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Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706
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a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing
[ "M Collins" ]
null
While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . Research on shallow parsing was inspired by psycholinguistics arguments ( Gee and Grosjean , 1983 ) that suggest that in many scenarios ( e.g. , conversational ) full parsing is not a realistic strategy for sentence processing and analysis , and was further motivated by several arguments from a natural language engineering viewpoint .
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Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( @@CITATION ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706_12
0
introduction
This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric .
K15-1001
P03-1021
2,015
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation
[ "Franz Josef Och" ]
null
PE-dev was used to obtain w * to define the utility model . This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . Note that the goal of our experi -
5
null
Uses
[ 37, 47 ]
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This was done by MERT optimization ( @@CITATION ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric .
K15-1001_30
0
experiments
She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) .
J05-3003
External_61276
2,005
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
duden—das stilworterbuch duden—the style dictionary
[ "editor Dudenredaktion" ]
null
The largest lexical evaluation we know of is that of Schulte im Walde ( 2002b ) for German . She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) . We will refer to this work and the methods and results presented by Schulte im Walde again in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 .
6
null
Background
[ 97, 116 ]
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She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( @@CITATION ) .
J05-3003_25
0
null
The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) :
J07-1005
External_17760
2,007
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the wellbuilt clinical question a key to evidencebased decisions
[ "W Scott Richardson", "Mark C Wilson", "James Nishikawa", "Robert S Hayward" ]
null
The second facet is independent of the clinical task and pertains to the structure of a well-built clinical question . The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) : • What is the primary problem or disease ?
2
null
Background
[ 111, 133 ]
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The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( @@CITATION ) :
J07-1005_41
0
null
Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX .
J05-3003
A97-1052
2,005
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora
[ "Edward Briscoe", "John Carroll" ]
null
As a generalization , Briscoe ( 2001 ) notes that lexicons such as COMLEX tend to demonstrate high precision but low recall . Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX . Precision was quite high ( 95 % ) , but recall was low ( 84 % ) .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 28 ]
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@@CITATION report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX .
J05-3003_10
0
null
This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 .
E03-1005
A00-2018
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximumentropyinspired parser
[ "E Charniak" ]
null
The highest accuracy is obtained by SL-DOP at 12 n 14 : an LP of 90.8 % and an LR of 90.7 % . This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 . Compared to the reranking technique in Collins ( 2000 ) , who obtained an LP of 89.9 % and an LR of 89.6 % , our results show a 9 % relative error rate reduction .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 62, 79 ]
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This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over @@CITATION and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 .
E03-1005_39
0
conclusion
Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) .
P10-2059
External_88748
2,010
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
contextual recognition of head gestures
[ "Louis-Philippe Morency", "Candace Sidner", "Christopher Lee", "Trevor Darrell" ]
null
Louwerse et al. ( 2006 ) and Louwerse et al. ( 2007 ) study the relation between eye gaze , facial expression , pauses and dialogue structure in annotated English map-task dialogues ( Anderson et al. , 1991 ) and find correlations between the various modalities both within and across speakers . Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) . Our work is in line with these studies , all of which focus on the relation between linguistic expressions , prosody , dialogue content and gestures .
2
null
Background
[ 223, 244 ]
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Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; @@CITATION ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) .
P10-2059_16
0
introduction
We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference .
J13-1008
P11-2062
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a corpus for modeling morphosyntactic agreement in arabic gender number and rationality
[ "Sarah Alkuhlani", "Nizar Habash" ]
null
We now turn to our second type of error analysis , the evaluation of the grammaticality of the parse trees in terms of gender and number agreement patterns . We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference . The agreement checker verifies , for all verb -- nominal subject relations and noun -- adjective relations found in the tree , whether the agreement conditions are met or not .
5
null
Uses
[ 47, 76 ]
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We use the agreement checker code developed by @@CITATION and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference .
J13-1008_2
0
conclusion
The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer .
P10-4003
External_22831
2,010
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
linking semantic and knowledge representations in a multidomain dialogue system
[ "Myroslava O Dzikovska", "James F Allen", "Mary D Swift" ]
null
The knowledge base is used to check the factual correctness of the answers first , and then a diagnoser checks the explanation correctness . The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer . At present , the system uses a heuristic matching algorithm to classify relations into the appropriate category , though in the future we may consider a classifier similar to Nielsen et al. ( 2008 ) .
3
null
Extends
[ 25, 48 ]
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The diagnoser , based on @@CITATIONb ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer .
P10-4003_8
0
experiments
The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 .
J97-4003
External_41778
1,997
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards a semantics for lexical rules as used in hpsg
[ "Detmar Meurers" ]
null
One thus needs to distinguish the lexical rule specification provided by the linguist from the fully explicit lexical rule relations integrated into the theory . The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 . This description can then be given the standard set-theoretical interpretation of King ( 1989 , 1994 ) . '
2
null
Background
[ 38, 54 ]
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The formalization of DLRs provided by @@CITATION defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 .
J97-4003_36
0
introduction
Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier .
P06-1012
W02-1006
2,006
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an empirical evaluation of knowledge sources and learning algorithms for word sense disambiguation
[ "Yoong Keok Lee", "Hwee Tou Ng" ]
null
Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( Lee and Ng , 2002 ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier . Knowledge sources used include partsof-speech , surrounding words , and local collocations .
4
null
Uses
[ 106, 123 ]
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Similar to our previous work ( Chan and Ng , 2005b ) , we used the supervised WSD approach described in ( @@CITATION ) for our experiments , using the naive Bayes algorithm as our classifier .
P06-1012_21
0
experiments
Similar to ( Li et al. , 2013a ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select the best summary sentences from the multiple compressed sentences .
D14-1076
D13-1047
2,014
2,013
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
document summarization via guided sentence compression
[ "Chen Li", "Fei Liu", "Fuliang Weng", "Yang Liu" ]
null
Similar to ( Li et al. , 2013a ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select the best summary sentences from the multiple compressed sentences . The sentence pre-selection model is a simple supervised support vector regression ( SVR ) model that predicts a salience score for each sentence and selects the top ranked sentences for further processing ( compression and summarization ) .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 13, 29 ]
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Similar to ( @@CITATIONa ) , our summarization system is , which consists of three key components : an initial sentence pre-selection module to select some important sentence candidates ; the above compression model to generate n-best compressions for each sentence ; and then an ILP summarization method to select the best summary sentences from the multiple compressed sentences .
D14-1076_26
0
experiments
The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of Magerman ( 1994 ) and Collins ( 1997 ) .
J05-3003
External_13798
2,005
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition
[ "David Magerman" ]
null
Xia ( 1999 ) also presents a similar method for the extraction of a TAG from the Penn Treebank . The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of Magerman ( 1994 ) and Collins ( 1997 ) . Then the elementary trees are read off in a quite straightforward manner .
3
null
Background
[ 161, 178 ]
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The extraction procedure consists of three steps : First , the bracketing of the trees in the Penn Treebank is corrected and extended based on the approaches of @@CITATION and Collins ( 1997 ) .
J05-3003_37
0
related work
transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 .
D11-1138
J08-4003
2,011
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing
[ "J Nivre" ]
null
• Transition-based : An implementation of the transition-based dependency parsing framework ( Nivre , 2008 ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 . Beams with varying sizes can be used to produce k-best lists .
3
null
Uses
[ 48, 60 ]
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transition-based dependency parsing framework ( @@CITATION ) using an arc-eager transition strategy and are trained using the perceptron algorithm as in Zhang and Clark ( 2008 ) with a beam size of 8 .
D11-1138_21
0
experiments
But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) .
J10-3007
P05-1074
2,010
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
paraphrasing with bilingual parallel corpora
[ "Colin Bannard", "Chris Callison-Burch" ]
null
MT system combination ( Matusov , Ueffing , and Ney 2006 ) . But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( Bannard and Callison-Burch 2005 ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) . IBM Models 1 and 2 and the HMM are simple and tractable probabilistic models , which produce the target sentence one target word at a time by choosing a source word and generating its translation .
1
null
Motivation
[ 238, 269 ]
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But their importance has grown far beyond machine translation : for instance , transferring annotations between languages ( Yarowsky and Ngai 2001 ; Hwa et al. 2005 ; Ganchev , Gillenwater , and Taskar 2009 ) ; discovery of paraphrases ( @@CITATION ) ; and joint unsupervised POS and parser induction across languages ( Snyder and Barzilay 2008 ) .
J10-3007_0
0
introduction
each relevant document is retrieved ( Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto 1999 ) .
J07-1005
External_498
2,007
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
modern information retrieval
[ "Ricardo Baeza-Yates", "Berthier Ribeiro-Neto" ]
null
• Mean Average Precision ( MAP ) is the average of precision values after each relevant document is retrieved ( Baeza-Yates and Ribeiro-Neto 1999 ) . It is the most widely accepted single-value metric in information retrieval , and is seen to balance the need for both precision and recall .
5
null
Uses
[ 38, 71 ]
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each relevant document is retrieved ( @@CITATION ) .
J07-1005_4
0
null
McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques .
W06-3309
External_42488
2,006
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
categorization of sentence types in medical abstracts
[ "Larry McKnight", "Padmini Srinivasan" ]
null
Furthermore , the availability of rich ontological resources , in the form of the Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) ( Lindberg et al. , 1993 ) , and the availability of software that leverages this knowledge -- MetaMap ( Aronson , 2001 ) for concept identification and SemRep ( Rindflesch and Fiszman , 2003 ) for relation extraction -- provide a foundation for studying the role of semantics in various tasks . McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques . Building on the work of Ruch et al. ( 2003 ) in the same domain , we present a generative approach that attempts to directly model the discourse structure of MEDLINE abstracts using Hidden Markov Models ( HMMs ) ; cfXXX ( Barzilay and Lee , 2004 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 0, 32 ]
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@@CITATION have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques .
