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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: There were 53 major hemorrhages , for an annual rate of 10 . 0 % , including 24 ( 45 . 3 % ) life - threatening and five ( 9 . 4 % ) fatal bleeds .
### Output Text: | There were 53 major hemorrhages , for an annual rate of 10 . 0 % , including 24 ( 45 . 3 % ) life - threatening and five ( 9 . 4 % ) fatal bleeds . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The annual stroke rate after initiation of warfarin was 2 . 6 % .
### Output Text: | The annual stroke rate after initiation of <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> was 2 . 6 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : The rate of major hemorrhage was high in this old , frail group , but excluding fatalities , resulted in no long - term sequelae , and the stroke rate on warfarin was low , demonstrating how effective warfarin treatment is .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : The rate of major hemorrhage was high in this old , frail group , but excluding fatalities , resulted in no long - term sequelae , and the stroke rate on <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> was low , demonstrating how effective <span class="chemical">warfarin</span> treatment is . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Safety of celecoxib in patients with adverse skin reactions to acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) and nimesulide associated or not with common non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs .
### Output Text: | Safety of <span class="chemical">celecoxib</span> in patients with adverse skin reactions to <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> ( <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> ) and <span class="chemical">nimesulide</span> associated or not with common non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Acetaminophen ( paracetamol - - P ) and Nimesulide ( N ) are widely used analgesic - antipyretic / anti - inflammatory drugs .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : <span class="chemical">Acetaminophen</span> ( <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> - - <span class="chemical">P</span> ) and <span class="chemical">Nimesulide</span> ( <span class="chemical">N</span> ) are widely used analgesic - antipyretic / anti - inflammatory drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The rate of adverse hypersensitivity reactions to these agents is generally low .
### Output Text: | The rate of adverse hypersensitivity reactions to these agents is generally low . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: On the contrary non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are commonly involved in such reactions .
### Output Text: | On the contrary non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) are commonly involved in such reactions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Celecoxib ( CE ) is a novel drug , with high selectivity and affinity for COX - 2 enzyme .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Celecoxib</span> ( <span class="chemical">CE</span> ) is a novel drug , with high selectivity and affinity for COX - 2 enzyme . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : We evaluated the tolerability of CE in a group of patients with documented history of adverse cutaneous reactions to P and N associated or not to classic NSAIDs .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : We evaluated the tolerability of <span class="chemical">CE</span> in a group of patients with documented history of adverse cutaneous reactions to <span class="chemical">P</span> and <span class="chemical">N</span> associated or not to classic NSAIDs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : We studied 9 patients with hypersensitivity to P and N with or without associated reactions to classic NSAIDs .
### Output Text: | METHODS : We studied 9 patients with hypersensitivity to <span class="chemical">P</span> and <span class="chemical">N</span> with or without associated reactions to classic NSAIDs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The diagnosis of P and N - induced skin reactions was based in vivo challenge .
### Output Text: | The diagnosis of <span class="chemical">P</span> and <span class="chemical">N</span> - induced skin reactions was based in vivo challenge . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The placebo was blindly administered at the beginning of each challenge .
### Output Text: | The placebo was blindly administered at the beginning of each challenge . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: After three days , a cumulative dosage of 200 mg of CE in refracted doses were given .
### Output Text: | After three days , a cumulative dosage of 200 mg of <span class="chemical">CE</span> in refracted doses were given . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 2 - 3 days , a single dose of 200 mg was administered .
### Output Text: | After 2 - 3 days , a single dose of 200 mg was administered . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: All patients were observed for 6 hours after each challenge , and controlled again after 24 hours to exclude delayed reactions .
### Output Text: | All patients were observed for 6 hours after each challenge , and controlled again after 24 hours to exclude delayed reactions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The challenge was considered positive if one or more of the following appeared : erythema , rush or urticaria - angioedema .
### Output Text: | The challenge was considered positive if one or more of the following appeared : erythema , rush or urticaria - angioedema . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : No reaction was observed with placebo and eight patients ( 88 . 8 % ) tolerated CE .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : No reaction was observed with placebo and eight patients ( 88 . 8 % ) tolerated <span class="chemical">CE</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Only one patient developed a moderate angioedema of the lips .
