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Babs Technologies 7

In 1983, a Boeing 767 (which thanks to its pilot's gliding skills landed safely and became known as the Gimli Glider) ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of Air Canada's first aircraft to use metric measurements. This accident was the result of both confusion due to the simultaneous use of metric and Imperial measures and confusion of mass and volume measures.

Ni ọdun 1983, Boeing 767 (ti o fẹ lati ọwọ awọn ọpọlọpọ rẹ ti o da lọ si ilẹ̀ nitori pe o ti gba ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ ti o jẹ Gimli Glider) ti o pa agbẹgbe nitori pe o ti ṣẹlẹ lẹẹmeji ninu kikọ awọn agbẹgbe ti Air Canada ti o jẹ ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ akọkọ ti o lo iwo. Aṣẹlẹ yi jẹ ẹri ti o ṣẹlẹ nitori ẹgbẹgbẹ ti o ṣẹlẹ nitori ti o ṣẹlẹ nitori awọn iwo ati awọn iwo Imperial ati ẹgbẹgbẹ ti o ṣẹlẹ nitori awọn iwo ati awọn iwo.

When planning his journey across the Atlantic Ocean in the 1480s, Columbus mistakenly assumed that the mile referred to in the Arabic estimate of 56⅔ miles for the size of a degree was the same as the actually much shorter Italian mile of 1,480 metres. His estimate for the size of the degree and for the circumference of the Earth was therefore about 25% too small.

Nigba to n se ayo re lati gbe oja aye ni Okun Atlantiki ni 1480s, Columbus se alailero pe maili to wa ninu idiyele Arabic fun apere 56⅔ maili fun apere degree jẹ ọkan pẹlu maili Italian ti o to 1,480 mita. Idije re fun apere degree ati fun igba aye jẹ bẹẹ 25% ti o ku.

NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices

NIST Handbook 44, Àwọn Àpẹẹrẹ, Àwọn Ọ̀ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀, àti Àwọn Iṣẹ́ Ọ̀ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ Mìíràn fún Àwọn Ọ̀nà Àgbéjáde àti Àgbéjáde

Quantity System Framework – Quantity System Library and Calculator for Units Conversions and Quantities predictions

Ile-ise Iwọn - Ile-ise Iwọn ati Kalkuleta fun Iwọn Iye ati Iwọn Iye

"Arithmetic Conventions for Conversion Between Roman [i.e. Ottoman] and Egyptian Measurement" is a manuscript from 1642, in Arabic, which is about units of measurement.

"Aṣẹ Iṣiro fun Iforukọsilẹ Igbẹhin Romanu [t.y. Ottoman] ati Ijọ Egyptian" jẹ iwe-ẹri ti ọdun 1642, ni ede Arabic, ti o jẹ lori awọn iye ifọkansi.

Olivier Noel Christian Anquier (born November 11, 1959), better known as Olivier Anquier, is a French Brazilian chef, businessman and television presenter.

Olivier Noel Christian Anquier (ti a bi November 11, 1959), to gbajumo bi Olivier Anquier, jẹ ọmọ ile Faranse-Brazil oniṣowo, oniṣowo ati oludari ere tẹlifisiọnu.

Anquier was born in Paris, France. He immigrated to Brazil in 1979 and became a naturalised Brazilian citizen in late 2007. Anquier was married for 15 years to actress Débora Bloch and had two children, Julia and Hugo. He is currently married to actress Adriana Alves. In addition to his work as a television host, he is also a businessman. His latest venture is the renowned restaurant L'Entrecot do Olvier in São Paulo.

Anquier jẹ́ ọmọ bíbí Paris, Faranse. Ó lọ sí Brazil ní ọdún 1979 ó sì di ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Brazil ní ọdún 2007. Anquier fẹ́ Débora Bloch, òṣèrébìnrin fún ọdún mẹrìndínlógún, ó sì bí ọmọ méjì, Julia àti Hugo. Ó fẹ́ Adriana Alves, òṣèrébìnrin lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́. Lọ́pọ̀ ìṣẹ́ rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olóòtú tẹlifíṣọ̀n, ó tún jẹ́ ọlọ́ṣẹ̀lú. Ìṣẹ́ rẹ̀ tuntun ni ilé ọ̀gbufọ̀ L'Entrecot do Olvier ní São Paulo.

Anquier commanded the cooking table in the View All programs in 2005 and 2006, coordinated by Paulo Henrique Amorim, Sunday Spectacular in 2006, 2007 and 2008 called Diário do Olivier (Olivier's Diary). Later, in 2007, he had a cooking framework at Programa da Tarde (Afternoon Programme), also in Rede Record. Had tickets for Band and continues today with the Diário do Olivier programme and the reality show, maids in Ação in the GNT.

Anquier jẹ oludari tabili ereje ninu View All programs ni 2005 ati 2006, ti Paulo Henrique Amorim se, Sunday Spectacular ni 2006, 2007 ati 2008 ti a pe Diário do Olivier (Olivier's Diary). Lẹhinna, ni 2007, o ni agbekalẹ ereje ni Programa da Tarde (Afternoon Programme), ti a tun se ni Rede Record. O ni tiketi si Band ati o si n sese ni Diário do Olivier ati reality show, maids in Ação ni GNT.

Trirachodontidae is an extinct, possibly paraphyletic family of cynognathian cynodonts from the Triassic of China and southern Africa. Trirachodontids appeared during the Early Triassic soon after the Permian-Triassic extinction event and quickly spread over a wide geographic area in a comparatively brief amount of time from 250 to 237 million years ago.

Trirachodontidae jẹ́ ẹbí cynognathian cynodonts tó ti sán àìlẹ̀gbẹ́, tó wà lára àwọn ẹbí tó wà ní Triassic ní China àti ilẹ̀ Áfríkà tó wà ní gúúsù. Trirachodontids fi hàn ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Triassic lẹ́yìn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Permian-Triassic extinction àti pé kò pẹ́ ẹ̀rọ̀ wọn kó jẹ́ gbogbo agbègbè tó wà ní àkókò tó kéré sí 250 sí 237 million ọdún sẹ́yìn.

Trirachodontids have wide skulls and short, narrow snouts. Two large holes called temporal fenestrae run along the back of the head and have a uniformly large width. Trirachodontids also have two large canine teeth and smaller cusped postcanines. Most of the features that distinguish trirachodonts from other cynodonts are found in their dentition.

Trirachodontids ni àwọ́n ẹlẹ́gbẹ́ tó gbòòrò, àti àwọ́n ẹnu tó kùn, kẹ̀kẹ̀. Mẹ́ta àwọ́n àpò tó tóbi tó ń jẹ́ temporal fenestrae ń gbé lọ́wọ́ ẹ̀yìn orí àti wọ́n ní ìfẹ̀ẹ́ gbòòrò. Trirachodontids tún ní àwọ́n ẹyin tóbi méjì àti àwọ́n ẹyin tó kùn tó ní àwọ́n ẹ̀rọ̀. Àwọ́n àṣẹ tó ń yọ trirachodonts kúrò lọ́wọ́ àwọ́n cynodonts míràn wà nínu àwọ́n ẹyin wọn.

Trirachodontids lived in semi-arid environments with seasonal rainfall. The bone structure of trirachodontids suggests that they grew quickly in seasons with high rainfall and slowly in less favorable seasons. One trirachodontid, Trirachodon, has been found in association with complex burrow systems. These burrows were probably used by many individuals to hide from predators, raise young, or stay warm.

Trirachodontids gbé ní àwọn àgbègbè tó ń gbóná, pẹ̀lú ojò oru tó ń rọ̀. Àyọ̀kẹ́lẹ̀ ẹ̀yà trirachodontids sọ pé wọ́n máa ń dàgbà nínú àwọn oṣù tó ń gbóná, àti máa ń dàgbà lọ́wọ́ nínú àwọn oṣù tó kò péye. Trirachodontid kan, Trirachodon, ti wọ́n rí pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹ̀bọ̀n àgbègbè tó ṣe pàtàkì. Àwọn ẹ̀bọ̀n wọ̀nyí jẹ́ ẹ̀bọ̀n tó ṣe pàtàkì fún àwọn ẹlẹ́sẹ̀ láti gbé, láti máa ọmọ, tàbí láti máa ṣe rọ̀.

Two subfamilies of trirachodontids are recognized: Trirachodontinae from Africa and Sinognathinae from China. Below is a cladogram from Gao et al. (2010) showing the phylogenetic relationships of trirachodontids:

Èka meji ti trirachodontids ni a mọ: Trirachodontinae lati Afirika ati Sinognathinae lati China. Lẹba ni cladogram lati Gao et al. (2010) ti a ṣe aṣẹ lori awọn ọna phylogenetic ti trirachodontids:

The cladogram above shows a monophyletic Trirachodontidae, but multiple studies have found the family to be paraphyletic with respect to the family Traversodontidae. Below is a cladogram from Hendrickx et al. (2020), who also recovered the members of the subfamily Trirachodontinae as a basal polytomy within the clade Neogomphodontia:

Kladogrami to sojuwa monophyletic Trirachodontidae, sugbon eto ile-ise pupo ti gba pe ile-ise naa je paraphyletic lati inu ile-ise Traversodontidae. Labe ni kladogrami lati Hendrickx et al. (2020), ti o si gba awon omo ile-ise Trirachodontinae bi basal polytomy ninu clade Neogomphodontia:

is a Japanese-born American orchestral conductor. He is Music Director of both the Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra in New London, CT; the Orchestra of the Southern Finger Lakes in Corning, NY; and the New Britain Symphony Orchestra. He had been Music Director of the Yale Symphony Orchestra of Yale University from 2005 to 2019, and currently he is Director of Orchestral Activity at the Connecticut College. He is also Music Director Laureate of the Portland Symphony Orchestra, in Portland, Maine, which he was Music Director from 1986 to 2006. Prior to Portland, he was Associate Conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra for six years, beginning in 1981. He also serves as Principal Conductor of the Vienna Modern Masters, in Austria since 1998.

Ni olorin oriki orilẹ-ede Japan ti a bi si Amerika. Oun ni Oludari Orin fun bi Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra ni New London, CT; Orchestra ti Southern Finger Lakes ni Corning, NY; ati New Britain Symphony Orchestra. O ti wa bi Oludari Orin fun Yale Symphony Orchestra ti Yale University lati 2005 de 2019, ati bayi o wa bi Oludari Iṣẹ Orilẹ-ede ni Connecticut College. Oun naa ni Oludari Orin Laureate fun Portland Symphony Orchestra, ni Portland, Maine, ti o ti wa bi Oludari Orin lati 1986 de 2006. Kii ṣẹyin Portland, o wa bi Oludari Orin Alatẹnumọ fun Houston Symphony Orchestra fun odun mefa, lati 1981. O tun ṣe bi Oludari Orilẹ-ede Akọkọ fun Vienna Modern Masters, ni Austria lati 1998.