W06-3309_17
0
introduction
This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( Hirasawa et al. , 1998 ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses .
W00-1017
External_46371
2,000
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
implementation of coordinative nodding behavior on spoken dialogue systems
[ "Jun-ichi Hirasawa", "Noboru Miyazaki", "Mikio Nakano", "Takeshi Kawabata" ]
null
Acoustic models for HTK is trained with the continuous speech database of the Acoustical Society of Japan ( Kobayashi et al. , 1992 ) . This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( Hirasawa et al. , 1998 ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses . This incremental output allows the language understanding module to process recognition results before the speech interval ends , and thus real-time responses are possible .
3
null
Background
[ 128, 150 ]
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This recognizer incrementally outputs word hypotheses as soon as they are found in the best-scored path in the forward search ( @@CITATION ) using the ISTAR ( Incremental Structure Transmitter And Receiver ) protocol , which conveys word graph information as well as word hypotheses .
W00-1017_9
0
null
The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) .
W00-1017
External_2950
2,000
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the philips automatic train timetable information system
[ "Harald Aust", "Martin Oerder", "Frank Seide", "Volker Steinbiss" ]
null
The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( Aust et al. , 1995 ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) . One of the next research goals is to make these systems task-portable , that is , to simplify the process of porting to another task domain .
2
null
Background
[ 137, 155 ]
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The recent great advances in speech and language technologies have made it possible to build fully implemented spoken dialogue systems ( @@CITATION ; Allen et al. , 1996 ; Zue et al. , 2000 ; Walker et al. , 2000 ) .
W00-1017_1
0
introduction
We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) .
J09-4010
External_42507
2,009
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
decision graphs—an extension of decision trees
[ "J J Oliver" ]
null
16 In principle , we could have used a classification method to predict clusters from the values of the confidence measures for unseen cases . We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( Oliver 1993 ) . comparative evaluation in Section 4 .
4
null
Background
[ 154, 165 ]
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We posit that this would not have a significant effect on the results , in particular for MML-based classification techniques , such as Decision Graphs ( @@CITATION ) .
J09-4010_39
0
null
Collins & Duffy ( 2002 ) showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , reporting a 5.1 % relative reduction in error rate over the model in Collins ( 1999 ) on the WSJ .
E03-1005
P02-1034
2,003
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
new ranking algorithms for parsing and tagging kernels over discrete structures and the voted perceptron
[ "M Collins", "N Duffy" ]
null
Although Bod 's method obtains very competitive results on the Wall Street Journal ( WSJ ) task , the parsing time was reported to be over 200 seconds per sentence ( Bod 2003 ) . Collins & Duffy ( 2002 ) showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , reporting a 5.1 % relative reduction in error rate over the model in Collins ( 1999 ) on the WSJ . Goodman ( 2002 ) furthermore showed how Bonnema et al. 's ( 1999 ) and Bod 's ( 2001 ) estimators can be incorporated in his PCFGreduction , but did not report any experiments with these reductions .
2
null
Background
[ 0, 24 ]
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@@CITATION showed how the perceptron algorithm can be used to efficiently compute the best parse with DOP1 's subtrees , reporting a 5.1 % relative reduction in error rate over the model in Collins ( 1999 ) on the WSJ .
E03-1005_51
0
introduction
Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( Tateisi et al. , 1998 ) .
W01-1510
External_15845
2,001
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
translating the xtag english grammar to hpsg
[ "Yuka Tateisi", "Kentaro Torisawa", "Yusuke Miyao", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
All modules other than the last one are related to the conversion process from LTAG into HPSG , and the last one enables to obtain LTAG analysis from the obtained HPSG analysis . Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( Tateisi et al. , 1998 ) . However , their method depended on translator 's intuitive analysis of the original grammar .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 48, 69 ]
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Tateisi et al. also translated LTAG into HPSG ( @@CITATION ) .
W01-1510_17
0
introduction
The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq [ 12 ] , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and
P05-3005
External_35215
2,005
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
dr introducing refseq and locuslink curated human genome resources at the ncbi trends genet
[ "Pruitt KD", "Katz KS", "H Sicotte", "Maglott" ]
null
The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq [ 12 ] , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions ,
2
null
Uses
[ 117, 123 ]
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The system utilizes several large size biological databases including three NCBI databases ( GenPept [ 11 ] , RefSeq @@CITATION , and Entrez GENE [ 13 ] ) , PSD database from Protein Information Resources ( PIR ) [ 14 ] , and
P05-3005_1
0
null
The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( Stolcke , 2002 ) .
E12-1068
External_361
2,012
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
srilm an extensible language modeling toolkit
[ "Andreas Stolcke" ]
null
Our Moses systems use default settings . The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( Stolcke , 2002 ) . We run MERT separately for each system .
5
null
Uses
[ 90, 104 ]
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The LM uses the monolingual data and is trained as a five-gram9 using the SRILM-Toolkit ( @@CITATION ) .
E12-1068_17
0
experiments
There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron , 2004 ; Mullen and Malouf , 2006 ) .
W06-1639
External_6364
2,006
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data american political science review
[ "M Laver", "K Benoit", "J Garry" ]
null
Politically-oriented text Sentiment analysis has specifically been proposed as a key enabling technology in eRulemaking , allowing the automatic analysis of the opinions that people submit ( Shulman et al. , 2005 ; Cardie et al. , 2006 ; Kwon et al. , 2006 ) . There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( Laver et al. , 2003 ; Efron , 2004 ; Mullen and Malouf , 2006 ) . An exception is Grefenstette et al. ( 2004 ) , who experimented with determining the political orientation of websites essentially by classifying the concatenation of all the documents found on that site .
6
null
Background
[ 292, 311 ]
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There has also been work focused upon determining the political leaning ( e.g. , `` liberal '' vs. `` conservative '' ) of a document or author , where most previously-proposed methods make no direct use of relationships between the documents to be classified ( the `` unlabeled '' texts ) ( @@CITATION ; Efron , 2004 ; Mullen and Malouf , 2006 ) .
W06-1639_26
0
related work
A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) .
J86-1002
External_13881
1,986
1,980
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the harpy speech understanding system in lea
[ "B Lowerre", "R Reddy" ]
null
A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , Lowerre and Reddy 1980 , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) . Most of these efforts concentrated on the interaction between low level information sources from a speech recognizer and a natural language processor to discover the meaning of an input sentence .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 195, 217 ]
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A number of speech understanding systems have been developed during the past fifteen years ( Barnett et al. 1980 , Dixon and Martin 1979 , Erman et al. 1980 , Haton and Pierrel 1976 , Lea 1980 , @@CITATION , Medress 1980 , Reddy 1976 , Walker 1978 , and Wolf and Woods 1980 ) .
J86-1002_19
0
null
Secondly , the cooperative principle of Grice ( 1975 , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader are quite similar , implies that the writer should structure the text in a way that makes the construction of his intended model easy for the reader ; and this seems to imply that he should appeal only to the most direct knowledge of the reader .
J91-2003
External_1368
1,991
1,975
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
logic and conversationquot
[ "H P Grice" ]
null
First of all , iteration would increase the complexity of building a model of a paragraph ; infinite iteration would almost certainly make impossible such a construction in real time . Secondly , the cooperative principle of Grice ( 1975 , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader are quite similar , implies that the writer should structure the text in a way that makes the construction of his intended model easy for the reader ; and this seems to imply that he should appeal only to the most direct knowledge of the reader . Finally , it has been shown by Groesser ( 1981 ) that the ratio of derived to explicit information necessary for understanding a piece of text is about 8:1 ; furthermore , our reading of the analysis of five paragraphs by Crothers ( 1979 ) strongly suggests that only the most direct or obvious inferences are being made in the process of building a model or constructing a theory of a paragraph .
1
null
Motivation
[ 40, 52 ]
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Secondly , the cooperative principle of @@CITATION , 1978 ) , under the assumption that referential levels of a writer and a reader are quite similar , implies that the writer should structure the text in a way that makes the construction of his intended model easy for the reader ; and this seems to imply that he should appeal only to the most direct knowledge of the reader .
J91-2003_14
0
introduction
In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information .
J05-3003
External_1558
2,005
1,988
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
tree adjoining grammars in
[ "Aravind Joshi" ]
null
In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . * National Centre for Language Technology , School of Computing , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland .
1
null
Background
[ 241, 251 ]
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In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ @@CITATION ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information .
J05-3003_27
0
introduction
In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems .
D12-1037
External_84061
2,012
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
svmknn discriminative nearest neighbor classification for visual category recognition
[ "Hao Zhang", "Alexander C Berg", "Michael Maire", "Jitendra Malik" ]
null
However , we can achieve this with two weights : ( 1 , 1 ) for f1 and ( − 1 , 1 ) for f2 . In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems . Compared with global training methods , such as MERT , in which training and testing are separated , our method works in an online fashion , in which training is performed during testing .
2
null
Motivation
[ 38, 57 ]
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In this paper , inspired by KNN-SVM ( @@CITATION ) , we propose a local training method , which trains sentence-wise weights instead of a single weight , to address the above two problems .
