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Title =>
Clinical utility of estimation of glomerular filtration rate in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation is the gold standard for assessment of renal function, although the clinical utility of this test is unclear.
Objectives:
To describe the clinical utility of GFR estimation in dogs.
Animals:
Medical records of 132 dogs that had serum iohexol clearance measured between 2012 and 2017.
Methods:
Iohexol clearance and clinical records were reviewed and submitting practices contacted to obtain outcome data. Dogs were classified into 4 groups based on the reason for performing GFR estimation: A1 (screening for pre-azotemic chronic kidney disease [CKD], n = 105), A2 (confirmation of azotemic CKD, n = 3), B (screening for pre-azotemic acute kidney injury, n = 19), and C (miscellaneous causes, n = 5). Descriptive review of the clinical utility of GFR estimation is provided.
Results:
For dogs in Group A1, renal disease was diagnosed in 9/9 dogs with a GFR ≥40% decreased below the mean GFR of their body weight category, in 5/6 dogs with a ≥30% but <40% reduction in GFR and in 7/9 dogs with a ≥20% but <30% reduction in GFR.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Glomerular filtration rate estimation is useful for the diagnosis of CKD before the onset of azotemia.
Authors =>
Myles McKenna | Ludovic Pelligand | Jonathan Elliott | David Walker | Rosanne Jepson
published =>
First published: 02 August 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15561
|
Title =>
Alloimmunization of a dog erythrocyte antigen 1− dog transfused with weakly dog erythrocyte antigen 1+ blood
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Maryline Guidetti | Isabelle Goy-Thollot | Catherine Boisvineau | Urs Giger
published =>
First published: 30 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15565
|
Title =>
Prevalence of Babesia spp. and clinical characteristics of Babesia vulpes infections in North American dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Babesiosis is an important cause of thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia in dogs. Babesia vulpes, reported in European dogs and North American foxes, rarely has been reported in domestic North American dogs. Newly optimized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers facilitate more sensitive amplification of B. vulpes DNA.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of Babesia sp. infections in dogs being tested for Babesia infection, and to describe co-infections and clinicopathologic abnormalities in B. vulpes positive dogs.
Animals:
Dog blood or tissue samples (n = 9367) submitted to a diagnostic laboratory between June 2015 and June 2018 were tested using an optimized Babesia PCR assay.
Methods:
Comprehensive canine vector-borne disease diagnostic testing was performed on convenience samples.
Results:
Babesia sp. DNA was amplified from 269/9367 (2.9%) North American dogs. Babesia sp. infections included B. gibsoni monoinfection (157; 1.7%), B. vulpes monoinfection (19; 0.20%), and B. gibsoni and B. vulpes coinfection (29; 0.31%). Forty-three of the 48 total B. vulpes-infected dogs were American Pit Bull Terrier-type breeds, of which 36 historically were involved with dog fights. Coinfections with Mycoplasma, Dirofilaria immitis, or Wolbachia and coexposures to Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia spp. were documented in B. vulpes-infected dogs. Clinicopathologic data in B. vulpes-infected dogs both with and without coinfections included anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and proteinuria.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Babesia vulpes infection in domestic North American dogs is commonly found in conjunction with other coinfections, including B. gibsoni and hemotropic Mycoplasma. Similar to B. gibsoni, dog-to-dog transmission of B. vulpes may be a frequent mode of transmission.
Authors =>
Nanelle R. Barash | Brittany Thomas | Adam J. Birkenheuer | Edward B. Breitschwerdt | Erica Lemler | Barbara A. Qurollo
published =>
First published: 23 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15560
|
Title =>
A study of residual lesions in horses that recovered from clinical signs of chronic equine dysautonomia
Abstract =>
Background:
Equine dysautonomia (ED) causes degeneration and loss of autonomic neurons. Approximately 50% of chronic cases recover, but it is unclear how they survive neuronal loss.
Objectives:
To assess lesions, autonomic neuron numbers, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and neurodegeneration in recovered cases.
Animals:
Thirteen cases (group ED), euthanized 10.3 ± 5.2 (1–16) years from diagnosis and 6 age-matched controls (group C).
Methods:
Prospective, case control; routine post mortem examination, neuron counts in peripheral and enteric ganglia and immunohistochemical assessment of neural networks (Protein gene product [PGP] 9.5), ICC (c-kit), and neurodegeneration (beta-amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin) in intestine.
Results:
Postmortem findings in group ED were small intestinal dilation (4/12, 33%) and muscular hypertrophy (4/12, 33%), and gastric mucosal hypertrophy (3/11, 27%) and ulceration (4/11, 36%). Neuron density was lower in group ED (mean 39% lower for cranial cervical ganglion [P < .001], median 44% lower in celiacomesenteric ganglion [P = .01]). In intestine, neuronal depletion was worst in ileum (median 100% lower in submucosal plexus [P < .001], 91% lower in myenteric plexus [P = .004]). Group ED had less PGP 9.5 staining in ileal myenteric plexus (mean 66% lower [P = .04]) and circular muscle (median 75% lower [P = .006]). In ileum, there was less c-kit staining in myenteric plexus (median 57% lower [P = .02]) but not muscularis externa. Beta-amyloid precursor protein and ubiquitin results were not indicitive of neurodegeneration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Intact ICC in muscularis externa might help maintain motility after neuronal loss. Treatment supporting ICC function warrants investigation.
Authors =>
Elspeth M. Milne | R. Scott Pirie | Caroline N. Hahn | Jorge del-Pozo | Dawn Drummond | Sharon Moss | Bruce C. McGorum
published =>
First published: 22 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15567
|
Title =>
Heritability and complex segregation analysis of diabetes mellitus in American Eskimo Dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Heritability and mode of inheritance of spontaneous diabetes mellitus (DM) in American Eskimo Dogs (AED) are unknown.
Objective:
Investigate the heritability and mode of inheritance of DM in AED.
Animals:
An extended family of AED including 71 AED without DM, 47 AED with an unknown phenotype, and 38 AED with spontaneous DM.
Methods:
Retrospective evaluation of inheritance. A logistic regression model was formulated to evaluate the heritability of DM, including effects of sex and neuter status. Subsequently, complex segregation analysis was employed to investigate the inheritance pattern of DM in AED. Six plausible models were considered, and the Akaike Information Criterion was used to determine the best of the biologically feasible models of inheritance of DM in AED.
Results:
Heritability of DM in AED is estimated at 0.62 (95% posterior interval 0.01-0.99). Predicted DM probabilities for neutered females (NF), intact females (IF), neutered males (NM), and intact males (IM) were 0.76, 0.11, 0.63, and 0.12, respectively. There was no overlap between the 95% posterior intervals of disease probabilities in NF and IF or in NF and IM. Complex segregation analysis suggested that the mode of inheritance of DM in AED is polygenic, with no evidence for a single gene of large effect.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The estimated heritability of DM in AED is high but has low precision. Diabetes mellitus transmission in AED appears to follow a polygenic inheritance. Breeders could successfully implement a breeding program to decrease the incidence of DM in AED.
Authors =>
Stephen V. Cai | Thomas R. Famula | Anita M. Oberbauer | Rebecka S. Hess
published =>
First published: 18 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15570
|
Title =>
The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) helps detect occult heart disease in human patients.
Hypothesis:
Focused cardiac ultrasound by a nonspecialist practitioner (NSP) will increase the detection of occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats compared with physical examination and ECG.
Animals:
Three hundred forty-three client-owned cats: 54 excluded and 289 analyzed.
Methods:
Multicenter prospective cohort study. Twenty-two NSPs were trained to perform FCU. Cats without clinical signs of heart disease were recruited, and NSPs performed the following in sequential order: physical examination, ECG, FCU, and point-of-care N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide assay (POC-BNP). After each step, NSPs indicated yes, no, or equivocal as to whether they believed heart disease was present. The level of agreement between the NSP diagnosis and a blinded cardiologist's diagnosis after echocardiogram was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test.
Results:
Cardiologist diagnoses included 148 normal cats, 102 with heart disease, and 39 equivocal ones. Agreement between NSP and cardiologist was slight after physical examination (kappa 0.253 [95% CI, 0.172-0.340]), did not increase after ECG (0.256 [0.161-0.345]; P = .96), increased after FCU (0.468 [0.376-0.558]; P = .002), and the level of agreement was similar after POC-BNP (0.498 [0.419-0.580]; P = .67). In cats with mild, moderate, and marked occult heart disease, the proportion of cats having a NSP diagnosis of heart disease after FCU was 45.6%, 93.1%, and 100%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Focused cardiac ultrasound performed by NSPs increased the detection of occult heart disease, especially in cats with moderate to marked disease. Focused cardiac ultrasound appears to be a feasible and useful tool to assist NSPs in the detection of heart disease in cats.
Authors =>
Kerry A. Loughran | John E. Rush | Elizabeth A. Rozanski | Mark A. Oyama | Éva Larouche-Lebel | Marc S. Kraus
published =>
First published: 17 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15549
|
Title =>
Clinical and laboratory findings and survival time associated with cardiac cachexia in dogs with congestive heart failure
Abstract =>
Background:
Cardiac cachexia, loss of muscle mass associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), is associated with increased morbidity and shorter survival times in people, but an association between cardiac cachexia and survival has not been reported in dogs.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of cachexia and its associations with clinical, laboratory, and survival data in dogs with CHF.
Animals:
Two hundred sixty-nine dogs with CHF.
Methods:
Retrospective cohort study. Cachexia was defined by 1 of 2 definitions: (1) mild, moderate, or severe muscle loss or (2) weight loss of ≥5% in 12 months or less. Variables were compared between dogs with and without cachexia.
Results:
One hundred thirty of 269 dogs (48.3%) had cardiac cachexia based on muscle loss, whereas 67 of 159 dogs (42.1%) with pre-evaluation body weights had cachexia based on weight loss. Dogs with cachexia (based on muscle loss) were significantly older (P = .05), more likely to have a cardiac arrhythmia (P = .02), had higher chloride concentrations (P = .04), and had a lower body condition score (P < .001), hematocrit (P = .006), hemoglobin (P = .006), and albumin (P = .004) concentrations. On multivariable analysis, cachexia (P = .05), clinically important tachyarrhythmias (P < .001), azotemia (P < .001), and being under- or overweight (both P = .003) were associated with shorter survival times.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cardiac cachexia in common in dogs with CHF and is associated with significantly shorter survival. This emphasizes the importance of preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle loss in dogs with CHF.
Authors =>
Deanna L. Ineson | Lisa M. Freeman | John E. Rush
published =>
First published: 17 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15566
|
Title =>
Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal disease in dogs: A systematic review
Abstract =>
Background:
Gastrointestinal diseases are prevalent in dogs, and probiotics could provide safe alternatives to conventional treatments.
Objective:
To evaluate the clinical effects of probiotics when used in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal disease in dogs compared with no treatment, only symptomatic treatment, or conventional treatment.
Methods:
A systematic review was preformed searching AGRICOLA, AGRIS, CAB Abstracts, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science to identify articles published before April 1, 2017. Selection criteria were original research report, those published in peer reviewed journal, and study investigating in vivo use of probiotic for prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Studies were rated based on the level of evidence, and methodological quality was evaluated by the following variables: similarities between groups at baseline, risk of bias, and study group size.
Results:
One hundred sixty-five studies were identified, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria—12 concerned acute gastrointestinal disease and 5 concerned chronic gastrointestinal disease. The level of evidence ranged between randomized controlled studies and crossover uncontrolled trials; estimated risk of bias was generally moderate to high; and sample sizes were small. Feces consistency was the most frequently evaluated clinical variable.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The current data point toward a very limited and possibly clinically unimportant effect for prevention or treatment of acute gastrointestinal disease. For chronic gastrointestinal disease, dietary intervention remains the major key in treatment, whereas probiotic supplement seems not to add significant improvement. However, studies were often underpowered, underscoring the need for future larger, preferably multicenter studies.
Authors =>
Anders P. Jensen | Charlotte R. Bjørnvad
published =>
First published: 16 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15554
|
Title =>
Echocardiographic quantitation of left heart size and function in 122 healthy dogs: A prospective study proposing reference intervals and assessing repeatability
Abstract =>
Background:
Broadly applicable reference intervals (RIs) for measurements of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) size and function generated prospectively using statistically appropriate methods are limited.
Objectives:
To generate body size-independent RIs for linear, area, and volume measurements of LA size and LV size and function.
Animals:
Healthy adult dogs (n = 122) of variable size and somatotype.
Methods:
Prospective study. All dogs underwent an echocardiogram performed by the same examiner. Effects of body weight, sex, age, and heart rate were evaluated by regression and correlation analyses. Scaling exponents and prediction intervals were generated for linear measurements using the allometric equation. After normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits (each with 90% confidence intervals), respectively.
Results:
Linear LA and LV measurements were strongly correlated (R2 ≥ 0.79) with body weight. Scaling exponents were close to the expected 1/3 (0.299-0.392). Prediction intervals for linear measurements of LV chamber size were considerably narrower than previously reported. Weak correlations (r = −0.42 to −0.50) among LV fractional shortening, fractional area change, and ejection fraction and body weight were identified. No other meaningful relationships were identified between the measurements and sex, age, and heart rate.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Body size-independent RIs for several linear, area, and volume measurements of LA and LV size and function were generated prospectively from a large and diverse reference population and are available for clinical use.
Authors =>
Lance C. Visser | Marisa M. Ciccozzi | Daniel J. Sintov | Ashley N. Sharpe
published =>
First published: 16 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15562
|
Title =>
Assessment of the association between diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease in adult cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Diabetes mellitus is the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. The relationship between the 2 diseases in cats is unclear.
Objective:
To assess the association between diabetes and CKD in a population of adult cats.
Animals:
Five hundred sixty-one cats that attended 2 veterinary centers in Gran Canaria, Spain, between 2014 and 2016.
Methods:
Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Cats aged 3 years or older, with sufficient data to define whether or not they had diabetes and CKD, were selected. Cats in critical condition, with dehydration or potential causes of prerenal azotemia and those treated with nephrotoxic drugs were excluded. Diagnosis of CKD was established when creatinine concentrations were >2 mg/dL, or serum creatinine 1.6-2 mg/dL and urine specific gravity <1.035, or serum creatinine 1.6-2 mg/dL and urine protein/creatinine ratio >0.4. Factors associated with CKD were identified through multivariate logistic regression analyses.
Results:
Sixty-seven (11.9%) cats had CKD and 16 (2.9%) cats had diabetes. Sixty cats without diabetes (11%) and 7 with diabetes (44%) had CKD. Among the latter, both conditions were diagnosed simultaneously in 6 cases, whereas diabetes preceded CKD in the other. Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes was significantly associated with CKD (odds ratio = 4.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-13.28; P = .007). Other variables associated with CKD were age and mixed breed.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
After adjusting for age, this study showed an association between diabetes and CKD in adult cats.
Authors =>
Laura Pérez-López | Mauro Boronat | Carlos Melián | Pedro Saavedra | Yeray Brito-Casillas | Ana M. Wägner
published =>
First published: 15 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15559
|
Title =>
Evaluation of hand-held sodium, potassium, calcium, and electrical conductivity meters for diagnosing subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in dairy cattle
Abstract =>
Background:
Subclinical mastitis (SCM) and intramammary infection (IMI) increase the sodium (Na) concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) and decrease the potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in glandular secretions of lactating dairy cattle.
