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We previously showed that incorporating this intuition into a Bayesian prior can help train a CCG supertagger ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) . | K15-1003 | W14-1615 | 2,015 | 2,014 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | weaklysupervised bayesian learning of a ccg supertagger | [
"Dan Garrette",
"Chris Dyer",
"Jason Baldridge",
"Noah A Smith"
] | null | Baldridge further notes that due to the natural associativity of CCG , adjacent categories tend to be combinable . We previously showed that incorporating this intuition into a Bayesian prior can help train a CCG supertagger ( Garrette et al. , 2014 ) . In this paper , we present a novel parsing model that is designed specifically for the capacity to capture both of these universal , intrinsic properties of CCG . | 2 | null | Extends | [
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] | We previously showed that incorporating this intuition into a Bayesian prior can help train a CCG supertagger ( @@CITATION ) . | K15-1003_9 | 0 | introduction |
4 To turn this likelihood into a certainty , one can add a test at the end of the algorithm , which adds a type-related property if none is present yet ( cfXXX , Dale and Reiter 1995 ) . | J06-2002 | External_40449 | 2,006 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | computational interpretations of the gricean maximes in the generation of referring expressions | [
"Robbert Dale",
"Ehud Reiter"
] | null | 3 The degree of precision of the measurement ( James et al. 1996 , Section 1.5 ) determines which objects can be described by the GRE algorithm , since it determines which objects count as having the same size . 4 To turn this likelihood into a certainty , one can add a test at the end of the algorithm , which adds a type-related property if none is present yet ( cfXXX , Dale and Reiter 1995 ) . VAGUE uses both of these devices . | 1 | null | Background | [
162,
182
] | [
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] | 4 To turn this likelihood into a certainty , one can add a test at the end of the algorithm , which adds a type-related property if none is present yet ( cfXXX , @@CITATION ) . | J06-2002_8 | 0 | introduction |
For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( Germann et al. , 2001 ; Och et al. , 1999 ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | E03-1007 | External_22209 | 2,003 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | improved alignment models for statistical machine translation | [
"F J Och",
"C Tillmann",
"H Ney"
] | null | In the work presented here , we restrict ourselves to transforming only one language of the two : the source , which has the less inflected morphology . For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( Germann et al. , 2001 ; Och et al. , 1999 ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | 4 | null | Background | [
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] | [] | For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( Germann et al. , 2001 ; @@CITATION ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | E03-1007_10 | 0 | null |
Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) . | P02-1001 | External_876 | 2,002 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | speech recognition by composition of weighted finite automata | [
"Fernando C N Pereira",
"Michael Riley"
] | null | The availability of toolkits for this weighted case ( Mohri et al. , 1998 ; van Noord and Gerdemann , 2001 ) promises to unify much of statistical NLP . Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( Pereira and Riley , 1997 ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) . Moreover , once the models are expressed in the finitestate framework , it is easy to use operators to tweak them , to apply them to speech lattices or other sets , and to combine them with linguistic resources . | 2 | null | Background | [
214,
238
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] | Such tools make it easy to run most current approaches to statistical markup , chunking , normalization , segmentation , alignment , and noisy-channel decoding , ' including classic models for speech recognition ( @@CITATION ) and machine translation ( Knight and Al-Onaizan , 1998 ) . | P02-1001_28 | 0 | introduction |
It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( Brown et al. , 1990 ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; Chen , 1996 ) . | P97-1063 | External_20588 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | building probabilistic models for natural language | [
"S Chen"
] | null | This step significantly reduces the computational burden of the algorithm . It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( Brown et al. , 1990 ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; Chen , 1996 ) . To retain word type pairs that are at least twice as likely to be mutual translations than not , the threshold can be raised to 2 . | 3 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | It is analogous to the step in other translation model induction algorithms that sets all probabilities below a certain threshold to negligible values ( Brown et al. , 1990 ; Dagan et al. , 1993 ; @@CITATION ) . | P97-1063_8 | 0 | method |
The ConTroll grammar development system as described in ( Gotz and Meurers , 1997b ) implements the above mentioned techniques for compiling an HPSG theory into typed feature grammars . | E99-1022 | P97-1001 | 1,999 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | interleaving universal principles and relational constraints over typed feature logic | [
"Thilo Gotz",
"Detmar Meurers"
] | null | ( Graz and Meurers , 1997b ) describe a method for compiling implicational constraints into typed feature grammars and interleaving them with relational constraints .4 Because of space limitations we have to refrain from an example . The ConTroll grammar development system as described in ( Gotz and Meurers , 1997b ) implements the above mentioned techniques for compiling an HPSG theory into typed feature grammars . | 3 | null | Background | [
58,
81
] | [
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] | [] | The ConTroll grammar development system as described in ( @@CITATIONb ) implements the above mentioned techniques for compiling an HPSG theory into typed feature grammars . | E99-1022_6 | 0 | null |
After calculating the raw score of each sentence , we use a modified version of the Adaptive Greedy Algorithm by Filatova and Hatzivassiloglou ( 2004 ) to penalize redundant sentences in cohesive clusters . | J09-4010 | W04-1017 | 2,009 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | eventbased extractive summarization | [
"E Filatova",
"V Hatzivassiloglou"
] | null | Removing redundant sentences . After calculating the raw score of each sentence , we use a modified version of the Adaptive Greedy Algorithm by Filatova and Hatzivassiloglou ( 2004 ) to penalize redundant sentences in cohesive clusters . This is done by decrementing the score of a sentence that belongs to an SC for which there is a higher or equal scoring sentence ( if there are several highest-scoring sentences , we retain one sentence as a reference sentence -- i.e. , its score is not decremented ) . | 3 | null | Uses | [
113,
151
] | [
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] | After calculating the raw score of each sentence , we use a modified version of the Adaptive Greedy Algorithm by @@CITATION to penalize redundant sentences in cohesive clusters . | J09-4010_20 | 0 | method |
If each word 's translation is treated as a sense tag ( Resnik and Yarowsky 1997 ) , then `` translational '' collocations have the unique property that the collocate and the word sense are one and the same ! | J00-2004 | External_3270 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a perspective on word sense disambiguation methods and their evaluation | [
"Philip Resnik",
"David Yarowsky"
] | null | in bitext space is another kind of collocation . If each word 's translation is treated as a sense tag ( Resnik and Yarowsky 1997 ) , then `` translational '' collocations have the unique property that the collocate and the word sense are one and the same ! Method B exploits this property under the hypothesis that `` one sense per collocation '' holds for translational collocations . | 4 | null | Uses | [
56,
80
] | [
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] | If each word 's translation is treated as a sense tag ( @@CITATION ) , then `` translational '' collocations have the unique property that the collocate and the word sense are one and the same ! | J00-2004_57 | 0 | null |
The values of a vector correspond to the presence or absence of each ( lemmatized ) corpus word in the document in question ( after removing stop-words and words with very low frequency ) .4 The predictive model is a Decision Graph ( Oliver 1993 ) , which , like Snob , is based on the MML principle . | J09-4010 | External_42507 | 2,009 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | decision graphs—an extension of decision trees | [
"J J Oliver"
] | null | The input to Snob is a set of binary vectors , one vector per response document . The values of a vector correspond to the presence or absence of each ( lemmatized ) corpus word in the document in question ( after removing stop-words and words with very low frequency ) .4 The predictive model is a Decision Graph ( Oliver 1993 ) , which , like Snob , is based on the MML principle . The Decision Graph is trained on unigram and bigram lemmas in the request as input features ,5 and the identifier of the response cluster that contains the actual response for the request as the target feature . | 3 | null | Uses | [
234,
245
] | [
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] | The values of a vector correspond to the presence or absence of each ( lemmatized ) corpus word in the document in question ( after removing stop-words and words with very low frequency ) .4 The predictive model is a Decision Graph ( @@CITATION ) , which , like Snob , is based on the MML principle . | J09-4010_37 | 0 | method |
Therefore , in order to be able to incorporate long-range dependencies in our models , we chose to adopt a re-ranking approach ( Collins 2000 ) , which selects from likely assignments generated by a model which makes stronger independence assumptions . | J08-2002 | External_63 | 2,008 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | discriminative reranking for natural language parsing | [
"Michael Collins"
] | null | Training a model which has such a huge number of classes is infeasible if the model does not factorize due to strong independence assumptions . Therefore , in order to be able to incorporate long-range dependencies in our models , we chose to adopt a re-ranking approach ( Collins 2000 ) , which selects from likely assignments generated by a model which makes stronger independence assumptions . We utilize the top n assignments of our local semantic role labeling model PSRL to generate likely assignments . | 4 | null | Uses | [
129,
141
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] | Therefore , in order to be able to incorporate long-range dependencies in our models , we chose to adopt a re-ranking approach ( @@CITATION ) , which selects from likely assignments generated by a model which makes stronger independence assumptions . | J08-2002_8 | 0 | null |
However , it is possible to think about constraining linguistic or logical predicates by simulating physical experiences ( cfXXX Woods 1987 ) . | J91-2003 | External_38475 | 1,991 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | dont blame the toolquot | [
"W Woods"
] | null | We investigate here only the `` grounding '' in logical theories . However , it is possible to think about constraining linguistic or logical predicates by simulating physical experiences ( cfXXX Woods 1987 ) . We assume here that a translation of the surface forms of sentences into a logical formalism is possible . | 1 | null | Background | [
129,
139
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] | However , it is possible to think about constraining linguistic or logical predicates by simulating physical experiences ( cfXXX @@CITATION ) . | J91-2003_58 | 0 | introduction |
One , the VOYAGER domain ( Zue et al. 1990 ) , answers questions about places of interest in an urban area , in our case , the vicinity of MIT and Harvard University . | J92-1004 | External_91850 | 1,992 | 1,990 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the voyager speech understanding system preliminary development and evaluationquot | [
"V Zue",
"J Glass",
"D Goodine",
"H Leung",
"M Phillips",
"J Polifroni",
"S Seneff"
] | null | We currently have two application domains that can carry on a spoken dialog with a user . One , the VOYAGER domain ( Zue et al. 1990 ) , answers questions about places of interest in an urban area , in our case , the vicinity of MIT and Harvard University . The second one , ATIS ( Seneff et al. 1991 ) , is a system for accessing data in the Official | 4 | null | Uses | [
27,
42
] | [
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] | One , the VOYAGER domain ( @@CITATION ) , answers questions about places of interest in an urban area , in our case , the vicinity of MIT and Harvard University . | J92-1004_26 | 0 | conclusion |
Our task is closer to the work of Teufel and Moens ( 2000 ) , who looked at the problem of intellectual attribution in scientific texts . | W06-3309 | W00-1302 | 2,006 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | what’s yours and what’s mine determining intellectual attribution in scientific text | [