D12-1037_40
0
introduction
1990 ) , on linguisitic acquisition ( by the use of Part-of-Speech filters hand-crafted by a linguist ) ( Oueslati , 1999 ) or , more frequently , on a combination of the two ( Smadja , 1993 ; Kilgarriff and Tugwell , 2001 , for example ) .
W04-1805
External_4723
2,004
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
wordsketch extraction and display of significant collocations for lexicography
[ "Adam Kilgarriff", "David Tugwell" ]
null
Most of these endeavours have focused on purely statistical acquisition techniques ( Church and Hanks , ` However , our interpretation of LFs in this work is much looser , since we admitted verbs that would not be considered to be members of true collocations as Mel ` cuk et al. ( 1984 1999 ) define them , i.e. groups of lexical units that share a restricted cooccurrence relationship . 1990 ) , on linguisitic acquisition ( by the use of Part-of-Speech filters hand-crafted by a linguist ) ( Oueslati , 1999 ) or , more frequently , on a combination of the two ( Smadja , 1993 ; Kilgarriff and Tugwell , 2001 , for example ) . It is worth noting that although these techniques are able to identify N-V pairs , they do not specify the relationship between N and V , nor are they capable of focusing on a subset of N-V pairs .
4
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CompareOrContrast
[ 193, 222 ]
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1990 ) , on linguisitic acquisition ( by the use of Part-of-Speech filters hand-crafted by a linguist ) ( Oueslati , 1999 ) or , more frequently , on a combination of the two ( Smadja , 1993 ; @@CITATION , for example ) .
W04-1805_9
0
related work
Samuelsson and Voutilainen ( 1997 ) report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences .
J00-2014
External_52731
2,000
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
comparing a linguistic and a stochastic tagger
[ "Christer Samuelsson", "Atro Voutilainen" ]
null
In some cases rankings may work well enough . Samuelsson and Voutilainen ( 1997 ) report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences . The tension between preserving the original author 's text ( faithfulness to the underlying form ) and making it readable in various ways ( well-formedness ) is right up OT 's alley .
2
null
Background
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@@CITATION report excellent part-of-speech tagging results using a handcrafted approach that is close to OT .3 More speculatively , imagine an OT grammar for stylistic revision of parsed sentences .
J00-2014_11
0
null
Thus for instance , ( Copestake and Flickinger , 2000 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure ( or derived ) tree and of a semantic representation and ( Dalrymple , 1999 ) show how to equip Lexical Functional grammar ( LFG ) with a glue semantics .
W04-0910
External_9563
2,004
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
an open source grammar development environment and broadcoverage english grammar using hpsg
[ "Ann Copestake", "Dan Flickinger" ]
null
`` Semantic grammars '' already exist which describe not only the syntax but also the semantics of natural language . Thus for instance , ( Copestake and Flickinger , 2000 ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure ( or derived ) tree and of a semantic representation and ( Dalrymple , 1999 ) show how to equip Lexical Functional grammar ( LFG ) with a glue semantics . These grammars are both efficient and large scale in that they cover an important fragment of the natural language they describe and can be processed by parsers and generators in almost real time .
4
null
Background
[ 22, 53 ]
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Thus for instance , ( @@CITATION ; Copestake et al. , 2001 ) describes a Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar ( HPSG ) which supports the parallel construction of a phrase structure ( or derived ) tree and of a semantic representation and ( Dalrymple , 1999 ) show how to equip Lexical Functional grammar ( LFG ) with a glue semantics .
W04-0910_6
0
null
While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , Dalrymple ( 2001 ) questions the viability and universality of such an approach because of the variety of ways in which grammatical functions may be realized at the language-specific constituent structure level .
J05-3003
External_12085
2,005
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
lexical functional grammar volume 34 of syntax and semantics
[ "Mary Dalrymple" ]
null
The subject is instead specified externally in the matrix phrase : The judge wants [ XCOMP to open an inquiry ] . While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , Dalrymple ( 2001 ) questions the viability and universality of such an approach because of the variety of ways in which grammatical functions may be realized at the language-specific constituent structure level . LFG argues that subcategorization requirements are best stated at the f-structure level , in functional rather than phrasal terms .
2
null
Background
[ 118, 136 ]
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While many linguistic theories state subcategorization requirements in terms of phrase structure ( CFG categories ) , @@CITATION questions the viability and universality of such an approach because of the variety of ways in which grammatical functions may be realized at the language-specific constituent structure level .
J05-3003_23
0
null
We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. Hobbs ( 1979 , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk and W. Kintch ( 1983 ) , who are more interested in addressing psychological and cognitive aspects of discourse coherence .
J91-2003
External_5163
1,991
1,979
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
coherence and coreferencequot
[ "J R Hobbs" ]
null
At this point it may be proper to comment on the relationship between our theory of coherence and theories advocated by others . We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. Hobbs ( 1979 , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk and W. Kintch ( 1983 ) , who are more interested in addressing psychological and cognitive aspects of discourse coherence . The quoted works seem to be good representatives for each of the directions ; they also point to related literature .
1
null
CompareOrContrast
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We are going to make such a comparison with the theories proposed by J. @@CITATION , 1982 ) that represent a more computationally oriented approach to coherence , and those of T.A. van Dijk and W. Kintch ( 1983 ) , who are more interested in addressing psychological and cognitive aspects of discourse coherence .
J91-2003_26
0
introduction
11 From ( Zollmann and Vogel , 2011 ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags .
Q13-1020
P11-1001
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a wordclass approach to labeling pscfg rules for machine translation
[ "Andreas Zollmann", "Stephan Vogel" ]
null
We only use one sample to extract the translation grammar because multiple samples would result in a grammar that would be too large . 11 From ( Zollmann and Vogel , 2011 ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags . Thus , to be convenient , we only conduct experiments with the SAMT system .
6
null
Motivation
[ 10, 35 ]
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11 From ( @@CITATION ) , we find that the performance of SAMT system is similar with the method of labeling SCFG rules with POS tags .
Q13-1020_35
0
experiments
In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and Alshawi ( 1987 ) describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE .
J87-3002
J87-3001
1,987
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
processing dictionary definitions with phrasal pattern hierarchies in this issue
[ "Hiyan Alshawi" ]
null
( Michiels ( 1982 ) contains further description and discussion of LDOCE . ) In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and Alshawi ( 1987 ) describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE . The information available in the dictionary is both very rich and diverse , but also typically only semiformalised , as it is intended for human , rather than machine , interpetation .
1
null
Background
[ 108, 124 ]
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In this paper we focus on the exploitation of the LDOCE grammar coding system ; Alshawi et al. ( 1985 ) and @@CITATION describe further research in Cambridge utilising different types of information available in LDOCE .
J87-3002_4
0
introduction
Gurevych ( 2006 ) observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness .
W06-1104
External_61155
2,006
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
computing semantic relatedness across parts of speech
[ "Iryna Gurevych" ]
null
Thus , they were not supervised during the experiment . Gurevych ( 2006 ) observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness . Their results differed particularly in cases of antonymy or distributionally related pairs .
5
null
Motivation
[ 0, 17 ]
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@@CITATION observed that some annotators were not familiar with the exact definition of semantic relatedness .
W06-1104_12
0
experiments
All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference .
P11-1134
External_33255
2,011
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
tree edit distance for textual entailment
[ "Milen Kouleykov", "Bernardo Magnini" ]
null
2 Lexical resources for TE and CLTE All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( Kouleykov and Magnini , 2005 ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference . Such information ranges from i ) lexical paraphrases ( textual equivalences between terms ) to ii ) lexical relations preserving entailment between words , and iii ) wordlevel similarity/relatedness scores .
2
null
Background
[ 204, 232 ]
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All current approaches to monolingual TE , either syntactically oriented ( Rus et al. , 2005 ) , or applying logical inference ( Tatu and Moldovan , 2005 ) , or adopting transformation-based techniques ( @@CITATION ; Bar-Haim et al. , 2008 ) , incorporate different types of lexical knowledge to support textual inference .
P11-1134_16
0
introduction
Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , Booth ( 2000 ) pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision .
J07-1005
External_87362
2,007
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
formulating the question
[ "Andrew Booth" ]
null
Cimino and Mendonc ¸ a reported good performance for etiology , diagnosis , and in particular therapy , but not prognosis . Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , Booth ( 2000 ) pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision . PICO-based querying in information retrieval is merely an instance of faceted querying , which has been widely used by librarians since the introduction of automated retrieval systems ( e.g. , Meadow et al. 1989 ) .
6
null
Background
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Although originally developed as a tool to assist in query formulation , @@CITATION pointed out that PICO frames can be employed to structure IR results for improving precision .
J07-1005_5
0
related work
There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) .
W02-0309
External_18980
2,002
1,991
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
how effective is suffixing
[ "D Harman" ]
null
There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( Harman , 1991 ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) . The key for quality improvement seems to be rooted mainly in the presence or absence of some form of dictionary .
6
null
Background
[ 174, 187 ]
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There has been some controversy , at least for simple stemmers ( Lovins , 1968 ; Porter , 1980 ) , about the effectiveness of morphological analysis for document retrieval ( @@CITATION ; Krovetz , 1993 ; Hull , 1996 ) .
W02-0309_3
0
conclusion
in history-based models ( Black et al. , 1993 ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , _ 1 , which is called the derivation history at step i .