Shimada has been a frequent guest conductor of the European orchestras such as the Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra, the Presidential Orchestra of Turkey in Ankara, the Borussen Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra, the Lithuanian State Symphony Orchestra, the Moravian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Bilkent Symphony Orchestra, the Izmir State Symphony Orchestra, the Karlovy Vary Symphony Orchestra, the Prague Chamber Orchestra, the Slovak Philharmonic, NÖ Tonkünstler Orchestra in Vienna, L'Orchestre national de Lille, in France, and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra at the Edinburgh Festival. He has conducted in Mexico, with la Orquesta Filhamonico de Jalisco in Guadalajara.

Shimada ti wa bi oludije olori orin oriki Europe bi Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra, Presidential Orchestra of Turkey ni Ankara, Borussen Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra, Lithuanian State Symphony Orchestra, Moravian Philharmonic Orchestra, Bilkent Symphony Orchestra, Izmir State Symphony Orchestra, Karlovy Vary Symphony Orchestra, Prague Chamber Orchestra, Slovak Philharmonic, NÖ Tonkünstler Orchestra ni Vienna, L'Orchestre national de Lille, ni France, ati Royal Scottish National Orchestra ni Edinburgh Festival. O ti di orin ni Mexico, pẹlu la Orquesta Filhamonico de Jalisco ni Guadalajara.

He has also guest conducted the Houston Symphony, Honolulu Symphony Orchestra, Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra, Knoxville Symphony Orchestra, San Jose Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops Orchestra, Pacific Symphony, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, and many other US and Canadian orchestras. He has collaborated with distinguished artists such as Itzhak Perlman, Andre Watts, Emanual Ax, Yefim Bronfman, Peter Serkin, Idil Biret, Janos Starker, Joshua Bell, Hilary Hahn, Nadjia Salerno-Sonnenberg, Cho-Liang Lin, James Galway, Evelyn Glennie, Barry Tuckwell, and Doc Severinsen.

O ti sọ orin fun awọn oriki orin bi Houston Symphony, Honolulu Symphony Orchestra, Chautauqua Symphony Orchestra, Knoxville Symphony Orchestra, San Jose Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops Orchestra, Pacific Symphony, Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, ati awọn oriki orin US ati Kanada pẹlu. O ti ṣe iranlọwọ pẹlu awọn olorin agba bi Itzhak Perlman, Andre Watts, Emanual Ax, Yefim Bronfman, Peter Serkin, Idil Biret, Janos Starker, Joshua Bell, Hilary Hahn, Nadjia Salerno-Sonnenberg, Cho-Liang Lin, James Galway, Evelyn Glennie, Barry Tuckwell, ati Doc Severinsen.

In addition to these activities, he has held the position as Artistic Advisor of Tulare Country Symphony Orchestra, Music Director of the Nassau Symphony Orchestra, in New York, Music Director of the Cambiata Soloists, a contemporary music ensemble in Houston, Music Director of the Shepherd School Symphony Orchestra at Rice University, and Music Director of the Young Musicians Foundation Debut Orchestra in Los Angeles.

Nigba ti a ba n fi awọn iṣẹ yii silẹ, o ti gbe ipo Artistic Advisor fun Tulare Country Symphony Orchestra, Music Director fun Nassau Symphony Orchestra, ni New York, Music Director fun Cambiata Soloists, egbe orin osere ni Houston, Music Director fun Shepherd School Symphony Orchestra ni Rice University, ati Music Director fun Young Musicians Foundation Debut Orchestra ni Los Angeles.

He was a finalist in the 1979 Herbert von Karajan conducting competition in Berlin, and a Fellow Conductor in the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, in 1983. He has received many awards and honors such as Ariel Musician of the Year in 2003 from the Ariel Records, ASCAP award, Portland Fire Department's Merit Award, the Maine Publicity Bureau Cultural Award, the Italian Heritage Society Cultural Award, Toshiyuki Shimada Day in Houston, Toshiyuki Shimada Week in Portland, Maine, and Toshiyuki Shimada Day in the State of Maine. In May 2006, he was awarded Honorary Doctorate Degree in Fine Arts by the Maine College of Arts.

O jẹ olubori ninu idije ọdọ Herbert von Karajan ti ọdọ ni Berlin, ati Fellow Conductor ni Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute, ni ọdun 1983. O ti gba ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹbun ati ẹyẹ bi Ariel Musician of the Year ni ọdun 2003 lati Ariel Records, ASCAP award, Portland Fire Department's Merit Award, Maine Publicity Bureau Cultural Award, Italian Heritage Society Cultural Award, Toshiyuki Shimada Day ni Houston, Toshiyuki Shimada Week ni Portland, Maine, ati Toshiyuki Shimada Day ni Ipinle Maine. Ni Oṣu Kẹrin ọdun 2006, a fun ni Honorary Doctorate Degree in Fine Arts ni Maine College of Arts.

Shimada is very active in the recording industry, namely with the Naxos, the complete Paul Hindemith's Piano Concerti with Idil Biret and Yale Symphony Orchestra, and with the Vienna Modern Masters label, conducting the Moravian Philharmonic, and currently he has fourteen Compact Discs. The newest CD titled "Toshiyuki Shimada Conducts" has been issued in April, 2007. He also records for the Capstone Records and the Albany Records. His recording of Renaissance, Baroque and Classical works with the Prague Chamber Orchestra and Prague Chamber Singers will soon to be released by the Trinity Music Partners, LLC, in the Vatican Music Library Collection label.

Shimada má aṣẹ pàtàkì nínú ẹ̀ka orin, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pẹ̀lú Naxos, àti àwọn orin Paul Hindemith's Piano Concerti pẹ̀lú Idil Biret àti Yale Symphony Orchestra, àti pẹ̀lú Vienna Modern Masters label, tí ó ń ṣe olori Moravian Philharmonic, àti bẹ́ẹ̀ náà ó ti ní irin-ẹ̀dẹ̀gbẹ̀rin Compact Discs. Àwo tuntun tí a pe àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ní "Toshiyuki Shimada Conducts" ti jáde ní Oṣù Kẹrin, ọdún 2007. Ó tún má a ń gbéjáde fún Capstone Records àti Albany Records. Àwọn orin Renaissance, Baroque àti Classical pẹ̀lú Prague Chamber Orchestra àti Prague Chamber Singers yóò tẹ̀le tán láti jáde pẹ̀lú Trinity Music Partners, LLC, ní Vatican Music Library Collection label.

Shimada has studied with many conductors including Leonard Bernstein, Herbert von Karajan, Herbert Blomstedt, Hans Swarovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, Sergiu Commisiona and David Whitwell.

Shimada ti kọ ẹkọ pẹlu oludije pataki ọpọ, gẹgẹbi Leonard Bernstein, Herbert von Karajan, Herbert Blomstedt, Hans Swarovsky, Michael Tilson Thomas, Sergiu Commisiona ati David Whitwell.

He was born in Tokyo and moved to the United States when he was 15. He has attended the University of Southern California, California State University, Northridge, and the University of Vienna for Music and Performing Art. He has also studied the clarinet with Dominick Fera in California and Rudolf Jettel in Vienna. He was selected as a fellow conductor for the Herbert Blomsted International Conducting Institute, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute.

A bi ni Tokyo, o si tesi lo si Orile-ede Amerika nigba to fe lo 15. O ti lo si Yunifasiti ti Southern California, Yunifasiti Ipinle California, Northridge, ati Yunifasiti ti Vienna fun Music ati Performing Art. O ti gbooro si clarinet pẹlu Dominick Fera ni California ati Rudolf Jettel ni Vienna. A yan an fun ipo olori onidiri fun Herbert Blomsted International Conducting Institute, ati Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute.

In the educational field, he has held a position of Associate Professor of Conducting in both the Yale School of Music and Department of Music in Yale University from 2005 to 2019. In the past, he has taught at the University of Southern Maine and Rice University, and was Artist Faculty of the Texas Institute of the Aesthetic Study.

Ninu agbo ile-eko, o ti gbe ipo Associate Professor of Conducting ni Yale School of Music ati Department of Music ni Yale University lati 2005 de 2019. Ni ayé atijó, o ti kó ni University of Southern Maine ati Rice University, ati pe o je Artist Faculty ti Texas Institute of the Aesthetic Study.

Asphyxia is a 2017 Iranian neo-noir film written, produced and directed by Fereydoun Jeyrani and starring Navid Mohammadzadeh, Elnaz Shakerdoust, Mahaya Petrosian and Pardis Ahmadieh.

Asphyxia jẹ fimu neo-noir ti orilẹ-ede Iran ti ọdun 2017 ti Fereydoun Jeyrani ko, se ati se afihan pelu Navid Mohammadzadeh, Elnaz Shakerdoust, Mahaya Petrosian ati Pardis Ahmadieh.

Liston Sprauve (May 17, 1944 – August 29, 2018) was a weightlifter who represents the United States Virgin Islands. He competed in the men's heavyweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Liston Sprauve (Mẹ́rin 17, 1944 – Ọ̀gọ̀ọ̀rún 29, 2018) jẹ́ elere idaji ọ̀wọ́ tí ó fẹ́ ẹ̀ka United States Virgin Islands. Ó kópa nínú àṣẹ́ àwọn ọkùnrin agbàrà ní Òlímpíkì Ìgbà Oru 1968.

Anopheles or Marsh Mosquitoes() is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognized; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. Anopheles gambiae is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – Plasmodium falciparum.

Anopheles tabi Marsh Mosquitoes() je genus ti mosquito ti a se akosile ati pe ni J. W. Meigen ni 1818. A gbooro si 460 species; nigba ti o ju 100 le fa malaria fun eniyan, o kere 30–40 ni a se fa parasites ti genus Plasmodium, ti o fa malaria fun eniyan ni awon agbegbe ti a se malaria. Anopheles gambiae ni apo kan ti a mo, nitori ipa re to ga ni ifowosowopo ti malaria parasite species ti o buru julo (fun eniyan) – Plasmodium falciparum.

Mosquitoes in other genera (Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Haemagogus, and Ochlerotatus) can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria.

Ero agbọn mẹta nínú ẹ̀yà míràn (Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Haemagogus, ati Ochlerotatus) lè ṣe irú ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí ó ń gbà àrùn, ṣùgbọ́n kì í ṣe àrùn malaria ti ẹ̀dá eniyan.

The ancestors of Drosophila and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and Anopheles clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World Anopheles species subsequently diverged between and . Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ~. The Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus clades diverged between and . A molecular study of several genes in seven species has provided additional support for an expansion of this genus during the Cretaceous period.

