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Title =>
Effects of nebulized dexamethasone on the respiratory microbiota and mycobiota and relative equine herpesvirus-1, 2, 4, 5 in an equine model of asthma
Abstract =>
Background:
Prolonged exposure to environmental antigens or allergens elicits an immune response in both healthy horses and those with mild asthma. Corticosteroids often are used to treat lower airway inflammation.
Objective:
To investigate the changes in equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1,2,4,5 glycoprotein B gene expression and changes in respiratory bacterial and fungal communities after nebulized dexamethasone treatment of horses with asthma.
Animals:
Horses with naturally occurring mild asthma (n = 16) and healthy control horses (n = 4).
Methods:
Prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of EHV-1,2,4,5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and 16S (microbiome) and ITS2 (mycobiome) genes with subsequent sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from nasal swabs and transendoscopic tracheal aspirates before and after 13 days treatment with nebulized dexamethasone (15 mg q24h) and saline (control).
Results:
Nebulized dexamethasone treatment decreased microbial diversity; relative abundance of 8 genera in the upper respiratory tract were altered. For both the microbiota and the mycobiota, environment had a dominant effect over treatment. Alternaria, an opportunistic pathogen and allergen in humans recognized as a risk factor for asthma, asthma severity, and exacerbations, was increased with treatment. Treatment affected relative quantification of the equine gamma herpesviruses (EHV-2 and -5); EHV-2 DNA levels increased and those of EHV-5 decreased.
Conclusions:
Nebulized dexamethasone treatment affected the upper respiratory tract microbiota, but not the mycobiota, which was overwhelmed by the effect of a sustained dusty environment.
Authors =>
Stephanie L. Bond | Matthew Workentine | Jana Hundt | UCVM Class of 2019 | James R. Gilkerson | Renaud Léguillette
published =>
First published: 03 December 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15671
|
Title =>
Cardiac cachexia in cats with congestive heart failure: Prevalence and clinical, laboratory, and survival findings
Abstract =>
Background:
Cardiac cachexia is common in people and dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the prevalence and effects of cardiac cachexia in cats are unknown.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of cachexia and its associations with clinical laboratory and survival data in cats with CHF.
Animals:
One hundred twenty-five cats with CHF.
Methods:
Medical records of cats evaluated during a 40-month period were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with cardiac cachexia using 7 different definitions. Clinical, laboratory, and survival data were compared between cats with and without cachexia.
Results:
Prevalence of cachexia ranged from 0 to 66.7% for the 7 definitions, with a prevalence of 41.6% using muscle condition score (MCS). Cats with cachexia (determined by MCS) were older (P < .001), more likely to have pleural effusion (P = .003), had significantly higher blood urea nitrogen (P < .001) and neutrophil concentrations (P = .01), and significantly lower body condition score (P < .001), body weights (P < .001), hematocrit (P = .007), and hemoglobin concentrations (P = .009). Survival time for cats with cachexia (determined by MCS) was significantly shorter than for cats without cachexia (P = .03). Cats that were underweight (P = .002) and cats with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) also had shorter survival times (P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The association between cachexia and reduced survival time emphasizes the importance of identifying and addressing this common problem in cats with CHF.
Authors =>
Sasha L. Santiago | Lisa M. Freeman | John E. Rush
published =>
First published: 03 December 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15672
|
Title =>
Investigation of astrovirus and bornavirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology
Abstract =>
Background:
Non-suppurative encephalitides in a variety of species, including humans and dogs, have been linked to infection by astroviruses and bornaviruses.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine whether or not ribonucleic acid of astroviruses or bornaviruses was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with clinically diagnosed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE).
Animals:
Twenty-five client-owned dogs evaluated by CSF analysis at a single university referral hospital.
Methods:
Prospective case-control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from clinically diagnosed MUE and control cases and evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the presence of astrovirus and bornavirus.
Results:
Neither astrovirus nor bornavirus nucleic acids were identified in CSF collected from 20 clinically diagnosed MUE and 5 control cases.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The negative results of this investigation suggest that astrovirus and bornavirus are not commonly detectable in CSF of dogs with MUE.
Authors =>
Audrey Collinet | Gabriel Garcia | Jim Wellehan | April Childress | Sheila Carrera-Justiz
published =>
First published: 30 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15677
|
Title =>
Amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance in urinary Escherichia coli antibiograms of cats and dogs from the Midwestern United States
Abstract =>
Background:
Antibiograms are stewardship tools that provide antimicrobial resistance data for regional bacterial isolates to guide treatment of infections.
Objectives:
To develop regional antibiograms of urinary Escherichia coli isolates from cats and dogs.
Animals:
Escherichia coli isolates cultured from feline (N = 143) and canine (640) urine from 2013 to 2017, from Kansas State University (N = 335) and private practice (N = 448) patients in the Midwestern United States.
Methods:
Retrospective review of urine culture and susceptibility results. Antibiograms were created for 10 commonly used antimicrobial agents using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes guidelines.
Results:
No isolates from cats were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate (susceptibility [S] ≤ 0.25/0.12) or amoxicillin (S ≤ 0.25); isolates from dogs had low susceptibility to amoxicillin 53% (S ≤ 8). Conversely, isolates from dogs had high susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate 92% (S ≤ 8/4), despite equal 90th percentile minimum inhibitory concentrations (8 μg/mL) for feline and canine populations. Resistance to other antimicrobials was uncommon (≤7% for isolates from cats, ≤14% for isolates from dogs).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The disparity in susceptibility for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate between isolates from cats and dogs likely reflects higher breakpoints for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs. Urine concentration data for these antimicrobials in cats might support a UTI-specific breakpoint for cats and increase potential therapeutic options for managing UTIs in cats with first-line antimicrobials. Decreased susceptibility among isolates from dogs to amoxicillin (53%) compared to amoxicillin-clavulanate (92%) might support amoxicillin-clavulanate as a better empirical choice for UTIs in dogs in this geographical region.
Authors =>
Kate KuKanich | Brian Lubbers | Brianna Salgado
published =>
First published: 28 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15674
|
Title =>
Role of electrolyte concentrations and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activation in the staging of canine heart disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Refractory congestive heart failure (CHF) and associated diuretic resistance are not well defined.
Objectives:
To characterize renal function, electrolyte concentrations, indices of diuretic efficacy, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation in dogs with naturally occurring heart disease (HD) in American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stages B1, B2, C, and D and to determine their usefulness in defining HD stages.
Animals:
Group 1:149 dogs with HD stages B1, B2, C, and D. Group 2:22 dogs with HD stages C and D.
Methods:
Group 1: Renal parameters, serum and urine electrolyte and diuretic concentrations, and urine aldosterone concentrations were measured. Medication dosages and measured variables were compared among stages. Correlation of furosemide dosages to serum concentrations was explored. Group 2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and RAAS components were measured and compared among CHF stages.
Results:
Serum chloride concentration was the best differentiator of HD stage. Furosemide PO dosages (≤6 mg/kg/day) were weakly correlated with serum furosemide concentrations, whereas higher dosages were not significantly correlated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor dosage and RAAS inhibition were greater in stage D, compared to stage C dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Hypochloremia is a useful marker for stage D HD in dogs. Poor furosemide dosage correlation to serum concentration may indicate variable and poor absorption, especially at higher dosages, advanced disease, or both. A small number of stage D dogs met proposed criteria for diuretic resistance. Greater RAAS inhibition in stage D versus stage C indicates effectiveness of RAAS-suppressive treatments in this group of dogs with refractory CHF.
Authors =>
Darcy Adin | Kari Kurtz | Clarke Atkins | Mark G. Papich | Shelly Vaden
published =>
First published: 26 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15662
|
Title =>
Graded balloon atrial septostomy for palliation of congenital pulmonary hypertension in a dog: A case report
Abstract =>
Case Description:
A 6-month-old intact female Maltese dog was presented for acute onset of syncope.
Clinical Findings:
The dog was presented for collapse upon excitement and exercise. It collapsed at discharge and suffered cardiopulmonary arrest. Echocardiography after resuscitation indicated severe pulmonary hypertension without evidence of intracardiac or extracardiac shunting. A presumptive diagnosis of congenital pulmonary hypertension was made.
Treatment and Outcome:
Initial treatment with sildenafil was effective at relieving syncope, but the extent of pulmonary hypertension as determined by serial echocardiography was unchanged. Graded balloon atrial septostomy was performed as a palliative procedure. Follow-up echocardiography identified a patent interatrial communication with bidirectional shunting. The dog remained asymptomatic 18 months after treatment.
Clinical Relevance:
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report in the veterinary literature of graded balloon atrial septostomy performed for therapeutic purposes. Further studies are required to determine if this palliative procedure is a beneficial treatment option for dogs with congenital or severe refractory pulmonary hypertension.
Authors =>
Justin Allen | Nathan Peterson | Kirstie Barrett | Anthony Llamas
published =>
First published: 26 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15666
|
Title =>
Congenital myasthenic syndrome in Golden Retrievers is associated with a novel COLQ mutation
Abstract =>
Background:
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a group of inherited disorders of neuromuscular transmission that may be presynaptic, synaptic, or postsynaptic. Causative mutations have been identified in 4 breeds including the Labrador Retriever, Jack Russell Terrier, Heideterrier, and Danish Pointing Dog.
Hypothesis/Objective:
Clinical and genetic characterization of a neuromuscular disorder in Golden Retriever (GR) puppies.
Animals:
Four GR puppies from California were evaluated for generalized muscle weakness beginning at weaning. Biological specimens were collected from the affected puppies, and familial information was obtained. Blood or buccal swabs were obtained from 63 unaffected GRs.
Methods:
Complete physical, neurological, electrodiagnostic, and histological evaluations and biochemical quantification of muscle acetylcholine receptors were performed. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the 17 exons of COLQ, and sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing. Variant frequency was assessed in unrelated GRs and a public database.
Results:
Clinical, neurological, and electrodiagnostic evaluations confirmed a disorder of neuromuscular transmission in a GR family. Sequencing of all exons and splice sites of a primary candidate gene, COLQ, identified a point mutation that predicts an amino acid substitution (G294R). The primary COLQ transcript was absent from affected muscle samples. All affected puppies were homozygous for the mutation, which was not detected outside this GR family or in other breeds.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We confirmed the diagnosis of a CMS in GR puppies and identified a novel COLQ mutation. The COLQ gene encodes the collagenous tail of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for termination of skeletal muscle contraction by clearing acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Clinicians and breeders should be aware of this CMS in GR puppies with an early onset of weakness.
Authors =>
Kate L. Tsai | Karen M. Vernau | Kathryn Winger | Danielle M. Zwueste | Beverly K. Sturges | Marguerite Knipe | D. Colette Williams | Kendall J. Anderson | Jacquelyn M. Evans | Ling T. Guo | Leigh Anne Clark | G. Diane Shelton
published =>
First published: 26 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15667
|
Title =>
Influence of penicillin treatment of horses with strangles on seropositivity to Streptococcus equi ssp. equi-specific antibodies
Abstract =>
Background:
Antibiotic treatment of horses with strangles is reported to impair the development of immunity to subsequent exposure to Streptococcus equi ssp equi (S. equi). However, apart from a single clinical report, evidence-based studies for this hypothesis are lacking.
Hypothesis/Objective:
To determine whether penicillin treatment during clinical strangles influences the development or persistence of seropositivity to S. equi-specific antibodies.
Animals:
A natural outbreak of strangles with 100% morbidity in 41 unvaccinated mature Icelandic horses.
Methods:
A prospective longitudinal study of acute clinical strangles from onset through full recovery approximately 10 months after the index case. Horses were monitored clinically 6 times for S. equi, as well as serologically for antibodies to antigens A and C of S. equi using an enhanced indirect ELISA. Seven horses received penicillin within 11 days of onset of fever (Group 1), 5 between 16 and 22 days after onset of fever (Group 2), and the remainder (Group 3, n = 29) received no antibiotics during clinical disease. The proportions of seropositive horses in each group were compared using an extension of Fisher's exact test with P < .05 as the level of significance.
Results:
Although all horses were seropositive to S. equi within 2 months of the index case, significantly fewer horses treated early (Group 1) remained seropositive by 4 to 6 months (P = .04 and .02, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Findings support earlier suggestions that penicillin administered during acute strangles can interfere with persistence of humoral immunity to S. equi.
Authors =>
John Pringle | Emma Storm | Andrew Waller | Miia Riihimäki
published =>
First published: 26 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15668
|
Title =>
Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Stefanie Kather | Niels Grützner | Peter H. Kook | Franziska Dengler | Romy M. Heilmann
published =>
First published: 23 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15638
|
Title =>
Long-term outcome of cats with acquired myasthenia gravis without evidence of a cranial mediastinal mass
Abstract =>
Background:
Acquired myasthenia gravis (AMG) is increasingly recognized in cats, yet information regarding the natural history of the disease, treatment, and outcome including occurrence of immune and spontaneous remission remains limited.
Objective:
To determine the long-term outcome of cats with AMG without evidence of a cranial mediastinal mass (CMM).
Animals:
Eight cats diagnosed with AMG without evidence of a CMM.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. The medical records of cats diagnosed with AMG between 2005 and 2018 from 2 veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed for inclusion. Inclusion criteria consisted of a diagnosis of AMG, thoracic imaging, serum biochemistry including measurement of creatine kinase, and a CBC. Exclusion criteria were the presence of an identifiable CMM, or administration of methimazole or carbimazole.
Results:
All cats had an excellent long-term outcome, achieving immune remission within 6 months of diagnosis, including 4 cats that did not receive any treatment and whose natural course of disease involved spontaneous remission. Clinical presentation was heterogeneous, and skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability induced or exacerbated by the wheelbarrow exercise stress test were the most consistent abnormalities associated with AMG.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Cats diagnosed with AMG without evidence a CMM have a favorable outcome and frequently achieve immune remission. Moreover, the natural history of AMG in cats includes spontaneous remission when there is no evidence of a CMM. Attempting to rule out the presence of a CMM therefore refines prognosis, and treatment is not always necessary in this disease population.
Authors =>
Thomas Mignan | Laurent Garosi | Mike Targett | Mark Lowrie
published =>
First published: 20 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15655
|
Title =>
Complications and outcome of cats with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts treated with thin film: Thirty-four cases (2008-2017)
Abstract =>
Background:
Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEHPSS) are rare in cats. Outcome after attenuation of CEHPSS with thin film has been described in a small number of cases.
Objectives:
To describe the clinical presentation, postoperative complications, and outcome of cats treated with thin film to attenuate CEHPSS.
Animals:
Thirty-four cats with CEHPSS were identified from the database of 3 institutions over 9 years.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Medical records were reviewed to identify cats with a diagnosis of a CEHPSS that underwent surgical attenuation. Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts were suspected from clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, and diagnostic imaging, and confirmed at exploratory laparotomy. Cats treated with thin film band attenuation were included. Postoperative complications and follow-up were recorded.
Results:
Complications were recorded in 11 of 34 cats. Deaths related to CEHPSS occurred in 6 of 34; 4 cats did not survive to discharge. Persistent seizures were the cause of death in 4 cats. Seizures were recorded in 8 of 34 cats after surgery; all these cats received preoperative antiepileptic drugs. Serum bile acid concentrations normalized in 25 of 28 of the cats for which data was available. Three cats had persistently increased serum bile acid concentrations and underwent a second exploratory laparotomy. One had a patent shunt, the other 2 had multiple acquired portosystemic shunts. Median follow-up was 8 months (0.5-84 months).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts attenuation using thin film in cats carries a good short- and mid-term prognosis if they survive the postoperative period. Seizures were the most common cause of death.