E03-1002
P93-1005
2,003
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards historybased grammars using richer models for probabilistic parsing
[ "E Black", "F Jelinek", "J Lafferty", "D Magerman", "R Mercer", "S Roukos" ]
null
The probability of the input sentence is a constant across all the candidate derivations , so we only need to find the most probable derivation . in history-based models ( Black et al. , 1993 ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , _ 1 , which is called the derivation history at step i . This allows us to use the chain rule for conditional probabilities to derive the probability of the entire derivation as the multiplication of the probabilities for each of its decisions .
3
null
Uses
[ 26, 45 ]
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in history-based models ( @@CITATION ) , the probability estimate for each derivation decision di is conditioned on the previous derivation decisions d1 , ... , d , _ 1 , which is called the derivation history at step i .
E03-1002_3
0
method
The reader is referred to Meurers and Minnen ( 1996 ) for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our example grammar .
J97-4003
External_61990
1,997
1,996
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
offline constraint propagation for efficient hpsg processing
[ "Detmar Meurers", "Guido Minnen" ]
null
This technique closely resembles the off-line constraint propagation technique described by Marriott , Naish , and Lassez ( 1988 ) . The reader is referred to Meurers and Minnen ( 1996 ) for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our example grammar . Since the running example of this paper was kept small , for expository reasons , by only including features that do get changed by one of the lexical rules ( which violates the empirical observation mentioned above ) , the full set of lexical rules would not provide a good example .
2
null
Background
[ 26, 53 ]
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The reader is referred to @@CITATION for a more detailed discussion of our use of constraint propagation .32 We illustrate the result of constraint propagation with our example grammar .
J97-4003_39
0
introduction
Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) .
P02-1001
External_1232
2,002
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
translation with finitestate devices
[ "Kevin Knight", "Yaser Al-Onaizan" ]
null
The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( Mohri et al. , 1998 ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP . Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) . Moreover , once the models are expressed in the finitestate framework , it is easy to use operators to tweak them , to apply them to speech lattices or other sets , and to combine them with linguistic resources .
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Background
[ 267, 295 ]
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Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( @@CITATION ) .
P02-1001_15
0
introduction
Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) .
J09-4010
External_36090
2,009
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
knowledge harvesting articulation and delivery the hewlettpackard journal
[ "K A Delic", "D Lahaix" ]
null
The automation of help-desk responses has been previously tackled using mainly knowledge-intensive paradigms , such as expert systems ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ) and case-based reasoning ( Watson 1997 ) . Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . In contrast , the techniques examined in this article are corpus-based and data-driven .
5
null
Background
[ 95, 116 ]
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Such technologies require significant human input , and are difficult to create and maintain ( @@CITATION ) .
J09-4010_18
0
null
We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) .
K15-1003
W14-1615
2,015
2,014
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
weaklysupervised bayesian learning of a ccg supertagger
[ "Dan Garrette", "Chris Dyer", "Jason Baldridge", "Noah A Smith" ]
null
To formalize the notion of what it means for a category to be more `` plausible '' , we extend the category generator of our previous work , which we will call PCAT . We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) . The grammar may first generate a start or end category ( ( S ) , ( E ) ) with probability pse or a special tokendeletion category ( ( D ) ; explained in § 5 ) with probability pdel , or a standard CCG category C :
4
null
Background
[ 51, 73 ]
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We can define PCAT using a probabilistic grammar ( @@CITATION ) .
K15-1003_10
0
method
It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( Xu et al. , 2001 ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) .
W05-0709
External_87919
2,005
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
trec2001 crosslingual retrieval at bbn
[ "J Xu", "A Fraser", "R Weischedel" ]
null
derivational and inflectional process , most prepositions , conjunctions , pronouns , and possessive forms are attached to the Arabic surface word . It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( Xu et al. , 2001 ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) . Both tasks are performed with a statistical framework : the mention detection system is similar to the one presented in ( Florian et al. , 2004 ) and the coreference resolution system is similar to the one described in ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) .
2
null
Background
[ 123, 139 ]
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It is these orthographic variations and complex morphological structure that make Arabic language processing challenging ( @@CITATION ; Xu et al. , 2002 ) .
W05-0709_29
0
introduction
The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706
W00-0726
2,001
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
introduction to the conll2000 shared task chunking
[ "E F Tjong Kim Sang", "S Buchholz" ]
null
Both can be formally defined and they reflect different levels of shallow parsing patterns . The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . In this case , a full parse tree is represented in a flat form , producing a representation as in the example above .
3
null
Uses
[ 80, 104 ]
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The first is the one used in the chunking competition in CoNLL-2000 ( Tjong Kim @@CITATION ) .
W01-0706_20
0
experiments
There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ -
W01-1510
C00-1060
2,001
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
hybrid japanese parser with handcrafted grammar and statistics
[ "Hiroshi Kanayama", "Kentaro Torisawa", "Yutaka Mitsuisi", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
Strongly equivalent grammars enable the sharing of ideas developed in each formalism . There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; Kanayama et al. , 2000 ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ - 1In this paper , we use the term LTAG to refer to FBLTAG , if not confusing .
2
null
Background
[ 157, 179 ]
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There have been many studies on parsing techniques ( Poller and Becker , 1998 ; Flickinger et al. , 2000 ) , ones on disambiguation models ( Chiang , 2000 ; @@CITATION ) , and ones on programming/grammar-development environ -
W01-1510_5
0
introduction
For example , Gay et al. ( 2005 ) experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating index term recommendations and discovered that using full article texts yields at most a 7.4 % improvement in F-score .
W06-3309
External_74941
2,006
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
semiautomatic indexing of full text biomedical articles
[ "Clifford W Gay", "Mehmet Kayaalp", "Alan R Aronson" ]
null
Although there is a trend towards analysis of full article texts , we believe that abstracts still provide a tremendous amount of information , and much value can still be extracted from them . For example , Gay et al. ( 2005 ) experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating index term recommendations and discovered that using full article texts yields at most a 7.4 % improvement in F-score . Demner-Fushman et al. ( 2005 ) found a correlation between the quality and strength of clinical conclusions in the full article texts and abstracts .
2
null
Background
[ 14, 33 ]
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For example , @@CITATION experimented with abstracts and full article texts in the task of automatically generating index term recommendations and discovered that using full article texts yields at most a 7.4 % improvement in F-score .
W06-3309_10
0
introduction
The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( Lemay et al. , 2004 ) .
W04-1805
External_94861
2,004
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
two methods for extracting quotspecificquot singleword terms from specialized corpora
[ "Chantal Lemay", "Marie-Claude L'Homme", "Patrick Drouin" ]
null
The terms have been identified as the most specific to our corpus by a program developed by Drouin ( 2003 ) and called TER1vloSTAT . The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( Lemay et al. , 2004 ) . Note that to prevent any bias in the results , none of these terms were used as positive examples during the pattern inference step .
6
null
Uses
[ 149, 168 ]
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The ten most specific nouns have been produced by comparing our corpus of computing to the French corpus Le Monde , composed of newspaper articles ( @@CITATION ) .
W04-1805_10
0
null
Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually identical documents and highly repetitive documents , such as those pioneered by Fletcher ( 2004b ) and shingling techniques described by Chakrabarti ( 2002 ) .
W06-1705
External_25124
2,006
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
facilitating the compilation and dissemination of adhoc web corpora
[ "W H Fletcher" ]
null
From a computational linguistic view , the framework will also need to take into account the granularity of the unit ( for example , POS tagging requires sentence-units , but anaphoric annotation needs paragraphs or larger ) . Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually identical documents and highly repetitive documents , such as those pioneered by Fletcher ( 2004b ) and shingling techniques described by Chakrabarti ( 2002 ) . The second stage of our work will involve implementing the framework within a P2P environment .
5
null
Future
[ 174, 189 ]
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Secondly , we need to investigate techniques for identifying identical documents , virtually identical documents and highly repetitive documents , such as those pioneered by @@CITATIONb ) and shingling techniques described by Chakrabarti ( 2002 ) .
W06-1705_8
0
method
Following the work of Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , word +1 as true suffix , plus frequency comparisons of these .
E12-1068
W11-2129
2,012
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
productive generation of compound words in statistical machine translation
[ "Sara Stymne", "Nicola Cancedda" ]
null
merge and ii ) how to merge . Following the work of Stymne and Cancedda ( 2011 ) , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , word +1 as true suffix , plus frequency comparisons of these . The CRF is trained on the split monolingual data .
7
null
Uses
[ 22, 50 ]
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Following the work of @@CITATION , we implement a linear-chain CRF merging system using the following features : stemmed ( separated ) surface form , part-of-speech14 and frequencies from the training corpus for bigrams/merging of word and word +1 , word as true prefix , word +1 as true suffix , plus frequency comparisons of these .
E12-1068_18
0
experiments
Manning ( 1993 ) attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing raw text through a stochastic tagger and a finite-state parser ( which includes a set of simple rules for subcategorization frame recognition ) in order to extract verbs and the constituents with which they co-occur .
J05-3003
External_13799
2,005
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic acquisition of a large subcategorisation dictionary from corpora
[ "Christopher Manning" ]
null
Ushioda et al. ( 1993 ) employ an additional statistical method based on log-linear models and Bayes ' theorem to filter the extra noise introduced by the parser and were the first to induce relative frequencies for the extracted frames . Manning ( 1993 ) attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing raw text through a stochastic tagger and a finite-state parser ( which includes a set of simple rules for subcategorization frame recognition ) in order to extract verbs and the constituents with which they co-occur . He assumes 19 different subcategorization
3
null
Background
[ 0, 16 ]
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@@CITATION attempts to improve on the approach of Brent ( 1993 ) by passing raw text through a stochastic tagger and a finite-state parser ( which includes a set of simple rules for subcategorization frame recognition ) in order to extract verbs and the constituents with which they co-occur .