Ọ̀rọ̀ àwọn Drosophila àti àwọn ọ̀kọ̀ ẹ̀yẹ̀ ti ya kọja. Àwọn ẹ̀yẹ̀ culicine àti Anopheles ti ọ̀kọ̀ ẹ̀yẹ̀ ya kọja láàrin àti . Àwọn ọ̀kọ̀ ẹ̀yẹ̀ Anopheles ti Àgbáyé Àtijọ́ àti Àgbáyé Titun ya kọja láàrin àti . Anopheles darlingi ya kọja láti ọ̀kọ̀ ẹ̀yẹ̀ àrùn malaria ti Àfíríkà àti Ásíà ~. Àwọn ẹ̀yẹ̀ Anopheles gambiae àti Anopheles funestus ya kọja láàrin àti . Ìwádìí molecular ti àwọn jẹ̀nì mẹ́fa ní àwọn ẹ̀yẹ̀ mẹ́tàlá ti fún àpẹẹrẹ àkọ́kọ́ fún ìfẹ̀yẹ̀tì ti genus yii ní àkókò Cretaceous.

The Anopheles genome, at 230–284 million base pairs (Mbp), is comparable in size to that of Drosophila, but considerably smaller than those found in other culicine genomes (528 Mbp–1.9 Gbp). Like most culicine species, the genome is diploid with six chromosomes.

Genomu Anopheles, ni 230–284 million base pairs (Mbp), je okunfa ninu apẹrẹ si ti Drosophila, ṣugbọn ti o ku pọ si wọn ti a ri ni aaye culicine genomes (528 Mbp–1.9 Gbp). Bi ẹgbẹgbẹrẹ culicine ẹyin, genomu naa ni diploid pẹlu kromosomu mẹfa.

The only known fossils of this genus are those of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus Zavortink & Poinar contained in Dominican amber from the Late Eocene ( to ) and Anopheles rottensis Statz contained in German amber from the Late Oligocene ( to ).

Fosili to mọ eyi ti a mọ ni eyi ti Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) dominicanus Zavortink & Poinar ni eyi ti o wa ninu Dominican amber lati Late Eocene ( to ) ati Anopheles rottensis Statz ni eyi ti o wa ninu German amber lati Late Oligocene ( to ).

The genus Anopheles Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution) belongs to the subfamily Anophelinae together with another two genera: Bironella Theobald (Australia only) and Chagasia Cruz (Neotropics). The taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics – wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, chromosome structure, and more recently, on DNA sequences. In the taxonomy published by Harbach et al in 2016, it was shown that three species of Bironella: confusa, gracilis, and hollandi are phylogenetically similar Anopheles kyondawensis than other Bironella species. The same phylogeny also argues that, based on genetic similarity, Anopheles implexus is actually divergent from the common ancestor to the Anopheles genus, raising new questions regarding taxonomy and classification.

Ọ̀pẹ̀ Anopheles Meigen (pẹ̀lú ibi ipinle aye) jẹ́ ẹ̀yà kan ti ọ̀pẹ̀ Anophelinae pẹ̀lú mẹta ọ̀pẹ̀ miiran: Bironella Theobald (Nìjíríà kan) àti Chagasia Cruz (Neotropics). Ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ rẹ̀ kò pẹ̀ tẹ̀lẹ̀. Àyèjọ̀ sí ẹ̀yà wọ̀nyí kọ̀ wá láti ọ̀nà àwòrán – àmọ̀ ẹjẹ̀, àṣẹ̀ àti àṣẹ̀ àwọn ọmọde, àṣẹ̀ àwọn ọmọde, àṣẹ̀ kromosomu, àti ìgbà ti o ṣeé ṣe, lórí àṣẹ̀ DNA. Nínú ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ tí Harbach àti àwọn ẹlẹgbẹ́ rẹ̀ ṣe sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 2016, wọ́n fi hàn pé mẹta ẹ̀yà Bironella: confusa, gracilis, àti hollandi jẹ́ ọ̀pẹ̀ Anopheles kyondawensis tó jẹ́ ọ̀kan pẹ̀lú ọ̀pẹ̀ Bironella miiran. Ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ yìí náà sọ pé, nípa àṣẹ̀ ìbátan, Anopheles implexus jẹ́ ọ̀kan tó já sí ọ̀kan pẹ̀lú baba ọ̀pẹ̀ Anopheles, èyí mú kí àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tuntun bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí wọ́n nípa ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ àti àyèjọ̀.

The genus has been subdivided into seven subgenera based primarily on the number and positions of specialized setae on the gonocoxites of the male genitalia. The system of subgenera originated with the work of Christophers, who in 1915 described three subgenera: Anopheles (widely distributed), Myzomyia (later renamed Cellia) (Old World) and Nyssorhynchus (Neotropical). Nyssorhynchus was first described as Lavernia by Frederick Vincent Theobald. Frederick Wallace Edwards in 1932 added the subgenus Stethomyia (Neotropical distribution). Kerteszia was also described by Edwards in 1932, but then recognised as a subgrouping of Nyssorhynchus. It was elevated to subgenus status by Komp in 1937, and it is also found in the Neotropics. Two additional subgenera have since been recognised: Baimaia (Southeast Asia only) by Harbach et al. in 2005 and Lophopodomyia (Neotropical) by Antunes in 1937.

Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀yà yii ti di ẹ̀ka mẹfa, pẹ̀lú ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ nínú ẹ̀yà mẹrin, látàrí àwọn ọ̀nà àti ipò àwọn setae aláìṣe pẹ̀lú gonocoxites ti ẹ̀yà okunrin. Ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ ẹ̀ka mẹfa yii bẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú iṣẹ̀ Christophers, tí ó kọ́kọ́ ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò ẹ̀ka mẹta: Anopheles (pẹ̀lú ipò pọ̀), Myzomyia (tí a tún pe ni Cellia) (Àgbáyé Ọ̀tún) àti Nyssorhynchus (Neotropical). Nyssorhynchus jẹ́ èyí Frederick Vincent Theobald kọ́kọ́ ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò gẹ́gẹ́ bi Lavernia. Frederick Wallace Edwards ni ó ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò ẹ̀ka Stethomyia (pẹ̀lú ipò Neotropical) ní ọdún 1932. Kerteszia jẹ́ èyí Edwards ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò ní ọdún 1932, ṣùgbọ́n ó di ẹ̀ka mẹrin ti Nyssorhynchus. Komp ló ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bi ẹ̀ka mẹfa ní ọdún 1937, àti pé ó wà nínú Neotropics. Ẹ̀ka mẹrin míràn ti di ẹ̀ka mẹfa, Baimaia (pẹ̀lú ipò Southeast Asia) ní ọdún 2005, àti Lophopodomyia (Neotropical) ní ọdún 1937.

Two main groupings within the genus Anopheles are used: one formed by the Celia and Anopheles subgenera and a second by Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia and Nyssorhynchus. Subgenus Stethomyia is an outlier with respect to these two taxa. Within the second group, Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus appear to be sister taxa.

Egbe meji ni a lo si inu genus Anopheles: eyi kan je ti Celia ati Anopheles subgenera ati eyi keji je ti Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia ati Nyssorhynchus. Subgenus Stethomyia je outlier nipa awon meji taxa. Ninu egbe keji, Kerteszia ati Nyssorhynchus bawo ni sister taxa.

The number of species currently recognised within the subgenera is given here in parentheses: Anopheles (206 species), Baimaia (1), Cellia (216), Kerteszia (12), Lophopodomyia (6), Nyssorhynchus (34) and Stethomyia (5).

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀yà tó wà lábẹ́ subgenera wọ̀nyí wọ́n ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò wà ní ibi yìí (nínú àkòsí): Anopheles (206 ẹ̀yà), Baimaia (1), Cellia (216), Kerteszia (12), Lophopodomyia (6), Nyssorhynchus (34) àti Stethomyia (5).

Taxonomic units between subgenus and species are not currently recognised as official zoological names. In practice, a number of taxonomic levels have been introduced. The larger subgenera (Anopheles, Cellia and Nyssorhynchus) have been subdivided into sections and series which in turn have been divided into groups and subgroups. Below subgroup but above species level is the species complex. Taxonomic levels above species complex can be distinguished on morphological grounds. Species within a species complex are either morphologically identical or extremely similar and can only be reliably separated by microscopic examination of the chromosomes or DNA sequencing. The classification continues to be revised.

Awọn ẹ̀ka taxonomic ọ̀tun subgenus ati ẹ̀ka ko ni a npe bi orukọ zoological alayejo. Ni ibatan, awọn ipo taxonomic pọ̀ pọ̀ ti a fun ni. Awọn subgenera kekere (Anopheles, Cellia ati Nyssorhynchus) ti a pa si apẹẹrẹ ati series ti a sì pa si ẹgbẹ ati ẹgbẹ kekere. Lẹ́yìn ẹgbẹ kekere ṣe aṣẹju ẹ̀ka ni ẹ̀ka complex. Awọn ipo taxonomic lẹ́yìn ẹ̀ka complex le ṣe ayọkẹlẹ lori ilẹ̀ morphological. Awọn ẹ̀ka nínú ẹ̀ka complex jẹ́ morphologically tọntọ tabi tọntọ ju ati ko le ṣe ayọkẹlẹ ṣeṣe nikan ni pẹlu iyẹwu microscopic ti chromosomes tabi DNA sequencing. Ifasẹyi sọ ọ́ diẹ.

Subgenus Nyssorhynchus has been divided in three sections: Albimanus (19 species), Argyritarsis (11 species) and Myzorhynchella (4 species). The Argyritarsis section has been subdivided into Albitarsis and Argyritarsis groups.

Subgenus Nyssorhynchus ti je dida si aaye meta: Albimanus (19 species), Argyritarsis (11 species) ati Myzorhynchella (4 species). Aaye Argyritarsis ti je dida si aaye meji: Albitarsis ati Argyritarsis.

The Anopheles group was divided by Edwards into four series: Anopheles (worldwide), Myzorhynchus (Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical), Cycloleppteron (Neotropical) and Lophoscelomyia (Oriental); and two groups, Arribalzagia (Neotropical) and Christya (Afrotropical). Reid and Knight (1961) modified this classification and consequently subdivided the subgenus Anopheles into two sections, Angusticorn and Laticorn and six series. The Arribalzagia and Christya Groups were considered to be series. The Laticorn Section includes the Arribalzagia (24 species), Christya and Myzorhynchus series. The Angusticorn section includes members of the Anopheles, Cycloleppteron and Lophoscelomyia series.

Ọmọ ẹbí Anopheles jẹ́ káàkiri ilẹ̀ ayé ní ọ̀nà mẹ́rin: Anopheles (kókó ilẹ̀ ayé), Myzorhynchus (Palearctic, Oriental, Australasian àti Afrotropical), Cycloleppteron (Neotropical) àti Lophoscelomyia (Oriental); àti ẹgbẹ́ méjì, Arribalzagia (Neotropical) àti Christya (Afrotropical). Reid àti Knight (1961) yí ìṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ yìí padà àti kẹ́yìn sí iṣẹ̀dálẹ̀ subgenus Anopheles sí ẹgbẹ́ méjì, Angusticorn àti Laticorn àti ẹgbẹ́ mẹ́fà. A ṣe àjọyọ̀ ẹgbẹ́ Arribalzagia àti Christya bí ẹgbẹ́. Laticorn Section ní àwọn ẹgbẹ́ Arribalzagia (ẹ̀yà 24), Christya àti Myzorhynchus. Angusticorn section ní àwọn ẹgbẹ́ Anopheles, Cycloleppteron àti Lophoscelomyia.