"Simone Teufel",
"Marc Moens"
] | null | Although this study falls under the general topic of discourse modeling , our work differs from previous attempts to characterize text in terms of domainindependent rhetorical elements ( McKeown , 1985 ; Marcu and Echihabi , 2002 ) . Our task is closer to the work of Teufel and Moens ( 2000 ) , who looked at the problem of intellectual attribution in scientific texts . | 6 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
34,
59
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] | [] | Our task is closer to the work of @@CITATION , who looked at the problem of intellectual attribution in scientific texts . | W06-3309_27 | 0 | related work |
In the seminal work by Rubenstein and Goodenough ( 1965 ) , similarity judgments were obtained from 51 test subjects on 65 noun pairs written on paper cards . | W06-1104 | External_1728 | 2,006 | 1,965 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | contextual correlates of synonymy | [
"Herbert Rubenstein",
"John B Goodenough"
] | null | In the seminal work by Rubenstein and Goodenough ( 1965 ) , similarity judgments were obtained from 51 test subjects on 65 noun pairs written on paper cards . Test subjects were instructed to order the cards according to the `` similarity of meaning '' and then assign a continuous similarity value ( 0.0 4.0 ) to each card . | 4 | null | Background | [
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( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) used maximum likelihood estimation to learn weights for MT. ( Och , 2003 ; Moore and Quirk , 2008 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) employed an evaluation metric as a loss function and directly optimized it . | D12-1037 | P02-1038 | 2,012 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | discriminative training and maximum entropy models for statistical machine translation | [
"Franz Josef Och",
"Hermann Ney"
] | null | Several works have proposed discriminative techniques to train log-linear model for SMT . ( Och and Ney , 2002 ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) used maximum likelihood estimation to learn weights for MT. ( Och , 2003 ; Moore and Quirk , 2008 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) employed an evaluation metric as a loss function and directly optimized it . ( Watanabe et al. , 2007 ; Chiang et al. , 2008 ; Hopkins and May , 2011 ) proposed other optimization objectives by introducing a margin-based and ranking-based indirect loss functions . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | ( @@CITATION ; Blunsom et al. , 2008 ) used maximum likelihood estimation to learn weights for MT. ( Och , 2003 ; Moore and Quirk , 2008 ; Zhao and Chen , 2009 ; Galley and Quirk , 2011 ) employed an evaluation metric as a loss function and directly optimized it . | D12-1037_26 | 0 | related work |
Jackendoff ( 1983 , p. 14 ) writes `` it would be perverse not to take as a working assumption that language is a relatively efficient and accurate encoding of the information it conveys . '' | J91-2003 | External_3166 | 1,991 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | semantics and cognition | [
"R Jackendoff"
] | null | Jackendoff 's ( 1983 ) formalism is richer and resembles more closely an English grammar . Jackendoff ( 1983 , p. 14 ) writes `` it would be perverse not to take as a working assumption that language is a relatively efficient and accurate encoding of the information it conveys . '' Therefore a formalism of the kind he advocates would probably be most suitable for an implementation of our semantics . | 1 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
0,
17
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See also ( Colmerauer , 1982 ; Naish , 1986 ) . | E99-1022 | External_43334 | 1,999 | 1,982 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | prologii manuel de reference et modele theorique | [
"Alain Colmerauer"
] | null | Whether or not a goal is sufficiently instantiated is determined on the basis of so-called delay patterns .13 These are specifications provided by the user that 12Coroutining appears under many different guises , like for example , suspension , residuation , ( goal ) freezing , and blocking . See also ( Colmerauer , 1982 ; Naish , 1986 ) . `` In the literature delay patterns are sometimes also referred to as wait declarations or block statements . | 4 | null | Background | [
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] | See also ( @@CITATION ; Naish , 1986 ) . | E99-1022_3 | 0 | null |
Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . | J87-3002 | External_29754 | 1,987 | 1,985 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | designing a computerised lexicon for linguistic purposes | [
"Erik Akkerman",
"Pieter Masereeuw",
"Willem Meijs"
] | null | On the other hand , both believe and promise are assigned V3 which means they take a NP object and infinitival complement , yet there is a similar semantic distinction to be made between the two verbs ; so the criteria for the assignment of the V code seem to be purely syntactic . Michiels ( 1982 ) and Akkerman et al. ( 1985 ) provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . Ingria ( 1984 ) comprehensively compares different approaches to complementation within grammatical theory providing a touchstone against which the LDOCE scheme can be evaluated . | 4 | null | Background | [
22,
46
] | [
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] | Michiels ( 1982 ) and @@CITATION provide a more detailed analysis of the information encoded by the LDOCE grammar codes and discuss their efficacy as a system of linguistic description . | J87-3002_1 | 0 | null |
We parsed the 3 GB AQUAINT corpus ( Voorhees , 2002 ) using Minipar ( Lin , 1998b ) , and collected verb-object and verb-subject frequencies , building an empirical MI model from this data . | D08-1007 | External_4260 | 2,008 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words | [
"Dekang Lin"
] | null | We parsed the 3 GB AQUAINT corpus ( Voorhees , 2002 ) using Minipar ( Lin , 1998b ) , and collected verb-object and verb-subject frequencies , building an empirical MI model from this data . Verbs and nouns were converted to their ( possibly multi-token ) root , and string case was preserved . | 5 | null | Uses | [
70,
80
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] | We parsed the 3 GB AQUAINT corpus ( Voorhees , 2002 ) using Minipar ( @@CITATIONb ) , and collected verb-object and verb-subject frequencies , building an empirical MI model from this data . | D08-1007_34 | 0 | experiments |
More specifically , we use LIBSVM ( Chang and Lin , 2001 ) with a quadratic kernel K ( xZ , xj ) = ( - yxT xj + r ) 2 and the built-in one-versus-all strategy for multi-class classification . | W06-2933 | External_380 | 2,006 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | libsvm a library for support vector machines software available at httpwwwcsientuedutw cjlinlibsvm | [
"C-C Chang",
"C-J Lin"
] | null | We use support vector machines3 to predict the next parser action from a feature vector representing the history . More specifically , we use LIBSVM ( Chang and Lin , 2001 ) with a quadratic kernel K ( xZ , xj ) = ( - yxT xj + r ) 2 and the built-in one-versus-all strategy for multi-class classification . Symbolic features are | 3 | null | Uses | [
36,
56
] | [
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It is wasteful to compute ti as suggested earlier , by minimizing ( cxxi ) of o ( yixE ) , since then the real work is done by an c-closure step ( Mohri , 2002 ) that implements the all-pairs version of algebraic path , whereas all we need is the single-source version . | P02-1001 | External_24070 | 2,002 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | generic epsilonremoval and input epsilonnormalization algorithms for weighted transducers | [
"M Mohri"
] | null | Then ti is the total semiring weight w0n of paths in Ti from initial state 0 to final state n ( assumed WLOG to be unique and unweighted ) . It is wasteful to compute ti as suggested earlier , by minimizing ( cxxi ) of o ( yixE ) , since then the real work is done by an c-closure step ( Mohri , 2002 ) that implements the all-pairs version of algebraic path , whereas all we need is the single-source version . If n and m are the number of states and edges ,19 then both problems are O ( n3 ) in the worst case , but the single-source version can be solved in essentially O ( m ) time for acyclic graphs and other reducible flow graphs ( Tar an , 1981b ) . | 5 | null | Background | [
147,
159
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positional features that have been employed by highwe can see , the baseline achieves an F-measure of performing resolvers such as Ng and Cardie ( 2002 ) 57.0 and a resolution accuracy of 48.4 . | P07-1068 | P02-1014 | 2,007 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | improving machine learning approaches to coreference resolution | [
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Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( Demner-Fushman and Lin , 2005 ) or summarization system ( McKeown et al. , 2003 ) . | W06-3309 | External_17763 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | leveraging a common representation for personalized search and summarization in a medical digital library | [
"Kathleen McKeown",
"Noemie Elhadad",
"Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou"
] | null | Thus , our exploratory experiments in applying content models trained with structured RCTs on unstructured RCTs is a closer approximation of an extrinsically-valid measure of performance . Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( Demner-Fushman and Lin , 2005 ) or summarization system ( McKeown et al. , 2003 ) . We chose to focus on randomized controlled trials because they represent the standard benchmark by which all other clinical studies are measured . | 5 | null | Future | [
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] | Such a component would serve as the first stage of a clinical question answering system ( Demner-Fushman and Lin , 2005 ) or summarization system ( @@CITATION ) . | W06-3309_15 | 0 | conclusion |
Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( Boguraev et al. 1987 ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . | J05-3003 | P87-1027 | 2,005 | 1,987 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the derivation of a grammatically indexed lexicon from the longman dictionary of contemporary english | [
"Branimir Boguraev",
"Edward Briscoe",
"John Carroll",
"David Carter",
"Claire Grover"
] | null | Applying his technique to approximately four million words of New York Times newswire , Manning acquired 4,900 verb-subcategorization frame pairs for 3,104 verbs , an average of 1.6 frames per verb . Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( Boguraev et al. 1987 ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . The frames incorporate control information and details of specific prepositions . | 3 | null | Background | [
196,
216
] | [
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] | Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) predefine 163 verbal subcategorization frames , obtained by manually merging the classes exemplified in the COMLEX ( MacLeod , Grishman , and Meyers 1994 ) and ANLT ( @@CITATION ) dictionaries and adding around 30 frames found by manual inspection . | J05-3003_1 | 0 | related work |
The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; Gruber , 1965 ; Fillmore , 1968 ) . | W06-3813 | External_15775 | 2,006 | 1,965 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | studies in lexical relations | [
"Jeffrey Gruber"
] | null | He was a grammarian who analysed Sanskrit ( Misra , 1966 ) . The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; Gruber , 1965 ; Fillmore , 1968 ) . Now it has the attention of many researchers in natural language processing , as shown by recent research in semantic parsing and semantic | 2 | null | Background | [
120,
133
] | [
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] | The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; @@CITATION ; Fillmore , 1968 ) . | W06-3813_16 | 0 | introduction |
It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ; Watson 1997 ; Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | J09-4010 | External_36090 | 2,009 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | knowledge harvesting articulation and delivery the hewlettpackard journal | [
"K A Delic",
"D Lahaix"
] | null | circumstances can make each inquiry unique , and hence care must be taken to compose a response that does not confuse , irritate , or mislead the customer . It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ; Watson 1997 ; Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . These systems were carefully designed to produce relevant and correct responses , but required significant human input and maintenance ( Delic and Lahaix 1998 ) . | 1 | null | Background | [
133,
154
] | [
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] | It is therefore no surprise that early attempts at response automation were knowledge-driven ( Barr and Tessler 1995 ; Watson 1997 ; @@CITATION ) . | J09-4010_17 | 0 | introduction |
For example , the suite of LT tools ( Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Grover et al. , 2000 ) perform tokenization , tagging and chunking on XML marked-up text directly . | W03-0806 | External_5988 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lt ttt a flexible tokenisation tool | [
"Claire Grover",