Hypothesis:
Low-cost portable Na, K, Ca, and EC meters are clinically useful cow-side tests for diagnosing SCM and IMI.
Animals:
One hundred fifteen dairy cows at dry off and 92 cows within 4-7 days postcalving.
Methods:
Quarter foremilk samples were obtained and the somatic cell count (SCC) was measured using a DeLaval cell counter with SCM defined as SCC ≥ 200 000 cells/mL. Microbiological culture of foremilk samples was used to diagnose IMI. Cisternal milk Na, K, and Ca concentrations and EC were measured using portable ion-selective meters. Logistic regression was used to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the optimal cut point was determined using Youden's index. Diagnostic test performance was evaluated by comparing the AUC and calculating the sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio (+LR) at the optimal cut point for SCM and IMI.
Results:
Diagnostic test performance was much better when the meters were used to diagnose SCM as compared to IMI. Cisternal milk Na concentration provided the most accurate method for identifying quarters with SCM or IMI. However, AUC was <0.90 and +LR was <10 for all diagnostic test evaluations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cisternal milk Na, K, and Ca concentrations and EC were not sufficiently predictive of SCM or IMI to be recommended as clinically useful diagnostic tests.
Authors =>
Sahar A. Kandeel | Ameer A. Megahed | Peter D. Constable
published =>
First published: 11 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15550
|
Title =>
Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 20 cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma is most common to the lungs and is generally considered a terminal event in dogs. Behavior and prognosis associated with cutaneous or subcutaneous metastases (CSM) is poorly defined.
Objective:
Describe the population and gather prognostic information regarding appendicular osteosarcoma with CSM in dogs.
Animals:
Twenty dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma and CSM.
Methods:
Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma that developed CSM. Demographic data, order of metastatic events, and CSM clinical features were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed and log-rank tests were used to compare survival between groups of dogs.
Results:
In 19 dogs (95%), CSM was an incidental finding. Seventeen dogs (85%) developed pulmonary metastasis, and 1 dog (5%) developed bone metastasis. No other metastatic sites were detected before euthanasia. The median CSM-free interval and CSM survival time were 160 days (range: 0-542 days) and 55 days (range: 5-336 days), respectively. The median CSM survival time was significantly longer for dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy (94 days) or chemotherapy only (64 days) than for dogs that did not receive these treatments (11 days) (P = .002 and P = .03, respectively). No other factors were associated with survival after diagnosis of CSM.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
The skin or subcutaneous tissue can be the first osteosarcoma metastatic site detected. After CSM diagnosis, the prognosis is grave with median survival <2 months. Although this finding could have been biased by case selection, treatment with surgery and chemotherapy may improve outcome.
Authors =>
Cyril Parachini-Winter | Kaitlin M. Curran | MacKenzie Pellin | Travis Laver | Camille Hanot | Timothy H. Vernier | Bernard Séguin
published =>
First published: 11 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15557
|
Title =>
Evaluation of the effect of a famotidine continuous rate infusion on intragastric pH in healthy dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Famotidine is sometimes administered as a continuous rate infusion (CRI) to treat gastrointestinal ulceration in critically ill dogs. However, clinical studies have not evaluated the efficacy of a famotidine CRI in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the efficacy of famotidine at raising intragastric pH when it is administered as a CRI in dogs. We hypothesized that CRI treatment with famotidine would meet clinical goals for raising intragastric pH ≥3 and 4.
Animals:
Nine healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods:
Randomized 2-way crossover. All dogs received 1.0 mg/kg IV q12h famotidine or CRI famotidine at 1.0 mg/kg IV loading dose and 8.0 mg/kg/d for 3 consecutive days. Beginning on day 0 of treatment, intragastric pH monitoring was used to continuously record intragastric pH. Mean percentage times (MPTs) for which intragastric pH was ≥3 and ≥4 were compared between groups using analysis of variance.
Results:
There was a statistically significant difference (P < .05) in MPT ≥3 and ≥4 between the CRI and IV q12h groups on all treatment days. On days 1, 2, and 3, the MPTs ± SD for which pH was ≥3 were 92.1 ± 8.5, 96.3 ± 6.2, and 90.0 ± 15.7 for the CRI treatment group and 49.3 ± 27.3, 42.2 ± 19.6, and 45.8 ± 10.1, respectively, for the twice-daily group.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These results suggest that a famotidine CRI, but not standard doses of famotidine, achieves the clinical goals established in people to promote healing of gastric tissue injury and offers an alternative to intravenous treatment with proton pump inhibitors in dogs.
Authors =>
Katherine Hedges | Adesola Odunayo | Josh M. Price | Silke Hecht | M. Katherine Tolbert
published =>
First published: 11 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15558
|
Title =>
Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Esophagostomy feeding tubes (E-tubes) are an essential tool for management of hyporexic patients' acute and chronic nutritional requirements. Despite their routine use, limited information is available regarding E-tube complications, especially in the recent veterinary literature.
Objective:
To provide an updated descriptive account of E-tube complications in cats and dogs, and to evaluate potential prognostic factors to determine if certain patients are at increased risk for complications.
Animals:
One hundred two dogs and 123 cats.
Methods:
Retrospective study evaluating patients that had E-tubes placed between March 2014 and March 2017.
Results:
One hundred patients (44.4%) experienced a complication related to tube placement, with a similar complication rate among dogs (43.1%) and cats (45.5%). Twenty-two cats (17.8%) and 14 dogs (13.7%) developed signs of infection at the E-tube site, with 5 cats (22.7%) and 5 dogs (35.7%) requiring surgical debridement. Regurgitation of food through the E-tube stoma was noted in 7 dogs and 1 cat. Three patients were euthanized as a result of tube-related complications.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
We have provided an updated descriptive review of complications associated with E-tube placement in a large population of dogs and cats at a tertiary referral center. Although E-tubes are essential tools that generally are safe and well tolerated, several complications can occur. We did not identify any specific factors that increase patient risk for these complications, and therefore it is important that all patients are closely monitored and clients are educated to pursue prompt veterinary assessment when such complications arise.
Authors =>
Olivia Nathanson | Kathryn McGonigle | Kathryn Michel | Darko Stefanovski | Dana Clarke
published =>
First published: 11 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15563
|
Title =>
A systematic review and meta-analyses of the association between 4 mycoplasma species and lower respiratory tract disease in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The pathogenic role of mycoplasmas in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of dogs is debated, because mycoplasmas can be isolated from both healthy and sick dogs.
Objectives:
To critically assess available data from controlled observational studies on the role of 4 mycoplasma species in LRT disease of dogs.
Design:
Systematic review and meta-analyses.
Methods:
Seven electronic databases were searched for relevant publications. Risk of bias was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses, stratified by mycoplasmal species, were performed using a random effects Bayesian model with noninformative priors to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis, Mycoplasma spumans, and Mycoplasma edwardii and LRT disease in dogs.
Results:
Five studies were included from 1201 references identified. All studies dealt with M. cynos, whereas 3 dealt with the other mycoplasma species. A significant association was found between M. cynos and LRT disease (Bayesian OR, 3.60; CI, 1.31-10.29). Conversely, M. canis, M. spumans, and M. edwardii were not significantly associated with LRT signs (Bayesian OR, 1.06; CI, 0.10-14.63; Bayesian OR, 3.40; CI, 0.16-54.27; and Bayesian OR, 1.04; CI, 0.05-23.54, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Results support a pathogenic role of M. cynos and a commensal role of M. canis and M. edwardii in LRT in dogs. Although the association was not significant based on the CI, the point estimate of the Bayesian OR was relatively high for M. spumans, making its role less clear. Mycoplasma cynos-specific polymerase chain reaction should be considered on samples from dogs with LRT.
Authors =>
Anisha Jambhekar | Elisabeth Robin | Kevin Le Boedec
published =>
First published: 11 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15568
|
Title =>
Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels
Abstract =>
Background:
Diagnosis of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain (CM-P) or clinically relevant syringomyelia (SM) is challenging. We sought to determine common signs.
Animals:
One hundred thirty client-owned Cavalier King Charles spaniels with neuroaxis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnosis of CM-P/SM. Dogs with comorbidities causing similar signs were excluded with exception of otitis media with effusion (OME).
Methods:
Retrospective study of medical records relating signalment, signs, and MRI findings. Dogs were grouped by SM maximum transverse diameter (1 = no SM; 2 = 0.5-1.99 mm; 3 = 2-3.9 mm: 4 = ≥4 mm). Differences between all groups—groups 1 versus 2-4 and groups 1-3 versus 4—were investigated. Continuous variables were analyzed using 2-sample t-tests and analysis of variance. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact or chi-square tests.
Results:
Common signs were vocalization (65.4%), spinal pain (54.6%), reduced activity (37.7%), reduced stairs/jumping ability (35.4%), touch aversion (30.0%), altered emotional state (28.5%), and sleep disturbance (22%). Head scratching/rubbing (28.5%) was inversely associated with syrinx size (P = .005), less common in group 4 (P = .003), and not associated with OME (P = .977). Phantom scratching, scoliosis, weakness, and postural deficits were only seen in group 4 (SM ≥4 mm; P = .004).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Signs of pain are common in CM/SM but are not SM-dependent, suggesting (not proving) CM-P causality. Wide (≥4 mm) SM is associated with signs of myelopathy and, if the dorsal horn is involved, phantom scratching (ipsilateral) and torticollis (shoulder deviated ipsilateral; head tilt contralateral).
Authors =>
Clare Rusbridge | Angus K. McFadyen | Susan P. Knower
published =>
First published: 09 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15552
|
Title =>
Correlations among tracheal dimensions, tracheal stent dimensions, and major complications after endoluminal stenting of tracheal collapse syndrome in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Endoluminal tracheal stenting can relieve signs associated with tracheal collapse syndrome (TCS) in dogs, but major complications can result.
Objective:
To identify associations among tracheal dimensions, stent dimensions, and subsequent complications requiring additional stent placement after endoluminal stenting for TCS.
Animals:
Fifty-two dogs from the hospital population.
Methods:
Medical records of dogs that received an endoluminal self-expanding tracheal stent for TCS by the interventional radiology service between 2009 and 2014 were reviewed for relevant data. Signalment and clinical details, including tracheal collapse type, tracheal measurements, nominal stent dimensions, follow-up evaluation times, and stent complications, were recorded.
Results:
Fifty-two dogs that received an endoluminal stent for TCS met the inclusion criteria. Major complications included stent fracture (13/52; 25%), obstructive tissue ingrowth (10/52; 19%), and progressive tracheal collapse (6/52; 12%). Natural tracheal taper (P = .04) and more stent diameter oversizing (P = .04) in the intrathoracic (IT) trachea were associated with caudodorsal stent fracture. Only stents with a 14-mm nominal diameter fractured. Progressive tracheal collapse was associated with smaller maximum tracheal diameters (P = .02). The majority of dogs with obstructive tissue ingrowth (7/10; 70%; P = .30) and all dogs with thoracic inlet fractures (3/3; 100%) had tracheal malformations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
A higher taper in tracheal diameter may lead to increased risk of fracture in the IT location. Dogs with tracheal malformations may have higher risk for thoracic inlet fracture and development of obstructive tissue ingrowth. Clinicians should be aware of the possible risk factors for tracheal stent complications.
Authors =>
Nathaniel P. Violette | Chick Weisse | Allyson C. Berent | Kenneth E. Lamb
published =>
First published: 09 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15555
|
Title =>
Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of prevention of antibiotic-induced gastrointestinal signs using a synbiotic mixture in healthy research dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Synbiotics decrease antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal signs (AAGS) in cats, but data supporting synbiotic use to ameliorate AAGS in dogs are lacking.
Objectives:
To determine if administration of synbiotics mitigates AAGS in dogs.
Animals:
Twenty-two healthy research dogs.
Methods:
Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2-way, 2-period, crossover study with an 8-week washout period. Each period included a 1-week baseline and 3-week treatment phase. Dogs received enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg PO q24h) and metronidazole (12.5 mg/kg PO q12h), followed 1 hour later by a bacterial/yeast synbiotic combination or placebo. Food intake, vomiting, and fecal score were compared using repeated-measures crossover analyses, with P < .05 considered significant.
Results:
Hyporexia, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in 41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21-64), 77% (95% CI, 55-92), and 100% (95% CI, 85-100) of dogs, respectively, during the first treatment period. Derangements in food intake were smaller in both periods for dogs receiving synbiotics (F-value, 5.1; P = .04) with treatment-by-period interactions (F-value, 6.0; P = .02). Days of vomiting differed over time (F-value, 4.7; P = .006). Fecal scores increased over time (F-value, 33.5; P < .001), were lower during period 2 (F-value, 14.5; P = .001), and had treatment-by-period effects (F-value, 4.8; P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Enrofloxacin/metronidazole administration is associated with a high frequency of AAGS. Synbiotic administration decreases food intake derangements. The presence of milder AAGS in period 2 suggests that clinical effects of synbiotics persist >9 weeks after discontinuation, mitigating AAGS in dogs being treated with antibiotics followed by placebo.
Authors =>
Jacqueline C. Whittemore | Tamberlyn D. Moyers | Joshua M. Price
published =>
First published: 03 July 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15553
|
Title =>
Time course of serum cobalamin, folate, and total iron binding capacity concentrations in pregnant bitches and association with hematological variables and survival
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypocobalaminemia, hypofolatemia and iron deficiency are associated with pregnancy-related anemia (PRA) and neonatal survival (NS) in women. Similar associations have not been investigated in pregnant bitches.
Objectives:
To investigate time course and associations of serum cobalamin, folate and iron status indicators with hematological variables and NS in pregnant bitches.
Animals:
Forty-eight pregnant bitches.
Methods:
A prospective cohort study. Pregnancy was confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography twice during mid- and late pregnancy, concurrently with blood sampling. Associations among pregnancy stage, NS and laboratory variables were assessed by generalized estimating equations.
Results:
Compared with midpregnancy, serum cobalamin (adjusted mean [95% confidence interval, CI]) decreased at late pregnancy (430 pg/mL [394-466] versus 330 pg/mL [303-357], respectively; P < .001), whereas serum folate did not. Every increment of 1 in parity number or litter size corresponded to 28.6 pg/mL (95% CI, 5.6-51.6; P = .02) and 20.3 pg/mL (95% CI, 10.9-29.7; P < .001) decrease in serum cobalamin concentration. Compared with midpregnancy, serum iron (P < .001) and transferrin saturation (P = .01) increased at late pregnancy. The decrease in red blood cell count (P < .001) at late pregnancy was significantly, albeit weakly, correlated with decreasing serum folate concentration (r = 0.33; P = .02). None of the measures was associated with NS.
Conclusions and Clinical Significance:
Pregnancy-related anemia was common at late pregnancy. Unlike in women, in pregnant bitches, serum iron and transferrin saturation were increased at late pregnancy. Future studies are warranted to investigate the clinical ramifications of hypocobalaminemia in pregnant bitches and the utility of prophylactic folate administration in mitigating PRA.
Authors =>
Ran Nivy | Michal Mazaki-Tovi | Itamar Aroch | Smadar Tal
published =>
First published: 30 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15551
|
Title =>
Association of the canine ATP7A and ATP7B with hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermann dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Hepatic copper accumulation causes chronic hepatitis in dogs. Mutations in the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B were, respectively, associated with attenuation and enhancement of hepatic copper concentrations in Labrador Retrievers. There is a predisposition of Dobermanns to hepatitis with increased hepatic copper concentrations.
