 1985 ) , the `` diagnosis from first principles '' of Reiter ( 1987 ) , `` explainability '' of Poole ( 1988 ) , and the subset principle of Berwick ( 1986 ) .
J91-2003
External_34289
1,991
1,986
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning from positiveonly examples the subset principle and three case studiesquot
[ "R C Berwick" ]
null
, `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX Etherington and Mercer 1987 ) , and their kin . Similarly , the notion of R + M-abduction is spiritually related to the `` abductive inference '' of Reggia ( 1985 ) , the `` diagnosis from first principles '' of Reiter ( 1987 ) , `` explainability '' of Poole ( 1988 ) , and the subset principle of Berwick ( 1986 ) . But , obviously , trying to establish precise connections for the metarules or the provability and the R + M-abduction would go much beyond the scope of an argument for the correspondence of paragraphs and models .
1
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 251, 267 ]
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Similarly , the notion of R + M-abduction is spiritually related to the `` abductive inference '' of Reggia ( 1985 ) , the `` diagnosis from first principles '' of Reiter ( 1987 ) , `` explainability '' of Poole ( 1988 ) , and the subset principle of @@CITATION .
J91-2003_0
0
introduction
The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks .
W05-0709
E99-1001
2,005
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
named entity recognition without gazetteers
[ "A Mikheev", "M Moens", "C Grover" ]
null
In this paper we focus on the Entity Detection and Recognition task ( EDR ) for Arabic as described in ACE 2004 framework ( ACE , 2004 ) . The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks . Usually , in computational linguistics literature , a named entity is an instance of a location , a person , or an organization , and the NER task consists of identifying each of these occurrences .
2
null
Background
[ 223, 244 ]
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The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks .
W05-0709_21
0
introduction
Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) .
J92-1004
External_84961
1,992
1,989
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the use of a semantic network in speech dialoguequot
[ "G Th Niedermair" ]
null
Current advances in research and development of spoken language systems2 can be found , for example , in the proceedings of the DARPA speech and natural language workshops , as well as in publications from participants of the ESPRIT SUNDIAL project . Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) . * Spoken Language Systems Group , Laboratoiy for Computer Science , MIT , Cambridge MA 02139 f This research was supported by DARPA under Contract N00014-89 +1332 , monitored through the Office of Naval Research .
1
null
Background
[ 98, 117 ]
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Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , @@CITATION , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) .
J92-1004_12
0
introduction
R98 ( , , , , „ ) uses a variant of Kozima 's semantic similarity measure ( Kozima , 1993 ) to compute block similarity .
A00-2004
External_30123
2,000
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
text segmentation based on similarity between words
[ "Hideki Kozima" ]
null
R98 ( , „ , d0t ) is the modularised version of R98 for experimenting with different similarity measures . R98 ( , , , , „ ) uses a variant of Kozima 's semantic similarity measure ( Kozima , 1993 ) to compute block similarity . Word similarity is a function of word cooccurrence statistics in the given document .
5
null
Extends
[ 78, 91 ]
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R98 ( , , , , „ ) uses a variant of Kozima 's semantic similarity measure ( @@CITATION ) to compute block similarity .
A00-2004_26
0
null
Liu et al. ( 2005 ) , Meral et al. ( 2007 ) , Murphy ( 2001 ) , Murphy and Vogel ( 2007 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006a ) all belong to the syntactic transformation category .
N10-1084
External_56140
2,010
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a natural language watermarking based on chinese syntax
[ "Yuling Liu", "Xingming Sun", "Yong Wu" ]
null
In other words , instead of performing lexical substitution directly to the text , the secret message is embedded into syntactic parse trees of the sentences . Liu et al. ( 2005 ) , Meral et al. ( 2007 ) , Murphy ( 2001 ) , Murphy and Vogel ( 2007 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006a ) all belong to the syntactic transformation category . After embedding the secret message , modified deep structure forms are converted into the surface structure format via language generation tools .
3
null
Background
[ 0, 19 ]
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@@CITATION , Meral et al. ( 2007 ) , Murphy ( 2001 ) , Murphy and Vogel ( 2007 ) and Topkara et al. ( 2006a ) all belong to the syntactic transformation category .
N10-1084_15
0
related work
We used a publicly available tagger ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) to tag the words and then used these in the input to the system .
E03-1002
External_13541
2,003
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximum entropy model for partofspeech tagging
[ "Adwait Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
5In these experiments the tags are included in the input to the system , but , for compatibility with other parsers , we did not use the hand-corrected tags which come with the corpus . We used a publicly available tagger ( Ratnaparkhi , 1996 ) to tag the words and then used these in the input to the system . 6We found that 80 hidden units produced better performance than 60 or 100 .
7
null
Uses
[ 38, 56 ]
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We used a publicly available tagger ( @@CITATION ) to tag the words and then used these in the input to the system .
E03-1002_29
0
experiments
Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; Chen and Mooney , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies .
D13-1115
External_1533
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning to interpret natural language navigation instructions from observations
[ "David L Chen", "Raymond J Mooney" ]
null
Many approaches to multimodal research have succeeded by abstracting away raw perceptual information and using high-level representations instead . Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; Chen and Mooney , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies . Within the latter category , the two most common representations have been association norms , where subjects are given a
3
null
Background
[ 102, 124 ]
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Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; @@CITATION ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies .
D13-1115_21
0
related work
Multilingual lexical databases aligned with the English WordNet ( e.g. MultiWordNet ( Pianta et al. , 2002 ) ) have been created for several languages , with different degrees of coverage .
P11-1134
External_33257
2,011
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
multiwordnet developing and aligned multilingual database
[ "Emanuele Pianta", "Luisa Bentivogli", "Christian Girardi" ]
null
However , with the only exceptions represented by WordNet and Wikipedia , most of the aforementioned resources are available only for English . Multilingual lexical databases aligned with the English WordNet ( e.g. MultiWordNet ( Pianta et al. , 2002 ) ) have been created for several languages , with different degrees of coverage . As an example , the 57,424 synsets of the Spanish section of MultiWordNet aligned to English cover just around 50 % of the WordNet 's synsets , thus making the coverage issue even more problematic than for TE .
2
null
Background
[ 86, 106 ]
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Multilingual lexical databases aligned with the English WordNet ( e.g. MultiWordNet ( @@CITATION ) ) have been created for several languages , with different degrees of coverage .
P11-1134_31
0
introduction
An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( Ballard 1979 , Biermann and Ballard 1980 ) .
J86-1002
External_40052
1,986
1,979
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
semantic processing for a natural language programming system
[ "B Ballard" ]
null
The usefulness of the methodology described above was tested in the implementation of a connected speech understanding system . An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( Ballard 1979 , Biermann and Ballard 1980 ) . The expectation system provided the intermediate processing between the errorful output of the speech recognizer and the deep semantics of NLC .
5
null
Background
[ 186, 198 ]
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null } ] ]
An off-the-shelf speech recognition device , a Nippon Electric Corporation DP-200 , was added to an existing natural language processing system , the Natural Language Computer ( NLC ) ( @@CITATION , Biermann and Ballard 1980 ) .
J86-1002_0
0
experiments
For future work , we might investigate how machine learning algorithms , which are specifically designed for the problem of domain adaptation ( Blitzer et al. , 2007 ; Jiang and Zhai , 2007 ) , perform in comparison to our approach .
D10-1101
P07-1034
2,010
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
instance weighting for domain adaptation in nlp
[ "Jing Jiang", "ChengXiang Zhai" ]
null
The features we employ scale well across domains , given that the opinion target vocabularies are substantially different . For future work , we might investigate how machine learning algorithms , which are specifically designed for the problem of domain adaptation ( Blitzer et al. , 2007 ; Jiang and Zhai , 2007 ) , perform in comparison to our approach . Since three of the features we employed in
7
null
Future
[ 168, 189 ]
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For future work , we might investigate how machine learning algorithms , which are specifically designed for the problem of domain adaptation ( Blitzer et al. , 2007 ; @@CITATION ) , perform in comparison to our approach .
D10-1101_15
0
conclusion
But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) .
J10-3007
External_38
2,010
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
bootstrapping parsers via syntactic projection across parallel texts natural language engineering
[ "Rebecca Hwa", "Philip Resnik", "Amy Weinberg", "Clara Cabezas", "Okan Kolak" ]
null
MT system combination ( Matusov , Ueffing , and Ney 2006 ) . But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) . IBM Models 1 and 2 and the HMM are simple and tractable probabilistic models , which produce the target sentence one target word at a time by choosing a source word and generating its translation .
1
null
Motivation
[ 149, 164 ]
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But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; @@CITATION ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) .
J10-3007_20
0
introduction
That is , if the current hypothesis is unable to label a candidate or is uncertain about it , then the candidate might be a good training example ( Lewis and Catlett 1994 ) .
J04-3001
External_5769
2,004
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
heterogeneous uncertainty sampling for supervised learning
[ "David D Lewis", "Jason Catlett" ]
null
Performance of the hypothesis : Testing the candidates on the current working hypothesis shows the type of input data on which the hypothesis may perform weakly . That is , if the current hypothesis is unable to label a candidate or is uncertain about it , then the candidate might be a good training example ( Lewis and Catlett 1994 ) . The underlying assumption is that an uncertain output is likely to be wrong .
2
null
Background
[ 148, 170 ]
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That is , if the current hypothesis is unable to label a candidate or is uncertain about it , then the candidate might be a good training example ( @@CITATION ) .