"Colin Matheson",
"Andrei Mikheev",
"Marc Moens"
] | null | A number of stand-alone tools have also been developed . For example , the suite of LT tools ( Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; Grover et al. , 2000 ) perform tokenization , tagging and chunking on XML marked-up text directly . These tools also store their configuration state , e.g. the transduction rules used in LT CHUNK , in XML configuration files . | 3 | null | Background | [
62,
82
] | [
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] | For example , the suite of LT tools ( Mikheev et al. , 1999 ; @@CITATION ) perform tokenization , tagging and chunking on XML marked-up text directly . | W03-0806_18 | 0 | experiments |
It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; Artiles et al. , 2007 ) . | D09-1056 | W07-2012 | 2,009 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the semeval2007 weps evaluation establishing a benchmark for the web people search task | [
"Javier Artiles",
"Julio Gonzalo",
"Satoshi Sekine"
] | null | Most of early research work on person name ambiguity focuses on the CDC problem or uses methods found in the WSD literature . It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; Artiles et al. , 2007 ) . Therefore , it is useful to point out some crucial differences between WSD , CRC and WePS : | 3 | null | Uses | [
172,
193
] | [
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] | It is only recently that the web name ambiguity has been approached as a separate problem and defined as an NLP task Web People Search on its own ( Artiles et al. , 2005 ; @@CITATION ) . | D09-1056_4 | 0 | related work |
To retrieve translation examples for a test sentence , ( Watanabe and Sumita , 2003 ) defined a metric based on the combination of edit distance and TF-IDF ( Manning and Sch ¨ utze , 1999 ) as follows : | D12-1037 | External_21949 | 2,012 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | examplebased decoding for statistical machine translation | [
"Taro Watanabe",
"Eiichiro Sumita"
] | null | The metric we consider here is derived from an example-based machine translation . To retrieve translation examples for a test sentence , ( Watanabe and Sumita , 2003 ) defined a metric based on the combination of edit distance and TF-IDF ( Manning and Sch ¨ utze , 1999 ) as follows : where 0 ( 0 < 0 < 1 ) is an interpolation weight , fi ( i = 1 , 2 ) is a word sequence and can be also considered as a document . | 3 | null | Uses | [
57,
83
] | [
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By using the EM algorithm ( Dempster et al. , 1977 ) , they can guarantee convergence towards the globally optimum parameter set . | P97-1063 | External_1429 | 1,997 | 1,977 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the em algorithmquot | [
"A P Dempster",
"N M Laird",
"D B Rubin"
] | null | One advantage that Brown et al. 's Model 1 has over our word-to-word model is that their objective function has no local maxima . By using the EM algorithm ( Dempster et al. , 1977 ) , they can guarantee convergence towards the globally optimum parameter set . In contrast , the dynamic nature of the competitive linking algorithm changes the Pr ( datalmodel ) in a non-monotonic fashion . | 5 | null | Background | [
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] | By using the EM algorithm ( @@CITATION ) , they can guarantee convergence towards the globally optimum parameter set . | P97-1063_13 | 0 | null |
⢠use of low level knowledge from the speech recognition phase , ⢠use of high level knowledge about the domain in particular and the dialogue task in general , ⢠a `` continue '' facility and an `` auto-loop '' facility as described by Biermann and Krishnaswamy ( 1976 ) , ⢠a `` conditioning '' facility as described by Fink et al. ( 1985 ) , ⢠implementation of new types of paraphrasing , ⢠checking a larger environment in the expectation acquisition algorithm when deciding if an incoming sentence is the same or similar to one already seen , and ⢠examining inter-speaker dialogue patterns . | J86-1002 | External_43441 | 1,986 | 1,976 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | construction of programs from example computations | [
"A Biermann",
"R Krishnaswamy"
] | null | These include the following : ⢠use of low level knowledge from the speech recognition phase , ⢠use of high level knowledge about the domain in particular and the dialogue task in general , ⢠a `` continue '' facility and an `` auto-loop '' facility as described by Biermann and Krishnaswamy ( 1976 ) , ⢠a `` conditioning '' facility as described by Fink et al. ( 1985 ) , ⢠implementation of new types of paraphrasing , ⢠checking a larger environment in the expectation acquisition algorithm when deciding if an incoming sentence is the same or similar to one already seen , and ⢠examining inter-speaker dialogue patterns . All but two of these areas for expansion are aimed at moving the expectation system from one that finds patterns in a user 's dialogues and acquires historical knowledge about them to one that can acquire true procedures . | 8 | null | Future | [
243,
277
] | [
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] | ⢠use of low level knowledge from the speech recognition phase , ⢠use of high level knowledge about the domain in particular and the dialogue task in general , ⢠a `` continue '' facility and an `` auto-loop '' facility as described by @@CITATION , ⢠a `` conditioning '' facility as described by Fink et al. ( 1985 ) , ⢠implementation of new types of paraphrasing , ⢠checking a larger environment in the expectation acquisition algorithm when deciding if an incoming sentence is the same or similar to one already seen , and ⢠examining inter-speaker dialogue patterns . | J86-1002_6 | 0 | conclusion |
Previous work has developed various approaches for grounded semantics mainly for the reference resolution task , i.e. , identifying visual objects in the environment given language descriptions ( Dhande , 2003 ; Gorniak and Roy , 2004 ; Tenbrink and Moratz , 2003 ; Siebert and Schlangen , 2008 ; Liu et al. , 2012 ) . | D13-1038 | W12-1621 | 2,013 | 2,012 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | towards mediating shared perceptual basis in situated dialogue | [
"Changsong Liu",
"Rui Fang",
"Joyce Y Chai"
] | null | Grounded semantics provides a bridge to connect symbolic labels or words with lower level visual features ( Harnad , 1990 ) . Previous work has developed various approaches for grounded semantics mainly for the reference resolution task , i.e. , identifying visual objects in the environment given language descriptions ( Dhande , 2003 ; Gorniak and Roy , 2004 ; Tenbrink and Moratz , 2003 ; Siebert and Schlangen , 2008 ; Liu et al. , 2012 ) . For the referring expression generation task here , we also need a lexicon with grounded semantics . | 4 | null | Extends | [
297,
314
] | [
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] | Previous work has developed various approaches for grounded semantics mainly for the reference resolution task , i.e. , identifying visual objects in the environment given language descriptions ( Dhande , 2003 ; Gorniak and Roy , 2004 ; Tenbrink and Moratz , 2003 ; Siebert and Schlangen , 2008 ; @@CITATION ) . | D13-1038_31 | 0 | null |
In most recent research , NEs ( person , location and organisations ) are extracted from the text and used as a source of evidence to calculate the similarity between documents - see for instance ( Blume , 2005 ; Chen and Martin , 2007 ; Popescu and Magnini , 2007 ; Kalashnikov et al. , 2007 ) . | D09-1056 | W07-2041 | 2,009 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | irstbp web people search using name entities | [
"Octavian Popescu",
"Bernardo Magnini"
] | null | Ravin ( 1999 ) introduced a rule-based approach that tackles both variation and ambiguity analysing the structure of names . In most recent research , NEs ( person , location and organisations ) are extracted from the text and used as a source of evidence to calculate the similarity between documents - see for instance ( Blume , 2005 ; Chen and Martin , 2007 ; Popescu and Magnini , 2007 ; Kalashnikov et al. , 2007 ) . For instance , Blume ( 2005 ) uses NEs coocurring with the ambiguous mentions of a name as a key feature for the disambiguation process . | 3 | null | Background | [
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] | In most recent research , NEs ( person , location and organisations ) are extracted from the text and used as a source of evidence to calculate the similarity between documents - see for instance ( Blume , 2005 ; Chen and Martin , 2007 ; @@CITATION ; Kalashnikov et al. , 2007 ) . | D09-1056_19 | 0 | related work |
To provide the required configurability in the static version of the code we will use policy templates ( Alexandrescu , 2001 ) , and for the dynamic version we will use configuration classes . | W03-0806 | External_49343 | 2,003 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | modern c design generic programming and design patterns applied c indepth series | [
"Andrei Alexandrescu"
] | null | However , because templates are a static facility we will also provide dynamic versions ( using inheritance ) , which will be slower but accessible from scripting languages and user interfaces . To provide the required configurability in the static version of the code we will use policy templates ( Alexandrescu , 2001 ) , and for the dynamic version we will use configuration classes . A key aspect of increasing the efficiency of the system will be using a common text and annotation representation throughout the infrastructure . | 7 | null | Uses | [
105,
124
] | [
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] | To provide the required configurability in the static version of the code we will use policy templates ( @@CITATION ) , and for the dynamic version we will use configuration classes . | W03-0806_0 | 0 | experiments |
Lee et al. ( 2003 ) demonstrates a technique for segmenting Arabic text and uses it as a morphological processing step in machine translation . | W05-0709 | P03-1051 | 2,005 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | language model based arabic word segmentation | [
"Y-S Lee",
"K Papineni",
"S Roukos",
"O Emam",
"H Hassan"
] | null | Lee et al. ( 2003 ) demonstrates a technique for segmenting Arabic text and uses it as a morphological processing step in machine translation . A trigram language model was used to score and select among hypothesized segmentations determined by a set of prefix and suffix expansion rules . | 4 | null | Uses | [
0,
19
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In informal experiments described elsewhere ( Melamed 1995 ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . | J00-2004 | W95-0115 | 2,000 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | automatic evaluation and uniform filter cascades for inducing nbest translation lexicons | [
"I Dan Melamed"
] | null | For example , Gale and Church ( 1991 , 154 ) suggest that `` 02 , a x2-like statistic , seems to be a particularly good choice because it makes good use of the off-diagonal cells '' in the contingency table . In informal experiments described elsewhere ( Melamed 1995 ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . Let the cells of the contingency table be named as follows : | 4 | null | Extends | [
46,
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] | In informal experiments described elsewhere ( @@CITATION ) , I found that the G2 statistic suggested by Dunning ( 1993 ) slightly outperforms 02 . | J00-2004_38 | 0 | null |
⢠language learning ( Green 1979 ; Mori and Moeser 1983 ; Morgan , Meier , and Newport 1989 ) ⢠monolingual grammar induction ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠grammar optimization ( Juola 1994 ) ⢠insights into universal grammar ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠machine translation ( Juola 1994 , 1997 ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Gough , Way , and Hearne 2002 ) | J03-3004 | External_61553 | 2,003 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a psycholinguistic approach to corpusbased machine translation | [
"Patrick Juola"
] | null | The marker hypothesis has been used for a number of different language-related tasks , including ⢠language learning ( Green 1979 ; Mori and Moeser 1983 ; Morgan , Meier , and Newport 1989 ) ⢠monolingual grammar induction ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠grammar optimization ( Juola 1994 ) ⢠insights into universal grammar ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠machine translation ( Juola 1994 , 1997 ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Gough , Way , and Hearne 2002 ) With respect to translation , a potential problem in using the marker hypothesis is that some languages do not have marker words such as articles , for instance . | 1 | null | Background | [
172,
182
] | [
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] | ⢠language learning ( Green 1979 ; Mori and Moeser 1983 ; Morgan , Meier , and Newport 1989 ) ⢠monolingual grammar induction ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠grammar optimization ( @@CITATION ) ⢠insights into universal grammar ( Juola 1998 ) ⢠machine translation ( Juola 1994 , 1997 ; Veale and Way 1997 ; Gough , Way , and Hearne 2002 ) | J03-3004_17 | 0 | introduction |
A recent study by Katz-Brown et al. ( 2011 ) also investigates the task of training parsers to improve MT reordering . | D11-1138 | D11-1017 | 2,011 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | training a parser for machine translation reordering | [
"J Katz-Brown",
"S Petrov",
"R McDonald",