Authors =>
Paula Valiente | Mary Trehy | Rob White | Pieter Nelissen | Jackie Demetriou | Giacomo Stanzani | Benito de la Puerta
published =>
First published: 19 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15649
|
Title =>
Metronidazole treatment of acute diarrhea in dogs: A randomized double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Metronidazole is commonly administered to dogs with acute diarrhea, but there is limited evidence to support this practice.
Objective:
To investigate the effects of metronidazole administration on dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea.
Animals:
Thirty-one dogs, including 14 test population dogs and 17 controls.
Methods:
Randomized controlled clinical trial. Dogs with acute diarrhea in which causation was not determined by routine fecal diagnostic testing were randomly assigned to metronidazole treatment (10-15 mg/kg PO q12h for 7 days) or placebo. Fecal cultures and characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates also were performed. Owners maintained medication and fecal scoring logs, and fecal diagnostic tests were repeated on day 7.
Results:
The mean ± SD time to resolution of diarrhea for test population dogs (2.1 ± 1.6 days) was less than that for controls (3.6 ± 2.1 days, P = .04). Potential relationships of C. perfringens with acute diarrhea pathogenesis were not investigated, but only 3 of 13 (23.1%) test population dogs had persistent C. perfringens carriage at day 7, which was less than the 11 of 14 (78.6%) controls with persistent growth (P = .007).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Our results suggest that metronidazole treatment can shorten duration of diarrhea and decrease fecal culture detection of C. perfringens in some dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea. Additional studies are needed to assess the benefits and risks of routine use of metronidazole for this purpose because most dogs achieve resolution of diarrhea within several days regardless of treatment.
Authors =>
Daniel K. Langlois | Amy M. Koenigshof | Rinosh Mani
published =>
First published: 19 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15664
|
Title =>
Accuracy of a flash glucose monitoring system in dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis
Abstract =>
Background:
A factory-calibrated flash glucose monitoring system (FGMS; FreeStyle Libre) recently was evaluated in dogs with uncomplicated diabetes mellitus. It is not known if this system is reliable during diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Objectives:
To assess the performance of the FGMS in dogs with DKA and to determine the effect of severity of ketosis and acidosis, lactate concentration, body condition score (BCS), and time wearing the sensor on the accuracy of the device.
Animals:
Fourteen client-owned dogs with DKA.
Methods:
The interstitial glucose (IG) measurements were compared with blood glucose (BG) measurements obtained using a validated portable glucometer. The influence of changes in metabolic variables (β-hydroxybutyrate, pH, bicarbonate, and lactate) and the effect of BCS and time wearing on sensor performance were evaluated. Accuracy was determined by fulfillment of ISO15197:2013 criteria.
Results:
Metabolic variables, BCS, and time wearing were not associated with the accuracy of the sensor. Good agreement between IG measurements and BG was obtained both before and after DKA resolution (r = .88 and r = .93, respectively). Analytical accuracy was not achieved, whereas clinical accuracy was demonstrated with 100% and 99.6% of results in zones A + B of the Parkes consensus error grid analysis before and after DKA resolution, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Changes in metabolic variables, BCS, and time wearing do not seem to affect agreement between IG and BG. Despite not fulfilling the ISO requirements, the FGMS provides clinically accurate estimates of BG in dogs with DKA.
Authors =>
Eleonora Malerba | Chiara Cattani | Francesca Del Baldo | Gaia Carotenuto | Sara Corradini | Stefania Golinelli | Ignazio Drudi | Federico Fracassi
published =>
First published: 14 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15657
|
Title =>
Relationship between serum iohexol clearance, serum SDMA concentration, and serum creatinine concentration in non-azotemic dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Serum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are used as surrogate markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical practice. Data pertaining to the correlations between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine in client-owned dogs are limited.
Objectives:
To describe the relationship between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine in a population of client-owned dogs, and to compare clinical utility of SDMA to GFR estimation for detecting pre-azotemic chronic kidney disease.
Animals:
Medical records of 119 dogs that had GFR estimation performed via serum iohexol clearance between 2012 and 2017.
Methods:
Prospective study using archived samples. GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine results were reviewed and submitting practices contacted for outcome data. All dogs included in the study population were non-azotemic. Correlations between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine were determined by regression analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of different cutoffs for SDMA and serum creatinine for detecting decreased GFR were calculated, using a 95% confidence interval.
Results:
Serum creatinine and SDMA were moderately correlated with GFR (R2 = 0.52 and 0.27, respectively, P < .0001) and with each other (R2 = 0.33, P < .0001). SDMA >14 μg/dL was sensitive (90%) but nonspecific (50%) for detecting a ≥40% decrease in GFR. Optimal SDMA concentration cutoff for detecting a ≥40% GFR decrease was >18 μg/dL (sensitivity 90%, specificity 83%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In non-azotemic dogs being screened for decreased renal function, using a cutoff of >18 μg/dL rather than >14 μg/dL increases the specificity of SDMA, without compromising sensitivity.
Authors =>
Myles McKenna | Ludovic Pelligand | Jonathan Elliott | Daniel Cotter | Rosanne Jepson
published =>
First published: 14 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15659
|
Title =>
Paradoxical pseudomyotonia in English Springer and Cocker Spaniels
Abstract =>
Background:
Paramyotonia congenita and Brody disease are well-described conditions in humans, characterized by exercise-induced myotonic-like muscle stiffness. A syndrome similar to Brody disease has been reported in cattle. Reports of a similar syndrome in dogs are scarce.
Objectives:
To define and describe the clinical, diagnostic, and genetic features and disease course of paradoxical pseudomyotonia in Spaniel dogs.
Animals:
Seven client-owned dogs (4 English Springer Spaniels and 3 English Cocker Spaniels) with clinically confirmed episodes of exercise-induced generalized myotonic-like muscle stiffness.
Methods:
Sequential case study.
Results:
All dogs were <24 months of age at onset. The episodes of myotonic-like generalized muscle stiffness always occurred with exercise, and spontaneously resolved with rest in <45 seconds in all but 1 dog. Extreme outside temperatures seemed to considerably worsen episode frequency and severity in most dogs. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry including electrolytes, urinalysis, brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electromyography, motor nerve conduction velocity, ECG, and echocardiography were unremarkable. Muscle biopsy samples showed moderate but nonspecific muscle atrophy. The episodes seemed to remain stable or decrease in severity and frequency in 6/7 dogs, and often could be decreased or prevented by avoiding the episode triggers. The underlying genetic cause is not identified yet, because no disease-causing variants could be found in the coding sequence or splice sites of the 2 major candidate genes, SCN4A and ATP2A1.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Paradoxical pseudomyotonia is a disease affecting Spaniels. It is of variable severity but benign in most cases.
Authors =>
Kimberley Stee | Mario Van Poucke | Luc Peelman | Mark Lowrie
published =>
First published: 14 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15660
|
Title =>
Plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration in dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals
Abstract =>
Background:
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in humans with portal hypertension (PH) associated with liver disease. However, involvement of RAAS in dogs with intrahepatic PH is not clear.
Objective:
To measure plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) in dogs with PH (chronic hepatitis [CH] and primary hypoplasia of the portal vein [PHPV]), dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt (EH-CPSS), and healthy dogs and to determine whether the RAAS is activated in dogs with PH.
Animals:
Twenty-seven dogs with acquired portosystemic collaterals (APSCs; 15 dogs with CH, 12 dogs with PHPV), 9 dogs with EH-CPSS, and 10 healthy dogs.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Plasma renin activity and PAC were measured by radioimmunoassay.
Results:
Plasma renin activity was significantly higher in the CH group (median, 4.4 ng/mL/h) than in the EH-CPSS (median, 1.0 ng/mL/h; P < .01) and the healthy (median, 1.1 ng/mL/h; P < .01) groups. No significant differences were found between the PHPV group (median, 2.2 ng/mL/h) and other groups. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly higher in the CH (median, 111.0 pg/mL) and PHPV (median, 89.5 pg/mL) groups than in the EH-CPSS (median, 1.0 pg/mL; P < .001, P < .01, respectively) and healthy (median, 14.5 pg/mL; P < .001, P < .05, respectively) groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Activation of the RAAS contributes to the pathophysiology of intrahepatic PH in dogs, suggesting that spironolactone may not only be effective for the treatment of ascites but also for the suppression of intrahepatic PH.
Authors =>
Yumi Sakamoto | Manabu Sakai | Keita Sato | Toshihiro Watari
published =>
First published: 14 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15661
|
Title =>
Stability and profiling of urinary microRNAs in healthy cats and cats with pyelonephritis or other urological conditions
Abstract =>
Background:
Specific biomarkers of pyelonephritis (PN) in cats are lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have diagnostic potential in human nephropathies.
Objectives:
To investigate the presence/stability of miRNAs in whole urine of cats and the discriminatory potential of selected urinary miRNAs for PN in cats.
Animals:
Twelve healthy cats, 5 cats with PN, and 13 cats with chronic kidney disease (n = 5), subclinical bacteriuria (n = 3), and ureteral obstructions (n = 5) recruited from 2 companion animal hospitals.
Methods:
Prospective case-control study. Expression profiles of 24 miRNAs were performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Effect of storage temperature (4°C [24 hours], −20°C, and −80°C) was determined for a subset of miRNAs in healthy cats.
Results:
Urinary miR-4286, miR-30c, miR-204, miR4454, miR-21, miR-16, miR-191, and miR-30a were detected. For the majority of miRNAs tested, storage at 4°C and −20°C resulted in significantly lower miRNA yield compared to storage at −80°C (mean log2fold changes across miRNAs from −0.5 ± 0.4 SD to −1.20 ± 0.4 SD (4°C versus −80°C) and from −0.7 ± 0.2 SD to −1.20 ± 0.3 SD (−20°C versus −80°C)). Cats with PN had significantly upregulated miR-16 with a mean log2fold change of 1.0 ± 0.4 SD, compared with controls (−0.1 ± 0.2, P = .01) and other urological conditions (0.6 ± 0.3, P = .04).
Conclusions:
Upregulation of miR16 might be PN-specific, pathogen-specific (Escherichia coli), or both.
Authors =>
Lisbeth R. Jessen | Lise N. Nielsen | Ida N. Kieler | Rebecca Langhorn | Bert J. Reezigt | Susanna Cirera
published =>
First published: 13 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15628
|
Title =>
Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma in cats: Clinical findings, treatments, and outcomes in 118 cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Lower urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is an important but rarely described disease of cats.
Objectives:
To report the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in a cohort of cats with lower urinary tract TCC and to test identified variables for prognostic relevance.
Animals:
One-hundred eighteen client-owned cats with lower urinary tract carcinoma.
Methods:
Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information regarding clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Recorded variables were analyzed statistically.
Results:
Median age of affected cats was 15 years (range, 5.0-20.8 years) and median duration of clinical signs was 30 days (range, 0-730 days). The trigone was the most common tumor location (32/118; 27.1%) as assessed by ultrasound examination, cystoscopy, or both. Treatment was carried out in 73 of 118 (61.9%) cats. Metastatic disease was documented in 25 of 118 (21.2%) cats. Median progression-free survival and survival time for all cats were 113 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 69-153) and 155 days (95% CI, 110-222), respectively. Survival increased significantly (P < .001) when comparing cats across the ordered treatment groups: no treatment, treatment without partial cystectomy, and treatment with partial cystectomy. Partial cystectomy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.31; 95% CI, 0.17-0.87) and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.33-0.93) were significantly associated with longer survival times.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The results support treatment using partial cystectomy and NSAIDs in cats with TCC.
Authors =>
Maureen A. Griffin | William T. N. Culp | Michelle A. Giuffrida | Peter Ellis | Joanne Tuohy | James A. Perry | Allison Gedney | Cassie N. Lux | Milan Milovancev | Mandy L. Wallace | Jonathan Hash | Kyle Mathews | Julius M. Liptak | Laura E. Selmic | Ameet Singh | Carrie A. Palm | Ingrid M. Balsa | Philipp D. Mayhew | Michele A. Steffey | Robert B. Rebhun | Jenna H. Burton | Michael S. Kent
published =>
First published: 13 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15656
|
Title =>
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to diagnose and characterize acute kidney injury in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a promising biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs.
Objectives:
To evaluate the utility of urinary NGAL for characterizing AKI according to volume responsiveness, presence of inflammation and sepsis, and prognosis.
Animals:
Dogs with AKI (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 10).
Methods:
Prospective study. Clinical and clinicopathologic data including absolute urine NGAL concentration (uNGAL) and NGAL normalized to urine creatinine concentration (uNGALC) were measured upon admission. Dogs were graded according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) AKI guidelines and compared based on AKI features: volume-responsive (VR-) AKI vs. intrinsic (I-) AKI based on IRIS criteria; VR-AKI and I-AKI based on urine chemistry; inflammatory versus noninflammatory; septic versus nonseptic; and survivors versus nonsurvivors. Nonparametric statistics were calculated, and significance set at P < .05.
Results:
Urinary NGAL was significantly higher in dogs with AKI compared to controls, regardless of AKI grade. Urinary NGAL did not differ between dogs with VR-AKI and I-AKI based on IRIS criteria, whereas higher uNGALC was recorded in dogs with I-AKI based on urine chemistry. Urinary NGAL was significantly higher in dogs with inflammatory AKI, whereas no difference with respect to sepsis or outcome was identified.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Urinary NGAL is a sensitive marker for AKI in dogs, but its specificity is affected by systemic inflammation. Increased urinary NGAL in both I-AKI and VR-AKI also suggests the presence of tubular damage in transient AKI. Combining urine chemistry data with IRIS criteria could facilitate AKI characterization in dogs.
Authors =>
Erika Monari | Roberta Troìa | Luca Magna | Marta Gruarin | Chiara Grisetti | Mercedes Fernandez | Andrea Balboni | Massimo Giunti | Francesco Dondi
published =>
First published: 09 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15645
|
Title =>
Response to letter to editor regarding Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Sina Marsilio | Mark R. Ackermann | Jonathan A. Lidbury | Jan S. Suchodolski | Jörg M. Steiner
published =>
First published: 08 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15651
|
Title =>
Preliminary evaluation of fecal fatty acid concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and correlation with indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate
Abstract =>
Background:
Straight- and branched-chain (BCFA) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by colonic microbiota and have both beneficial and deleterious effects in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fecal SCFAs in cats with CKD have not been described.
Objective:
To characterize fecal SCFA concentrations in cats with CKD as compared to healthy geriatric cats and correlate SCFA to serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) concentrations.
Animals:
Twenty-eight cats with CKD (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] stages 2, 3, and 4) and 11 older (≥ 8 years) healthy geriatric cats.
Methods:
Prospective, cross-sectional study. Voided feces were analyzed using stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine fecal concentrations of SCFAs. Serum concentrations of IS and pCS were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
Results:
Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were significantly higher in CKD cats(P = .02) Cats with IRIS CKD stage 3 and 4 had significantly higher fecal isovaleric acid concentrations compared to healthy geriatric cats (P = .03), but not compared to IRIS CKD stage 2 cats. Total fecal concentrations of BCFAs were found to correlate weakly with serum creatinine concentration (rho, 0.33; P = .05), blood urea nitrogen concentration (rho, 0.40; P = .01), and pCS concentration (rho, 0.35; P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were higher in CKD cats, particularly in late stage disease, compared to healthy geriatric cats. Fecal BCFA concentrations correlated with pCS and were higher in cats with muscle wasting, providing evidence for malassimilation of protein in CKD cats.