J05-3003_42
0
related work
From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujols et al. , 1991 ; Baud et al. , 1998 ) .
W02-0309
External_45868
2,002
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
morphosemantic parsing of medical expressions
[ "R Baud", "C Lovis", "A-M Rassinoux", "J-R Scherrer" ]
null
This is particularly true for the medical domain . From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujols et al. , 1991 ; Baud et al. , 1998 ) . While one may argue that single-word compounds are quite rare in English ( which is not the case in the medical domain either ) , this is certainly not true for German and other basically agglutinative languages known for excessive single-word nominal compounding .
2
null
Background
[ 288, 306 ]
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From an IR view , a lot of specialized research has already been carried out for medical applications , with emphasis on the lexico-semantic aspects of dederivation and decomposition ( Pacak et al. , 1980 ; Norton and Pacak , 1983 ; Wolff , 1984 ; Wingert , 1985 ; Dujols et al. , 1991 ; @@CITATION ) .
W02-0309_0
0
introduction
Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( Harris , 1957 ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) .
W01-0706
External_56797
2,001
1,957
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
cooccurrence and transformation in linguistic structure
[ "Z S Harris" ]
null
Shallow parsing is studied as an alternative to full-sentence parsing . Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( Harris , 1957 ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) . A lot of recent work on shallow parsing has been influenced by Abney 's work ( Abney , 1991 ) , who has suggested to `` chunk '' sentences to base level phrases .
2
null
Background
[ 149, 162 ]
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Rather than producing a complete analysis of sentences , the alternative is to perform only partial analysis of the syntactic structures in a text ( @@CITATION ; Abney , 1991 ; Greffenstette , 1993 ) .
W01-0706_18
0
introduction
Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706
External_1102
2,001
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
statistical parsing with a contextfree grammar and word statistics
[ "E Charniak" ]
null
While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . Research on shallow parsing was inspired by psycholinguistics arguments ( Gee and Grosjean , 1983 ) that suggest that in many scenarios ( e.g. , conversational ) full parsing is not a realistic strategy for sentence processing and analysis , and was further motivated by several arguments from a natural language engineering viewpoint .
2
null
Background
[ 151, 166 ]
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Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; @@CITATIONa ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706_6
0
introduction
Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) .
J08-1003
External_90779
2,008
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
speed and accuracy in shallow and deep stochastic parsing
[ "Ron Kaplan", "Stefan Riezler", "Tracy Holloway King", "John T Maxwell", "Alexander Vasserman", "Richard Crouch" ]
null
Because a tree-based gold standard for parser evaluation must adopt a particular style of linguistic analysis ( reflected in the geometry and nomenclature of the nodes in the trees ) , evaluation of statistical parsers and grammars that are derived from particular treebank resources ( as well as hand-crafted grammars/parsers ) can suffer unduly if the gold standard deviates systematically from the ( possibly ) equally valid style of linguistic analysis provided by the parser . Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; Kaplan et al. 2004 ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) . Dependency-based linguistic representations are approximations of abstract predicate-argument-adjunct ( or more basic head-dependent )
1
null
Motivation
[ 246, 264 ]
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Problems such as these have motivated research on more abstract , dependencybased parser evaluation ( e.g. , Lin 1995 ; Carroll , Briscoe , and Sanfilippo 1998 ; Carroll et al. 2002 ; Clark and Hockenmaier 2002 ; King et al. 2003 ; Preiss 2003 ; @@CITATION ; Miyao and Tsujii 2004 ) .
J08-1003_62
0
introduction
They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( Koehn et al. , 2003 ) .
P11-1134
N03-1017
2,011
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
statistical phrasebased translation
[ "Philipp Koehn", "Franz Josef Och", "Daniel Marcu" ]
null
Phrase tables ( PHT ) contain pairs of corresponding phrases in two languages , together with association probabilities . They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( Koehn et al. , 2003 ) . There are several methods to build phrase tables .
3
null
Background
[ 123, 142 ]
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They are widely used in MT as a way to figure out how to translate input in one language into output in another language ( @@CITATION ) .
P11-1134_14
0
null
Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , Cover and Thomas 1991 ) .
J04-3001
External_336
2,004
1,991
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
elements of information theory
[ "Thomas M Cover", "Joy A Thomas" ]
null
where V is a random variable that can take any possible outcome in set V , and p ( v ) = Pr ( V = v ) is the density function . Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , Cover and Thomas 1991 ) . Determining the parse tree for a sentence from a set of possible parses can be viewed as assigning a value to a random variable .
3
null
Background
[ 105, 126 ]
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Further details about the properties of entropy can be found in textbooks on information theory ( e.g. , @@CITATION ) .
J04-3001_6
0
null
Dale and Reiter ( 1995 ) , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) .
J06-2002
External_40449
2,006
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
computational interpretations of the gricean maximes in the generation of referring expressions
[ "Robbert Dale", "Ehud Reiter" ]
null
We are not aware of any empirical validation of this idea , but the fact that vague descriptions are frequent is fairly well documented . Dale and Reiter ( 1995 ) , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) . They found that , while instructional texts tended to use numerical descriptions like the 31 4 '' bolt , human assemblers `` unless they were reading or discussing the written instructions , in all cases used relative modifiers , such as the long bolt '' ( Dale and Reiter 1995 ) .6 Our own experiments ( van Deemter 2004 ) point in the same direction .
4
null
Background
[ 0, 24 ]
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@@CITATION , for example , discussed the transcripts of a dialogue between people who assemble a piece of garden furniture ( originally recorded by Candy Sidner ) .
J06-2002_10
0
experiments
Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( Bertsekas 1999 ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conjugate gradient ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) , noting that when A = 0 , the objective is not differentiable .
J10-3007
External_33382
2,010
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
nonlinear programming 2nd edition athena scientific
[ "Dimitri P Bertsekas" ]
null
Here 11 is an optimization precision , oc is a step size chosen with the strong Wolfe 's rule ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) . Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( Bertsekas 1999 ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conjugate gradient ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) , noting that when A = 0 , the objective is not differentiable . In practice this only happens at the start of optimization and we use a sub-gradient for the first direction .
3
null
Uses
[ 127, 141 ]
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Here , PV ( A ) represents an ascent direction chosen as follows : For inequality constraints , it is the projected gradient ( @@CITATION ) ; for equality constraints with slack , we use conjugate gradient ( Nocedal and Wright 1999 ) , noting that when A = 0 , the objective is not differentiable .
J10-3007_1
0
null
Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate training ( MERT ) ( Och , 2003 ) is the most popular one .
D12-1037
P03-1021
2,012
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation
[ "Franz Josef Och" ]
null
h is a feature vector which is scaled by a weight W. Parameter estimation is one of the most important components in SMT , and various training methods have been proposed to tune W . Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( Och , 2003 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate training ( MERT ) ( Och , 2003 ) is the most popular one . All these training methods follow the same pipeline : they train only a single weight on a given development set , and then use it to translate all the sentences in a test set .
2
null
Motivation
[ 99, 109 ]
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".", "ArgType": null, "before": "", "is_root": null, "tense": null, "is_pass": null, "has_aux": null } ] ]
Some methods are based on likelihood ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) , error rate ( @@CITATION ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Pauls et al. , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) , margin ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ) and ranking ( Hopkins and May , 2011 ) , and among which minimum error rate training ( MERT ) ( Och , 2003 ) is the most popular one .
D12-1037_28
0
introduction
This idea was inspired by Delisle et al. ( 1993 ) , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed examples to analyse semantic roles ( case relations ) .
W06-3813
External_15776
2,006
1,993
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
pattern matching for case analysis a computational definition of closeness
[ "Sylvain Delisle", "Terry Copeck", "Stan Szpakowicz", "Ken Barker" ]
null
To process a pair P not encountered previously , the system builds a graph centered on the main element ( often the head ) of P . This idea was inspired by Delisle et al. ( 1993 ) , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed examples to analyse semantic roles ( case relations ) . In recent approaches , syntactic information is translated into features which , together with information from FrameNet , WordNet or VerbNet , will be used with ML tools to make predictions for each example in the test set ( Carreras and Marquez , 2004 ; Carreras and Marquez , 2005 ) .
5
null
Motivation
[ 26, 49 ]
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This idea was inspired by @@CITATION , who used a list of arguments surrounding the main verb together with the verb 's subcategorization information and previously processed examples to analyse semantic roles ( case relations ) .
W06-3813_11
0
null
, `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX Etherington and Mercer 1987 ) , and their kin .
J91-2003
External_44424
1,991
1,987
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
domain circumscription a reevaluationquot
[ "D W Etherington", "R E Mercer" ]
null
Since techniques developed elsewhere may prove useful , at least for comparison , it is worth mentioning at this point that the proposed metarules are distant cousins of `` unique-name assumption '' ( Genesereth and Nilsson 1987 ) , `` domain closure assumption '' ( ibid . ) , `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX Etherington and Mercer 1987 ) , and their kin . Similarly , the notion of R + M-abduction is spiritually related to the `` abductive inference '' of Reggia ( 1985 ) , the `` diagnosis from first principles '' of Reiter ( 1987 ) , `` explainability '' of Poole ( 1988 ) , and the subset principle of Berwick ( 1986 ) .
1
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 39, 66 ]
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, `` domain circumscription '' ( cfXXX @@CITATION ) , and their kin .