"D Talbot",
"F Och",
"H Ichikawa",
"M Seno",
"H Kazawa"
] | null | A recent study by Katz-Brown et al. ( 2011 ) also investigates the task of training parsers to improve MT reordering . In that work , a parser is used to first parse a set of manually reordered sentences to produce k-best lists . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
18,
44
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] | A recent study by @@CITATION also investigates the task of training parsers to improve MT reordering . | D11-1138_11 | 0 | related work |
Due to their remarkable ability to incorporate context structure information and long distance reordering into the translation process , tree-based translation models have shown promising progress in improving translation quality ( Liu et al. , 2006 , 2009 ; Quirk et al. , 2005 ; Galley et al. , 2004 , 2006 ; Marcu et al. , 2006 ; Shen et al. , 2008 ; Zhang et al. , 2011b ) . | Q13-1020 | N04-1035 | 2,013 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | what’s in a translation rule | [
"Michel Galley",
"Mark Hopkins",
"Kevin Knight",
"Daniel Marcu"
] | null | In recent years , tree-based translation models1 are drawing more and more attention in the community of statistical machine translation ( SMT ) . Due to their remarkable ability to incorporate context structure information and long distance reordering into the translation process , tree-based translation models have shown promising progress in improving translation quality ( Liu et al. , 2006 , 2009 ; Quirk et al. , 2005 ; Galley et al. , 2004 , 2006 ; Marcu et al. , 2006 ; Shen et al. , 2008 ; Zhang et al. , 2011b ) . However , tree-based translation models always suffer from two major challenges : 1 ) They are usually built directly from parse trees , which are generated by supervised linguistic parsers . | 2 | null | Background | [
281,
301
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] | Due to their remarkable ability to incorporate context structure information and long distance reordering into the translation process , tree-based translation models have shown promising progress in improving translation quality ( Liu et al. , 2006 , 2009 ; Quirk et al. , 2005 ; @@CITATION , 2006 ; Marcu et al. , 2006 ; Shen et al. , 2008 ; Zhang et al. , 2011b ) . | Q13-1020_13 | 0 | introduction |
15 Hinrichs and Nakazawa ( 1996 ) show that the question of whether the application criterion of lexical rules should be a subsumption or a unification test is an important question deserving of more attention . | J97-4003 | C96-1092 | 1,997 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | applying lexical rules under subsumption | [
"Erhard Hinrichs",
"Tsuneko Nakazawa"
] | null | 14 We use rather abstract lexical rules in the examples to be able to focus on the relevant aspects . 15 Hinrichs and Nakazawa ( 1996 ) show that the question of whether the application criterion of lexical rules should be a subsumption or a unification test is an important question deserving of more attention . We here assume unification as the application criterion , which formally corresponds to the conjunction of descriptions and their conversion to normal form ( Glitz 1994 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
3,
33
] | [
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Latent Dirichlet Allocation ( Blei et al. , 2003 ) , or LDA , is an unsupervised Bayesian probabilistic model of text documents . | D13-1115 | External_351 | 2,013 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | latent dirichlet allocation | [
"David M Blei",
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] | null | Latent Dirichlet Allocation ( Blei et al. , 2003 ) , or LDA , is an unsupervised Bayesian probabilistic model of text documents . It assumes that all documents are probabilistically generated from a shared set of K common topics , where each topic is a multinomial distribution over the vocabulary ( notated as Q ) , and documents are modeled as mixtures of these shared topics ( notated as 0 ) . | 5 | null | Background | [
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] | Latent Dirichlet Allocation ( @@CITATION ) , or LDA , is an unsupervised Bayesian probabilistic model of text documents . | D13-1115_12 | 0 | method |
Regarding future work , there are many research line that may be followed : i ) Capturing more features by employing external knowledge such as ontological , lexical resource or WordNet-based features ( Basili et al. , 2005a ; Basili et al. , 2005b ; Bloehdorn et al. , 2006 ; Bloehdorn and Moschitti , 2007 ) or shallow semantic trees , ( Giuglea and Moschitti , 2004 ; Giuglea and Moschitti , 2006 ; Moschitti and Bejan , 2004 ; Moschitti et al. , 2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) . | D09-1143 | P06-1117 | 2,009 | 2,006 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | semantic role labeling via framenet verbnet and propbank | [
"Ana-Maria Giuglea",
"Alessandro Moschitti"
] | null | Our novel composite kernels , which account for the two syntactic structures , are experimented with the appropriate convolution kernels and show significant improvement with respect to the state-ofthe-art in RE . Regarding future work , there are many research line that may be followed : i ) Capturing more features by employing external knowledge such as ontological , lexical resource or WordNet-based features ( Basili et al. , 2005a ; Basili et al. , 2005b ; Bloehdorn et al. , 2006 ; Bloehdorn and Moschitti , 2007 ) or shallow semantic trees , ( Giuglea and Moschitti , 2004 ; Giuglea and Moschitti , 2006 ; Moschitti and Bejan , 2004 ; Moschitti et al. , 2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) . ii ) Design a new tree-based structures , which combines the information of both constituent and dependency parses . | 7 | null | Future | [
371,
399
] | [
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] | Regarding future work , there are many research line that may be followed : i ) Capturing more features by employing external knowledge such as ontological , lexical resource or WordNet-based features ( Basili et al. , 2005a ; Basili et al. , 2005b ; Bloehdorn et al. , 2006 ; Bloehdorn and Moschitti , 2007 ) or shallow semantic trees , ( Giuglea and Moschitti , 2004 ; @@CITATION ; Moschitti and Bejan , 2004 ; Moschitti et al. , 2007 ; Moschitti , 2008 ; Moschitti et al. , 2008 ) . | D09-1143_26 | 0 | conclusion |
Third , the paradigm of evidence-based medicine ( Sackett et al. 2000 ) provides a task-based model of the clinical information-seeking process . | J07-1005 | External_53397 | 2,007 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | evidencebased medicine how to practice and teach ebm second edition churchill livingstone | [
"David L Sackett",
"Sharon E Straus",
"W Scott Richardson",
"William Rosenberg",
"R Brian Haynes"
] | null | The Semantic Network provides a consistent categorization of all concepts represented in the UMLS Metathesaurus . Third , the paradigm of evidence-based medicine ( Sackett et al. 2000 ) provides a task-based model of the clinical information-seeking process . The PICO framework ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) for capturing well-formulated clinical queries ( described in Section 2 ) can serve as the basis of a knowledge representation that bridges the needs of clinicians and analytical capabilities of a system . | 1 | null | Background | [
50,
69
] | [
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Koehn and Hoang ( 2007 ) introduced factored SMT . | E12-1068 | D07-1091 | 2,012 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | factored translation models | [
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] | @@CITATION introduced factored SMT . | E12-1068_8 | 0 | related work |
Both systems are built around from the maximum-entropy technique ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) . | W05-0709 | External_3692 | 2,005 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximum entropy approach to natural language processing | [
"A Berger",
"S Della Pietra",
"V Della Pietra"
] | null | Both tasks are performed with a statistical framework : the mention detection system is similar to the one presented in ( Florian et al. , 2004 ) and the coreference resolution system is similar to the one described in ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) . Both systems are built around from the maximum-entropy technique ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) . We formulate the mention detection task as a sequence classification problem . | 2 | null | Uses | [
67,
87
] | [
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] | Both systems are built around from the maximum-entropy technique ( @@CITATION ) . | W05-0709_5 | 0 | introduction |
We chose the adjectives as follows : we first compiled a list of all the polysemous adjectives mentioned in the lexical semantics literature ( Vendler , 1968 ; Pustejovsky , 1995 ) . | N01-1009 | External_1172 | 2,001 | 1,995 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the generative lexicon | [
"James Pustejovsky"
] | null | We chose nine adjectives according to a set of minimal criteria and paired each adjective with 10 nouns randomly selected from the BNC . We chose the adjectives as follows : we first compiled a list of all the polysemous adjectives mentioned in the lexical semantics literature ( Vendler , 1968 ; Pustejovsky , 1995 ) . From these we randomly sampled nine adjectives ( difficult , easy , fast , good , hard , right , safe , slow , wrong ) . | 4 | null | Uses | [
160,
178
] | [
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] | We chose the adjectives as follows : we first compiled a list of all the polysemous adjectives mentioned in the lexical semantics literature ( Vendler , 1968 ; @@CITATION ) . | N01-1009_12 | 0 | experiments |
Most web-derived corpora have exploited raw text or HTML pages , so efforts have focussed on boilerplate removal and cleanup of these formats with tools like Hyppia-BTE , Tidy and Parcels3 ( Baroni and Sharoff , 2005 ) . | W06-1705 | External_25127 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | creating specialized and general corpora using automated search engine queries web as corpus workshop | [
"M Baroni",
"S Sharoff"
] | null | A key aspect of our case study research will be to investigate extending corpus collection to new document types . Most web-derived corpora have exploited raw text or HTML pages , so efforts have focussed on boilerplate removal and cleanup of these formats with tools like Hyppia-BTE , Tidy and Parcels3 ( Baroni and Sharoff , 2005 ) . Other document formats such as Adobe PDF and MS-Word have been neglected due to the extra conversion and clean-up problems they entail . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Most web-derived corpora have exploited raw text or HTML pages , so efforts have focussed on boilerplate removal and cleanup of these formats with tools like Hyppia-BTE , Tidy and Parcels3 ( @@CITATION ) . | W06-1705_1 | 0 | introduction |
Undesirable consequences of this fact have been termed `` label bias '' ( Lafferty et al. , 2001 ) . | P02-1001 | External_220 | 2,002 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | conditional random fields probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data | [
"J Lafferty",
"A McCallum",
"F Pereira"
] | null | Unfortunately , the result may differ for equivalent FSTs that express the same weighted relation . Undesirable consequences of this fact have been termed `` label bias '' ( Lafferty et al. , 2001 ) . Also , in the conditional case such per-state normalization is only correct if all states accept all input suffixes ( since `` dead ends '' leak probability mass ) .8 ⢠A better-founded approach is global normal - | 2 | null | Background | [
74,
96
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] | Undesirable consequences of this fact have been termed `` label bias '' ( @@CITATION ) . | P02-1001_16 | 0 | introduction |
For the full parser , we use the one developed by Michael Collins ( Collins , 1996 ; Collins , 1997 ) -- one of the most accurate full parsers around . | W01-0706 | External_6640 | 2,001 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a new statistical parser based on bigram lexical dependencies | [
"M Collins"
] | null | We perform our comparison using two state-ofthe-art parsers . For the full parser , we use the one developed by Michael Collins ( Collins , 1996 ; Collins , 1997 ) -- one of the most accurate full parsers around . It represents a full parse tree as a set of basic phrases and a set of dependency relationships between them . | 3 | null | Uses | [
68,
82
] | [
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Some researchers , however , including Goldberg and Elhadad ( 2010 ) , train on predicted feature values instead . | J13-1008 | N10-1115 | 2,013 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | an efficient algorithm for easyfirst nondirectional dependency parsing | [
"Yoav Goldberg",
"Michael Elhadad"
] | null | So far , we have only evaluated models trained on gold POS tag set and morphological feature values . Some researchers , however , including Goldberg and Elhadad ( 2010 ) , train on predicted feature values instead . It makes sense that training on predicted features yields better scores for evaluation on predicted features , since the training better resembles the test . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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Their computational significance arises from the issue of their storage in lexical resources like WordNet ( Fellbaum , 1998 ) and raises the questions like , how to store morphologically complex words , in a lexical resource like WordNet keeping in mind the storage and access efficiency . | P13-3018 | External_359 | 2,013 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | wordnet an electronic lexical database | [