J04-3001_14
0
null
Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) .
J01-4001
P99-1079
2,001
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
analysis of syntaxbased pronoun resolution methods
[ "Joel Tetreault" ]
null
Against the background of a growing interest in multilingual NLP , multilingual anaphora / coreference resolution has gained considerable momentum in recent years ( Aone and McKee 1993 ; Azzam , Humphreys , and Gaizauskas 1998 ; Harabagiu and Maiorano 2000 ; Mitkov and Barbu 2000 ; Mitkov 1999 ; Mitkov and Stys 1997 ; Mitkov , Belguith , and Stys 1998 ) . Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; Tetreault 1999 ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) . For a more detailed survey of the state of the art in anaphora resolution , see Mitkov ( forthcoming ) .
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Background
[ 362, 376 ]
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Other milestones of recent research include the deployment of probabilistic and machine learning techniques ( Aone and Bennett 1995 ; Kehler 1997 ; Ge , Hale , and Charniak 1998 ; Cardie and Wagstaff 1999 ; the continuing interest in centering , used either in original or in revised form ( Abracos and Lopes 1994 ; Strube and Hahn 1996 ; Hahn and Strube 1997 ; @@CITATION ) ; and proposals related to the evaluation methodology in anaphora resolution ( Mitkov 1998a , 2001b ) .
J01-4001_22
0
null
For instance , the derived morphological forms are believed to be represented as a whole , whereas the representation of the inflected forms follows the morphemic model ( Caramazza et al. , 1988 ) .
P13-3018
External_90449
2,013
1,988
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
lexical access and inflectional morphology
[ "A Caramazza", "A Laudanna", "C Romani" ]
null
Intermediate to these two paradigms is the partial decomposition model that argues that different types of morphological forms are processed separately . For instance , the derived morphological forms are believed to be represented as a whole , whereas the representation of the inflected forms follows the morphemic model ( Caramazza et al. , 1988 ) . Traditionally , priming experiments have been used to study the effects of morphology in language processing .
3
null
Background
[ 171, 194 ]
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0
related work
We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) .
A00-2036
P98-1035
2,000
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
exploiting syntactic structure for language modeling
[ "C Chelba", "F Jelinek" ]
null
Our results hold for bilexical context-free grammars and directly transfer to several language models that can be seen as stochastic versions of this formalism ( see Section 1 ) . We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) . We leave this for future work .
6
null
Future
[ 217, 242 ]
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We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( @@CITATION ) .
A00-2036_4
0
conclusion
Another paper ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001 ) describes the detailed analysis on the factor of the difference of parsing performance .
W01-1510
External_9270
2,001
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
efficient ltag parsing using hpsg parsers
[ "Naoki Yoshinaga", "Yusuke Miyao", "Kentaro Torisawa", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
We can say that the grammar conversion enables us to share HPSG parsing techniques in LTAG parsing . Another paper ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001 ) describes the detailed analysis on the factor of the difference of parsing performance .
5
null
Background
[ 16, 39 ]
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[]
Another paper ( @@CITATION ) describes the detailed analysis on the factor of the difference of parsing performance .
W01-1510_30
0
experiments
The original and the obtained grammar generated exactly the same number of derivation trees in the parsing experiment with 457 sentences from the ATIS corpus ( Marcus et al. , 1994 ) 6 ( the average length is 6.32 words ) .
W01-1510
J93-2004
2,001
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
building a large annotated corpus of english the penn treebank computational linguistics
[ "Mitchell Marcus", "Beatrice Santorini", "Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz" ]
null
Conversion took about 25 minutes CPU time on a 700 Mhz Pentium III Xeon with four gigabytes main memory . The original and the obtained grammar generated exactly the same number of derivation trees in the parsing experiment with 457 sentences from the ATIS corpus ( Marcus et al. , 1994 ) 6 ( the average length is 6.32 words ) . This result empirically attested the strong equivalence of our algorithm .
5
null
Uses
[ 160, 180 ]
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The original and the obtained grammar generated exactly the same number of derivation trees in the parsing experiment with 457 sentences from the ATIS corpus ( @@CITATION ) 6 ( the average length is 6.32 words ) .
W01-1510_10
0
experiments
The use of running tallies and percentages is based on the assumption that these features are likely to produce generalized predictors ( Litman et al. , 1999 ) .
A00-2028
P99-1040
2,000
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic detection of poor speech recognition at the dialogue level
[ "D J Litman", "M A Walker", "M J Kearns" ]
null
confirms , percent-subdials ) . The use of running tallies and percentages is based on the assumption that these features are likely to produce generalized predictors ( Litman et al. , 1999 ) . The features obtained via hand-labelling were human transcripts of each user utterance ( tscript ) , a set of semantic labels that are closely related to the system task-type labels ( human-label ) , age ( age ) and gender ( gender ) of the user , the actual modality of the user utterance ( user-modality ) ( one of : nothing , speech , touchtone , speech + touchtone , non-speech ) ,
4
null
Motivation
[ 137, 157 ]
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The use of running tallies and percentages is based on the assumption that these features are likely to produce generalized predictors ( @@CITATION ) .
A00-2028_12
0
null
The Longman lexicographers have developed a grammar coding system capable of representing in compact form a nontrivial amount of information , usually to be found only in large descriptive grammars of English ( such as Quirk et al. , 1985 ) .
J87-3002
External_43916
1,987
1,985
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a comprehensive grammar of english longman group limited
[ "Randolph Quirk", "Sidney Greenbaum", "Geoffrey Leech", "Jan Svartvik" ]
null
LDOCE provides considerably more syntactic information than a traditional dictionary . The Longman lexicographers have developed a grammar coding system capable of representing in compact form a nontrivial amount of information , usually to be found only in large descriptive grammars of English ( such as Quirk et al. , 1985 ) . A grammar code describes a particular pattern of behaviour of a word .
3
null
Background
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The Longman lexicographers have developed a grammar coding system capable of representing in compact form a nontrivial amount of information , usually to be found only in large descriptive grammars of English ( such as @@CITATION ) .
J87-3002_30
0
null
19 The paper by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2012 ) presents additional , more sophisticated models that we do not use in this article .
J13-1008
E12-1069
2,013
2,012
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
identifying broken plurals irregular gender and rationality in arabic text
[ "Sarah Alkuhlani", "Nizar Habash" ]
null
18 In this article , we use a newer version of the corpus by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) than the one we used in Marton , Habash , and Rambow ( 2011 ) . 19 The paper by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2012 ) presents additional , more sophisticated models that we do not use in this article . shrunk with these functional feature combinations to 0.3 % .
3
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 16, 45 ]
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19 The paper by @@CITATION presents additional , more sophisticated models that we do not use in this article .
J13-1008_5
0
related work
Empirical evidence has been brought forward that inflectional and/or derivational stemmers augmented by dictionaries indeed perform substantially better than those without access to such lexical repositories ( Krovetz , 1993 ; Kraaij and Pohlmann , 1996 ; Tzoukermann et al. , 1997 ) .
W02-0309
External_34420
2,002
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
effective use of natural language processing techniques for automatic conflation of multiword terms the role of derivational morphology part of speech tagging and shallow parsing
[ "E Tzoukermann", "J Klavans", "C Jacquemin" ]
null
The key for quality improvement seems to be rooted mainly in the presence or absence of some form of dictionary . Empirical evidence has been brought forward that inflectional and/or derivational stemmers augmented by dictionaries indeed perform substantially better than those without access to such lexical repositories ( Krovetz , 1993 ; Kraaij and Pohlmann , 1996 ; Tzoukermann et al. , 1997 ) . This result is particularly valid for natural languages with a rich morphology -- both in terms of derivation and ( single-word ) composition .
6
null
Background
[ 256, 281 ]
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Empirical evidence has been brought forward that inflectional and/or derivational stemmers augmented by dictionaries indeed perform substantially better than those without access to such lexical repositories ( Krovetz , 1993 ; Kraaij and Pohlmann , 1996 ; @@CITATION ) .
W02-0309_20
0
conclusion
Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , Longacre 1979 , Haberlandt et al. 1980 ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure .
J91-2003
External_44421
1,991
1,980
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the episode schema in story processingquot
[ "K Haberlandt", "C Berian", "J Sandson" ]
null
Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , Longacre 1979 , Haberlandt et al. 1980 ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure . Discourse linguists show little interest in making the structural descriptions precise enough so that a computational grammar of text could adapt them and use them .
1
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 150, 172 ]
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Although there are other discussions of the paragraph as a central element of discourse ( e.g. Chafe 1979 , Halliday and Hasan 1976 , Longacre 1979 , @@CITATION ) , all of them share a certain limitation in their formal techniques for analyzing paragraph structure .
J91-2003_17
0
introduction
( Details of how the average-expert model performs can be found in our prior work ( Xiong and Litman , 2011 ) . )
W11-1402
P11-2088
2,011
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatically predicting peerreview helpfulness
[ "Wenting Xiong", "Diane Litman" ]
null
Note that the focus of this paper is comparing feature utilities in different helpfulness models rather than predicting those types of helpfulness ratings . ( Details of how the average-expert model performs can be found in our prior work ( Xiong and Litman , 2011 ) . )
6
null
Extends
[ 84, 107 ]
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[]
( Details of how the average-expert model performs can be found in our prior work ( @@CITATION ) . )
W11-1402_30
0
experiments
Self-training should also benefit other discriminatively trained parsers with latent annotations ( Petrov and Klein , 2008 ) , although training would be much slower compared to using generative models , as in our case .