### Output Text: | Only one patient developed a moderate angioedema of the lips . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Only one hypersensitivity reaction to CE was documented among 9 P and N - highly NSAIDs intolerant patients .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Only one hypersensitivity reaction to <span class="chemical">CE</span> was documented among 9 <span class="chemical">P</span> and <span class="chemical">N</span> - highly NSAIDs intolerant patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thus , we conclude that CE is a reasonably safe alternative to be used in subjects who do not tolerate P and N .
### Output Text: | Thus , we conclude that <span class="chemical">CE</span> is a reasonably safe alternative to be used in subjects who do not tolerate <span class="chemical">P</span> and <span class="chemical">N</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Case - control study of regular analgesic and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory use and end - stage renal disease .
### Output Text: | Case - control study of regular analgesic and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory use and end - stage renal disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Studies on the association between the long - term use of aspirin and other analgesic and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) have given conflicting results .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Studies on the association between the long - term use of <span class="chemical">aspirin</span> and other analgesic and nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) have given conflicting results . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In order to examine this association , a case - control study with incident cases of ESRD was carried out .
### Output Text: | In order to examine this association , a case - control study with incident cases of ESRD was carried out . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : The cases were all patients entering the local dialysis program because of ESRD in the study area between June 1 , 1995 and November 30 , 1997 .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The cases were all patients entering the local dialysis program because of ESRD in the study area between June 1 , 1995 and November 30 , 1997 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: They were classified according to the underlying disease , which had presumably led them to ESRD .
### Output Text: | They were classified according to the underlying disease , which had presumably led them to ESRD . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Controls were patients admitted to the same hospitals from where the cases arose , also matched by age and sex .
### Output Text: | Controls were patients admitted to the same hospitals from where the cases arose , also matched by age and sex . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Odds ratios were calculated using a conditional logistic model , including potential confounding factors , both for the whole study population and for the various underlying diseases .
### Output Text: | Odds ratios were calculated using a conditional logistic model , including potential confounding factors , both for the whole study population and for the various underlying diseases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Five hundred and eighty - three cases and 1190 controls were included in the analysis .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Five hundred and eighty - three cases and 1190 controls were included in the analysis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Long - term use of any analgesic was associated with an overall odds ratio of 1 . 22 ( 95 % CI , 0 . 89 - 1 . 66 ) .
### Output Text: | Long - term use of any analgesic was associated with an overall odds ratio of 1 . 22 ( 95 % CI , 0 . 89 - 1 . 66 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: For specific groups of drugs , the risks were 1 . 56 ( 1 . 05 - 2 . 30 ) for aspirin , 1 . 03 ( 0 . 60 - 1 . 76 ) for pyrazolones , 0 . 80 ( 0 . 39 - 1 . 63 ) for paracetamol , and 0 . 94 ( 0 . 57 - 1 . 56 ) for nonaspirin NSAIDs .
### Output Text: | For specific groups of drugs , the risks were 1 . 56 ( 1 . 05 - 2 . 30 ) for <span class="chemical">aspirin</span> , 1 . 03 ( 0 . 60 - 1 . 76 ) for <span class="chemical">pyrazolones</span> , 0 . 80 ( 0 . 39 - 1 . 63 ) for <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> , and 0 . 94 ( 0 . 57 - 1 . 56 ) for nonaspirin NSAIDs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The risk of ESRD associated with aspirin was related to the cumulated dose and duration of use , and it was particularly high among the subset of patients with vascular nephropathy as underlying disease [ 2 . 35 ( 1 . 17 - 4 . 72 ) ] .
### Output Text: | The risk of ESRD associated with <span class="chemical">aspirin</span> was related to the cumulated dose and duration of use , and it was particularly high among the subset of patients with vascular nephropathy as underlying disease [ 2 . 35 ( 1 . 17 - 4 . 72 ) ] . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Our data indicate that long - term use of nonaspirin analgesic drugs and NSAIDs is not associated with an increased risk of ESRD .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Our data indicate that long - term use of nonaspirin analgesic drugs and NSAIDs is not associated with an increased risk of ESRD . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , the chronic use of aspirin may increase the risk of ESRD .
### Output Text: | However , the chronic use of <span class="chemical">aspirin</span> may increase the risk of ESRD . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two cases of amisulpride overdose : a cause for prolonged QT syndrome .
### Output Text: | Two cases of <span class="chemical">amisulpride</span> overdose : a cause for prolonged QT syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two cases of deliberate self - poisoning with 5 g and 3 . 6 g of amisulpride , respectively , are reported .