"C Fellbaum"
] | null | Further , these linguistically important and interesting questions are also highly significant for computational linguistics ( CL ) and natural language processing ( NLP ) applications . Their computational significance arises from the issue of their storage in lexical resources like WordNet ( Fellbaum , 1998 ) and raises the questions like , how to store morphologically complex words , in a lexical resource like WordNet keeping in mind the storage and access efficiency . There is a rich literature on organization and lexical access of morphologically complex words where experiments have been conducted mainly for derivational suffixed words of English , Hebrew , Italian , French , Dutch , and few other languages ( Marslen-Wilson et al. , 2008 ; Frost et al. , 1997 ; Grainger , et al. , 1991 ; Drews and Zwitserlood , 1995 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
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] | Their computational significance arises from the issue of their storage in lexical resources like WordNet ( @@CITATION ) and raises the questions like , how to store morphologically complex words , in a lexical resource like WordNet keeping in mind the storage and access efficiency . | P13-3018_6 | 0 | introduction |
Fortunately , there exists a compact PCFG-reduction of DOP1 that generates the same trees with the same probabilities , as shown by Goodman ( 1996 , 2002 ) . | E03-1005 | External_16080 | 2,003 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | efficient algorithms for parsing the dop model | [
"J Goodman"
] | null | A disadvantage of this model is that an extremely large number of subtrees ( and derivations ) must be taken into account . Fortunately , there exists a compact PCFG-reduction of DOP1 that generates the same trees with the same probabilities , as shown by Goodman ( 1996 , 2002 ) . Here we will only sketch this PCFG-reduction , which is heavily based on Goodman ( 2002 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
132,
146
] | [
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] | Fortunately , there exists a compact PCFG-reduction of DOP1 that generates the same trees with the same probabilities , as shown by @@CITATION , 2002 ) . | E03-1005_56 | 0 | introduction |
Crystal ( 1969 ) claims that prosodic phrase boundaries will co-occur with grammatical functions such as subject , predicate , modifier , and adjunct . | J90-3003 | External_73666 | 1,990 | 1,969 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | prosodic systems and intonation in english | [
"D Crystal"
] | null | Both predicateargument relations and discourse factors have been examined for their possible input to prosodic phrasing . Crystal ( 1969 ) claims that prosodic phrase boundaries will co-occur with grammatical functions such as subject , predicate , modifier , and adjunct . Selkirk ( 1984 ) and Nespor and Vogel ( 1986 ) take a similar approach , but within a different theoretical framework . | 1 | null | Background | [
0,
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We rephrase the method of Grimley-Evans ( 1997 ) as follows : First , we construct the approximating finite automaton according to the unparameterized RTN method above . | J00-1003 | P97-1058 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | approximating contextfree grammars with a finitestate calculus | [
"Edmund Grimley-Evans"
] | null | We rephrase the method of Grimley-Evans ( 1997 ) as follows : First , we construct the approximating finite automaton according to the unparameterized RTN method above . Then an additional mechanism is introduced that ensures for each rule A -- Xi . | 2 | null | Uses | [
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] | We rephrase the method of @@CITATION as follows : First , we construct the approximating finite automaton according to the unparameterized RTN method above . | J00-1003_11 | 0 | null |
6The analysis is reminiscent of the treatment of coordination in the Collins parser ( Collins , 1999 ) . | W06-2933 | External_62 | 2,006 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | headdriven statistical models for natural language parsing | [
"M Collins"
] | null | In Turkish , very essential syntactic information is contained in the rich morphological structure , where 6The analysis is reminiscent of the treatment of coordination in the Collins parser ( Collins , 1999 ) . concatenated suffixes carry information that in other languages may be expressed by separate words . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | 6The analysis is reminiscent of the treatment of coordination in the Collins parser ( @@CITATION ) . | W06-2933_7 | 0 | experiments |
The work is carried out in order to assist terminographers in the enrichment of a dictionary on computing that includes collocational information ( L'Homme , 2004 ) . | W04-1805 | External_89824 | 2,004 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | selection de termes dans un dictionnaire dinformatique comparaison de corpus et criteres lexicosemantiques | [
"Marie-Claude L'Homme"
] | null | In this paper , the method is applied to a French corpus on computing to find noun-verb combinations in which verbs convey a meaning of realization . The work is carried out in order to assist terminographers in the enrichment of a dictionary on computing that includes collocational information ( L'Homme , 2004 ) . Even though this work is carried out for terminographical and lexicographical purposes , it can certainly be of use in other applications , namely information retrieval . | 2 | null | Motivation | [
148,
162
] | [
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] | The work is carried out in order to assist terminographers in the enrichment of a dictionary on computing that includes collocational information ( @@CITATION ) . | W04-1805_11 | 0 | introduction |
CornmandTalk ( Moore et al. , 1997 ) , Circuit Fix-It Shop ( Smith , 1997 ) and TRAINS-96 ( Traum and Allen , 1994 ; Traum and Andersen , 1999 ) are spoken language systems but they interface to simulation or help facilities rather than semi-autonomous agents . | A00-1016 | A97-1001 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | commandtalk a spokenlanguage interface for battlefield simulations | [
"R Moore",
"J Dowding",
"H Bratt",
"J Gawron"
] | null | A number of other systems have addressed part of the task . CornmandTalk ( Moore et al. , 1997 ) , Circuit Fix-It Shop ( Smith , 1997 ) and TRAINS-96 ( Traum and Allen , 1994 ; Traum and Andersen , 1999 ) are spoken language systems but they interface to simulation or help facilities rather than semi-autonomous agents . Jack 's MOOse Lodge ( Badler et al. , 1999 ) takes text rather than speech as natural language input and the avatars being controlled are not semi-autonomous . | 2 | null | Background | [
15,
34
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] | CornmandTalk ( @@CITATION ) , Circuit Fix-It Shop ( Smith , 1997 ) and TRAINS-96 ( Traum and Allen , 1994 ; Traum and Andersen , 1999 ) are spoken language systems but they interface to simulation or help facilities rather than semi-autonomous agents . | A00-1016_4 | 0 | introduction |
The annotation procedure is dependent on locating the head daughter , for which an amended version of Magerman ( 1994 ) is used . | J05-3003 | External_13798 | 2,005 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition | [
"David Magerman"
] | null | The algorithm uses categorial , configurational , local head , and Penn-II functional and trace information . The annotation procedure is dependent on locating the head daughter , for which an amended version of Magerman ( 1994 ) is used . The head is annotated with the LFG equation r = J. . | 4 | null | Uses | [
102,
119
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] | The annotation procedure is dependent on locating the head daughter , for which an amended version of @@CITATION is used . | J05-3003_39 | 0 | method |
Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . | J97-4003 | External_24530 | 1,997 | 1,993 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | word formation in lexical type hierarchies a case study of baradjectives in german masters thesis | [
"Susanne Riehemann"
] | null | In a number of proposals , lexical generalizations are captured using lexical underspecification ( Kathol 1994 ; Krieger and Nerbonne 1992 ; Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . The lexical entries are only partially specified , and various specializations are encoded via the type hierarchy , definite clause attachments , or a macro hierarchy . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | @@CITATION ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . | J97-4003_52 | 0 | related work |
For instance , Divay and Vitale ( 1997 ) recently wrote : `` To our knowledge , learning algorithms , although promising , have not ( yet ) reached the level of rule sets developed by humans '' ( p. 520 ) . | J00-2003 | J97-4001 | 2,000 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | algorithms for graphemephoneme translation for english and french applications for database searches and speech synthesis | [
"Michel Divay",
"Anthony J Vitale"
] | null | However , this possibility is not usually given much credence . For instance , Divay and Vitale ( 1997 ) recently wrote : `` To our knowledge , learning algorithms , although promising , have not ( yet ) reached the level of rule sets developed by humans '' ( p. 520 ) . Dutoit ( 1997 ) takes this further , stating `` such training-based strategies are often assumed to exhibit much more intelligence than they do in practice , as revealed by their poor transcription scores '' ( p. 115 , note 14 ) . | 1 | null | Background | [
15,
40
] | [
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] | For instance , @@CITATION recently wrote : `` To our knowledge , learning algorithms , although promising , have not ( yet ) reached the level of rule sets developed by humans '' ( p. 520 ) . | J00-2003_27 | 0 | introduction |
Much previous work looks at the impact of using source side information ( i.e. , feature functions on the aligned English ) , such as those of Avramidis and Koehn ( 2008 ) , Yeniterzi and Oflazer ( 2010 ) and others . | E12-1068 | P10-1047 | 2,012 | 2,010 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | syntaxtomorphology mapping in factored phrasebased statistical machine translation from english to turkish | [
"Reyyan Yeniterzi",
"Kemal Oflazer"
] | null | So it is questionable as to whether morpheme segmentation techniques are sufficient to solve the inflectional problem we are addressing . Much previous work looks at the impact of using source side information ( i.e. , feature functions on the aligned English ) , such as those of Avramidis and Koehn ( 2008 ) , Yeniterzi and Oflazer ( 2010 ) and others . Toutanova et . | 8 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
174,
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]
] | Much previous work looks at the impact of using source side information ( i.e. , feature functions on the aligned English ) , such as those of Avramidis and Koehn ( 2008 ) , @@CITATION and others . | E12-1068_24 | 0 | related work |
We use an in-house statistical tagger ( based on ( Church , 1988 ) ) to tag the text in which the unknown word occurs . | A00-1024 | External_32929 | 2,000 | 1,988 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a stochastic parts program and noun phrase parser for unrestricted text | [
"K Church"
] | null | The first feature represents the part of speech of the word . We use an in-house statistical tagger ( based on ( Church , 1988 ) ) to tag the text in which the unknown word occurs . The tag set used is a simplified version of the tags used in the machinereadable version of the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary ( OALD ) . | 4 | null | Uses | [
51,
64
] | [
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] | We use an in-house statistical tagger ( based on ( @@CITATION ) ) to tag the text in which the unknown word occurs . | A00-1024_1 | 0 | experiments |
Based on a computational grammar that associates natural language expressions with both a syntactic and a semantic representation , a paraphrastic gram ` As we shall briefly discuss in section 4 , the grammar is developed with the help of a meta-grammar ( Candito , 1999 ) thus ensuring an additional level of abstraction . | W04-0910 | External_51288 | 2,004 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | un outil multilingue de generation de ltag application au francais et a l’italien | [
"M H Candito"
] | null | We chose to investigate an alternative research direction by aiming to develop a `` paraphrastic grammar '' that is , a grammar which captures the paraphrastic relations between linguistic structuress . Based on a computational grammar that associates natural language expressions with both a syntactic and a semantic representation , a paraphrastic gram ` As we shall briefly discuss in section 4 , the grammar is developed with the help of a meta-grammar ( Candito , 1999 ) thus ensuring an additional level of abstraction . The metagrammar is an abstract specification of the linguistic properties ( phrase structure , valency , realisation of grammatical functions etc. ) encoded in the grammar basic units . | 2 | null | Uses | [
256,