Like all mosquitoes, anophelines go through four stages in their life cycles: egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The first three stages are aquatic and together last 5–14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature. The adult stage is when the female Anopheles mosquito acts as malaria vector. The adult females can live up to a month (or more in captivity), but most probably do not live more than two weeks in nature.

Bi aye mosquitoes, anophelines lo si awon ipe mefa ninu igbesi aye won: egg, larva, pupa, ati imago. Awon ipe meta akoko je awon ti o wa ninu omi ati won si je 5–14 ojo, gbero si iru ati iye ojo ti o wa. Ipe ti o tobi ni igba ti obinrin Anopheles mosquito n gba ipa bi vector malaria. Awon obinrin ti o tobi le aye fun ose meji (toba tobi ju be ni ipade), sugbon awon obinrin tobi ko tobi ju meji ojo ninu igbe.

Adult females lay 50–200 eggs per oviposition. The eggs are quite small (about 0.5 × 0.2 mm). Eggs are laid singly and directly on water. They are unique in that they have floats on either side. Eggs are not resistant to drying and hatch within 2–3 days, although hatching may take up to 2–3 weeks in colder climates.

Obìnrin agbalagba fi 50–200 eggs sí ojú omi nígbà kan. Awọn eggs wọnyi kò tóbi (bó sí 0.5 × 0.2 mm). Awọn eggs wọnyi jẹ́ dandan, wọ́n sì fi wọn sí ojú omi. Wọ́n wà lára awọn ẹ̀yà tí wọ́n ní floats ní ẹ̀gbẹ̀ ọ̀tun wọn. Awọn eggs wọnyi kò lè dínkù sí gbẹ̀gbẹ̀, wọ́n sì fi ọjọ́ 2–3 sí i hatching, bí kò ṣe wí pé hatching lè tàn sí ọjọ́ 2–3 ní àwọn agbègbè tó gbẹ̀gbẹ̀.

The mosquito larva has a well-developed head with mouth brushes used for feeding, a large thorax and a nine-segment abdomen. It has no legs. In contrast to other mosquitoes, the Anopheles larva lacks a respiratory siphon, so it positions itself so that its body is parallel to the surface of the water. In contrast, the feeding larva of a nonanopheline mosquito species attaches itself to the water surface with its posterior siphon, with its body pointing downwards.

Larva ẹ̀jẹ̀ máa ń ní orí tó ṣe pàtàkì pẹ̀lú ọ̀nà tí ó ń lọ fún unje, thorax tó pọ̀ síi, àti abọ̀mọ̀ tí ó ní ẹ̀jẹ̀ mẹ́sàn án. Ó ní ẹ̀jẹ̀. Nígbà míràn, larva Anopheles kò ní siphon tí ó ń ṣe àfẹ́fẹ́, nítorí náà ó máa ń ṣe ara rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ibùsùn omi. Nígbà míràn, larva tí ó ń lọ fún unje ní ẹ̀jẹ̀ tí kò sí Anopheles máa ń ṣe ara rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú siphon tí ó wà ní ẹ̀yìn rẹ̀, pẹ̀lú ara rẹ̀ tí ó ń lọ sí abẹ́.

Larvae breathe through spiracles located on the eighth abdominal segment, so must come to the surface frequently. The larvae spend most of their time feeding on algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms in the surface microlayer. They dive below the surface only when disturbed. Larvae swim either by jerky movements of the entire body or through propulsion with the mouth brushes.

Awọn ọmọ ẹja na gbona jade nipasẹ spiracles ti o wa lori ẹgbẹ abọmọ keji, nitorinaa, wọn yẹ ki wọn to de opin si ile aye lọpọlọpọ. Awọn ọmọ ẹja fi akọkọ ọpọlọpọ wọn lọ si inu alga, baktẹri, ati awọn microorganisms miiran ni opin microlayer. Wọn o si gbona si opin si ile aye nigbati wọn ba di idanwo. Awọn ọmọ ẹja na a gbona jade nipasẹ awọn iṣẹ aṣẹ ti awọn ara wọn gbooro tabi nipasẹ ifowosowopo pẹlu awọn brush ti oṣu.

Larvae develop through four stages, or instars, after which they metamorphose into pupae. At the end of each instar, the larvae molt, shedding their exoskeletons, or skin, to allow for further growth. First-stage larvae are about 1 mm in length; fourth-stage larvae are normally 5–8 mm in length.

Awọn larva dàgbà láti ọ̀nà mẹ́rin, tàbí instars, lẹ́yìn èyí wọ́n yípadà sí pupae. Ní ìparí ọ̀nà kọ̀ọ̀kan, awọn larva molts, yí exoskeletons wọn, tàbí skin, kí wọ́n lè dàgbà síwájú. Awọn larva ọ̀nà kọ̀ọ̀kan jẹ́ bíi 1 mm ní ìfẹ̀sẹ̀wọnsẹ̀; awọn larva ọ̀nà kẹrin jẹ́ bíi 5–8 mm ní ìfẹ̀sẹ̀wọnsẹ̀.

The process from egg-laying to emergence of the adult is temperature dependent, with a minimum time of seven days.

Iṣẹlẹ lati inu awọn ẹyin si igbega awọn agbalagba ni aṣẹjuwe nipasẹ oju opa, pẹlu akoko ti o kere julo ni ọjọ mẹwa.

The larvae occur in a wide range of habitats, but most species prefer clean, unpolluted water. Larvae of Anopheles mosquitoes have been found in freshwater or saltwater marshes, mangrove swamps, rice fields, grassy ditches, the edges of streams and rivers, and small, temporary rain pools. Many species prefer habitats with vegetation. Others prefer habitats with none. Some breed in open, sun-lit pools, while others are found only in shaded breeding sites in forests. A few species breed in tree holes or the leaf axils of some plants.

Awọn ọmọ ẹja wà nínú ibi ibẹ̀ pọ̀ pọ̀, ṣùgbọ́n ẹ̀yà pọ̀ pọ̀ fẹ́ràn omi tọ̀tọ̀, tí kò ṣe omi alágbède. Awọn ọmọ ẹja Anopheles ti wọ́n ti rí nínú omi ọ̀sàn tàbí omi okun, igbó mangrove, agbègbè ọka, awọn àpáta ọ̀fà, àwọn ẹ̀gbẹ̀ ọ̀sàn àti odò, àti awọn pọ̀tọ̀ omi òjò tẹmporari. Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀yà fẹ́ràn ibi ibẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ewéko. Àwọn míràn fẹ́ràn ibi ibẹ̀ tí kò sí ewéko. Àwọn míràn máa ń bí nínú pọ̀tọ̀ tó ń gbẹ̀rẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n àwọn míràn wọ́n máa ń bí nínú ibi ibẹ̀ tó ń gbẹ̀rẹ̀ ní igbó. Àwọn ẹ̀yà diẹ̀ máa ń bí nínú àpáta igi tàbí nínú àpáta ewé àwọn ọ̀gbìn.

The pupa (also known as the tumbler) is comma-shaped when viewed from the side. The head and thorax are merged into a cephalothorax with the abdomen curving around underneath. As with the larvae, pupae must come to the surface frequently to breathe, which they do through a pair of respiratory trumpets on their cephalothoraces. After a few days as a pupa, the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax splits and the adult mosquito emerges. The pupal stage lasts around 2–3 days in temperate areas.

Pupa (ti a tun mo si tumbler) je aro komma nigba ti a wo o lati ọna ọ̀tun. Ori ati thorax ti di ọkan pẹlu cephalothorax pẹlu abọmọ ti o n gbe lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹmeji lẹẹme

The duration from egg to adult varies considerably among species, and is strongly influenced by ambient temperature. Mosquitoes can develop from egg to adult in as little as five days, but it can take 10–14 days in tropical conditions.

Iṣẹju ọmọ ẹja títí di ọ̀dọ̀dún ń yàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn ẹ̀yà, àti pé ó ń gbà àṣẹ láti ọ̀tun àwọn ohun alágbède. Àwọn ẹja ọ̀dọ̀dún lè dàgbà láti ọmọ ẹja títí di ọ̀dọ̀dún nínú ọjọ́ mẹ́fà kọ̀ọ̀kan, ṣùgbọ́n ó lè mú ọjọ́ mẹ́wàá sí mẹ́rìnlá nínú àwọn ọ̀nà ilẹ̀ àti àwọn ọ̀nà òkun.

Like all mosquitoes, adult Anopheles species have slender bodies with three sections: head, thorax and abdomen.

Bi aye mosquitoes, awon Anopheles ti o tobi ni awon ara ti o nlo si meta: orí, thorax ati abada.

The head is specialized for acquiring sensory information and for feeding. It contains the eyes and a pair of long, many-segmented antennae. The antennae are important for detecting host odors, as well as odors of breeding sites where females lay eggs. The head also has an elongated, forward-projecting proboscis used for feeding, and two maxillary palps. These palps also carry the receptors for carbon dioxide, a major attractant for the location of the mosquito's host.

Orí ni a se atunṣe fun ṣe idanwo awọn ohun elo ati fun unje. O ni oju ati awọn anteni pẹlu ẹgbẹ mẹrin ti o pọ. Awọn anteni ni ohun ti o ṣe pataki fun idanwo awọn ohun elo ti o ba, gẹgẹ bi awọn ohun elo ti ibi ti awọn obinrin fi ẹja. Orí naa tun ni proboscis ti o ṣe pẹlu, ti o ṣe ifọwọsi fun unje, ati awọn maxillary palps mẹta. Awọn palps wọnyi tun mu awọn receptors fun carbon dioxide, ohun ti o ṣe pataki fun ibi ti o ṣe ifọwọsi fun ọkunrin ti mosquito.

The thorax is specialized for locomotion. Three pairs of legs and a pair of wings are attached to the thorax.

Akojọpọ ni a ṣe pataki fun ifowosowopo. Ojo mẹta ti aṣọ ati ojo kan ti idẹ ni a fi sori akojọpọ.

The abdomen is specialized for food digestion and egg development. This segmented body part expands considerably when a female takes a blood meal. The blood is digested over time, serving as a source of protein for the production of eggs, which gradually fill the abdomen.

Abọmọ ni a ṣe pataki fun digestion oru ati egg development. Eyi segmented body part ṣe pẹlu ọpọlọpọ nigbati obinrin gba blood meal. Blood ti a digestion lẹhin ọjọ, ti o si ṣe source of protein fun production of eggs, ti o si ṣe pẹlu abọmọ.

Anopheles mosquitoes can be distinguished from other mosquitoes by the palps, which are as long as the proboscis, and by the presence of discrete blocks of black and white scales on the wings. Adults can also be identified by their typical resting position: males and females rest with their abdomens sticking up in the air rather than parallel to the surface on which they are resting.