J91-2003_11
0
introduction
While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , Kehler et al. ( 2004 ) speculate that deeper linguistic knowledge needs to be made available to resolvers in order to reach the next level of performance .
P07-1068
N04-1037
2,007
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the nonutility of predicateargument frequencies for pronoun interpretation
[ "A Kehler", "D Appelt", "L Taylor", "A Simma" ]
null
In knowledge-lean approaches , coreference resolvers employ only morpho-syntactic cues as knowledge sources in the resolution process ( e.g. , Mitkov ( 1998 ) , Tetreault ( 2001 ) ) . While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , Kehler et al. ( 2004 ) speculate that deeper linguistic knowledge needs to be made available to resolvers in order to reach the next level of performance . In fact , semantics plays a crucially important role in the resolution of common NPs , allowing us to identify the coreference relation between two lexically dissimilar common nouns ( e.g. , talks and negotiations ) and to eliminate George W. Bush from the list of candidate antecedents of the city , for instance .
2
null
Background
[ 81, 103 ]
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While these approaches have been reasonably successful ( see Mitkov ( 2002 ) ) , @@CITATION speculate that deeper linguistic knowledge needs to be made available to resolvers in order to reach the next level of performance .
P07-1068_7
0
introduction
A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001 ) .
W01-1510
External_9270
2,001
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
efficient ltag parsing using hpsg parsers
[ "Naoki Yoshinaga", "Yusuke Miyao", "Kentaro Torisawa", "Jun’ichi Tsujii" ]
null
We apply our system to the latest version of the XTAG English grammar ( The XTAG Research Group , 2001 ) , which is a large-scale FB-LTAG grammar . A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( Yoshinaga et al. , 2001 ) . This result implies that parsing techniques for HPSG are also beneficial for LTAG parsing .
2
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 149, 172 ]
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A parsing experiment shows that an efficient HPSG parser with the obtained grammar achieved a significant speed-up against an existing LTAG parser ( @@CITATION ) .
W01-1510_29
0
introduction
Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by Collins ( 2000 ) .
N01-1003
External_63
2,001
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
discriminative reranking for natural language parsing
[ "Michael Collins" ]
null
In total , we used 3,291 features in training the SPR . Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by Collins ( 2000 ) . The motivation for the features was to capture declaratively decisions made by the randomized SPG .
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 177, 193 ]
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Features were discovered from the actual sentence plan trees that the SPG generated through the feature derivation process described below , in a manner similar to that used by @@CITATION .
N01-1003_1
0
null
Such questions are typically answered by designing appropriate priming experiments ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 1994 ) or other lexical decision tasks .
P13-3018
External_63932
2,013
1,994
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
morphology and meaning in the english mental lexicon
[ "W D Marslen-Wilson", "L K Tyler", "R Waksler", "L Older" ]
null
For example , whether a word such as `` unimaginable '' is stored in the mental lexicon as a whole word or do we break it up `` un - '' , `` imagine '' and `` able '' , understand the meaning of each of these constituent and then recombine the units to comprehend the whole word . Such questions are typically answered by designing appropriate priming experiments ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 1994 ) or other lexical decision tasks . The reaction time of the subjects for recognizing various lexical items under appropriate conditions reveals important facts about their organization in the brain .
2
null
Background
[ 85, 113 ]
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Such questions are typically answered by designing appropriate priming experiments ( @@CITATION ) or other lexical decision tasks .
P13-3018_12
0
introduction
The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( Stabler , 1997 ; Harkema , 2000 ; Niyogi , 2001 ) .
N04-2004
External_3810
2,004
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
derivational minimalism
[ "Edward Stabler" ]
null
My theory of verbal argument structure can be implemented in a unified morpho-syntactic parsing model that interleaves syntactic and semantic parsing . The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( Stabler , 1997 ; Harkema , 2000 ; Niyogi , 2001 ) . Lexical entries in the system are minimally specified , each consisting of a phonetic form , a list of relevant features , and semantics in the form of a A expression .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 155, 169 ]
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The system is in the form of an agenda-driven chart-based parser whose foundation is similar to previous formalizations of Chomsky 's Minimalist Program ( @@CITATION ; Harkema , 2000 ; Niyogi , 2001 ) .
N04-2004_22
0
null
Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description .
J87-3002
External_11433
1,987
1,982
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
exploiting a large dictionary data base
[ "Archibal Michiels" ]
null
On the other hand , both believe and promise are assigned V3 which means they take a NP object and infinitival complement , yet there is a similar semantic distinction to be made between the two verbs ; so the criteria for the assignment of the V code seem to be purely syntactic . Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . Ingria ( 1984 ) comprehensively compares different approaches to complementation within grammatical theory providing a touchstone against which the LDOCE scheme can be evaluated .
4
null
Background
[ 0, 17 ]
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@@CITATION and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description .
J87-3002_20
0
null
The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1987 ; Russell et al. , 1986 ; Phillips and Thompson , 1986 ) to develop a general-purpose , wide coverage morphological and syntactic analyser for English .
J87-3002
External_43915
1,987
1,986
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a parser for generalised phrase structure grammars
[ "John Phillips", "Henry Thompson" ]
null
Real-time parsing imposes stringent requirements on a dictionary support environment ; at the very least it must allow frequent and rapid access to the information in the dictionary via the dictionary head words . The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1987 ; Russell et al. , 1986 ; Phillips and Thompson , 1986 ) to develop a general-purpose , wide coverage morphological and syntactic analyser for English . One motivation for our interest in machine readable dictionaries is to attempt to provide a substantial lexicon with lexical entries containing grammatical information compatible with the grammatical framework employed by the analyser .
1
null
Background
[ 136, 164 ]
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The research described below is taking place in the context of three collaborative projects ( Boguraev , 1987 ; Russell et al. , 1986 ; @@CITATION ) to develop a general-purpose , wide coverage morphological and syntactic analyser for English .
J87-3002_27
0
introduction
The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks .
W05-0709
P02-1014
2,005
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
improving machine learning approaches to coreference resolution
[ "V Ng", "C Cardie" ]
null
In this paper we focus on the Entity Detection and Recognition task ( EDR ) for Arabic as described in ACE 2004 framework ( ACE , 2004 ) . The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; Ng and Cardie , 2002 ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks . Usually , in computational linguistics literature , a named entity is an instance of a location , a person , or an organization , and the NER task consists of identifying each of these occurrences .
2
null
Background
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The EDR has close ties to the named entity recognition ( NER ) and coreference resolution tasks , which have been the focus of several recent investigations ( Bikel et al. , 1997 ; Miller et al. , 1998 ; Borthwick , 1999 ; Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Soon et al. , 2001 ; @@CITATION ; Florian et al. , 2004 ) , and have been at the center of evaluations such as : MUC-6 , MUC-7 , and the CoNLL '02 and CoNLL '03 shared tasks .
W05-0709_23
0
introduction
Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ( Barwise and Perry 1983 ) : Far from meaning something concrete like `` larger than 8 cm '' -- a concept that would have very limited applicability -- or even something more general like `` larger than the average N , '' a word like large is applicable across a wide range of different situations .
J06-2002
External_522
2,006
1,983
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
situations and attitudes
[ "Jon Barwise", "John Perry" ]
null
the adjective to be semantically equivalent to the superlative form ( and , analogously , the comparative ) : The n large mice = The largest n mice The large mice = The largest mice The large mouse = The largest mouse . Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ( Barwise and Perry 1983 ) : Far from meaning something concrete like `` larger than 8 cm '' -- a concept that would have very limited applicability -- or even something more general like `` larger than the average N , '' a word like large is applicable across a wide range of different situations .
1
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 102, 124 ]
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Viewed in this way , gradable adjectives are an extreme example of the `` efficiency of language '' ( @@CITATION ) : Far from meaning something concrete like `` larger than 8 cm '' -- a concept that would have very limited applicability -- or even something more general like `` larger than the average N , '' a word like large is applicable across a wide range of different situations .
J06-2002_1
0
introduction
However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; Collins , 1997 ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) .
W01-0706
External_555
2,001
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing
[ "M Collins" ]
null
Overall , the driving force behind the work on learning shallow parsers was the desire to get better performance and higher reliability . However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; Collins , 1997 ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . This paper investigates the question of whether work on shallow parsing is worthwhile .
2
null
Background
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However , since work in this direction has started , a significant progress has also been made in the research on statistical learning of full parsers , both in terms of accuracy and processing time ( Charniak , 1997b ; Charniak , 1997a ; @@CITATION ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) .
W01-0706_13
0
introduction
It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ( Lebart and Rajman , 2000 ) .2 Linguistic distance between words is inverse to their semantic similarity or relatedness .
W06-1104
External_31966
2,006
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
computing similarity
[ "Ludovic Lebart", "Martin Rajman" ]
null
Linguistic distance plays an important role in many applications like information retrieval , word sense disambiguation , text summarization or spelling correction . It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ( Lebart and Rajman , 2000 ) .2 Linguistic distance between words is inverse to their semantic similarity or relatedness . Semantic similarity is typically defined via the lexical relations of synonymy ( automobile -- car ) and hypernymy ( vehicle -- car ) , while semantic relatedness ( SR ) is defined to cover any kind of lexical or functional association that may exist be -
2
null
Background
[ 156, 180 ]
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It is defined on different kinds of textual units , e.g. documents , parts of a document ( e.g. words and their surrounding context ) , words or concepts ( @@CITATION ) .2 Linguistic distance between words is inverse to their semantic similarity or relatedness .