D09-1087
D08-1091
2,009
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
sparse multiscale grammars for discriminative latent variable parsing
[ "Slav Petrov", "Dan Klein" ]
null
Better results would be expected by combining the PCFG-LA parser with discriminative reranking approaches ( Charniak and Johnson , 2005 ; Huang , 2008 ) for self training . Self-training should also benefit other discriminatively trained parsers with latent annotations ( Petrov and Klein , 2008 ) , although training would be much slower compared to using generative models , as in our case . In future work , we plan to scale up the training process with more unlabeled training data ( e.g. , gigaword ) and investigate automatic selection of materials that are most suitable for self-training .
8
null
Future
[ 99, 122 ]
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Self-training should also benefit other discriminatively trained parsers with latent annotations ( @@CITATION ) , although training would be much slower compared to using generative models , as in our case .
D09-1087_22
0
conclusion
We introduce here a clearly defined and replicable split of the ACE 2004 data , so that future investigations can accurately and correctly compare against the results presented here .
W05-0709
External_42603
2,005
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic content extraction
[ "ACE" ]
null
The system is trained on the Arabic ACE 2003 and part of the 2004 data . We introduce here a clearly defined and replicable split of the ACE 2004 data , so that future investigations can accurately and correctly compare against the results presented here . There are 689 Arabic documents in LDC 's 2004 release ( version 1.4 ) of ACE data from three sources : the Arabic Treebank , a subset of the broadcast ( bnews ) and newswire ( nwire ) TDT-4 documents .
7
null
Uses
[ 64, 72 ]
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We introduce here a clearly defined and replicable split of the @@CITATION data , so that future investigations can accurately and correctly compare against the results presented here .
W05-0709_2
0
experiments
In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( Gildea , 2001 ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; Blitzer et al. , 2006 ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) .
D11-1138
W01-0521
2,011
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
corpus variation and parser performance
[ "D Gildea" ]
null
This includes work on question answering ( Wang et al. , 2007 ) , sentiment analysis ( Nakagawa et al. , 2010 ) , MT reordering ( Xu et al. , 2009 ) , and many other tasks . In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( Gildea , 2001 ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; Blitzer et al. , 2006 ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) . But these accuracies are measured with respect to gold-standard out-of-domain parse trees .
2
null
Background
[ 82, 95 ]
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In most cases , the accuracy of parsers degrades when run on out-of-domain data ( @@CITATION ; McClosky et al. , 2006 ; Blitzer et al. , 2006 ; Petrov et al. , 2010 ) .
D11-1138_9
0
introduction
Brent ( 1993 ) relies on morphosyntactic cues in the untagged Brown corpus as indicators of six predefined subcategorization frames .
J05-3003
J93-2002
2,005
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
from grammar to lexicon unsupervised learning of lexical syntax
[ "Michael Brent" ]
null
Typically in the approaches based on raw text , a number of subcategorization patterns are predefined , a set of verb subcategorization frame associations are hypothesized from the data , and statistical methods are applied to reliably select hypotheses for the final lexicon . Brent ( 1993 ) relies on morphosyntactic cues in the untagged Brown corpus as indicators of six predefined subcategorization frames . The frames do not include details of specific prepositions .
3
null
Background
[ 0, 14 ]
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@@CITATION relies on morphosyntactic cues in the untagged Brown corpus as indicators of six predefined subcategorization frames .
J05-3003_3
0
related work
To build the above s2t system , we first use the parse tree , which is generated by parsing the English side of the bilingual data with the Berkeley parser ( Petrov et al. , 2006 ) .
Q13-1020
External_71978
2,013
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning accurate compact and interpretable tree annotation
[ "Slav Petrov", "Leon Barrett", "Romain Thibaux", "Dan Klein" ]
null
We then obtain the composed rules by composing two or three adjacent minimal rules . To build the above s2t system , we first use the parse tree , which is generated by parsing the English side of the bilingual data with the Berkeley parser ( Petrov et al. , 2006 ) . Then , we binarize the English parse trees using the head binarization approach ( Wang et al. , 2007 ) and use the resulting binary parse trees to build another s2t system .
6
null
Uses
[ 158, 178 ]
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To build the above s2t system , we first use the parse tree , which is generated by parsing the English side of the bilingual data with the Berkeley parser ( @@CITATION ) .
Q13-1020_25
0
experiments
One obvious approach to this problem is to employ parser reranking ( Collins , 2000 ) .
D11-1138
External_63
2,011
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
discriminative reranking for natural language parsing
[ "Michael Collins" ]
null
The goal being not necessarily to obtain better parse performance , but to exploit the structure induced from human labeled treebank data while targeting specific extrinsic metrics of quality , which can include task specific metrics or external weak constraints on the parse structure . One obvious approach to this problem is to employ parser reranking ( Collins , 2000 ) . In such a setting , an auxiliary reranker is added in a pipeline following the parser .
2
null
Background
[ 69, 83 ]
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One obvious approach to this problem is to employ parser reranking ( @@CITATION ) .
D11-1138_7
0
introduction
Ideally , to distinguish between raising and equi verbs , a number of syntactic criteria should be employed ( Perlmutter and Soames , 1979:460 ff . )
J87-3002
External_43911
1,987
1,979
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
syntactic argumentation and the structure of english
[ "D M Perlmutter", "S Soames" ]
null
Thirdly , it seems clear that the Object Raising rule is straining the limits of what can be reliably extracted from the LDOCE coding system . Ideally , to distinguish between raising and equi verbs , a number of syntactic criteria should be employed ( Perlmutter and Soames , 1979:460 ff . ) .
6
null
Future
[ 110, 138 ]
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Ideally , to distinguish between raising and equi verbs , a number of syntactic criteria should be employed ( @@CITATION:460 ff . )
J87-3002_26
0
null
The table also presents the closest comparable experimental results reported by McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) .1 McKnight and Srinivasan ( henceforth , M&S ) created a test collection consisting of 37,151 RCTs from approximately 12 million MEDLINE abstracts dated between 1976 and 2001 .
W06-3309
External_42488
2,006
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
categorization of sentence types in medical abstracts
[ "Larry McKnight", "Padmini Srinivasan" ]
null
Table 2 ( b ) reports accuracy , precision , recall , and Fmeasure for four separate binary classifiers ( HMM with LDA ) specifically trained for each of the sections ( one per row in the table ) . The table also presents the closest comparable experimental results reported by McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) .1 McKnight and Srinivasan ( henceforth , M&S ) created a test collection consisting of 37,151 RCTs from approximately 12 million MEDLINE abstracts dated between 1976 and 2001 . This collection has
4
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 80, 112 ]
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The table also presents the closest comparable experimental results reported by @@CITATION .1 McKnight and Srinivasan ( henceforth , M&S ) created a test collection consisting of 37,151 RCTs from approximately 12 million MEDLINE abstracts dated between 1976 and 2001 .
W06-3309_18
0
experiments
How this mismatched perceptual basis affects referential communication in situated dialogue was investigated in our previous work ( Liu et al. , 2012 ) .
D13-1038
W12-1621
2,013
2,012
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards mediating shared perceptual basis in situated dialogue
[ "Changsong Liu", "Rui Fang", "Joyce Y Chai" ]
null
Thus , referential communication between the human and the robot becomes difficult . How this mismatched perceptual basis affects referential communication in situated dialogue was investigated in our previous work ( Liu et al. , 2012 ) . In that work , the main focus is on reference resolution : given referential descriptions from human partners , how to identify referents in the environment even though the robot only has imperfect perception of the environment .
2
null
Extends
[ 132, 149 ]
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How this mismatched perceptual basis affects referential communication in situated dialogue was investigated in our previous work ( @@CITATION ) .
D13-1038_29
0
introduction
Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks .
D13-1115
External_32478
2,013
2,009
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
integrating experiential and distributional data to learn semantic representations
[ "Mark Andrews", "Gabriella Vigliocco", "David Vinson" ]
null
Griffiths et al. ( 2007 ) helped pave the path for cognitive-linguistic multimodal research , showing that Latent Dirichlet Allocation outperformed Latent Semantic Analysis ( Deerwester et al. , 1990 ) in the prediction of association norms . Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task .
3
null
Background
[ 0, 23 ]
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@@CITATION furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks .
D13-1115_2
0
related work
A cooccurrence based stemmer ( Xu and Croft , 1998 ) was used to stem Spanish words .
W00-1312
External_27894
2,000
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
corpusbased stemming using cooccurrence of word variantsquot
[ "J Xu", "W B Croft" ]
null
Each English word has around 1.5 translations on average . A cooccurrence based stemmer ( Xu and Croft , 1998 ) was used to stem Spanish words . One difference from the treatment of Chinese is to include the English word as one of its own translations in addition to its Spanish translations in the lexicon .
5
null
Uses
[ 31, 50 ]
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A cooccurrence based stemmer ( @@CITATION ) was used to stem Spanish words .
W00-1312_18
0
experiments
The best performance on the WSJ corpus was achieved by a combination of the SATZ system ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) with the Alembic system ( Aberdeen et al. 1995 ) : a 0.5 % error rate .