Anopheles mosquitoes leleyi leleyi lati mọ awọn ẹyin okeere miiran ni pẹlu awọn palps, ti o jẹ nọmba kan pẹlu proboscis, ati pẹlu ipilẹṣẹ awọn blọki alaṣẹ ati funfun lori awọn ẹyin. Awọn agbalagba leleyi tun le mọ ni pẹlu ipo wọn ti o wọpọ: ọkunrin ati obinrin gbe awọn abọde wọn giga ni aye, ki o to si pẹlu awọn ipo wọn lori aaye ti wọn gbe.

Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage. In most species, the males form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females fly into the swarms to mate.

Eje agbalagba mara din ni wọn máa ṣe àṣẹ́yìn láàrin ọjọ́ díẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n ti jáde láti ìpele pupa. Nínú ẹ̀yà púpọ̀, àwọn ọkùnrin máa ń ṣe àgbájọ̀ tó tóbi, bíi síwájú sísun, àti àwọn obìnrin máa ń lo sí àgbájọ̀ láti ṣe àṣẹ́yìn.

Males live for about a week, feeding on nectar and other sources of sugar. Males cannot feed on blood, as it appears to produce toxic effects and kills them within a few days, around the same lifespan as a water-only diet. Females will also feed on sugar sources for energy, but usually require a blood meal for the development of eggs. After obtaining a full blood meal, the female will rest for a few days while the blood is digested and eggs are developed. This process depends on the temperature, but usually takes 2–3 days in tropical conditions. Once the eggs are fully developed, the female lays them and resumes host-seeking.

Okunrin naa ma a ku fun ojo kan, nigba ti won n je nectar ati orisun miran ti suga. Okunrin ko le je eje, nigba ti o ba je eje, o ma a fa won ni ojo diẹ, ni ojo ti ojo kan, bi ojo ti won ba n je omi kan. Abo naa yoo si je orisun suga fun agbara, sugbon wọn ma nlo eje fun idagbasoke ti awọn ẹja. Lẹyin ti wọn ba gba eje tuntun, obinrin naa yoo sinmi fun ojo diẹ nigba ti eje naa ti di je, awọn ẹja naa si di idagbasoke. Iṣẹ yii ni a nlo ni aye, sugbon o ma n gba ojo 2-3 ni aye tropiki. Nigba ti awọn ẹja ti di idagbasoke tuntun, obinrin naa yoo fi awọn ẹja naa si ile, o si tẹsiwaju lati wa ọkunrin.

The cycle repeats itself until the female dies. While females can live longer than a month in captivity, most do not live longer than one to two weeks in nature. Their lifespans depend on temperature, humidity, and their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses.

Ipo ree naa nlo si ibeere ree titi obinrin ku. Sugbon, obinrin le e je ki o to opolopo ose ni ibi eje, oju obinrin to nlo ni ojo kan to mejeeji ni orisun. Iye won ni ajeji lori oju oru, ojo, ati awon agbara won lati gba eje kuro nipa ajeji awon ohun ti o nje.

In a study by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine researchers found that female mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites are significantly more attracted to human breath and odours than uninfected mosquitoes. The research team infected laboratory-raised Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites, leaving a control group uninfected. Then tests were run on the two groups to record their attraction to human smells. Female mosquitoes are particularly drawn to foot odours, and one of the tests showed infected mosquitoes landing and biting a prospective host repeatedly. The team speculates that the parasite improves the mosquitoes' sense of smell. It may also reduce its risk aversion.

Ninu iwe-aje ti ile-ẹkọ London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ṣe, awọn onimojuto ri pe awọn eje obinrin ti o ni malaria parasites ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn eje ti ko ni malaria loju aje ati awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Ẹgbẹ onimojuto naa ṣe aje awọn eje Anopheles gambiae ti a gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu awọn aṣẹju wọn ṣe aṣẹju awọn eje ti aṣẹju ti o ni malaria ti o gbe daga lati ile-ẹkọ pẹlu Plasmodium parasites, o si ṣe aṣẹju ẹgbẹ agbẹnusọ. Lẹhinna, wọn ṣe aṣẹju lori awọn ẹgbẹ meji lati yi awọn aṣẹju wọn si awọn odò oríṣiríṣi eniyan. Awọn eje obinrin ni aṣẹju ni pataki ju awọn odò ẹsẹ, ati pe ọkan ninu aw

Although malaria is nowadays limited to tropical areas, most notoriously the regions of sub-Saharan Africa, many Anopheles species live in colder latitudes (see this map from the CDC). Indeed, malaria outbreaks have, in the past, occurred in colder climates, for example during the construction of the Rideau Canal in Canada during the 1820s. Since then, the Plasmodium parasite (not the Anopheles mosquito) has been eliminated from first world countries.

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé arun malaria ti di ẹ̀yọ̀ sí agbègbè okun àti àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní apá gúúsù Sahara, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀yà Anopheles wà ní àwọn agbègbè tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì wà ní àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó sì w

The CDC warns, however, that Anopheles that can transmit malaria are found not only in malaria-endemic areas, but also in areas where malaria has been eliminated. The latter areas are thus constantly at risk of reintroduction of the disease.

CDC bẹ̀rẹ̀ pe, ṣugbọn Anopheles ti le fa malaria ni a ri ni ibi ti malaria ba ni, sugbọn ni ibi ti malaria ti pa ni. Awọn ibi keji yi ni a ri ni ibi ti o ni isoro lati pa osi ajeji ti ajeji yii.

Some species are poor vectors of malaria, as the parasites do not develop well (or at all) within them. There is also variation within species. In the laboratory, it is possible to select strains of A. gambiae that are refractory to infection by malaria parasites. These refractory strains have an immune response that encapsulates and kills the parasites after they have invaded the mosquito's stomach wall. Scientists are studying the genetic mechanism for this response. Genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to malaria possibly could replace wild mosquitoes, thereby limiting or eliminating malaria transmission.

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀yà ara wọn kò ṣe ẹ̀yà tí ó ṣeéṣe fún maleria, nítorí àwọn àrùn kò ṣeéṣe lára wọn (tàbí kò ṣeéṣe lára wọn). Èyí tún wà nínú ẹ̀yà. Nínú labọ, ó ṣeéṣe láti yan àwọn ẹ̀yà A. gambiae tí kò ṣeéṣe fún àrùn maleria. Àwọn ẹ̀yà tí kò ṣeéṣe fún àrùn yìí ní aṣẹ́ṣe ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ó ṣeéṣe àwọn àrùn àti pa wọn lẹ́yìn tí wọn ti bọ̀ sí ẹrọ ọmọ. Ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ jẹ́netiki fún aṣẹ́ṣe yìí. Ọmọ ọ̀jẹ̀ wẹ́wẹ̀ tí a ṣe àtúnṣe jẹ́netiki tí kò ṣeéṣe fún maleria lè ṣe àtìpó àwọn ọmọ ọ̀jẹ̀ wẹ́wẹ̀ tí ó wà nínú igi, èyí lè ṣe àfipamọ́ àgbẹ̀rẹ̀ maleria.

Understanding the biology and behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes can help understand how malaria is transmitted, and can aid in designing appropriate control strategies. Factors affecting a mosquito's facility to transmit malaria include its innate susceptibility to Plasmodium, its host choice and its longevity. Factors that should be taken into consideration when designing a control program include the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides and the preferred feeding and resting location of adult mosquitoes.

Imọ̀ ẹlẹ̀ẹ̀gbẹ̀ àti iṣe Anopheles ẹ̀jẹ̀ lè ṣe iranlọwọ lati mọ bi a ti ń gbà malaria, ati lè ṣe iranlọwọ ninu ifowosowopo awọn ọna igbọ̀n ti o da lori. Awọn ọna ti o n ṣe afihan pe ẹ̀jẹ̀ le gbà malaria ni pataki, ṣe pataki ni idunnu rẹ si Plasmodium, idije rẹ si ara ati igba rẹ. Awọn ọna ti yẹ ki a ṣe ayẹwo nigbati a n ṣe ifowosowopo ọna igbọ̀n ni idunnu ti awọn ẹ̀jẹ̀ ti malaria ni si awọn ọ̀ṣẹ̀ àti ibi ti awọn ẹ̀jẹ̀ agbalagba ti n ṣe iranlọwọ ati ibi ti wọn n ṣe iranlọwọ.

On December 21, 2007, a study published in PLoS Pathogens found the hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III from Cucumaria echinata, a sea cucumber found in the Bay of Bengal, impaired the development of the malaria parasite when produced by transgenic A. stephensi. This could potentially be used to control malaria by spreading genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to the parasites, although numerous scientific and ethical issues must be overcome before such a control strategy could be implemented.

Ni Oṣu Kejila 21, 2007, iwe-ẹkọ kan ti a ti sọ ni PLoS Pathogens ṣe aṣeyọri pe hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III lati Cucumaria echinata, a sea cucumber ti a ti ri ni Bay of Bengal, ṣe aṣẹjuṣe ati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe malaria parasite nigbati a ti ṣe transgenic A. stephensi. Eyi le ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe malaria nipasẹ igbekele aṣẹjuṣe mosquitoes ti a ti ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe parasites, ṣugbọn awọn ẹkọ ati ẹkọ ọmọ ẹkọ pẹlu awọn ẹkọ ọmọ ẹkọ ti a ti ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe lati ṣe aṣẹjuṣe

One important behavioral factor is the degree to which an Anopheles species prefers to feed on humans (anthropophily) or animals such as cattle or birds (zoophily). Anthropophilic Anopheles are more likely to transmit the malaria parasites from one person to another. Most Anopheles mosquitoes are not exclusively anthropophilic or zoophilic, including the primary malaria vector in the western United States, A. freeborni. However, the primary malaria vectors in Africa, A. gambiae and A. funestus, are strongly anthropophilic and, consequently, are two of the most efficient malaria vectors in the world.

Okun kan ti o je okun ise ni idiyele ti ojo Anopheles fi nkan eniyan (anthropophily) tabi eranko bi agbo tabi eye (zoophily). Anopheles ti o jo nkan eniyan ni ojo ti o dara ju lo lati gbe malaria parasites lati eni si oko. Ojo Anopheles pupo ko ni okun ti o jo nkan eniyan tabi eranko, ni ibatan si A. freeborni ti o je okun ti o gbe malaria ni apaguusu United States. Sugbon, okun ti o gbe malaria ni Afrika, A. gambiae ati A. funestus, ni ojo ti o jo nkan eniyan ju ati, nigbati ojo, ni meji ninu ojo ti o dara ju lo lati gbe malaria ni agbaye.

Once ingested by a mosquito, malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans. The time required for development in the mosquito (the extrinsic incubation period) ranges from 10–21 days, depending on the parasite species and the temperature. If a mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period, then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites.