### Output Text: | Two cases of deliberate self - poisoning with 5 g and 3 . 6 g of <span class="chemical">amisulpride</span> , respectively , are reported . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In both cases , QT prolongation and hypocalcaemia were noted .
### Output Text: | In both cases , QT prolongation and hypocalcaemia were noted . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The QT prolongation appeared to respond to administration of i . v . calcium gluconate .
### Output Text: | The QT prolongation appeared to respond to administration of i . v . <span class="chemical">calcium gluconate</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Growth - associated protein 43 expression in hippocampal molecular layer of chronic epileptic rats treated with cycloheximide .
### Output Text: | Growth - associated protein 43 expression in hippocampal molecular layer of chronic epileptic rats treated with <span class="chemical">cycloheximide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : GAP43 has been thought to be linked with mossy fiber sprouting ( MFS ) in various experimental models of epilepsy .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : GAP43 has been thought to be linked with mossy fiber sprouting ( MFS ) in various experimental models of epilepsy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To investigate how GAP43 expression ( GAP43 - ir ) correlates with MFS , we assessed the intensity ( densitometry ) and extension ( width ) of GAP43 - ir in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus ( IML ) of rats subject to status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine ( Pilo ) , previously injected or not with cycloheximide ( CHX ) , which has been shown to inhibit MFS .
### Output Text: | To investigate how GAP43 expression ( GAP43 - ir ) correlates with MFS , we assessed the intensity ( densitometry ) and extension ( width ) of GAP43 - ir in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus ( IML ) of rats subject to status epilepticus induced by <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> ( <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> ) , previously injected or not with <span class="chemical">cycloheximide</span> ( <span class="chemical">CHX</span> ) , which has been shown to inhibit MFS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: METHODS : CHX was injected before the Pilo injection in adult Wistar rats .
### Output Text: | METHODS : <span class="chemical">CHX</span> was injected before the <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> injection in adult Wistar rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The Pilo group was injected with the same drugs , except for CHX .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> group was injected with the same drugs , except for <span class="chemical">CHX</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Animals were killed between 30 and 60 days later , and brain sections were processed for GAP43 immunohistochemistry .
### Output Text: | Animals were killed between 30 and 60 days later , and brain sections were processed for GAP43 immunohistochemistry . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Densitometry showed no significant difference regarding GAP43 - ir in the IML between Pilo , CHX + Pilo , and control groups .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Densitometry showed no significant difference regarding GAP43 - ir in the IML between <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> , <span class="chemical">CHX</span> + <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> , and control groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , the results of the width of the GAP43 - ir band in the IML showed that CHX + Pilo and control animals had a significantly larger band ( p = 0 . 03 ) as compared with that in the Pilo group .
### Output Text: | However , the results of the width of the GAP43 - ir band in the IML showed that <span class="chemical">CHX</span> + <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> and control animals had a significantly larger band ( p = 0 . 03 ) as compared with that in the <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Our current finding that animals in the CHX + Pilo group have a GAP43 - ir band in the IML , similar to that of controls , reinforces prior data on the blockade of MFS in these animals .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Our current finding that animals in the <span class="chemical">CHX</span> + <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> group have a GAP43 - ir band in the IML , similar to that of controls , reinforces prior data on the blockade of MFS in these animals . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The change in GAP43 - ir present in Pilo - treated animals was a thinning of the band to a very narrow layer just above the granule cell layer that is likely to be associated with the loss of hilar cell projections that express GAP - 43 .
### Output Text: | The change in GAP43 - ir present in <span class="chemical">Pilo</span> - treated animals was a thinning of the band to a very narrow layer just above the granule cell layer that is likely to be associated with the loss of hilar cell projections that express GAP - 43 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nicotine antagonizes caffeine - but not pentylenetetrazole - induced anxiogenic effect in mice .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Nicotine</span> antagonizes <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> - but not <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazole</span> - induced anxiogenic effect in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RATIONALE : Nicotine and caffeine are widely consumed licit psychoactive drugs worldwide .
### Output Text: | RATIONALE : <span class="chemical">Nicotine</span> and <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> are widely consumed licit psychoactive drugs worldwide . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Epidemiological studies showed that they were generally used concurrently .