J02-3002
M95-1012
2,002
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
mitre description of the alembic system used for muc6”
[ "John S Aberdeen", "John D Burger", "David S Day", "Lynette Hirschman", "Patricia Robinson", "Marc Vilain" ]
null
State-of-theart machine learning and rule-based SBD systems achieve an error rate of 0.8 -- 1.5 % measured on the Brown corpus and the WSJ corpus . The best performance on the WSJ corpus was achieved by a combination of the SATZ system ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) with the Alembic system ( Aberdeen et al. 1995 ) : a 0.5 % error rate . The best performance on the Brown corpus , a 0.2 % error rate , was reported by Riley ( 1989 ) , who trained a decision tree classifier on a 25-million-word corpus .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 141, 161 ]
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The best performance on the WSJ corpus was achieved by a combination of the SATZ system ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) with the Alembic system ( @@CITATION ) : a 0.5 % error rate .
J02-3002_0
0
null
In a number of proposals , lexical generalizations are captured using lexical underspecification ( Kathol 1994 ; Krieger and Nerbonne 1992 ;
J97-4003
External_69617
1,997
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
passive without lexical rules in
[ "Andreas Kathol" ]
null
Lexical rules have not gone unchallenged as a mechanism for expressing generalizations over lexical information . In a number of proposals , lexical generalizations are captured using lexical underspecification ( Kathol 1994 ; Krieger and Nerbonne 1992 ; Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) .
4
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 99, 110 ]
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In a number of proposals , lexical generalizations are captured using lexical underspecification ( @@CITATION ; Krieger and Nerbonne 1992 ;
J97-4003_22
0
related work
Although a grid may be more descriptively suitable for some aspects of prosody ( for example , Sproat and Liberman ( 1987 ) use the grid representation for their implementation of stress assignment in compound nominals ) , we are not aware of any evidence for or against a grid representation of discourseneutral phrasing .
J90-3003
P87-1020
1,990
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
toward treating english nominals correctly
[ "R W Sproat", "M Y Liberman" ]
null
An alternative representation based on Liberman and Prince ( 1977 ) is presented in Selkirk ( 1984 ) , which contends that prosody , including prosodic phrasing , is more properly represented as a grid instead of a tree . Although a grid may be more descriptively suitable for some aspects of prosody ( for example , Sproat and Liberman ( 1987 ) use the grid representation for their implementation of stress assignment in compound nominals ) , we are not aware of any evidence for or against a grid representation of discourseneutral phrasing . Figure 8 shows the phonological phrase tree that is built from the syntactic structure of Figure 7 .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 95, 123 ]
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Although a grid may be more descriptively suitable for some aspects of prosody ( for example , @@CITATION use the grid representation for their implementation of stress assignment in compound nominals ) , we are not aware of any evidence for or against a grid representation of discourseneutral phrasing .
J90-3003_32
0
experiments
The bottom panel of table 1 lists the results for the chosen lexicalized model ( SSN-Freq > 200 ) and five recent statistical parsers ( Ratnaparkhi , 1999 ; Collins , 1999 ; Charniak , 2000 ; Collins , 2000 ; Bod , 2001 ) .
E03-1002
A00-2018
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximumentropyinspired parser
[ "Eugene Charniak" ]
null
The Tags model also does much better than the only other broad coverage neural network parser ( Costa et al. , 2001 ) . The bottom panel of table 1 lists the results for the chosen lexicalized model ( SSN-Freq > 200 ) and five recent statistical parsers ( Ratnaparkhi , 1999 ; Collins , 1999 ; Charniak , 2000 ; Collins , 2000 ; Bod , 2001 ) . The performance of the lexicalized model falls in the middle of this range , only being beaten by the three best current parsers , which all achieve equivalent performance .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 174, 189 ]
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The bottom panel of table 1 lists the results for the chosen lexicalized model ( SSN-Freq > 200 ) and five recent statistical parsers ( Ratnaparkhi , 1999 ; Collins , 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Collins , 2000 ; Bod , 2001 ) .
E03-1002_8
0
experiments
Other factors , such as the role of focus ( Grosz 1977 , 1978 ; Sidner 1983 ) or quantifier scoping ( Webber 1983 ) must play a role , too .
J91-2003
External_1447
1,991
1,983
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
focusing in the comprehension of definite anaphoraquot
[ "C Sidner" ]
null
They are intended as an illustration of the power of abduction , which in this framework helps determine the universe of the model ( that is the set of entities that appear in it ) . Other factors , such as the role of focus ( Grosz 1977 , 1978 ; Sidner 1983 ) or quantifier scoping ( Webber 1983 ) must play a role , too . Determining the relative importance of those factors , the above metarules , and syntactic clues , appears to be an interesting topic in itself .
1
null
Background
[ 64, 75 ]
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Other factors , such as the role of focus ( Grosz 1977 , 1978 ; @@CITATION ) or quantifier scoping ( Webber 1983 ) must play a role , too .
J91-2003_52
0
introduction
linguistic in nature , rather than dealing with superficial properties of the text , e.g. the amount of white space between words ( Por et al. , 2008 ) .
N10-1084
External_56144
2,010
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
whitesteg a new scheme in information hiding using text steganography
[ "Lip Y Por", "Ang T Fong", "B Delina" ]
null
2The message may have been encrypted initially also , as in the figure , but this is not important in this paper ; the key point is that the hidden message is a sequence of bits . linguistic in nature , rather than dealing with superficial properties of the text , e.g. the amount of white space between words ( Por et al. , 2008 ) . Our proposed method is based on the automatically acquired paraphrase dictionary described in Callison-Burch ( 2008 ) , in which the application of paraphrases from the dictionary encodes secret bits .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 132, 149 ]
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linguistic in nature , rather than dealing with superficial properties of the text , e.g. the amount of white space between words ( @@CITATION ) .
N10-1084_20
0
introduction
The second version ( RM ) concerns the Resource Management task ( Pallett 1989 ) that has been popular within the DARPA community in recent years .
J92-1004
External_84963
1,992
1,989
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
benchmark tests for darpa resource management database performance evaluationsquot
[ "D Pallett" ]
null
The first version ( TIMIT ) was developed for the 450 phonetically rich sentences of the TIMIT database ( Lamel et al. 1986 ) . The second version ( RM ) concerns the Resource Management task ( Pallett 1989 ) that has been popular within the DARPA community in recent years . The third version ( VOYAGER ) serves as an interface both with a recognizer and with a functioning database back-end ( Zue et al. 1990 ) .
3
null
Uses
[ 66, 78 ]
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The second version ( RM ) concerns the Resource Management task ( @@CITATION ) that has been popular within the DARPA community in recent years .
J92-1004_14
0
null
Another line of research that is correlated with ours is recognition of agreement/disagreement ( Misra and Walker , 2013 ; Yin et al. , 2012 ; Abbott et al. , 2011 ; Andreas et al. , 2012 ; Galley et al. , 2004 ; Hillard et al. , 2003 ) and classification of stances ( Walker et al. , 2012 ; Somasundaran and Wiebe , 2010 ) in online forums .
W14-2106
W13-4006
2,014
2,013
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
topic independent identification of agreement and disagreement in social media dialogue
[ "Amita Misra", "Marilyn A Walker" ]
null
The corpus and guidelines will also be shared with the research community . Another line of research that is correlated with ours is recognition of agreement/disagreement ( Misra and Walker , 2013 ; Yin et al. , 2012 ; Abbott et al. , 2011 ; Andreas et al. , 2012 ; Galley et al. , 2004 ; Hillard et al. , 2003 ) and classification of stances ( Walker et al. , 2012 ; Somasundaran and Wiebe , 2010 ) in online forums . For future work , we can utilize textual features ( contextual , dependency , discourse markers ) , relevant multiword expressions and topic modeling ( Mukherjee and Liu , 2013 ) , and thread structure ( Murakami and Raymond , 2010 ; Agrawal et al. , 2003 ) to improve the Agree/Disagree classification accuracy .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 97, 120 ]
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Another line of research that is correlated with ours is recognition of agreement/disagreement ( @@CITATION ; Yin et al. , 2012 ; Abbott et al. , 2011 ; Andreas et al. , 2012 ; Galley et al. , 2004 ; Hillard et al. , 2003 ) and classification of stances ( Walker et al. , 2012 ; Somasundaran and Wiebe , 2010 ) in online forums .
W14-2106_26
0
related work
The studies presented by Goldwater and Griffiths ( 2007 ) and Johnson ( 2007 ) differed in the number of states that they used .
D08-1036
P07-1094
2,008
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a fully bayesian approach to unsupervised partofspeech tagging
[ "Sharon Goldwater", "Tom Griffiths" ]
null
accuracy . The studies presented by Goldwater and Griffiths ( 2007 ) and Johnson ( 2007 ) differed in the number of states that they used . Goldwater and Griffiths ( 2007 ) evaluated against the reduced tag set of 17 tags developed by Smith and Eisner ( 2005 ) , while Johnson ( 2007 ) evaluated against the full Penn Treebank tag set .
4
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 25, 57 ]
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The studies presented by @@CITATION and Johnson ( 2007 ) differed in the number of states that they used .
D08-1036_9
0
null
A number of alignment techniques have been proposed , varying from statistical methods ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gale and Church , 1991 ) to lexical methods ( Kay and Roscheisen , 1993 ; Chen , 1993 ) .