Nigba ti mosquito ba ti mu malaria parasites jade, awon parasites malaria yio gba idiwọn ninu mosquito kii won to le fa aje si eniyan. Akoko ti o nilo fun idiwọn ninu mosquito (extrinsic incubation period) jẹ 10–21 ojo, gẹgẹbi iru parasite ati oju oru. Ti mosquito ko ba mu ojo ju akoko extrinsic incubation lo, yoo si ma le fa malaria parasites jade.

It is not possible to measure directly the lifespans of mosquitoes in nature, but indirect estimates of daily survivorship have been made for several Anopheles species. Estimates of daily survivorship of A. gambiae in Tanzania ranged from 0.77 to 0.84, meaning at the end of one day, between 77% and 84% will have survived.

A ko le se afikun iye igba ayeye awọn ẹ̀jẹ̀ nínú òkun, ṣùgbọ́n awọn ẹ̀ka ti aṣẹṣe ayeye ọjọ́ kan ti a ti ṣe fun ẹ̀ka Anopheles púpọ̀. Awọn ẹ̀ka ayeye ọjọ́ kan ti A. gambiae nínú Tanzania jẹ́ 0.77 sí 0.84, èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí pé ní ìparí ọjọ́ kan, láàrín 77% sí 84% yóò ti gbé ayé.

Assuming this survivorship is constant through the adult life of a mosquito, less than 10% of female A. gambiae would survive longer than a 14-day extrinsic incubation period. If daily survivorship increased to 0.9, over 20% of mosquitoes would survive longer than the same period. Control measures that rely on insecticides (e.g. indoor residual spraying) may actually impact malaria transmission more through their effect on adult longevity than through their effect on the population of adult mosquitoes.

Ti a ba gbagbo pe aye ojo orile-ede yi ko ni ifarada ni igba ewe ti aje, ju egberun larin awon obinrin A. gambiae ni yoo jade ojo 14 ti ojo orile-ede yi. Ti aye ojo orile-ede yi o ba jade si 0.9, ju egberun larin awon aje yoo jade ojo 14. Awon ohun elo ti o nlo lati pa aje (g. fi aje si oju ile) le yoo ni ipa tobi ju malaria transmission loju pe o ni ipa re si igba ewe ti aje ju pe o ni ipa re si awon aje ti jade.

Most Anopheles mosquitoes are crepuscular (active at dusk or dawn) or nocturnal (active at night). Some feed indoors (endophagic), while others feed outdoors (exophagic). After feeding, some blood mosquitoes prefer to rest indoors (endophilic), while others prefer to rest outdoors (exophilic), though this can differ regionally based on local vector ecotype, and vector chromosomal makeup, as well as housing type and local microclimatic conditions. Biting by nocturnal, endophagic Anopheles mosquitoes can be markedly reduced through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets or through improved housing construction to prevent mosquito entry (e.g. window screens). Endophilic mosquitoes are readily controlled by indoor spraying of residual insecticides. In contrast, exophagic/exophilic vectors are best controlled through source reduction (destruction of the breeding sites).

Ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹ̀fọn Anopheles jẹ́ awọn ẹlẹgbẹ̀ (n ṣiṣẹ́ ni àsìkò òru tabi àsìkò òwúrọ̀) tàbi awọn ẹlẹgbẹ̀ òru (n ṣiṣẹ́ ni àsìkò òru). Àwọn míràn n ṣe àkójọpọ̀ ní òkè (endophagic), èyí tókù n ṣe àkójọpọ̀ ní òde (exophagic). Lẹ́yìn àkójọpọ̀, àwọn ẹ̀fọn ẹjẹ̀ míràn fẹ́ràn láti sinmi ní òkè (endophilic), èyí tókù n ṣe àkójọpọ̀ ní òde (exophilic), ṣùgbọ́n èyí lè yàtọ̀ sí àpapọ̀ nípa àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀ àwọn agbegbe, àti àkójọpọ̀

Because transmission of disease by the mosquito requires ingestion of blood, the gut flora may have a bearing on the success of infection of the mosquito host. This aspect of disease transmission has not been investigated until recently. The larval and pupal gut is largely colonized by photosynthetic cyanobacteria, while in the adult, Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota predominate. Blood meals drastically reduce the diversity of organisms and favor enteric bacteria.

Nitori pe itaja arun nipasẹ onirunsele je ki o gba inu eje, flora ti o wa ninu ari le je ki o ni ipa ninu iwon ife arun ti onirunsele. Ipo yii ti itaja arun ko ti se asewo titi di oni. Ari omode ati pupa ti a koloni funfun nipasẹ cyanobacteria ti o se aso, nigbati ni agbalagba, Pseudomonadota ati Bacteroidota ni awon ti o po to. Ounje eje gba ipa pataki ninu ifojusi awon eranko ati se ife fun enteric bacteria.

Insecticide-based control measures (e.g. indoor spraying with insecticides, bed nets) are the principal ways to kill mosquitoes that bite indoors. However, after prolonged exposure to an insecticide over several generations, mosquito populations, like those of other insects, may evolve resistance, a capacity to survive contact with an insecticide. Since mosquitoes can have many generations per year, high levels of resistance can evolve very quickly. Resistance of mosquitoes to some insecticides has been documented with just within a few years after the insecticides were introduced. Over 125 mosquito species have documented resistance to one or more insecticides. The evolution of resistance to insecticides used for indoor residual spraying was a major impediment during the Global Malaria Eradication Campaign. Judicious use of insecticides for mosquito control can limit the evolution and spread of resistance. However, use of insecticides in agriculture has often been implicated as contributing to resistance in mosquito populations. Detection of evolving resistance in mosquito populations is possible, so control programs are well advised to conduct surveillance for this potential problem. In Malawi and other places, a shrub known as mpungabwi (Ocimum americanum) is used to repel mosquitoes.

Iṣẹ-ọna ti o ni ipa lori awọn ẹranko (gẹgẹbi fi ẹfọ sori ẹranko ninu ọkọ, awọn neti ọkọ) ni ọna akọkọ ti a fi pa ẹja ti o gbe ninu ọkọ. Ṣugbọn, lẹyin igba pipẹ ti a fi ẹfọ sori ẹranko fun ọdun mẹrin, awọn ẹja, bi awọn ẹranko miiran, le ṣe iranlọwọ, iye ti o le ṣe aisan ẹfọ sori ẹranko. Nigbati ẹja le ni ọdun pupọ ni ọdun kan, awọn ipo wọpọ ti iranlọwọ le ṣẹlẹ̀ laipe. Iranlọwọ awọn ẹja si awọn ẹfọ sori ẹranko ti a ṣe aṣẹ. 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With substantial numbers of malaria cases affecting people around the globe, in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where millions of children are killed by this infectious disease, eradication is back on the global health agenda.

Pẹ̀lú àwọn iye tí ó ń ṣe àìsàn maleria ń pa àwọn ènìyàn gbogbo ayé, ní àgbègbè okun ati àgbègbè okun àríwá, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ ní apá Gúúsù Sahara ilẹ̀ Áfríkà, ibi àwọn ọmọde mẹ́rin lọ́rùn ún pa nípa àrùn àìsàn yìí, ìparun wọn ti padà sí àgbéjáde lórí àgbéjáde ìlera ayé.

Although malaria has existed since ancient times, its eradication was possible in Europe, North America, the Caribbean and parts of Asia and southern Central America during the first regional elimination campaigns in the late 1940s. However, the same results were not achieved in sub-Saharan Africa.

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé málárià ti wà láti ìgbà àtijọ́, ìparun rẹ̀ ṣe é ṣe lọ́wọ́ ní Europe, North America, Caribbean àti apá kan ti Asia àti Central America ní àkókò àkọ́kọ́ àwọn iṣẹ́ ìparun agbègbè ní ọdún 1940. Ṣùgbọ́n, àwọn èrè yìí kò ṣe é ṣe lọ́wọ́ ní apá Gúúsù Sahara Africa.

Though the World Health Organization adopted a formal policy on the control and eradication of the malaria parasite since 1955, only recently, after the Gates Malaria Forum in October 2007, did key organizations start the debate on the pros and cons of redefining eradication as a goal to control malaria.

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé Àjọ Ìlera Àgbáyé ti gbé àṣẹ àti ìgbékalẹ̀ṣẹ̀ lórí ìdènà àti ìparun malaria láti ọdún 1955, ṣùgbọ́n ó ṣeé ṣe kí àwọn àjọ àgbà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ìròyìn lórí àwọn ẹ̀jẹ̀ àti àwọn àìṣedeede ti ìdènà gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ láti gbé malaria kalẹ̀, lẹ́yìn ìpàdé Gates Malaria Forum ní oṣù kẹ̀wá ọdún 2007.

Clearly, the cost of preventing malaria is much less than treating the disease, in the long run. However, eradication of mosquitoes is not an easy task. For effective prevention of malaria, some conditions should be met, such as conducive conditions in the country, data collection about the disease, targeted technical approaches to the problem, very active and committed leadership, total governmental support, sufficient monetary resources, community involvement, and skilled technicians from different fields, as well as an adequate implementation.

Nipa dandan, owó ègbón ti a nlo láti dènà malaria jẹ́ kéré sí owó ègbón ti a nlo láti gbà malaria, ní ìgbà ti o tó. Ṣùgbọ́n, ìparun ìgbón ti a npe ni anofelesi kò jẹ́ iṣẹ́ rọrùn. Fún ìdènà malaria ti o dara, àwọn ọ̀nà kan wọn gbọdọ̀ jẹ́, bíi àwọn ọ̀nà ti o dara pẹ̀lú orílẹ̀-èdè, àkọsílẹ̀ nípa àrùn náà, àwọn ọ̀nà ìṣèjọba tí o dara pẹ̀lú ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n lára, àwọn olórí tí wọ́n ń gbéwọ́n

Currently, there are proposals to eradicate Anopheles gambiae, the main vector for malaria, with a CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system. This system aims to eradicate the species through introducing a gene that would cause female sterility, thus causing the gene to be unable to replicate. It has been demonstrated in a study by Kyrou et al that such a gene drive system can suppress an entire caged An. gambiae population through targeting and deleting the dsx gene, which is vital for female fertility. By utilizing the conservation tendencies of selfish genes, Kyrou et al demonstrated full suppression of the population within 7–11 generations, typically less than a year. Of course, this has raised concerns with both the efficiency of a gene drive system as well as the ethical and ecological impact of such an eradication program. Therefore, there have been efforts to use the gene drive system to more efficiently introduce genes of Plasmodium resistance into the species, such as targeting and knocking out the FREP1 gene in Anopheles gambiae. Such systems may generate less ecological impact, as the species are not removed from the ecosystem, though concerns regarding efficiency still linger.