### Output Text: | Epidemiological studies showed that they were generally used concurrently . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although some studies in experimental animals indicate clear pharmacological interactions between them , no studies have shown a specific interaction on anxiety responses .
### Output Text: | Although some studies in experimental animals indicate clear pharmacological interactions between them , no studies have shown a specific interaction on anxiety responses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : The present study investigates the effects of nicotine on anxiety induced by caffeine and another anxiogenic drug , pentylenetetrazole , in mice .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : The present study investigates the effects of <span class="chemical">nicotine</span> on anxiety induced by <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> and another anxiogenic drug , <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazole</span> , in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The elevated plus - maze ( EPM ) test was used to evaluate the effects of drugs on anxiety .
### Output Text: | The elevated plus - maze ( EPM ) test was used to evaluate the effects of drugs on anxiety . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Adult male Swiss Webster mice ( 25 - 32 g ) were given nicotine ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg s . c . ) or saline 10 min before caffeine ( 70 mg / kg i . p . ) or pentylenetetrazole ( 15 and 30 mg / kg i . p . ) injections .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Adult male Swiss Webster mice ( 25 - 32 g ) were given <span class="chemical">nicotine</span> ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg s . c . ) or saline 10 min before <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> ( 70 mg / kg i . p . ) or <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazole</span> ( 15 and 30 mg / kg i . p . ) injections . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After 15 min , mice were evaluated for their open - and closed - arm time and entries on the EPM for a 10 - min session .
### Output Text: | After 15 min , mice were evaluated for their open - and closed - arm time and entries on the EPM for a 10 - min session . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Locomotor activity was recorded for individual groups by using the same treatment protocol with the EPM test .
### Output Text: | Locomotor activity was recorded for individual groups by using the same treatment protocol with the EPM test . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : Nicotine ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg ) itself did not produce any significant effect in the EPM test , whereas caffeine ( 70 mg / kg ) and pentylenetetrazole ( 30 mg / kg ) produced an anxiogenic effect , apparent with decreases in open - arm time and entry .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : <span class="chemical">Nicotine</span> ( 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 mg / kg ) itself did not produce any significant effect in the EPM test , whereas <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> ( 70 mg / kg ) and <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazole</span> ( 30 mg / kg ) produced an anxiogenic effect , apparent with decreases in open - arm time and entry . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nicotine ( 0 . 25 mg / kg ) pretreatment blocked the caffeine - but not pentylenetetrazole - induced anxiety .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Nicotine</span> ( 0 . 25 mg / kg ) pretreatment blocked the <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> - but not <span class="chemical">pentylenetetrazole</span> - induced anxiety . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Administration of each drug and their combinations did not produce any effect on locomotor activity .
### Output Text: | Administration of each drug and their combinations did not produce any effect on locomotor activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Our results suggest that the antagonistic effect of nicotine on caffeine - induced anxiety is specific to caffeine , instead of a non - specific anxiolytic effect .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Our results suggest that the antagonistic effect of <span class="chemical">nicotine</span> on <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> - induced anxiety is specific to <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> , instead of a non - specific anxiolytic effect . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thus , it may extend the current findings on the interaction between nicotine and caffeine .
### Output Text: | Thus , it may extend the current findings on the interaction between <span class="chemical">nicotine</span> and <span class="chemical">caffeine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women .
### Output Text: | Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Hormone therapy ( HT ) is widely used for controlling menopausal symptoms .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Hormone therapy ( HT ) is widely used for controlling menopausal symptoms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It has also been used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease , osteoporosis and dementia in older women but the evidence supporting its use for these indications is largely observational .
### Output Text: | It has also been used for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease , osteoporosis and dementia in older women but the evidence supporting its use for these indications is largely observational . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : To assess the effect of long - term HT on mortality , heart disease , venous thromboembolism , stroke , transient ischaemic attacks , breast cancer , colorectal cancer , ovarian cancer , endometrial cancer , gallbladder disease , cognitive function , dementia , fractures and quality of life .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : To assess the effect of long - term HT on mortality , heart disease , venous thromboembolism , stroke , transient ischaemic attacks , breast cancer , colorectal cancer , ovarian cancer , endometrial cancer , gallbladder disease , cognitive function , dementia , fractures and quality of life . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the following databases up to November 2004 : the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) , MEDLINE , EMBASE , Biological Abstracts .