Authors =>
Stacie Summers | Jessica M. Quimby | Robert Kyle Phillips | Jonathan Stockman | Anitha Isaiah | Jonathan A. Lidbury | Joerg M. Steiner | Jan Suchodolski
published =>
First published: 06 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15634
|
Title =>
Clinical relevance of splenic nodules or heterogeneous splenic parenchyma assessed by cytologic evaluation of fine-needle samples in 125 dogs (2011-2015)
Abstract =>
Background:
Splenic nodules and heterogeneous parenchyma are seen frequently in abdominal ultrasound examinations of dogs, but the clinical importance of these lesions remains unclear.
Objectives:
To determine whether specific ultrasonographic findings correlate with clinically relevant cytologic diagnoses and determine what sonographic features are correlated with these diagnoses. Another objective was to develop a scoring rubric to help clinicians make decisions on whether or not certain ultasonographic findings of the spleen warrant evaluation by fine-needle cytology.
Animals:
One-hundred twenty-five adult client-owned dogs with ultrasonographically identified splenic nodules, heterogeneous parenchyma, or both.
Methods:
Medical records were retrospectively searched for ultrasound-guided splenic fine-needle cytology reports. Ultrasonographic images were assessed for nodule number, size, echogenicity and distal enhancement, degree of splenic heterogeneity, and peritoneal fluid. Dogs were divided into 2 groups: those with clinically important or clinically irrelevant cytologic findings. Potentially useful and discriminatory ultrasonographic findings were identified by statistical analysis, and the most useful findings were used to generate the scoring rubric.
Results:
The clinically important group included 25 of 125 dogs (22 malignancies, 3 suppurative inflammation). Splenic nodules 1-2 cm in diameter, peritoneal fluid, and >1 targetoid nodule were associated with clinically important cytologic findings. Receiver operator characteristic analysis showed that the scoring rubric was useful for identifying dogs in the clinically important group.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Splenic fine-needle cytologic findings identified a clinically relevant diagnosis in 20% of dogs, and larger nodule size, number of targetoid lesions, and presence of peritoneal fluid increase the likelihood of detection of clinically important disease.
Authors =>
Igor Yankin | Sarah Nemanic | Silvia Funes | Helio de Morais | Elena Gorman | Craig Ruaux
published =>
First published: 06 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15648
|
Title =>
Immunophenotypic characterization and clinical outcome in cats with lymphocytosis
Abstract =>
Background:
Lymphocytosis is relatively common in cats, but few studies describe lymphocyte populations or the clinical course associated with different immunophenotypic expansions.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
We hypothesized that cats frequently develop non-neoplastic lymphocytosis and that different neoplastic immunophenotypes have variable prognoses. We aimed to characterize the lymphocyte expansions in a large population of cats with lymphocytosis and to assess clinical presentation and outcome in a subset.
Animals:
Three cohorts of cats older than 1 year with lymphocytosis (>6000/μL) were examined to define immunophenotypic categories (n = 146), evaluate outcome (n = 94), and determine prevalence of immunophenotypes (n = 350).
Methods:
Retrospective study of cats with blood submitted for flow cytometry. Medical records (n = 94) were reviewed for clinical data, treatment, and survival information.
Results:
Five major immunophenotypic categories were identified: B cell, heterogeneous (≥2 lineages expanded), CD4+ T cell, CD4−CD8− (double negative [DN]) T cell, and CD5-low-expressing T cell. B-cell and heterogeneous phenotypes were more consistent with a non-neoplastic process, having polyclonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements, younger age at presentation, lower lymphocyte counts, and prolonged survival. The neoplastic phenotypes, CD4+ T cell, DN T cell, and CD5 low T cell, had different median survival times (752 days [n = 37], 271 days [n = 7], 27.5 days [n = 12], respectively). Among CD4+ T-cell cases, cats with abdominal lymphadenopathy, intestinal involvement, or both and females had shorter survival. Among 350 cats with lymphocytosis, CD4+ T-cell lymphocytosis was most common, followed by heterogeneous and B-cell phenotypes.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Neoplastic CD4+ T-cell lymphocytosis is common in cats and has a prolonged clinical course compared to aberrant T-cell phenotypes. Cats with heterogeneous and B-cell lymphocyte expansions commonly have non-neoplastic disease.
Authors =>
Emily D. Rout | Julia D. Labadie | Kaitlin M. Curran | Janna A. Yoshimoto | Anne C. Avery | Paul R. Avery
published =>
First published: 06 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15650
|
Title =>
Letter to editor regarding Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Michael O. Childress
published =>
First published: 06 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15652
|
Title =>
Determination of a serum total calcium concentration threshold for accurate prediction of ionized hypercalcemia in dogs with and without hyperphosphatemia
Abstract =>
Background:
Total serum calcium (tCa) concentrations are poorly predictive of ionized calcium (iCa) status in dogs.
Hypothesis:
There is an optimal threshold of tCa concentration that is highly predictive of ionized hypercalcemia and this threshold is higher in hyperphosphatemic dogs as compared to nonhyperphosphatemic dogs.
Animals:
Nonhyperphosphatemic (n = 1593) and hyperphosphatemic (n = 250) adult dogs.
Methods:
Retrospective medical record review of paired tCa and iCa concentration measurements in dogs presented to a university teaching hospital over a 5-year period. Positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for tCa concentration thresholds of 11.0-15.0 mg/dL (upper limit of laboratory reference interval = 11.5 mg/dL) in nonhyperphosphatemic and hyperphosphatemic groups.
Results:
In nonhyperphosphatemic dogs, an optimal tCa concentration threshold of 12.0 mg/dL resulted in a positive predictive value of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84%-98%) and sensitivity of 52% (95% CI, 43%-61%) for ionized hypercalcemia. An optimal tCa concentration threshold was not identified for hyperphosphatemic dogs. The nonhyperphosphatemic dogs had a higher prevalence of ionized hypercalcemia than the hyperphosphatemic dogs (7 versus 3%, P = .04) and a lower prevalence of ionized hypocalcemia (23 versus 62%, respectively; P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
High tCa concentrations are strongly predictive of ionized hypercalcemia in nonhyperphosphatemic adult dogs and should prompt further diagnostic testing to determine the underlying cause of hypercalcemia. In this population, dogs without increased tCa concentrations rarely had ionized hypercalcemia, but iCa concentrations still should be evaluated in patients with tCa concentrations within the reference interval if there is clinical suspicion for calcium abnormalities.
Authors =>
Elizabeth M. Groth | Dennis J. Chew | Jody P. Lulich | Megan Tommet | Aaron K. Rendahl | Brian D. Husbands | Eva Furrow
published =>
First published: 06 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15654
|
Title =>
Facial changes related to brachycephaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation associated pain and secondary syringomyelia
Abstract =>
Background:
Recent studies including an innovative machine learning technique indicated Chiari-like malformation (CM) is influenced by brachycephalic features.
Objectives:
Morphometric analysis of facial anatomy and dysmorphia in CM-associated pain (CM-P) and syringomyelia (SM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS).
Animals:
Sixty-six client-owned CKCS.
Methods:
Retrospective study of anonymized T2W sagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 3 clinical groups: (1) 11 without central canal dilation (ccd) or SM (CM-N), (2) 15 with CM-P with no SM or <2 mm ccd (CM-P), and (3) 40 with syrinx width ≥4 mm (SM-S). Morphometric analysis assessed rostral skull flattening and position of the hard and soft palate relative to the cranial base in each clinical group and compared CKCS with and without SM-S.
Results:
Sixteen of 28 measured variables were associated to SM-S compared to CM-N and CM-P. Of these 6 were common to both groups. Predictive variables determined by discriminant analysis were (1) the ratio of cranial height with cranial length (P < .001 between SM-S and CM-N) and (2) the distance between the cerebrum and the frontal bone (P < .001 between SM-S and CM-P). CM-P had the lowest mean height of the maxillary area.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
CKCS with CM-P and SM-S have cranial brachycephaly with osseous insufficiency in the skull with rostral flattening and increased proximity of the hard and soft palate to the cranial base. Changes are greatest with CM-P. These findings have relevance for understanding disease pathogenesis and for selection of head conformation for breeding purposes.
Authors =>
Susan P. Knowler | Eleonore Dumas | Michaela Spiteri | Angus K. McFadyen | Felicity Stringer | Kevin Wells | Clare Rusbridge
published =>
First published: 05 November 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15632
|
Title =>
Predictors of urinary or fecal incontinence in dogs with thoracolumbar acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion
Abstract =>
Background:
Urinary (UI) and fecal (FI) incontinence occur in up to 7.5% and 32% of dogs, respectively, after thoracolumbar acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE).
Hypotheses/Objectives:
To investigate clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic predictors of UI and FI in dogs with ANNPE affecting the T3-L3 spinal cord segments.
Animals:
Hundred and eighty-seven dogs with T3-L3 ANNPE diagnosed based on clinical and MRI findings.
Methods:
Multicenter retrospective study. Data were obtained from medical records and telephone questionnaires and analyzed by logistic regression.
Results:
UI and FI were reported in 17 (9.1%) and 44 (23.5%) dogs, respectively. Paraplegic dogs were 3 times (95% CI = 1.25, 10.87) more likely to develop UI (P = .018) and 4 times (95% CI = 1.94, 12.56) more likely to develop FI (P = .001) compared to nonparaplegic dogs. Dogs with an intramedullary hyperintensity greater than 40% of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord at the same level on transverse T2-weighted MRI images were 4 times more likely to develop UI (95% CI = 1.04, 21.72; P = .045) and FI (95% CI = 1.56, 10.39; P = .004) compared to dogs with smaller lesions. FI was 3 times (95% CI = 1.41, 7.93) more likely in dogs that were not treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) after diagnosis compared to dogs administered NSAIDs (P = .006) and 2 times (95% CI = 1.12, 5.98) more likely in dogs presented with clinical signs compatible with spinal shock compared to dogs without (P = .026).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
The identification of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic predictors of UI and FI in dogs with T3-L3 ANNPE can help to approach these autonomic dysfunctions occurring after spinal cord injury.
Authors =>
Lorenzo Mari | Sebastien Behr | Anita Shea | Elisabet Dominguez | Cristoforo Ricco | Emili Alcoverro | Abel Ekiri | Daniel Sanchez-Masian | Luisa De Risio
published =>
First published: 31 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15626
|
Title =>
Long-term impact of tylosin on fecal microbiota and fecal bile acids of healthy dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Tylosin is commonly prescribed to dogs with diarrhea. Orally administered antibiotics may alter the intestinal microbiota, which is responsible for crucial key bile acid (BA) biotransformation reactions.
Objectives:
To prospectively evaluate the impact of tylosin administration on fecal microbiota and unconjugated bile acids (UBAs) over time.
Animals:
Sixteen healthy adult dogs.
Methods:
Prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial. Dogs were randomized to receive 20 mg/kg of tylosin or a placebo capsule PO q12h for 7 days while undergoing daily fecal scoring. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7, 21, and 63. The microbiota was assessed using quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Unconjugated BAs were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Results:
Fecal scores were unchanged during placebo and tylosin administration. In the placebo group, no significant changes were observed in fecal microbiota or UBA concentrations. Day 7 samples from tylosin-exposed dogs exhibited decreased bacterial diversity (observed species, Chao1, Shannon, P < .001) characterized by decreases in anaerobes Fusobacteriaceae (linear discriminant analysis [LDA] score, 5.03) and Veillonellaceae (LDA score, 4.85). Primary UBA concentrations were increased at day 21 (median, [range]; 7.42, [0.67-18.77] μg/kg; P = .04) and day 63 (3.49 [0-28.43] μg/kg; P = .02) compared to day 0 (.14 [.03-1.19] μg/kg) in dogs receiving tylosin. At day 63, bacterial taxa were not significantly different compared to day 0, but the extent of microbial recovery was individualized.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Tylosin causes fecal dysbiosis in healthy dogs with corresponding shifts in fecal UBAs. Changes did not uniformly resolve after discontinuation of tylosin.
Authors =>
Alison C. Manchester | Craig B. Webb | Amanda B. Blake | Fatima Sarwar | Jonathan A. Lidbury | Jörg M. Steiner | Jan S. Suchodolski
published =>
First published: 31 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15635
|
Title =>
Fatal hemoptysis after bronchoscopic biopsy in a dog
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Clayton Greenway | Elizabeth Rozanski | Kelsey Johnson | Lilian Cornejo | Amanda Abelson | Nicholas Robinson
published =>
First published: 30 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15640
|
Title =>
Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals
Abstract =>
Background:
The enteroinsular axis (EIA) comprises intestinal factors (incretins) that stimulate insulin release after PO ingestion of nutrients. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the main incretins. The EIA has not been investigated in healthy neonatal foals but should be important because energy demands are high in healthy foals and dysregulation is frequent in sick foals.
Objectives and Hypothesis:
To evaluate the EIA response to carbohydrates or fasting in newborn foals. We hypothesized that incretin secretion would be higher after PO versus IV carbohydrate administration or fasting.
Animals:
Thirty-six healthy Standardbred foals ≤4 days of age.
Methods:
Prospective study. Blood was collected before and after a PO glucose test (OGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), an IV glucose test (IVGT; 300, 500, 1000 mg/kg), a PO lactose test (OLT; 1000 mg/kg), and fasting. Foals were muzzled for 240 minutes. Blood was collected over 210 minutes glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations were measured.
Results:
Only PO lactose caused a significant increase in blood glucose concentration (P < .05). All IV glucose doses induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Concentrations of GIP and GLP-1 decreased until foals nursed (P < .05), at which time rapid increases in glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 concentrations occurred (P < .05).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Healthy newborn foals have a functional EIA that is more responsive to milk and lactose than glucose. Non-carbohydrate factors in mare's milk may be important for EIA activity. Constant exposure of intestinal cells to nutrients to maintain EIA activity could be relevant to management of sick foals. Foals can be fasted for 4 hours without experiencing hypoglycemia.
Authors =>
Lindsey M. Rings | Jacob M. Swink | Laura K. Dunbar | Teresa A. Burns | Ramiro E. Toribio
published =>
First published: 30 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15641
|
Title =>
Estimation of glomerular filtration rate by plasma clearance of iohexol in healthy horses of various ages
Abstract =>
Background:
Plasma clearance of iohexol is a reliable method to assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The relationship between aging and GFR in horses is unclear.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare GFR estimated by iohexol clearance in horses of different ages.
Animals:
Twenty-one clinically healthy horses were enrolled.
Methods:
Prospective study. Groups: (A) composed by 8 young horses (≤14 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, (B) by 7 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dL, and (C) by 6 aged horses (≥20 years old) with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL. Iohexol was injected (75.5 mg/kg) through an IV catheter, and plasma samples were collected 5, 30, and 90 minutes later. Plasma clearance of iohexol was obtained by the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method.