Objectives:
To investigate whether the ATP7A:c.980C>T and ATP7B:c.4358G>A mutations identified in Labrador Retrievers were associated with hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns.
Animals:
Dobermanns from the Netherlands (n = 122) and the United States (n = 78).
Methods:
In this retrospective study, mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B were investigated as risk factors for hepatic copper accumulation in Dobermanns. Liver biopsies of 200 Dobermanns were evaluated by histochemical copper staining, quantitative copper measurement, or both modalities. ATP7A and ATP7B genotypes were obtained by Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR. A linear regression model was used to investigate an association between genotype and hepatic copper concentrations.
Results:
The ATP7A:c.980C>T was identified in both Dutch (2 heterozygous individuals) and American Dobermanns. In the American cohort, the minor allele frequency of the mutation was low (.081) and a possible effect on hepatic copper concentrations could not be established from this data set. A significant association of the ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant with increased hepatic copper concentrations in Dobermanns was observed.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The ATP7B:c.4358G>A variant could be a contributor to hepatic copper accumulation underlying the risk of development of copper-associated hepatitis in breeds other than the Labrador Retriever.
Authors =>
Xiaoyan Wu | Paul J. J. Mandigers | Adrian L. Watson | Ted S. G. A. M. van den Ingh | Peter A. J. Leegwater | Hille Fieten
published =>
First published: 29 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15536
|
Title =>
Plasma and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity and plasma equilibrium concentrations of angiotensin peptides in dogs with heart disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and produces angiotensin peptides (APs), such as angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7 that are vasodilatory and natriuretic, and act to counterbalance angiotensin II.
Hypothesis:
Evidence of ACE2 can be found in tissues and plasma of dogs. Equilibrium concentrations of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) APs differ in dogs with heart disease compared to healthy dogs and recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2) alters relative concentrations of APs.
Animals:
Forty-nine dogs with and 34 dogs without heart disease.
Methods:
Immunohistochemistry and assays for tissue and plasma ACE2 activity and equilibrium concentrations of plasma RAAS APs were performed.
Results:
Immunolabeling for ACE2 was present in kidney and myocardial tissue. Median plasma ACE2 activity was significantly increased in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF; 6.9 mU/mg; interquartile range [IQR], 5.1-12.1) as compared to control (2.2 mU/mg; IQR, 1.8-3.0; P = .0003). Plasma equilibrium analysis of RAAS APs identified significant increases in the median concentrations of beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-7, in dogs with CHF (486.7 pg/mL; IQR, 214.2-1168) as compared to those with preclinical disease (41.0 pg/mL; IQR, 27.4-45.1; P < .0001) or control (11.4 pg/mL; IQR, 7.1-25.3; P = .01). Incubation of plasma samples from dogs with CHF with rhACE2 increased beneficial APs, such as angiotensin 1-9 (preincubation, 10.3 pg/mL; IQR, 4.4-37.2; postincubation, 2431 pg/mL; IQR, 1355-3037; P = .02), while simultaneously decreasing maladaptive APs, such as angiotensin II (preincubation, 53.4 pg/mL; IQR, 28.6-226.4; postincubation, 2.4 pg/mL; IQR, 0.50-5.8; P = .02).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Recognition of the ACE2 system expands the conventional view of the RAAS in the dog and represents an important potential therapeutic target.
Authors =>
Éva Larouche-Lebel | Kerry A. Loughran | Mark A. Oyama | Phil F. Solter | Danielle S. Laughlin | Melissa D. Sánchez | Charles-Antoine Assenmacher | Philip R. Fox | Ryan C. Fries
published =>
First published: 28 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15548
|
Title =>
Open-label clinical trial of rectally administered levetiracetam as supplemental treatment in dogs with cluster seizures
Abstract =>
Background:
Treatment options for at-home management of cluster seizures (CS) and status epilepticus (SE) are limited. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam (LEV) after rectal administration in both healthy and epileptic dogs has been investigated recently.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To investigate the clinical efficacy of rectally administered LEV in preventing additional seizures in dogs presented for CS and SE. We hypothesized that rectal administration of LEV in addition to a standard treatment protocol would provide better control of seizure activity as compared with the standard treatment protocol alone.
Animals:
Fifty-seven client-owned dogs with CS or SE.
Methods:
Prospective open-label clinical trial. Patients included in the study were assigned to receive either a standard treatment protocol comprising IV/rectal diazepam and IV phenobarbital q8h (control group) or a standard treatment protocol in association with a single dose of 40 mg/kg LEV rectally (rectal LEV group). Dogs that experienced no additional seizures were defined as responders, whereas those that showed additional seizure activity were classified as nonresponders.
Results:
Twenty-one dogs were assigned to the rectal LEV group, and 36 to control group. Given the small number of cases of SE, statistical analysis was performed only on patients with CS. The response rate was 94% in the rectal LEV group and 48% in the control group (P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Rectally administered LEV combined with a standard treatment protocol provided good control of seizure activity in patients with CS. The validity of these results should be confirmed in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Authors =>
Giulia Cagnotti | Rosangela Odore | Iride Bertone | Cristiano Corona | Elena Dappiano | Giulia Gardini | Barbara Iulini | Claudio Bellino | Antonio D'Angelo
published =>
First published: 20 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15541
|
Title =>
Lidocaine for chemical cardioversion of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Typical atrioventricular accessory pathways (APs) are composed of myocardial cells. They provide electrical connections between atria and ventricles separate from the normal conduction system. Accessory pathways can participate in a macroreentrant circuit resulting in orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (OAVRT).
Hypothesis:
Because of ultrastructural similarities of typical AP cells to ventricular myocardial cells, we hypothesized lidocaine would be effective in blocking AP conduction, thus terminating OAVRT.
Animals:
Thirty-two consecutive client-owned dogs presenting with narrow complex tachyarrhythmias were confirmed to have OAVRT by electrophysiologic study (EPS).
Methods:
Prospective, nonrandomized, single-arm study with lidocaine administered IV to dogs during OAVRT in 2 mg/kg boluses to a cumulative dose of 8 mg/kg or development of adverse effects. Electrocardiograms were monitored continuously. Subsequent EPS was performed to confirm OAVRT and the absence of other tachycardia mechanisms.
Results:
Twenty-seven dogs experienced OAVRT cardioversion with lidocaine, before or at the time of adverse effects. Orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in 5 dogs did not cardiovert before adverse effects, precluding additional dosing. Median total lidocaine dose for cardioversion was 2 mg/kg (interquartile range, 2-5.5 mg/kg). Dogs with right free wall APs had a significantly higher rate of cardioversion than did dogs with right posteroseptal APs.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Lidocaine successfully cardioverted OAVRT in 84.4% of dogs in our study before adverse effects precluded additional dosing. In 5 dogs with dose limited by adverse effects, it is unknown whether cardioversion would have occurred at a higher cumulative dose.
Authors =>
Kathy N. Wright | Thaibinh Nguyenba | Holly M. Irvin
published =>
First published: 20 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15546
|
Title =>
Retrospective analysis of esophageal imaging features in brachycephalic versus non-brachycephalic dogs based on videofluoroscopic swallowing studies
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Caroline Eivers | Rocio Chicon Rueda | Tiziana Liuti | Silke Salavati Schmitz
published =>
First published: 19 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15547
|
Title =>
Association of acute Babesia canis infection and serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoprotein concentrations in dogs
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Zorana Milanović | Jelena Vekić | Vladimir Radonjić | Anja Ilić Božović | Aleksandra Zeljković | Jelena Janac | Vesna Spasojević-Kalimanovska | Jesse Buch | Ramaswamy Chandrashekar | Žanka Bojić-Trbojević | Ljiljana Hajduković | Mary M. Christopher | Milica Kovačević Filipović
published =>
First published: 07 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15537
|
Title =>
Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Jeanie Lau | Julie A. Nettifee | Peter J. Early | Christopher L. Mariani | Natasha J. Olby | Karen R. Muñana
published =>
First published: 07 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15543
|
Title =>
Interleukin-13 and interleukin-33 mRNA are underexpressed in the duodenal mucosa of German Shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathy
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Aarti Kathrani | Victor Lezcano | Edward J. Hall | Albert E. Jergens | Yeon-Jung Seo | Jonathan P. Mochel | Todd Atherly | Karin Allenspach
published =>
First published: 06 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15544
|
Title =>
Lymphatic endothelial cell immunohistochemical markers for evaluation of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Sara A. Jablonski Wennogle | Simon L. Priestnall | Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet | Sirikul Soontararak | Craig B. Webb
published =>
First published: 06 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15545
|
Title =>
Presumptive tick paralysis in 2 American Miniature horses in the United States
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Kelsey M. Trumpp | Ashley L. Parsley | Melissa J. Lewis | Joseph W. Camp | Sandra D. Taylor
published =>
First published: 03 June 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15540
|
Title =>
Prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in a population of client-owned purebred kittens in the United Kingdom
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Lorenzo Mari | Julia Freeman | Jan Van Dijk | Luisa De Risio
published =>
First published: 29 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15515
|
Title =>
Lispro insulin and electrolyte supplementation for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Jodie D. Anderson | Danielle A. Rondeau | Rebecka S. Hess
published =>
First published: 27 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15518
|
Title =>
Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Derek Foster | Megan Jacob | Devorah Stowe | Geof Smith
published =>
First published: 27 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15529
|
Title =>
Listerial mesenteric lymphadenitis in 3 cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Thomas W. Fluen | Michael Hardcastle | Matti Kiupel | Randolph M. Baral
published =>
First published: 27 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15539
|
Title =>
Evaluation of serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a biomarker for treatment effectiveness and prediction of relapse in dogs with non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Pierre Boyé | Franck Floch | François Serres | Kévyn Geeraert | Pierre Clerson | Xavier Siomboing | Mattias Bergqvist | Gabriel Sack | Dominique Tierny
published =>
First published: 25 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15513
|
Title =>
Evidence for vertical transmission of Mycoplasma haemocanis, but not Ehrlichia ewingii, in a dog
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Erin Lashnits | Sandra Grant | Brittany Thomas | Barbara Qurollo | Edward B. Breitschwerdt
published =>
First published: 24 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15517
|
Title =>
Randomized controlled clinical trial on the effect of oral immunoglobulin supplementation on neonatal dairy calves with diarrhea
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
James J. Chung | Maire C. Rayburn | Munashe Chigerwe
published =>
First published: 24 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15538
|
Title =>
Conventional and functional magnetic resonance imaging features of late subacute cortical laminar necrosis in a dog
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Neringa Alisauskaite | Adriano Wang-Leandro | Matthias Dennler | Marta Kantyka | Simone K. Ringer | Frank Steffen | Katrin Beckmann
published =>
First published: 23 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15526
|
Title =>
Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Alyssa C. Meyers | Sarah A. Hamer | Derek Matthews | Sonya G. Gordon | Ashley B. Saunders
published =>
First published: 22 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15516
|
Title =>
Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Alison Smith | Annie S. Wayne | Claire L. Fellman | Marieke H. Rosenbaum
published =>
First published: 22 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15522
|
Title =>
Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: Prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Thierry Francey | Ariane Schweighauser
published =>
First published: 21 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15528
|
Title =>
Plasma amino acid profiles in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Yu Tamura | Hiroshi Ohta | Yumiko Kagawa | Tatsuyuki Osuga | Keitaro Morishita | Noboru Sasaki | Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 20 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15525
|
Title =>
Multiple adrenocortical steroid response to administration of exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone to hospitalized foals
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Katarzyna A. Dembek | Lindsey M. Johnson | Kathryn J. Timko | Jillian S. Minuto | Kelsey A. Hart | Bonnie S. Barr | Ramiro E. Toribio
published =>
First published: 20 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15527
|
Title =>
Modified stall-side crossmatch for transfusions in horses
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Pauline Casenave | Mathilde Leclere | Guy Beauchamp | Marie-Claude Blais
published =>
First published: 18 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15519
|
Title =>
Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and dysbiosis in dogs with chronic enteropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Accumulating evidence shows an important relationship between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and host health. Microbial metabolites are believed to play a critical role in host-microbial interactions. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major end products of bacterial carbohydrate fermentation in the intestinal tract. Decreased concentrations of SCFAs have been observed in humans with GI disease. However, large-scale clinical data in dogs are lacking.
Hypothesis/Objective:
To evaluate fecal concentrations of SCFAs and the fecal microbiota in healthy control (HC) dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE).
Animals:
Forty-nine privately owned HC dogs and 73 dogs with CE.
Methods:
Prospective cohort study. Fecal concentrations of SCFAs were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Illumina sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were utilized to evaluate the fecal microbiota.
Results:
Fecal concentrations (median [range] μmol/g of dry matter) of acetate were lower (P = .03) in dogs with CE (185.8 [20.1-1042.1]) than in HC dogs (224.0 [87.7-672.8]). Propionate were also lower (P < .001) in dogs with CE (46.4 [0.4-227.9]) than in HC dogs (105.9 [1.6-266.9]). Moreover, total SCFAs were lower (P = .005) in dogs with CE (268.1 [21.8-1378.2]) than in HC dogs (377.2 [126.6-927.0]). Dysbiosis in dogs with CE was characterized by decreased bacterial diversity and richness, distinct microbial community clustering compared with that in HC dogs, and a higher dysbiosis index.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with CE had an altered fecal SCFA concentration accompanied by significant changes of the fecal microbiota.
Authors =>
Yasushi Minamoto | Tomomi Minamoto | Anitha Isaiah | Panpicha Sattasathuchana | Agostino Buono | Venkat R. Rangachari | Isaac H. McNeely | Jonathan Lidbury | Jörg M. Steiner | Jan S. Suchodolski
published =>
First published: 17 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15520
|
Title =>
Comparative study on 3 oral potassium formulations for treatment of hypokalemia in dairy cows
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypokalemia is of clinical relevance in cattle. Different mostly empirical treatment options are suggested.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate if oral administration of potassium influences the plasma concentration, the intracellular concentration in erythrocytes and in muscle, renal excretion of potassium, and to assess if there are differences in the efficacy of the potassium formulations.
Animals:
Thirty cows with hypokalemia (plasma concentration <3.5 mmol/L) were systematically allocated to 3 treatment groups (10 cows/group).
Methods:
The cows received 52 g of potassium in different formulations: group B—potassium chloride bolus (release over 12 hours); group G—potassium propionate gel (release over 2 hours); and group S—potassium chloride solution (immediately available). Potassium concentrations were repeatedly measured in plasma, erythrocytes, muscle, and urine using ICP-OES.
Results:
Plasma potassium concentrations for all preparations increased within 30 minutes and the increase lasted for 12 hours. The concentrations of potassium in the erythrocytes and in the muscle, renal potassium excretion, and total urine volume were not affected by administration of any product. There were no differences between the treatments groups. The feed intake increased in 50% of cows within 2 hours after potassium application, which may contribute to the increase of plasma potassium concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
All the studied potassium formulations are equally effective to treat hypokalemia in dairy cows for over 12 hours but do not influence intracellular concentration or renal excretion of potassium. The plasma potassium concentration should be reevaluated after 12 hours.