270
] | [
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] | Based on a computational grammar that associates natural language expressions with both a syntactic and a semantic representation , a paraphrastic gram ` As we shall briefly discuss in section 4 , the grammar is developed with the help of a meta-grammar ( @@CITATION ) thus ensuring an additional level of abstraction . | W04-0910_3 | 0 | introduction |
There are very few reported attempts at corpus-based automation of help-desk responses ( Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer 2000 ; Lapalme and Kosseim 2003 ; Bickel and Scheffer 2004 ; Malik , Subramaniam , and Kaushik 2007 ) . | J09-4010 | External_52005 | 2,009 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | mercure towards an automatic email followup system | [
"G Lapalme",
"L Kosseim"
] | null | The process of composing a planned response for a new request is informed by probabilistic and lexical properties of the requests and responses in the corpus . There are very few reported attempts at corpus-based automation of help-desk responses ( Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer 2000 ; Lapalme and Kosseim 2003 ; Bickel and Scheffer 2004 ; Malik , Subramaniam , and Kaushik 2007 ) . eResponder , the system developed by Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer ( 2000 ) , retrieves a list of request -- response pairs and presents a ranked list of responses to the user . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
128,
152
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Both tasks are performed with a statistical framework : the mention detection system is similar to the one presented in ( Florian et al. , 2004 ) and the coreference resolution system is similar to the one described in ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) . | W05-0709 | N04-1001 | 2,005 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a statistical model for multilingual entity detection and tracking | [
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] | Both tasks are performed with a statistical framework : the mention detection system is similar to the one presented in ( @@CITATION ) and the coreference resolution system is similar to the one described in ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) . | W05-0709_13 | 0 | introduction |
The disambiguation of person names in Web results is usually compared to two other Natural Language Processing tasks : Word Sense Disambiguation ( WSD ) ( Agirre and Edmonds , 2006 ) and Cross-document Coreference ( CDC ) ( Bagga and Baldwin , 1998 ) . | D09-1056 | External_2273 | 2,009 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | entitybased crossdocument coreferencing using the vector space model | [
"Amit Bagga",
"Breck Baldwin"
] | null | In this section we will discuss ( i ) the state of the art in Web People Search in general , focusing on which features are used to solve the problem ; and ( ii ) lessons learnt from the WePS evaluation campaign where most approaches to the problem have been tested and compared . The disambiguation of person names in Web results is usually compared to two other Natural Language Processing tasks : Word Sense Disambiguation ( WSD ) ( Agirre and Edmonds , 2006 ) and Cross-document Coreference ( CDC ) ( Bagga and Baldwin , 1998 ) . Most of early research work on person name ambiguity focuses on the CDC problem or uses methods found in the WSD literature . | 3 | null | Background | [
224,
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] | The disambiguation of person names in Web results is usually compared to two other Natural Language Processing tasks : Word Sense Disambiguation ( WSD ) ( Agirre and Edmonds , 2006 ) and Cross-document Coreference ( CDC ) ( @@CITATION ) . | D09-1056_6 | 0 | related work |
Our own work ( Wang and Callison-Burch , 2011 ) extends the first idea to paraphrase fragment extraction on monolingual parallel and comparable corpora . | D12-1084 | W11-1208 | 2,012 | 2,011 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | paraphrase fragment extraction from monolingual comparable corpora | [
"Rui Wang",
"Chris Callison-Burch"
] | null | Quirk et al. ( 2007 ) extract fragments using a generative model of noisy translations . Our own work ( Wang and Callison-Burch , 2011 ) extends the first idea to paraphrase fragment extraction on monolingual parallel and comparable corpora . Our current approach also uses word-word alignment , however , we use syntactic dependency trees to compute grammatical fragments . | 3 | null | Extends | [
15,
45
] | [
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] | Our own work ( @@CITATION ) extends the first idea to paraphrase fragment extraction on monolingual parallel and comparable corpora . | D12-1084_45 | 0 | related work |
They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) . | P11-1134 | External_33256 | 2,011 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexical selection and paraphrase in a meaning text generation model | [
"Lidija Iordanskaja",
"Richard Kittredge",
"Alain Polg re"
] | null | Paraphrase tables ( PPHT ) contain pairs of corresponding phrases in the same language , possibly associated with probabilities . They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( Iordanskaja et al. , 1991 ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) . One of the proposed methods to extract paraphrases relies on a pivot-based approach using phrase alignments in a bilingual parallel corpus ( Bannard and Callison-Burch , 2005 ) . | 3 | null | Motivation | [
95,
120
] | [
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] | They proved to be useful in a number of NLP applications such as natural language generation ( @@CITATION ) , multidocument summarization ( McKeown et al. , 2002 ) , automatic evaluation of MT ( Denkowski and Lavie , 2010 ) , and TE ( Dinu and Wang , 2009 ) . | P11-1134_12 | 0 | null |
Current state-of-the-art statistical parsers ( Collins 1999 ; Charniak 2000 ) are all trained on large annotated corpora such as the Penn Treebank ( Marcus , Santorini , and Marcinkiewicz 1993 ) . | J04-3001 | External_62 | 2,004 | 1,999 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | headdriven statistical models for natural language parsing | [
"Michael Collins"
] | null | For example , while it is difficult to induce a grammar with raw text alone , the task is tractable when the syntactic analysis for each sentence is provided as a part of the training data ( Pereira and Schabes 1992 ) . Current state-of-the-art statistical parsers ( Collins 1999 ; Charniak 2000 ) are all trained on large annotated corpora such as the Penn Treebank ( Marcus , Santorini , and Marcinkiewicz 1993 ) . However , supervised training data are difficult to obtain ; existing corpora might not contain the relevant type of annotation , and the data might not be in the domain of interest . | 1 | null | Background | [
47,
59
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] | Current state-of-the-art statistical parsers ( @@CITATION ; Charniak 2000 ) are all trained on large annotated corpora such as the Penn Treebank ( Marcus , Santorini , and Marcinkiewicz 1993 ) . | J04-3001_4 | 0 | introduction |
Although the parser only derives projective graphs , the fact that graphs are labeled allows non-projective dependencies to be captured using the pseudoprojective approach of Nivre and Nilsson ( 2005 ) . | W06-2933 | P05-1013 | 2,006 | 2,005 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | pseudoprojective dependency parsing | [
"J Nivre",
"J Nilsson"
] | null | ⢠LEFT-ARC ( r ) : Add an arc labeled r from next to top ; pop the stack . Although the parser only derives projective graphs , the fact that graphs are labeled allows non-projective dependencies to be captured using the pseudoprojective approach of Nivre and Nilsson ( 2005 ) . Another limitation of the parsing algorithm is that it does not assign dependency labels to roots , i.e. , to tokens having HEAD = 0 . | 3 | null | Background | [
175,
201
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] | Although the parser only derives projective graphs , the fact that graphs are labeled allows non-projective dependencies to be captured using the pseudoprojective approach of @@CITATION . | W06-2933_12 | 0 | method |
Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . | J97-4003 | External_91306 | 1,997 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | verb second by underspecification | [
"Annette Frank"
] | null | In a number of proposals , lexical generalizations are captured using lexical underspecification ( Kathol 1994 ; Krieger and Nerbonne 1992 ; Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; Frank 1994 ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . The lexical entries are only partially specified , and various specializations are encoded via the type hierarchy , definite clause attachments , or a macro hierarchy . | 4 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
30,
40
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] | Riehemann 1993 ; Oliva 1994 ; @@CITATION ; Opalka 1995 ; Sanfilippo 1995 ) . | J97-4003_11 | 0 | related work |
The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; Gruber , 1965 ; Fillmore , 1968 ) . | W06-3813 | External_4542 | 2,006 | 1,968 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the case for case | [
"Charles Fillmore"
] | null | He was a grammarian who analysed Sanskrit ( Misra , 1966 ) . The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; Gruber , 1965 ; Fillmore , 1968 ) . Now it has the attention of many researchers in natural language processing , as shown by recent research in semantic parsing and semantic | 2 | null | Background | [
136,
151
] | [
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] | The idea resurfaced forcefully at several points in the more recent history of linguistic research ( Tesni`ere , 1959 ; Gruber , 1965 ; @@CITATION ) . | W06-3813_13 | 0 | introduction |
A detailed introduction to the SBD problem can be found in Palmer and Hearst ( 1997 ) . | J02-3002 | J97-2002 | 2,002 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | adaptive multilingual sentence boundary disambiguation | [
"David D Palmer",
"Marti A Hearst"
] | null | Furthermore , an abbreviation itself can be the last token in a sentence in which case its period acts at the same time as part of this abbreviation and as the end-of-sentence indicator ( fullstop ) . A detailed introduction to the SBD problem can be found in Palmer and Hearst ( 1997 ) . The disambiguation of capitalized words and sentence boundaries presents a chicken-and-egg problem . | 1 | null | Background | [
59,
85
] | [
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] | A detailed introduction to the SBD problem can be found in @@CITATION . | J02-3002_26 | 0 | introduction |
Task properties Determining whether or not a speaker supports a proposal falls within the realm of sentiment analysis , an extremely active research area devoted to the computational treatment of subjective or opinion-oriented language ( early work includes Wiebe and Rapaport ( 1988 ) , Hearst ( 1992 ) , Sack ( 1994 ) , and Wiebe ( 1994 ) ; see Esuli ( 2006 ) for an active bibliography ) . | W06-1639 | External_17115 | 2,006 | 1,994 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | tracking point of view in narrative | [
"J M Wiebe"
] | null | Note that from an experimental point of view , this is a very convenient problem to work with because we can automatically determine ground truth ( and thus avoid the need for manual annotation ) simply by consulting publicly available voting records . Task properties Determining whether or not a speaker supports a proposal falls within the realm of sentiment analysis , an extremely active research area devoted to the computational treatment of subjective or opinion-oriented language ( early work includes Wiebe and Rapaport ( 1988 ) , Hearst ( 1992 ) , Sack ( 1994 ) , and Wiebe ( 1994 ) ; see Esuli ( 2006 ) for an active bibliography ) . In particular , since we treat each individual speech within a debate as a single `` document '' , we are considering a version of document-level sentiment-polarity classification , namely , automatically distinguishing between positive and negative documents ( Das and Chen , 2001 ; Pang et al. , 2002 ; Turney , 2002 ; Dave et al. , 2003 ) . | 2 | null | Background | [
326,
340
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] | Task properties Determining whether or not a speaker supports a proposal falls within the realm of sentiment analysis , an extremely active research area devoted to the computational treatment of subjective or opinion-oriented language ( early work includes Wiebe and Rapaport ( 1988 ) , Hearst ( 1992 ) , Sack ( 1994 ) , and @@CITATION ; see Esuli ( 2006 ) for an active bibliography ) . | W06-1639_50 | 0 | introduction |
The BEETLE II system architecture is designed to overcome these limitations ( Callaway et al. , 2007 ) . | P10-4003 | External_25453 | 2,010 | 2,007 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | the beetle and beediff tutoring systems | [
"Charles B Callaway",
"Myroslava Dzikovska",
"Elaine Farrow",
"Manuel Marques-Pita",
"Colin Matheson",
"Johanna D Moore"
] | null | It also becomes more difficult to experiment with different tutorial policies within the system due to the inherent completixites in applying tutoring strategies consistently across a large number of individual hand-authored remediations . The BEETLE II system architecture is designed to overcome these limitations ( Callaway et al. , 2007 ) . It uses a deep parser and generator , together with a domain reasoner and a diagnoser , to produce detailed analyses of student utterances and generate feedback automatically . | 2 | null | Background | [