Results:
The GFR was 2., 2.1, and 1.45 mL/min/kg (median value) in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Statistical analysis showed differences between Group A versus C for urea, Group A versus B and A versus C for creatinine, and A versus C for GFR.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Glomerular filtration rate was significantly reduced in aged horses with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL compared to young horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL; no differences were obtained between young and aged horses with creatinine <1.5 mg/dL. Glomerular filtration rate evaluation should be considered in aged horses even if the plasma creatinine values are normal.
Authors =>
Ilaria Lippi | Francesca Bonelli | Valentina Meucci | Valentina Vitale | Micaela Sgorbini
published =>
First published: 30 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15642
|
Title =>
Development and evaluation of a health-related quality-of-life tool for dogs with Cushing's syndrome
Abstract =>
Background:
Clinical signs and consequences of Cushing's syndrome are likely to impact upon a dog's life. Quantification of this impact on a dog's health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) could contribute to optimized disease management.
Hypothesis/objectives:
To develop a novel HRQoL tool to aid assessment of dogs with Cushing's syndrome and to evaluate factors that impact upon dogs living with this disease.
Animals:
Two hundred and ten dogs with Cushing's syndrome and 617 dogs without Cushing's syndrome.
Methods:
Cross-sectional study design. Dog owners answered questions relating to the HRQoL of their dogs which were refined to develop the final tool. The tool was analyzed for reliability, validity, and interpretability, including Cronbach's alpha and principal components analysis. Factors impacting upon the HRQoL of dogs with Cushing's syndrome were assessed using appropriate nonparametric tests.
Results:
The tool was refined from 32 questions to 19 and showed good internal consistency (α = .83). Owners rated questions related to “owner impact” as more important and those related to demeanor as less important. There was a positive correlation between the tool score of dogs with Cushing's syndrome and owner's assessment of their dog's quality-of-life (r = .41, P < .001). Dogs currently on treatment with trilostane had a statistically better HRQoL (.33, interquartile range [IQR] .23–.44) than those not receiving trilostane (.36, IQR .33–.54, P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The developed tool quantifies the HRQoL of dogs with Cushing's syndrome and could assist clinicians in the clinical assessment of dogs with Cushing's syndrome.
Authors =>
Imogen Schofield | Dan G. O'Neill | Dave C. Brodbelt | David B. Church | Rebecca F. Geddes | Stijn J. M. Niessen
published =>
First published: 29 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15639
|
Title =>
Impact of alpha-tocopherol deficiency and supplementation on sacrocaudalis and gluteal muscle fiber histopathology and morphology in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
A subset of horses deficient in alpha-tocopherol (α-TP) develop muscle atrophy and vitamin E-responsive myopathy (VEM) characterized by mitochondrial alterations in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle (SC).
Objectives:
To quantify muscle histopathologic abnormalities in subclinical α-TP deficient horses before and after α-TP supplementation and compare with retrospective (r)VEM cases.
Animals:
Prospective study; 16 healthy α-TP-deficient Quarter Horses. Retrospective study; 10 retrospective vitamin E-responsive myopathy (rVEM) cases .
Methods:
Blood, SC, and gluteus medius (GM) biopsy specimens were obtained before (day 0) and 56 days after 5000 IU/450 kg horse/day PO water dispersible liquid α-TP (n = 8) or control (n = 8). Muscle fiber morphology and mitochondrial alterations were compared in samples from days 0 and 56 and in rVEM cases.
Results:
Mitochondrial alterations more common than our reference range (<2.5% affected fibers) were present in 3/8 control and 4/8 treatment horses on day 0 in SC but not in GM (mean, 2.2; range, 0%-10% of fibers). Supplementation with α-TP for 56 days did not change the percentage of fibers with mitochondrial alterations or anguloid atrophy, or fiber size in GM or SC. Clinical rVEM horses had significantly more mitochondrial alterations (rVEM SC, 13% ± 7%; GM, 3% ± 2%) and anguloid atrophy compared to subclinical day 0 horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Clinically normal α-TP-deficient horses can have mitochondrial alterations in the SC that are less severe than in atrophied VEM cases and do not resolve after 56 days of α-TP supplementation. Preventing α-TP deficiency may be of long-term importance for mitochondrial viability.
Authors =>
Lauren Bookbinder | Carrie J. Finno | Anna M. Firshman | Scott A. Katzman | Erin Burns | Janel Peterson | Anna Dahlgren | Brittni Ming-Whitfield | Shelby Glessner | Amanda Borer-Matsui | Stephanie J. Valberg
published =>
First published: 29 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15643
|
Title =>
Circulating neurohormone imbalances in canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and canine pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism
Abstract =>
Background:
Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) has clinical similarity to pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) in dogs. Some studies have identified a greater frequency of SARDS in seasons with reduced daylight hours. Neurohormone imbalances contribute to retinal lesions in other species, warranting further study in dogs with SARDS.
Hypothesis:
Dysregulation of circulating melatonin concentration is present in dogs with SARDS but not in dogs with PDH.
Animals:
Fifteen client-owned dogs with spontaneous SARDS (median time of vision loss 18 days), 14 normal dogs, and 13 dogs with confirmed PDH.
Procedures:
Prospective case-control study. ELISA on samples (obtained in the morning) for measurement of plasma melatonin and dopamine, serum serotonin, urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (MT6s), and creatinine. Statistical analysis was performed using 1-way ANOVA, Spearman correlation and receiver operator characteristic area under the curve analysis.
Results:
There were no significant differences in circulating melatonin, serotonin or dopamine concentrations between the 3 groups, although the study was underpowered for detection of significant differences in serum serotonin. Urine MT6s:creatinine ratio was significantly higher in dogs with PDH (4.08 ± 2.15 urine [MT6s] ng/mL per mg of urine creatinine) compared with dogs with SARDS (2.37 ± .51, P < .01), but not compared with normal dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
We have identified neurohormone differences between dogs with SARDS and PDH.
Authors =>
Annie Oh | Melanie L. Foster | Katharine F. Lunn | Freya M. Mowat
published =>
First published: 29 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15646
|
Title =>
Erratum for Computed tomographic angiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of acute pancreatitis in dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 29 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15653
|
Title =>
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease in a dog
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Lydia J. Colopy | Kai-Biu Shiu | Laura A. Snyder | Anne C. Avery | Emily D. Rout | A R. Moore
published =>
First published: 26 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15624
|
Title =>
Clinical, metabolic, and genetic characterization of hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency in cats
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Jared A. Jaffey | N. Scott Reading | Urs Giger | Osheiza Abdulmalik | Ruben M. Buckley | Sophie Johnstone | Leslie A. Lyons | the 99 Lives Cat Genome Consortium
published =>
First published: 25 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15637
|
Title =>
MicroRNA expression in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with and without cervical spondylomyelopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Osseous-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (OA-CSM) is a common condition of the cervical vertebral column that affects giant dog breeds. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate gene expression, and recent data suggest that circulating miRNAs present in biological fluids may serve as potential biomarkers for disease. The miRNA profiles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from healthy dogs and dogs clinically affected by OA-CSM have not been described.
Objective:
To characterize the expression levels of miRNAs present in the CSF of normal Great Danes and identify differentially expressed miRNAs in the CSF of Great Danes clinically affected with OA-CSM.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs: 12 control, 12 OA-CSM affected.
Methods:
Cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected prospectively. MicroRNA expression was evaluated using the NanoString nCounter platform and quantitative real-time PCR.
Results:
We identified 8 miRNAs with significant differential expression. MiR-299-5p and miR-765 had increased expression levels in the CSF of OA-CSM-affected dogs, whereas miR-494, miR-612, miR-302-d, miR-4531, miR-4455, and miR-6721-5p had decreased expression levels in OA-CSM affected dogs compared to clinically normal dogs. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to validate the expression levels of 2 miRNAs (miR-494 and miR-612), and we found a 1.5-fold increase in miR-494 expression and a 1.2-fold decrease in miR-612 in the CSF of the OA-CSM affected group (P = .41 and .89, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Data generated from our study represent an initial characterization of the miRNA profile of normal canine CSF and suggest that a distinct CSF miRNA expression profile is associated with OA-CSM.
Authors =>
Daniella P. Vansteenkiste | Joelle M. Fenger | Paolo Fadda | Paula Martin-Vaquero | Ronaldo C. da Costa
published =>
First published: 22 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15636
|
Title =>
Erratum for 2019 ACVIM Forum Research Abstract Program
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 22 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15644
|
Title =>
Immunoreactive insulin stability in horses at risk of insulin dysregulation
Abstract =>
Background:
Diseases associated with insulin dysregulation (ID), such as equine metabolic syndrome and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, are of interest to practitioners because of their association with laminitis. Accurate insulin concentration assessment is critical in diagnosing and managing these diseases.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To determine the effect of time, temperature, and collection tube type on insulin concentrations in horses at risk of ID.
Animals:
Eight adult horses with body condition score >6/9.
Methods:
In this prospective study, subjects underwent an infeed oral glucose test 2 hours before blood collection. Blood samples were divided into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, heparinized, or serum tubes and stored at 4 or 20°C. Tubes were centrifuged and analyzed for insulin by a chemiluminescent assay over 8 days. Changes in insulin concentrations were compared with a linear mixed effects model.
Results:
An overall effect of time, tube type and temperature was identified (P = .01, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). Serum and heparinized samples had similar concentrations for 3 days at 20°C and 8 days at 4°C; however, after 3 days at 20°C, heparinized samples had significantly higher insulin concentrations (P = .004, P = .03, and P = .03 on consecutive days). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid samples had significantly lower insulin concentrations regardless of time and temperature (P = .001 for all comparisons).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These results suggest an ideal protocol to determine insulin concentrations involves using serum or heparinized samples with analysis occurring within 3 days at 20°C or 8 days at 4°C.
Authors =>
Dakota H. Leschke | Genevieve S. Muir | Jack K. Hodgson | Mitchell Coyle | Remona Horn | François-René Bertin
published =>
First published: 16 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15629
|
Title =>
Outcome and complications in horses administered sterile or non-sterile fluids intravenously
Abstract =>
Background:
Obtaining commercial fluids for intravenous administration (IVF) was challenging during a recent shortage. This necessitated use of custom-made non-sterile fluids for intravenous administration (JUGs) in some hospitals. There are no studies comparing outcome of horses treated with JUG versus IVF and limited information is available about adverse effects of JUGs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate death, complications, blood pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations of horses that received JUG versus IVFs.
Animals:
One hundred eighty-six horses that received IVFs and 37 that received JUGs.
Methods:
A retrospective review of medical records was performed to identify horses that received IVFs or JUGs during hospitalization. Information including survival to discharge, complications (fever [>38.5°C], jugular vein phlebitis/thrombosis, arrhythmia, or laminitis), blood pH, and plasma electrolyte concentrations were obtained.
Results:
There was no difference (P = .67) in survival to discharge for horses that received JUGs (78%) compared to horses that received IVFs (87%). Horses that received JUGs were more likely to develop a jugular vein complication (3 of 37 versus 1 of 186, odds ratio 17.2 [95% CI 1.9-389.8], P = .04). Horses that received JUGs were more likely to have electrolyte abnormalities consistent with hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Veterinarians using JUGs should obtain informed client consent because of a potential increased risk of jugular vein complications. Chloride content of JUGs should be considered to limit development of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
Authors =>
Jamie J. Kopper | Megan E. Bolger | Clark J. Kogan | Harold C. Schott
published =>
First published: 14 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15631
|
Title =>
Long-term incidence and risk of noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Epidemiologic knowledge regarding noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in apparently healthy cats (AH) and cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (pHCM) is limited, hindering development of evidence-based healthcare guidelines.
Objectives:
To characterize/compare incidence rates, risk, and survival associated with noncardiovascular and all-cause mortality in AH and pHCM cats.
Animals:
A total of 1730 client-owned cats (722 AH, 1008 pHCM) from 21 countries.
Methods:
Retrospective, multicenter, longitudinal, cohort study. Long-term health data were extracted by medical record review and owner/referring veterinarian interviews.
Results:
Noncardiovascular death occurred in 534 (30.9%) of 1730 cats observed up to 15.2 years. Proportion of noncardiovascular death did not differ significantly between cats that at study enrollment were AH or had pHCM (P = .48). Cancer, chronic kidney disease, and conditions characterized by chronic weight-loss-vomiting-diarrhea-anorexia were the most frequently recorded noncardiovascular causes of death. Incidence rates/risk of noncardiac death increased with age in AH and pHCM. All-cause death proportions were greater in pHCM than AH (65% versus 40%, respectively; P < .001) because of higher cardiovascular mortality in pHCM cats. Comparing AH with pHCM, median survival (study entry to noncardiovascular death) did not differ (AH, 9.8 years; pHCM, 8.6 years; P = .10), but all-cause survival was significantly shorter in pHCM (P = .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
All-cause mortality was significantly greater in pHCM cats due to disease burden contributed by increased cardiovascular death superimposed upon noncardiovascular death.
Authors =>
Philip R. Fox | Bruce W. Keene | Kenneth Lamb | Karsten E. Schober | Valérie Chetboul | Virginia Luis Fuentes | Jessie Rose Payne | Gerhard Wess | Daniel F. Hogan | Jonathan A. Abbott | Jens Häggström | Geoffrey Culshaw | Deborah Fine-Ferreira | Etienne Cote | Emilie Trehiou-Sechi | Alison A. Motsinger-Reif | Reid K. Nakamura | Manreet Singh | Wendy A. Ware | Sabine C. Riesen | Michele Borgarelli | John E. Rush | Andrea Vollmar | Michael B. Lesser | Nicole Van Israel | Pamela Ming-Show Lee | Barret Bulmer | Roberto Santilli | Maribeth J. Bossbaly | Nadine Quick | Claudio Bussadori | Janice Bright | Amara H. Estrada | Dan G. Ohad | Maria Josefa Fernández del Palacio | Jennifer Lunney Brayley | Denise S. Schwartz | Sonya G. Gordon | SeungWoo Jung | Christina M. Bove | Paola G. Brambilla | N. Sydney Moïse | Christopher Stauthammer | Cecilia Quintavalla | Ferenc Manczur | Rebecca L. Stepien | Carmel Mooney | Yong-Wei Hung | Remo Lobetti | Alice Tamborini | Mark A. Oyama | Andrey Komolov | Yoko Fujii | Romain Pariaut | Masami Uechi | Victoria Yukie Tachika Ohara
published =>
First published: 12 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15609
|
Title =>
A 2-year randomized blinded controlled trial of a conditionally licensed Moraxella bovoculi vaccine to aid in prevention of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in Angus beef calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in beef cattle has major welfare and production implications. Effective vaccination against IBK would also reduce antibiotic use in beef production.
Objective/Hypothesis:
To evaluate the efficacy of a conditionally licensed commercial IBK vaccine containing Moraxella bovoculi bacterin. Primary working hypothesis was that animals vaccinated with 2 doses of the commercial M. bovoculi vaccine would have a lower risk of disease.
Animals:
Spring born calves at a university cow-calf herd. After excluding animals with ocular lesions, calves eligible for prevention assessment in 2017 and 2018 were 163 (81 vaccinated, 82 unvaccinated) and 207 (105 vaccinated, 102 unvaccinated). One hundred sixty two and two hundred and six calves completed the follow-up period in 2017 and 2018, respectively.
Methods:
A randomized controlled trial. The trial design was a 2-arm parallel trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio.