Authors =>
Thomas Wittek | Anja Elvira Müller | Franz Wolf | Stephanie Schneider
published =>
First published: 17 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15521
|
Title =>
Response to letter to editor regarding Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Sina Marsilio
published =>
First published: 17 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15523
|
Title =>
Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Gary D. Norsworthy
published =>
First published: 17 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15524
|
Title =>
Investigation of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of mild to moderate asthma in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Asthma in horses is associated with nonspecific respiratory clinical signs and may be manifested only as exercise intolerance. Its diagnosis relies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in the presence of compatible clinical signs. The identification of blood biomarkers for this condition would facilitate diagnosis in the field, because there are regional areas where BAL is not routinely performed in clinical practice.
Objective:
Identification of blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of asthma in horses.
Animals:
Fourteen horses with asthma with increased neutrophil numbers in BALF (neutrophilic asthma), 9 healthy control horses, and 10 horses with other pathologic conditions (pathologic controls).
Methods:
Physical examination, clinical score, hematology, and BALF cytology (in a subset of horses) were performed. Serum concentrations of surfactant protein D (SP-D), haptoglobin, and secretoglobin (SCGB) were measured using commercial ELISA assays.
Results:
Serum concentration of SP-D > 43 ng/mL, serum concentration of haptoglobin >5730 ng/mL, and serum concentration of SCGB <19 ng/mL allowed differentiation of horses with neutrophilic asthma from horses of the control groups (healthy and pathologic) with sensitivity of 55, 95, and 75%, and specificity of 67, 28, and 60%, respectively. Specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP-D, haptoglobin, and SCGB at the serum concentrations indicated above. Specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 45% were obtained with the combination of SP-D and SCGB serum concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Haptoglobin, SCGB, and SP-D may be diagnostic aids in horses with clinical signs of lower airway disease and neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation.
Authors =>
Clementine Gy | Mathilde Leclere | Amandine Vargas | Carolyn Grimes | Jean-Pierre Lavoie
published =>
First published: 16 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15505
|
Title =>
Erratum for Morphometric analysis of spinal cord termination in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 10 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15514
|
Title =>
Plasma-free amino acid profiles in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma
Abstract =>
Background:
Metabolomic analysis using blood samples has been suggested to be useful for the early detection of cancer. Among metabolites, plasma-free amino acid (PFAA) profiles are potential diagnostic biomarkers for several diseases including cancer. However, the relationship between PFAA concentrations and liver tumors in dogs remains unknown.
Objective:
To determine the characteristics of PFAA profiles of dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlated clinical features.
Animals:
Thirty-four client-owned dogs diagnosed with HCC (n = 26) and benign liver diseases (n = 8) and 11 age-matched healthy dogs.
Methods:
Prospective study using heparinized blood samples from fasted dogs. Plasma was deproteinized, and the concentrations of 21 amino acids were measured using an automated high-performance liquid chromatography amino acid analyzer.
Results:
Plasma glutamic acid concentrations were significantly different among groups (P < .0024 after Bonferroni correction). Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with HCC and benign liver diseases had significantly higher concentrations of glutamic acid by post hoc analysis. However, no significant difference in the PFAA profiles of HCC and benign liver diseases were detected. In addition, preoperative and postoperative PFAA profiles of dogs with HCC were not significantly different.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Increased glutamic acid concentrations might play a role in the development or be a consequence of liver tumor formation. However, PFAA profiles of HCC could not be differentiated from those of benign lesions. In addition, glutamic acid concentrations did not change after surgical resection. These results indicate that PFAA profiles may not be useful biomarkers for detecting HCC in dogs.
Authors =>
Rommaneeya Leela-arporn | Hiroshi Ohta | Masahiro Tamura | Noriyuki Nagata | Kazuyoshi Sasaoka | Angkhana Dermlim | Khoirun Nisa | Tatsuyuki Osuga | Keitaro Morishita | Noboru Sasaki | Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
published =>
First published: 08 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15512
|
Title =>
Effects of pH and the plasma or serum concentrations of total calcium, chloride, magnesium, l-lactate, and albumin on the plasma ionized calcium concentration in calves
Abstract =>
Background:
The plasma ionized calcium concentration (cCa2+) represents the biologically active form of calcium and is the preferred method for evaluating calcium status in animals. Different pH-corrective equations have been developed for human plasma, but the validity of the equations for bovine plasma is unknown.
Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that pH-corrective equations for bovine plasma would be similar to those used for human plasma; cCa2+ was dependent on the plasma concentrations of total calcium (cTCa), chloride (cCl), L-lactate (cLactate), and albumin (cAlbumin); and the in vitro and in vivo cCa2+-pH relationships would differ.
Animals:
Ten healthy calves (in vitro study), 1426 critically ill calves.
Methods:
The in vitro plasma log10(cCa2+)-pH relationship was determined by CO2 tonometry of 465 plasma samples. Plasma cCl was altered by equivolume dilution of plasma with 3 electrolyte solutions of different cCl. The in vivo plasma cCa2+-pH relationship was investigated and validated using clinicopathologic data extracted from the medical records of 950 (model development) and 476 (model validation) critically ill calves.
Results:
pH-corrective equations for bovine plasma were similar to those used for human plasma. Plasma cCa2+ increased in vitro with increases in plasma cCl. Plasma cCa2+ in critically ill calves was associated with plasma cTCa, blood pH, plasma cCl, serum cMg, and cL-lactate (R2 = 0.69) but not plasma cAlbumin.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Calculation of cCa2+ from cTCa in calf plasma or serum requires adjustment for at least pH and cCl when 1 or both are outside the reference range.
Authors =>
Peter Constable | Florian M. Trefz | Henry Stämpfli
published =>
First published: 06 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15509
|
Title =>
Pharyngeal trauma in dairy cattle: 27 cases
Abstract =>
Background:
Characterization of the clinical signs, response to treatment and prognosis can be useful information for decision-making when evaluating cattle with pharyngeal trauma.
Objective:
To describe the signalment, history, clinicopathologic, endoscopic, ultrasonographic, radiographic, and postmortem findings as well as treatments and outcomes of cattle diagnosed with pharyngeal perforation/trauma.
Animals:
Review of medical records of cattle >1 month of age admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1995 to 2017.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Review of medical records of cattle with pharyngeal perforation/trauma identified by oral or endoscopic examination in hospital setting.
Results:
Twenty-seven out of 7550 (0.36%) cases met the inclusion criteria. Pharyngeal perforation/trauma was associated with the administration of a bolus in 24 (89%) cows and a magnet in 3 (11%) cases. The boluses contained monensin (n = 12), calcium salts (n = 5), iodine (n = 1), aspirin (n = 1), vitamins (n = 1), and an unknown product (n = 4). The primary clinical signs were dysphagia, swelling of the throatlatch, subcutaneous emphysema, swelling, and pain on palpation of the throatlatch. Seventeen (63%) cows were discharged whereas 10 (37%) were euthanized. Median time between the suspected traumatic event and hospital admission was 1 day (range: 0.5-3 days) and 2 days (range: 0.5-15) for surviving and nonsurviving cattle, respectively. All 5 cows that suffered pharyngeal trauma associated with administration of calcium salt bolus were euthanized.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Pharyngeal trauma is a rare condition in cattle. Case fatality rate increases if not diagnosed and treated promptly. The nature of the penetrating foreign body influences the outcome.
Authors =>
Diego E. Gomez | André Desrochers | David Francoz | Sylvain Nichols | Marie Babkine | Gilles Fecteau
published =>
First published: 06 May 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15510
|
Title =>
Validation of an abbreviated instrument to assess veterinary client caregiver burden
Abstract =>
Background:
Caregiver burden is present in many clients managing illness in a companion animal, but current assessment tools are time-consuming and lack normative reference values.
Objectives:
Statistical reduction of items in a measure of caregiver burden to create an abbreviated version, validation of the abbreviated version, and calculation of reference values.
Animals:
None.
Methods:
This study was conducted using observational methods. Owners of an ill cat or dog were recruited through social media (n = 429). Veterinary clients with an ill (n = 459) or healthy (n = 961) cat or dog were recruited through a general veterinary and an academic hospital with multiple specialties. The study was conducted in 3 stages: (a) reduction of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) adapted for use in pets via factor and item analyses, (b) psychometric validation of the abbreviated instrument, and (c) standardization of the abbreviated (7 items) and full (18 items) measures.
Results:
A 7-item measure showed high correlations with the full measure (r = 0.88-0.93) and good internal consistency (α = .71-.75) across samples of veterinary clients with an ill cat or dog. This abbreviated measure correlated significantly (P < .001) and positively with stress (r = 0.40-0.75) and negatively with quality of life (r = −0.32 to −0.56). Reference values derived from clients with a healthy companion animal suggest “normal” burden ranges of 0 to 17 on the full measure and 0 to 8 on the abbreviated version.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
For situations precluding full assessment of client caregiver burden, this brief 7-item version can be used with good internal consistency and validity. Reference values can help determine if a client's caregiver burden is increased.
Authors =>
Mary Beth Spitznagel | Megan K. Mueller | Taylor Fraychak | Andrew M. Hoffman | Mark D. Carlson
published =>
First published: 29 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15508
|
Title =>
In vitro evaluation of complement deposition and opsonophagocytic killing of Rhodococcus equi mediated by poly-N-acetyl glucosamine hyperimmune plasma compared to commercial plasma products
Abstract =>
Background:
The bacterium Rhodococcus equi can cause severe pneumonia in foals. The absence of a licensed vaccine and limited effectiveness of commercial R. equi hyperimmune plasma (RE-HIP) create a great need for improved prevention of this disease.
Hypothesis:
Plasma hyperimmune to the capsular polysaccharide poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG) would be significantly more effective than RE-HIP at mediating complement deposition and opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) of R. equi.
Animals:
Venipuncture was performed on 9 Quarter Horses.
Methods:
The ability of the following plasma sources to mediate complement component 1 (C1) deposition onto either PNAG or R. equi was determined by ELISA: (1) PNAG hyperimmune plasma (PNAG-HIP), (2) RE-HIP, and (3) standard non-hyperimmune commercial plasma (SP). For OPK, each plasma type was combined with R. equi, equine complement, and neutrophils isolated from horses (n = 9); after 4 hours, the number of R. equi in each well was determined by quantitative culture. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression with significance set at P < .05.
Results:
The PNAG-HIP and RE-HIP were able to deposit significantly (P < .05) more complement onto their respective targets than the other plasmas. The mean proportional survival of R. equi opsonized with PNAG-HIP was significantly (P < .05) less (14.7%) than that for SP (51.1%) or RE-HIP (42.2%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Plasma hyperimmune to PNAG is superior to RE-HIP for opsonizing and killing R. equi in vitro. Comparison of these 2 plasmas in field trials is warranted because of the reported incomplete effectiveness of RE-HIP.
Authors =>
Chelsea N. Folmar | Colette Cywes-Bentley | Angela I. Bordin | Joana N. Rocha | Jocelyne M. Bray | Susanne K. Kahn | Amanda E. Schuckert | Gerald B. Pier | Noah D. Cohen
published =>
First published: 29 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15511
|
Title =>
Clinical utility of urine specific gravity, electrical conductivity, and color as on-farm methods for evaluating urine concentration in dairy cattle
Abstract =>
Background:
Urine concentration (UC) provides clinically useful information concerning hydration status and renal function of animals.
Objectives:
To characterize the clinical performance of urine specific gravity measured by optical refractometry (USG-R) or Multistix-SG urine reagent dipstick (USG-D), urine electrical conductivity using an OAKTON Con 6 conductivity handheld meter (UEC), urine color (UColor) using a custom-designed 8-point color chart, and urine creatinine concentration (UCreat) for assessing UC in dairy cattle.
Animals:
20 periparturient Holstein-Friesian cows.
Methods:
Urine was obtained by perineal stimulation or urethral catheterization and urine osmolality (UOsm, reference method), USG-R, USG-D, UEC, UColor, and UCreat determined. Diagnostic test performance was evaluated using Spearman's rho and logistic regression to determine the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and optimal cut point for diagnosing hypohydration (UOsm ≥800 mOsm/kg). P < .05 was considered significant.
Results:
The best performing test for diagnosing hypohydration was USG-R (AUC = 0.90) at an optimal cut point ≥1.030. The second-best performing test was UEC (AUC = 0.82) at a cut point of ≥23.7 mS/cm, followed by UCreat (AUC = 0.76) at a cut point of ≥95.3 mg/dL, and UColor (AUC = 0.74) at a cut point of ≥4 on an 8-point scale. Urine specific gravity measured by dipstick performed poorly (AUC = 0.63).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
USG-R and UEC provide practical and sufficiently accurate methods for measuring UC in dairy cattle. Urine color had moderate clinical utility as a no-cost cow-side method for assessing UC, whereas dipstick refractometry is not recommended for assessing UC.
Authors =>
Ameer A. Megahed | Walter Grünberg | Peter D. Constable
published =>
First published: 25 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15502
|
Title =>
Glutathione S-transferase theta genotypes and environmental exposures in the risk of canine transitional cell carcinoma
Abstract =>
Introduction:
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in humans is associated with environmental exposures and variants in glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes. Scottish Terriers have a high breed risk for TCC, but the relationship between genetic and environmental risk in dogs is not fully understood.
Hypotheses:
Scottish Terriers have a higher frequency of GST-theta variants compared to lower risk breeds. Dogs with TCC of any breed have a higher frequency of GST-theta variants along with higher environmental exposures, compared to controls.
Animals:
One hundred and five Scottish Terriers and 68 controls from lower risk breeds; 69 dogs of various breeds with TCC, and 72 breed- and sex-matched unaffected geriatric dogs.
Methods:
In this prospective case-control study, dogs were genotyped for 3 canine GST-theta variants: GSTT1 I2+28 G>A, a GSTT1 3′UTR haplotype, and GSTT5 Asp129_Gln130del. Owners of dogs with TCC and unaffected geriatric controls completed a household environmental questionnaire.
Results:
The GSTT1 3′UTR haplotype and GSTT5 Asp129_Gln130del variants were significantly underrepresented in Scottish Terriers (minor allele frequency [MAF] = 0.000 for both), compared to dogs from lower risk breeds (MAF = 0.108 and 0.100; P ≤ .0002). Dogs with TCC did not differ from unaffected geriatric controls across the 3 investigated loci. Transitional cell carcinoma was associated with household insecticide use (odds ratio [OR] = 4.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44-12.33, P = .02), and was negatively associated with proximity to a farm (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.25-0.99, P = .04).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Low-activity GST-theta loci are unlikely contributors to TCC risk in dogs. Increased risk is associated with household insecticide use, and possibly with less rural households.
Authors =>
Katherine R. Luethcke | Joanne Ekena | Ruthanne Chun | Lauren A. Trepanier
published =>
First published: 22 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15504
|
Title =>
Ultrasonographic features of presumed gastric wall edema in 14 dogs with pancreatitis
Abstract =>
Background:
Gastric wall edema has not been reported as a complication of acute pancreatitis in dogs.
Objective:
To describe the ultrasonographic features of gastric wall thickening in dogs with acute pancreatitis.
Animals:
Fourteen dogs with ultrasonographic evidence and clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, with ultrasonographic evidence of increased gastric wall thickness (>5 mm).