78,
100
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] | The BEETLE II system architecture is designed to overcome these limitations ( @@CITATION ) . | P10-4003_4 | 0 | introduction |
For the evaluation of the results we use the BLEU score ( Papineni et al. , 2001 ) . | E03-1004 | External_8193 | 2,003 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | bleu a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation | [
"Kishore Papineni",
"Salim Roukos",
"Todd Ward",
"WeiJing Zhu"
] | null | tion 7 . For the evaluation of the results we use the BLEU score ( Papineni et al. , 2001 ) . Section 8 compares translations generated from automatically built and manually annotated tectogrammatical representations . | 2 | null | Uses | [
58,
80
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] | For the evaluation of the results we use the BLEU score ( @@CITATION ) . | E03-1004_8 | 0 | introduction |
There are very few reported attempts at corpus-based automation of help-desk responses ( Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer 2000 ; Lapalme and Kosseim 2003 ; Bickel and Scheffer 2004 ; Malik , Subramaniam , and Kaushik 2007 ) . | J09-4010 | External_9392 | 2,009 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | learning from message pairs for automatic email answering | [
"S Bickel",
"T Scheffer"
] | null | The process of composing a planned response for a new request is informed by probabilistic and lexical properties of the requests and responses in the corpus . There are very few reported attempts at corpus-based automation of help-desk responses ( Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer 2000 ; Lapalme and Kosseim 2003 ; Bickel and Scheffer 2004 ; Malik , Subramaniam , and Kaushik 2007 ) . eResponder , the system developed by Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer ( 2000 ) , retrieves a list of request -- response pairs and presents a ranked list of responses to the user . | 5 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
155,
179
] | [
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] | There are very few reported attempts at corpus-based automation of help-desk responses ( Carmel , Shtalhaim , and Soffer 2000 ; Lapalme and Kosseim 2003 ; @@CITATION ; Malik , Subramaniam , and Kaushik 2007 ) . | J09-4010_11 | 0 | null |
For an introduction to maximum entropy modeling and training procedures , the reader is referred to the corresponding literature , for instance ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) or ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | E03-1007 | External_3692 | 2,003 | 1,996 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a maximum entropy approach to natural language processing | [
"A L Berger",
"S A Della Pietra",
"V J Della Pietra"
] | null | This enables us to translate the verb alone even if it occurs in the training corpus only as a spliced entry . For an introduction to maximum entropy modeling and training procedures , the reader is referred to the corresponding literature , for instance ( Berger et al. , 1996 ) or ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | 6 | null | Background | [
146,
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] | [] | For an introduction to maximum entropy modeling and training procedures , the reader is referred to the corresponding literature , for instance ( @@CITATION ) or ( Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) . | E03-1007_1 | 0 | null |
This design idea was adopted from TANKA ( Barker et al. , 1997b ) . | W06-3813 | External_27696 | 2,006 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | systematic construction of a versatile case system | [
"Ken Barker",
"Terry Copeck",
"Sylvain Delisle",
"Stan Szpakowicz"
] | null | Our system begins operation with a minimum of manually encoded knowledge , and accumulates information as it processes the text . This design idea was adopted from TANKA ( Barker et al. , 1997b ) . The only manually encoded knowledge is a dictionary of markers ( subordinators , coordinators , prepositions ) . | 5 | null | Uses | [
42,
62
] | [
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] | This design idea was adopted from TANKA ( @@CITATIONb ) . | W06-3813_4 | 0 | null |
The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by Carbonell and Hayes ( 1983 ) , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , Kwasny and Sondheimer ( 1981 ) , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) . | J86-1002 | J83-3001 | 1,986 | 1,983 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | recovery strategies for parsing extragrammatical language | [
"J Carbonell",
"P Hayes"
] | null | A detailed description of the kinds of expectation mechanisms appearing in these systems appears in Fink ( 1983 ) . The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by Carbonell and Hayes ( 1983 ) , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , Kwasny and Sondheimer ( 1981 ) , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) . A wide variety of techniques have been developed for addressing problems at the word , phrase , sentence , and in some cases , dialogue level . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
61,
89
] | [
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] | The problem of handling ill-formed input has been studied by @@CITATION , Granger ( 1983 ) , Jensen et al. ( 1983 ) , Kwasny and Sondheimer ( 1981 ) , Riesbeck and Schank ( 1976 ) , Thompson ( 1980 ) , Weischedel and Black ( 1980 ) , and Weischedel and Sondheimer ( 1983 ) . | J86-1002_8 | 0 | null |
In addition to its explanatory capacity , this symbolic acquisition technique has obtained good results for other acquisition tasks when compared to existing statistical techniques ( Bouillon et al. , 2002 ) . | W04-1805 | External_54387 | 2,004 | 2,002 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | acquisition of qualia elements from corpora — evaluation of a symbolic learning method | [
"Pierrette Bouillon",
"Vincent Claveau",
"Cecile Fabre",
"Pascale Sebillot"
] | null | highlighting of the corpus-specific structures conveying the target element . In addition to its explanatory capacity , this symbolic acquisition technique has obtained good results for other acquisition tasks when compared to existing statistical techniques ( Bouillon et al. , 2002 ) . | 5 | null | Motivation | [
183,
205
] | [
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] | [] | In addition to its explanatory capacity , this symbolic acquisition technique has obtained good results for other acquisition tasks when compared to existing statistical techniques ( @@CITATION ) . | W04-1805_1 | 0 | method |
The context of a current token ti is clearly one of the most important features in predicting whether ti is a mention or not ( Florian et al. , 2004 ) . | W05-0709 | N04-1001 | 2,005 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a statistical model for multilingual entity detection and tracking | [
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"N Nicolov",
"S Roukos"
] | null | We use features such as the shallow parsing information associated with the tokens in a window of 3 tokens , POS , etc. . The context of a current token ti is clearly one of the most important features in predicting whether ti is a mention or not ( Florian et al. , 2004 ) . We denote these features as backward token tri-grams and forward token tri-grams for the previous and next context of ti respectively . | 5 | null | Background | [
127,
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] | The context of a current token ti is clearly one of the most important features in predicting whether ti is a mention or not ( @@CITATION ) . | W05-0709_14 | 0 | null |
Features using the word context ( left and right tokens ) have been shown to be very helpful in coreference resolution ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) . | W05-0709 | P04-1018 | 2,005 | 2,004 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a mentionsynchronous coreference resolution algorithm based on the bell tree | [
"Xiaoqiang Luo",
"Abe Ittycheriah",
"Hongyan Jing",
"Nanda Kambhatla",
"Salim Roukos"
] | null | Features using the word context ( left and right tokens ) have been shown to be very helpful in coreference resolution ( Luo et al. , 2004 ) . For Arabic , since words are morphologically derived from a list of roots ( stems ) , we expected that a feature based on the right and left stems would lead to improvement in system accuracy . | 6 | null | Uses | [
121,
138
] | [
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] | Features using the word context ( left and right tokens ) have been shown to be very helpful in coreference resolution ( @@CITATION ) . | W05-0709_19 | 0 | null |
Here , the PET and GR kernel perform similar : this is different from the results of ( Nguyen et al. , 2009 ) where GR performed much worse than PET for ACE data . | D10-1100 | D09-1143 | 2,010 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | convolution kernels on constituent dependency and sequential structures for relation extraction | [
"Truc-Vien T Nguyen",
"Alessandro Moschitti",
"Giuseppe Riccardi"
] | null | As in the undersampled system , when the data is balanced , SqGRW ( sequence kernel on dependency tree in which grammatical relations are inserted as intermediate nodes ) achieves the best recall . Here , the PET and GR kernel perform similar : this is different from the results of ( Nguyen et al. , 2009 ) where GR performed much worse than PET for ACE data . This exemplifies the difference in the nature of our event annotations from that of ACE relations . | 7 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | Here , the PET and GR kernel perform similar : this is different from the results of ( @@CITATION ) where GR performed much worse than PET for ACE data . | D10-1100_32 | 0 | experiments |
In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . | J05-3003 | External_12085 | 2,005 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | lexical functional grammar volume 34 of syntax and semantics | [
"Mary Dalrymple"
] | null | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; Dalrymple 2001 ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . * National Centre for Language Technology , School of Computing , Dublin City University , Glasnevin , Dublin 9 , Ireland . | 1 | null | Background | [
116,
130
] | [
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] | In modern syntactic theories ( e.g. , lexical-functional grammar [ LFG ] [ Kaplan and Bresnan 1982 ; Bresnan 2001 ; @@CITATION ] , head-driven phrase structure grammar [ HPSG ] [ Pollard and Sag 1994 ] , tree-adjoining grammar [ TAG ] [ Joshi 1988 ] , and combinatory categorial grammar [ CCG ] [ Ades and Steedman 1982 ] ) , the lexicon is the central repository for much morphological , syntactic , and semantic information . | J05-3003_20 | 0 | introduction |
Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; Chen and Mooney , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies . | D13-1115 | External_14208 | 2,013 | 2,012 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | learning to parse natural language commands to a robot control system | [
"Cynthia Matuszek",
"Evan Herbst",
"Luke Zettlemoyer",
"Dieter Fox"
] | null | Many approaches to multimodal research have succeeded by abstracting away raw perceptual information and using high-level representations instead . Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; Chen and Mooney , 2011 ; Matuszek et al. , 2012 ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies . Within the latter category , the two most common representations have been association norms , where subjects are given a | 3 | null | Background | [
127,
149
] | [
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] | Some works abstract perception via the usage of symbolic logic representations ( Chen et al. , 2010 ; Chen and Mooney , 2011 ; @@CITATION ; Artzi and Zettlemoyer , 2013 ) , while others choose to employ concepts elicited from psycholinguistic and cognition studies . | D13-1115_44 | 0 | related work |
This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) or the POS tagger reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage . | J02-3002 | A00-2035 | 2,002 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | tagging sentence boundaries” | [
"Andrei Mikheev"
] | null | We noted in Section 8 that very short documents of one to three sentences also present a difficulty for our approach . This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) or the POS tagger reported in Mikheev ( 2000 ) , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage . Our DCA uses information derived from the entire document and thus can be used as a complement to approaches based on the local context . | 12 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
106,
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] | This is where robust syntactic systems like SATZ ( Palmer and Hearst 1997 ) or the POS tagger reported in @@CITATION , which do not heavily rely on word capitalization and are not sensitive to document length , have an advantage . | J02-3002_23 | 0 | conclusion |
Our work is inspired by the latent left-linking model in Chang et al. ( 2013 ) and the ILP formulation from Chang et al. ( 2011 ) . | K15-1002 | D13-1057 | 2,015 | 2,013 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | a constrained latent variable model for coreference resolution | [
"K-W Chang",
"R Samdani",