Results:
In both years, calves receiving the vaccine had more IBK. This effect was small. The pooled risk ratio was 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.84–2.01). The pooled unadjusted difference in mean weight (kg) at weaning was −0.88 (95% confidence interval—7.2-5.43).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We were unable to document that the M. bovoculi bacterin vaccine had a protective effect for the incidence of IBK in our single herd in a 2-year study.
Authors =>
Annette O'Connor | Vickie Cooper | Laura Censi | Ella Meyer | Mac Kneipp | Grant Dewell
published =>
First published: 12 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15633
|
Title =>
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from administration of clopidogrel, prednisone, or combination in healthy dogs: A double-blind randomized trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Dogs with immune-mediated disease often receive glucocorticoids with clopidogrel, but ulcerogenic effects of current protocols are unknown.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To compare gastrointestinal endoscopic findings among dogs administered clopidogrel, prednisone, and combination treatment.
Animals:
Twenty-four healthy research dogs.
Methods:
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dogs received placebo, clopidogrel (2–3 mg/kg q24h), prednisone (2 mg/kg q24h), or prednisone with clopidogrel PO for 28 days. Attitude, food intake, vomiting, and fecal score were determined daily. Clinicopathologic testing was performed at baseline and on day 28. Gastrointestinal hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers were numerated by 2 blinded investigators for endoscopies performed on days 0, 14, and 28, and endoscopic mucosal lesion scores were calculated. Results were compared using mixed model, split-plot repeated measures ANOVAs and generalized estimating equation proportional odds models as appropriate. P < .05 was considered significant.
Results:
Clinical signs of gastrointestinal bleeding were not noted. Endoscopic mucosal lesion scores differed significantly by group (F[3, 20] = 12.8, P < .001) and time (F[2, 40] = 8.3, P < .001). Posthoc analysis revealed higher lesion scores in the prednisone-receiving groups (P ≤ .006 for each) and on day 14 (P ≤ .007 for each). Ulcers were identified in 4 dogs administered prednisone and 3 dogs administered prednisone/clopidogrel. Odds of having endoscopic mucosal lesion scores ≥4 were 7-times higher for dogs in prednisone (95%CI 1.1, 43.0; P = .037) and prednisone-clopidogrel (95%CI 1.1, 43.4; P = .037) groups than those in the placebo group.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration occur commonly in healthy dogs administered prednisone or prednisone/clopidogrel treatment, but not clopidogrel monotherapy. Though lesions are severe in many cases, they are not accompanied by clinical signs.
Authors =>
Jacqueline C. Whittemore | Allison P. Mooney | Joshua M. Price | John Thomason
published =>
First published: 08 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15630
|
Title =>
Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous midazolam for management of status epilepticus in dogs: A multi-center randomized parallel group clinical study
Abstract =>
Background:
The intranasal (IN) route for rapid drug administration in patients with brain disorders, including status epilepticus, has been investigated. Status epilepticus is an emergency, and the IN route offers a valuable alternative to other routes, especially when these fail.
Objectives:
To compare IN versus IV midazolam (MDZ) at the same dosage (0.2 mg/kg) for controlling status epilepticus in dogs.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs (n = 44) with idiopathic epilepsy, structural epilepsy, or epilepsy of unknown origin manifesting as status epilepticus.
Methods:
Randomized parallel group clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated to the IN-MDZ (n = 21) or IV-MDZ (n = 23) group. Number of successfully treated cases (defined as seizure cessation within 5 minutes and lasting for ≥10 minutes), seizure cessation time, and adverse effects were recorded. Comparisons were performed using the Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests with statistical significance set at α < .05.
Results:
IN-MDZ and IV-MDZ successfully stopped status epilepticus in 76% and 61% of cases, respectively (P = .34). The median seizure cessation time was 33 and 64 seconds for IN-MDZ and IV-MDZ, respectively (P = .63). When the time to place an IV catheter was taken into account, IN-MDZ (100 seconds) was superior (P = .04) to IV-MDZ (270 seconds). Sedation and ataxia were seen in 88% and 79% of the dogs treated with IN-MDZ and IV-MDZ, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Both routes are quick, safe, and effective for controlling status epilepticus. However, the IN route demonstrated superiority when the time needed to place an IV catheter was taken into account.
Authors =>
Marios Charalambous | Holger A. Volk | Andrea Tipold | Johannes Erath | Enrice Huenerfauth | Antonella Gallucci | Gualtiero Gandini | Daisuke Hasegawa | Theresa Pancotto | John H. Rossmeisl | Simon Platt | Luisa De Risio | Joan R. Coates | Mihai Musteata | Federica Tirrito | Francesca Cozzi | Laura Porcarelli | Daniele Corlazzoli | Rodolfo Cappello | An Vanhaesebrouck | Bart J.G. Broeckx | Luc Van Ham | Sofie F.M. Bhatti
published =>
First published: 03 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15627
|
Title =>
Effect of probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 on liver function in healthy dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Probiotics are widely used in dogs but can be associated with alterations in some serum biochemistry test results.
Objective:
To assess the effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68 administration for 14 days on serum alanine transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in healthy dogs.
Animals:
Thirty-six healthy privately owned neutered dogs were randomly allocated, stratified by sex, to control or probiotic groups. Dogs were clinically healthy, with normal physical examination findings, blood, urine, and fecal analyses and ultrasonographic examinations.
Method:
In this blinded, controlled study E. faecium SF68 was administered to the probiotic group for 14 days. Blood samples were taken from all dogs at days 0, 14, and 28. Serum ALT and ALP activity and total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined on these 3 days.
Results:
The probiotic induced no significant changes in mean ALT and ALP activity. Mean cholesterol concentration did not change during probiotic administration but a significant decrease was seen on day 28 (P < .01). Mean triglyceride concentration increased progressively, becoming significant at day 28 (P < .05), with 1 dog developing hypertriglyceridemia.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
E. faecium SF68 would not create confusion when monitoring dogs with hepatobiliary disease because ALT and ALP activity did not change significantly. A significant decrease in cholesterol and significant increase in triglyceride concentrations were seen at day 28 but were not clinically relevant, with 1 dog showing hypertriglyceridemia. A longer trial is warranted to assess if the probiotic effects could be clinically relevant and to assess its potential use in hypertriglyceridemic dogs.
Authors =>
Rosario Lucena | Manuel Novales | Beatriz Blanco | Eduardo Hernández | Pedro José Ginel
published =>
First published: 02 October 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15625
|
Title =>
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in geriatric cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a phosphaturic hormone that is increased in azotemic cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and predictive of the onset of azotemia in older cats. The introduction of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) as a biomarker of glomerular filtration rate has led to the identification of cats in which SDMA is increased, but plasma creatinine concentrations remains within reference range. There is currently little understanding of the metabolic changes present in such cats.
Objectives:
To examine the relationship between plasma FGF23 and SDMA concentrations in non-azotemic geriatric cats.
Animals:
Records of a cross section of client-owned cats (n = 143) without azotemic CKD.
Methods:
Clinicopathological information was obtained from cats (≥ 9 years) from records of 2 first opinion practices. The relationship between plasma SDMA and FGF23 concentrations was examined using Spearman's correlation and variables compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Results:
Cats with increased SDMA concentrations had significantly higher plasma FGF23 (P < .001) and creatinine (P < .001) concentrations compared to cats with SDMA concentrations within reference range. A weak positive relationship was demonstrated between plasma FGF23 and SDMA concentrations (r = .35, P < .001) and between plasma FGF23 and creatinine (r = .23, P = .005) concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
More cats with increased SDMA concentrations had higher FGF23 concentrations than those with SDMA concentrations within the reference range, suggesting the presence of an alteration in phosphate homeostasis. Further studies are warranted to identify influencing factors and to explore the utility of FGF23 concentration to inform management of cats with early stage CKD.
Authors =>
Hannah J. Sargent | Rosanne E. Jepson | Yu-mei Chang | Vincent C. Biourge | Esther S. Bijsmans | Jonathan Elliott
published =>
First published: 30 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15590
|
Title =>
Effectiveness of imepitoin for the control of anxiety and fear associated with noise phobia in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Noise phobia is a common behavior problem in dogs for which there are limited treatment options.
Objective:
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of imepitoin in comparison to placebo for the control of anxiety and fear associated with noise phobia in dogs.
Animals:
Two hundred thirty-eight client-owned dogs with noise phobia were recruited in veterinary clinics.
Methods:
This placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial used a predictable noise event as eliciting context, the traditional New Year's Eve fireworks in Germany and the Netherlands. Owners began treatment 2 days before the anticipated noise event with administration of either imepitoin 30 mg/kg body weight Q12h or placebo for 3 consecutive days. On New Year's Eve, owners noted their observations of their dog's fear and anxiety behavior at 1600, 2200, 0020, and 0100 hours and scored the overall treatment effect on the following day.
Results:
In the 16-item owner report of fear and anxiety signs, fear and anxiety behaviors were significantly reduced under imepitoin treatment compared to placebo (delta −6.1 scoring points; P < .0001). A significantly higher proportion of owners reported a good or excellent overall treatment effect in the imepitoin group compared to placebo (odds ratio 4.689; 95% CI, 2.79-7.89; P < .0001).
Conclusion:
Imepitoin effectively controls fear and anxiety associated with noise phobia in dogs.
Authors =>
Odilo Engel | Hanns Walter Müller | Rebecca Klee | Bradley Francke | Daniel Simon Mills
published =>
First published: 30 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15608
|
Title =>
Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Heart disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cats, but there is limited evidence of the benefit of any medication.
Hypothesis:
The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril would delay the time to treatment failure in cats with heart disease of various etiologies.
Animals:
One hundred fifty-one client-owned cats.
Methods:
Cats with heart disease, confirmed by echocardiography, with or without clinical signs of congestive heart failure, were recruited between 2002 and 2005 and randomized to benazepril or placebo in a prospective, multicenter, parallel-group, blinded clinical trial. Benazepril (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) or placebo was administered PO once daily for up to 2 years. The primary endpoint was treatment failure. Analyses were conducted separately for all-cause treatment failure (main analysis) and heart disease-related treatment failure (supportive analysis).
Results:
No benefit of benazepril versus placebo was detected for time to all-cause treatment failure (P = .42) or time to treatment failure related to heart disease (P = .21). Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [CI]) from multivariate analysis for benazepril compared with placebo were 1.00 (0.57-1.74) for all-cause failure, and 0.99 (0.50-1.94) for forward selection and 0.93 (0.48-1.81) for bidirectional selection models for heart disease-related failure. There were no significant differences between groups over time after administration of the test articles in left atrium diameter, left ventricle wall thickness, quality of life scores, adverse events, or plasma biochemistry or hematology variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:
Benazepril was tolerated well in cats with heart disease, but no evidence of benefit was detected.
Authors =>
Jonathan N. King | Mike Martin | Valérie Chetboul | Luca Ferasin | Anne T. French | Günther Strehlau | Wolfgang Seewald | Sarah G. W. Smith | Simon T. Swift | Susan L. Roberts | Andrea M. Harvey | Christopher J. L. Little | Sarah M. A. Caney | Kerry E. Simpson | Andrew H. Sparkes | Eleanor J. Mardell | Eric Bomassi | Claude Muller | John P. Sauvage | Armelle Diquélou | Matthias A. Schneider | Laurence J. Brown | David D. Clarke | Jean-Francois Rousselot
published =>
First published: 27 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15572
|
Title =>
Delayed onset vagus nerve paralysis after occipital condyle fracture in a horse
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Tamara Martin-Giménez | Antonio M. Cruz | Agustín Barragán | Estefanía Montero | Pedro G. Sanchez | Guillermo Caballero | Ignacio Corradini
published =>
First published: 26 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15581
|
Title =>
Predicting early risk of chronic kidney disease in cats using routine clinical laboratory tests and machine learning
Abstract =>
Background:
Advanced machine learning methods combined with large sets of health screening data provide opportunities for diagnostic value in human and veterinary medicine.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To derive a model to predict the risk of cats developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) using data from electronic health records (EHRs) collected during routine veterinary practice.
Animals:
A total of 106 251 cats that attended Banfield Pet Hospitals between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2017.
Methods:
Longitudinal EHRs from Banfield Pet Hospitals were extracted and randomly split into 2 parts. The first 67% of the data were used to build a prediction model, which included feature selection and identification of the optimal neural network type and architecture. The remaining unseen EHRs were used to evaluate the model performance.
Results:
The final model was a recurrent neural network (RNN) with 4 features (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine specific gravity, and age). When predicting CKD near the point of diagnosis, the model displayed a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 98.9%. Model sensitivity decreased when predicting the risk of CKD with a longer horizon, having 63.0% sensitivity 1 year before diagnosis and 44.2% 2 years before diagnosis, but with specificity remaining around 99%.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
The use of models based on machine learning can support veterinary decision making by improving early identification of CKD.
Authors =>
Richard Bradley | Ilias Tagkopoulos | Minseung Kim | Yiannis Kokkinos | Theodoros Panagiotakos | James Kennedy | Geert De Meyer | Phillip Watson | Jonathan Elliott
published =>
First published: 26 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15623
|
Title =>
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate in dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disorders
Abstract =>
Background:
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate is frequently used as a biomarker in humans with inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders including bacterial meningitis and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
Hypothesis:
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations are increased in a subset of dogs with inflammatory CNS disorders.
Animals:
One hundred two client-owned dogs diagnosed with inflammatory CNS disease.
Methods:
Case series. Cases were identified both prospectively at the time of diagnosis and retrospectively by review of a CSF biorepository. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate was analyzed with a commercially available, handheld lactate monitor. Subcategories of inflammatory disease were created for comparison (eg, steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis, meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology).
Results:
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations were above reference range in 47% of dogs (median, 2.5 mmol/L; range, 1.0-11.7 mmol/L). There was no significant difference in lactate concentrations between disease subcategories (P = .48). Significant but weak correlations were noted between CSF lactate concentration and nucleated cell count (r = .33, P < .001), absolute large mononuclear cell count (r = .44, P < .001), absolute small mononuclear cell count (r = .39, P < .001), absolute neutrophil cell count (r = .24, P = .01), and protein (r = .44, P < .001). No correlation was found between CSF lactate concentration and CSF red blood cell count (P = .58). There was no significant association of CSF lactate concentration with survival (P = .27).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations could serve as a rapid biomarker of inflammatory CNS disease in dogs.
Authors =>
Christopher L. Mariani | Carolyn J. Nye | Debra A. Tokarz | Lauren Green | Jeanie Lau | Natalia Zidan | Peter J. Early | Julien Guevar | Karen R. Muñana | Natasha J. Olby | Sarita Miles
published =>
First published: 24 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15606
|
Title =>
Using machine learning to understand neuromorphological change and image-based biomarker identification in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia
Abstract =>
Background:
Chiari-like malformation (CM) is a complex malformation of the skull and cranial cervical vertebrae that potentially results in pain and secondary syringomyelia (SM). Chiari-like malformation-associated pain (CM-P) can be challenging to diagnose. We propose a machine learning approach to characterize morphological changes in dogs that may or may not be apparent to human observers. This data-driven approach can remove potential bias (or blindness) that may be produced by a hypothesis-driven expert observer approach.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To understand neuromorphological change and to identify image-based biomarkers in dogs with CM-P and symptomatic SM (SM-S) using a novel machine learning approach, with the aim of increasing the understanding of these disorders.