Methods:
A retrospective search in the medical records from 2014 to 2016 was performed to identify dogs that had ultrasonographic evidence of acute pancreatitis, that had increased thickness of the gastric wall and that were diagnosed with acute pancreatitis clinically. The gastric wall changes such as thickness, layering appearance, echogenicity, distribution of lesions, and perigastric changes were recorded. Serial ultrasonographic examination and histopathological findings were recorded if available.
Results:
Mean gastric wall thickness was 9.9 ± 4.0 mm (SD). A complete loss of wall layering was observed in 2 dogs. Thickening of the submucosal layer was observed in 12 dogs, and 5 of them had concurrent muscularis layer thickening. The echogenicity of thickened submucosal layer was intermediate hyperechoic. Lacy appearances were present within the thickened submucosal layer in 7 dogs and in the muscularis layer of 1 dog. Thickening was focal in 12 dogs and adjacent to the diseased pancreas. Subsequent resolution of gastric wall thickening was observed in 3 dogs (range 3-28 days) via follow-up ultrasound. One dog underwent necropsy, and gastric wall edema was confirmed histopathologically.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Findings indicated that gastric wall thickening presumably because of edema could be a complication of acute pancreatitis.
Authors =>
Masahiro Murakami | Hock Gan Heng | Chee Kin Lim | Nolie K. Parnell | Nicholas J. Rancilio | Tsang L. Lin | Mario Sola
published =>
First published: 22 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15507
|
Title =>
Evaluation of the foal survival score in a Danish-Swedish population of neonatal foals upon hospital admission
Abstract =>
Background:
It is highly desirable to assess the probability of survival in sick neonatal foals upon admission. The foal survival score (FSS) is a published scoring system used to estimate the probability of survival in hospitalized neonatal foals <4 days old.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate the ability of the FSS to predict survival in older foals from a geographically different area compared to the original study.
Animals:
Five-hundred ninety hospitalized neonatal foals ≤14 days of age.
Methods:
Retrospective Danish-Swedish multicenter study that included details of signalment, history, clinical examination, laboratory results, necropsy findings, and outcome. Scores and score variables were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors using logistic regression. The optimal cutoff and its test parameters were calculated using a receiver operator characteristic curve.
Results:
Prematurity, cold extremities, ≥2 infectious or inflammatory sites, blood glucose concentration, and total white blood cell counts were significantly associated with nonsurvival (P ≤ .02). The optimal cutoff to predict survival was ≥6, resulting in sensitivity 78%, specificity 58%, 92% positive predictive value, and 31% negative predictive value. The test performed equally well in foals <4 days old compared to those 4-14 days old.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Using the suggested optimal cutoff of ≥6, the FSS performed moderately well and may aid in early determination of prognosis for survival. However, the FSS did perform differently in another population and therefore should be assessed under local conditions so that its diagnostic potential is not overestimated.
Authors =>
Anna Bohlin | Claude Saegerman | Emma Hoeberg | Alexandra Sånge | Katarina Nostell | Inge Durie | Louise Husted | Anna Öhman | Gaby van Galen
published =>
First published: 19 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15487
|
Title =>
Successful management of 3 dogs with colonic pythiosis using itraconzaole, terbinafine, and prednisone
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Krystle L. Reagan | Stanley L. Marks | Patricia A. Pesavento | Ann Della Maggiore | Bing Y. Zhu | Amy M. Grooters
published =>
First published: 19 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15506
|
Title =>
Esophageal feeding tube placement and the associated complications in 248 cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Esophageal feeding tubes are commonly used to provide enteral nutrition to cats, but their use is associated with adverse effects.
Objectives:
To evaluate the complications associated with e-tube placement in cats and to identify factors predisposing to these complications.
Animals:
Cats that had an esophageal feeding tube placed (n = 248).
Methods:
This was a retrospective case review in which clinical records were interrogated across 2 referral centers to identify records of cats that had esophageal tubes placed. Clinical data were collected for signalment, clinical indication, method of placement, time of removal, and any complications. Logistic regression was then employed to assess the odds of an increase in complications, including infection and death.
Results:
For those cats that survived to discharge, tubes were in place for a median of 11 days, ranging from 1 to 93 days. Complications occurred in 35.8% of the cats, with the most common being tube dislodgement (14.5%), followed by stoma site infections (12.1%). Cats receiving glucocorticoids or oncolytic agents (OR = 3.91; 95% CI, 1.14-13.44) and with discharge at the stoma site (OR = 159.8; CI, 18.9-1351) were at an increased odds of developing a stoma site infection, whereas those with a lower weight (OR = 1.33; 95% CI, 1.02-1.75) or (pancreatic [OR = 4.33; 95% CI, 1.02-18.47], neoplastic [OR = 15.44; 95% CI, 3.67-65.07], respiratory [OR = 19.66; 95% CI, 2.81-137.48], urogenital [OR = 5.78; 95% CI, 1.15-28.99], and infectious diseases [OR = 11.57; 95% CI, 2.27-58.94]) had an increased odds of death. The duration of time in place and the cat being discharged with the tube in place were not associated with an increased risk of infection or death.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Owners should be made aware of the potential risks involved and their predisposing factors.
Authors =>
Craig R. Breheny | Alisdair Boag | Alice Le Gal | Sven-Erik Hõim | Matteo Cantatore | Davina Anderson | Tim Nuttall | Marjoie L. Chandler | Danièlle A. Gunn-Moore
published =>
First published: 18 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15496
|
Title =>
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Clare MacLeod
published =>
First published: 18 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15501
|
Title =>
Speckle tracking echocardiography in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have decreased left ventricular (LV) longitudinal deformation detected by mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and speckle tracking echocardiography. People with preclinical HCM have decreased systolic LV longitudinal and radial strain (S) and strain rate (SR), with preserved circumferential S and SR.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Cats with preclinical HCM have decreased systolic LV deformation compared to normal cats.
Animals:
Seventy-three client-owned cats with (n = 37) and without (n = 36) preclinical HCM.
Methods:
Retrospective echocardiographic study. Left and right ventricular longitudinal S and SR, LV radial and circumferential S and SR were calculated by STE. Left ventricular mass was also calculated. Correlation between STE variables and LV hypertrophy was determined and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for prediction of HCM.
Results:
Cats with HCM had smaller absolute longitudinal S (−14.8 ± 3.3% vs −19.7 ± 2.7%, P < .001), longitudinal SR (−2.36 ± 0.62 vs −2.95 ± 0.68 second−1, P < .001), radial S (46.2 ± 21.3% vs 66.7 ± 17.6%, P < .001), and radial SR (5.60 ± 2.08 vs 6.67 ± 1.8 second−1, P < .001) compared to healthy controls. No difference was observed for circumferential S and SR. Cats with HCM had greater LV mass (13.2 ± 3.7 g vs 8.6 ± 2.7 g, P < .001). The ROC with the greatest area under the curve (AUC) for the identification of HCM (0.974) was plotted from a logistic regression equation combining LV mass, MAPSE at the free wall, and LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Cats with preclinical HCM have decreased long axis and radial deformation. Decreased longitudinal deformation and decreased LVIDd are factors that would support a diagnosis of HCM.
Authors =>
Ilaria Spalla | Adrian Boswood | David J. Connolly | Virginia Luis Fuentes
published =>
First published: 16 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15495
|
Title =>
Evaluation of a sensitive cardiac troponin I assay as a screening test for the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in cats. However, most cats are not diagnosed until they develop congestive heart failure, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), or sudden cardiac death. Thus, an affordable screening test for early detection of HCM is desirable.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Evaluation of a sensitive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay as a screening test for HCM in cats and determination of a cutoff for its early detection.
Animals:
One hundred sixty-six client-owned cats (male, n = 97) of various breeds were evaluated and classified using echocardiography as being healthy (n = 87), equivocal (n = 15), or having HCM (mild, n = 16; moderate, n = 10; severe, n = 34) or ATE (n = 4).
Methods:
All cats were prospectively evaluated by echocardiography, and serum cTnI concentration was determined using the currently most sensitive assay (Siemens ADVIA Centaur TnI-Ultra).
Results:
The median cTnI concentration was significantly different between study groups (P < .000001). A cutoff of 0.06 ng/mL provided good discrimination between healthy cats and cats with HCM (sensitivity, 91.7%; specificity, 95.4%; area under the curve [AUC], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.899-0.978). Even for asymptomatic cats with HCM, sensitivity and specificity for a cutoff of >0.06 ng/mL remained high at 87.8% and 95.4%, respectively (AUC, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.864-0.964).
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Cardiac troponin I can be used as a sensitive and specific screening test for the diagnosis of HCM in otherwise healthy cats (cutoff, >0.06 ng/mL). However, echocardiography is needed to confirm the diagnosis.
Authors =>
S. Hertzsch | A. Roos | G. Wess
published =>
First published: 16 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15498
|
Title =>
Effects of magnesium with or without boron on headshaking behavior in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking
Abstract =>
Background:
Oral administration of magnesium and boron might have a beneficial effect on headshaking behavior in horses.
Objective:
Evaluate the effects of oral magnesium alone or in combination with boron on headshaking behavior in affected horses.
Animals:
Twelve geldings (6 healthy controls and 6 affected).
Methods:
Prospective randomized controlled dietary trial over 42 days in 12 horses (6 horses diagnosed with trigeminal-mediated headshaking and 6 unaffected healthy controls). All horses received a hay diet and were randomized into 3 treatment groups: pelleted feed combination (PF), pelleted feed combination with magnesium (M), and pelleted feed combination with magnesium-boron (MB) with a week washout of hay only between treatments. Headshaking behavior and biochemical blood variables were assessed at baseline (hay only) and then after each week of supplementation.
Results:
All 3 diet interventions increased blood ionized and total magnesium. Groups M and MB further increased Mg2+ when compared to PF. Horses receiving treatments had a significant reduction in headshaking behavior, as measured by incidence rate ratio (IRR), when compared to unsupplemented hay diet (44% for PF, IRR, 0.558; CI, 0.44, 0.72; P < .001; 52% for M, IRR, 0.476; CI, 0.37, 0.62; P < .001; and 64% for MB, IRR, 0.358; CI, 0.27, 0.48; P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Magnesium in combination with boron had the greatest decrease in headshaking. Oral supplementation with magnesium or magnesium in combination with boron should be considered in horses affected with headshaking.
Authors =>
Shara A. Sheldon | Monica Aleman | Lais R. R. Costa | Kalie Weich | Quinn Howey | John E. Madigan
published =>
First published: 16 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15499
|
Title =>
Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic brain biopsy for intracranial neoplasia in dogs: Comparison of biopsy, surgical resection, and necropsy specimens
Abstract =>
Background:
Stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) is a technique that allows for definitive diagnosis of brain lesions. Little information is available regarding the diagnostic utility of SBB in dogs with intracranial diseases.
Objective:
To investigate the diagnostic accuracy (DA) of SBB in dogs with brain tumors.
Animals:
Thirty-one client-owned dogs that underwent SBB followed by surgical resection or necropsy examinations.
Methods:
Retrospective observational study. Two pathologists blinded to SBB and reference standard diagnoses reviewed histologic specimens and typed and graded tumors according to World Health Organization and revised canine glioma classification criteria. Agreement between tumor type and grade from SBB were compared to reference standards and assessed using kappa statistics. Patient and technical factors associated with agreement also were examined.
Results:
Stereotactic brain biopsy specimens were obtained from 24 dogs with gliomas and 7 with meningiomas. Tumor type agreement between SBB and the reference standard was observed in 30/31 cases (κ = 0.95). Diagnostic concordance was perfect for meningiomas. Grade agreement among gliomas was observed in 18/23 cases (κ = 0.47). Stereotactic brain biopsy underrepresented the reference standard glioma grade in cases with disagreement. The DA of SBB was 81%, with agreement noted in 56/69 biopsy samples. Smaller tumors and fewer SBB specimens obtained were significantly associated with diagnostic discordance.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The DA of SBB readily allows for the diagnosis of common brain tumors in dogs. Although glioma grade discordance was frequent, diagnoses obtained from SBB are sufficient to currently inform therapeutic decisions. Multiple SBB specimens should be collected to maximize DA.
Authors =>
Yukitaka Kani | Thomas E. Cecere | Kevin Lahmers | Tanya LeRoith | Kurt L. Zimmerman | Scott Isom | Fang-Chi Hsu | Waldemar Debinksi | John L. Robertson | John H. Rossmeisl
published =>
First published: 16 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15500
|
Title =>
Response to letter to editor regarding ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
Andy E. Durham | Nicholas Frank | Cathy M. McGowan | Nicola J. Menzies-Gow | Ellen Roelfsema | Ingrid Vervuert | Karsten Feige | Kersten Fey
published =>
First published: 16 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15503
|
Title =>
Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Carol R. Reinero | Isabelle Masseau | Megan Grobman | Aida Vientos-Plotts | Kurt Williams
published =>
First published: 13 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15473
|
Title =>
Comparison of diagnostic techniques for detection of Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats
Abstract =>
Background:
An evaluation of currently available in-clinic diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis infection of dogs and cats has not been performed. In addition, there is discordance among published diagnostic comparisons. The absence of a true gold standard for detecting Giardia duodenalis also complicates diagnostic evaluations.
Objectives:
To evaluate diagnostic tests commercially available in the United States for detecting Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats, in comparison to a widely used reference test, the direct immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and also to compare the results of 2 methods of analysis: comparison of diagnostic tests to a reference test (IFA) and Bayesian analysis.
Animals:
Fecal samples from a convenience sample of 388 cats and dogs located in Colorado, Oklahoma, and Virginia.
Methods:
Fecal samples were tested for Giardia duodenalis by zinc sulfate centrifugal fecal flotation and 4 different commercial diagnostic immunoassays. Results were analyzed via Bayesian analysis and by comparison to the IFA as the reference test.
Results:
Sensitivity and specificity by comparison to IFA was ≥82% and ≥90%, respectively, for all diagnostic tests in dogs and cats. When analyzed via Bayesian analysis, sensitivity and specificity were ≥83% and ≥95%, respectively. When ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results were combined with immunoassay results, there was no longer a significant difference between the sensitivities of the commercial in-clinic immunoassays.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:
The Bayesian analysis validates using IFA as the reference test. Differences in commercial in-clinic immunoassay sensitivities can be mitigated when the results are combined with ZnSO4 centrifugal fecal flotation results.
Authors =>
Meriam N. Saleh | Jack R. Heptinstall | Eileen M. Johnson | Lora R. Ballweber | David S. Lindsay | Stephen Werre | Joel F. Herbein | Anne M. Zajac
published =>
First published: 13 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15491
|
Title =>
ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Bruce W. Keene | Clarke E. Atkins | John D. Bonagura | Philip R. Fox | Jens Häggström | Virginia Luis Fuentes | Mark A. Oyama | John E. Rush | Rebecca Stepien | Masami Uechi
published =>
First published: 11 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15488
|
Title =>
Incidence and risk factors for recurrence of endocrinopathic laminitis in horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Endocrinopathic laminitis is common in horses and ponies, but the recurrence rate of the disease is poorly defined.
Objectives:
To determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, the recurrence of endocrinopathic laminitis.
Animals:
Privately owned horses and ponies with acute laminitis (n = 317, of which 276 cases with endocrinopathic laminitis were followed up to study completion).