### Output Text: | SEARCH STRATEGY : We searched the following databases up to November 2004 : the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register , Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials ( CENTRAL ) , MEDLINE , EMBASE , Biological Abstracts . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Relevant non - indexed journals and conference abstracts were also searched .
### Output Text: | Relevant non - indexed journals and conference abstracts were also searched . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomised double - blind trials of HT ( oestrogens with or without progestogens ) versus placebo , taken for at least one year by perimenopausal or postmenopausal women .
### Output Text: | SELECTION CRITERIA : Randomised double - blind trials of HT ( <span class="chemical">oestrogens</span> with or without <span class="chemical">progestogens</span> ) versus placebo , taken for at least one year by perimenopausal or postmenopausal women . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Fifteen RCTs were included .
### Output Text: | DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS : Fifteen RCTs were included . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Trials were assessed for quality and two review authors extracted data independently .
### Output Text: | Trials were assessed for quality and two review authors extracted data independently . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: They calculated risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes .
### Output Text: | They calculated risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes and weighted mean differences for continuous outcomes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Clinical heterogeneity precluded meta - analysis for most outcomes .
### Output Text: | Clinical heterogeneity precluded meta - analysis for most outcomes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MAIN RESULTS : All the statistically significant results were derived from the two biggest trials .
### Output Text: | MAIN RESULTS : All the statistically significant results were derived from the two biggest trials . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In relatively healthy women , combined continuous HT significantly increased the risk of venous thromboembolism or coronary event ( after one year ' s use ) , stroke ( after 3 years ) , breast cancer ( after 5 years ) and gallbladder disease .
### Output Text: | In relatively healthy women , combined continuous HT significantly increased the risk of venous thromboembolism or coronary event ( after one year ' s use ) , stroke ( after 3 years ) , breast cancer ( after 5 years ) and gallbladder disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Long - term oestrogen - only HT also significantly increased the risk of stroke and gallbladder disease .
### Output Text: | Long - term <span class="chemical">oestrogen</span> - only HT also significantly increased the risk of stroke and gallbladder disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Overall , the only statistically significant benefits of HT were a decreased incidence of fractures and colon cancer with long - term use .
### Output Text: | Overall , the only statistically significant benefits of HT were a decreased incidence of fractures and colon cancer with long - term use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Among relatively healthy women over 65 years taking continuous combined HT , there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of dementia .
### Output Text: | Among relatively healthy women over 65 years taking continuous combined HT , there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of dementia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Among women with cardiovascular disease , long - term use of combined continuous HT significantly increased the risk of venous thromboembolism .
### Output Text: | Among women with cardiovascular disease , long - term use of combined continuous HT significantly increased the risk of venous thromboembolism . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: No trials focussed specifically on younger women .
### Output Text: | No trials focussed specifically on younger women . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: However , one trial analysed subgroups of 2839 relatively healthy 50 to 59 year - old women taking combined continuous HT and 1637 taking oestrogen - only HT , versus similar - sized placebo groups .
### Output Text: | However , one trial analysed subgroups of 2839 relatively healthy 50 to 59 year - old women taking combined continuous HT and 1637 taking <span class="chemical">oestrogen</span> - only HT , versus similar - sized placebo groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The only significantly increased risk reported was for venous thromboembolism in women taking combined continuous HT ; their absolute risk remained very low .
### Output Text: | The only significantly increased risk reported was for venous thromboembolism in women taking combined continuous HT ; their absolute risk remained very low . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS : HT is not indicated for the routine management of chronic disease .
### Output Text: | AUTHORS ' CONCLUSIONS : HT is not indicated for the routine management of chronic disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We need more evidence on the safety of HT for menopausal symptom control , though short - term use appears to be relatively safe for healthy younger women .
### Output Text: | We need more evidence on the safety of HT for menopausal symptom control , though short - term use appears to be relatively safe for healthy younger women . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Drug - induced liver injury : an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10 - year period .
### Output Text: | Drug - induced liver injury : an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10 - year period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND & AIMS : Progress in the understanding of susceptibility factors to drug - induced liver injury ( DILI ) and outcome predictability are hampered by the lack of systematic programs to detect bona fide cases .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND & AIMS : Progress in the understanding of susceptibility factors to drug - induced liver injury ( DILI ) and outcome predictability are hampered by the lack of systematic programs to detect bona fide cases . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A cooperative network was created in 1994 in Spain to identify all suspicions of DILI following a prospective structured report form .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A cooperative network was created in 1994 in Spain to identify all suspicions of DILI following a prospective structured report form . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The liver damage was characterized according to hepatocellular , cholestatic , and mixed laboratory criteria and to histologic criteria when available .