Animals:
Thirty-two client-owned Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs; 11 controls, 10 CM-P, 11 SM-S).
Methods:
Retrospective study using T2-weighted midsagittal Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) anonymized images, which then were mapped to images of an average clinically normal CKCS reference using Demons image registration. Key deformation features were automatically selected from the resulting deformation maps. A kernelized support vector machine was used for classifying characteristic localized changes in morphology.
Results:
Candidate biomarkers were identified with receiver operating characteristic curves with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (sensitivity 82%; specificity 69%) for the CM-P biomarkers collectively and an AUC of 0.82 (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 67%) for the SM-S biomarkers, collectively.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Machine learning techniques can assist CM/SM diagnosis and facilitate understanding of abnormal morphology location with the potential to be applied to a variety of breeds and conformational diseases.
Authors =>
Michaela Spiteri | Susan P. Knowler | Clare Rusbridge | Kevin Wells
published =>
First published: 24 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15621
|
Title =>
Symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in dogs with International Renal Interest Society stage 4 chronic kidney disease undergoing intermittent hemodialysis
Abstract =>
Background:
Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) is a methylated arginine derived from intranuclear methylation of l-arginine by protein-arginine methyltransferase and released into circulation after proteolysis. It is primarily eliminated by renal excretion, and its concentration is highly correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in animals and humans and is an earlier indicator of kidney dysfunction than serum creatinine concentration (sCr).
Objectives:
To evaluate and quantify the effects of IV fluid therapy (IF) or intermittent hemodialysis (IH) on renal function in a randomized group of dogs previously diagnosed with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Animals:
Twenty-four client-owned dogs with naturally occurring CKD.
Methods:
Serum from 14 dogs treated by IH and 10 dogs treated with IF was submitted for measurement of sCr and SDMA. Dogs in each treatment group received up to 5 treatment sessions, administered 48 hours apart.
Results:
Significant differences (P ≤ .05) were seen between treatment groups, but dogs from the IH group were the most affected based on SDMA (P < .001), sCr (P < .001), and blood urea (P < .001) concentrations. Furthermore, for each 10% increase in urea reduction ratio, there was a 6.2 μg/dL decrease in SDMA (P = .002).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Although SDMA is dialyzable biomarker and despite its removal by IH, SDMA correlates better with renal function than does sCr in dogs with CKD undergoing IF and IH.
Authors =>
André Nanny Vieira Le Sueur | Silvano Salgueiro Geraldes | Alessandra Melchert | Regina Kiomi Takahira | Michael Coyne | Rachel Murphy | Donald Szlosek | Priscylla Tatiana Chalfun Guimarães-Okamoto
published =>
First published: 12 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15612
|
Title =>
Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Abstract =>
Background:
Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum cortisol concentrations increase with illness-associated stress. Dynamics of plasma ACTH and serum cortisol concentrations in adult horses with systemic illness are undocumented.
Hypothesis/Objective:
To determine whether ACTH and cortisol concentrations and the ACTH/cortisol ratio vary with survival, the presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), or ischemic gastrointestinal lesions at admission, or throughout hospitalization.
Animals:
One hundred fifty-one adult horses.
Methods:
Prospective study measuring serum cortisol and plasma ACTH at admission and on days 2, 4, and 6 of hospitalization. Horses were grouped by outcome (survival, SIRS status, number of SIRS criteria [SIRS score], SIRS severity group, and the presence of an ischemic lesion). Differences between groups and over time for ACTH, cortisol, and ACTH/cortisol ratio were investigated with a mixed effect model. Receiving operator characteristic curves and odds ratios were calculated for survival and ischemia.
Results:
In all groups, ACTH, cortisol, and ACTH/cortisol ratio significantly decreased over time (P < .0001). ACTH, cortisol, and ACTH/cortisol ratio were higher at admission in nonsurvivors, and ACTH and cortisol were higher in horses with ischemic lesions (P < .01). Horses with ACTH above reference interval at admission were 6.10 (2.73-13.68 [95% confidence interval]) times less likely to survive (P < .0001). No significant difference in ACTH, cortisol, and ACTH/cortisol ratio between horses with different SIRS status, scores, or groups were detected, although nonsurvivors had a higher SIRS score (P < .0001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Pituitary and adrenal responses are altered in nonsurviving horses and those with an ischemic gastrointestinal lesion.
Authors =>
Allison J. Stewart | Eileen Hackett | Francois-Rene Bertin | Taylor J. Towns
published =>
First published: 12 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15620
|
Title =>
Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model to estimate serum ionized calcium concentration from serum biochemical profile results in cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Measurement of serum ionized calcium is not always available in practice. Total calcium (tCa) might not be reliable for determination of calcium status in cats.
Objectives:
To predict serum ionized calcium concentration from signalment, biochemistry profile and T4, and compare predicted ionized calcium (piCa) to tCa.
Animals:
A total of 1701 cats from two hospitals.
Methods:
Cross-sectional study. Cats with serum ionized calcium, biochemistry profile and T4 available were screened over 6 years and included in the training set (569 cats) to create a multivariate adaptive regression splines model to calculate piCa. Diagnostic performances of tCa and piCa and its prediction interval (PI) were compared in 652 cats from the same institution (test set) and 480 cats from a different hospital (external set).
Results:
The final model included tCa, chloride, albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, body condition score, GGT, age, and potassium. For hypercalcemia, piCa was highly specific (test set: 99.8%; confidence interval [CI]: 99.5-100; external set: 97%; CI: 95.3-98.7) but poorly sensitive (test set: 30.4%; CI: 18.3-42.4; external set: 42.5%; CI: 31.7-53.3). For hypocalcemia, piCa was also highly specific (test set: 81.6%; CI: 78-85; external set: 99.6%; CI: 99-100) but poorly sensitive (test set: 57.6%; CI: 50.6-64.6; external set: 0%). These diagnostic performances were comparable to those of tCa. The upper and lower limits of piCa PI had high sensitivity for detecting ionized hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, respectively.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Predicted ionized calcium is useful to confirm suspected hypercalcemia in cats and screen for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.
Authors =>
Natasha Hodgson | Maureen A. McMichael | Rosanne E. Jepson | Kevin Le Boedec
published =>
First published: 12 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15622
|
Title =>
2019 ACVIM Forum Research Report Program
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 09 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15593
|
Title =>
Comparison of clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy and low or normal serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations
Abstract =>
Background:
The cause of low serum vitamin D concentrations in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is not well understood.
Objective:
Improve understanding of pathogenesis of low serum vitamin D concentrations in dogs with CIE by comparing several clinical, clinicopathologic, and histologic variables between CIE dogs with low and normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25[OH]D).
Animals:
Fifteen dogs with CIE and low serum 25[OH]D concentrations; 15 dogs with CIE and normal serum 25(OH)D concentrations.
Methods:
Prospective cohort study. Clinical and clinicopathologic variables were compared between groups. Correlations between serum 25(OH)D concentration and histopathologic variables were assessed.
Results:
Dogs with CIE and low serum 25(OH)D concentrations had higher canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index scores (P = .003), lower serum α-tocopherol (P < .001), cholesterol (P < .001), and albumin (P < .001) concentrations and higher serum C-reactive protein (P = .004) concentrations compared to CIE dogs with normal serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Serum concentrations of vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP) were not different between groups (P = .91). Duodenal morphologic and inflammatory histopathological scores (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively) and total histopathological scores in duodenum and combined duodenum and ileum negatively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The pathogenesis of low serum vitamin D concentrations in dogs with CIE is likely multifactorial. Fat malabsorption deserves further study in dogs with low serum vitamin D concentration and CIE. Loss of VDBP does not appear to be an important cause of low serum vitamin D concentration in dogs with CIE.
Authors =>
Sara A. Jablonski Wennogle | Simon L. Priestnall | Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet | Craig B. Webb
published =>
First published: 09 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15614
|
Title =>
Evaluation of combined testing to simultaneously diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and insulin dysregulation in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test and the 2-step insulin sensitivity test are commonly used methods to diagnose, respectively, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and insulin dysregulation (ID).
Objectives:
To investigate the diagnostic value of combining the TRH stimulation test and the 2-step insulin sensitivity test to diagnose PPID and ID simultaneously.
Animals:
Twenty-seven adult horses, 10 control horses without PPID or ID, 5 horses with PPID only, 5 horses with ID only, and 7 horses with PPID and ID.
Methods:
Randomized prospective study. Horses underwent a TRH stimulation test alone, a 2-step insulin sensitivity test alone, and combined testing with simultaneous TRH and insulin injection in the same syringe. Data were compared by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance and 2 1-sided tests to demonstrate equivalence. Bland-Altman plots were generated to visualize agreement between combined and independent testing.
Results:
The effect of combined testing on plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, blood glucose concentration, or percentage decrease in blood glucose concentration was not significantly different from the effect obtained with independent testing. One control horse appeared falsely positive for PPID, 2 PPID-only horses appeared falsely positive for ID, and 1 PPID and ID horse appeared falsely negative for ID when tests were performed simultaneously. Bland-Altman plots supported the agreement between combined and independent testing.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Combining the TRH stimulation test and the 2-step insulin sensitivity test appears to be a useful diagnostic tool for equine practitioners in the field, allowing testing of a horse for both PPID and ID simultaneously.
Authors =>
Remona Horn | François-René Bertin
published =>
First published: 09 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15617
|
Title =>
Presence of cerebrospinal fluid antibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis of humans in dogs with neurologic disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Presumed autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs are common. In people, antibodies against neuronal cell surface antigens that are associated with a wide variety of neurological syndromes have been identified. The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies that target neuronal cell surface proteins has not been reported in dogs with neurologic disorders.
Objectives:
Autoantibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens can be found in the CSF of dogs with inflammatory CNS disease. Our aim was to determine whether 6 neuronal cell surface autoantibodies were present in the CSF of dogs diagnosed with inflammatory and noninflammatory CNS disease.
Animals:
Client-owned dogs with CNS disease and complete diagnostic evaluation including magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis were included. One healthy dog was included as a negative control.
Methods:
Cerebrospinal fluid was tested for 6 antigenic targets with a commercially available indirect immunofluorescence assay test kit.
Results:
There were 32 dogs with neurological disease, 19 diagnosed with inflammatory disease (encephalitis and meningitis), 10 with noninflammatory disease (neoplasia, intervertebral disk disease, degenerative myelopathy, and epilepsy), 2 with no diagnosis, and 1 with neoplasia and meningoencephalitis. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) antibodies were detected in 3 dogs (3/32; 9.38%). All 3 dogs responded to treatment of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Further evaluation of the prevalence and clinical relevance of CSF and serum antibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens is warranted. Defining antigenic targets associated with encephalitis in dogs might allow diagnostic categorization of MUE antemortem.
Authors =>
Emma G. Stafford | Amanda Kortum | Aude Castel | Lauren Green | Jeanie Lau | Peter J. Early | Karen R. Muñana | Christopher L. Mariani | Jeffrey A. Yoder | Natasha J. Olby
published =>
First published: 08 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15616
|
Title =>
2019 ACVIM Forum Research Abstract Program
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 07 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15597
|
Title =>
Hepatic copper and other trace mineral concentrations in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor in dogs. Abnormalities in hepatic copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations increase risk for HCC development in other species, but trace mineral concentrations have not been evaluated in dogs with HCC.
Objectives:
To investigate hepatic trace mineral concentrations in dogs with HCC.
Animals:
Archived liver specimens from 85 dogs with HCC and 85 control dogs.
Methods:
Retrospective case-control study. A histopathology database was searched to identify dogs with HCC (test population) and an age-matched control population. Demographic information was retrieved, and H&E and rhodanine stained slides were reviewed for all cases. Copper, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations were determined in noncancerous liver tissues (test and control population) and in HCC tissues (test population) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Results:
Hepatic copper concentrations (non-neoplastic hepatic tissue) were greater in test population dogs (median, IQR; 294.9 μg/g, 233.5-475.9 μg/g) than in control dogs (202.8 μg/g, 135.0-295.3 μg/g; P < .001). Hepatic zinc concentrations in test (132.1 μg/g,108.6-163.2 μg/g) and control dogs (151.5 μg/g, 117.1-184.5 μg/g) also were different (P = .03). Within test population dogs, all trace mineral concentrations were decreased in the HCC tissue as compared to the non-neoplastic hepatic tissue (all P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Hepatic copper accumulation and other abnormalities in hepatic trace mineral concentrations could be involved in the pathogenesis of HCC in some dogs.
Authors =>
Cailin C. Harro | Rebecca C. Smedley | John P. Buchweitz | Daniel K. Langlois
published =>
First published: 07 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15619
|
Title =>
Determination of magnetic motor evoked potential latency time cutoff values for detection of spinal cord dysfunction in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and recording of magnetic motor evoked potentials (MMEP) can detect neurological dysfunction in horses but cutoff values based on confirmed spinal cord dysfunction are lacking.
Objectives:
To determine latency time cutoff for neurological dysfunction.
Animals:
Five control horses and 17 horses with proprioceptive ataxia.
Methods:
Case-control study with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, based on diagnostic imaging, TMS, and histopathological findings. Horses were included if all 3 examinations were performed.
Results:
Diagnostic imaging and histopathology did not show abnormalities in the control group but confirmed spinal cord compression in 14 of 17 ataxic horses. In the remaining 3 horses, histopathological lesions were mild to severe, but diagnostic imaging did not confirm spinal cord compression. In control horses, latency time values of thoracic and pelvic limbs were significantly lower than in ataxic horses (20 ± 1 vs 34 ± 16 milliseconds, P = .05; and 39 ± 1 vs 78 ± 26 milliseconds, P = .004). Optimal cutoff values to detect spinal cord dysfunction were 22 milliseconds (sensitivity [95% CI interval], 88% [73%-100%]; specificity, 100% [100%-100%]) in thoracic and 40 milliseconds (sensitivity, 94% [83%-100%]; specificity, 100% [100%-100%]) in pelvic limbs. To detect spinal cord dysfunction caused by compression, the optimal cutoff for thoracic limbs remained 22 milliseconds, while it increased to 43 milliseconds in pelvic limbs (sensitivity, 100% [100%-100%]; specificity, 100% [100%-100%] for thoracic and pelvic limbs).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Magnetic motor evoked potential analysis using these cutoff values is a promising diagnostic tool for spinal cord dysfunction diagnosis in horses.