Methods:
This prospective cohort study collected data on veterinary-diagnosed cases of acute laminitis for 2 years. Each case was classified on acceptance to the study as endocrinopathic or non-endocrinopathic using data collected in a questionnaire completed by the animal's veterinarian. Follow-up data were collected at regular intervals to determine whether the laminitis recurred in the 2-year period after diagnosis.
Results:
The recurrence rate for endocrinopathic laminitis was 34.1%. The risk of recurrence during the 2-year study period increased with basal, fasted serum insulin concentration (P ≤ .05), with the probability of recurrence increasing markedly as the insulin concentration increased beyond the normal range (0-20 μIU/mL) to over the threshold for normal (up to approximately 45 μIU/mL). Being previously diagnosed with laminitis (before the study; P = .05) was also a risk factor for recurrent laminitis. Cases with a higher Obel grade of laminitis were likely (P = .05) to recur sooner.
Conclusions and clinical importance:
Knowing that hyperinsulinemia and being previously diagnosed with laminitis are significant risk factors for recurrence will enable clinicians to proactively address these factors, thereby potentially reducing the risk of recurrence of laminitis.
Authors =>
Melody A. de Laat | Dania B. Reiche | Martin N. Sillence | James M. McGree
published =>
First published: 10 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15497
|
Title =>
Mechanical dilation, botulinum toxin A injection, and surgical myotomy with fundoplication for treatment of lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Megaesophagus (ME) carries a poor long-term prognosis in dogs. In people, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) achalasia is a rare cause of ME that may respond to targeted intervention. Dogs with lower esophageal sphincter achalasia-like syndrome (LES-AS) have been described recently, warranting investigation of analogous targeted treatment.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Evaluate response of dogs with LES-AS to LES mechanical dilation and botulinum toxin A (BTA) injections, with or without surgical myotomy and fundoplication. We hypothesized that clinical and videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) features of LES-AS would improve after treatment targeting functional LES obstruction.
Animals:
Fourteen client-owned dogs with LES-AS diagnosed by VFSS.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Dogs diagnosed with LES-AS underwent treatment between April 2015 and December 2017. Outcome measures included client perception of clinical severity, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), regurgitation frequency, and VFSS parameters (ME, esophageal motility, gastric filling). Dogs with positive responses were considered candidates for LES myotomy with fundoplication.
Results:
By a median IQR of 21 (IQR, 14-25) days after mechanical dilation and BTA, clients reported clinical improvement in 100% of dogs, BW increased 20.4% (IQR, 12.7%-25%), pre- and post-treatment BCS was 3 (IQR, 3-4) and 5 (IQR, 4-5), respectively, and frequency of regurgitation decreased by 80% (IQR, 50%-85%). Duration of effect was 40 (IQR, 17-53) days. Despite clinical improvement, ME and abnormal esophageal motility persisted in 14 dogs. Six dogs subsequently underwent myotomy and fundoplication and maintained improvement observed after mechanical dilation and BTA.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Dogs with LES-AS experienced significant, temporary, clinical improvement after mechanical dilation and BTA. Preliminary results suggest myotomy with fundoplication provide lasting clinical benefit despite persistence of ME.
Authors =>
M. E Grobman | K. D. Hutcheson | T. E. Lever | F. A. Mann | C. R. Reinero
published =>
First published: 09 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15476
|
Title =>
Association between improvement of clinical signs and decrease of ventricular volume after ventriculoperitoneal shunting in dogs with internal hydrocephalus
Abstract =>
Background:
One of the remaining questions in treating dogs with internal hydrocephalus is the association between the decrease of ventricular volume and re-expansion of cerebral parenchyma with clinical improvement.
Hypothesis:
A decrease in ventricular volume and re-expansion of brain tissue occur after ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS). Clinical improvement defined by resolution of ≥1 clinical signs is associated with decreased size of cerebral ventricles and that the extent of change in ventricular size is associated with clinical improvement.
Animals:
Forty-five client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed communicating internal hydrocephalus.
Methods:
Ventricular volume, brain volume, and clinical status of dogs that underwent VPS were measured before and 3 months after surgery. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the influence of decrease in ventricular size in addition to the covariates “age of the animal” and “duration of clinical signs before surgery” on improvement of clinical signs.
Results:
Decreased volume of cerebral ventricles was associated with resolution of ≥1 preoperative clinical sign (P < .003). The covariates “age of the animal” and “duration of clinical signs” were not associated with improvement of clinical signs. The percentage decrease in ventricular size was associated with resolution of ataxia (P = .008) and obtundation (P = .011).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
The decrease in ventricular volume and increase in brain parenchyma after VPS are associated with improvement in clinical signs.
Authors =>
Martin J. Schmidt | Antje Hartmann | Daniela Farke | Klaus Failling | Malgorzata Kolecka
published =>
First published: 08 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15468
|
Title =>
Longitudinal assessment of microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acid concentrations, and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive chronic inflammatory enteropathy
Abstract =>
Background:
Mounting evidence from human studies suggests that bile acid dysmetabolism might play a role in various human chronic gastrointestinal diseases. It is unknown whether fecal bile acid dysmetabolism occurs in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CE).
Objective:
To assess microbial dysbiosis, fecal unconjugated bile acids (fUBA), and disease activity in dogs with steroid-responsive CE.
Animals:
Twenty-four healthy control dogs and 23 dogs with steroid-responsive CE.
Methods:
In this retrospective study, fUBA were measured and analyzed. Fecal microbiota were assessed using a dysbiosis index. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index was used to evaluate remission of clinical signs. This was a multi-institutional study where dogs with steroid-responsive CE were evaluated over time.
Results:
The dysbiosis index was increased in dogs with CE (median, 2.5; range, −6.2 to 6.5) at baseline compared with healthy dogs (median, −4.5; range, −6.5 to −2.6; P = .002) but did not change in dogs with CE over time. Secondary fUBA were decreased in dogs with CE (median, 29%; range, 1%-99%) compared with healthy dogs (median, 88%; 4%-96%; P = .049). The percent of secondary fUBA in dogs with CE increased from baseline values (median, 28%; range, 1%-99%) after 2-3 months of treatment (median, 94%; range, 1%-99%; P = 0.0183).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These findings suggest that corticosteroids regulate fecal bile acids in dogs with CE. Additionally, resolution of clinical activity index in dogs with therapeutically managed CE and bile acid dysmetabolism are likely correlated. However, subclinical disease (i.e., microbial dysbiosis) can persist in dogs with steroid-responsive CE.
Authors =>
Blake C. Guard | Julia B. Honneffer | Albert E. Jergens | Michelle M. Jonika | Linda Toresson | Yuri A. Lawrence | Craig B. Webb | Steve Hill | Jonathan A. Lidbury | Joerg M. Steiner | Jan S. Suchodolski
published =>
First published: 07 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15493
|
Title =>
Deleted in colorectal cancer (netrin-1 receptor) antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a cat with hippocampal necrosis
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Daisuke Hasegawa | Yumi Ohnishi | Eiji Koyama | Satoru Matsunaga | Shouhei Ohtani | Akio Nakanishi | Takanori Shiga | James K. Chambers | Kazuyuki Uchida | Norihiko Yokoi | Yuko Fukata | Masaki Fukata
published =>
First published: 03 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15492
|
Title =>
Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement: Benchmarking performance of a lymphoid clonality assay in diverse canine sample types
Abstract =>
Background:
Polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) is a molecular diagnostic tool used for discrimination of lymphoid malignancies in dogs from benign processes. Assay variations have been described and are commercially available, but performance metrics are not uniformly reported.
Objectives:
To describe performance (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) and rigorous benchmarking of a PARR protocol (ePARR) in clinically relevant samples.
Animals:
One hundred eighty-one client-owned dogs.
Methods:
Lymphoma and benign tissues representative of the clinical spectrum with gold standard histopathologic and immunohistochemical diagnoses were collected. Assay development and benchmarking were performed on fresh frozen (FF) tissue, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, flow cytometry pellets, and air-dried fine-needle aspirates (FNA). Assay performance was determined for FFPE from 56 dogs (18 B-cell lymphoma, 24 T-cell lymphoma, and 14 non-lymphoma), 80 frozen flow cytometry pellets (66 B-cell lymphoma, 14 T-cell lymphoma, 0 non-lymphoma), and 41 air-dried FNA slides (23 lymphoma, 18 non-lymphoma).
Results:
For discrimination of lymphoma versus non-lymphoma, ePARR had 92% and 92% sensitivity and specificity on FFPE with 92% accuracy, 85% sensitivity from flow cytometry pellets (non-lymphoma was not evaluated to calculate specificity) with 85% accuracy, and 100% and 100% sensitivity and specificity for FNA with 100% accuracy. Stringent quality control criteria decreased assay success rate without significant performance improvement. Performance metrics were lower in most cases for discrimination of B- or T-cell versus non-B- or non-T-cell samples than for lymphoma versus non-lymphoma.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These benchmarking data facilitate effective interpretation and application of PARR assays in multiple sample types.
Authors =>
E. J. Ehrhart | Shukmei Wong | Keith Richter | Victoria Zismann | Carolyn Grimes | William Hendricks | Chand Khanna
published =>
First published: 02 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15485
|
Title =>
Diagnostic value of noninvasive pulse pressure measurements in Warmblood horses with aortic regurgitation
Abstract =>
Background:
Noninvasive blood pressures (NIBP) and pulse pressures (PP) have not been published in horses with aortic and mitral regurgitation (AR or MR).
Objectives:
To investigate NIBP and PP in healthy Warmblood horses and horses with AR and MR and propose PP cutoffs to identify and stage AR severity.
Animals:
Seventy-three Warmblood horses (healthy, 10; AR, 31; MR, 32).
Methods:
Retrospective study. All horses had NIBP and an echocardiogram recorded. Cases were categorized based on severity of regurgitation. Pulse pressures were compared among healthy, MR, and AR groups and among AR severity groups. Cutoffs were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.
Results:
Horses with AR had higher PP than horses with MR (mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)], +17 [9-26] mm Hg, P < .001) and controls (+17 [5-30] mm Hg; P =.004). Horses with severe AR had higher PP compared those with mild (+38 [20-54] mm Hg; P < 0.001) and moderate AR (+33 [18-47] mm Hg; P < .001). The PP cutoffs to distinguish AR from MR and controls were 38 mm Hg (sensitivity [Sn], 100%; specificity [Sp], 19%) for maximal Sn and 61 mm Hg (Sn, 43%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp. The PP cutoffs to distinguish severe AR from mild and moderate AR were 57 mm Hg (Sn, 100%; Sp, 70%) for maximal Sn and 77 mm Hg (Sn, 75%; Sp, 100%) for maximal Sp.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Horses with AR have increased PP. Noninvasive PP measurements interpreted with provided cutoffs may aid clinicians in diagnosing and staging severity of AR in horses.
Authors =>
Julia Boegli | Colin C. Schwarzwald | Katharyn J. Mitchell
published =>
First published: 02 April 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15494
|
Title =>
Sequential changes in urine production, glomerular filtration rate, and electrolyte excretion after mannitol administration
Abstract =>
Introduction:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) leading to severe uremia is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic, widely used in the management of AKI, both as a bolus injection and as a constant rate infusion (CRI).
Objectives:
To determine the plasma concentration of mannitol after a bolus injection and CRI at the recommended dosages, and to assess the effect of mannitol on renal function variables including urine production, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and solute excretion.
Methods:
Prospective cross-over design study, using 6 healthy dogs. Each dog underwent 3 protocols with at least a 7-day washout period between protocols. The first protocol included bolus injection of mannitol, the second protocol included bolus injection followed by CRI of mannitol and the third protocol (control) included injection of 5% dextrose in water (D5W). Urine production, GFR, and fractional excretion (FE) of solutes were measured for 10 hours.
Results:
For all protocols, urine production significantly (P < .001) increased after bolus injection, but no significant difference in urine production or GFR was observed among the treatment groups. Mannitol injection increased the FE of sodium and urea nitrogen, but these effects were short-lived.
Conclusions:
Mannitol has minimal effect on urine production and GFR but does increase FE of urea nitrogen and sodium, immediately after bolus injection. Constant rate infusion at a conventional dosage of 1 mg/kg/min cannot maintain these effects in dogs with normal renal function, because mannitol concentration decreases rapidly.
Authors =>
Gilad Segev | Cheryl Stafford | John Kirby | Larry D. Cowgill
published =>
First published: 30 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15490
|
Title =>
Intra-arterial renal infusion of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of chronic kidney disease in cats: Phase I clinical trial
Abstract =>
Background:
There are no known treatments that halt or reverse chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. In rodent models, stem cell treatment has been associated with improvement in renal function parameters, especially when stem cells were delivered intra-arterially to the kidney. To date, only IV and intrarenal stem cell infusions have been studied in cats with CKD with no clinically relevant improvement noted.
Objective:
To assess the safety and feasibility of intra-arterial delivery of autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in stromal vascular fraction (SVF) to the kidney in cats with CKD.
Animals:
Five client-owned domestic cats with International Renal Interest Society stage III CKD.
Methods:
Prospective cohort study (phase I clinical trial). Adipose tissue was harvested from study animals on day 0. On days 2 and 14, an infusion of MSC in SVF was administered into the renal artery via the femoral or carotid artery using fluoroscopic guidance. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentration, plasma iohexol clearance, and quality of life assessments were monitored between days 0 and 90.
Results:
The procedure was performed successfully in all cats. No severe adverse events were observed in any cat during the study period.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Intra-arterial infusion of MSC into the renal artery in CKD cats was feasible and safe within a 3-month postoperative period. Efficacy and long-term safety have yet to be established. This procedure requires careful technique and training.
Authors =>
Abigail L. Thomson | Allyson C. Berent | Chick Weisse | Catherine E. Langston
published =>
First published: 29 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15486
|
Title =>
Clinical, epidemiological and echocardiographic features and prognostic factors in cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy: A retrospective study of 92 cases (2001-2015)
Abstract =>
Background:
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a common primary cardiomyopathy of cats. However, little information is available regarding prognostic variables in large populations of cats with RCM.
Objectives:
To characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cats with RCM and to document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD).
Animals:
Ninety-two cats with RCM.
Methods:
Retrospective study. Diagnosis of RCM was based on echocardiographic and Doppler criteria. Median survival time to CD and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox models, respectively.
Results:
The feline population (median age [interquartile range], 8.6 years [4.1-12.4]; body weight, 4.0 kg [3.3-4.7]) included 83 cats (90%) with the myocardial RCM form and 9 (10%) with the endomyocardial fibrosis RCM form. Most RCM cats (64/92, 70%) were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with dyspnea related to congestive heart failure in 57 of 64 cats (89%). The median survival time of the 69 cats with the myocardial RCM form and available follow-up was 667 days (range, 2-3710 days) considering CD. Independent of age, biatrial enlargement, and arrhythmias, increase of the left atrium (LA)-to-aorta (Ao) ratio (hazard ration [HR], 2.5 per 0.5-unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.2; P < .001) and presence of severe LA enlargement (end-diastolic LA : Ao ≥2; HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7; P = .01) were significantly associated with shorter time to CD.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Cardiac death is common in RCM cats, and LA enlargement seems independently associated with decreased survival time in these cats.