W06-1104_18
0
introduction
However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data Consortium , 2003 ) .
W03-0806
External_44164
2,003
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
english gigaword corpus catalogue number ldc2003t05
[ "Linguistic Data Consortium" ]
null
This will require more efficient learning algorithms and implementations . However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data Consortium , 2003 ) . Recent work ( Banko and Brill , 2001 ; Curran and Moens , 2002 ) has suggested that some tasks will benefit from using significantly more data .
2
null
Background
[ 140, 157 ]
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However , the greatest increase is in the amount of raw text available to be processed , e.g. the English Gigaword Corpus ( Linguistic Data @@CITATION ) .
W03-0806_21
0
introduction
For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
W02-1601
C00-2131
2,002
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
finding structural correspondences from bilingual parsed corpus for corpusbased translation
[ "H Watanabe", "S Kurohashi", "E Aramaki" ]
null
Due to these limitations , instead of investigating into the synchronization of two grammars , we propose a flexible annotation schema ( i.e. Synchronous Structured String-Tree Correspondence ( S-SSTC ) ) to realize additional power and flexibility in expressing structural correspondences at the level of language sentence pairs . For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( Watanabe et al. , 2000 ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
4
null
Background
[ 226, 248 ]
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[]
For example , such schema can serve as a mean to represent translation examples , or find structural correspondences for the purpose of transfer grammar learning ( Menezes & Richardson , 2001 ) , ( Aramaki et al. , 2001 ) , ( @@CITATION ) , ( Meyers et al. , 2000 ) , ( Matsumoto et al. , 1993 ) , ( kaji et al. , 1992 ) , and example-base machine translation EBMT3 ( Sato & Nagao , 1990 ) , ( Sato , 1991 ) , ( Richardson et al. , 2001 ) , ( Al-Adhaileh & Tang , 1999 ) .
W02-1601_29
0
null
Och and Ney ( 2002 ) introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem :
D12-1037
P02-1038
2,012
2,002
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
discriminative training and maximum entropy models for statistical machine translation
[ "Franz Josef Och", "Hermann Ney" ]
null
Och and Ney ( 2002 ) introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem : where f and e ( e ' ) are source and target sentences , respectively .
2
null
Background
[ 0, 20 ]
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@@CITATION introduced the log-linear model for statistical machine translation ( SMT ) , in which translation is considered as the following optimization problem :
D12-1037_25
0
introduction
Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) .
J92-1004
External_84962
1,992
1,990
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the interaction of word recognition and linguistic processing in speech understandingquot
[ "H Niemann" ]
null
Current advances in research and development of spoken language systems2 can be found , for example , in the proceedings of the DARPA speech and natural language workshops , as well as in publications from participants of the ESPRIT SUNDIAL project . Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , Niemann ( 1990 ) , and Young ( 1989 ) . * Spoken Language Systems Group , Laboratoiy for Computer Science , MIT , Cambridge MA 02139 f This research was supported by DARPA under Contract N00014-89 +1332 , monitored through the Office of Naval Research .
1
null
Background
[ 120, 136 ]
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Representative systems are described in Boisen et al. ( 1989 ) , De Mattia and Giachin ( 1989 ) , Niedermair ( 1989 ) , @@CITATION , and Young ( 1989 ) .
J92-1004_13
0
introduction
For compound splitting , we follow Fritzinger and Fraser ( 2010 ) , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part frequencies .
E12-1068
W10-1734
2,012
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
how to avoid burning ducks combining linguistic analysis and corpus statistics for german compound processing
[ "Fabienne Fritzinger", "Alexander Fraser" ]
null
Using additional source side information beyond the markup did not produce a gain in performance . For compound splitting , we follow Fritzinger and Fraser ( 2010 ) , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part frequencies . Other approaches use less deep linguistic resources ( e.g. , POS-tags Stymne ( 2008 ) ) or are ( almost ) knowledge-free ( e.g. , Koehn and Knight ( 2003 ) ) .
8
null
Uses
[ 35, 65 ]
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For compound splitting , we follow @@CITATION , using linguistic knowledge encoded in a rule-based morphological analyser and then selecting the best analysis based on the geometric mean of word part frequencies .
E12-1068_6
0
related work
Koehn and Hoang ( 2007 ) showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models .
E12-1068
D07-1091
2,012
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
factored translation models
[ "Philipp Koehn", "Hieu Hoang" ]
null
2We use an additional target factor to obtain the coarse POS for each stem , applying a 7-gram POS model . Koehn and Hoang ( 2007 ) showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models . step through subject-verb agreement .
2
null
Background
[ 0, 24 ]
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@@CITATION showed that the use of a POS factor only results in negligible BLEU improvements , but we need access to the POS in our inflection prediction models .
E12-1068_7
0
introduction
Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; Steinhauser et al. , 2007 ) .
P10-4003
External_20473
2,010
2,007
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
developing pedagogically effective tutorial dialogue tactics experiments and a testbed
[ "Kurt VanLehn", "Pamela Jordan", "Diane Litman" ]
null
Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; VanLehn et al. , 2007 ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; Steinhauser et al. , 2007 ) . However , most existing systems use pre-authored tutor responses for addressing student errors .
2
null
Background
[ 256, 277 ]
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Over the last decade there has been a lot of interest in developing tutorial dialogue systems that understand student explanations ( Jordan et al. , 2006 ; Graesser et al. , 1999 ; Aleven et al. , 2001 ; Buckley and Wolska , 2007 ; Nielsen et al. , 2008 ; @@CITATION ) , because high percentages of selfexplanation and student contentful talk are known to be correlated with better learning in humanhuman tutoring ( Chi et al. , 1994 ; Litman et al. , 2009 ; Purandare and Litman , 2008 ; Steinhauser et al. , 2007 ) .
P10-4003_23
0
introduction
We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( Yang and Pedersen 1997 ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic and Grobelnik 1999 ) .
J07-1005
External_1878
2,007
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a comparative study on feature selection in text categorization
[ "Yiming Yang", "Jan O Pedersen" ]
null
The n-gram based classifier is also a naive Bayes classifier , but it operates on a different set of features . We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( Yang and Pedersen 1997 ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic and Grobelnik 1999 ) . Diseasespecific terms , such as rheumatoid arthritis , were then manually removed .
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Uses
[ 99, 121 ]
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We first identified the most informative unigrams and bigrams using the information gain measure ( @@CITATION ) , and then selected only the positive outcome predictors using odds ratio ( Mladenic and Grobelnik 1999 ) .
J07-1005_51
0
null
Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) .
W06-1639
External_4710
2,006
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
maxmargin markov networks
[ "B Taskar", "C Guestrin", "D Koller" ]
null
Zhu ( 2005 ) maintains a survey of this area . Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2003 ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) . It would be interesting to investigate the application of such methods to our problem .
6
null
Background
[ 219, 239 ]
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Recently , several alternative , often quite sophisticated approaches to collective classification have been proposed ( Neville and Jensen , 2000 ; Lafferty et al. , 2001 ; Getoor et al. , 2002 ; Taskar et al. , 2002 ; @@CITATION ; Taskar et al. , 2004 ; McCallum and Wellner , 2004 ) .
W06-1639_45
0
related work
It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs .
W04-1610
External_91194
2,004
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
modern information retrieval
[ "R B Yates", "B R Neto" ]
null
In this work , we use the Arabic root extraction technique in ( El Kourdi , 2004 ) . It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . In the remainder of this paper , we will use the term `` root '' and `` term '' interchangeably to refer to canonical forms obtained through this root extraction process .
4
null
Motivation
[ 72, 93 ]
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It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( @@CITATION ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs .
W04-1610_16
0
null
We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) .
A00-2036
External_5861
2,000
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a linear observed time statistical parser based on maximum entropy models
[ "A Ratnaparkhi" ]
null
Our results hold for bilexical context-free grammars and directly transfer to several language models that can be seen as stochastic versions of this formalism ( see Section 1 ) . We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) . We leave this for future work .
6
null
Future
[ 190, 208 ]
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We perceive that these results can be extended to other language models that properly embed bilexical context-free grammars , as for instance the more general history-based models used in ( @@CITATION ) and ( Chelba and Jelinek , 1998 ) .
A00-2036_23
0
conclusion
Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards higher ( cfXXX , Kennedy 1999 ) .
J06-2002
External_3886
2,006
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
projecting the adjective the syntax and semantics of gradability and comparison
[ "Christopher Kennedy" ]
null
( 3 ) The large mouse ( = the one whose size is 10 cm ) ( 4 ) The two large mice ( = the two whose sizes are 8 and 10 cm ) Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards higher ( cfXXX , Kennedy 1999 ) . The numeral ( whether it is implicit , as in ( 3 ) , or explicit ) can be construed as allowing the reader to draw inferences about the standards employed ( Kyburg and Morreau 2000 ; DeVault and Stone 2004 ) : ( 3 ) , for example , implies a standard that counts 10 cm as large and 8 cm as not large .
1
null
Background
[ 209, 221 ]
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Clearly , what it takes for the adjective to be applicable has not been cast in stone , but is open to fiat : the speaker may decide that 8 cm is enough , or the speaker may set the standards higher ( cfXXX , @@CITATION ) .
J06-2002_24
0
introduction
Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech .
J90-3003
External_7124
1,990
1,976
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
synthesis of speech from unrestricted text
[ "J Allen" ]
null
Existing text-to-speech systems perform well on word pronunciation and short sentences ,12 but when it comes to long sentences and paragraphs , synthetic speech tends to be difficult to listen to and understand . Many investigators ( e.g. Allen 1976 ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech . And while researchers in text-tospeech synthesis have adopted a variety of approaches to prosodic phrase generation -- from the simple punctuationbased rules and function word listings of existing commercial systems to the sophisticated prosodic heuristics described in Emorine and Martin ( 1988 ) and O'Shaughnessy ( 1989 ) -- the generation of appropriate prosodic phrasing in unrestricted text has remained a problem .
2
null
Motivation
[ 26, 36 ]
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Many investigators ( e.g. @@CITATION ; Elowitz et al. 1976 ; Luce et al. 1983 ; Cahn 1988 ) have suggested that the poor prosody of synthetic speech , in comparison with natural speech , is the primary factor leading to difficulties in the comprehension of fluent synthetic speech .
J90-3003_1
0
experiments
The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response to physicians ' queries ( McKeown , Elhadad , and Hatzivassiloglou 2003 ; Elhadad et al. 2005 ) .
J07-1005
External_39268
2,007
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
customization in a unified framework for summarizing medical literature
[ "Noemie Elhadad", "Min-Yen Kan", "Judith Klavans", "Kathleen McKeown" ]
null
In addition to question answering , multi-document summarization provides a complementary approach to addressing clinical information needs . The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response to physicians ' queries ( McKeown , Elhadad , and Hatzivassiloglou 2003 ; Elhadad et al. 2005 ) . Although the system incorporates both a user and a task model , it does not explicitly capture the principles of evidence-based medicine .
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 253, 272 ]
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The PERSIVAL project , the most comprehensive study of such techniques applied on medical texts to date , leverages patient records to generate personalized summaries in response to physicians ' queries ( McKeown , Elhadad , and Hatzivassiloglou 2003 ; @@CITATION ) .
J07-1005_15
0
related work
See Lopez and Resnik ( 2006 ) for further discussion .
J10-3007
External_22886
2,010
2,006
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
wordbased alignment phrasebased translation whats the link
[ "Adam Lopez", "Philip Resnik" ]
null
Potentially this leads to a poor estimate of the phrase probabilities . See Lopez and Resnik ( 2006 ) for further discussion .
5
null
Background
[ 4, 29 ]
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[]
See @@CITATION for further discussion .
J10-3007_24
0
null
We gather similar words using Lin ( 1998a ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts .
D08-1007
External_4260
2,008
1,998
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words
[ "Dekang Lin" ]
null
We also test an MI model inspired by Erk ( 2007 ) : We gather similar words using Lin ( 1998a ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts . Rather than mining parse trees , this technique retrieves counts for the pattern `` V Det N '' in raw online text , where V is any inflection of the verb , Det is the , a , or the empty string , and N is the singular or plural form of the noun .
5
null
Uses
[ 30, 40 ]
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We gather similar words using @@CITATIONa ) , mining similar verbs from a comparable-sized parsed corpus , and collecting similar nouns from a broader 10 GB corpus of English text .4 We also use Keller and Lapata ( 2003 ) 's approach to obtaining web-counts .
D08-1007_36
0
experiments
Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in Schank and Abelson ( 1977 ) .
J86-1002
External_2536
1,986
1,977
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
scripts plans goals and understanding lawrence erlbaum associates
[ "R Schank", "R Abelson" ]
null
The only requirement on the problem or situation is that it can be entered into the expectation system in the form of examples . Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in Schank and Abelson ( 1977 ) . The expectation module takes two inputs and produces two outputs .
5
null
Background
[ 107, 134 ]
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Thus , for example , it can acquire a `` script '' such as the one for going to a restaurant as defined in @@CITATION .
J86-1002_26
0
experiments
ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) .
P11-1134
External_3409
2,011
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
dirt discovery of inference rules from text
[ "Dekang Lin", "Patrick Pantel" ]
null
These include , just to mention the most popular ones , DIRT ( Lin and Pantel , 2001 ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) . DIRT is a collection of statistically learned inference rules , that is often integrated as a source of lexical paraphrases and entailment rules .
2
null
Background
[ 14, 35 ]
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ones , DIRT ( @@CITATION ) , VerbOcean ( Chklovski and Pantel , 2004 ) , FrameNet ( Baker et al. , 1998 ) , and Wikipedia ( Mehdad et al. , 2010 ; Kouylekov et al. , 2009 ) .
P11-1134_22
0
introduction
There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of Shapiro ( 1982 ) .
J86-1002
External_21716
1,986
1,982
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
algorithmic program debugging
[ "E Shapiro" ]
null
That is , the current system learns procedures rather than data structures . There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of Shapiro ( 1982 ) . However , the latter methodologies have not been applied to dialogue acquisition .
7
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 155, 171 ]
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There is some literature on procedure acquisition such as the LISP synthesis work described in Biermann et al. ( 1984 ) and the PROLOG synthesis method of @@CITATION .
J86-1002_27
0
null
The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strategy decision , and a FUF/SURGE ( Elhadad and Robin , 1992 ) generation system to produce the appropriate text .
P10-4003
External_22830
2,010
1,992
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
controlling content realization with functional unification grammars in
[ "Michael Elhadad", "Jacques Robin" ]
null
The strategy decision made by the tutorial planner , together with relevant semantic content from the student 's answer ( e.g. , part of the answer to confirm ) , is passed to content planning and generation . The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strategy decision , and a FUF/SURGE ( Elhadad and Robin , 1992 ) generation system to produce the appropriate text . Templates are used to generate some stock phrases such as `` When you are ready , go on to the next slide . ''
3
null
Uses
[ 142, 166 ]
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The system uses a domain-specific content planner to produce input to the surface realizer based on the strategy decision , and a FUF/SURGE ( @@CITATION ) generation system to produce the appropriate text .
P10-4003_13
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experiments
However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with easy access to the information they require ( see Calzolari ( 1984 ) for further discussion ) .
J87-3002
P84-1095
1,987
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a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
machinereadable dictionaries lexical data bases and the lexical system
[ "Nicoletta Calzolari" ]
null
The lispified LDOCE file retains the broad structure of the typesetting tape and divides each entry into a number of fields -- head word , pronunciation , grammar codes , definitions , examples , and so forth . However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with easy access to the information they require ( see Calzolari ( 1984 ) for further discussion ) . For this purpose the formatting codes on the typesetting tape are crucial since they provide clues to the correct structure of this information .
3
null
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However , each of these fields requires further decoding and restructuring to provide client programs with easy access to the information they require ( see @@CITATION for further discussion ) .
J87-3002_11
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null
Our results also confirm the insights gained by Blitzer et al. ( 2007 ) , who observed that in crossdomain polarity analysis adding more training data is not always beneficial .
D10-1101
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a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
biographies bollywood boomboxes and blenders domain adaptation for sentiment classification
[ "John Blitzer", "Mark Dredze", "Fernando Pereira" ]
null
However , the results of the cars + cameras training data combination indicate that the cameras data does not contribute any additional information during the learning , since the results on both the movies and the web-services datasets are lower than when training only on the cameras data . Our results also confirm the insights gained by Blitzer et al. ( 2007 ) , who observed that in crossdomain polarity analysis adding more training data is not always beneficial . Apparently even the smallest training dataset ( cameras ) contain enough feature instances to learn a model which performs well on the testing data .
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CompareOrContrast
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Our results also confirm the insights gained by @@CITATION , who observed that in crossdomain polarity analysis adding more training data is not always beneficial .
D10-1101_4
0
experiments
We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( Lessig , 2004 ) .
W06-2807
External_91607
2,006
2,004
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
free culture how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity
[ "Lawrence Lessig" ]
null
non-attributive copyright licence to their work . We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( Lessig , 2004 ) . Narrative writings or essays are creative works and they generally treat ownership as authorship , even for the most enthusiastic fellows of free culture ( Stallman , 2001 ) .
3
null
Uses
[ 114, 127 ]
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We consider the Creative Commons model as the most suitable one to let each author choose the rights to reserve ( @@CITATION ) .
W06-2807_9
0
null
It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs .
W04-1610
External_94611
2,004
1,999
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards an arabic information retrieval system
[ "Y Houmame" ]
null
In this work , we use the Arabic root extraction technique in ( El Kourdi , 2004 ) . It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and Houmame , 1999 ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs . In the remainder of this paper , we will use the term `` root '' and `` term '' interchangeably to refer to canonical forms obtained through this root extraction process .
4
null
Motivation
[ 130, 144 ]
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It compares favorably to other stemming or root extraction algorithms ( Yates and Neto , 1999 ; Al-Shalabi and Evens , 1998 ; and @@CITATION ) , with a performance of over 97 % for extracting the correct root in web documents , and it addresses the challenge of the Arabic broken plural and hollow verbs .
W04-1610_4
0
null
In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task .
D13-1115
External_8378
2,013
2,010
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
combining feature norms and text data with topic models
[ "Mark Steyvers" ]
null
Andrews et al. ( 2009 ) furthered this work by showing that a bimodal topic model , consisting of both text and feature norms , outperformed models using only one modality on the prediction of association norms , word substitution errors , and semantic interference tasks . In a similar vein , Steyvers ( 2010 ) showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task . Johns and Jones ( 2012 ) take an entirely different approach by showing that one can successfully infer held out feature norms from weighted mixtures based on textual similarity .
3
null
Background
[ 20, 37 ]
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In a similar vein , @@CITATION showed that a different feature-topic model improved predictions on a fill-in-the-blank task .
D13-1115_66
0
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