Ní ìgbà yìí, wọ́n ń ṣe àkósojọ láti pa Anopheles gambiae, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, pẹ̀lú CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive system. Ìṣẹ̀jáde yìí ń lọ láti pa ẹ̀yà yìí nípa kí ó fi èyí tí yóò fa àìlègbègbè obìnrin, èyí yóò fa kí èyí kí ó lè ṣe àkósojọ. Wọ́n ti fi ìwádìí hàn nípa Kyrou et al pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià. Nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, Kyrou et al fi ìwádìí hàn pé èyí tí ó jẹ́ gene drive system lè dènà àwọn ènìyàn An. gambiae nípa kí ó fi èyí tí ó jẹ́ dsx gene, èyí tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málárià, tí ó jẹ́ olùgbéjáde àrùn málá

Researchers in Burkina Faso have created a strain of the fungus metarhizium pinghaense genetically engineered to produce the venom of an Australian funnel-web spider; exposure to the fungus caused populations of Anopheles mosquitoes to crash by 99% in a controlled trial.

Onimo sayensi ni orile-ede Burkina Faso ti se iru kan ti olokun metarhizium pinghaense ti a se ifihan geeni lati se ife ti akala Australian funnel-web spider; igba ti a ba lo si olokun naa, to ba fa agbegbe Anopheles mosquitoes jade ni 99% ni aye ti a se.

A wide range of strategies is needed to achieve malaria eradication, starting from simple steps to complicated strategies which may not be possible to enforce with the current tools.

Ipo awọn ọna ọpọọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọlọpọ lọpọ

Although mosquito control is an important component of malaria control strategy, elimination of malaria in an area does not require the elimination of all Anopheles mosquitoes. For instance, in North America and Europe, although the vector Anopheles mosquitoes are still present, the parasite has been eliminated. Some socioeconomic improvements (e.g., houses with screened windows, air conditioning), once combined with vector reduction efforts and effective treatment, lead to the elimination of malaria without the complete elimination of the vectors. Some important measures in mosquito control to be followed are: discourage egg-laying, prevent development of eggs into larvae and adults, kill the adult mosquitoes, do not allow adult mosquitoes into places of human dwelling, prevent mosquitoes from biting human beings and deny them blood meals.

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìdènà àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ jẹ́ ẹ̀ka kan pàtàkì nínú ìṣẹ̀ṣe ìparun malaria, ìparun malaria nínú agbègbè kan kò ní ṣe é ṣe àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ Anopheles gbogbo. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, nínú North America àti Europe, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ Anopheles wà, àrùn náà ti wọ́n pa. Àwọn ìmúlòsẹ̀ àti ìṣẹ̀ṣe ọ̀rọ̀-ajé (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ilé pẹ̀tẹ̀lẹ̀ pẹ̀tẹ̀lẹ̀, àkọ́kọ́ ọ̀tun), bí wọ́n bá ṣe àpẹẹrẹ pẹ̀lú ìṣẹ̀ṣe ìdènà àwọn èròjà àti ìwòsàn tó ṣe é ṣe, máa ń ṣe àwọn ìmúlòsẹ̀ láti pa malaria kò sí ìparun gbogbo àwọn èròjà. Àwọn ìmúlòsẹ̀ tó ṣe pàtàkì nínú ìdènà àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ ni: má ṣe é ṣe àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ láti fi ẹ̀jẹ̀, má ṣe é ṣe àwọn ẹ̀jẹ̀ láti di àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ àti àwọn ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀, pa àwọn ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀, má ṣe é ṣe àwọn ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ láti wọ ilé àwọn ènìyàn, má ṣe é ṣe àwọn èròjà ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ láti gbé àwọn ènìyàn àti má ṣe é ṣe wọ́n ní àwọn ọ̀kẹ́rẹ̀ láti jẹun.

Research in this sense continues, and a study has suggested sterile mosquitoes might be the answer to malaria elimination. This research suggests using the sterile insect technique, in which sexually sterile male insects are released to wipe out a pest population, could be a solution to the problem of malaria in Africa. This technique brings hope, as female mosquitoes only mate once during their lifetimes, and in doing so with sterile male mosquitoes, the insect population would decrease. This is another option to be considered by local and international authorities that may be combined with other methods and tools to achieve malaria eradication in sub-Saharan Africa.

Aṣẹ̀ṣe yi nṣe nkan naa, ati iwe aṣẹ̀ṣe kan ti ṣe afihan pe ema mosquitoes ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari malaria. Aṣẹ̀ṣe yi nṣe afihan pe lilo ife sterile insect technique, ninu eyi ti awọn ẹlẹgbẹ okunrin ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari awọn ẹlẹgbẹ ti o ba jẹ ẹlẹgbẹ fun ipari

A number of parasites of this genus are known to exist, including microsporidia of the genera Amblyospora, Crepidulospora, Senoma and Parathelohania.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn àrùn tí ó wà nínú ẹ̀ka yii ni a mọ̀, pẹ̀lú microsporidia ti ẹ̀ka Amblyospora, Crepidulospora, Senoma àti Parathelohania.

Microsporidia infecting the aquatic stages of insects, a group that includes mosquitoes and black flies, and copepods appear to form a distinct clade from those infecting terrestrial insects and fish. Two distinct life cycles are found in this group. In the first type, the parasite is transmitted by the oral route and is relatively species nonspecific. In the second, while again the oral route is the usual route of infection, the parasite is ingested within an already infected intermediate host. Infection of the insect larval form is frequently tissue-specific, and commonly involves the fat body. Vertical (transovarial) transmission is also known to occur.

Microsporidia ti n gba awọn ipo omi ti kòkòrò, ẹgbẹ ti o ni mosquitoes ati black flies, ati copepods ọkan ṣe pẹlu awọn ti n gba awọn kòkòrò ilẹ ati ẹja. Meji ayé oríṣiríṣi wà nínú ẹgbẹ yii. Nínú ọkan, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ati kò sí àṣẹ àti àṣẹ. Nínú kejì, nigbati ọ̀nà orun jẹ́ ọ̀nà àṣẹ àti àṣẹ, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀nà orun, ọrọ-aje náà jẹ́ wíwọ̀ láti ọ̀

Few phylogenetic studies of these parasites have been done, and their relationship to their mosquito hosts is still being determined. One study suggested Parathelohania is an early diverging genus within this group.

Iṣẹ awọn ẹ̀yà-ẹ̀yà kọ̀ọ̀kan ti awọn aṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ wọ̀nyi ti a ṣe, ati pe ipa wọn si awọn ọ̀ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ wọn lọ́wọ́ ẹ̀yà-ẹ̀yà kọ̀ọ̀kan ti a ń ṣe niṣẹ́. Iṣẹ kan sọ pe Parathelohania jẹ ẹ̀yà-ẹ̀yà ti o ṣẹlẹ̀ ni ibẹ̀rẹ̀ ninu ẹgbẹ́ yii.

The jumping spider Evarcha culicivora indirectly feeds on vertebrate blood by preying on female Anopheles mosquitos. Interestingly, juvenile spiders choose the Anopheles over all other prey regardless of whether it actually is carrying blood. Juvenile spiders have adopted an Anopheles-specific prey-capture behavior, using the posture of Anopheles mosquitoes as a primary cue to identify them. Anopheles has a distinctive resting posture with its abdomen angled up. In this case, the spider takes a detour and approaches from behind the mosquito and under its abdomen, and then attacks from below.

Ara orí Evarcha culicivora máa ń jẹ ẹ̀jẹ̀ vertebrate nípa ẹ̀jẹ̀ obìnrin Anopheles. Ní ọ̀rọ̀ rẹ̀, ara orí ọ̀dọ̀mọdé yẹ́rẹ̀ Anopheles ju ẹ̀jẹ̀ mìíràn lọ, tó bá ti ń mú ẹ̀jẹ̀ lọ. Ara orí ọ̀dọ̀mọdé ti gbà ẹ̀jẹ̀ Anopheles, ẹ̀jẹ̀-gbẹ̀gbẹ̀, lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n máa ń lọ ara Anopheles gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfihàn àkọ́kọ́ láti mọ wọ́n. Anopheles ní ipò ìdínà pàtàkì pẹ̀lú ẹ̀yìn rẹ̀ títẹ̀ síwájú. Nígbà yẹn, ara orí náà máa ń lọ síwájú, ó sì máa ń bọ̀ wọ́n láti ẹ̀yìn, ó sì máa ń ṣẹ̀ wọ́n láti ìsàlẹ̀.

[https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases; Malaria]

[https://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ CDC – Ile-ẹkọ Ijọba Apapọ fun Aarun Iṣan, Ile-ẹkọ Aarun Parasitic; Malaria]

Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. – Links to the online mosquito catalog, keys for mosquito identification, images and information on medically important species and much more.

Ile-iṣẹ Biosystematics Walter Reed. – Apọ si katalogu mosquito online, awọn kii fun idanimọ mosquito, awọn aworan ati aṣẹ lori awọn ẹ̀ka ti o ṣe pataki fun ọjẹ ati bẹẹ bẹẹ.

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, common malaria mosquito on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures'' website

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, kòkòrò malaria ti o wọpọ julọ lori oju opo wẹẹbu University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures

Lake Volgo () is a lake in Ostashkovsky, Penovsky, and Selizharovsky Districts of Tver Oblast, Russia. The Volga River flows through the lake in its upper course. The area of the lake is , and the area of its drainage basin is . The urban-type settlement of Peno is located on the western bank of the lake.

Omi Volgo ( ) je omi kan ni Ostashkovsky, Penovsky, ati Selizharovsky Districts ti Tver Oblast, Russia. Odò Volga n gberu lati omi na ni apakan re to ga. Agbegbe omi na je , ati agbegbe omi na je . Ilu Peno wa ni apa iwoorun omi na.

Lake Volgo is the lowest of four big lakes which together form the Upper Volga Reservoir and which constitute the only remaining large natural lake system on the Volga. The other three lakes of the system are Lake Peno, Lake Vselug, and Lake Sterzh. Lake Volgo is located downstream of Lake Peno and consists of two parts (sometimes referred as Volgo I and Volgo II), one bent to the northeast and then to the southwest, and the second, which is bigger, oriented approximately west to east. The two parts are separated by a narrow channel. The Volga flows out from the easternmost corner, at the selo of Selishche, where the dam of the reservoir is located. The total length of the lake is about , the average depth is .

Omi Volgo ni omi to kere julo ninu omi mẹrin tobi ti o jọ pọ mọ Upper Volga Reservoir ati ti o jẹ ẹgbẹgbẹrẹ ọkan lọkan ti omi ọ̀tun ti aṣẹṣẹ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ lọ l

Since Lake Volgo is the lowest of the four Upper Volga lakes, its drainage basin includes the drainage basins of the others. This comprises most of Penovsky District, the southwestern part of Ostashkovsky District, the northwestern part of Selizharovsky District, as well as the southeastern corner of Andreapolsky District and minor areas in the north of Nelidovsky District. The Zhukopa River and the Kocha River are the biggest tributaries of the lake.