Authors =>
Valérie Chetboul | Peggy Passavin | Emilie Trehiou-Sechi | Vassiliki Gouni | Camille Poissonnier | Jean-Louis Pouchelon | Loic Desquilbet
published =>
First published: 28 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15464
|
Title =>
Efficacy of orally administered sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts
Abstract =>
Background:
Hyperammonemia can result in hepatic encephalopathy, which in severe cases eventually can lead to coma and death. In dogs, congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) are the most common cause for hyperammonemia. Conservative treatment consists of a protein modified diet, nonabsorbable disaccharides, antibiotics, or some combinations of these. Sodium benzoate (SB) and sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) both are used in the acute and long-term treatment of humans with hyperammonemia caused by urea cycle enzyme deficiencies. Both treatments are believed to lower blood ammonia concentrations by promoting excretion of excess nitrogen via alternative pathways.
Objectives:
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of PO treatment with SB and SPB on hyperammonemia and clinical signs in CPSS dogs.
Methods:
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Concentrations of blood ammonia and bile acids were measured in CPSS dogs before and after a 5-day treatment with SB, SPB, and placebo. A wash-out period of 3 days was used between treatments. A standard questionnaire was developed and distributed to owners to evaluate clinical signs before and after each treatment.
Results:
Blood ammonia concentrations were not influenced by any of the treatments and were comparable to those observed during placebo treatment. In addition, SB and SPB treatment did not result in improvement of clinical signs. Adverse effects during treatment included anorexia, vomiting, and lethargy.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Based on our results, we conclude that SB or SPB are not useful in the conservative treatment of hyperammonemia in dogs with CPSS.
Authors =>
Giora van Straten | Diewke van Dalen | Sietske J. Mesu | Jan Rothuizen | Erik Teske | Bart Spee | Robert P. Favier | Ingeborg M. van Geijlswijk
published =>
First published: 27 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15477
|
Title =>
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis in 104 dogs (2006-2016)
Abstract =>
Background:
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and culture are used to characterize respiratory diseases in dogs. Little is known about disorders associated with increased numbers of lymphocytes in BAL fluid.
Objective:
To evaluate duration of clinical signs and detection of specific respiratory diagnoses in dogs with BAL lymphocytosis.
Animals:
One-hundred four client-owned dogs evaluated for respiratory signs.
Methods:
Medical records of dogs that had >300 cells/μL and >20% lymphocytes on a differential cell count of BAL fluid between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were evaluated for the duration of clinical signs and respiratory diagnoses, including aspiration injury, infectious or inflammatory respiratory disease, and airway collapse.
Results:
Dogs ranged in age from 0.5 to 16 years (median, 7.9 years) and had a median body weight of 11.4 kg (range, 2.0-42.7 kg). Eosinophilic lung disease was documented in 13 of 104 dogs (Group 1) and airway neutrophilia associated with infectious or inflammatory disease was found in 59 of 104 dogs (Group 2). Lymphocytosis alone in BAL fluid was described in 32 dogs (Group 3). Duration of cough did not differ among groups, but airway collapse was significantly more common in dogs with solitary lymphocytosis than in those with other types of inflammation.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Lymphocytosis in BAL fluid is common in dogs and, in many cases, likely represents a common response to airway injury, independent of the type or duration of insult. It is unknown whether airway collapse leads to lymphocytosis or if the inflammatory process causes airway collapse.
Authors =>
Lynelle R. Johnson | William Vernau
published =>
First published: 26 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15489
|
Title =>
Association of sustained supraphysiologic hyperinsulinemia and inflammatory signaling within the digital lamellae in light-breed horses
Abstract =>
Background:
Hyperinsulinemia is associated with equine laminitis, and digital lamellar inflammation in equine metabolic syndrome-associated laminitis (EMSAL) is modest when compared with sepsis-associated laminitis.
Objectives:
To characterize digital lamellar inflammation in horses in a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) model of laminitis.
Animals:
Sixteen healthy adult Standardbred horses.
Methods:
Prospective experimental study. Horses underwent EHC or saline infusion (CON) for 48 hours or until the onset of Obel grade 1 laminitis. Horses were euthanized, and digital lamellar tissue was collected and analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes—CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL-6, MCP-1, MCP-2, IL-1β, IL11, cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], E-selectin, and ICAM-1), immunoblotting (phosphorylated and total signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1], STAT3, and p38MAPK), and immunohistochemistry (markers of leukocyte infiltration: CD163, MAC387).
Results:
Lamellar mRNA concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-11, COX-2, and E-selectin were increased; the concentration of COX-1 was decreased; and concentrations of CXCL1, CXCL6, MCP-1, MCP-2, IL-8, TNF-α and ICAM-1 were not significantly different in the EHC group compared to the CON group (P ≤ .003). Lamellar concentrations of phosphorylated STAT proteins (P-STAT1 [S727], P-STAT1 [Y701], P-STAT3 [S727], and P-STAT3 [Y705]) were increased in the EHC group compared to the CON group, with phosphorylated STAT3 localizing to nuclei of lamellar basal epithelial cells. There was no change in the lamellar concentration of P-p38 MAPK (T180/Y182), but the concentration of total p38 MAPK was decreased in the EHC samples. There was no evidence of notable lamellar leukocyte emigration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These results establish a role for lamellar inflammatory signaling under conditions associated with EMSAL.
Authors =>
Mauria R. Watts | Olivia C. Hegedus | Susan C. Eades | James K. Belknap | Teresa A. Burns
published =>
First published: 25 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15480
|
Title =>
Randomized field trial on the effects of body weight and short transport on stress and immune variables in 2- to 4-week-old dairy calves
Abstract =>
Background:
Whether underweight calves respond differently to transport stress, enhancing their disease risk, is currently unknown.
Objective:
To determine the effects of low body weight and transport stress on immune variables.
Animals:
Twenty-one 2- to 4-week-old male Holstein calves, housed on a commercial farm.
Methods:
Randomized clinical trial. Full factorial design with 4 treatment groups: low body weight (≤46 kg)/no transport (LOWCON); low body weight/transport (LOWTRANS); normal body weight (>46 kg)/no transport (NORMCON), and normal body weight/transport (NORMTRANS). Transport duration was 2 hours.
Results:
Transport significantly increased serum cortisol concentration (77.8 μg/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 37.8-131.6; P < .001), interleukin (IL)-17A (344.9 pg/mL; 95% CI, 32.2-556.5; P = .04), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (218.2 pg/mL; 95% CI, 32.5-368.3; P = .03) production after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Body weight did not affect any of the studied variables. However, the interaction of transport and body weight was significant. LOWTRANS calves showed increased monocyte count (2.0 × 109/L; 95% CI, 0.6-4.2; P < .05) and interleukin IL-17A production (106.0 pg/mL; 95% CI, 4.2-306.9; P = .03) compared to normal weight calves and increased TNF-α production (275.6 pg/mL; 95% CI, 2.6-463.0; P = .02) compared to LOWCON calves in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after transport.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
These findings contribute to our understanding of increased disease susceptibility of underweight calves when transported. Gamma globulin concentration was identified as important interfering factor in studies on immune variables in neonatal calves.
Authors =>
Christien Masmeijer | Bert Devriendt | Tina Rogge | Katharina van Leenen | Lieze De Cremer | Bonny Van Ranst | Piet Deprez | Eric Cox | Bart Pardon
published =>
First published: 25 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15482
|
Title =>
Association of lung lesions measured by thoracic ultrasonography at first diagnosis of bronchopneumonia with relapse rate and growth performance in feedlot cattle
Abstract =>
Background:
Severity of lung lesions quantified by thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) at time of bronchopneumonia (BP) diagnosis predicted death among steers not treated for this condition. Further research is needed to confirm that lung lesions detected by TUS can be associated with negative outcomes in cattle with BP that subsequently were treated.
Objective:
To quantify the effects on relapse rate and average daily gain (ADG) of lung lesions detected by TUS at first BP diagnosis in feedlot cattle.
Animals:
Prospective cohort of mixed beef-breed steers (n = 93; 243 ± 36 kg) and heifers (n = 51; 227 ± 42 kg) with BP at 4 feedlots.
Methods:
Thoracic ultrasonography was performed by the same clinician and 16-second TUS videos were evaluated offline for maximal depth and area of lung consolidation, maximum number of comet tails, and maximal depth of pleural fluid. Individual ADG was calculated between 1 and 120 days after arrival. Effects of lesions on relapse rate and ADG were investigated using mixed regression models.
Results:
Maximal depth of lung consolidation was associated with a higher risk of relapse (odds ratio [OR], 1.337/cm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.042-1.714) and lower ADG (− 34 g/cm; −64 to −4). Maximal area of lung consolidation also was associated with a higher relapse risk (OR, 1.052/cm2; 1.009-1.097) but not with ADG. Comet tails and pleural fluid were not associated with risk of relapse or ADG.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Quantifying maximal depth and area of lung consolidation by TUS at first BP diagnosis can provide useful prognostic information in feedlot cattle.
Authors =>
Edouard Timsit | Nicolas Tison | Calvin W. Booker | Sébastien Buczinski
published =>
First published: 22 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15483
|
Title =>
11th Annual European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress 9-10 November, 2018
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 21 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15447
|
Title =>
Untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from dogs with chronic hepatic disease
Abstract =>
Background:
Chronic hepatopathies present a diagnostic challenge, with different diseases being associated with similar clinical and laboratory findings. Characterization of dogs with chronic hepatopathies can be difficult and require costly diagnostic procedures such as acquisition of a liver biopsy specimen. Noninvasive and inexpensive biomarkers that reliably characterize chronic hepatopathies such as chronic hepatitis or a congenital portosystemic vascular anomaly may decrease the need for costly or invasive diagnostic testing and guide novel therapeutic interventions.
Objective:
To investigate differences in the serum metabolome among healthy dogs, dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts, and dogs with chronic hepatitis.
Animals:
Stored serum samples from 12 healthy dogs, 10 dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts, and 6 dogs with chronic hepatitis were analyzed.
Methods:
The serum metabolome was analyzed with an untargeted metabolomics approach using gas chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.
Results:
Principal component analysis and heat dendrogram plots of the metabolomics data showed clustering among individuals in each group. Random forest analysis showed differences in the abundance of various metabolites including increased aromatic amino acids and xylitol in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. Based on the univariate statistics, 50 metabolites were significantly different among groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The serum metabolome varies among healthy dogs, dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts, and dogs with chronic hepatitis. Statistical analysis identified several metabolites that differentiated healthy dogs from dogs with vascular or parenchymal liver disease. Further targeted assessment of these metabolites is needed to confirm their diagnostic reliability.
Authors =>
Yuri A. Lawrence | Micah A. Bishop | Julia B. Honneffer | Audrey K. Cook | Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann | Jörg M. Steiner | Jan S. Suchodolski | Jonathan A. Lidbury
published =>
First published: 20 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15479
|
Title =>
Sonography and sonoelastography in the detection of malignancy in superficial lymph nodes of dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
The clinical applicability of sonography and sonoelastography (SOE) in the detection of lymph node malignancy in dogs has not been established.
Objectives:
To compare sonographic and sonoelastographic findings between malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of those methods.
Animals:
One-hundred sixteen lymph nodes of 54 dogs.
Methods:
A prospective observational study was used to investigate sonographic features and elasticity scores of malignant and benign superficial lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were categorized as malignant or benign according to cytology or histopathology. Quantitative variables were compared using Student's unpaired t test. Prevalence of categorical variables was compared using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Diagnostic performance was calculated by receiver-operating characteristic analysis.
Results:
Forty-nine malignant and 67 benign lymph nodes were included. Malignant nodes had larger long axis (LA; P = .0002), short axis (SA; P < .0001) and short-to-long axis ratio (P < .0001) in comparison with benign nodes. Malignant nodes had a higher prevalence of mixed vascular distribution on Doppler color flow mapping (P < .005) and on power Doppler (P < .0001) and higher resistivity index (RI; P < .0001), pulsatility index (P < .0001), and elasticity score (P < .0001) in comparison with benign nodes. Short axis, elasticity score, and RI offered the best accuracies, 80.2%, 78.1%, and 77.7% (P < .05), respectively, for malignancy detection.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Results support the use of Doppler sonography and SOE as auxiliary methods to brightness mode sonography to detect nodal malignancy.
Authors =>
Alexandra F. Belotta | Marcela C. Gomes | Noeme S. Rocha | Alessandra Melchert | Rogério Giuffrida | Jeana P. Silva | Maria J. Mamprim
published =>
First published: 18 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15469
|
Title =>
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate treatment of copper-associated hepatopathy in dogs
Abstract =>
Background:
Copper-associated hepatopathy (CAH) is a common cause of liver disease in dogs. Although d-penicillamine can be an effective treatment, some dogs fail treatment or develop adverse effects. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (TTM) has been used to treat pathologic copper accumulation in other species, but its therapeutic potential for CAH is unknown.
Objectives:
To investigate short-term safety and efficacy of TTM for treatment of CAH.
Animals:
Ten dogs with CAH.
Methods:
Prospective study. All dogs were treated with TTM PO for 6 weeks, and hepatic biopsies were performed after the treatment course. Dog experiencing initial decreases in hepatic copper concentrations ([Cu]H) received 6 additional weeks of TTM treatment and underwent 1 additional biopsy. Physical and laboratory examinations were performed every 2 weeks for study duration.
Results:
Eight of 10 dogs had decreases in [Cu]H. Compared to baseline (median, 1606 μg/g; range, 572-5158 μg/g), [Cu]H were decreased at 6 weeks (1033 μg/g, 450-2975 μg/g; P = .04) and 12 weeks (931 μg/g, 218-1677 μg/g; P = .02). Hepatic molybdenum concentrations increased >50-fold (P < 0.001). Changes in histologic scores and hematologic and biochemical test results were variable and not significantly different from baseline. One dog developed presumed immune-mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia, but it was unclear if this was related to TTM administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Results suggest that TTM can effectively decrease [Cu]H in some dogs with CAH. Larger studies are needed to determine the overall safety and efficacy of TTM for treating CAH and how it compares with current treatments.
Authors =>
Daniel K. Langlois | Janice R. Querubin | William D. Schall | Nathan C. Nelson | Rebecca C. Smedley
published =>
First published: 18 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15474
|
Title =>
Efficacy of an orally administered anti-diarrheal probiotic paste (Pro-Kolin Advanced) in dogs with acute diarrhea: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical study
Abstract =>
Background:
Acute diarrhea is a common clinical presentation of dogs. The effect of specific anti-diarrheal probiotic pastes (ADPPs) in the management of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs is unknown.
Hypothesis:
Administration of an ADPP containing Enterococcus faecium 4b1707 will improve the clinical outcome of acute, uncomplicated diarrhea in dogs compared to placebo.
Animals:
One hundred forty-eight client-owned dogs with acute diarrhea as the main clinical sign.
Methods:
Double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, blocked, multicenter clinical field study conducted at 14 primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Results:
The ADPP was associated with better clinical outcome compared to placebo in dogs with acute, uncomplicated diarrhea. Dogs in the ADPP group had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea (ADPP: median, 32 hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2-118; n = 51; Placebo: median, 47 hours; 95% CI, 4-167; n = 58; P = .008) and the rate of resolution of diarrhea was 1.60 times faster in the ADPP group than in the Placebo group (ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.08-2.44; P = .02). Fewer dogs required additional medical intervention (AMI) for non-improvement or worsening in the ADPP group compared to the Placebo group (3.5% of dogs and 14.8% of dogs, respectively), with a relative risk of 0.88 (P = .04; AMI, ADPP, 3.5%, 2/57 dogs; Placebo, 14.8%, 9/61 dogs; relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.77-0.99).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance:
The ADPP may accelerate resolution of acute diarrhea in dogs and decrease the requirement for AMI.