A00-1004
External_9616
2,000
1,991
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
aligning sentences in parallel corpora
[ "P F Brown", "J C Lai", "R L Mercer" ]
null
Aligning English-Chinese parallel texts is already very difficult because of the great differences in the syntactic structures and writing systems of the two languages . A number of alignment techniques have been proposed , varying from statistical methods ( Brown et al. , 1991 ; Gale and Church , 1991 ) to lexical methods ( Kay and Roscheisen , 1993 ; Chen , 1993 ) . The method we adopted is that of Simard et al. ( 1992 ) .
4
null
Background
[ 89, 108 ]
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A number of alignment techniques have been proposed , varying from statistical methods ( @@CITATION ; Gale and Church , 1991 ) to lexical methods ( Kay and Roscheisen , 1993 ; Chen , 1993 ) .
A00-1004_2
0
method
We would like to use features that look at wide context on the input side , which is inexpensive ( Jiampojamarn et al. , 2007 ) .
D08-1113
N07-1047
2,008
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
applying manytomany alignments and hidden markov models to lettertophoneme conversion
[ "Sittichai Jiampojamarn", "Grzegorz Kondrak", "Tarek Sherif" ]
null
In future work , we would like to identify a set of features , latent variables , and training methods that port well across languages and string-transduction tasks . We would like to use features that look at wide context on the input side , which is inexpensive ( Jiampojamarn et al. , 2007 ) . Latent variables we wish to consider are an increased number of word classes ; more flexible regions -- see Petrov et al. ( 2007 ) on learning a state transition diagram for acoustic regions in phone recognition -- and phonological features and syllable boundaries .
7
null
Future
[ 99, 125 ]
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We would like to use features that look at wide context on the input side , which is inexpensive ( @@CITATION ) .
D08-1113_15
0
conclusion
Much of the earlier work in anaphora resolution heavily exploited domain and linguistic knowledge ( Sidner 1979 ; Carter 1987 ; Rich and LuperFoy 1988 ; Carbonell and Brown 1988 ) , which was difficult both to represent and to process , and which required considerable human input .
J01-4001
C88-1021
2,001
1,988
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
anaphora resolution a multistrategy approach
[ "Jaime Carbonell", "Ralf Brown" ]
null
Last , but not least , application-driven research in areas such as automatic abstracting and information extraction independently highlighted the importance of anaphora and coreference resolution , boosting research in this area . Much of the earlier work in anaphora resolution heavily exploited domain and linguistic knowledge ( Sidner 1979 ; Carter 1987 ; Rich and LuperFoy 1988 ; Carbonell and Brown 1988 ) , which was difficult both to represent and to process , and which required considerable human input . However , the pressing need for the development of robust and inexpensive solutions to meet the demands of practical NLP systems encouraged many researchers to move away from extensive domain and linguistic knowledge and to embark instead upon knowledge-poor anaphora resolution strategies .
0
null
Background
[ 153, 177 ]
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Much of the earlier work in anaphora resolution heavily exploited domain and linguistic knowledge ( Sidner 1979 ; Carter 1987 ; Rich and LuperFoy 1988 ; @@CITATION ) , which was difficult both to represent and to process , and which required considerable human input .
J01-4001_2
0
null
Experiments on Chinese SRL ( Xue and Palmer 2005 , Xue 2008 ) reassured these findings .
D08-1034
J08-2004
2,008
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
labeling chinese predicates with semantic roles
[ "Nianwen Xue" ]
null
For semantic analysis , developing features that capture the right kind of information is crucial . Experiments on Chinese SRL ( Xue and Palmer 2005 , Xue 2008 ) reassured these findings . In this paper , we mainly focus on the semantic role classification ( SRC ) process .
2
null
Background
[ 51, 59 ]
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Experiments on Chinese SRL ( Xue and Palmer 2005 , @@CITATION ) reassured these findings .
D08-1034_19
0
introduction
This is then generalized , following a methodology based on Block ( 2000 ) , to generate the `` generalized marker lexicon . ''
J03-3004
External_49743
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
examplebased incremental synchronous interpretation
[ "Hans-Ulrich Block" ]
null
First , the phrasal lexicon is segmented using the marker hypothesis to produce a marker lexicon . This is then generalized , following a methodology based on Block ( 2000 ) , to generate the `` generalized marker lexicon . '' Finally , as a result of the
1
null
Uses
[ 60, 74 ]
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This is then generalized , following a methodology based on @@CITATION , to generate the `` generalized marker lexicon . ''
J03-3004_2
0
introduction
A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) .
J86-1002
External_21720
1,986
1,976
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
speech recognition by machine a review
[ "D Reddy" ]
null
A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) . Most of these efforts concentrated on the interaction between low level information sources from a speech recognizer and a natural language processor to discover the meaning of an input sentence .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 235, 245 ]
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A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , @@CITATION , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) .
J86-1002_23
0
null
Our proposed method is based on the automatically acquired paraphrase dictionary described in Callison-Burch ( 2008 ) , in which the application of paraphrases from the dictionary encodes secret bits .
N10-1084
D08-1021
2,010
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
syntactic constraints on paraphrases extracted from parallel corpora
[ "Chris Callison-Burch" ]
null
linguistic in nature , rather than dealing with superficial properties of the text , e.g. the amount of white space between words ( Por et al. , 2008 ) . Our proposed method is based on the automatically acquired paraphrase dictionary described in Callison-Burch ( 2008 ) , in which the application of paraphrases from the dictionary encodes secret bits . One advantage of the dictionary is that it has wide coverage , being automatically extracted ; however , a disadvantage is that it contains many paraphrases which are either inappropriate , or only appropriate in certain contexts .
2
null
Uses
[ 94, 117 ]
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Our proposed method is based on the automatically acquired paraphrase dictionary described in @@CITATION , in which the application of paraphrases from the dictionary encodes secret bits .
N10-1084_9
0
introduction
For example , frequent words are translated less consistently than rare words ( Melamed , 1997 ) .
P97-1063
External_19460
1,997
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
measuring semantic entropyquot
[ "I D Melamed" ]
null
More accurate models can be induced by taking into account various features of the linked tokens . For example , frequent words are translated less consistently than rare words ( Melamed , 1997 ) . To account for this difference , we can estimate separate values of A + and Afor different ranges of n ( „ , v ) .
4
null
Background
[ 80, 94 ]
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For example , frequent words are translated less consistently than rare words ( @@CITATION ) .
P97-1063_36
0
method
Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; Steinhauser et al. , 2007 ) .
P10-4003
External_34149
2,010
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
simulated tutors in immersive learning environments empiricallyderived design principles
[ "N B Steinhauser", "L A Butler", "G E Campbell" ]
null
Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; Steinhauser et al. , 2007 ) . However , most existing systems use pre-authored tutor responses for addressing student errors .
2
null
Background
[ 500, 525 ]
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Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; @@CITATION ) .
P10-4003_22
0
introduction
These knowledge sources were effectively used to build a state-of-the-art WSD program in one of our prior work ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) .
P07-1007
W02-1006
2,007
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an empirical evaluation of knowledge sources and learning algorithms for word sense disambiguation
[ "Y K Lee", "H T Ng" ]
null
The knowledge sources we use include parts-of-speech , local collocations , and surrounding words . These knowledge sources were effectively used to build a state-of-the-art WSD program in one of our prior work ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) . In performing WSD with a naive Bayes classifier , the sense s assigned to an example with features f1 , ... , fn is chosen so as to maximize : In our domain adaptation study , we start with a WSD system built using training examples drawn from BC .
3
null
Extends
[ 113, 130 ]
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These knowledge sources were effectively used to build a state-of-the-art WSD program in one of our prior work ( @@CITATION ) .
P07-1007_15
0
null
Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .
D13-1115
W11-2503
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
distributional semantics from text and images
[ "Elia Bruni", "Giang Binh Tran", "Marco Baroni" ]
null
Some efforts have tackled tasks such as automatic image caption generation ( Feng and Lapata , 2010a ; Ordonez et al. , 2011 ) , text illustration ( Joshi et al. , 2006 ) , or automatic location identification of Twitter users ( Eisenstein et al. , 2010 ; Wing and Baldridge , 2011 ; Roller et al. , 2012 ) . Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; Bruni et al. , 2011 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . Although these approaches have differed in model definition , the general goal in this line of research has been to enhance word meaning with perceptual information in order to address one of the most common criticisms of distributional semantics : that the `` meaning of words is entirely given by other words '' ( Bruni et al. , 2012b ) .
2
null
Background
[ 218, 237 ]
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Another line of research approaches grounded language knowledge by augmenting distributional approaches of word meaning with perceptual information ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Steyvers , 2010 ; Feng and Lapata , 2010b ; @@CITATION ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ; Johns and Jones , 2012 ; Bruni et al. , 2012a ; Bruni et al. , 2012b ; Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .
D13-1115_13
0
introduction
Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 2001 ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences .
N04-2004
External_22037
2,004
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
three generative lexicalized models for statistical parsing
[ "Michael Collins" ]
null
The understanding of natural language text includes not only analysis of syntactic structure , but also of semantic content . Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 2001 ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences . A common lexical semantic representation in the computational linguistics literature is a frame-based model where syntactic arguments are associated with various semantic roles ( essentially frame slots ) .
2
null
Background
[ 62, 76 ]
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Due to advances in statistical syntactic parsing techniques ( @@CITATION ; Charniak , 2001 ) , attention has recently shifted towards the harder question of analyzing the meaning of natural language sentences .
N04-2004_2
0
introduction
This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) or the POS tagger reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage .
J02-3002
J97-2002
2,002
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
adaptive multilingual sentence boundary disambiguation
[ "David D Palmer", "Marti A Hearst" ]
null
We noted in Section 8 that very short documents of one to three sentences also present a difficulty for our approach . This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) or the POS tagger reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage . Our DCA uses information derived from the entire document and thus can be used as a complement to approaches based on the local context .
12
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 51, 73 ]
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This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( @@CITATION ) or the POS tagger reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage .
J02-3002_30
0
conclusion
category relationships from the weak supervision : the tag dictionary and raw corpus ( Garrette and Baldridge , 2012 ; Garrette et al. , 2015 ) .4 This procedure attempts to automatically estimate the frequency of each word/tag combination by dividing the number of raw-corpus occurrences of each word in the dictionary evenly across all of its associated tags .
K15-1003
D12-1075
2,015
2,012
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
typesupervised hidden markov models for partofspeech tagging with incomplete tag dictionaries
[ "Dan Garrette", "Jason Baldridge" ]
null
We employ the same procedure as our previous work for setting the terminal production prior dis - category relationships from the weak supervision : the tag dictionary and raw corpus ( Garrette and Baldridge , 2012 ; Garrette et al. , 2015 ) .4 This procedure attempts to automatically estimate the frequency of each word/tag combination by dividing the number of raw-corpus occurrences of each word in the dictionary evenly across all of its associated tags . These counts are then combined with estimates of the `` openness '' of each tag in order to assess its likelihood of appearing with new words .
4
null
Uses
[ 87, 116 ]
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category relationships from the weak supervision : the tag dictionary and raw corpus ( @@CITATION ; Garrette et al. , 2015 ) .4 This procedure attempts to automatically estimate the frequency of each word/tag combination by dividing the number of raw-corpus occurrences of each word in the dictionary evenly across all of its associated tags .
K15-1003_8
0
method
WIT has been implemented in Common Lisp and C on UNIX , and we have built several experimental and demonstration dialogue systems using it , including a meeting room reservation system ( Nakano et al. , 1999b ) , a video-recording programming system , a schedule management system ( Nakano et al. , 1999a ) , and a weather infomiation system ( Dohsaka et al. , 2000 ) .
W00-1017
External_46370
2,000
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an efficient dialogue control method under systems limited knowledge
[ "Kohji Dohsaka", "Norihito Yasuda", "Noboru Miyazaki", "Mikio Nakano", "Kiyoald Aikawa" ]
null
$ Implementation WIT has been implemented in Common Lisp and C on UNIX , and we have built several experimental and demonstration dialogue systems using it , including a meeting room reservation system ( Nakano et al. , 1999b ) , a video-recording programming system , a schedule management system ( Nakano et al. , 1999a ) , and a weather infomiation system ( Dohsaka et al. , 2000 ) . The meeting room reservation system has vocabulary of about 140 words , around 40 phrase structure rules , nine attributes in the semantic frame , and around 100 speech files .
4
null
Extends
[ 344, 365 ]
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WIT has been implemented in Common Lisp and C on UNIX , and we have built several experimental and demonstration dialogue systems using it , including a meeting room reservation system ( Nakano et al. , 1999b ) , a video-recording programming system , a schedule management system ( Nakano et al. , 1999a ) , and a weather infomiation system ( @@CITATION ) .
W00-1017_8
0
experiments
Lexical functional grammar ( Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ) is a member of the family of constraint-based grammars .
J05-3003
External_198
2,005
1,982
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
lexical functional grammar a formal system for grammatical representation
[ "Ronald Kaplan", "Joan Bresnan" ]
null
Lexical functional grammar ( Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ) is a member of the family of constraint-based grammars . It posits minimally two levels of syntactic representation :2 c ( onstituent ) - structure encodes details of surface syntactic constituency , whereas f ( unctional ) - structure expresses abstract syntactic information about predicate -- argument -- modifier relations and certain morphosyntactic properties such as tense , aspect , and case .
2
null
Background
[ 29, 52 ]
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Lexical functional grammar ( @@CITATION ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ) is a member of the family of constraint-based grammars .
J05-3003_29
0
null
Sarkar and Zeman ( 2000 ) present an approach to learn previously unknown frames for Czech from the Prague Dependency Bank ( Hajic
J05-3003
C00-2100
2,005
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic extraction of subcategorization frames for czech
[ "Anoop Sarkar", "Daniel Zeman" ]
null
As Kinyon and Prolo ( 2002 ) does not include an evaluation , currently it is impossible to say how effective their technique is . Sarkar and Zeman ( 2000 ) present an approach to learn previously unknown frames for Czech from the Prague Dependency Bank ( Hajic 1998 ) .
3
null
Background
[ 0, 25 ]
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@@CITATION present an approach to learn previously unknown frames for Czech from the Prague Dependency Bank ( Hajic
J05-3003_48
0
related work
A companion paper describes the evaluation process and results in further detail ( Chu-Carroll and Nickerson , 2000 ) .
A00-1014
A00-2027
2,000
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
evaluating automatic dialogue strategy adaptation for a spoken dialogue system
[ "Jennifer Chu-Carroll", "Jill S Nickerson" ]
null
In this section we summarize these experiments and their results . A companion paper describes the evaluation process and results in further detail ( Chu-Carroll and Nickerson , 2000 ) . Each experiment involved eight users interacting with MIMIC and MIMIC-SI or MIMIC-MI to perform a set of tasks , each requiring the user to obtain specific movie information .
6
null
Extends
[ 83, 115 ]
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A companion paper describes the evaluation process and results in further detail ( @@CITATION ) .
A00-1014_5
0
experiments
SNoW ( Carleson et al. , 1999 ; Roth , 1998 ) is a multi-class classifier that is specifically tailored for learning in domains in which the potential number of information sources ( features ) taking part in decisions is very large , of which NLP is a principal example .
W01-0706
External_4604
2,001
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning to resolve natural language ambiguities a unified approach
[ "D Roth" ]
null
The shallow parser used is the SNoW-based CSCL parser ( Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ) . SNoW ( Carleson et al. , 1999 ; Roth , 1998 ) is a multi-class classifier that is specifically tailored for learning in domains in which the potential number of information sources ( features ) taking part in decisions is very large , of which NLP is a principal example . It works by learning a sparse network of linear functions over a pre-defined or incrementally learned feature space .
3
null
Uses
[ 32, 43 ]
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SNoW ( Carleson et al. , 1999 ; @@CITATION ) is a multi-class classifier that is specifically tailored for learning in domains in which the potential number of information sources ( features ) taking part in decisions is very large , of which NLP is a principal example .
W01-0706_33
0
experiments
Hence , enumerating morphological variants in a semi-automatically generated lexicon , such as proposed for French ( Zweigenbaum et al. , 2001 ) , turns out to be infeasible , at least for German and related languages .
W02-0309
External_34414
2,002
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the contribution of morphological knowledge to french mesh mapping for information retrieval
[ "P Zweigenbaum", "S Darmoni", "N Grabar" ]
null
The problem one faces from an IR point of view is that besides fairly standardized nominal compounds , which already form a regular part of the sublanguage proper , a myriad of ad hoc compounds are formed on the fly which can not be anticipated when formulating a retrieval query though they appear in relevant documents . Hence , enumerating morphological variants in a semi-automatically generated lexicon , such as proposed for French ( Zweigenbaum et al. , 2001 ) , turns out to be infeasible , at least for German and related languages . Furthermore , medical terminology is characterized by a typical mix of Latin and Greek roots with the corresponding host language ( e.g. , German ) , often referred to as neo-classical compounding ( McCray et al. , 1988 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 117, 142 ]
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Hence , enumerating morphological variants in a semi-automatically generated lexicon , such as proposed for French ( @@CITATION ) , turns out to be infeasible , at least for German and related languages .
W02-0309_24
0
introduction
It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( Brown et al. , 1990 ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; Chen , 1996 ) .
P97-1063
External_6470
1,997
1,990
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a statistical approach to machine translationquot
[ "P F Brown", "J Cocke", "S Della Pietra", "V Della Pietra", "F Jelinek", "R Mercer", "P Roossin" ]
null
This step significantly reduces the computational burden of the algorithm . It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( Brown et al. , 1990 ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; Chen , 1996 ) . To retain word type pairs that are at least twice as likely to be mutual translations than not , the threshold can be raised to 2 .
3
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 153, 172 ]
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It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( @@CITATION ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; Chen , 1996 ) .
P97-1063_2
0
method
They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) .
P11-1134
E09-1025
2,011
2,009
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
inference rules and their application to recognizing textual entailment
[ "Georgiana Dinu", "Rui Wang" ]
null
Paraphrase tables ( PPHT ) contain pairs of corresponding phrases in the same language , possibly associated with probabilities . They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) . One of the proposed methods to extract paraphrases relies on a pivot-based approach using phrase alignments in a bilingual parallel corpus ( Bannard and Callison-Burch , 2005 ) .
3
null
Motivation
[ 250, 270 ]
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They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( @@CITATION ) .
P11-1134_10
0
null
The results , which partly confirm those obtained on a smaller dataset in Paggio and Navarretta ( 2010 ) , must be seen in light of the fact that our gesture annotation scheme comprises more fine-grained categories than most of the studies mentioned earlier for both head movements and face expressions .