Nigba ti Lake Volgo jẹ okeere to kere julo ninu awọn okeere Upper Volga mẹrin, awọn ile-ẹjọ rẹ ni awọn ile-ẹjọ ti awọn miiran. Eyi gba ọpọlọpọ Penovsky District, ẹgbẹ agbegbe guusu-ilaorun Ostashkovsky District, ẹgbẹ agbegbe ariwa-ilaorun Selizharovsky District, gẹgẹ bi ẹgbẹ agbegbe guusu-ilaorun Andreapolsky District ati awọn agbegbe kekere ni ariwa Nelidovsky District. Odò Zhukopa ati Odò Kocha ni awọn odò to tobi julọ ti okeere.

Winsted is a city in McLeod County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,355 at the 2010 census.

Winsted jẹ ilu kan ni McLeod County, Minnesota, Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ni 2,355 ní ọdún 2010.

A post office called Winsted has been in operation since 1858. The city was named after Winsted, Connecticut. The name "Winsted" is a portmanteau created from the names of two towns, Winchester and Barkhamsted, located in Litchfield County, Connecticut. The Electric Short Line (commonly referred to as the Luce Line) provided freight and interurban passenger rail service to Winsted. Passenger service ended by the 1950s, and the tracks were abandoned by the Chicago & North Western Railway in 1972.

Ile-ẹkọ owo kan ti a n pe ni Winsted ti n ṣiṣẹ lati ọdun 1858. Ilu naa ni a npè ni Winsted, Connecticut. Oruko "Winsted" jẹ apẹẹrẹ ti a ṣẹ lati oruko awọn ilu meji, Winchester ati Barkhamsted, ti o wa ni Litchfield County, Connecticut. The Electric Short Line (ti a mọ si Luce Line) fun ni irinṣẹẹ ati irinṣẹẹ awọn eniyan ni Winsted. Irinṣẹẹ awọn eniyan pari ni ọdun 1950, ati pe awọn irinṣẹẹ ti ku ni ọwọ Chicago & North Western Railway ni ọdun 1972.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. McLeod County Roads 1, 5, 6, and 9 are the main routes in the community.

Gẹgẹ bi Ile-ẹkọ ti Orile-ede Amerika, ilu na agbegbe toti ti , eyi to ni ile ati ni omi. McLeod County Roads 1, 5, 6, ati 9 ni awọn ọna pataki ni agbegbe na.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,355 people, 947 households, and 596 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,017 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.5% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

Ninu odun 2010, o ni eniyan 2,355, ile 947, ati eya 596 ti ngbe ni ilu na. Oju eniyan ni . Ile itaja 1,017 ni awọn ile itaja ni oju eniyan . Awọn eniyan ilu na ni 97.5% funfun, 0.5% Afirika Amerika, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.9% lati awọn ẹya miiran, ati 0.6% lati ẹya meji tabi ju. Awọn Hispanic tabi Latino ti ẹya kọọkan ni 1.8% ti awọn eniyan.

There were 947 households, of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.1% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.03.

Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé wọn jẹ́ 947, èyí tí 33.4% wọn ní ọmọde tó ọmọ ọdún 18 lọ́wọ́ wọn, 46.9% jẹ́ ọkọ àti aya tí ń gbé pẹ̀lú ara wọn, 9.9% ní obìnrin olórí ilé tí kò sí oko wọn, 6.1% ní ọkunrin olórí ilé tí kò sí aya wọn, àti 37.1% kò sí ẹbí. 30.4% gbogbo ọ̀pọ̀ ilé wọn jẹ́ àwọn ọmọ ènìyàn, àti 11.6% ní ẹnikẹ́ni kan tí ń gbé lọ́nà tí ó tó ọdún 65 tàbí ju bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé tí ó tóbi jẹ́ 2.41 àti ọ̀pọ̀ ẹbí tí ó tóbi jẹ́ 3.03.

The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

Ọjọ orilẹ-ede ni ilu naa jẹ 36.3 ọdun. 26.1% awọn ti o gbe ni ilu naa jẹ lọwọ ọjọ 18; 7.2% jẹ lẹgbẹẹ ọjọ 18 ati 24; 27.9% jẹ lẹgbẹẹ 25 si 44; 23.6% jẹ lẹgbẹẹ 45 si 64; ati 15.2% jẹ 65 ọdun tàbí ju bẹẹ lọ. Awọn ọkọ ati obinrin ni ilu naa jẹ 49.3% ọkọ ati 50.7% obinrin.

Compared with the 2000 census, the 2010 census showed an increase of 261 individuals, and a .92% increase in diversity.

Lati mọ ọdun 2000, ọdun 2010 si fa aye si 261 eniyan, ati 0.92% aye ninu ife.

Winsted has both a winter and summer town festival. The Winsted Winter Festival features a lighted parade as well as various other activities. The Winsted Summer Festival features a parade, street dance, a sand volleyball tournament, the crowning of Miss Winsted, and various other activities. Winsted is also home to Winstock Country Music Festival. The proceeds from the music festival support the Holy Trinity Catholic school system.

Winsted ni ayẹyẹ ilu to ni ojo oru ati ojo ọrọ. Ayẹyẹ Winsted Winter Festival ni aṣọ ọlọrọ pẹlu awọn iṣẹẹ miiran. Ayẹyẹ Winsted Summer Festival ni aṣọ, ẹgbẹ ọja, ifẹṣẹ sand volleyball, ifilọlẹ Miss Winsted, ati awọn iṣẹẹ miiran. Winsted jẹ ile ibi ti Winstock Country Music Festival. Iṣẹgun ti ayẹyẹ orin naa ni lati ṣe iranlọwọ ile-iwe Holy Trinity Catholic.

In 2017, a new annual event came to Winsted that takes place on the Winstock Country Music Festival grounds called the Land Castle Summer Extravaganza. The Land Castle Summer Extravaganza is the largest ice fishing event of the summer. This event features ice fish house camping, music, vendors, information seminars, food, and more. This event is advertised as family friendly.

Ni ọdun 2017, ẹbun ọdun tuntun de Winsted ti o n ṣe lori ile-iṣẹ Winstock Country Music Festival ti a n pe ni Land Castle Summer Extravaganza. Land Castle Summer Extravaganza ni ẹbun oju omi ti o tobi julọ ti oṣu. Ẹbun yii ni aṣọju awọn ile-iṣẹ oju omi, orin, awọn oluṣowo, seminar bayi, oúnjẹ, ati bebe lo. Ẹbun yii jẹ eyi ti aṣẹṣe bi aṣẹṣe ẹbi.

There are two school systems in Winsted. The Howard Lake–Waverly–Winsted school district is the public school system which operates Winsted Elementary. The Catholic school system is made up of Holy Trinity High School, Holy Trinity Elementary School, and Tiny Trojans pre-school.

Ọkọ̀ọ̀kan ẹ̀kọ́ méjì wà ní Winsted. Agbègbè ẹ̀kọ́ Howard Lake–Waverly–Winsted ni ẹ̀kọ́ aládàání tí ó máa ṣe àṣẹ lórí Winsted Elementary. Agbègbè ẹ̀kọ́ Katoliki jẹ́ apá kan ti Holy Trinity High School, Holy Trinity Elementary School, àti Tiny Trojans pre-school.

90 Armoured Regiment was raised on 15 August 1979 by amalgamating three independent reconnaissance squadrons of the Indian Army Armoured Corps, the 90 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron of the Poona Horse regiment, 92 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron of 18th Cavalry regiment and 93 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron of the 65 Armoured Regiment.

90 Armoured Regiment je dide ni 15 Oṣu Agusta 1979 nipasẹ ifipamo awọn ẹgbẹ ọlọpọ ọlọpọ ti Indian Army Armoured Corps, 90 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron ti Poona Horse regiment, 92 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron ti 18th Cavalry regiment ati 93 Independent Reconnaissance Squadron ti 65 Armoured Regiment.

Though raised before a number of other armoured regiments, it took the number “90” from the senior-most among the reconnaissance squadrons that amalgamated to form this regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Manjit Singh Sawhney of 18 Cavalry was the first Commandant while Ris Maj Bhanwar Khan of 92 Indep Recce Sqn was the first Risaldar Major.

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ wípé èyí tí ó wà tẹ́lẹ̀ kọjá ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹgbẹ́ ológun ọ̀tẹ̀lẹ̀, ó gbà nọ́mbà “90” láti ọ̀dọ̀ ẹgbẹ́ ológun àgbélẹ̀gbẹ́ tó pọ̀ sí jọba láti da ẹgbẹ́ ológun yìí kalẹ̀. Lieutenant Colonel Manjit Singh Sawhney ti 18 Cavalry jẹ́ olórí àkọ́kọ́, èyí tí Ris Maj Bhanwar Khan ti 92 Indep Recce Sqn jẹ́ Risaldar Major àkọ́kọ́.

The regiment was raised under 10th Infantry Division at Pawan Da Chak in Jammu and Kashmir. The reconnaissance squadrons merged completely with their men and equipment.

Igba ti egbe awon ologun yi duro ni 10th Infantry Division ni Pawan Da Chak ni Jammu ati Kashmir. Awon egbe ajeokuta yi darapo papo mo awon ologun ati ohun elo wọn.

All three squadrons took part in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971. 90 (Independent) Reconnaissance Squadron with AMX-13 tanks was under 16 Independent Armoured Brigade of 54 Infantry Division in Shakargarh sector. 92 (Independent) Reconnaissance Squadron with their PT-76 tanks was part of the 163 Infantry Brigade and was in the Foxtrot (F) Sector. 93 (Independent) Reconnaissance Squadron, which was raised on 1 April 1970 with AMX-13 tanks was part of the 1st Armoured Division and saw action in the Punjab theatre.

Gbogbo awọn ẹgbẹ mẹta wọlé sí ogun Indo-Pakistan ti ọdun 1971. 90 (Ọlọdẹ) Ọlọdẹ Squadron pẹlu AMX-13 tanks jẹ ẹgbẹ 16 Ọlọdẹ Armoured Brigade ti 54 Infantry Division ni Shakargarh agbegbe. 92 (Ọlọdẹ) Ọlọdẹ Squadron pẹlu PT-76 tanks wọn jẹ ẹgbẹ 163 Infantry Brigade ati wọn wà ní Foxtrot (F) Agbegbe. 93 (Ọlọdẹ) Ọlọdẹ Squadron, ti a dide ni 1 April 1970 pẹlu AMX-13 tanks jẹ ẹgbẹ 1st Armoured Division ati wọn ri aṣẹ ni Punjab theatre.

Major Balraj Sharma of the regiment, while attached to 10 Battalion of the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry, was part of a counter-insurgency operation at Mongbung, Manipur. He and his quick reaction team were responsible for killing seven insurgents on 18 November 1995. He was awarded the Shaurya Chakra for his gallantry.

Major Balraj Sharma ti regimenti, nigba ti a fi si 10 Battalion ti Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry, je akosemose ninu akitiyan awon oloro-ogun ni Mongbung, Manipur. O ati team akitiyan re ti n gba laaye la nipa pa awon oloro-ogun meje ni 18 November 1995. A fun ni Shaurya Chakra fun ogun re.