"D Roth"
] | null | This section describes our joint coreference resolution and mention head detection framework . Our work is inspired by the latent left-linking model in Chang et al. ( 2013 ) and the ILP formulation from Chang et al. ( 2011 ) . The joint learning and inference model takes as input mention head candidates | 3 | null | Background | [
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] | Our work is inspired by the latent left-linking model in @@CITATION and the ILP formulation from Chang et al. ( 2011 ) . | K15-1002_11 | 0 | null |
For example , Radzinsky ( 1991 ) proves that Chinese numerals such as wu zhao zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao wu zhao , for the number 5000000000000000005000000000000005000000000005000000005000 , are not context-free , which implies that Chinese is not a context-free language and thus might parse in exponential worst-case time . | J00-3006 | External_98665 | 2,000 | 1,991 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | chinese numbernames tree adjoining languages and mild contextsensitivity | [
"Daniel Radzinsky"
] | null | Average , since it can happen that the grammar does admit hard-toparse sentences that are not used ( or at least not frequently used ) in the real corpus . For example , Radzinsky ( 1991 ) proves that Chinese numerals such as wu zhao zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao wu zhao , for the number 5000000000000000005000000000000005000000000005000000005000 , are not context-free , which implies that Chinese is not a context-free language and thus might parse in exponential worst-case time . Do such arguments -- no doubt important for mathematical linguistics -- have any direct consequences for an engineering linguistics ? | 0 | null | Background | [
14,
32
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] | For example , @@CITATION proves that Chinese numerals such as wu zhao zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao zhao wu zhao zhao wu zhao , for the number 5000000000000000005000000000000005000000000005000000005000 , are not context-free , which implies that Chinese is not a context-free language and thus might parse in exponential worst-case time . | J00-3006_0 | 0 | null |
Barzilay and McKeown ( 2001 ) also note that the applicability of paraphrases is strongly influenced by context . | N10-1084 | P01-1008 | 2,010 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | extracting paraphrases from a parallel corpus | [
"Regina Barzilay",
"Kathleen R McKeown"
] | null | For example , year end is an unsuitable paraphrase for the end of this year in the sentence The chart compares the gold price at the end of last year with the end of this year . Barzilay and McKeown ( 2001 ) also note that the applicability of paraphrases is strongly influenced by context . Section 4 describes our method for determining if a paraphrase is suitable in a given context . | 4 | null | Background | [
0,
29
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] | @@CITATION also note that the applicability of paraphrases is strongly influenced by context . | N10-1084_5 | 0 | experiments |
Promising features for classification include part of speech , frequency of co-occurrence , relative word position , and translational entropy ( Melamed , 1997 ) . | P97-1063 | External_19460 | 1,997 | 1,997 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | measuring semantic entropyquot | [
"I D Melamed"
] | null | Even better accuracy can be achieved with a more fine-grained link class structure . Promising features for classification include part of speech , frequency of co-occurrence , relative word position , and translational entropy ( Melamed , 1997 ) . Another interesting extension is to broaden the definition of a `` word '' to include multi-word lexical units ( Smadja , 1992 ) . | 6 | null | Future | [
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] | Promising features for classification include part of speech , frequency of co-occurrence , relative word position , and translational entropy ( @@CITATION ) . | P97-1063_39 | 0 | conclusion |
For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( Germann et al. , 2001 ; Och et al. , 1999 ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | E03-1007 | External_6864 | 2,003 | 2,001 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | fast decoding and optimal decoding for machine translation | [
"U Germann",
"M Jahr",
"K Knight",
"D Marcu",
"K Yamada"
] | null | In the work presented here , we restrict ourselves to transforming only one language of the two : the source , which has the less inflected morphology . For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( Germann et al. , 2001 ; Och et al. , 1999 ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | 4 | null | Background | [
50,
71
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] | [] | For descriptions of SMT systems see for example ( @@CITATION ; Och et al. , 1999 ; Tillmann and Ney , 2002 ; Vogel et al. , 2000 ; Wang and Waibel , 1997 ) . | E03-1007_7 | 0 | null |
like information extraction ( Yates and Etzioni , 2009 ) and textual entailment ( Berant et al. , 2010 ) . | D11-1138 | External_25749 | 2,011 | 2,009 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | unsupervised methods for determining object and relation synonyms on the web | [
"A Yates",
"O Etzioni"
] | null | Furthermore , if we use a labeled-ALS as the metric for augmented-loss training , we also see a considerable increase in LAS . like information extraction ( Yates and Etzioni , 2009 ) and textual entailment ( Berant et al. , 2010 ) . In Table 3 we show results for parsing with the ALS augmented-loss objective . | 4 | null | Background | [
30,
54
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] | like information extraction ( @@CITATION ) and textual entailment ( Berant et al. , 2010 ) . | D11-1138_29 | 0 | experiments |
In a final processing stage , we generalize over the marker lexicon following a process found in Block ( 2000 ) . | J03-3004 | External_49743 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | examplebased incremental synchronous interpretation | [
"Hans-Ulrich Block"
] | null | We ignore here the trivially true lexical chunk `` <QUANT> 14 : 14 . '' In a final processing stage , we generalize over the marker lexicon following a process found in Block ( 2000 ) . In Block 's approach , word alignments are assigned probabilities by means of a statistical word alignment tool . | 1 | null | Uses | [
97,
111
] | [
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] | In a final processing stage , we generalize over the marker lexicon following a process found in @@CITATION . | J03-3004_3 | 0 | introduction |
One approach to this problem consists in defining , within the Cut-free atomic-id space , normal form derivations in which the succession of rule application is regulated ( Konig 1989 , Hepple 1990 , Hendriks 1993 ) . | J00-3002 | External_55710 | 2,000 | 1,989 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | parsing as natural deduction | [
"Esther Konig"
] | null | For example , composition as above has the following alternative derivation : One approach to this problem consists in defining , within the Cut-free atomic-id space , normal form derivations in which the succession of rule application is regulated ( Konig 1989 , Hepple 1990 , Hendriks 1993 ) . Each sequent has a distinguished category formula ( underlined ) on which rule applications are keyed : | 2 | null | Background | [
173,
183
] | [
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] | One approach to this problem consists in defining , within the Cut-free atomic-id space , normal form derivations in which the succession of rule application is regulated ( @@CITATION , Hepple 1990 , Hendriks 1993 ) . | J00-3002_16 | 0 | null |
The SPR uses rules automatically learned from training data , using techniques similar to ( Collins , 2000 ; Freund et al. , 1998 ) . | N01-1003 | External_63 | 2,001 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | discriminative reranking for natural language parsing | [
"Michael Collins"
] | null | Our primary contribution is a method for training the SPR . The SPR uses rules automatically learned from training data , using techniques similar to ( Collins , 2000 ; Freund et al. , 1998 ) . Our method for training a sentence planner is unique in neither depending on hand-crafted rules , nor on the existence of a text or speech corpus in the domain of the sentence planner obtained from the interaction of a human with a system or another human . | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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] | The SPR uses rules automatically learned from training data , using techniques similar to ( @@CITATION ; Freund et al. , 1998 ) . | N01-1003_0 | 0 | introduction |
McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques . | W06-3309 | External_42488 | 2,006 | 2,003 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | categorization of sentence types in medical abstracts | [
"Larry McKnight",
"Padmini Srinivasan"
] | null | Furthermore , the availability of rich ontological resources , in the form of the Unified Medical Language System ( UMLS ) ( Lindberg et al. , 1993 ) , and the availability of software that leverages this knowledge -- MetaMap ( Aronson , 2001 ) for concept identification and SemRep ( Rindflesch and Fiszman , 2003 ) for relation extraction -- provide a foundation for studying the role of semantics in various tasks . McKnight and Srinivasan ( 2003 ) have previously examined the task of categorizing sentences in medical abstracts using supervised discriminative machine learning techniques . Building on the work of Ruch et al. ( 2003 ) in the same domain , we present a generative approach that attempts to directly model the discourse structure of MEDLINE abstracts using Hidden Markov Models ( HMMs ) ; cfXXX ( Barzilay and Lee , 2004 ) . | 2 | null | CompareOrContrast | [
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For complementing this database and for converse constructions , the LADL tables ( Gross , 1975 ) can furthermore be resorted to , which list detailed syntactico-semantic descriptions for 5 000 verbs and 25 000 verbal expressions . | W04-0910 | External_41701 | 2,004 | 1,975 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | m´ethodes en syntase | [
"M Gross"
] | null | For shuffling paraphrases , french alternations are partially described in ( Saint-Dizier , 1999 ) and a resource is available which describes alternation and the mapping verbs/alternations for roughly 1 700 verbs . For complementing this database and for converse constructions , the LADL tables ( Gross , 1975 ) can furthermore be resorted to , which list detailed syntactico-semantic descriptions for 5 000 verbs and 25 000 verbal expressions . In particular , ( Gross , 1989 ) lists the converses of some 3 500 predicative nouns . | 4 | null | Future | [
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These operations are not domain-specific and are similar to those of previous aggregation components ( Rambow and Korelsky ,1992 ; Shaw , 1998 ; Danlos , 2000 ) , although the various MERGE operations are , to our knowledge , novel in this form . | N01-1003 | External_24304 | 2,001 | 1,998 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | clause aggregation using linguistic knowledge | [
"James Shaw"
] | null | Joins two complete clauses with a period . These operations are not domain-specific and are similar to those of previous aggregation components ( Rambow and Korelsky ,1992 ; Shaw , 1998 ; Danlos , 2000 ) , although the various MERGE operations are , to our knowledge , novel in this form . The result of applying the operations is a sentence plan tree ( or sp-tree for short ) , which is a binary tree with leaves labeled by all the elementary speech acts | 4 | null | Background | [
131,
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] | These operations are not domain-specific and are similar to those of previous aggregation components ( Rambow and Korelsky ,1992 ; @@CITATION ; Danlos , 2000 ) , although the various MERGE operations are , to our knowledge , novel in this form . | N01-1003_17 | 0 | null |
Following construction of the marker lexicon , the ( source , target ) chunks are generalized further using a methodology based on Block ( 2000 ) to permit a limited form of insertion in the translation process . | J03-3004 | External_49743 | 2,003 | 2,000 | a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining | examplebased incremental synchronous interpretation | [
"Hans-Ulrich Block"
] | null | Work using the marker hypothesis for MT adapts this monolingual mapping for pairs of languages : It is reasonably straightforward to map an English determiner-noun sequence onto a Japanese noun -- case marker segment , once one has identified the sets of marker tags in the languages to be translated . Following construction of the marker lexicon , the ( source , target ) chunks are generalized further using a methodology based on Block ( 2000 ) to permit a limited form of insertion in the translation process . As a byproduct of the chosen methodology , we also derive a standard '' word-level '' translation lexicon . | 1 | null | Uses | [
131,
145
] | [
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] | Following construction of the marker lexicon , the ( source , target ) chunks are generalized further using a methodology based on @@CITATION to permit a limited form of insertion in the translation process . | J03-3004_1 | 0 | introduction |
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