P10-2059
External_81763
2,010
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
feedback in head gesture and speech to appear in
[ "Patrizia Paggio", "Costanza Navarretta" ]
null
We find that prosodic features improve the classification of dialogue acts and that head gestures , where they occur , contribute to the semantic interpretation of feedback expressions . The results , which partly confirm those obtained on a smaller dataset in Paggio and Navarretta ( 2010 ) , must be seen in light of the fact that our gesture annotation scheme comprises more fine-grained categories than most of the studies mentioned earlier for both head movements and face expressions . The classification results improve , however , if similar categories such as head nods and jerks are collapsed into a more general category .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 74, 104 ]
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The results , which partly confirm those obtained on a smaller dataset in @@CITATION , must be seen in light of the fact that our gesture annotation scheme comprises more fine-grained categories than most of the studies mentioned earlier for both head movements and face expressions .
P10-2059_19
0
introduction
We employ the idea of ultraconservative update ( Crammer and Singer , 2003 ; Crammer et al. , 2006 ) to propose two incremental methods for local training in Algorithm 2 as follows .
D12-1037
External_2214
2,012
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
ultraconservative online algorithms for multiclass problems
[ "Koby Crammer", "Yoram Singer" ]
null
Unlike the global method which performs tuning on the whole development set Dev + Di as in Algorithm 1 , Wi can be incrementally learned by optimizing on Di based on Wb . We employ the idea of ultraconservative update ( Crammer and Singer , 2003 ; Crammer et al. , 2006 ) to propose two incremental methods for local training in Algorithm 2 as follows . Ultraconservative update is an efficient way to consider the trade-off between the progress made on development set Dev and the progress made on Di .
3
null
Uses
[ 49, 74 ]
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We employ the idea of ultraconservative update ( @@CITATION ; Crammer et al. , 2006 ) to propose two incremental methods for local training in Algorithm 2 as follows .
D12-1037_11
0
null
It has also been shown to be useful in joint inference of text with visual attributes obtained using visual classifiers ( Silberer et al. , 2013 ) .
D13-1115
P13-1056
2,013
2,013
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
models of semantic representation with visual attributes
[ "Carina Silberer", "Vittorio Ferrari", "Mirella Lapata" ]
null
Previously LDA has been successfully used to infer unsupervised joint topic distributions over words and feature norms together ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ; Silberer and Lapata , 2012 ) . It has also been shown to be useful in joint inference of text with visual attributes obtained using visual classifiers ( Silberer et al. , 2013 ) . These multimodal LDA models ( hereafter , mLDA ) have been shown to be qualitatively sensible and highly predictive of several psycholinguistic tasks ( Andrews et al. , 2009 ) .
5
null
Background
[ 122, 144 ]
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It has also been shown to be useful in joint inference of text with visual attributes obtained using visual classifiers ( @@CITATION ) .
D13-1115_63
0
method
Gurevych ( 2006 ) reported a correlation of r = .69 .
W06-1104
External_61155
2,006
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
computing semantic relatedness across parts of speech
[ "Iryna Gurevych" ]
null
Finkelstein et al. ( 2002 ) did not report inter-subject correlation for their larger dataset . Gurevych ( 2006 ) reported a correlation of r = .69 . Test subjects were trained students of computational linguistics , and word pairs were selected analytically .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 17 ]
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@@CITATION reported a correlation of r = .69 .
W06-1104_13
0
experiments
A more subtle example is weighted FSAs that approximate PCFGs ( Nederhof , 2000 ; Mohri and Nederhof , 2001 ) , or to extend the idea , weighted FSTs that approximate joint or conditional synchronous PCFGs built for translation .
P02-1001
External_24068
2,002
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
regular approximation of contextfree grammars through transformation
[ "M Mohri", "M-J Nederhof" ]
null
Arbitrary weights such as 2.7 may be assigned to arcs or sprinkled through a regexp ( to be compiled into E : E/2 .7 − ) arcs ) . A more subtle example is weighted FSAs that approximate PCFGs ( Nederhof , 2000 ; Mohri and Nederhof , 2001 ) , or to extend the idea , weighted FSTs that approximate joint or conditional synchronous PCFGs built for translation . These are parameterized by the PCFG 's parameters , but add or remove strings of the PCFG to leave an improper probability distribution .
2
null
Background
[ 82, 107 ]
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A more subtle example is weighted FSAs that approximate PCFGs ( Nederhof , 2000 ; @@CITATION ) , or to extend the idea , weighted FSTs that approximate joint or conditional synchronous PCFGs built for translation .
P02-1001_22
0
introduction
As has been previously observed and exploited in the NLP literature ( Pang and Lee , 2004 ; Agarwal and Bhattacharyya , 2005 ; Barzilay and Lapata , 2005 ) , the above optimization function , unlike many others that have been proposed for graph or set partitioning , can be solved exactly in an provably efficient manner via methods for finding minimum cuts in graphs .
W06-1639
H05-1042
2,006
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
collective content selection for concepttotext generation
[ "R Barzilay", "M Lapata" ]
null
A minimum-cost assignment thus represents an optimum way to classify the speech segments so that each one tends not to be put into the class that the individual-document classifier disprefers , but at the same time , highly associated speech segments tend not to be put in different classes . As has been previously observed and exploited in the NLP literature ( Pang and Lee , 2004 ; Agarwal and Bhattacharyya , 2005 ; Barzilay and Lapata , 2005 ) , the above optimization function , unlike many others that have been proposed for graph or set partitioning , can be solved exactly in an provably efficient manner via methods for finding minimum cuts in graphs . In our view , the contribution of our work is the examination of new types of relationships , not the method by which such relationships are incorporated into the classification decision .
4
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 127, 153 ]
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As has been previously observed and exploited in the NLP literature ( Pang and Lee , 2004 ; Agarwal and Bhattacharyya , 2005 ; @@CITATION ) , the above optimization function , unlike many others that have been proposed for graph or set partitioning , can be solved exactly in an provably efficient manner via methods for finding minimum cuts in graphs .
W06-1639_6
0
method
WIT features an incremental understanding method ( Nakano et al. , 1999b ) that makes it possible to build a robust and real-time system .
W00-1017
P99-1026
2,000
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
understanding unsegmented user utterances in realtime spoken dialogue systems
[ "Mikio Nakano", "Noboru Miyazalci", "Jun-ichi Hirasawa", "Kohji Dohsaka", "Takeshi Kawabata" ]
null
for building spoken dialogue systems that integrate speech recognition , language understanding and generation , and speech output . WIT features an incremental understanding method ( Nakano et al. , 1999b ) that makes it possible to build a robust and real-time system . In addition , WIT compiles domain-dependent system specifications into internal knowledge sources so that building systems is easier .
2
null
Uses
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WIT features an incremental understanding method ( @@CITATIONb ) that makes it possible to build a robust and real-time system .
W00-1017_12
0
introduction
This choice is inspired by recent work on learning syntactic categories ( Yatbaz et al. , 2012 ) , which successfully utilized such language models to represent word window contexts of target words .
W14-1619
D12-1086
2,014
2,012
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
learning syntactic categories using paradigmatic representations of word context
[ "Mehmet Ali Yatbaz", "Enis Sert", "Deniz Yuret" ]
null
To capture syntagmatic patterns , we choose in this work standard n-gram language models as the basis for a concrete model implementing our scheme . This choice is inspired by recent work on learning syntactic categories ( Yatbaz et al. , 2012 ) , which successfully utilized such language models to represent word window contexts of target words . However , we note that other richer types of language models , such as class-based ( Brown et al. , 1992 ) or hybrid ( Tan et al. , 2012 ) , can be seamlessly integrated into our scheme .
2
null
Motivation
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This choice is inspired by recent work on learning syntactic categories ( @@CITATION ) , which successfully utilized such language models to represent word window contexts of target words .
W14-1619_38
0
introduction
As for work on Arabic ( MSA ) , results have been reported on the PATB ( Kulick , Gabbard , and Marcus 2006 ; Diab 2007 ; Green and Manning 2010 ) , the Prague Dependency Treebank ( PADT ) ( Buchholz and Marsi 2006 ; Nivre 2008 ) and the CATiB ( Habash and Roth 2009 ) .
J13-1008
External_8755
2,013
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards an optimal pos tag set for modern standard arabic processing
[ "Mona Diab" ]
null
Looking at Hebrew , a Semitic language related to Arabic , Tsarfaty and Sima'an ( 2007 ) report that extending POS and phrase structure tags with definiteness information helps unlexicalized PCFG parsing . As for work on Arabic ( MSA ) , results have been reported on the PATB ( Kulick , Gabbard , and Marcus 2006 ; Diab 2007 ; Green and Manning 2010 ) , the Prague Dependency Treebank ( PADT ) ( Buchholz and Marsi 2006 ; Nivre 2008 ) and the CATiB ( Habash and Roth 2009 ) . Recently , Green and Manning ( 2010 ) analyzed the PATB for annotation consistency , and introduced an enhanced split-state constituency grammar , including labels for short idafa constructions and verbal or equational clauses .
3
null
Background
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"is_pass": null, "has_aux": null } ] ]
As for work on Arabic ( MSA ) , results have been reported on the PATB ( Kulick , Gabbard , and Marcus 2006 ; @@CITATION ; Green and Manning 2010 ) , the Prague Dependency Treebank ( PADT ) ( Buchholz and Marsi 2006 ; Nivre 2008 ) and the CATiB ( Habash and Roth 2009 ) .
J13-1008_13
0
related work
Other studies which view lR as a query generation process include Maron and Kuhns , 1960 ; Hiemstra and Kraaij , 1999 ; Ponte and Croft , 1998 ; Miller et al , 1999 .