Authors =>
Joke Rijckaert | Bart Pardon | Veronique Saey | Els Raes | Luc Van Ham | Richard Ducatelle | Gunther van Loon | Piet Deprez
published =>
First published: 06 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15576
|
Title =>
Long-term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Max Parkanzky | Janet Grimes | Chad Schmiedt | Scott Secrest | Andrew Bugbee
published =>
First published: 06 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15611
|
Title =>
Plasma concentrations of steroid precursors, steroids, neuroactive steroids, and neurosteroids in healthy neonatal foals from birth to 7 days of age
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Monica Aleman | Patrick M. McCue | Munashe Chigerwe | John E. Madigan
published =>
First published: 05 September 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15618
|
Title =>
Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Gonçalo Serrano | Marios Charalambous | Nausikaa Devriendt | Hilde de Rooster | Femke Mortier | Dominique Paepe
published =>
First published: 31 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15607
|
Title =>
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characterization of cervical spondylomyelopathy in juvenile dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Marília de Albuquerque Bonelli | Ronaldo C. da Costa
published =>
First published: 30 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15602
|
Title =>
Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Vachira Hunprasit | Pamela J. Schreiner | Jeffrey B. Bender | Jody P. Lulich
published =>
First published: 30 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15613
|
Title =>
Erratum for The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 30 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15615
|
Title =>
Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Krystle L. Reagan | Ian McHardy | George R. Thompson | Jane E. Sykes
published =>
First published: 29 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15599
|
Title =>
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Carlo Guglielmini | Michele Berlanda | Federico Fracassi | Helen Poser | Shani Koren | Marco Baron Toaldo
published =>
First published: 29 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15600
|
Title =>
Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2006-2016)
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Lynelle R. Johnson | Eric G. Johnson | Sean E. Hulsebosch | Jonathan D. Dear | William Vernau
published =>
First published: 29 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15605
|
Title =>
Usefulness of noninvasive shear wave elastography for the assessment of hepatic fibrosis in dogs with hepatic disease
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Masahiro Tamura | Hiroshi Ohta | Genya Shimbo | Tatsuyuki Osuga | Noboru Sasaki | Keitaro Morishita | Yumiko Kagawa | Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 28 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15598
|
Title =>
Evaluation of metabolic profile and C-reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Paola Gianella | Roberta Caccamo | Claudio Bellino | Enrico Bottero | Federica Fietta | Silvia Roncone | Fabio Ostanello | Marco Pietra | Paolo Buracco
published =>
First published: 27 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15575
|
Title =>
Mycoplasma haemolamae and intestinal parasite relationships with erythrocyte variables in clinically healthy alpacas and llamas
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Lisa C. Viesselmann | Ricardo Videla | John Schaefer | Aly Chapman | Heidi Wyrosdick | Deanna M. W. Schaefer
published =>
First published: 27 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15596
|
Title =>
Presumptive iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism induced by high-dose ketoconazole administration in a dog
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Andrea Hernandez-Bures | Amelia G. White | Laura Riordan
published =>
First published: 26 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15604
|
Title =>
Diagnostic potential of simplified methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate to detect chronic kidney disease in dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Paola Pocar | Paola Scarpa | Anna Berrini | Petra Cagnardi | Rita Rizzi | Vitaliano Borromeo
published =>
First published: 24 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15573
|
Title =>
Differences in clinicopathologic variables between Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactive and Borrelia C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Moria A. Borys | Philip H. Kass | Frederick C. Mohr | Jane E. Sykes
published =>
First published: 24 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15586
|
Title =>
Evaluation of a Chinese herbal supplement on equine squamous gastric disease and gastric fluid pH in mares
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Amelia S. Munsterman | Ana Sofia Dias Moreira | Fernando J. Marqués
published =>
First published: 23 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15603
|
Title =>
Prevalence of acute kidney injury in a population of hospitalized horses
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Victoria L. Savage | Celia M. Marr | Michael Bailey | Sarah Smith
published =>
First published: 22 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15569
|
Title =>
Erratum for Investigation of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of mild to moderate asthma in horses
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 22 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15595
|
Title =>
Development of a comprehensive protein microarray for immunoglobulin E profiling in horses with severe asthma
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Samuel White | Meriel Moore-Colyer | Eliane Marti | Laurent Coüetil | Duncan Hannant | Eric A. Richard | Marcos Alcocer
published =>
First published: 20 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15564
|
Title =>
Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation testing on the oral sugar test in horses when performed as a combined protocol
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Elizabeth Hodge | Alycia Kowalski | Catherine Torcivia | Sue Lindborg | Darko Stefanovski | Kelsey Hart | Nicholas Frank | Andrew van Eps
published =>
First published: 20 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15601
|
Title =>
Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its effect on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil to healthy cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant used in human and veterinary medicine. Little pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information on MMF is available in cats.
Objective:
To evaluate the plasma disposition of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and assess its effect on total peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratios after PO administration of MMF.
Animals:
Healthy cats (n = 10).
Methods:
Mycophenolate mofetil was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg q12h (n = 3), 15 mg/kg q12h (n = 3), and 15 mg/kg q8h (n = 4) for 7 days. Concentrations of MPA and derivatives were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Flow cytometry was used to assess CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios.
Results:
All cats biotransformed MMF into MPA. Half of the cats (5/10) had adverse effects within 1 week of MMF administration. Area under the curve limit of quantification (AUC0-LOQh) of MPA ranged from 1.27 to 2.03 hours·μg/mL and from 1.77 to 8.54 hours·μg/mL after the first and last PO dose of 10 mg/kg. The AUC0-loqh of MPA ranged from 2.18 to 31 hours·μg/mL after the first dose of 15 mg/kg of MMF. Before the first dose of MMF, the average total number of PBMC ranged from 1.2 to 9.3 million/mL. At the last dose of MMF, the average total number of PBMC ranged from 3 to 5 million/mL.
Conclusion:
Mycophenolic acid was detected in all cats. The dose 10 mg/kg given q12h for 1 week was tolerated (n = 3). The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown.
Authors =>
Jennifer E. Slovak | Julianne K. Hwang | Sol M. Rivera | Nicolas F. Villarino
published =>
First published: 19 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15585
|
Title =>
Variability of first morning urine specific gravity in 103 healthy dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Urine specific gravity (USG) is an integral part of the urinalysis and a key component of many clinical decisions, and fluctuations in USG have the potential to impact case management.
Objectives:
To determine the intraindividual variability of first morning USG results in healthy dogs.
Animals:
One hundred three healthy client-owned dogs.
Methods:
Dogs were deemed healthy based on clinical history and physical examination findings. Repeated USG measurements were performed over the course of 2 weeks. Three urine samples were collected each week for a total of 6 samples per dog. Sample collection was distributed evenly throughout the week. Urine samples were acquired immediately upon waking and before any ingestion of liquids, food, or exertion of physical activity in the dogs. All measurements were made using the same Misco digital refractometer.
Results:
Intraindividual USG was variable over the course of the study. The mean difference between the minimum and maximum USG for each dog was 0.015 (SD, 0.007). The within-week difference between the minimum and maximum USG was less than over the complete 2-week study (0.009 [SD 0.006] for week 1 and 0.010 [SD 0.007] for week 2). The mean coefficient of variance across all 6 time points was 15.4% (SD 8.97%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Clinically important variation occurs in USG in healthy animals and might impact clinical decision-making when diagnostic cutoff points are utilized. Clinicians should be aware of inherent variability in this clinical variable when analyzing results.
Authors =>
Adam Rudinsky | Catherine Cortright | Sally Purcell | Amy Cordner | Linda Lord | Maxey Wellman | Stephen DiBartola | Dennis Chew
published =>
First published: 19 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15592
|
Title =>
Comparison of signalment and computed tomography findings in French Bulldogs, Pugs, and English Bulldogs with and without clinical signs associated with thoracic hemivertebra
Abstract =>
Background:
Although thoracic hemivertebra can cause neurological signs, they occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs.
Objectives:
To evaluate whether computed tomography (CT) findings and factors associated with signalment can be used to differentiate between dogs with and without neurological signs associated with hemivertebra.
Animals:
One hundred sixty dogs with ≥1 hemivertebrae were retrospectively studied. This group consisted of 40 dogs with clinical signs caused by hemivertebra and 40 French Bulldogs, 40 Pugs, and 40 English Bulldogs that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to neurological disease.
Methods:
All dogs underwent CT and affected dogs also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. All CT studies were randomly evaluated by an observer blinded to signalment and clinical status. The following variables were evaluated: presence, number, location, and subtype of hemivertebra; presence of vertebral subluxation; severity of vertebral canal stenosis; presence, location, and severity of kyphosis, and number of vertebrae involved in the kyphotic segment. Statistical modeling was performed to identify factors associated with clinical status.
Results:
Pug breed (odds ration [OR], 10.8; P = .01), more severe kyphosis (OR, 1.1 per grade increase; P < .001), fewer instead of more observed hemivertebrae (OR, 0.8; P = 0.03), and ventrolateral hypoplasia hemivertebra subtype (OR, 4.0; P = .011) were associated with higher likelihood of neurological disease. A Cobb angle of 34.5 degrees corresponded with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between clinically affected and unaffected dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The variables identified could aid in differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant hemivertebra in small breed brachycephalic dogs.
Authors =>
Steven De Decker | Rowena M. A. Packer | Rodolfo Cappello | Tom R. Harcourt-Brown | Cecilia Rohdin | Sergio A. Gomes | Niklas Bergknut | Tom A. Shaw | Mark Lowrie | Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
published =>
First published: 13 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15556
|
Title =>
Risk factors for shedding of Salmonella enterica among hospitalized large animals over a 10-year period in a veterinary teaching hospital
Abstract =>
Background:
Transmission of Salmonella in veterinary hospitals is typically associated with environmental contamination. Links between isolates recovered from hospitalized large animals and environment suggest animals as the likely source. Therefore, understanding factors influencing shedding is key in control. Shedding in hospitalized animals has been investigated, but many studies focused on subsets of animals limiting generalizability.
Objective:
(1) Investigate factors associated with fecal shedding of Salmonella among hospitalized large animals at a veterinary hospital. (2) Compare results obtained using 2 comparison groups for risk factor analysis—large animals with high confidence in negative shedding status and those with potential for misclassification of shedding status.
Animals:
Large animals admitted from March 2002 through December 2012.
Methods:
A case-control study was conducted among all hospitalized large animals that were routinely cultured as part of infection control efforts. Animal and hospital factors were evaluated. Data on factors of interest were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between animal factors and fecal shedding of Salmonella enterica.
Results:
During the study period, 5.9% (648/11 061) of hospitalized large animals were culture positive for Salmonella, with the majority being cattle (72%; 467/648) and horses (22%; 143/648). Although the odds of shedding varied by comparison group, overall, 69.4% of animal shedding could be attributed to systemic illness (population attributable fraction) in this study.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Findings of this study inform our understanding of factors affecting Salmonella shedding in hospitalized large animals, thus improving our ability for implementation of evidence-based control measures.
Authors =>
Brandy A. Burgess | Paul S. Morley
published =>
First published: 13 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15579
|
Title =>
A prospective randomized study of efficacy of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Urethral obstruction (UO) is a common complication of feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). Robust treatment recommendations to prevent its recurrence are scarce.
Objectives:
To evaluate meloxicam treatment for prevention of clinical recrudescence in male cats with obstructive FIC.
Animals:
Fifty-one client-owned cats.
Methods:
Prospective, randomized clinical trial. Every male cat with FIC-associated UO was deemed eligible for the study and was recruited during hospitalization. After discharge, cats were treated with phenoxybenzamine and alprazolam for 2 weeks, with (24 cats) or without (27 cats) low-dose meloxicam (0.025 mg/kg/day PO) and monitored for 6 months.
Results:
Cumulative number (%) of cats with recurrent UO at 10 days, 1-, 2-, and 6-months after discharge was 1 (2%), 2 (4%), 4 (8%), and 8 (16%), respectively. Overall, 12 (24%) cats experienced signs of recurrent FIC within 6 months, with (8 cats) or without (4 cats) concurrent UO. No difference in the cumulative incidence of UO within 6 months was detected with addition of meloxicam (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.63 [0.13-2.97]; P = .70). All cats were alive at 6 months.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
No clinical benefit was detected with the addition of low-dose meloxicam to phenoxybenzamine and alprazolam treatment for 2 weeks after discharge. Nevertheless, this study was underpowered to identify potential differences, and its findings must be corroborated in larger studies.
Authors =>
Ran Nivy | Gilad Segev | Dar Rimer | Yaron Bruchim | Itamar Aroch | Michal Mazaki-Tovi
published =>
First published: 10 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15594
|
Title =>
Effect of different protocols on the mitigation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses when administered 24 hours before strenuous exercise
Abstract =>
Background:
Public pressure exists in the United States to eliminate race-day furosemide administration despite its efficacy in decreasing the severity of equine exercise pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). No effective alternative prophylaxis strategies have been identified.
Objective:
To investigate alternative protocols to race-day furosemide that might mitigate EIPH.
Animals:
Seven fit Thoroughbreds with recent EIPH.
Methods:
Double-blinded placebo-controlled Latin square crossover using a treadmill followed by a blinded placebo-controlled crossover study at a racetrack. First, horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue 24 hours after initiating 5 EIPH prophylaxis protocols: 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg furosemide IV 24 hours pre-exercise with and without controlled access to water, and 24 hour controlled access to water. Effects were compared to those measured after giving a placebo 24 hours pre-exercise, and 0.5 mg/kg furosemide IV 4 hours pre-exercise. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) erythrocyte count was determined 45-60 minutes postexercise after endoscopy to assign an EIPH score. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. The most promising protocol from the treadmill study was further evaluated in 6 horses using endoscopy and BAL after 1100 m simulated races.
Results:
Intravenous furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) administered 24 hours pre-exercise combined with controlled access to water decreased the severity of EIPH on the treadmill and at the racetrack.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
Administering 0.5 mg/kg furosemide 24 hours pre-racing combined with controlling water intake may be a strategy to replace race-day furosemide administration for the management of EIPH. A larger study is indicated to further evaluate whether this protocol significantly mitigates EIPH severity.
Authors =>
Warwick Bayly | Carolina Lopez | Raymond Sides | Gerald Bergsma | Jenyka Bergsma | Jenifer Gold | Debra Sellon
published =>
First published: 09 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15574
|
Title =>
Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with hiatal hernia: 31 cases (1995-2018)
Abstract =>
Background:
Information regarding clinical signs, assessment, treatment, and outcome in cats with hiatal hernia (HH) is limited.
Objectives:
To characterize the clinical presentation of HH and medical and surgical outcomes in a cohort of affected cats.
Animals:
Thirty-one client-owned cats with HH.
Methods:
Medical records of cats with HH were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, history, results of diagnostic tests, details of surgical and medical treatments, complications, and outcome. Long-term follow-up data were obtained by telephone communication. Relationships between clinical variables and outcome were evaluated by regression analysis.
Results:
Type I HH was present in 85.7% (24/28) of cats, and 64.5% (20/31) were >3 years of age at diagnosis. Twenty-one of 31 (67.7%) cats underwent surgical repair including phrenoplasty, esophagopexy, and left-sided gastropexy, and 10 of 31 cats were treated medically without surgery. Concurrent illness was common, and 77.4% cats had comorbidities. All cats survived to discharge, and median time to death or follow-up was 959 days (range, 3-4015 days). Cats treated medically survived longer than cats treated surgically, with median time to death or follow-up of 2559 and 771 days, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Type I HH is the most common type of HH in cats. A congenital etiology is possible, but many cats with HH were >3 years of age at diagnosis and suffered from comorbidities, including upper airway obstruction. Case selection and the presence of comorbidities likely influenced the outcome. Cats with HH may not be diagnosed until disease is advanced or concurrent illness draws attention to clinical signs.
Authors =>
Heidi Phillips | Jessica Corrie | Danielle M. Engel | Daniel J. Duffy | David E. Holt | Allison R. Kendall | Chad W. Schmiedt | Autumn Vetter | Ilyssa L. Meren | Christelle Follette | David J. Schaeffer | Philipp D. Mayhew | Stanley L. Marks
published =>
First published: 09 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15583
|
Title =>
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and gastrointestinal changes from aspirin, prednisone, or combination treatment in healthy research dogs: A double-blind randomized trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Dogs with immune-mediated disease are often coadministered glucocorticoids and aspirin, but ulcerogenic effects of current protocols are unknown.