### Output Text: | The liver damage was characterized according to hepatocellular , cholestatic , and mixed laboratory criteria and to histologic criteria when available . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Further evaluation of causality assessment was centrally performed .
### Output Text: | Further evaluation of causality assessment was centrally performed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: RESULTS : Since April 1994 to August 2004 , 461 out of 570 submitted cases , involving 505 drugs , were deemed to be related to DILI .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Since April 1994 to August 2004 , 461 out of 570 submitted cases , involving 505 drugs , were deemed to be related to DILI . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The antiinfective group of drugs was the more frequently incriminated , amoxicillin - clavulanate accounting for the 12 . 8 % of the whole series .
### Output Text: | The antiinfective group of drugs was the more frequently incriminated , <span class="chemical">amoxicillin - clavulanate</span> accounting for the 12 . 8 % of the whole series . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The hepatocellular pattern of damage was the most common ( 58 % ) , was inversely correlated with age ( P < . 0001 ) , and had the worst outcome ( Cox regression , P < . 034 ) .
### Output Text: | The hepatocellular pattern of damage was the most common ( 58 % ) , was inversely correlated with age ( P < . 0001 ) , and had the worst outcome ( Cox regression , P < . 034 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Indeed , the incidence of liver transplantation and death in this group was 11 . 7 % if patients had jaundice at presentation , whereas the corresponding figure was 3 . 8 % in nonjaundiced patients ( P < . 04 ) .
### Output Text: | Indeed , the incidence of liver transplantation and death in this group was 11 . 7 % if patients had jaundice at presentation , whereas the corresponding figure was 3 . 8 % in nonjaundiced patients ( P < . 04 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Factors associated with the development of fulminant hepatic failure were female sex ( OR = 25 ; 95 % CI : 4 . 1 - 151 ; P < . 0001 ) , hepatocellular damage ( OR = 7 . 9 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 6 - 37 ; P < . 009 ) , and higher baseline plasma bilirubin value ( OR = 1 . 15 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 09 - 1 . 22 ; P < . 0001 ) .
### Output Text: | Factors associated with the development of fulminant hepatic failure were female sex ( OR = 25 ; 95 % CI : 4 . 1 - 151 ; P < . 0001 ) , hepatocellular damage ( OR = 7 . 9 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 6 - 37 ; P < . 009 ) , and higher baseline plasma <span class="chemical">bilirubin</span> value ( OR = 1 . 15 ; 95 % CI : 1 . 09 - 1 . 22 ; P < . 0001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Patients with drug - induced hepatocellular jaundice have 11 . 7 % chance of progressing to death or transplantation .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Patients with drug - induced hepatocellular jaundice have 11 . 7 % chance of progressing to death or transplantation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Amoxicillin - clavulanate stands out as the most common drug related to DILI .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Amoxicillin - clavulanate</span> stands out as the most common drug related to DILI . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Morphological evaluation of the effect of d - ribose on adriamycin - evoked cardiotoxicity in rats .
### Output Text: | Morphological evaluation of the effect of <span class="chemical">d - ribose</span> on <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> - evoked cardiotoxicity in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The influence of d - ribose on adriamycin - induced myocardiopathy in rats was studied .
### Output Text: | The influence of <span class="chemical">d - ribose</span> on <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> - induced myocardiopathy in rats was studied . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Adriamycin in the cumulative dose of 25 mg / kg evoked fully developed cardiac toxicity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Adriamycin</span> in the cumulative dose of 25 mg / kg evoked fully developed cardiac toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: D - ribose in the multiple doses of 200 mg / kg did not influence ADR cardiotoxicity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">D - ribose</span> in the multiple doses of 200 mg / kg did not influence <span class="chemical">ADR</span> cardiotoxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In vivo evidences suggesting the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of vancomycin - induced nephrotoxicity : protection by erdosteine .
### Output Text: | In vivo evidences suggesting the role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of <span class="chemical">vancomycin</span> - induced nephrotoxicity : protection by <span class="chemical">erdosteine</span> . |
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