Authors =>
Sophie L. Nixon | Lindsay Rose | Annika T. Muller
published =>
First published: 18 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15481
|
Title =>
Equine platelet concentrate preparation and validation
Abstract =>
Background:
Development of equine platelet concentrate (PC) would aid management of cases requiring transfused platelets (PLTs), where adminstration of whole-blood or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) might be contraindicated.
Objectives:
To test and validate a method for production of an equine PRP-PC product.
Animals:
Six healthy Thoroughbred geldings from a research herd.
Methods:
In this prospective experimental study, whole blood was collected and processed through multiple centrifugation steps to yield 120 mL of PC. The PC was stored at 22°C and gently and continuously agitated. Measurements of PLT count, pH, and concentrations of glucose, lactate, electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide were performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. Platelet aggregometry and bacterial culture were also performed.
Results:
The PC always had a PLT count of ≥550 × 103 cells/μL. Aggregometry graph amplitude (P < .0001) and area under the curve (P < .05) significantly decreased over time. Sodium, chloride, lactate (P < .0001), and oxygen (P < .01) concentrations significantly increased over time. pH (P < .001), glucose and bicarbonate concentrations (P < .0001) significantly decreased over time. There was no significant difference in potassium concentration, PLT count, LDH and AST activities and no bacterial growth from culture.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
The described technique yielded a PC that meets the standards of the American Association of Blood Banks for human PC.
Authors =>
Rana Bozorgmanesh | K. Gary Magdesian | Julie W. Sutton-Burges | Sean D. Owens | Fern Tablin
published =>
First published: 13 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15472
|
Title =>
Evaluation of a low-dose desoxycorticosterone pivalate treatment protocol for long-term management of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism
Abstract =>
Background:
Lowering the dose of desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP) for the treatment of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism (PH) decreases costs and could lead to increased owner motivation to treat their affected dogs.
Objective:
To evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose DOCP treatment protocol in dogs with PH.
Animals:
Prospective study, 17 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring PH (12 newly diagnosed, 5 previously treated with fludrocortisone acetate [FC]).
Methods:
Dogs with newly diagnosed PH were started on 1.5 mg/kg DOCP SC; dogs previously treated with FC were started on 1.0-1.8 mg/kg DOCP SC. Reevaluations took place at regular intervals for a minimum of 3 months and included clinical examination and determination of serum sodium and potassium concentrations. The DOCP dosage was adjusted to obtain an injection interval of 28-30 days and to keep serum electrolyte concentrations within the reference interval.
Results:
Median (range) follow-up was 16.2 months (4.5-32.3 months). The starting dosage was sufficient in all but 2 dogs and had to be significantly decreased after 2-3 months to a median dosage (range) of 1.1 mg/kg (0.7-1.8). Dogs 3 years of age or younger needed significantly higher dosages compared to older dogs. None of them, however, needed the 2.2 mg/kg DOCP dosage, recommended by the manufacturer.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
A starting dosage of 1.5 mg/kg DOCP is effective in controlling clinical signs and serum electrolyte concentrations in the majority of dogs with PH. An additional dose reduction often is needed to maintain an injection interval of 28-30 days. Young and growing animals seem to need higher dosages.
Authors =>
Nadia S. Sieber-Ruckstuhl | Claudia E. Reusch | Nathalie Hofer-Inteeworn | Claudia Kuemmerle-Fraune | Claudia Müller | Regina Hofmann-Lehmann | Felicitas S. Boretti
published =>
First published: 13 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15475
|
Title =>
Therapeutic monitoring of rivaroxaban in dogs using thromboelastography and prothrombin time
Abstract =>
Background:
The chromogenic anti-Xa assay, the gold standard for monitoring the anti-Xa effect of rivaroxaban, is not available as a cage-side diagnostic test for use in a clinical setting.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
To evaluate clinical modalities for measuring the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban using a point-of-care prothrombin time (PT) and thromboelastography (TEG).
Animals:
Six healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods:
Prospective, experimental study. Four different doses of rivaroxaban (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg) were administered PO to dogs. Single PO and 3 consecutive dosing regimens also were assessed. Plasma rivaroxaban concentration was determined using a chromogenic anti-Xa assay, point-of-care PT, and TEG analysis with 4 activators (RapidTEG, 1 : 100 tissue factor [TF100], 1 : 3700 tissue factor [TF3700], and kaolin), and results were compared. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between ratios (peak to baseline PT; peak reaction time [R] of TEG to baseline [R] of TEG) and anti-Xa concentration.
Results:
Anti-Xa concentration had a significant correlation with point-of-care PT (R = 0.82, P < .001) and RapidTEG-TEG, TF100-TEG, and TF3700-TEG (R = 0.76, P < .001; R = 0.82, P < .001; and R = 0.83, P < .001, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Overall, a 1.5-1.9 × delay in PT and R values of TEG 3 hours after rivaroxaban administration is required to achieve therapeutic anti-Xa concentrations of rivaroxaban in canine plasma. The R values of TEG, specifically using tissue factors (RapidTEG, TF100, TF3700) and point-of-care PT for rivaroxaban can be used practically for therapeutic monitoring of rivaroxaban in dogs.
Authors =>
Junwoo Bae | Hyunwoo Kim | Woosun Kim | Suhee Kim | Jinho Park | Dong-In Jung | Dohyeon Yu
published =>
First published: 11 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15478
|
Title =>
Safety and efficacy of orally administered telmisartan for the treatment of systemic hypertension in cats: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial
Abstract =>
Background:
Information regarding the efficacy of telmisartan for feline systemic arterial hypertension is limited.
Objectives:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PO administered telmisartan solution in hypertensive cats.
Animals:
Client-owned cats with indirect systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP) of 160-200 mm Hg, based on multiple measurements.
Methods:
This multicenter trial consisted a 28-day, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, efficacy phase and a 154-day extended-use telmisartan phase. Hypertensive cats were randomly assigned to receive 1.5 mg telmisartan/kg PO q12h for 14 days, followed by 2 mg telmisartan/kg PO q24h, or equivalent volume of placebo. Systolic blood pressure was measured on days 0, 14, and 28. Change in SBP compared to baseline was calculated for days 14 and 28. Telmisartan efficacy was defined as significant decrease in SBP at day 14 compared to placebo and a clinically relevant (>20 mm Hg) decrease in SBP at day 28.
Results:
Two-hundred twenty-one cats were included. On day 14, least squares mean (95% confidence interval) SBP decrease was significantly larger in telmisartan-treated (−23.3 mm Hg [−28.2 to −18.3]) versus placebo-treated (−7.5 mm Hg [−13.6 to −1.5]) cats (P = .0005). On day 28, telmisartan treatment resulted in a clinically relevant SBP decrease (−23.9 mm Hg [−27.8 to −20.0]), whereas placebo did not (−11.6 mm Hg [−17.4 to −5.9 mm Hg]). The decrease in SBP persisted over the 6-month trial in telmisartan-treated cats.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Telmisartan significantly decreased SBP to a clinically relevant extent and was well tolerated in hypertensive cats.
Authors =>
Amanda E. Coleman | Scott A. Brown | Anne M. Traas | Lawrence Bryson | Tanja Zimmering | Alicia Zimmerman
published =>
First published: 09 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15429
|
Title =>
Vitamin D metabolism in dogs with and without hypercalciuric calcium oxalate urolithiasis
Abstract =>
Background:
There are abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism in people with calcium nephrolithiasis, but limited data are available on vitamin D status in dogs with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis.
Objective:
To compare serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in dogs with and without hypercalciuric CaOx urolithiasis.
Animals:
Thirty-eight dogs with (n = 19) and without (n = 19) a history of CaOx urolithiasis and hypercalciuria.
Methods:
Retrospective cross-sectional study. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] were measured. The ratios of 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D and 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D were compared between cases and controls.
Results:
There were no significant differences between cases and controls when comparing 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D, 1,25(OH)2D, or 1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D. Cases had higher 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D (median = 1.40, range = 0.98-1.58) compared to controls (median = 1.16, range = 0.92-2.75; P = .01). There was overlap in the ranges for 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D between cases and controls, but 6 cases (32%) had ratios above the control dog range. There was a moderate positive correlation between the ratio of 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D and urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratios (r = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.10-0.64; P = .01).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
These data suggest that decreased conversion of 25(OH)D to 24,25(OH)2D occurs in a subset of dogs with CaOx urolithiasis. Abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism might contribute to stone risk in dogs.
Authors =>
Elizabeth M. Groth | Jody P. Lulich | Dennis J. Chew | Valerie J. Parker | Eva Furrow
published =>
First published: 09 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15442
|
Title =>
Evaluation of liposome toll-like receptor ligand complexes for non-specific mucosal immunoprotection from feline herpesvirus-1 infection
Abstract =>
Background:
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) infection can result in serious morbidity and mortality, especially in kittens. Immunotherapy using liposome-toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand complexes (LTC) has been shown to activate innate immune responses.
Objectives:
To determine in kittens whether mucosal administration of LTC before FHV-1 inoculation would decrease severity of clinical signs and decrease quantities of FHV-1 DNA in materials collected on oropharyngeal swabs.
Animals:
Nineteen, 14-week-old, purpose-bred kittens.
Methods:
Pilot clinical trial with 2 groups of kittens allocated to either an LTC or control group. The LTC were administered into both nares and the oropharynx of the 12 LTC group kittens, and all 19 kittens were inoculated with FHV-1 24 hours later. Clinical scores were determined daily for 28 days, and oropharyngeal mucosal materials were collected every 7 days to assess FHV-1 DNA quantities for comparison between groups.
Results:
Conjunctivitis was more common in kittens in the control group on Days 15-28 (P = .01) and Days 1-28 (P = .02). Total respiratory scores were higher in the LTC group on days 15-28 (P = .03). The LTC group had significantly decreased FHV-1 DNA on swabs when compared to the control group on some postinoculation days, using 2 methods of calculation.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
Administration of LTC to kittens was shown to decrease FHV-1 DNA and some manifestations of illness in kittens when administrated 24 hours before inoculation, suggesting clinical benefit.
Authors =>
Elena T. Contreras | Francisco Olea-Popelka | William Wheat | Steven Dow | Jennifer Hawley | Michael R. Lappin
published =>
First published: 07 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15427
|
Title =>
ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs
Abstract =>
Authors =>
James W. Swann | Oliver A. Garden | Claire L. Fellman | Barbara Glanemann | Robert Goggs | Dana N. LeVine | Andrew J. Mackin | Nathaniel T. Whitley
published =>
First published: 07 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15463
|
Title =>
ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs
Abstract =>
Authors =>
Cynthia R. L. Webster | Sharon A. Center | John M. Cullen | Dominique G. Penninck | Keith P. Richter | David C. Twedt | Penny J. Watson
published =>
First published: 07 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15467
|
Title =>
Short- and long-term outcome and magnetic resonance imaging findings after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar spinal arachnoid diverticula in 25 Pugs
Abstract =>
Background:
There is a successful outcome after surgical management of spinal arachnoid diverticula (SAD) in up to 82% of cases.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
We hypothesized that Pugs have favorable short-term and poor long-term prognosis after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar SAD. The aim of the present investigation was to describe clinical findings, short- and long-term outcomes, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in Pugs with thoracolumbar SAD.
Animals:
Twenty-five client owned Pugs with 12-month follow-up information after surgical treatment of thoracolumbar SAD.
Methods:
Multicenter retrospective case series. All medical records were searched for Pugs diagnosed with SAD. Data regarding signalment, history, surgical procedure, outcome, histopathology, and follow-up MRI results were extracted.
Results:
Mean age at presentation was 7.32 (range 2-11) years, 80% were males. Short-term outcome was available in 25 dogs, and improvement was confirmed in 80% of dogs. Long-term outcome was available in 21 dogs, and deterioration was confirmed in 86% of cases, with late-onset recurrence of clinical signs after initial postsurgical improvement affecting 85% of Pugs. A moderate correlation (r = 0.50) was found between duration of clinical signs and outcome. In 8 dogs with deteriorating clinical signs, follow-up MRI revealed regrowth of the SAD in 2 cases, new SAD formation in 2 cases, and intramedullary T2W hyperintensity/syringomyelia in 6 cases.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
This study suggests that Pugs with thoracolumbar SAD do not have a favorable long-term prognosis after surgical treatment for reasons yet to be determined.
Authors =>
Neringa Alisauskaite | Sigitas Cizinauskas | Janis Jeserevics | Mindaugas Rakauskas | Giunio Bruto Cherubini | Marjukka Anttila | Frank Steffen
published =>
First published: 07 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15470
|
Title =>
Ability of ultrasonography to predict the presence and location of histologic lesions in the small intestine of cats
Abstract =>
Background:
Diagnosis of infiltrative small intestinal (SI) disease in cats is challenging, and debate continues regarding optimal biopsy techniques. Ultrasonography may facilitate selection of biopsy type and location.
Hypothesis/Objectives:
Assess ability of ultrasonography to predict histologic lesions by SI segment and tissue layer.
Animals:
One-hundred sixty-nine cats that had abdominal ultrasonography and full-thickness SI biopsies performed.
Methods:
Ultrasonographic images and full-thickness biopsy samples were retrospectively reviewed, and each SI wall layer evaluated for lesions according to published standards.
Results:
Ultrasonographic SI lesions were present in 132 cats (63 duodenum; 115 jejunum; 71 ileum). Samples were obtained at laparotomy (60) or necropsy (109). Ultrasonographic abnormalities had high positive predictive value (PPV) for histologic lesions (duodenum, 82.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68.6-91.4; jejunum, 91.0%; 95% CI, 81.5-96.6; ileum, 88.1%; 95% CI, 74.4-96.0), but poor negative predictive value (duodenum, 27.1%; 95% CI, 17.2-39.1; jejunum, 27.3%; 95% CI, 10.7-50.2; ileum, 40.4%; 95% CI, 26.4-55.7). The ability of ultrasonography to predict histologic lesions in this population, which had high disease prevalence (SI histologic lesions in 78.1% of cats) was high for mucosal lesions (PPV, 72.7%-100%) but low for submucosal or muscularis lesions (PPV, 18.9%-57.1%).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance:
In a population with high disease prevalence, most cats with SI mucosal ultrasonographic lesions will have mucosal histologic lesions. Small intestinal submucosal and muscularis ultrasonographic lesions are not predictive of histologic disease in those layers, suggesting that full-thickness biopsy may not be essential in these cats. Ultrasonography may help guide decisions about biopsy type in individual cats.
Authors =>
Talia Guttin | Audra Walsh | Amy C. Durham | Jennifer A. Reetz | Dorothy C. Brown | Mark P. Rondeau
published =>
First published: 07 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15471
|
Title =>
JVIM manuscript reviewers who critiqued in the 2018 calendar year
Abstract =>
None Abstract
Authors =>
published =>
First published: 06 March 2019
URL =>
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com//doi/10.1111/jvim.15446
|
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