Objectives:
To compare gastrointestinal changes among dogs administered aspirin, prednisone, and combination treatment.
Animals:
Twenty-four healthy research dogs.
Methods:
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial of dogs administered placebo, aspirin (2 mg/kg q24h), prednisone (2 mg/kg q24h), or combination treatment PO for 28 days. Clinical signs were recorded daily, with laboratory work performed at baseline and day 28. Gastrointestinal mucosal hemorrhages, erosions, and ulcers were numerated for endoscopic studies performed on days 0, 14, and 28; endoscopic mucosal lesion scores were calculated. Results were compared using mixed model repeated-measures analyses of variance and generalized estimating equation proportional odds models. P < .05 was considered significant.
Results:
Gastric mucosal lesion scores differed by treatment-by-time (F[6, 40] = 4.4, P = .002), treatment (F[3, 20] = 7.1, P = .002), and time (F[2, 40] = 18.9, P < .001). Post hoc analysis revealed increased scores in the aspirin (day 14 only), prednisone, and prednisone/aspirin groups during treatment. Ulcers were identified on 14 studies, representing 10 dogs. Dogs receiving prednisone and prednisone/aspirin had 11.1 times (95% CI, 1.7-73.6) and 31.5 times (95% CI, 3.5-288.0) higher odds, respectively, of having endoscopic mucosal lesion scores ≥4 than dogs receiving placebo (P ≤ .01).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Gastrointestinal bleeding occurs commonly in dogs administered aspirin, prednisone, or prednisone/aspirin treatment, with higher lesion scores for dogs receiving combination treatment. Even severe lesions are not accompanied by clinical signs.
Authors =>
Jacqueline C. Whittemore | Allison P. Mooney | Joshua M. Price | John Thomason
published =>
First published: 08 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15577
|
Title =>
Retrospective evaluation of cyclosporine in the treatment of presumed idiopathic chronic hepatitis in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The etiology of idiopathic chronic hepatitis (ICH) in dogs is poorly understood, but evidence supports an immune-mediated pathogenesis in some dogs.
Objectives:
To describe a case series of dogs with presumed ICH treated with cyclosporine (CsA) with or without concurrent medications and to document the incidence of biochemical remission and factors associated with failure to attain remission.
Animals:
Forty-eight client-owned dogs diagnosed with presumed ICH, treatment of which included CsA.
Methods:
Two-institution, retrospective case series of dogs between 2010 and 2017. All dogs were treated with CsA with or without concurrent medications for ≥2 weeks. Data were collected from medical records.
Results:
Biochemical remission (<1.1 times the upper limit of normal for alanine aminotransferase activity) was attained in 79% of dogs (38/48). Median dose of CsA at remission was 7.9 mg/kg/d (range, 2.5-12.7 mg/kg/d) and median time to remission was 2.5 months (range, 0.75-18 months). Concurrent hepatoprotectant treatment was not associated with likelihood of remission. Clinical score, ascites, hypoalbuminemia, hyperbilirubinemia, prolonged coagulation times, dose, and duration of treatment were not associated with the probability of remission or time to remission. Common adverse effects of CsA were gastrointestinal signs in 38% (18/48) and gingival hyperplasia in 25% (12/48) of treated dogs.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
A treatment regimen including CsA and frequent hepatoprotectant use resulted in biochemical remission of ICH in most dogs. None of the evaluated factors, including hepatoprotectant use, were significantly associated with likelihood of remission. Future prospective studies are indicated to evaluate CsA monotherapy in ICH dogs.
Authors =>
Tarini Ullal | Yoko Ambrosini | Sangeeta Rao | Cynthia R. L. Webster | David Twedt
published =>
First published: 08 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15591
|
Title =>
Correlation between l-lactate and glucose concentrations and body condition score in healthy horses and ponies
Abstract =>
Background:
Blood l-lactate and glucose concentrations were higher in ponies with gastrointestinal disease than in horses, possibly because of differences in body condition (BC).
Objectives:
To investigate whether l-lactate and glucose concentrations correlate with BC and differ between healthy horses and ponies.
Animals:
Systemically healthy client-owned ponies (n = 101) and horses (n = 51).
Methods:
Prospective observational study. Breed, weight, height, and subjective and objective measures of BC were recorded and l-lactate and glucose concentrations were measured. Correlations between l-lactate and glucose concentrations and BC were established. The association between l-lactate concentrations, equid type (pony or horse), BC, age, and glucose concentrations was investigated using a multivariable model.
Results:
Weak but significant (P = .001) negative correlations were detected between l-lactate concentration and average BC score (r = −0.29), heart girth:height ratio (r = −0.27), and age (r = −0.27). Glucose concentrations were significantly (P < .001) positively correlated with neck length:heart girth ratio (r = 0.37) and heart girth:height ratio (r = 0.31). l-lactate and glucose concentrations were weakly correlated (r = 0.15; P = .04). In the final multivariable model, age (−0.02 ± 0.006; P = .001) and heart girth:height ratio (−1.74 ± 0.53; P = .001) were significantly associated with the natural logarithm of l-lactate concentration (Lnl-Lactate). This represents a 2% decrease in l-lactate concentration per year increase in age and 10% decrease in l-lactate concentration per 0.06 unit increase in heart girth:height ratio.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In healthy horses and ponies, age and BC significantly influence l-lactate concentrations.
Authors =>
Bettina Dunkel | Edward J. Knowles | Yu-Mei Chang | Nicola J. Menzies-Gow
published =>
First published: 07 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15587
|
Title =>
Therapeutic use of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution for treatment of subcutaneous ureteral bypass device mineralization in cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device placement is an increasingly popular treatment option for decompression of ureteral obstruction in cats. Mineralization occlusion of the device occurs in a minority of cases but is the most common complication.
Objective:
To evaluate a 2% tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (tEDTA) solution for treatment of mineralization occlusion in cats with SUBs.
Animals:
Six client-owned cats (8 obstructed devices).
Methods:
Case series. Each cat was found to have device occlusion based on a combination of ultrasound examination, SUB irrigation, and failure to identify another cause of device obstruction. Each SUB was drained, irrigated using sterile saline, and infused with 1-2 mL of 2% tEDTA solution. Success was defined as normalization of flow during subsequent ultrasound visualization while irrigating. The volume and frequency of tEDTA instillations, time to achieve device patency, follow-up biochemical and ultrasound findings, and future reobstruction events were recorded.
Results:
Resolution of mineralization was documented in all 8 SUBs. Reobstruction events occurred in 2 cats, all of which resolved after additional tEDTA infusions, but 1 cat ultimately required device exchange at 356 days from the first tEDTA infusion. In 1 cat, a single infusion was prematurely discontinued because of persistent pelvic dilatation after 1.25 mL of tEDTA had been instilled. No complications were observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Tetrasodium EDTA infusions can be safely considered as a treatment option for mineralized SUB devices in cats. This solution was easily infused, well tolerated, and avoided the need for SUB device exchange in the majority of cats in which it was used.
Authors =>
Colin Chik | Allyson C. Berent | Chick W. Weisse | Marcia Ryder
published =>
First published: 06 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15582
|
Title =>
Diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) because of chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs is often treated with a combination of glucocorticoids and second-line immunosuppressant (SLI). This combined approach might not be necessary in all dogs.
Hypothesis/objectives:
To describe diagnostic features and outcomes of dogs with PLE treated with glucocorticoids alone (group P) or with glucocorticoids and SLI (group S).
Animals:
Thirty-one dogs with PLE.
Material and methods:
Retrospective analysis of signalment data from diagnostic procedures, treatment, and outcome of dogs with CIE/PLE (from 2015 to 2017), using the hospital's digital case database. Dogs with hypoalbuminemia and CIE were included. Because of a stepwise treatment algorithm, dogs were allocated to group P or S. Time to serum albumin concentrations ≥20 g/L and survival data were collected. Dogs were additionally categorized by their albumin and cobalamin serum concentrations. Multivariate and univariate analysis as well as Pearson's correlation and Kaplan-Maier survival analysis were performed.
Results:
Seventeen dogs were included in group P and 14 in group S. World Small Animal Veterinary Association score of the duodenum was different between groups (P = .05), but none of the other examined data. Median time until serum albumin reached >20 g/L was 13 days. Median survival time after start of treatment was 85 days (range, 13-463 days) in group P and 166 days (range, 8-390 days) in group S.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
No routine diagnostic test was predictive of clinical response, treatment group, or outcome. Glucocorticoid treatment alone can be appropriate in dogs with PLE.
Authors =>
Silke Salavati Schmitz | Adam Gow | Nick Bommer | Linda Morrison | Richard Mellanby
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15571
|
Title =>
Videofluoroscopic swallow study features of lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Megaesophagus (ME) carries a poor long-term prognosis in dogs. In people, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) disorders causing functional obstruction are rare causes of ME that may respond to targeted treatment. Functional LES disorders are reported rarely in dogs because of challenges in diagnostic methodologies.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To identify dogs with videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) features of LES achalasia-like syndrome (LES-AS). We hypothesized that dogs with LES-AS could be distinguished from normal dogs using standardized VFSS criteria.
Animals:
Dogs with LES-AS by VFSS (n = 19), healthy normal dogs (n = 20).
Methods:
Retrospective study. One-hundred thirty dogs presented to the University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center (MU-VHC) between April 2015 and December 2017 for a free-feeding VFSS; 20 healthy dogs were included as controls. Swallow studies were evaluated for failure of the LES to relax during pharyngeal swallow (LES-AS). Affected dogs subsequently were evaluated using standardized criteria to identify metrics important for identifying and characterizing dogs with LES-AS.
Results:
Nineteen dogs with LES-AS were identified out of 130 VFSS. Megaesophagus was present in 14 of 19 (73.7%) dogs with LES-AS. A baseline esophageal fluid-line and “bird beak” were present in 68.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.5%-89.3%) and 63.2% (95% CI, 41.5%-84.8%) of affected dogs, respectively. The esophagus was graded as acontractile (8/19), hypomotile (8/19), or hypermotile (3/19).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with LES-AS may successfully be identified by VFSS using a free-feeding protocol. These data are of critical clinical importance because a subpopulation of dogs with functional LES obstruction may be candidates for targeted intervention.
Authors =>
Megan E. Grobman | James Schachtel | C. Prakash Gyawali | Teresa E. Lever | Carol R. Reinero
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15578
|
Title =>
Combined interventional procedure and cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in a dog with cor triatriatum dexter, patent foramen ovale, and pulmonary stenosis
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Federica Marchesotti | Vincenzo Rondelli | Marco Pesaresi | Stefano Nicoli | Tommaso Vezzosi | Edoardo Auriemma | Guido Lanzillo | Andrea Cuccio | Toufic Khouri | Annette Dejong | Oriol Domenech
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15580
|
Title =>
Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify gastrointestinal lesions in dogs with microcytosis or gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Abstract =>
Background:
Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a noninvasive imaging modality that can identify mucosal lesions not detected with traditional endoscopy or abdominal sonography. In people, VCE is used in diagnostic and management protocols of various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, particularly in GI bleeding of obscure origin or unexplained iron deficiency anemia (IDA).
Objective:
To evaluate the utility of VCE in the identification of mucosal lesions in dogs with evidence of GI hemorrhage.
Animals:
Sixteen client-owned dogs that underwent VCE.
Methods:
Retrospective case-control study. Medical records were reviewed to include dogs with microcytosis, low normal mean corpuscular volume, or clinical GI bleeding that received VCE.
Results:
Median age of dogs was 8.7 years (range, 8 months to 15 years) with a median weight of 21.7 kg (range, 6.9-62.5 kg). Abdominal ultrasound (16), abdominal radiography (4), and abdominal CT (1) did not identify a cause for GI blood loss. Gastric mucosal lesions were identified by VCE in 15 of 16 dogs and small intestinal lesions in 12 of 14 dogs, with 2 capsules remaining in the stomach. Endoscopy was performed in 2 dogs before VCE; 1 dog had additional small intestinal lesions identified through the use of VCE.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Video capsule endoscopy is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool that can identify GI lesions in dogs presenting with microcytosis with or without GI hemorrhage when ultrasonography is inconclusive; however, the majority of lesions identified would have been apparent with conventional endoscopy.
Authors =>
Kasey Mabry | Tracy Hill | Stanley L. Marks | Brian T. Hardy
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15584
|
Title =>
Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury
Abstract =>
Background:
Bleeding tendencies can occur with uremia.
Objectives:
To characterize primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI).
Animals:
Ten dogs with International Renal Interest Society AKI grade III or above and 10 healthy controls.
Methods:
Prospective study comparing PCV, platelet count, platelet aggregometry (Multiplate), and von Willebrand factor antigen to collagen binding activity ratio (vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA) in 2 groups of dogs (AKI group versus controls). Buccal mucosal bleeding time was measured in the AKI group only. Data are presented as median [25th, 75th percentile] unless otherwise stated. Significance was set at P < .05.
Results:
Mean PCV was significantly lower in the AKI (34.7%; ±SD, 8.8) than in the control (46.1%; ±SD, 3.6; P < .001) group. Platelet count was significantly higher in the AKI (350.5 × 103/μL [301, 516]) than in the control (241 × 103/μL [227, 251]; P = .01) group. Collagen-activated platelet aggregometry measured as area under the curve was significantly lower in the AKI (36.9 ± 17.7) than in the control (54.9 ± 11.2; P = .05) group. vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA was significantly higher in the AKI (2.2 [1.9, 2.6]) than in the control (1.1 [1.1, 1.2]; P = .01) group. There was a strong correlation between vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA and creatinine (r = 0.859; P < .001), but no other variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with AKI had decreased collagen-activated platelet aggregation and appear to have a type II von Willebrand disease-like phenotype as indicated by the high vWF:Ag:vWF:CBA.
Authors =>
Duana McBride | Rosanne E. Jepson | Stefano Cortellini | Daniel L. Chan
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15588
|
Title =>
Electrodiagnostic findings in dogs with apparently painful lumbosacral foraminal stenosis
Abstract =>
Background:
Development of management strategies for lumbosacral stenosis in dogs is hampered by the lack of objective diagnostic criteria and outcome measures.
Objective:
To explore the suitability of electrodiagnostic tests as ancillary diagnostic aids, inclusion criteria, or outcome measures.
Sample population:
Sixty-one client-owned dogs with clinical signs of lumbosacral foraminal stenosis.
Methods:
A blinded, cross-sectional cohort study. Fifty-one dogs exhibiting apparent lumbosacral pain or pelvic limb lameness with no detected orthopedic cause had blinded review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), allowing classification as affected with foraminal stenosis (25 dogs), unaffected (20 dogs), or another diagnosis (6 dogs). The presence of electromyographic changes and tibial neurography variables were compared between groups.
Results:
Cord dorsum potential onset latency, F-wave onset latency (both corrected for limb length), and F-ratio were increased in dogs with lumbosacral foraminal stenosis versus those without, although there was overlap of the values between groups. The proportion of dogs with electromyographic changes was not significantly greater in MRI-affected dogs.
Conclusion:
Electrophysiological testing is a useful ancillary test, either to provide stricter inclusion criteria and outcome measures or to aid clinical decision-making in equivocal cases.
Authors =>
Thomas R. Harcourt-Brown | Nicolas P. Granger | Noel Fitzpatrick | Nicholas D. Jeffery
published =>
First published: 05 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15589
|
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