W00-1312
External_1389
2,000
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a language modeling approach to information retrievalquot
[ "J Ponte", "W B Croft" ]
null
Other studies which view lR as a query generation process include Maron and Kuhns , 1960 ; Hiemstra and Kraaij , 1999 ; Ponte and Croft , 1998 ; Miller et al , 1999 . Our work has focused on cross-lingual retrieval .
9
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 120, 142 ]
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Other studies which view lR as a query generation process include Maron and Kuhns , 1960 ; Hiemstra and Kraaij , 1999 ; @@CITATION ; Miller et al , 1999 .
W00-1312_15
0
related work
In Section 5 , we discuss the difficulties associated with such user studies , and describe a human-based evaluation we conducted for a small subset of the responses generated by our system ( Marom and Zukerman 2007b ) .
J09-4010
External_42504
2,009
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
evaluation of a largescale email response system
[ "Y Marom", "I Zukerman" ]
null
Quality is a subjective measure , which is best judged by the users of the system ( i.e. , the help-desk customers or operators ) . In Section 5 , we discuss the difficulties associated with such user studies , and describe a human-based evaluation we conducted for a small subset of the responses generated by our system ( Marom and Zukerman 2007b ) . However , our more comprehensive evaluation is an automatic one that treats the responses generated by the help-desk operators as model responses , and performs text-based comparisons between the model responses and the automatically generated ones .
3
null
Uses
[ 192, 215 ]
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In Section 5 , we discuss the difficulties associated with such user studies , and describe a human-based evaluation we conducted for a small subset of the responses generated by our system ( @@CITATIONb ) .
J09-4010_31
0
method
Hook ( 1981 ) considers the second verb V2 as an aspectual complex comparable to the auxiliaries .
P13-3018
External_90444
2,013
1,981
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hindi structures intermediate levelquot michigan papers on south and
[ "P E Hook" ]
null
A plethora of works has been done to provide linguistic explanations on the formation of such word , yet none so far has led to any consensus . Hook ( 1981 ) considers the second verb V2 as an aspectual complex comparable to the auxiliaries . Butt ( 1993 ) argues CV formations in Hindi and Urdu are either morphological or syntactical and their formation take place at the argument structure .
3
null
Background
[ 0, 13 ]
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@@CITATION considers the second verb V2 as an aspectual complex comparable to the auxiliaries .
P13-3018_10
0
related work
2We could just as easily use other symmetric `` association '' measures , such as 02 ( Gale & Church , 1991 ) or the Dice coefficient ( Smadja , 1992 ) .
P97-1063
External_15612
1,997
1,991
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a program for aligning sentences in bilingual corporaquot
[ "W Gale", "K W Church" ]
null
However , n ( u ) = Ev n ( u , v ) , which is not the same as the frequency of u , because each token of u can co-occur with several differentv 's . 2We could just as easily use other symmetric `` association '' measures , such as 02 ( Gale & Church , 1991 ) or the Dice coefficient ( Smadja , 1992 ) . co-occur is called a direct association .
3
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CompareOrContrast
[ 87, 107 ]
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2We could just as easily use other symmetric `` association '' measures , such as 02 ( @@CITATION ) or the Dice coefficient ( Smadja , 1992 ) .
P97-1063_18
0
method
In this situation , Brown et al. ( 1993b , 293 ) recommend `` evaluating the expectations using only a single , probable alignment . ''
J00-2004
External_42502
2,000
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
but dictionaries are data too
[ "Peter F Brown", "Stephen A Della Pietra", "Vincent J Della Pietra", "Meredith J Goldsmith", "Jan Hajic", "Robert L Mercer", "Surya Mohanty" ]
null
This is why we must make do with approximations to the EM algorithm . In this situation , Brown et al. ( 1993b , 293 ) recommend `` evaluating the expectations using only a single , probable alignment . '' The single most probable assignment Amax is the maximum a posteriori ( MAP ) assignment :
4
null
Motivation
[ 20, 39 ]
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In this situation , @@CITATIONb , 293 ) recommend `` evaluating the expectations using only a single , probable alignment . ''
J00-2004_7
0
null
The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( Kilgarriff , 2001 ; Robb , 2003 ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) .
W06-1705
External_43370
2,006
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
web as corpus
[ "A Kilgarriff" ]
null
This corpus annotation bottleneck becomes even more problematic for voluminous data sets drawn from the web . The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( Kilgarriff , 2001 ; Robb , 2003 ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) . Studies have used several different methods to mine web data .
3
null
Background
[ 107, 124 ]
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The use of the web as a corpus for teaching and research on language has been proposed a number of times ( @@CITATION ; Robb , 2003 ; Rundell , 2000 ; Fletcher , 2001 , 2004b ) and received a special issue of the journal Computational Linguistics ( Kilgarriff and Grefenstette , 2003 ) .
W06-1705_20
0
related work
• Learnability ( Zernik and Dyer 1987 ) • Text generation ( Hovy 1988 ; Milosavljevic , Tulloch , and Dale 1996 ) • Speech generation ( Rayner and Carter 1997 ) • Localization ( Sch ¨ aler 1996 )
J03-3004
External_7391
2,003
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hybrid language processing in the spoken language translator
[ "Manny Rayner", "David Carter" ]
null
More specifically , the notion of the phrasal lexicon ( used first by Becker 1975 ) has been used successfully in a number of areas : • Learnability ( Zernik and Dyer 1987 ) • Text generation ( Hovy 1988 ; Milosavljevic , Tulloch , and Dale 1996 ) • Speech generation ( Rayner and Carter 1997 ) • Localization ( Sch ¨ aler 1996 ) More recently , Simard and Langlais ( 2001 ) have proposed the exploitation of TMs at a subsentential level , while Carl , Way , and Sch ¨ aler ( 2002 ) and Sch ¨ aler , Way , and Carl ( 2003 , pages 108 -- 109 ) describe how phrasal lexicons might come to occupy a central place in a future hybrid integrated translation environment .
1
null
Background
[ 142, 164 ]
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• Learnability ( Zernik and Dyer 1987 ) • Text generation ( Hovy 1988 ; Milosavljevic , Tulloch , and Dale 1996 ) • Speech generation ( @@CITATION ) • Localization ( Sch ¨ aler 1996 )
J03-3004_28
0
introduction
Following our previous work on stance classification ( Hasan and Ng , 2013c ) , we employ three types of features computed based on the frame-semantic parse of each sentence in a post obtained from SEMAFOR ( Das et al. , 2010 ) .
D14-1083
P13-2142
2,014
2,013
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
extralinguistic constraints on stance recognition in ideological debates
[ "Kazi Saidul Hasan", "Vincent Ng" ]
null
While dependencybased features capture the syntactic dependencies , frame-semantic features encode the semantic representation of the concepts in a sentence . Following our previous work on stance classification ( Hasan and Ng , 2013c ) , we employ three types of features computed based on the frame-semantic parse of each sentence in a post obtained from SEMAFOR ( Das et al. , 2010 ) . Frame-word interaction features encode whether two words appear in different elements of the same frame .
4
null
Extends
[ 55, 74 ]
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Following our previous work on stance classification ( @@CITATIONc ) , we employ three types of features computed based on the frame-semantic parse of each sentence in a post obtained from SEMAFOR ( Das et al. , 2010 ) .
D14-1083_11
0
experiments
However , the literature on Linguistic Steganography , in which linguistic properties of a text are modified to hide information , is small compared with other media ( Bergmair , 2007 ) .
N10-1084
External_36164
2,010
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a comprehensive bibliography of linguistic steganography
[ "Richard Bergmair" ]
null
Given the ubiquitous nature of natural languages and electronic text , text is an obvious medium to consider . However , the literature on Linguistic Steganography , in which linguistic properties of a text are modified to hide information , is small compared with other media ( Bergmair , 2007 ) . The likely reason is that it is easier to make changes to images and other nonlinguistic media which are undetectable by an observer .
2
null
Background
[ 168, 183 ]
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However , the literature on Linguistic Steganography , in which linguistic properties of a text are modified to hide information , is small compared with other media ( @@CITATION ) .
N10-1084_6
0
introduction
This has been reported for other languages , too , dependent on the generality of the chosen approach ( J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; Choueka , 1990 ; Popovic and Willett , 1992 ; Ekmekc ¸ ioglu et al. , 1995 ; Hedlund et al. , 2001 ; Pirkola , 2001 ) .
W02-0309
External_34419
2,002
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
morphological typology of languages for ir
[ "A Pirkola" ]
null
mers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) demonstrably improve retrieval performance . This has been reported for other languages , too , dependent on the generality of the chosen approach ( J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; Choueka , 1990 ; Popovic and Willett , 1992 ; Ekmekc ¸ ioglu et al. , 1995 ; Hedlund et al. , 2001 ; Pirkola , 2001 ) . When it comes to a broader scope of morphological analysis , including derivation and composition , even for the English language only restricted , domain-specific algorithms exist .
2
null
Background
[ 245, 259 ]
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This has been reported for other languages , too , dependent on the generality of the chosen approach ( J ¨ appinen and Niemist ¨ o , 1988 ; Choueka , 1990 ; Popovic and Willett , 1992 ; Ekmekc ¸ ioglu et al. , 1995 ; Hedlund et al. , 2001 ; @@CITATION ) .
W02-0309_15
0
introduction